α

1. First letter of the Greek alphabet, alpha; used as a classifier in the nomenclature of many sciences. 2. Symbol for Bunsen solubility coefficient. 3. In chemistry, denotes the first in a series, a position immediately adjacent to a carboxyl group, the first of a series of closely related compounds, an aromatic substituent on an aliphatic chain, or the direction of a chemical bond away from the viewer. 4. Abbreviation for alpha particle. 5. In chemistry, symbol for angle of optic rotation; degree of dissociation. For terms beginning with this prefix, see the specific term.

[α]
[α]

Symbol for specific optic rotation.

α1PI
α₁PI

Abbreviation for human α₁-protease inhibitor.

A
A

1. Abbreviation for ampere; adenine; alanine. 2. As a subscript, refers to alveolar gas. 3. Symbol (usually capitalized italic) for absorbance. 4. Symbol for adenosine or adenylic acid in polynucleotides; alanine or alanyl in polypeptides; first substrate in a multisubstrate enzyme-catalyzed reaction.

Å
Å

Symbol for angstrom.

°A
°A

Symbol for degree absolute; replaced by K (kelvin).

A−
A⁻

Symbol for anion.

A
A

Symbol for absorbance; Helmholtz energy.

a
a

1. Abbreviation for total acidity; ante; area; asymmetric; auris; artery; arteria [TA]. 2. Symbol for atto-. 3. As a subscript, refers to systemic arterial blood.

a
a

Symbol for specific absorption coefficient; abbreviation for absorptivity.

a- a-, an-

Not, without, -less; equivalent to L. in- and E. un-. [G. not, un-, usually an- before a vowel]

AA
AA, aa

Abbreviation for amino acid; aminoacyl.

aa
aa

Abbreviation for arteries [TA], arteriae [TA].

aa.
aa.

Abbreviation for G. ana, of each; used in prescription writing following the name of two or more ingredients.

AAA
AAA

Abbreviation for abdominal aortic aneurysm; commonly, procedure for surgical correction of an A..

Aad
Aad

Abbreviation for α-aminoadipic acid.

AAF
AAF

Abbreviation for 2-acetylaminofluorene; 2-acetamidofluorene.

Aagenaes
Aagenaes

O., Norwegian physician. See A. syndrome.

AAMC
AAMC

Abbreviation for Association of American Medical Colleges.

AAR
AAR

Abbreviation for antigen-antibody reaction.

Aaron
Aaron

Charles D., U.S. physician, 1866–1951. See A. sign.

Aarskog
Aarskog

Dagfinn J., Norwegian pediatrician, *1928. See A.-Scott syndrome.

AASH
AASH

Abbreviation for adrenal androgen-stimulating hormone.

AAV
AAV

Abbreviation for adeno-associated virus.

Ab
Ab

Abbreviation for antibody.

ab- ab-, abs-

1. From, away from, off. 2. Prefix applied to electrical units in the CGS-electromagnetic system to distinguish them from units in the CGS-electrostatic system (prefix stat-) and those in the metric system or SI (no prefix). [L. ab, from, usually abs- before c, q, and t; often a- before m, p, or v]

Abadie
Abadie

Joseph Louis Irénée Jean, French neurosurgeon, 1873–1946. See A. sign of tabes dorsalis.

abampere
abampere (ab-am′per)

Electromagnetic unit of current equal to 10 absolute amperes; a current that exerts a force of 2π dynes on a unit magnetic pole at the center of a circle of wire 1 cm in radius.

abapical
abapical (a-bap′i-kal)

Opposite the apex.

abarognosis
abarognosis (a-bar′og-no′sis)

Loss of ability to appreciate the weight of objects held in the hand, or to differentiate objects of different weights. When the primary senses are intact, caused by a lesion of the contralateral parietal lobe. [G. a- priv. + baros, weight, + gnosis, knowledge]

abasia
abasia (a-ba′ze-a)

Inability to walk. See gait. [G. a- priv. + basis, step]
atactic a., ataxic a. difficulty in walking due to ataxia of the legs.

abasia-astasia
abasia-astasia

See astasia-abasia.

abasic
abasic (a-ba′sik)

1. Affected by, or associated with, abasia. 2. Refers to loss of pyrimidine sites in DNA. SYN: abatic.

abatement
abatement (a-bat′ment)

1. A diminution or easing. 2. Reduction, ultimately elimination, of public health nuisances such as smoke, loud noise. [abate, fr. M.E. abaten, fr. O.Fr. abattre, to beat down, fr. L. L. batto, to beat, + -ment]
sound a. generic term for any measures to reduce environmental noise.

abatic
abatic (a-bat′ik)

SYN: abasic.

abaxial
abaxial, abaxile (ab-ak′se-al, -ak′sil)

1. Lying outside the axis of any body or part. 2. Situated at the opposite extremity of the axis of a part.

Abbe
Abbe

Robert W., U.S. surgeon, 1851–1928. See A. flap.

Abbé
Abbé

Ernst K., German physicist, 1840–1905. See Abbé condenser.

Abbott
Abbott

Alexander C., U.S. bacteriologist, 1860–1935. See A. stain for spores.

Abbott
Abbott

W. Osler, U.S. physician, 1902–1943. See A. tube, Miller-A. tube.

Abbott artery
Abbott artery

See under artery.

abciximab
abciximab

Monoclonal antibody with antithrombotic properties used for the prevention and treatment of arterial occlusive disorders.

abcoulomb
abcoulomb (ab-koo-lom′)

A unit of electrical charge equal to 10 coulombs. The charge that passes over a given surface in 1 sec if a current of 1 abampere is flowing across the surface. [ab + coulomb]

abdomen
abdomen (ab-do′men, ab′do-men) [TA]

The part of the trunk that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. The a. does not include the vertebral region posteriorly but is considered by some anatomists to include the pelvis (abdominopelvic cavity). It includes the greater part of the abdominal cavity (cavitas abdominis [TA]), and is divided by arbitrary planes into nine regions. SEE ALSO: abdominal regions, under region. SYN: venter (1) [TA] . [L. a., etym. uncertain]
acute a. any serious acute intra-abdominal condition (such as appendicitis) attended by pain, tenderness, and muscular rigidity, and for which emergency surgery must be considered. SYN: surgical a..
carinate a. a sloping of the sides with prominence of the central line of the a..
navicular a. SYN: scaphoid a..
a. obstipum rarely used term for deformity of the a. due to congenitally short rectus muscles.
pendulous a. an a. with greatly relaxed muscular walls that sag down over the pubic region.
protuberant a. unusual or prominent convexity of the a., due to excessive subcutaneous fat, poor muscle tone, or an increase in intraabdominal content.
scaphoid a. a condition in which the anterior abdominal wall is sunken and presents a concave rather than a convex contour. SYN: navicular a..
surgical a. SYN: acute a..

abdominal
abdominal (ab-dom′i-nal)

Relating to the abdomen.

abdomino- abdomino-, abdomin-

The abdomen, abdominal. [L. abdomen, abdominis]

abdominocentesis
abdominocentesis (ab-dom′i-no-sen-te′sis)

Paracentesis of the abdomen. [abdomino- + G. kentesis, puncture]

abdominocyesis
abdominocyesis (ab-dom′i-no-si-e′sis)

1. SYN: abdominal pregnancy. 2. SYN: secondary abdominal pregnancy. [abdomino- + G. kyesis, pregnancy]

abdominocystic
abdominocystic (ab-dom-i-no-sis′tik)

SYN: abdominovesical. [abdomino- + G. kystis, bladder]

abdominogenital
abdominogenital (ab-dom′i-no-gen′i-tal)

Relating to the abdomen and the genital organs.

abdominohysterectomy
abdominohysterectomy (ab-dom′i-no-his-ter-ek′to-me)

SYN: abdominal hysterectomy.

abdominohysterotomy
abdominohysterotomy (ab-dom′i-no-his-ter-ot′o-me)

SYN: abdominal hysterotomy.

abdominopelvic
abdominopelvic (ab-dom′i-no-pel′vik)

Relating to the abdomen and pelvis, especially the combined abdominal and pelvic cavities.

abdominoperineal
abdominoperineal (ab-dom′i-no-par-i-ne′al)

Relating to both abdomen and perineum, as in a. resection of the rectum.

abdominoplasty
abdominoplasty (ab-dom′i-no-plas-te)

An operation performed on the abdominal wall for cosmetic purposes. [abdomino- + G. plastos, formed]

abdominoscopy
abdominoscopy (ab-dom-i-nos′ko-pe)

SYN: laparoscopy. [abdomino- + G. skopeo, to examine]

abdominoscrotal
abdominoscrotal (ab-dom′i-no-skro′tal)

Relating to the abdomen and the scrotum.

abdominothoracic
abdominothoracic (ab-dom′i-no-tho-ras′ik)

Relating to both abdomen and thorax.

abdominovaginal
abdominovaginal (ab-dom′i-no-vag′i-nal)

Relating to both abdomen and vagina.

abdominovesical
abdominovesical (ab-dom′i-no-ves′i-kal)

Relating to the abdomen and urinary bladder, or to the abdomen and gallbladder. SYN: abdominocystic.

abduce
abduce (ab-doos′)

SYN: abduct.

abducens
abducens (ab-doo′senz)

SYN: abducent. [L.]
a. oculi SYN: lateral rectus (muscle).

abducent
abducent (ab-doo′sent)

1. Abducting; drawing away, especially away from the median plane. 2. SYN: a. nerve [CN VI]. SYN: abducens. [L. abducens]

abduct
abduct (ab-dukt′)

To move away from the median plane. SYN: abduce.

abduction
abduction (ab-duk′shun)

1. Movement of a body part away from the median plane (of the body, in the case of limbs; of the hand or foot, in the case of digits). 2. Monocular rotation (duction) of the eye toward the temple. 3. A position resulting from such movement. Cf.:adduction. [L. abductio]

abductor
abductor (ab-duk′ter, -tor)

SYN: a. (muscle).

Abegg
Abegg

Richard, Danish chemist, 1869–1910. See A. rule.

Abell-Kendall method
Abell-Kendall method

See under method.

Abelson
Abelson

Herbert T., U.S. pediatrician, *1941. See A. murine leukemia virus.

abembryonic
abembryonic (ab′em-bre-on′ik)

The area of the blastocyst opposite the region where the embryo is formed. [L. ab, from, + embryonic]

abenteric
abenteric (ab-en-ter′ik)

A rarely used term meaning away from the intestine, said of a morbid process occurring elsewhere that would normally occur in the intestine. [L. ab, from, + G. enteron, intestine]

Abernethy
Abernethy

John, British surgeon and anatomist, 1764–1831. See A. fascia.

aberrant
aberrant (ab-er′ant)

1. Differing from the normal; in botany or zoology, said of certain atypical individuals in a species. 2. Wandering off; said of certain ducts, vessels, or nerves deviating from the normal course or pattern. 3. SYN: ectopic (1) . [L. aberrans]

aberration
aberration (ab-er-a′shun)

1. Deviating from the normal course or pattern. 2. Deviant development or growth. SEE ALSO: chromosome. [L. aberratio]
chromatic a. the difference in focus or magnification of an image arising because of a difference in the refraction of different wavelengths composing white light. SYN: chromatism (2) , color a., newtonian a..
chromosome a. any deviation from the normal number or morphology of chromosomes; also the phenotypic consequences thereof.
color a. SYN: chromatic a..
coma a. 1. the distortion of image formation created when a bundle of light rays enters an optical system not parallel to the optic axis. 2. in botany, any tuft, as the hairs on a seed, or the greenery on a radish or a pineapple. SYN: coma (3) . [G. kome, hair, foliage]
curvature a. lack of spatial correspondence causing the image of a straight extended object to appear curved.
dioptric a. SYN: spherical a..
distortion a. the faulty formation of an image arising because the magnification of the peripheral part of an object is different from that of the central part when viewed through a lens. SEE ALSO: Petzval surface.
lateral a. in spherical a., the distance between paraxial focus of central rays on the optic axis.
longitudinal a. in spherical a., the distance separating the focus of paraxial and peripheral rays on the optic axis.
mental a. disturbed thought or behavior that connotes a psychological or psychiatric impairment. See delusion.
meridional a. an a. produced in the plane of a single meridian of a lens.
monochromatic a. a defect in an optical image arising because of the nature of lenses; the main types are spherical, coma, curvature, and distortion a., and astigmatism of oblique pencils.
newtonian a. SYN: chromatic a..
optical a. failure of rays from a point source to form a perfect image after traversing an optical system.
spherical a. a monochromatic a. occurring in refraction at a spherical surface in which the paraxial and peripheral rays focus along the axis at different points. SYN: dioptric a..
ventricular a. SYN: aberrant ventricular conduction.

aberrometer
aberrometer (ab-er-rom′e-ter)

An instrument for measuring optical aberration or any error in experimentation. [L. aberratio, aberration, + G. metron, measure]

abetalipoproteinemia
abetalipoproteinemia (a-ba′ta-lip′o-pro′ten-e′me-a) [MIM*200100]

A disorder characterized by an absence of low-density beta-lipoprotein, presence of acanthocytes in blood, retinal pigmentary degeneration, malabsorption, engorgement of upper intestinal absorptive cells with dietary triglycerides, and neuromuscular abnormalities; autosomal recessive inheritance, caused by mutation in the gene encoding microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) on chromosome 4q. SYN: Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome. [G. a-, priv., + β, + lipoprotein + -emia, blood]
normotriglyceridemic a. a. with normal levels of triglycerides. This inherited disorder (possibly autosomal recessive) is probably due to the absence of apolipoprotein B-100.

abeyance
abeyance (a-ba′ans)

A state of temporary abolition of function. [fr. O. Fr.]

abfarad
abfarad (ab-far′ad)

Electromagnetic unit of capacity equal to 10⁹ farads.

ABG
ABG

Abbreviation for arterial blood gas. See blood gases, under gas.

abhenry
abhenry (ab-hen′re)

Electromagnetic unit of inductance equal to 10⁻⁹ henry.

ability
ability (a-bil′i-te)

The physical, mental, or legal competence to function. [L. habilitas, aptitude]

abiotic
abiotic (a-bi-ot′ik)

1. Incompatible with life. 2. Without life.

abiotrophy
abiotrophy (ab-e-ot′ro-fe)

An age-dependent manifestation of a genetically determined trait. [G. a- priv. + bios, life, + trophe, nourishment]

abirritation
abirritation (ab-ir-i-ta′shun)

Obsolete term for diminution or abolition of irritability in a part. [L. ab, from, + irrito, pp. -atus, to irritate]

abl
abl

An oncogene found in the Abelson strain of mouse leukemia virus and involved in the Philadelphia chromosome translocation in chronic granulocytic leukemia.

ablastemic
ablastemic (a-blas-tem′ik)

Not germinal or blastemic. [G. a- priv. + blastema, sprout]

ablastin
ablastin (a-blas′tin)

An antibody that seems to inhibit reproduction of trypanosomes; found in rats infected with Trypanosoma lewisi. [G. a- priv. + blastos, germ]

ablate
ablate (ab-lat′)

To remove, or to destroy the function of. [L. au- fero, pp. ab- latus, to take away]

ablation
ablation (ab-la′shun)

Removal of a body part or the destruction of its function, as by a surgical procedure, morbid process, or noxious substance. [L. see ablate]
electrode catheter a. a method of ablating the site of origin of arrhythmias whereby high-energy electrical current is delivered by intravascular catheters.
endometrial a. therapeutic selective endometrial destruction.
laparoscopic uterosacral nerve a. laparoscopic transection via laser (usually KTP or argon) of the uterosacral nerves for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.

ablepharia
ablepharia (a-blef-ar′e-a)

Congenital absence of the eyelids. SEE ALSO: cryptophthalmus, microblepharon. [G. a- priv. + blepharon, eyelid]

abluent
abluent (ab′loo-ent)

1. Cleansing. 2. Anything with cleansing properties. [L. abluens, fr. ab-luo, to wash off]

ablution
ablution (ab-loo′shun)

An act of washing or bathing. [L. ablutio, washing off, cleansing]

abnerval
abnerval (ab-ner′val)

Away from a nerve; denoting specifically a current of electricity passing through a muscular fiber in a direction away from the point of entrance of the nerve fiber. SYN: abneural (1) .

abneural
abneural (ab-noor′al)

1. SYN: abnerval. 2. Away from the neural axis. [L. ab, away from, + G. neuron, nerve]

abnormal
abnormal (ab-nor′mal)

Not normal; differing in any way from the usual state, structure, condition, or rule.

abnormality
abnormality (ab-nor-mal′i-te)

1. The state or quality of being abnormal. 2. An anomaly, deformity, malformation, impairment, or dysfunction.
figure-of-8 a. a radiographic appearance associated with total anomalous drainage of the pulmonary venous circulation into enlarged right and anomalous left superior venae cavae, that produces a globular density above the heart; the silhouette suggests the figure 8; e.g., TAPVR. SEE ALSO: anomalous pulmonary venous connections, total or partial, under connection. SYN: snowman a..
neuronal migration a. SYN: cortical dysplasia.
snowman a. SYN: figure-of-8 a..

ABO blood group
ABO blood group

See Blood Groups appendix.

abohm
abohm (ab′om)

Electromagnetic unit of resistance equal to 10⁻⁹ ohm.

aborad
aborad, aboral (ab-o′rad, -ral)

In a direction away from the mouth; opposite of orad. [L. ab, from, + os (or-), mouth]

abort
abort (a-bort′)

1. To give birth to an embryo or fetus before it is viable. SEE ALSO: miscarry. 2. To remove products of conception prematurely to destroy the offspring. 3. To arrest a disease in its earliest stages. [L. aborior, to fail at onset]

aborticide
aborticide (ah-bor′ti-sid)

SYN: abortifacient (1) . [L. flabboriri, to miscarry + cadere, to kill.]

abortient
abortient (a-bor′shent)

SYN: abortifacient (1) .

abortifacient
abortifacient (a-bor-ti-fa′shent)

1. Producing abortion. SYN: aborticide, abortient, abortigenic, abortive (3) . 2. An agent that produces abortion. [L. abortus, abortion, + facio, to make]

abortigenic
abortigenic (a-bor-ti-jen′ik)

SYN: abortifacient (1) . [L. abortus, abortion, + genesis, production]

abortion
abortion (a-bor′shun)

1. Expulsion from the uterus of an embryo or fetus prior to the stage of viability (20 weeks' gestation or fetal weight <500 g). A distinction made between a. and premature birth: premature infants are those born after the stage of viability but prior to 37 weeks. A. may be either spontaneous (occurring from natural causes) or induced (artificial or therapeutic). 2. The arrest of any action or process before its normal completion.
ampullar a. a. resulting from pregnancy in the ampulla of the fallopian tube.
complete a. 1. the complete expulsion or extraction from its mother of a fetus or embryo; 2. complete expulsion of any other product of gestation. ( e.g., blighted ovum).
criminal a. termination of pregnancy in violation of law. SYN: illegal a..
elective a. an a. without medical justification but done in a legal way, as in the United States.
habitual a. SYN: recurrent a..
illegal a. SYN: criminal a..
incomplete a. a. in which part of the products of conception have been passed but part (usually the placenta) remains in the uterus.
induced a. a. brought on purposely by drugs or mechanical means.
inevitable a. a. characterized by rupture of the membranes or the cervical dilation in a previable pregnancy in the presence of vaginal bleeding and uterine contractions.
infected a. a septic complication of an a..
menstrual extraction a. a technique for aspiration of early products of conception from the uterus a few days after the first missed menstrual period.
missed a. a. in which the fetus dies in utero but the product of conception is retained in utero for two months or longer.
recurrent a. the loss of 3 or more sequential pregnancies before 20 weeks of gestation. SYN: habitual a..
septic a. an infectious a. complicated by fever, endometritis, and parametritis.
spontaneous a. a. that has not been artificially induced. SYN: miscarriage.
therapeutic a. a. induced because of the mother's physical or mental health, or to prevent birth of a deformed child or a child resulting from rape.
threatened a. cramplike pains and slight show of blood that may or may not be followed by the expulsion of the fetus during the first 20 weeks of pregnancy.
tubal a. rupture of an oviduct, the seat of ectopic pregnancy, or extrusion of the product of conception through the fimbriated end of the oviduct; aborted ectopic pregnancy, the pregnancy having originated in a fallopian tube. SYN: aborted ectopic pregnancy.

abortionist
abortionist (a-bor′shun-ist)

One who interrupts a pregnancy.

abortive
abortive (a-bor′tiv)

1. Not reaching completion; e.g., said of an attack of a disease subsiding before it has fully developed or completed its course. 2. SYN: rudimentary. 3. SYN: abortifacient (1) . [L. abortivus]

abortus
abortus (a-bor′tus)

Any product (or all products) of an abortion. [L.]

aboulia
aboulia (a-boo′le-a)

SYN: abulia.

ABP
ABP

Abbreviation for androgen binding protein.

ABPA
ABPA

Abbreviation for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.

ABR
ABR

Abbreviation for auditory brainstem response. See auditory brainstem response.

abrachia
abrachia (a-bra′ke-a)

Congenital absence of arms. See amelia. [G. a- priv. + brachion, arm]

abrachiocephaly
abrachiocephaly, abrachiocephalia (a-bra′ke-o-sef′a-le, -se-fa′le-a)

Congenital absence of arms and head. SYN: acephalobrachia. [G. a- priv. + brachion, arm, + kephale, head]

abrade
abrade (a-brad′)

1. To wear away by mechanical action. 2. To scrape away part or all of the surface layer from a part. [L. ab-rado, pp. -rasus, to scrape off]

Abrahams
Abrahams

Robert, U.S. physician, 1861–1935. See A. sign.

Abrams
Abrams

Albert, U.S. physician, 1863–1924. See A. heart reflex.

abrasion
abrasion (a-bra′zhun)

1. An excoriation, or circumscribed removal of the superficial layers of skin or mucous membrane. SYN: abraded wound. 2. A scraping away of a portion of the surface. 3. In dentistry, the pathological grinding or wearing away of tooth substance by incorrect tooth-brushing methods, foreign objects, bruxism, or similar causes. SYN: grinding. Cf.:attrition. [see abrade]
brush burn a. brush burn.
gingival a. a lesion of the gingiva resulting from mechanical removal of a portion of the surface epithelium.
tooth a. loss or wearing away of tooth structure caused by the abrasive characteristics of substances other than foods.

abrasive
abrasive (a-bra′siv)

1. Causing abrasion. 2. Any material used to produce abrasions. 3. A substance used in dentistry for abrading, grinding, or polishing.

abrasiveness
abrasiveness (a-bra′siv-nes)

1. That property of a substance that causes surface wear by friction. 2. The quality of being able to scratch or wear away another material.

abreact
abreact (ab-re-akt′)

1. To show strong emotion while reliving a previous traumatic experience. 2. To discharge or release repressed emotion.

abreaction
abreaction (ab-re-ak′shun)

In freudian psychoanalysis, an episode of emotional release or catharsis associated with the bringing into conscious recollection previously repressed unpleasant experiences.
motor a. the release of an unconscious thought, idea, or impulse through motor or muscular expression.

abrin
abrin (ab′rin)

A phytotoxin from jequirity seeds or Indian liquorice, the red seeds (Abrus precatorius); used in ophthalmology.

abruption
abruption (ab-rup′shun)

A tearing away, separation, or detachment.

abruptio placentae
abruptio placentae (ab-rup′she-o pla-sen′te)

Premature detachment of a normally situated placenta.

Abrus
Abrus (a′brus)

A genus of leguminous plants. The root of A. precatorius, Indian liquorice, is sometimes used as a substitute for liquorice; the seeds are toxic and may cause vomiting, diarrhea, convulsions, and death if chewed. [more correctly Habrus, from G. habros, graceful]

abscess
abscess (ab′ses)

1. A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate frequently associated with swelling and other signs of inflammation. 2. A cavity formed by liquefactive necrosis within solid tissue. [L. abscessus, a going away]
acute a. a recently formed a. with little or no fibrosis in the wall of the cavity. SYN: hot a..
alveolar a. an a. situated within the alveolar process of the jaws, most often caused by extension of infection from an adjacent nonvital tooth. SYN: dental a., dentoalveolar a., root a..
amebic a. an area of liquefaction necrosis of the liver or other organ containing amebae, often following amebic dysentery. SYN: tropical a..
apical a. SYN: periapical a..
apical periodontal a. SYN: periapical a..
appendiceal a. an intraperitoneal a., usually in the right iliac fossa, resulting from extension of infection in acute appendicitis, especially with perforation of the appendix. SYN: periappendiceal a..
Bartholin a. an a. of the vulvovaginal gland.
Bezold a. an a. deep to the superior part of the sternocleidomastoid muscle due to suppurative destruction of the mastoid tip cells in mastoiditis.
bicameral a. an a. with two separate cavities or chambers.
bone a. suppuration within the medullary cavity (osteomyelitis), cortex, or periosteum of bone.
Brodie a. a chronic a. of bone surrounded by dense fibrous tissue and sclerotic bone.
bursal a. suppuration within a bursa.
caseous a. an a. containing white solid or semisolid material of cheeselike consistency; usually tuberculous. SEE ALSO: cheesy a..
cheesy a. an a. that contains necrotic tissue with a cheeselike consistency; typically seen in tuberculosis. SEE ALSO: caseous a..
cholangitic a. (ko-lan-ji′-tik) a focal area of pus formation in the liver resulting from infection arising in the biliary tract.
chronic a. a long-standing collection of pus surrounded by fibrous tissue.
cold a. an a. without heat or other usual signs of inflammation;
crypt abscesses abscesses in crypts of Lieberkühn of the large intestinal mucosa; a characteristic feature of ulcerative colitis.
dental a., dentoalveolar a. SYN: alveolar a..
diffuse a. a collection of pus not circumscribed by a well-defined capsule.
Douglas a. suppuration in Douglas pouch.
dry a. the remains of an a. after the pus is absorbed.
Dubois abscesses small cysts of the thymus containing polymorphonuclear leukocytes but lined by squamous epithelium; reported in congenital syphilis but also found in the absence of syphilis. SYN: Dubois disease, thymic abscesses.
embolic a. an a. arising distal to the point of arrest of a septic embolus.
fecal a. SYN: stercoral a..
follicular a. an a. in a hair, tonsillar, or other follicle.
gas a. an a. containing gas. Frequently caused by gas-forming organisms such as Enterobacter aerogenes or Escherichia coli.
gingival a. an a. confined to the gingival soft tissue. SYN: gumboil, parulis.
gravitation a. SYN: perforating a..
gummatous a. an a. due to the softening and breaking down of a gumma, especially in bone.
hematogenous a. an a. caused by blood-borne organisms.
hot a. SYN: acute a..
hypostatic a. SYN: perforating a..
ischiorectal a. an a. involving the ischiorectal fossa.
lateral alveolar a. an alveolar a. located along the lateral root surface of a tooth. SYN: pericemental a..
lateral periodontal a. an a. that forms at the depth of a periodontal pocket due to multiplication of pyogenic microorganisms or the presence of foreign material.
mastoid a. an a. due to coalescence of the mastoid air cells in mastoiditis.
metastatic a. a secondary a. formed, at a distance from the primary focus, as a result of the transportation of pyogenic bacteria by the lymph or bloodstream.
migrating a. SYN: perforating a..
miliary a. one of a number of minute collections of pus, widely disseminated throughout an area or the whole body.
Munro a. SYN: Munro microabscess.
orbital a. a collection of pus between the orbital periosteum and the lamina papyracea; frequently an extension of purulent infection of the paranasal sinuses, usually the ethmoids.
otitic a. a brain a., usually involving the temporal lobe or cerebellar hemisphere, secondary to suppuration of the middle ear.
palatal a. 1. a lateral periodontal a. associated with the lingual surface of a maxillary tooth; 2. an alveolar a. that has eroded the cortical plate, allowing extension into the palatal soft tissues.
pancreatic a. an a. in the pancreatic or peripancreatic area usually related to pancreatitis.
parafrenal a. an a. that occurs on either side of the frenum of the penis.
parametric a., parametritic a. an a. in the connective tissue of the broad ligament of the uterus.
paranephric a. an a. in the region of the kidney, outside the renal fascia.
parapharyngeal a. an a. lying lateral to the pharynx.
parotid a. suppuration in the parotid gland; an often rapidly progressing complication of parotitis.
Pautrier a. SYN: Pautrier microabscess.
pelvic a. an a. in the pelvic peritoneal cavity, developing as a complication of diffuse peritonitis or of localized peritonitis associated with abdominal or pelvic inflammatory disease, such as salpingitis; the pus frequently collects in the rectovesical or rectouterine pouch.
perforating a. an a. that breaks down tissue barriers to enter adjacent areas. SYN: gravitation a., hypostatic a., migrating a., wandering a..
periapical a. an alveolar a. localized around the apex of a tooth root. SYN: apical a., apical periodontal a..
periappendiceal a. SYN: appendiceal a..
periarticular a. an a. surrounding a joint, but not necessarily involving it.
pericemental a. SYN: lateral alveolar a..
pericoronal a. an a. developing in the inflamed dental follicular tissue overlying the crown of a partially erupted tooth.
perinephric a. an a. within Gerota fascia but outside the renal capsule.
periodontal a. an alveolar a. or a lateral periodontal a..
perirectal a. an a. in connective tissue adjacent to the rectum or anus.
peritonsillar a. extension of tonsillar infection beyond the tonsillar capsule with a. formation between the capsule and the musculature of the tonsillar fossa.
periureteral a. an a. surrounding the ureter.
periurethral a. an a. involving the tissues around the urethra, particularly the corpus spongiosum.
phlegmonous a. circumscribed suppuration characterized by intense surrounding inflammatory reaction that produces induration and thickening of the affected area.
Pott a. tuberculous a. of the spine.
premammary a. an a. in the subcutaneous tissue covering the mammary gland.
psoas a. an a., usually tuberculous, originating in tuberculous spondylitis and extending through the iliopsoas muscle to the inguinal region.
pulp a. an a. involving the soft tissue within the pulp chamber of a tooth, usually a sequela of caries or less frequently of trauma.
pyemic a. a hematogenous a. resulting from pyemia, septicemia, or bacteremia. SYN: septicemic a..
radicular a. alveolar a., an a. around a tooth root.
residual a. an a. recurring at the site of a former a. resulting from persistence of microbes and pus.
retrobulbar a. an a. posterior to the globe of the eye.
retrocecal a. an a. located posterior to the cecum, usually resulting from perforation of a retrocecal appendix.
retropharyngeal a. an a. arising, usually, in retropharyngeal lymph nodes, most commonly in infants.
ring a. an acute purulent inflammation of the corneal periphery in which a necrotic area is surrounded by an annular girdle of leukocytic infiltration.
root a. SYN: alveolar a..
satellite a. an a. closely associated with a primary a..
septicemic a. SYN: pyemic a..
stellate a. a star-shaped necrotic area surrounded by histiocytes, seen within swollen lymph nodes in lymphogranuloma venereum and cat scratch fever.
stercoral a. a collection of pus and feces. SYN: fecal a..
sterile a. 1. an a. whose contents are not caused by pyogenic bacteria. 2. an a. that when aspirated or cultured does not grow bacteria.
stitch a. SYN: suture a..
subdiaphragmatic a. SYN: subphrenic a..
subepidermal a. a microscopic a. located in the dermis just beneath the epidermis.
subhepatic a. an a. located immediately beneath the liver.
subperiosteal a. an a. between the periosteum and cortical plate of the bone.
subphrenic a. an a. directly beneath the diaphragm. SYN: subdiaphragmatic a..
subungual a. suppuration extending beneath a fingernail or toenail, usually from a paronychia.
sudoriferous a. a collection of pus in a sweat gland.
suture a. a purulent exudate surrounding a stitch, particularly a corneal stitch. SYN: stitch a..
thymic abscesses SYN: Dubois abscesses.
Tornwaldt a. chronic infection of the pharyngeal bursa. SEE ALSO: Tornwaldt syndrome.
tropical a. SYN: amebic a..
tuboovarian a. a large a. involving a uterine tube and an adherent ovary, resulting from extension of purulent inflammation of the tube.
verminous a. SYN: worm a..
wandering a. SYN: perforating a..
worm a. a. due to parasitic worms or in which worms are found. SYN: verminous a..

abscissa
abscissa (ab-sis′a)

In a plane cartesian coordinate system, the horizontal axis (x). Cf.:ordinate. [L. ab-scindo, pp. -scissus, to cut away from]

abscission
abscission (ab-si′shun)

Cutting away. [L. ab-scindo, pp. -scissus, to cut away from]

absconsio
absconsio (ab-skon′she-o)

A recess, cavity, or depression; used especially in osteology to denote a bony cavity which accommodates the head of another bone. [Mod. L. fr. abs-condo, pp. -conditus or -consus, to hide]

abscopal
abscopal (ab-sko′pal, -skop′al)

Denoting the effect that irradiation of a tissue has on remote nonirradiated tissue. [ab- + G. skopos, target, + -al]

absence
absence (ab′sens)

Paroxysmal attacks of impaired consciousness, occasionally accompanied by spasm or twitching of cephalic muscles, which usually can be brought on by hyperventilation; depending on the type and severity of the a., the EEG may show an abrupt onset of a 3-sec spike and wave pattern as in simple a., or in atypical cases, a 4-sec spike and wave or faster spike complexes. The clinical states accompanying these EEG abnormalities may be classified as: 1) a. with no overt manifestations, e.g., simple a.; epileptic a.; subclinical a.; 2) a. with clonic movements, e.g., myoclonic a.; 3) a. with atonic states, e.g., atonic a.; 4) a. with tonic contractions, e.g., hypertonic muscular contraction; 5) a. with automatisms, e.g., various stereotyped movements, usually of the face or hands; 6) a. with atypical features, e.g., bizarre motor activity. [L. absentia]
pure a. SYN: simple a..
simple a. a brief clouding of consciousness accompanied by the abrupt onset of 3-sec spikes and waves on EEG. SYN: pure a..

abs. feb.
abs. feb.

Abbreviation for L. absente febre, when fever is absent.

Absidia
Absidia (ab-sid′e-a)

A genus of fungi (family Mucoraceae) commonly found in nature. Thermophilic species survive in compost piles at temperatures exceeding 45°C and may cause mucormycosis (zygomycosis) in humans.

absinthe
absinthe (ab′sinth)

A liqueur consisting of an alcoholic extract of absinthium and other bitter herbs.

absinthin
absinthin (ab′sin-thin)

A bitter principle, C₃₀H₄₀O₈, obtained from absinthium.

absinthium
absinthium (ab-sin′the-um)

The dried leaves and tops of Artemisia a. (family Compositae). The infusion is now seldom used, but it has been used as a tonic; in large or frequently repeated doses it produces headache, trembling, and epileptiform convulsions. SYN: wormwood. [L., fr. G. apsinthion]

absinthol
absinthol (ab-sin′thawl)

SYN: thujone.

absolute
absolute (ab′so-loot)

Unconditional; unlimited; uncombined; undiluted (as in case of alcohol); certain. [L. absolutus, complete, pp. of ab-solvo, to loosen from]

absorb
absorb (ab-sorb′)

1. To take in by absorption. 2. To reduce the intensity of transmitted light. [L. ab-sorbeo, pp. -sorptus, to suck in]

absorbance
absorbance (A, A) (ab-sor′bans)

In spectrophotometry, log of the ratio of the radiant power of the incident radiation to the radiant power of the transmitted radiation. SYN: absorbancy, absorbency, extinction (2) , optic density.
specific a. a. per unit of concentration. See specific absorption coefficient.

absorbancy
absorbancy (ab-sor′ban-se)

SYN: absorbance.

absorbefacient
absorbefacient (ab-sor-be-fa′shunt)

1. Causing absorption. 2. Any substance possessing such quality. [L. ab-sorbeo, to suck in, + facio, to make]

absorbency
absorbency (ab-sor′ben-se)

SYN: absorbance.

absorbent
absorbent (ab-sor′bent)

1. Having the power to absorb, soak up, or take into itself a gas, liquid, light rays, or heat. SYN: absorptive, bibulous. 2. Any substance possessing such power. 3. Material (usually caustic) for removal of carbon dioxide from circuits in which rebreathing occurs; e.g., anesthesia and basal metabolism equipment.

absorber head
absorber head (ab-sor′ber hed)

Portion of a rebreathing anesthesia circuit that contains carbon dioxide absorbent; often referred to as a canister.

absorption
absorption (ab-sorp′shun)

1. The taking in, incorporation, or reception of gases, liquids, light, or heat. Cf.:adsorption. 2. In radiology, the uptake of energy from radiation by the tissue or medium through which it passes. See half-value layer, photoelectric effect, attenuation. [L. absorptio, fr. absorbeo, to swallow]
cutaneous a. SYN: percutaneous a..
disjunctive a. a. of living tissue in immediate relation with a necrosed part, producing a line of demarcation.
electron resonance a. electron spin resonance.
external a. the a. of substances through skin, mucocutaneous surfaces, or mucous membranes.
interstitial a. the removal of water or of substances in the interstitial fluid by the lymphatics.
parenteral a. a. by any route other than the alimentary tract.
pathologic a. parenteral a. of any excremental or pathologic material into the bloodstream, e.g., pus, urine, bile, etc.
percutaneous a. the a. of drugs, allergens, and other substances through unbroken skin. The corneal layer of epidermis is the principal barrier. SYN: cutaneous a..
photoelectric a. interaction of a gamma photon with matter in which the incident photon is completely absorbed, giving up all its energy by displacing and accelerating an inner shell electron. SEE ALSO: photoelectric effect.

absorptive
absorptive (ab-sorp′tiv)

SYN: absorbent (1) .

absorptivity
absorptivity (a) (ab-sorp-tiv′i-te)

1. SYN: specific absorption coefficient. 2. SYN: molar absorption coefficient. 3. The ability of a material to absorb electromagnetic radiation.
molar a. SYN: molar absorption coefficient.

abstinence
abstinence (ab′sti-nens)

Refraining from the use of certain articles of diet, alcoholic beverages, illegal drugs, or from sexual intercourse. [L. abs-tineo, to hold back, fr. teneo, to hold]

abstract
abstract (ab′strakt)

1. A preparation made by evaporating a fluid extract to a powder and triturating with milk sugar. 2. A condensation or summary of a scientific or literary article or address. [L. ab-straho, pp. -tractus, to draw away]
structured a. summary description of a published paper, in which information about the study reported in the paper is set out in a systematic, stylized form under headings such as aims, methods, main outcome measures, results, conclusions.

abstraction
abstraction (ab-strak′shun)

1. Distillation or separation of the volatile constituents of a substance. 2. Exclusive mental concentration. 3. The making of an abstract from the crude drug. 4. Malocclusion in which the teeth or associated structures are lower than their normal occlusal plane. SEE ALSO: odontoptosis. 5. The process of selecting a certain aspect of a concept from the whole. [L. abs-traho, pp. -tractus, to draw away]

abstriction
abstriction (ab-strik′shun)

In fungi, the formation of asexual spores by cutting off portions of the sporophore through the growth of dividing partitions. [L. ab-, from, + strictura, a contraction]

abterminal
abterminal (ab-ter′mi-nal)

In a direction away from the end and toward the center; denoting the course of an electrical current in a muscle. [L. ab, from, + terminus, end]

abulia
abulia (a-boo′le-a)

1. Loss or impairment of the ability to perform voluntary actions or to make decisions. 2. Reduction in speech, movement, thought, and emotional reaction; a common result of bilateral frontal lobe disease. SYN: aboulia. [G. a- priv. + boule, will]

abulic
abulic (a-boo′lik)

Relating to, or suffering from, abulia.

abundance
abundance (a-bun′dans)

The average number of types of macromolecules ( e.g., mRNAs) per cell.

abuse
abuse (a-bus′)

1. Misuse, wrong use, especially excessive use, of anything. 2. Injurious, harmful, or offensive treatment, as in child a. or sexual a.
child a. the psychological, emotional, and sexual a. of a child, typically by a parent, stepparent, or parent surrogate. See domestic violence.
drug a. habitual use of drugs not needed for therapeutic purposes, such as solely to alter one's mood, affect, or state of consciousness, or to affect a body function unnecessarily (as in laxative a.); nontherapeutic use of drugs.
elder a. the physical or emotional a., including financial exploitation, of an elderly person, by one or more of the individual's children, nursing home caregivers, or others.
sexual a. See domestic violence.
spouse a., spousal a. See domestic violence.
substance a. maladaptive pattern of use of a drug, alcohol, or other chemical agent that may lead to social, occupational, psychological, or physical problems.

abutment
abutment (a-but′ment)

In dentistry, a natural tooth or implanted tooth substitute, used for the support or anchorage of a fixed or removable prosthesis.
auxiliary a. a tooth other than the one supporting the direct retainer, assisting in the overall support of a removable partial denture.
ball and socket a. an a. connected to a fixed partial denture by a ball and socket-shaped nonrigid connector.
dovetail stress-broken a. an a. connected to a fixed partial denture by a nonrigid connector that is trapezoidal in cross-section.
intermediate a. a natural tooth, or an implanted tooth substitute, without other natural teeth in proximal contact, used along with the mesial and distal abutments to support a prosthesis; often called a “pier.”
isolated a. a lone-standing tooth, or root, used as an a. with edentulous areas mesial and distal to it.
splinted a. the joining of two or more teeth into a rigid unit by means of fixed restorations to form a single a. with multiple roots.

ABVD
ABVD

Abbreviation for a chemotherapy regimen of Adriamycin (doxorubicin), bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine; used to treat neoplastic diseases, such as Hodgkin lymphoma.

abvolt
abvolt (ab′volt)

The CGS electromagnetic unit of difference of potential equal to 10⁻⁸ V. The potential difference between two points such that 1 erg of work will be done when 1 abcoulomb of charge moves from point to point.

abzyme
abzyme (ab′zim)

SYN: catalytic antibody. [antibody + enzyme]

AC
AC

Abbreviation for alternating current.

Ac
Ac

Symbol for actinium; acetyl.

aC
aC

Symbol for arabinosylcytosine.

a.c.
a.c.

Abbreviation for L. ante cibum, before a meal or ante cibos, before meals.

AC/A
AC/A

Abbreviation for accommodative convergence-accommodation ratio.

acacia
acacia (a-ka′she-a)

The dried gummy exudation from A. senegal and other species of A. (family Leguminosae), prepared as a mucilage and syrup; used as an emollient, demulcent excipient, and suspending agent in pharmaceuticals and foods; formerly used as a transfusion fluid. SYN: gum arabic. [G. akakia]

acalculia
acalculia (a′kal-ku′le-a)

A form of aphasia characterized by the inability to perform simple mathematical problems; found with lesions of various areas of the cerebral hemispheres, and often an early sign of dementia. [G. a- priv. + L. calculo, to reckon]

acampsia
acampsia (a-kamp′se-a)

Rarely used term for stiffening or rigidity of a joint for any reason. [G. a- priv. + kampto, to bend]

acanth- acanth-

See acantho-.

acantha
acantha (a-kan′tha)

1. A spine or spinous process. 2. The spinous process of a vertebra. [G. akantha, a thorn]

acanthamebiasis
acanthamebiasis (a-kan′tha-me-bi′a-sis)

Infection by free-living soil and water amebae of the genus Acanthamoeba that may result in a necrotizing dermal or tissue invasion, a fulminating and usually fatal primary amebic meningoencephalitis, or a subacute or chronic granulomatous amebic encephalitis.

Acanthamoeba
Acanthamoeba (a-kan-tha-me′ba)

A genus of free-living ameba (family Acanthamoebidae, order Amoebida) found in and characterized by the presence of acanthopodia. Human infection includes invasion of skin or colonization following injury, corneal invasion and colonization, and possibly lung or genitourinary tract colonization; a few cases of brain or CNS invasion have occurred, but not solely by the olfactory epithelium route of entry as with the more virulent infections caused by Naegleria fowleri. Species responsible are chiefly A. culbertsoni, but cases have been reported involving A. castellanii, A. polyphaga, and A. astronyxis, though most cases have been chronic rather than fulminating and rapidly fatal as with Naegleria fowleri infection. [G. akantha, thorn, spine, + Mod. L. amoeba, fr. G. amoibe, change]

acanthella
acanthella (a-kan-thel′a)

An intermediate larva stage of Acanthocephala, formed within the arthropod host; a preinfective, nonencysted stage leading to the infective cystacanth. [G. akantha, thorn, spine]

acanthesthesia
acanthesthesia (a-kan-thes-the′ze-a)

Paresthesia of a pinprick. [G. akantha, thorn, + aisthesis, sensation]

Acanthia lectularia
Acanthia lectularia (a-kan′the-a lek-tu-lar′e-a)

Early name for Cimex lectularius. [G. akantha, thorn, prickle; L. lectus, a bed]

acanthion
acanthion (a-kan′the-on)

The tip of the anterior nasal spine. SYN: akanthion. [G. akantha, thorn]

acantho- acantho-

A spinous process; spiny, thorny. [G. akantha, a thorn, the backbone, the spine, fr. ake, a point, + anthos, a flower]

Acanthocephala
Acanthocephala (a-kan-tho-sef′a-la)

The thorny-headed worms, a phylum (formerly considered a class) of obligatory parasites without an alimentary canal, characterized by an anterior introvertible spiny proboscis. They superficially resemble nematodes but are cestode like in other traits, and hence are grouped as a distinctive phylum of helminths. In the adult stage they are parasites of vertebrate animals, mostly fish and amphibians; the larval stage is passed in invertebrates, chiefly crustaceans and insects. [acantho- + G. kephale, head]

acanthocephaliasis
acanthocephaliasis (a-kan′tho-sef-a-li′a-sis)

An illness caused by infection with a species of Acanthocephala.

Acanthocheilonema
Acanthocheilonema (a-kan′tho-ki-lo-ne′ma)

A genus of filarial worms parasitic in man, now considered part of the genus Mansonella. [acantho- + G. cheilos, lip, + nema, thread]

acanthocyte
acanthocyte (a-kan′tho-sit)

An erythrocyte characterized by multiple spiny cytoplasmic projections, as in acanthocytosis. [acantho- + G. kytos, cell]

acanthocytosis
acanthocytosis (a-kan′tho-si-to′sis)

A rare condition in which the majority of erythrocytes are acanthocytes; a regular feature of abetalipoproteinemia; also sometimes present in severe hepatocellular disease. SYN: acanthrocytosis.

acanthoid
acanthoid (a-kan′thoyd)

Spine-shaped.

acantholysis
acantholysis (ak-an-thol′i-sis)

Separation of individual epidermal keratinocytes from their neighbor, as in conditions such as pemphigus vulgaris and Darier disease. [acantho- + G. lysis, loosening]

acanthoma
acanthoma (ak-an-tho′ma)

A tumor formed by proliferation of epithelial squamous cells. SEE ALSO: keratoacanthoma. [acantho- + G. -oma, tumor]
clear cell a. a small sharply demarcated benign epidermal tumor of a leg or arm with acanthosis and accumulation of glycogen in keratinocytes having pale-staining cytoplasm.

acanthopodia
acanthopodia (a-kan-tho-po′de-a)

Toothlike pseudopodia observed in some amebae, typically in members of the genus Acanthamoeba. [acantho- + G. pous, podos, foot]

acanthor
acanthor (a-kan′thor)

The spindle-shaped embryo, with rostellar hooks and body spines, formed within the egg shell of Acanthocephala; this stage burrows into the body cavity of its first intermediate host, usually a crustacean in aquatic cycles, or insects in terrestrial cycles. [G. akantha, thorn or spine]

acanthosis
acanthosis (ak-an-tho′sis)

An increase in the thickness of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis. [acantho- + G. -osis, condition]
glycogenic a. elevated gray-white plaques of distal esophageal or vaginal mucosa, with epithelium thickened by proliferation of large glycogen-filled squamous cells.
a. nigricans an eruption of velvet warty benign growths and hyperpigmentation occurring in the skin of the axillae, neck, anogenital area, and groin; in adults, may be associated with internal malignancy, endocrine disorders, or obesity; a benign hereditary type occurs in children. SEE ALSO: pseudoacanthosis nigricans. [L. fr. niger, black]

acanthotic
acanthotic (ak-an-thot′ik)

Pertaining to or characteristic of acanthosis.

acanthrocyte
acanthrocyte (a-kan′thro-sit)

Obsolete term for acanthocyte.

acanthrocytosis
acanthrocytosis (a-kan′thro-si-to′sis)

Obsolete term for acanthocytosis. SYN: acanthocytosis.

acapnia
acapnia (a-kap′ne-a)

Absence of carbon dioxide in the blood; sometimes used erroneously for hypocapnia. [G. a- priv. + kapnos, smoke]

acarbose
acarbose (a-kar′bos)

An oligosaccharide alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; adjunctive therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus to blunt postprandial hyperglycemia.

acardia
acardia (a-kar′de-a)

Congenital absence of the heart; a condition sometimes occurring in one member of monozygotic twins or in one member of conjoined twins when pair partner monopolizes the placental blood supply; can also occur in triplet pregnancies. [G. a- priv. + kardia, heart]

acardiac
acardiac (a-car′de-ak)

Without a heart.

acardius
acardius (a-kar′de-us)

A twin without a heart that remains viable by using the placental circulation of its mate.
a. acephalus acephalocardius;an acardiac conceptus in which the head and thoracic organs are absent; ribs and vertebrae may be present, and upper limbs are either absent or defective.
a. amorphus a shapeless product of conception covered by skin and hair.
a. anceps an acardiac fetus with partly developed head and deformed face, trunk, and limbs.

acariasis
acariasis (ak-ar-i′a-sis)

Any disease caused by mites, usually a skin infestation. See mange.
psoroptic a. infestation of mammalian skin with Psoroptes mites.
sarcoptic a. infestation of skin with Sarcoptes scabiei. See scabies (1) .

acaricide
acaricide (a-kar′i-sid)

An agent that kills acarines; commonly used to denote chemicals that kill ticks. [Mod. L. acarus, a mite, fr. G. akari + L. caedo, to cut, kill]

acarid
acarid (ak′a-rid)

A general term for a member of the family Acaridae or for a mite. SYN: acaridan. [G. akari, mite]

Acaridae
Acaridae (a-kar′i-de)

A family of the order Acarina, a large group of exceptionally small mites, usually 0.5 mm or less, abundant in dried fruits and meats, grain, meal, and flour; frequently a cause of severe dermatitis among persons hypersensitized by frequent handling of infested products.

acaridan
acaridan (a-kar′i-dan)

SYN: acarid.

Acarina
Acarina (ak-a-ri′na)

An order of Arachnida that includes the mites and ticks. [G. akari, a mite]

acarine
acarine (ak′a-rin)

A member of the order Acarina.

acarodermatitis
acarodermatitis (ak′a-ro-der-ma-ti′tis)

A skin inflammation or eruption produced by a mite. [G. akari, mite, + derma (dermat-), skin]
a. urticarioides infestation with the grain itch mite, Pyemotes ventricosus. See grain itch.

acaroid
acaroid (ak′a-royd)

Resembling a mite. [G. akari, mite, + eidos, resemblance]

acarology
acarology (ak-a-rol′o-je)

The study of acarine parasites, the ticks and mites, and the diseases they transmit. [G. akari, mite, + logos, study]

acarophobia
acarophobia (ak′a-ro-fo′be-a)

Morbid fear of small parasites, small particles, or of itching. [G. akari, mite, + phobos, fear]

Acarus
Acarus (ak′a-rus)

A genus of mites of the family Acaridae. [G. akari, mite]
A. balatus a tropical species of mite that causes a particularly severe type of scabies-like irritation.
A. folliculorum SYN: Demodex folliculorum.
A. gallinae SYN: Dermanyssus gallinae.
A. hordei the barley mite, a species that penetrates beneath the skin.
A. rhizoglypticus hyacinthi a species of mite that develops in spoiled onions and may cause dermatitis.
A. scabei former term for Sarcoptes scabiei.

acaryote
acaryote (a-kar′e-ot)

SYN: akaryocyte.

acatalasemia
acatalasemia [MIM*115500]

SYN: acatalasia.

acatalasia
acatalasia (a-kat-a-la′ze-a) [MIM*115500]

Absence or deficiency of catalase from blood and tissues, often manifested by recurrent infection or ulceration of the gums and related oral structures and caused by mutations in the catalase gene (CAT) on 11p. Homozygotes may have complete absence (Japanese variety) or very low levels (Swiss variety) of catalase; heterozygotes have reduced catalase levels (hypocatalasia), which overlap with the normal range. SYN: acatalasemia, Takahara disease.

acathectic
acathectic (ak-a-thek′tik)

Rarely used term relating to acathexia.

acathexia
acathexia (ak-a-thek′se-a)

Rarely used term for an abnormal release of secretions. [G. a- priv. + kathexis, retention]

acathexis
acathexis (ak-a-thek′sis)

Rarely used term for a mental disorder in which certain objects or ideas fail to arouse an emotional response in the individual. [G. a- priv. + kathexis, retention]

acathisia
acathisia (ak-a-thiz′e-a)

SYN: akathisia.

acaudal
acaudal, acaudate (a-kaw′dal, a-kaw′dat)

Having no tail. [G. a- priv. + L. cauda, tail]

ACC
ACC

Abbreviation for anodal closure contraction.

accelerans
accelerans (ak-sel′er-anz)

1. Accelerating. 2. Obsolete term for an accelerator (sympathetic) nerve to the heart. [L. accelerator]

accelerant
accelerant (ak-sel′er-ant)

SYN: accelerator (3) .

acceleration
acceleration (ak-sel-er-a′shun)

1. The act of accelerating. 2. The rate of increase in velocity per unit of time; commonly expressed in g units; also expressed in centimeters or feet per second squared. 3. The rate of increasing deviation from a rectilinear course. See radial a.. [see accelerator]
angular a. the rate of change of angular velocity; e.g., when a centrifuge rotor is speeding up, or when there is a simultaneous change in velocity and direction, as in an aircraft in a tight spin.
linear a. the rate of change of velocity without a change in direction; e.g., when the speed of an aircraft increases while flying a straight pathway.
radial a. the centripetal a. of a particle or vehicle moving along a curved path at a constant velocity; e.g., turning a curve in an automobile, pulling out of a dive, or performing a loop maneuver in an aircraft. In aviation, a. varies directly with the square of the air speed and inversely with the radius of the turn (a = V²r, where V is air speed and r is radius of turn).

accelerator
accelerator (ak-sel′er-a-ter)

1. Anything that increases rapidity of action or function. 2. In physiology, a nerve, muscle, or substance that quickens movement or response. 3. A catalytic agent used to hasten a chemical reaction. SYN: accelerant. 4. In nuclear physics, a device that accelerates charged particles ( e.g., protons) to high speed in order to produce nuclear reactions in a target, for the study of subatomic structure or for the production of radionuclides or for radiation therapy. [L. accelerans, pres. p. of ac-celero, to hasten, fr. celer, swift]
linear a. (LINAC) a device imparting high velocity and energy to atomic and subatomic particles; an important device for radiation therapy.
proserum prothrombin conversion a. (PPCA) obsolete term for factor VIII.
prothrombin a. obsolete term for factor V.
serum a. obsolete term for factor VII.
serum prothrombin conversion a. (SPCA) obsolete term for factor VII.

accelerin
accelerin (ak-sel′er-in)

Obsolete term for what was once considered an intermediary product of coagulation but is no longer thought to exist.

accelerometer
accelerometer (ak-sel-er-om′e-ter)

An instrument for measuring the rate of change of velocity per unit of time.

accentuator
accentuator (ak-sent′u-a-ter)

A substance, such as aniline, the presence of which allows a combination between a tissue or histologic element and a stain that might otherwise be impossible. [L. accentus, accent, fr. cano, to sing]

acceptor
acceptor (ak-sep′ter)

1. A compound that will take up a chemical group ( e.g., an amine group, a methyl group, a carbamoyl group) from another compound (the donor); under the action of alanine transaminase, l-glutamic acid is an amine donor while pyruvic acid is an amine a.. 2. A receptor that binds a hormone. [L. ac-cipio, pp. -ceptus, to accept]
hydrogen a. SYN: hydrogen carrier.

accès pernicieux
accès pernicieux (ak-sa′ per-ni-syu′)

A series of severe attacks of falciparum malaria, sometimes occurring in apparently mild cases; roughly classified as cerebral and algid. [Fr., pernicious attacks or symptoms]

access
access (ak′ses)

A way or means of approach or admittance. In dentistry: 1. The space required for visualization and for manipulation of instruments to remove decay and prepare a tooth for restoration. 2. The opening in the crown of a tooth required to allow adequate admittance to the pulp space to clean, shape, and seal the root canal(s). SYN: a. opening. [L. accessus]

accessorius
accessorius (ak-ses-o′re-us)

SYN: accessory. [L.]
a. willisii SYN: accessory nerve [CN XI].

accessory
accessory (ak-ses′o-re)

In anatomy, denoting certain muscles, nerves, glands, etc. that are auxiliary or supernumerary to some similar, generally more important thing. SYN: accessorius. [L. accessorius, fr. ac-cedo, pp. -cessus, to move toward]

accident
accident (ak′si-dent)

An unplanned or unintended but sometimes predictable event leading to injury, e.g., in traffic, industry, or a domestic setting, or such an event developing in the course of a disease. [L. ac-cido, to happen]
cardiac a. sudden cardiac catastrophe, such as may result from coronary occlusion.
cerebrovascular a. (CVA) an imprecise term for cerebral stroke.
serum a. anaphylactic shock resulting from injection of serum of a different species for therapeutic purposes. SEE ALSO: serum sickness.

accident-prone
accident-prone

1. Having a greater number of accidents than would be expected of the average person in similar circumstances. 2. Having personality characteristics predisposing one to accidents.

acclimation
acclimation (ak-li-ma′shun)

SYN: acclimatization.

acclimatization
acclimatization (a-kli′ma-ti-za′shun)

Physiological adjustment of an individual to a different climate, especially to a change in environmental temperature or altitude. SYN: acclimation.

accommodation
accommodation (a-kom′o-da′shun)

1. The act or state of adjustment or adaptation. 2. In sensorimotor theory, the alteration of schemata or cognitive expectations to conform with experience. [L. ac-commodo, pp. -atus, to adapt, fr. modus, a measure]
amplitude of a. the difference in refractivity of the eye at rest and when fully accommodated.
a. of eye the increase in thickness and convexity of the eye's lens in response to ciliary muscle contraction in order to focus the image of an external object on the retina.
histologic a. change in shape of cells to meet altered physical conditions, as the flattening of cuboidal cells in cysts as a result of pressure. SYN: pseudometaplasia.
negative a. the decrease of a. that occurs when shifting from near vision to distance vision.
a. of nerve the property of a nerve by which it adjusts to a slowly increasing strength of stimulus, so that its threshold of excitation is greater than it would be were the stimulus strength to have risen more rapidly.
positive a. increased refractivity of the eye that occurs when shifting from the distance to a near object.
range of a. the distance between an object viewed with minimal refractivity of the eye and one viewed with maximal a..
relative a. quantity of a. required for single binocular vision for any specified distance, or for any particular degree of convergence.

accommodative
accommodative (a-kom′o-da-tiv)

Relating to accommodation.

accomplice
accomplice (a-kom′plis)

A bacterium that accompanies the main infecting agent in a mixed infection and that influences the virulence of the main organism. [M.E., fr. O.Fr., fr. L. comples, closely connected]

accouchement
accouchement (a-koosh-mawn′)

Childbirth, particularly parturition. SEE ALSO: birth. [Fr. from coucher, to lie down]
a. forcé (for-sa′) forced, artificially hastened delivery, by means of forceps, version, etc.; originally applied to rapid dilation of the cervix with the hands, with version and forcible extraction of the fetus.

accoucheur
accoucheur (a-koo-sher′)

Obsolete term for obstetrician.

accrementition
accrementition (ak′re-men-tish′un)

1. Reproduction by budding or germination. 2. SYN: accretion (1) . [L. accresco, pp. -cretus, to increase]

accretio cordis
accretio cordis (a-kre′she-o kor′dis)

Adhesion of the pericardium to adjacent extracardiac structures.

accretion
accretion (a-kre′shun)

1. Increase by addition to the periphery of material of the same nature as that already present; e.g., the manner of growth of crystals. SYN: accrementition (2) . 2. In dentistry, foreign material (usually plaque or calculus) collecting on the surface of a tooth or in a cavity. 3. A growing together. [L. accretio, fr. ad, to, + crescere, to grow]

accrochage
accrochage (ak-ro-shahj′)

Intermittent synchronization of two different rhythms of the heart with one influencing the behavior of the other when neither is dominant; seen in cases of atrioventricular dissociation when an atrial beat falls shortly after a ventricular beat, the latter causing the atrial beat to occur sooner than expected. [Fr. hooking, hitching]

accuracy
accuracy (ak′ku-ra-se)

The degree to which a measurement, or an estimate based on measurements, represents the true value of the attribute that is being measured. In the laboratory, a. of a test is determined when possible by comparing results from the test in question with results generated using reference standards or an established reference method.

ACD
ACD

Abbreviation for acid-citrate-dextrose.

ACE
ACE

Abbreviation for angiotensin-converting enzyme.

acebutolol
acebutolol (as-e-bu′to-lol)

A β-adrenergic blocking agent.

aceclidine
aceclidine (a-sek′li-den)

A cholinergic drug used for topical therapy of glaucoma.

acedapsone
acedapsone (as-e-dap′son)

A derivative of dapsone with a longer duration of action; used to enhance the malaria chemoprophylaxis of quinine or of a combination of chloroquine-primaquine, and believed to act by interference with the utilization of folic acid.

acedia
acedia (a-se-de′-a)

Obsolete term for a mental syndrome, the chief features of which are listlessness, carelessness, apathy, and melancholia.

acefylline piperazine
acefylline piperazine (a-sef′i-len)

A diuretic and smooth muscle relaxant.

ACEI
ACEI

Abbreviation for angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, under inhibitor.

acellular
acellular (a-sel′u-lar)

1. Devoid of cells. SYN: noncellular (2) . 2. A term applied to unicellular organisms that do not become multicellular and are complete within a single cell unit; frequently applied to protozoans to emphasize their complete organization within a single cell. [G. a- priv. + L. cellula, a small chamber]

acelom
acelom (a-se′lom)

Absence of a true celom or body cavity lined with mesothelium; typically found in Platyhelminthes (flatworms), which have a syncytial mass of parenchymal cells instead of a true body cavity. [G. a- priv. + koiloma, hollow (celom)]

acelomate
acelomate, acelomatous (a-se′lo-mat, a-se-lo′ma-tus)

Not having a celom or body cavity.

acenocoumarin
acenocoumarin (a-se-no-koo′ma-rin)

SYN: acenocoumarol.

acenocoumarol
acenocoumarol (a-se-no-koo′ma-rol)

An orally effective synthetic anticoagulant of the coumarin type, with similar actions. SYN: acenocoumarin, nicoumalone.

acentric
acentric (a-sen′trik)

Lacking a center; in cytogenetics, denoting a chromosome fragment without a centromere. [G. a- priv. + kentron, center]

acephalia
acephalia, acephalism (a-se-fa′le-a, a-sef′a-lizm)

1. SYN: acephaly. 2. SYN: acephalus.

acephaline
acephaline (a-sef′a-lin)

Denoting members of the protozoan suborder Acephalina (order Eugregarinida), characterized by simple noncompartmentalized bodies, that parasitize invertebrates.

acephalobrachia
acephalobrachia (a-sef′a-lo-bra′ke-a)

SYN: abrachiocephaly. [G. a- priv. + kephale, head, + brachion, arm]

acephalocardia
acephalocardia (a-sef′a-lo-kar′de-a)

Absence of head and heart as seen in a parasitic twin. [G. a- priv. + kephale, head, + kardia, heart]

acephalocheiria
acephalocheiria, acephalochiria (a-sef′a-lo-ki′re-a)

Congenital absence of head and hands. [G. a- priv. + kephale, head, + cheir, hand]

acephalocyst
acephalocyst (a-sef′a-lo-sist)

A hydatid cyst with no daughter cyst; a sterile hydatid, so called because it fails to develop scoleces (tapeworm heads). [G. a- priv. + kephale, head, + kystis, bladder]

acephalogasteria
acephalogasteria (a-sef′a-lo-gas-ter′e-a)

Congenital absence of head, thorax, and abdomen as seen in a parasitic twin with pelvis and legs only.

acephalopodia
acephalopodia (a-sef′a-lo-po′de-a)

Congenital absence of head and feet. [G. a- priv. + kephale, head, + pous, foot]

acephalorrhachia
acephalorrhachia (a-sef′a-lo-rak′e-a)

Congenital absence of head and vertebral column. [G. a- priv. + kephale, head, + rhachis, spine]

acephalothoracia
acephalothoracia (a-sef′a-lo-thor-ase-a)

Congenital absence of head and thorax. [G. a- priv. + kephale, head, + thorax, chest]

acephalous
acephalous (a-sef′a-lus)

Headless.

acephalus
acephalus (a-sef′a-lus)

A headless fetus. SYN: acephalia (2) , acephalism. [G. a- priv. + kephale, head]
a. acormus (a-kor′mus) condition in which a head without a body is attached to the placenta by an umbilical cord.
a. dibrachius a fetus lacking a head but having two recognizably developed upper limbs.
a. dipus a fetus lacking a head but showing two recognizably developed lower limbs.
a. monobrachius a fetus lacking a head and showing only one recognizable upper limb.
a. monopus a fetus lacking a head and with fusion of the lower extremities so extreme that only a single foot is recognizable.
a. sympus a fetus lacking a head and showing fusion of the lower limbs.

acephaly
acephaly (a-sef′a-le)

Congenital absence of the head. SYN: acephalia (1) , acephalism. [G. a- priv. + kephale, head]

acerola
acerola (a-se-ro-la)

Fruit of a bushy tree that grows in Central and South America and Puerto Rico. The berry is the richest known source of vitamin C (ascorbic acid).

acervulus
acervulus (a-ser′vu-lus)

SYN: corpora arenacea, under corpus. [Mod. L. dim. of L. acervus, a heap]

acestoma
acestoma (a-ses-to′ma)

Exuberant granulations that form a cicatrix. [G. akestos, curable, + -oma, tumor]

acesulfame
acesulfame (a-se-sul-fam)

A synthetic, noncaloric sweetener similar to saccharin.

acet- acet-, aceto-

Combining forms denoting the two-carbon fragment of acetic acid.

acetabula
acetabula (as-e-tab′u-la)

Plural of acetabulum.

acetabular
acetabular (as-e-tab′u-lar)

Relating to the acetabulum.

acetabulectomy
acetabulectomy (as′e-tab-u-lek′to-me)

Excision of the acetabulum. [acetabulum + G. ektome, excision]

acetabuloplasty
acetabuloplasty (as-e-tab′u-lo-plas-te)

Any operation aimed at restoring the acetabulum to as near a normal state as possible. [acetabulum + G. plastos, formed]

acetabulum
acetabulum, pl .acetabula (as-e-tab′u-lum, -la) [TA]

A cup-shaped depression on the external surface of the hip bone, with which the head of the femur articulates. SYN: cotyle (2) , cotyloid cavity. [L. a shallow vinegar vessel or cup]

acetal
acetal (as′e-tal)

Product of the addition of 2 mol of alcohol to one of an aldehyde, thus: RCHO + 2R′OH → RCH(OR′)₂ + H₂O; in mixed acetals ( e.g., glycosides), two different alcohols are bound to the original aldehyde group. SEE ALSO: hemiacetal, hemiketal, ketal.
a. phosphatide older trivial name for alk-1-enylglycerophospholipid.

acetaldehyde
acetaldehyde (as-e-tal′de-hid)

An intermediate in yeast fermentation of carbohydrate and in alcohol metabolism. It is a central agent for the toxic effects of ethanol. SYN: acetic aldehyde, ethanal.
activated a. the activated form of a. that is formed during the decarboxylation of active pyruvate. Formed in alcohol fermentation and in carbohydrate metabolism. SYN: α-hydroxyethylthiamin pyrophosphate.

acetamide
acetamide (as-et-am′id, a-set′a-mid)

CH₃CONH₂;used in biomedical research. SYN: acetic amide.

2-acetamidofluorene
2-acetamidofluorene (AAF) (as′et-am′i-do-flor′en)

SYN: 2-acetylaminofluorene.

acetaminophen
acetaminophen (as-et-a-me′no-fen)

An antipyretic and analgesic, with potency similar to aspirin. SYN: paracetamol.

acetaminosalol
acetaminosalol (as-e-tam′in-o-sal′ol)

Used as an analgesic, antipyretic, and intestinal antiseptic. SYN: phenetsal.

acetarsol
acetarsol (as-e-tar′sol)

SYN: acetarsone.

acetarsone
acetarsone (as-e-tar′son)

Used in the treatment of amebiasis, and as a local application in Vincent angina and in trichomoniasis vaginitis. The diethylamine salt is used as an antisyphilitic. SYN: acetarsol.

acetate
acetate (as′e-tat)

A salt or ester of acetic acid.
active a. SYN: acetyl-CoA.
a. kinase [EC 2.7.2.1] a phosphotransferase forming acetyl phosphate and ADP from ATP and a.. An important enzyme in the formation of “high-energy” phosphate in certain microorganisms. SYN: acetokinase.
a. thiokinase SYN: acetyl-CoA ligase.

acetate-CoA ligase
acetate-CoA ligase

SYN: acetyl-CoA ligase.

acetazolamide
acetazolamide (as′e-ta-zol′a-mid)

The heterocyclic sulfonamide, 5-acetylamido-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide, which inhibits the action of carbonic anhydrase in the kidney, increasing the urinary excretion of sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate, reducing excretion of ammonium, raising the pH of the urine, and lowering the pH of the blood; used in respiratory acidosis for diuresis and to stimulate respiratory drive, in glaucoma to reduce intraocular pressure, and in epilepsy. A. sodium has the same actions and uses as a., but is more soluble and thus more suitable for parenteral administration.

acetenyl
acetenyl (a-se′ten-il)

SYN: ethynyl.

acetic
acetic (a-se′tik, -set′ik)

1. Denoting the presence of the two-carbon fragment of a. acid. 2. Relating to vinegar; sour. [L. acetum, vinegar]

acetic acid
acetic acid

A product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood; used locally as a counterirritant and occasionally internally, and also as a reagent; contained in vinegars. SYN: ethanoic acid.
diluted a. contains 6% w/v of a..
glacial a. contains 99% absolute a.; a caustic for removal of corns and warts.

acetic aldehyde
acetic aldehyde

SYN: acetaldehyde.

acetic amide
acetic amide

SYN: acetamide.

aceticoceptor
aceticoceptor (a-se′ti-ko-sep′tor)

A side chain of molecules with a special affinity for the acetic acid radical. [L. acetum, vinegar, + capio, to take]

acetify
acetify (a-set′i-fi)

To cause acetic fermentation; to make vinegar or become vinegar. [L. acetum, vinegar, + facio, to make; or fieri, to be made, to become]

acetimeter
acetimeter (as-e-tim′e-ter)

An apparatus for determining the content of acetic acid in vinegar or other fluid. SYN: acetometer. [L. acetum, vinegar, + G. metron, measure]

aceto- aceto-

See acet-.

acetoacetate
acetoacetate (as′e-to-as′e-tat)

A salt or ion of acetoacetic acid. A ketone body formed in ketogenesis. SYN: diacetate (1) .
a. decarboxylase [EC 4.1.1.4] a carboxy-lyase cleaving CO₂ from a. to form acetone.

acetoacetic acid
acetoacetic acid (as′e-to-a-se′tik)

One of the ketone bodies, formed in excess and appearing in the urine in starvation or diabetes.

acetoacetyl-CoA
acetoacetyl-CoA (as′e-to-a-se′til)

Intermediate in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the formation of ketone bodies; also formed from two molecules of acetyl-CoA; major role is condensation with acetyl-CoA to form the important β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA. SYN: acetoacetyl-coenzyme A.
acetoacetyl-CoA reductase [EC 1.1.1.36] an oxidoreductase catalyzing interconversion of a 3-oxoacyl-CoA and NADPH, and the corresponding d-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA, and NADP⁺. A step in fatty acid synthesis.
acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase SYN: acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase.

acetoacetyl-coenzyme A
acetoacetyl-coenzyme A (as′e-to-as′e-til-ko-en′zim)

SYN: acetoacetyl-CoA.

acetoacetyl-succinic thiophorase
acetoacetyl-succinic thiophorase (as′e-to-as′e-til-suk-sin′ik)

SYN: 3-oxoacid-CoA transferase.

acetohexamide
acetohexamide (as-e-to-heks′a-mid)

An oral hypoglycemic agent that stimulates pancreatic insulin secretion; most useful therapeutically in mild cases of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

acetohydroxamic acid
acetohydroxamic acid (as′e-to-hi-drok′sa-mik)

An inhibitor of urease, used as adjunctive therapy in chronic urea-splitting urinary infections.

acetoin
acetoin (as-et′-o-in)

A condensation product of two molecules of acetaldehyde.

acetokinase
acetokinase (as′e-to-ki′nas)

SYN: acetate kinase.

acetol
acetol (as′e-tol)

Obsolete term for 1-hydroxy-2-propanone, or hydroxyacetone; also used as a proprietary name for certain commercial items.

α-acetolactic acid
α-acetolactic acid (as′e-to-lak′tik)

An intermediate in pyruvic acid catabolism and valine biosynthesis.

acetolysis
acetolysis (as-e-tol′i-sis)

Decomposition of an organic compound with the addition of the elements of acetic acid at the point of decomposition; analogous to hydrolysis and phosphorolysis.

acetomenaphthone
acetomenaphthone (as′e-to-me-naf′thon)

SYN: menadiol diacetate.

acetometer
acetometer (as-e-tom′e-ter)

SYN: acetimeter.

acetone
acetone (as′e-ton)

A colorless, volatile, flammable liquid; extremely small amounts are found in normal urine, but larger quantities occur in urine and blood of diabetic persons, sometimes imparting an ethereal odor to the urine and breath. It is one of the ketone bodies. The synthetic is used as a solvent in some pharmaceutical and commercial preparations. SYN: dimethyl ketone.

acetonemia
acetonemia (as′e-to-ne′me-a)

The presence of acetone or acetone bodies in relatively large amounts in the blood, manifested at first by erethism, and later by a progressive depression. [acetone + G. haima, blood]

acetonemic
acetonemic (as′e-to-ne′mik)

Relating to or caused by acetonemia.

acetonitrile
acetonitrile (as′e-to-ni′tril)

Methyl cyanide;a colorless fluid of aromatic odor, soluble in water and alcohol.

acetonuria
acetonuria (as′e-to-noor′e-a)

Excretion in the urine of large amounts of acetone, an indication of incomplete oxidation of large amounts of lipids; commonly occurs in diabetic acidosis. [acetone + G. ouron, urine]

acetophenazine maleate
acetophenazine maleate (as-e-to-fe′na-zen mal′e-at)

A phenothiazine tranquilizer.

acetophenetidin
acetophenetidin (as′e-to-fe-net′i-din)

SYN: phenacetin.

acetosulfone sodium
acetosulfone sodium (as′e-to-sul′fon)

A leprostatic administered orally.

acetous
acetous (as′e-tus)

Relating to vinegar; sour-tasting.

acetowhitening
acetowhitening (a-se′to- hwit′en-ing)

Blanching of skin or mucous membranes after application of 3–5% acetic acid solution, a sign of increased cellular protein and increased nuclear density; used particularly on genital skin and mucous membranes, including the uterine cervix, to identify zones of squamous cell change for biopsy and condyloma acuminatum for treatment. SYN: visual inspection with acetic acid. [acetic acid + whitening]

acetrizoate sodium
acetrizoate sodium (as-e-tri-zo′at)

Salt of 3-acetamido-2,4,6-triiobenzoic acid, a formerly used water-soluble radiographic contrast medium.

acetum
acetum, pl .aceta (a-se′tum, -ta)

SYN: vinegar. [L. vinum a., soured wine, vinegar]

aceturate
aceturate (a-set′u-rat)

USAN-approved contraction for N-acetylglycinate, CH₃CONHCH₂COO^-.

acetyl
acetyl (Ac) (as′e-til)

CH₃CO–;an acetic acid molecule from which the hydroxyl group has been removed.
a. chloride a colorless liquid used as a reagent; also corrosive, causing severe burns because of hydrolysis to HCl.
a. phosphate a “high-energy” phosphate that acts as an acetate donor in the metabolism of various bacteria.
a. transacylase SYN: ACP-acetyltransferase.

acetyladenylate
acetyladenylate (as′e-til-a-den′il-at)

Mixed anhydride between the carboxyl group of acetic acid and the phosphoric residue of adenosine 5′-monophosphoric acid.

2-acetylaminofluorene
2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) (as′e-til-am′i-no-flor′en)

A potent carcinogenic compound. SYN: 2-acetamidofluorene.

acetylase
acetylase (a-set′il-as)

Any enzyme catalyzing acetylation or deacetylation, as in the formation of N-acetylglutamate from glutamate plus acetyl-CoA, or the reverse; acetylases are usually called acetyltransferases.

acetylation
acetylation (a-set-i-la′shun)

Formation of an acetyl derivative.

acetylcarbromal
acetylcarbromal (a-se′til-kar-bro′mal)

A sedative replaced by benzodiazepines and newer drugs.

acetylcholine
acetylcholine (ACH, Ach) (as-e-til-ko′len)

The acetic ester of choline, the neurotransmitter substance at cholinergic synapses, which causes cardiac inhibition, vasodilation, gastrointestinal peristalsis, and other parasympathetic effects. It is liberated from preganglionic and postganglionic endings of parasympathetic fibers and from preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic as a result of nerve injuries, whereupon it acts as a transmitter on the effector organ; it is hydrolyzed rapidly into choline and acetic acid by acetylcholinesterase in the tissues and by pseudocholinesterase in the blood.
a. chloride a miotic, administered as an ophthalmic solution for parasympathomimetic effect; used in cataract surgery.

acetylcholinesterase
acetylcholinesterase (as′e-til-ko-lin-es′ter-as)

The cholinesterases that hydrolyze acetylcholine to acetate and choline within the central nervous system and at peripheral neuroeffector junctions ( e.g., motor endplates and autonomic ganglia). SYN: choline esterase I, “e”-type cholinesterase, specific cholinesterase, true cholinesterase.

acetyl-CoA
acetyl-CoA

Condensation product of coenzyme A and acetic acid, symbolized as CoAS∼COCH₃; intermediate in transfer of two-carbon fragment, notably in its entrance into the tricarboxylic acid cycle and in fatty acid synthesis. SYN: acetyl-coenzyme A, active acetate.
acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase an acetyltransferase forming acetoacetyl-CoA from two molecules of acetyl-CoA, releasing one CoA. A key step in ketogenesis and sterol synthesis. SYN: acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, acetyl-CoA thiolase, thiolase.
acetyl-CoA acylase SYN: acetyl-CoA hydrolase.
acetyl-CoA acyltransferase an enzyme catalyzing the thioclastic cleavage by coenzyme A of β-ketoacyl-CoA, forming an acyl-CoA with a carbon chain shorter by two atoms, the missing two atoms appearing as acetyl-CoA. A step in fatty acid degradation. SEE ALSO: acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase. SYN: 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, β-ketothiolase.
acetyl-CoA carboxylase a ligase that catalyzes the reaction of acetyl-CoA, CO₂, H₂O, and ATP, with a divalent cation as catalyst and covalently bound biotin, to form malonyl-CoA, ADP, and P_i (or the reverse decarboxylase); N-carboxybiotin is an intermediate. A crucial enzyme in fatty acid synthesis.
acetyl-CoA deacylase SYN: acetyl-CoA hydrolase.
acetyl-CoA:α-glucosaminide acetyltransferase an enzyme involved in the synthesis of certain carbohydrate moieties on proteins. A deficiency of this enzyme leads to mucopolysaccharidosis type III C.
acetyl-CoA hydrolase a hydrolase that cleaves acetate and coenzyme A from acetyl-CoA. SYN: acetyl-CoA acylase, acetyl-CoA deacylase.
acetyl-CoA ligase a ligase that catalyzes the reaction of acetate and CoA and ATP to form AMP, pyrophosphate, and acetyl-CoA. A key step in the activation of acetate. SYN: acetate thiokinase, acetate-CoA ligase, acetyl-activating enzyme, acetyl-CoA synthetase.
acetyl-CoA synthetase SYN: acetyl-CoA ligase.
acetyl-CoA thiolase SYN: acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase.

acetyl-coenzyme A
acetyl-coenzyme A (as′e-til-ko-en′zim)

SYN: acetyl-CoA.

acetylcysteine
acetylcysteine (as′e-til-sis′te-in)

A mucolytic agent that reduces the viscosity of mucous secretions; used to prevent liver injury produced by acetaminophen toxicity.

acetyldigitoxin
acetyldigitoxin (a-se′til-dij-i-tok′sin)

The α-acetyl ester of digitoxin derived from lanatoside A, having the same actions and uses as digitoxin, but more rapid onset and shorter duration of action.

acetyldigoxin
acetyldigoxin (a-se′til-di-jok′sin)

A digitalis glycoside with properties similar to those of digoxin; derived from digilanide C.

α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase
α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (as′e-til-gal-ak-tos-a-min-i-das)

An enzyme that hydrolyzes 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-d-galactosides to the alcohol and free 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-galactose. A deficiency of this enzyme will result in Schindler disease.

α-N-acetylglucosaminidase
α-N-acetylglucosaminidase (as′e-til-glu-cos-a-min-i-das)

An enzyme that hydrolyzes glycosides of N-acetylglucosamine producing the alcohol and N-acetylglucosamine. A deficiency of this enzyme results in mucopolysaccharidosis III B.

acetylmethadol
acetylmethadol (as′e-til-meth-a-dol)

An opioid analgesic which exists in 4 different optical isomers. The l isomers are active and l-a. (LAM) has a long duration of action and has been tried as a substitute for methadone in methadone maintenance programs and in programs where methadone is to be withdrawn, as in physical dependence of the morphine type.

acetylornithine deacetylase
acetylornithine deacetylase (as′e-til-or′ni-then) [EC 3.5.1.16]

An enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of N²-acetyl-l-ornithine to l-ornithine and acetate.

3-acetylpyridine
3-acetylpyridine (as′e-til-pir′i-den)

An antimetabolite of nicotinamide that produces symptoms of nicotinamide deficiency in mice; a neurotoxin that damages hypothalamus, brainstem, and basal ganglia.

acetylsalicylic acid
acetylsalicylic acid (as′e-til-sal-i-sil′ik)

SYN: aspirin.

acetyl sulfisoxazole
acetyl sulfisoxazole

A derivative of sulfisoxazole with the same actions and uses; an antibacterial sulfa drug.

acetyltannic acid
acetyltannic acid (as′e-til-tan′ik)

An astringent formerly used for treatment of diarrhea. SYN: diacetyltannic acid, tannylacetate.

acetyltransferase
acetyltransferase (as′e-til-trans′fer-as)

Any enzyme transferring acetyl groups from one compound to another. SEE ALSO: acetyl-CoA a., choline a., dihydrolipoamide S-a.. SYN: transacetylase.

AcG
AcG, ac-g

Abbreviation for accelerator globulin.

ACH
ACH, Ach

Abbreviation for acetylcholine.

Ach
Ach

See ACH.

achalasia
achalasia (ak-a-la′-ze-a)

Failure to relax; referring especially to visceral openings such as the pylorus, cardia, or any other sphincter muscles. [G. a- priv. + chalasis, a slackening]
a. of the cardia SYN: esophageal a..
cricopharyngeal a. functional obstruction at the level of the upper esophageal sphincter due to failure of relaxation of the cricopharyngeal muscles; often associated with a pharyngoesophageal diverticulum. SYN: a. of the upper sphincter, hypertensive upper esophageal sphincter.
esophageal a. failure of normal relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter associated with uncoordinated contractions of the thoracic esophagus, resulting in functional obstruction and difficulty swallowing. SYN: a. of the cardia, cardiospasm.
a. of the upper sphincter SYN: cricopharyngeal a..

Achard
Achard

Emile C., French physician, 1860–1941. See A. syndrome, A.-Thiers syndrome.

ache
ache (ak)

A dull, poorly localized pain, usually one of less than severe intensity.
bone a. a dull pain in one or more bones, often severe; an extreme variety occurs in dengue.
stomach a. pain in the abdomen, usually arising in the stomach or intestine. SYN: gastralgia, gastrodynia.

acheilia
acheilia (a-ki′le-a)

Congenital absence of the lips. [G. a- priv. + cheilos, lip]

acheilous
acheilous, achilous (a-ki′lus)

Characterized by or relating to acheilia.

acheiria
acheiria (a-ki′re-a)

1. Congenital absence of one or both hands. 2. Anesthesia in, with loss of the sense of possession of, one or both hands. 3. A form of dyscheiria in which the patient is unable to tell on which side of the body a stimulus has been applied. [G. a- priv. + cheir, hand]

acheiropody
acheiropody, achiropody (a-ki-rop′o-de, a-ki-rop′o-de) [MIM*200500]

Congenital absence of the hands and feet; autosomal recessive inheritance. [G. a- priv. + cheir, hand, + podos, foot]

acheirous
acheirous, achirous (a-ki′rus)

Characterized by or relating to acheiria (1).

Achenbach
Achenbach

Walter, 20th century German internist. See A. syndrome.

Achilles
Achilles

Mythical Greek warrior, vulnerable only in the heel. See A. bursa, A. reflex, A. tendon.

achillobursitis
achillobursitis (a-kil′o-ber-si′tis)

Inflammation of a bursa in proximity to the tendo calcaneus. SYN: retrocalcaneobursitis.

achillotenotomy
achillotenotomy (a-kil′o-ten-ot′o-me)

Cutting the Achilles tendon. [Achilles (tendon) + G. tenon, tendon, + tome, a cutting]

achiral
achiral (a-ki′ral)

Not chiral; denoting an absence of chirality. [G. a- priv. + cheir, hand]

achlorhydria
achlorhydria (a-klor-hi′dre-a)

Absence of hydrochloric acid from the gastric juice. [G. a- priv. + chlorhydric (acid)]

achlorophyllous
achlorophyllous (a-klor-of′i-lus)

Without chlorophyll, as in fungi.

Acholeplasma
Acholeplasma, pl .Acholeplasmata (a-ko-le-plas′ma, mah-ta)

A genus of bacteria (order Mycoplasmatales) that have characteristics identical to those of the species in the genus Mycoplasma, with the exception that the acholeplasmas do not require sterol for growth; saprophytic and parasitic species occur. The type species is A. laidlawii.
A. axanthum a species originally found in a murine leukemia cell line; ecology bovine, porcine, botanical.
A. laidlawii a species that occurs as a saprophyte in sewage, manure, humus, and soil; type species of the genus A.. SYN: Mycoplasma laidlawii.

acholia
acholia (a-ko′le-a)

Suppressed or absent secretion of bile. [G. a- priv. + chole, bile]

acholic
acholic (a-kol′ik)

Without bile, as in a. (pale) stools.

acholuria
acholuria (a-ko-loo′re-a)

Absence of bile pigments from the urine in certain cases of jaundice. [G. a- priv. + chole, bile, + ouron, urine]

acholuric
acholuric (a-ko-loo′rik)

Without bile in the urine.

achondrogenesis
achondrogenesis (a-kon-dro-jen′e-sis)

Neonatal lethal dwarfism characterized by severe bone dysplasia of all four limbs, micromelia, enlarged skull, and a short trunk with delayed or absent ossification of the lower spine and pubic bones. There are various types. [G. a- priv. + chondros, cartilage, + genesis, origin]
Type IA a. [MIM*200600] a. with hypervascular cartilage and hypercellular bone; uncertain inheritance pattern. SYN: Houston-Harris syndrome.
Type IB a. [MIM*600972] a. with severely disorganized intracartilaginous ossification; autosomal recessive inheritance, caused by mutation in the diastrophic dysplasia sulfate transporter gene (DTDST) on chromosome 5q. SYN: Parenti-Fraccaro syndrome.
Type II a. [MIM*200610] a. with autosomal dominant inheritance, caused by mutation in the collagen type II gene (COL2A1) on chromosome 12q. SYN: Langer-Saldino syndrome.

achondroplasia
achondroplasia (a-kon-dro-pla′ze-a) [MIM*100800 *134934]

This chondrodystrophy, characterized by an abnormality in conversion of cartilage to bone, is the most common form of short-limb dwarfisim; characterized by short stature with rhizomelic shortening of the limbs, large head with frontal bossing and midface hypoplasia, exaggerated lumbar lordosis, limitation of elbow extension, genu varum, trident hand, characteristic radiographic skeletal findings, and neurologic symptoms complicating hydrocephalus and spinal canal stenosis. Autosomal dominant inheritance with most cases sporadic, caused by mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 gene (FGFR3) on chromosome 4p. [G. a- priv. + chondros, cartilage, + plasis, a molding]
homozygous a. severe a. caused by inheritance of two a. alleles, one from each parent; usually fatal in the first year of life.

achondroplastic
achondroplastic (a-kon-dro-plas′tik)

Relating to or characterized by achondroplasia.

achordate
achordate, achordal (a-kor′dat, a-kor′dal)

Referring to animal forms below the Chordata that do not develop a notochord or chorda.

achoresis
achoresis (a-ko-re′sis)

Permanent contraction of a hollow viscus, such as the stomach or bladder, whereby its capacity is reduced. [G. a- priv. + choreo, to make room, fr. choros, space]

Achorion
Achorion (a-ko′re-on)

Former name for dermatophytes now placed in the genus Trichophyton or Microsporum. [G. achor, dandruff]

achroacyte
achroacyte (a-kro′a-sit)

A colorless cell. [G. a- priv. + chroa, color, + kytos, a hollow (cell)]

achrodextrin
achrodextrin (ak-ro-deks′trin)

SYN: achroodextrin. [G. a- priv. + chroma, color, + dextrin]

achromacyte
achromacyte (a-kro′ma-sit)

SYN: achromocyte.

achromasia
achromasia (ak-ro-ma′se-a)

1. Pallor associated with hippocratic facies, emaciation, and weakness, often heralding a moribund state. SYN: cachectic pallor. 2. SYN: achromia. [G. achromos, colorless]

achromat
achromat (a-kro′mat)

A person exhibiting achromatopsia. [G. a- priv. + chroma, color]

achromatic
achromatic (ak-ro-mat′ik)

1. Colorless. 2. Not staining readily. 3. Refracting light without chromatic aberration. [G. a- priv. + chroma, color]

achromatin
achromatin (a-kro′ma-tin)

The weakly staining components of the nucleus, such as the nuclear sap and euchromatin.

achromatinic
achromatinic (a-kro-ma-tin′ik)

Relating to or containing achromatin.

achromatism
achromatism (a-kro′ma-tizm)

1. The quality of being achromatic. 2. The annulment of chromatic aberration by combining glasses of different refractive indexes and different dispersion.

achromatocyte
achromatocyte (a-kro-mat′o-sit)

SYN: achromocyte.

achromatolysis
achromatolysis (a-kro-ma-tol′i-sis)

Dissolution of the achromatin of a cell or of its nucleus. SYN: karyoplasmolysis.

achromatophil
achromatophil (a-kro-mat′o-fil)

1. Not being colored by the histologic or bacteriologic stains. SYN: achromophilic, achromophilous. 2. A cell or tissue that cannot be stained in the usual way. SYN: achromophil. [G. a- priv. + chroma, color, + philos, fond]

achromatophilia
achromatophilia (a-kro′mat-o-fil′e-a)

A condition of being refractory to staining processes.

achromatopsia
achromatopsia, achromatopsy (a-kro-ma-top′se-a, a-kro′ma-top-se) [MIM*216900]

This is the compete form of a., characterized by severe deficiency of color perception, associated with nystagmus, photophobia, reduced visual acuity, and “day blindness”; autosomal recessive inheritance, caused by mutation in the cone photoreceptor cGMP-gated cation channel, alpha-subunit 3 gene (CNGA3) on chromosome 2q. SYN: achromatic vision, monochromasia, monochromasy, monochromatism (2) . [G. a- priv. + chroma, color, + opsis, vision]
atypical a. incomplete a. with normal visual acuity and no nystagmus. Cf.:dyschromatopsia.
complete a. a. with absent color vision, nystagmus, reduced visual acuity, and light aversion. SYN: rod monochromatism, typical a..
incomplete a. [MIM*200930] impaired but not absent color vision with less severely reduced visual acuity than in complete a., associated with photophobia and nystagmus; autosomal recessive inheritance. An autosomal dominant [MIM*180020] form and several X-linked [MIM*304020, MIM*300085, and MIM*303700] forms exist.
typical a. SYN: complete a..

achromatosis
achromatosis (a-kro-ma-to′sis)

SYN: achromia. [G. a- priv. + chroma, color]

achromatous
achromatous (a-kro′ma-tus)

Colorless.

achromaturia
achromaturia (a-kro-ma-too′re-a)

The passage of colorless or very pale urine. [G. a- priv. + chroma, color, + ouron, urine]

achromia
achromia (a-kro′me-a)

1. Hypopigmentation; absence or loss of natural pigmentation of the skin and iris; may be congenital or acquired. SEE ALSO: depigmentation. 2. Lack of capacity to accept stains in cells or tissue. SYN: achromasia (2) , achromatosis. [G. a- priv. + chroma, color]
a. parasitica a phase of lessening or absence of pigmentation in cutaneous lesions, caused by the fungus Malassezia furfur. SEE ALSO: tinea versicolor.

achromic
achromic (a-kro′mik)

Colorless.

Achromobacter
Achromobacter (a′kro-mo-bak′ter)

A Gram-negative bacterial genus of uncertain clinical significance, closely related to members of the Alcaligenes and Ochrobactrum species.

achromocyte
achromocyte (a-kro′mo-sit)

A hypochromic, crescent-shaped erythrocyte, probably resulting from artifactual rupture of a red cell with loss of hemoglobin. SYN: achromacyte, achromatocyte, ghost corpuscle, phantom corpuscle, Ponfick shadow, shadow corpuscle, shadow (3) , Traube corpuscle. [G. a- priv. + chroma, color, + kytos, hollow (cell)]

achromophil
achromophil (a-kro′mo-fil)

SYN: achromatophil.

achromophilic
achromophilic, achromophilous (a-kro-mo-fil′ik, a-kro-mof′i-lus)

SYN: achromatophil (1) .

achromotrichia
achromotrichia (a-kro-mo-trik′e-a)

Absence or loss of pigment in the hair. SEE ALSO: canities. [G. a- priv. + chroma, color, + thrix, hair]

achroodextrin
achroodextrin (ak-ro′o-deks′trin)

Dextrin of low molecular weight, formed from starch in a stage of the digestion of the latter by amylase; it gives no color reaction with iodine. Cf.:amylodextrin, erythrodextrin. SYN: achrodextrin. [G. achromos, uncolored, + dextrin]

achylia
achylia (a-ki′le-a)

1. Absence of gastric juice or other digestive secretions. 2. Absence of chyle. [G. a- priv. + chylos, juice]
a. gastrica diminished or abolished secretion of gastric juice associated with atrophy of the mucous membrane of the stomach.
a. pancreatica deficiency or absence of pancreatic secretion, usually resulting in fatty stools, emaciation, and impaired nutrition.

achylous
achylous (a-ki′lus)

1. Lacking in gastric juice or other digestive secretions. 2. Having no chyle. [G. achylos, without juice]

acicular
acicular (a-sik′u-lar)

Needle-shaped or needle-pointed; applied particularly to leaves and crystals. [L. a., small pin]

acid
acid (as′id)

1. A compound yielding a hydrogen ion in a polar solvent ( e.g., in water); acids form salts by replacing all or part of the ionizable hydrogen with an electropositive element or radical. 2. In popular language, any chemical compound that has a sour taste (given by the hydrogen ion). 3. Sour; sharp to the taste. 4. Relating to a.; giving an a. reaction. For individual acids, see specific names. [L. acidus, sour]
bile acids steroid acids found in bile; e.g., taurocholic and glycocholic acids, used therapeutically when biliary secretion is inadequate and for biliary colic. Their physiologic roles include fat emulsification. Their synthesis is reduced in disorders of the peroxisomes.
Br&slash;onsted a. an a. that is a proton donor.
conjugate a. the protonated compound of two compounds that differ in structure only by the presence of the labile proton.
dibasic a. an a. containing two ionizable atoms of hydrogen in the molecule. See a. (1) .
fatty a. fatty a..
inorganic a. an a. made up of molecules not containing organic radicals; e.g., HCl, H₂SO₄, H₃PO₄.
Lewis a. an a. that is an electron pair acceptor.
monobasic a. an a. containing one ionizable atom of hydrogen in the molecule. See a. (1) .
organic a. an a. made up of molecules containing organic radicals; e.g., acetic a., citric a., which contain the ionizable &cbond;COOH group.
polybasic a. an a. containing more than three ionizable atoms of hydrogen in the molecule. See a. (1) .
wax a. a long-chain monocarboxylic a. with an even number of carbons, often found esterified in waxes ( e.g., lauric a.).

acid-citrate-dextrose
acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD)

A citrate anticoagulant used for the collection and preservation of whole blood. It has largely been replaced by newer anticoagulants (CPD, Adsol) that allow for longer shelf life for blood and blood products.

acidemia
acidemia (as-i-de′me-a)

An increase in the H-ion concentration of the blood or a fall below normal in pH. Individual types of a. are listed by specific name, e.g., isovalericacidemia, aminoacidemia, etc. [acid + G. haima, blood]

acid-fast
acid-fast (as′id-fast)

Denoting bacteria that are not decolorized by acid-alcohol after having been stained with dyes such as basic fuchsin; e.g., the mycobacteria and nocardiae.

acidify
acidify (a-sid′i-fi)

1. To render acid. 2. To become acid.

acidity
acidity (a-sid′i-te)

1. The state of being acid. 2. The acid content of a fluid.
total a. (a) an obsolete expression of gastric a., the a. being determined by titration with sodium hydroxide, using phenolphthalein as indicator.

acidophil
acidophil, acidophile (a-sid′o-fil, a-sid′o-fil)

1. One of the acid-staining cells of the anterior pituitary. 2. A microorganism that grows well in a highly acid medium. [acid + G. philos, fond]

acidophilic
acidophilic (as′i-do-fil′ik, a-sid′o-fil-ik)

Having an affinity for acid dyes; denoting a cell or tissue element that stains with an acid dye, such as eosin. SYN: oxychromatic.

acidosis
acidosis (as-i-do′sis)

A pathologic state characterized by an increase in the concentration of hydrogen ions in the arterial blood above the normal level, 40 nmol/L, or pH 7.4; may be caused by an accumulation of carbon dioxide or acidic products of metabolism, or by a decrease in the concentration of alkaline compounds. [acid + G. -osis, condition]
carbon dioxide a. SYN: respiratory a..
compensated a. an a. in which the pH of body fluids is normal; compensation is achieved by respiratory or renal mechanisms.
compensated respiratory a. retention of bicarbonate by the renal tubules to minimize the effect on the pH of the blood of retention of carbon dioxide by the lungs, such as occurs with hypoventilation.
diabetic a. a type of metabolic a. caused by accumulation of ketone bodies in diabetes mellitus.
hypercapnic a. SYN: respiratory a..
hyperchloremic a. SYN: renal tubular a..
lactic a. a type of metabolic a. caused by accumulation of lactic acid due to tissue hypoxia, drug effect, or unknown etiology.
metabolic a. decreased pH and bicarbonate concentration in the body fluids caused either by the accumulation of acids or by abnormal losses of fixed base from the body, as in diarrhea or renal disease.
primary renal tubular a. a metabolic defect in the mechanism of urinary acidification that may be either the transient type, with onset in infancy, or the persistent type, with onset in childhood or adult years; both types are familial.
renal tubular a. a clinical syndrome characterized by decreased ability to acidify urine, and by low plasma bicarbonate and high plasma chloride concentrations, often with hypokalemia; often complicated by osteomalacia, nephrocalcinosis, or renal calculi. SEE ALSO: primary renal tubular a., secondary renal tubular a.. SYN: hyperchloremic a..
respiratory a. a. caused by retention of carbon dioxide; due to inadequate pulmonary ventilation or hypoventilation, with decrease in blood pH unless compensated by renal retention of bicarbonate. SYN: carbon dioxide a., hypercapnic a..
secondary renal tubular a. renal tubular a. that may occur as a complication of hypercalcemic states, hyperglobulinemic disorders, and in some other chronic renal conditions; a regular component of De Toni-Fanconi syndrome.
starvation a. ketoacidosis resulting from lack of food intake, leading to fat catabolism to provide energy, releasing acidic ketone bodies.
uncompensated a. an a. in which the pH of body fluids is subnormal, because restoration of normal acid-base balance is not possible or has not yet been achieved.

acidotic
acidotic (as-i-dot′ik)

Pertaining to or indicating acidosis.

acid red 87
acid red 87

SYN: eosin y.

acid red 91
acid red 91

SYN: eosin B.

aciduria
aciduria (as-i-doo′re-a)

1. Excretion of an acid urine. 2. Excretion of an abnormal amount of any specified acid. Individual types of a. are prefixed by the specific acid; e.g., aminoaciduria, ketoaciduria. [acid + G. ouron, urine]
argininosuccinic a. [MIM*207900] an autosomal-recessive disorder characterized by excessive urinary excretion of argininosuccinic acid, epilepsy, ataxia, mental retardation, liver disease, and friable, tufted hair; presumed to be the consequence of a deficiency of an enzyme responsible for splitting argininosuccinic acid to arginine and fumaric acid. SYN: arginosuccinate lyase deficiency.

aciduric
aciduric (as-i-doo′rik)

Pertaining to bacteria that tolerate an acid environment. [acid + L. duro, to endure]

acinar
acinar (as′i-nar)

Pertaining to the acinus. SYN: acinic.

Acinetobacter
Acinetobacter (as-i-ne′to-bak′ter)

A genus of nonmotile, aerobic bacteria (family Moraxellaceae) containing Gram-negative or -variable coccoid or short rods, or cocci, often occurring in pairs. Spores are not produced. These bacteria grow on ordinary media without the addition of serum. They are oxidase-negative and catalase-positive; carbohydrates are oxidized or not attacked at all, and arginine dihydrolase is not produced. They are a frequent cause of nosocomial infections; often resistant to many antibiotics, they can also cause severe primary infections in immunocompromised people. The type species is A. calcoaceticus. SYN: Lingelsheimia.
A. calcoaceticus a species of bacteria originally found in a quinate enrichment; strains of this organism previously identified as Bacterium anitratum were found in the genitourinary tract; it is the type species of the genus A.. SYN: Lingelsheimia anitrata.

acini
acini (as′i-ni)

Plural of acinus.

acinic
acinic (a-sin′ik)

SYN: acinar.

aciniform
aciniform (a-sin′i-form)

SYN: acinous. [L. acinus, grape, + forma, shape]

acinose
acinose (as′i-nos)

SYN: acinous.

acinous
acinous (as′i-nus)

Resembling an acinus or grape-shaped structure. SYN: aciniform, acinose.

acinus
acinus, gen. and pl. acini (as′i-nus, -ni)

One of the minute grape-shaped secretory portions of an acinous gland. Some authorities use the terms a. and alveolus interchangeably, whereas others differentiate them by the constricted openings of the a. into the excretory duct. [L. berry, grape]
liver a. a functional unit of the liver, comprising all of the liver parenchyma supplied by a terminal branch of the portal vein and hepatic artery; typically involves segments of two lobules lying between two terminal hepatic venules. SYN: Rappaport a..
pulmonary a. that part of the airway consisting of a respiratory bronchiole and all of its branches. SYN: primary pulmonary lobule, respiratory lobule.
Rappaport a. SYN: liver a..

aclasia
aclasia (a-kla′ze-a)

SYN: aclasis.

aclasis
aclasis (ak′la-sis)

A state of continuity between normal and abnormal tissue. SYN: aclasia. [G. a- priv. + klasis, a breaking away, a fragment]
tarsoepiphyseal a. (tar′-so-ep′i-fiz′e- al) epiphysealis hemimelica, affects ankles and knees, leading to limitation of motion. SYN: Trevor disease.

acme
acme (ak′me)

The period of greatest intensity of any symptom, sign, or process. [G. akme, the highest point]

acne
acne (ak′ne)

An inflammatory follicular, papular, and pustular eruption involving the pilosebaceous apparatus. SEE ALSO: a. vulgaris. [probably a corruption (or copyist's error) of G. akme, point of efflorescence]
a. artificialis a. produced by external irritants, such as tar (chloracne), or drugs internally administered, such as iodides or bromides. SYN: a. venenata.
bromide a. follicular eruption on face, trunk, and extremities, due to bromide ingestion. SEE ALSO: bromoderma.
a. cachecticorum a. occurring in persons who have a debilitating constitutional disease; characterized by large, soft, purulent, ulcerative, cystic, and scarred lesions.
a. ciliaris follicular papules and pustules on the free edges of the eyelids.
a. conglobata severe cystic a., characterized by cystic lesions, abscesses, communicating sinuses, and thickened, nodular scars; usually sparing the face.
a. cosmetica low-grade, non-inflammatory a. lesions from repeated application of comedogenic agents in cosmetics.
cystic a. severe a. in which the predominant lesions are follicular cysts which rupture and scar.
a. fulminans (ak′ne ful′mi-nanz) severe scarring a. associated with fever, polyarthralgia, crusted ulcerative lesions, weight loss, and anemia. [fulmen, fulminis, thunder, lightning]
a. generalis a. lesions involving the face, chest, and back.
halogen a. an acneform eruption caused by bromides or iodides.
a. hypertrophica a. vulgaris in which the lesions, on healing, leave hypertrophic scars.
iodide a. a follicular eruption on the face, trunk, and extremities, due to injection or ingestion of iodide in a hypersensitive individual. SEE ALSO: iododerma.
a. medicamentosa a. caused or exacerbated by drugs, e.g., lithium, halogens, or steroids.
a. necrotica miliaris SYN: a. varioliformis.
a. neonatorum a condition in newborn male infants, characterized by papules, pustules, and comedones on forehead and cheeks, usually resolving in a few months.
pomade a. a form of a. caused by repeated application of hair creams containing oils that block release of sebum from hair follicles; most commonly seen on forehead and temples in young African Americans.
a. punctata a. with black open comedones.
a. pustulosa a. vulgaris in which pustular lesions predominate.
a. rosacea SYN: rosacea.
steroid a. folliculitis or follicular hyperkeratosis resulting from topical or oral administration of steroids.
tar a. SYN: chloracne.
tropical a. a severe type of a. of the entire trunk, shoulders, upper arms, buttocks, and thighs; occurs in hot, humid climates.
a. varioliformis a pyogenic infection involving follicles occurring chiefly on the forehead and temples; involution of the umbilicated and crusting lesions is followed by scar formation. SYN: a. necrotica miliaris.
a. venenata SYN: a. artificialis.
a. vulgaris an eruption, predominantly of the face, upper back, and chest, composed of comedones, cysts, papules, and pustules on an inflammatory base; the condition occurs in a majority of people during puberty and adolescence, due to androgenic stimulation of sebum secretion, with plugging of follicles by keratinization, associated with proliferation of Propionibacterium acnes. Follicular suppuration may lead to scarring. Topical treatments include tretinoin, benzoyl peroxide, and antibiotics. Sunlight, systemic antibiotics, and oral 13-cis-retinoic acid (except in pregnancy) are also effective. SEE ALSO: a..

acneform
acneform (ak′ne-form)

Resembling acne. SYN: acneiform.

acneiform
acneiform (ak-ne′i-form)

SYN: acneform.

acnemia
acnemia, aknemia (ak-ne′me-a)

1. Congenital absence of legs. 2. Atrophy of the muscles of the calves of the legs. [G. a- priv. + kneme, leg]

ACNM
ACNM

Abbreviation for American College of Nuclear Medicine.

ACNP
ACNP

Abbreviation for American College of Nuclear Physicians.

acokanthera
acokanthera (ak-o-kan′ther-a)

Juice from the leaves and stems of A. ouabaio (family Apocynaceae), a South African arrow poison containing ouabain. [G. akoke, a point, + antheros, blooming]

acolous
acolous (ak′o-lus)

Without limbs. [G. a- priv. + kolon, limb]

aconitase
aconitase (a-kon′i-tas)

SYN: aconitate hydratase.

aconitate hydratase
aconitate hydratase (a-kon′i-tat)

An iron-containing enzyme catalyzing the dehydration of citric acid to cis-aconitic acid, a reaction of significance in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. SYN: aconitase.

aconite
aconite (ak′o-nit)

The dried root of Aconitum napellus (family Ranunculaceae), monkshood or wolfsbane; a powerful and rapid-acting poison formerly used as an antipyretic, diuretic, diaphoretic, anodyne, cardiac and respiratory depressant, and externally as an analgesic.

aconitine
aconitine (a-kon′i-ten)

The exceedingly poisonous active principle (diterpene alkaloid) of Aconitum sp. and Delphinium sp., formerly used as a cardiac sedative and applied externally for neuralgia.

acorea
acorea (a-ko′re-a)

Congenital absence of the pupil of the eye. [G. a- priv. + kore, pupil]

Acosta
Acosta

Joseph (José) de, Spanish Jesuit missionary, 1539–1600. See A. disease.

acoustic
acoustic (a-koos′tik)

Pertaining to sound, e.g., a. meatus, a. nerve. [Gr. akoustikos]

acousticophobia
acousticophobia (a-koos′ti-ko-fo′be-a)

Morbid fear of sounds. [G. akoustikos, acoustic, + phobos, fear]

acoustics
acoustics (a-koos′tiks)

The science concerned with sound. [G. akoustikos, relating to sound]

ACP
ACP

Abbreviation for acyl carrier protein; American College of Physicians.

ACP-acetyltransferase
ACP-acetyltransferase

Enzyme transferring acetyl from acetyl-CoA to ACP and releasing CoA to begin fatty acid synthesis. SYN: acetyl transacylase.

ACP-malonyltransferase
ACP-malonyltransferase

An enzyme transferring malonyl from malonyl-CoA to ACP and releasing free CoA; a key step in fatty acid synthesis. SYN: malonyl transacylase.

ACPS
ACPS

Abbreviation for acrocephalosyndactyly.

acquired
acquired (a-kwird′)

Denoting a disease, predisposition, abnormality, that is not inherited. [L. ac-quiro (adq-), to obtain, fr. quaero, to seek]

acquisition
acquisition (ak-wi-zish′un)

In psychology, the empiric demonstration of an increase in the strength of the conditioned response in successive trials of pairing the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli.
gradient-recalled a. in the steady state a type of gradient echo sequence with free induction decay sampling in magnetic resonance imaging; also called “fast imaging with steady-state precession.” This family of sequences is faster than spin echo techniques, and is used for magnetic resonance angiography and cardiac imaging.

ACR
ACR

Abbreviation for American College of Radiology.

acral
acral (ak′ral)

Relating to or affecting the peripheral parts, e.g., limbs, fingers, ears, etc. [G. akron, extremity]

Acrania
Acrania (a-kra′ne-a)

A group of the phylum Chordata whose members possess a notochord, gill slits, and nerve cord but no vertebrae, ribs, or skull; e.g., Amphioxus, tunicates, and acorn worms. [G. a- priv. + kranion, skull]

acrania
acrania (a-kra′ne-a)

Complete or partial absence of a skull; associated with anencephaly. [G. a- priv. + kranion, skull]

acranial
acranial (a-kra′ne-al)

Having no cranium; relating to acrania or an acranius.

acranius
acranius

A malformed fetus exhibiting acrania.

Acrel
Acrel

Olaf, Swedish surgeon, 1717–1806. See A. ganglion.

Acremonium
Acremonium (ak-re-mo′ne-um)

A genus of fungi (family Moniliaceae, order Moniliales) that causes eumycotic mycetoma; three species, A. falciforme, A. kiliense, and A. recifei, produce whitish to yellow grains in the tissues. Produces keratomycosis, occasionally other infections, and the antibiotic cephalosporin.

acribometer
acribometer (ak-ri-bom′e-ter)

An instrument for measuring very minute objects. [G. akribes, exact, + metron, measure]

acrid
acrid (ak′rid)

Sharp, pungent, biting, or irritating. [L. acer (acr-), pungent]

acridine
acridine (ak′ri-den)

10-Azaanthracene;a dye, dye intermediate, and antiseptic precursor (9-aminoacridine, acriflavine, proflavine hemisulfate) derived from coal tar and irritating to skin and mucous membranes. SYN: dibenzopyridine.
tetramethyl a. SYN: a. orange.

acridine orange
acridine orange [C.I. 46005]

3,6-bis(dimethylamino)acridine hydrochloride;a basic fluorescent dye useful as a metachromatic stain for nucleic acids; also used in screening cervical smears for abnormal and malignant cells, where unusual amounts of DNA and RNA occur during proliferation and in tumors (DNA fluoresces yellow to green; RNA fluoresces orange to red). SYN: tetramethyl acridine.

acridine yellow
acridine yellow

A faintly yellow solution with strong bluish-violet fluorescence; used as a topical antiseptic and as a fluorescent stain in histology. SYN: 5-aminoacridine hydrochloride, 9-aminoacridine hydrochloride.

acriflavine
acriflavine (ak-ri-fla′vin) [C.I. 46000]

An acridine dye, a mixture of 3,6-diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride and 3,6-diaminoacridine; formerly used as a topical and urinary antiseptic, and used as one of Kasten fluorescent Schiff reagents to reveal polysaccharides and DNA.

acrimonia
acrimonia (ak-ri-mo′ne-a)

In ancient humoral pathology, a sharp, pungent, disease-provoking humor. [L. pungency]

acrimony
acrimony (ak′ri-mo-ne)

The quality of being intensely irritant, biting, or pungent. [L. acrimonia, pungency]

acrinol
acrinol (ak′ri-nol)

SYN: ethacridine lactate.

acrisorcin
acrisorcin (ak-ri-sor′sin)

A synthetic topical antifungal agent.

acritical
acritical (a-krit′i-kal, a-)

Rarely used term for: 1. Not critical; marked by no crisis; denoting diseases terminating by lysis. 2. Indeterminate, especially concerning prognosis. [G. a- priv. + kritikos, critical]

acro- acro-

Combining form meaning: 1. Extremity, tip, end, peak, topmost. 2. Extreme. [G. akron, highest point, extremity; akros, topmost, outermost, inmost, extreme, tip]

acroagnosis
acroagnosis (ak′ro-ag-no′sis)

Loss or impairment of the sensory recognition of a limb. Absence of acrognosis.

acroanesthesia
acroanesthesia (ak′ro-an-es-the′ze-a)

Anesthesia of one or more of the extremities. [acro- + G. an- priv. + aisthesis sensation]

acroarthritis
acroarthritis (ak-ro-arth-ri′tis)

Inflammation of the joints of the hands or feet. [acro- + G. arthron, joint, + -itis]

acroasphyxia
acroasphyxia (ak′ro-as-fik′se-a)

Impaired digital circulation, possibly a mild form of Raynaud disease, marked by a purplish or waxy white color of the fingers, with subnormal local temperature and paresthesia. SYN: dead fingers, waxy fingers. [acro- + G. asphyxia, stoppage of the pulse]

acroataxia
acroataxia (ak′ro-a-tak′se-a)

Ataxia affecting the distal portion of the extremities, i.e., hands and fingers, feet, and toes. Cf.:proximoataxia. [acro- + ataxia]

acroblast
acroblast (ak′ro-blast)

Component of the developing spermatid composed of numerous Golgi elements; it contains the proacrosomal granules. [acro- + G. blastos, germ]

acrobrachycephaly
acrobrachycephaly (ak′ro-brak-i-sef′a-le)

Type of craniosynostosis with premature closure of the coronal suture, resulting in abnormally short anteroposterior diameter of the skull. [acro- + G. brachys, short, + kephale, head]

acrocentric
acrocentric (ak-ro-sen′trik)

Having the centromere close to one end; said of normal chromosomes 13–15 and 21–22. [acro- + G. kentron, center]

acrocephalia
acrocephalia (ak-ro-se-fa′le-a)

SYN: oxycephaly.

acrocephalic
acrocephalic (ak-ro-se-fal′ik)

SYN: oxycephalic.

acrocephalopolysyndactyly
acrocephalopolysyndactyly (ak′ro-sef′a-lo-pol′e-sin-dak′ti-le)

A group of congenital syndromes characterized by abnormal skull shape due to craniosynostosis, brachydactyly, syndactyly, and preaxial polydactyly of hands and/or feet; mental retardation is a variable feature. There are several autosomal recessive syndromes [MIM*201000, MIM*201020, and MIM*272350] and one autosomal dominant form [MIM*101600]. A former classification of a., type I to type IV, is now considered obsolete.

acrocephalosyndactyly
acrocephalosyndactyly (ACPS) (ak′ro-sef′a-lo-sin-dak′ti-le)

A group of congenital syndromes characterized by craniosynostosis with abnormal head shape and cutaneous and/or bony syndactyly. There are several types with most types inherited as autosomal dominant. The phenotypes of types II and IV are not well defined. [acrocephaly + G. syn, together, + daktylos, finger]
type I a. SYN: Apert syndrome.
type II a. SYN: Vogt cephalodactyly.
type III a. SYN: Saethre-Chotzen syndrome.
type V a. SYN: Pfeiffer syndrome.

acrocephalous
acrocephalous (ak-ro-sef′a-lus)

SYN: oxycephalic.

acrocephaly
acrocephaly (ak′ro-sef′a-le)

SYN: oxycephaly. [acro- + G. kephale, head]

acrochordon
acrochordon (ak-ro-kor′don)

SYN: skin tag. [acro- + G. chorde, cord]

acrocinesia
acrocinesia, acrocinesis (ak′ro-si-ne′ze-a, -e′sis)

Excessive movement. SYN: acrokinesia. [acro- + G. kinesis, movement]

acrocontracture
acrocontracture (ak′ro-kon-trak′choor)

Contracture of the joints of the hands or feet.

acrocyanosis
acrocyanosis (ak′ro-si-a-no′sis)

A circulatory disorder in which the hands, and less commonly the feet, are persistently cold and blue; some forms are related to Raynaud phenomenon. SYN: Crocq disease, Raynaud sign. [acro- + G. kyanos, blue, + -osis, condition]

acrocyanotic
acrocyanotic (ak′ro-si-a-not′ik)

Characterized by acrocyanosis.

acrodermatitis
acrodermatitis (ak′ro-der-ma-ti′tis)

Inflammation of the skin of the extremities. [acro- + G. derma, skin, + -itis, inflammation]
a. chronica atrophicans a gradually progressive late skin manifestation of Lyme disease, appearing first on the feet, hands, elbows or knees, and composed of indurated, erythematous plaques that become atrophic, giving a tissue-paper appearance of the involved sites.
a. continua SYN: pustulosis palmaris et plantaris.
a. enteropathica [MIM*201100] a progressive hereditary defect of zinc metabolism in young children (onset 3 weeks to 18 months), often manifests first as a blistering, oozing, and crusting eruption on an extremity or around one of the orifices of the body, followed by loss of hair and diarrhea or other gastrointestinal disturbances; relieved by lifelong oral zinc supplementation; autosomal recessive trait.
papular a. of childhood SYN: Gianotti-Crosti syndrome.
a. perstans SYN: pustulosis palmaris et plantaris.

acrodermatosis
acrodermatosis (ak′ro-der-ma-to′sis)

Any cutaneous affection involving the more distal portions of the extremities. [acro- + G. derma, skin, + -osis, condition]

acrodont
acrodont (ak′ro-dont)

Tooth attachment in some lower vertebrates (mainly fish) in which the teeth rest on the edge of the jaw bone rather than in sockets or alveoli. [acro- + G. odous, tooth]

acrodynia
acrodynia (ak-ro-din′e-a)

1. Pain in peripheral or acral parts of the body. 2. A syndrome caused almost exclusively in the past by mercury poisoning: in children, characterized by erythema of the extremities, chest, and nose, gastrointestinal symptoms and by polyneuritis (in Japan); in adults, characterized by anorexia, photophobia, sweating, and tachycardia. SYN: acrodynic erythema, dermatopolyneuritis, erythredema, Feer disease, pink disease. [acro- + G. odyne, pain]

acrodysesthesia
acrodysesthesia (ak′ro-dis-es-the′ze-a)

Abnormal and unpleasant sensations in the peripheral portions of the extremities. [acro- + dysesthesia]

acrodysostosis
acrodysostosis (ak′ro-dis-os-to′sis) [MIM*101800]

A disorder in which the hands and feet are short with stubby fingers and toes. Growth retardation is progressive. Mental retardation and marked nasal hypoplasia are also present; autosomal dominant inheritance. [acro- + dysostosis]

acroesthesia
acroesthesia (ak′ro-es-the′ze-a)

1. An extreme degree of hyperesthesia. 2. Hyperesthesia of one or more of the extremities. [acro- + G. aisthesis, sensation]

acrogenous
acrogenous (ak-roj′e-nus)

Denoting conida of fungi produced by the conidiogenous cell at the tip of a conidiophore. [acro- + G. genos, birth]

acrogeria
acrogeria (ak-ro-jer′e-a) [MIM*201200]

Reduction or loss of subcutaneous fat and collagen of the hands and feet, giving the appearance of premature aging. [acro- + G. geron, old]

acrognosis
acrognosis (ak-rog-no′sis)

Cenesthesia, or normal sensory perception, of the extremities. [acro- + G. gnosis, knowledge]

acrohyperhidrosis
acrohyperhidrosis (ak′ro-hi′per-hi-dro′sis)

Hyperhidrosis of the hands and feet.

acrohyperkeratosis
acrohyperkeratosis

focal a. SYN: acrokeratoelastoidosis.

acrokeratoelastoidosis
acrokeratoelastoidosis (ak′ro-ker′a-to-e-las-toy-do′sis) [MIM*101850]

An autosomal dominant papular keratosis of the palms and soles, with disorganization of dermal elastic fibers; a similar, but acquired, condition may result from actinic damage of the hands. SEE ALSO: keratoelastoidosis. SYN: focal acrohyperkeratosis, type III punctate palmoplantar keratoderma. [acro + G. keras, horn, + elastos, beaten, + eidos, resemblance, + -osis, condition]

acrokeratosis
acrokeratosis (ak′ro-ker-a-to′sis)

Overgrowth of the horny layer of the skin, usually nodular configurations, of the dorsum of the fingers and toes, and occasionally on the rim of the ear and tip of the nose. [acro- + G. keras, horn, + -osis, condition]
paraneoplastic a. a rare nail dystrophy with acral erythema and scaling associated with upper respiratory or upper alimentary cancer. SYN: Bazex syndrome.

acrokinesia
acrokinesia (ak′ro-ki-ne′ze-a)

SYN: acrocinesia.

acromegalia
acromegalia (ak′ro-me-ga′le-a)

SYN: acromegaly.

acromegalic
acromegalic (ak′ro-me-gal′ik)

Pertaining to or characterized by acromegaly.

acromegalogigantism
acromegalogigantism (ak′ro-meg′a-lo-ji′gan-tizm)

Gigantism in which the facial features, disproportionate enlargement of the extremities, and other signs of acromegaly are prominent. [acro- + G. megas, great, + gigas, giant]

acromegaloidism
acromegaloidism (ak-ro-meg′a-loyd-izm)

Rarely used term for a condition in which body proportions resemble those of acromegaly.

acromegaly
acromegaly (ak-ro-meg′a-le)

A disorder marked by progressive enlargement of peripheral parts of the body, especially the head, face, hands, and feet, due to excessive secretion of somatotropin; organomegaly and metabolic disorders occur; diabetes mellitus may develop. SYN: acromegalia. [acro- + G. megas, large]

acromelalgia
acromelalgia (ak-ro-mel-al′je-a)

See erythromelalgia. [acro- + G. melos, limb, + algos, pain]

acromelia
acromelia (ak-ro-mez-o-me′le-a)

SYN: acromesomelia.

acromelic
acromelic (ak-ro-mel′ik)

Affecting the terminal part of a limb. [acro- + G. melos, limb]

acromesomelia
acromesomelia (ak-ro-me-so-me′le-a)

SYN: acromesomelic dwarfism. SYN: acromelia. [acro- + G. melos, limb, + ia, condition]

acrometagenesis
acrometagenesis (ak′ro-met-a-jen′e-sis)

Abnormal growth of the extremities resulting in malformation. [acro- + G. meta, beyond, + genesis, origin]

acromial
acromial (a-kro′me-al)

Relating to the acromion.

acromicria
acromicria (ak-ro-mik′re-a, ak-ro-mi′kre-a)

The antithesis of acromegaly; a condition in which the bones of the face and extremities are small and delicate; possibly due to a deficiency of somatotropin. [acro- + G. mikros, small]

acromioclavicular
acromioclavicular (a-kro′me-o-kla-vik′u-lar)

Relating to the acromion and the clavicle; denoting the articulation and ligaments between the clavicle and the acromion of the scapula. SYN: scapuloclavicular (1) .

acromiocoracoid
acromiocoracoid (a-kro-me-o-kor′a-koyd)

SYN: coracoacromial.

acromiohumeral
acromiohumeral (a-kro′me-o-hu′mer-al)

Relating to the acromion and the humerus.

acromion
acromion (a-kro′me-on) [TA]

The lateral end of the spine of the scapula which projects as a broad flattened process overhanging the glenoid fossa; it articulates with the clavicle and gives attachment to part of the deltoid and trapezius muscles. Its lateral border is a palpable landmark (“the point of the shoulder”). SYN: acromial process. [G. akromion, fr. akron, tip, + omos, shoulder]

acromioplasty
acromioplasty (a-kro′me-o-plas-ty)

A surgical reshaping of the acromion, frequently performed to remedy compression of the supraspinatus portion of the rotator cuff of the shoulder joint between the acromion and the greater tubercle of the humerus.

acromioscapular
acromioscapular (a-kro′me-o-skap′u-lar)

Relating to both the acromion and body of the scapula.

acromiothoracic
acromiothoracic (a-kro′me-o-tho-ras′ik)

SYN: thoracoacromial.

acromphalus
acromphalus (ak-rom′fal-us)

Abnormal projection of the umbilicus. [acro- + G. omphalos, umbilicus]

acromyotonia
acromyotonia (ak′ro-mi-o-to′ne-a)

Myotonia affecting the extremities only, resulting in spastic deformity of the hand or foot. SYN: acromyotonus. [acro- + G. mys, muscle, + tonos, tension]

acromyotonus
acromyotonus (ak-ro-mi-ot′o-nus)

SYN: acromyotonia.

acroosteolysis
acroosteolysis (ak′ro-os-te-ol′i-sis) [MIM*102500]

Congenital condition manifested by palmar and plantar ulcerating lesions with osteolysis involving distal phalanges of the fingers and toes. Acquired acro-osteolysis has been reported in workers exposed to vinyl chloride. There is an autosomal disorder, Cheney syndrome [MIM*102500], in which this finding is combined with wormian bones, hypoplasia of the mandibular rami, and basilar osteoporosis. SEE ALSO: Cheney syndrome. [acro- + G. osteon, bone, + lysis, loosening]

acropachy
acropachy (ak′ro-pak-e, a-krop′a-ke) [MIM*119900]

SYN: hereditary clubbing. [acro- + G. pachys, thick]

acropachyderma
acropachyderma (ak′ro-pak-i-der′ma)

SYN: pachydermoperiostosis. [acro- + G. pachys, thick, + derma, skin]

acroparesthesia
acroparesthesia (ak′ro-par-es-thes′e-a)

1. Paresthesia of one or more of the extremities. 2. Nocturnal paresthesia involving the hands, most often of middle-aged women; formerly attributed to a lesion in the thoracic outlet, but now known to be a classic symptom of carpal tunnel syndrome. [acro- + paresthesia]

acropetal
acropetal (a-krop′e-tal)

1. In a direction toward the summit. 2. Produced successively toward the apex, with the youngest conidium formed at the tip and the oldest at the base of a chain of conidia; pertaining to asexual spore production in fungi by successive budding of the distal spore in a spore chain. [acro- + L. peto, to seek]

acrophobia
acrophobia (ak-ro-fo′be-a)

Morbid fear of heights. [acro- + G. phobos, fear]

acropigmentation
acropigmentation (ak′ro-pig-men-ta′shun)

Punctate and reticulate hyperpigmentation of the dorsal surfaces of the fingers and toes beginning in early childhood and usually increasing with age; more common in Asian persons of dark complexion.

acropleurogenous
acropleurogenous (ak′ro-ploo-roj′e-nus)

Denoting spores developing at the tip and along the sides of fungal hyphae.

acropustulosis
acropustulosis (ak′ro-pus-tu-lo′sis)

Pustular eruptions of the hands and feet, often a form of psoriasis. [acro- + pustulosis]
infantile a. a cyclically recurrent vesicopustular and crusting pruritic eruption, usually in black children, appearing soon after birth to 10 months; remission occurs at about 2 years of age.

acroscleroderma
acroscleroderma (ak′ro-skler-o-der′ma)

SYN: acrosclerosis. [acro- + G. skleros, hard, + derma, skin]

acrosclerosis
acrosclerosis (ak′ro-skle-ro′sis)

Stiffness and tightness of the skin of the fingers, with atrophy of the soft tissue and osteoporosis of the distal phalanges of the hands and feet; a limited form of progressive systemic sclerosis occurring with Raynaud phenomenon and scleroderma of the forearms. See CREST syndrome. SYN: acroscleroderma, sclerodactyly, sclerodactylia.

acrosin
acrosin (ak′ro-sin)

A serine proteinase in spermatozoa similar in specificity to trypsin.

acrosome
acrosome (ak′ro-som)

A caplike organelle or saccule derived from the golgi that surrounds the anterior two-thirds of the nucleus of a sperm cell. Within this cap are enzymes that are thought to facilitate entry of the sperm through the zona pellucida. [acro- + G. soma, body]

acrosomin
acrosomin (ak-ro-so′min)

A lipoglycoprotein complex present in the acrosomal cap.

acrospiroma
acrospiroma (ak′ro-spi-ro′ma)

A tumor of the distal dermal segment of a sweat gland. [scro- + G. speira, coil, + -oma, tumor]
eccrine a. SYN: clear cell hidradenoma.

acroteric
acroteric (ak-ro-ter′ik)

Relating to the extreme peripheral or apical parts, such as the tips of fingers and toes, the end of the nose. [G. akroterion, the topmost point]

Acrotheca
Acrotheca (ak-ro-the′ka)

Former name for species now placed in the genus Rhinocladiella or Fonsecaea. [see a.]

acrotheca
acrotheca (ak-ro-the′ka)

In fungi, a type of spore formation characteristic of the genus Fonsecaea, in which conidia are formed along the ends and sides of irregular club-shaped conidiophores. [acro- + G. theke, box, case]

acrotic
acrotic (a-krot′ik)

1. Marked by great weakness or absence of the pulse; pulseless. [G. a- priv. + krotos, a striking] 2. Obsolete term relating to the surface of the body, especially the cutaneous glands. [G. akrotes, extremity]

acrotism
acrotism (ak′ro-tizm)

Absence or imperceptibility of the pulse. [G. a- priv. + krotos, a striking]

acrotrophodynia
acrotrophodynia (ak′ro-trof′o-din′e-a)

Pain, paresthesia, sensory loss, and trophic changes affecting the distal extremities, usually the feet, that can follow prolonged exposure of the limbs to cold and moisture. [acro- + G. trophe, nourishment, + odyne, pain]

acrotrophoneurosis
acrotrophoneurosis (ak′ro-trof′o-noo-ro′sis)

Trophoneurosis of one or more of the extremities. [acro- + G. trophe, nourishment, + neuron, nerve, + -osis, condition]

acrylate
acrylate (a′kril-at)

A salt or ester of acrylic acid.

acrylic
acrylic (a-kril′ik)

Denoting certain synthetic plastic resins derived from a. acid. SEE ALSO: a. resin.

acrylic acids
acrylic acids

A series of unsaturated aliphatic acids of the general formula R&dbond;CH&cbond;COOH; the prototype, acrylic acid (R = CH₂) or 2-propenoic acid, is derived from propionic acid by reduction or from glycerol by dehydration.

ACT
ACT

Abbreviation for activated clotting time.

ACTH
ACTH

Abbreviation for adrenocorticotropic hormone.
big A. a form of A., produced by certain tumors, which is a larger and more acidic peptide molecule than little A., but is not immunochemically distinguishable from it and does not exert any of the biologic effects characteristic of A.; proteolytic digestion of big A. yields hormonally active little A CTH.
little A. a term coined to denote the conventional A. molecule when contrasted with big A..

actin
actin (ak′tin)

One of the protein components into which actomyosin can be split; it can exist in a fibrous form (F-a.) or a globular form (G-a.).
F-a. the association of G-a. subunits into a fibrous (F) protein caused by an increase in salt concentration; the conversion of G-a. to F-a. is catalyzed by small concentrations of magnesium ion, is reversible, and is accompanied by the conversion of the bound ATP molecule to ADP and the conversion of one reactive -thiol group to an unreactive form.
G-a. the globular (G) subunits of the a. molecule, having a molecular weight 42 kd and containing one molecule of ATP; it is soluble in dilute salt, polymerizing to F-a. when the ionic strength is increased.

acting out
acting out

An overt act or set of actions that provides an emotional outlet for the expression of emotional conflicts (usually unconscious).

actinic
actinic (ak-tin′ik)

Relating to the chemically active rays of the electromagnetic spectrum. [G. aktis (aktin-), a ray]

actinides
actinides (ak′tin-idz)

Those elements with atomic numbers 89 to 103, corresponding to the lanthanides in the Periodic Table. SYN: actinide elements. [actinium, first element of the series]

α-actinin
α-actinin (ak-tin′in)

An F-actin binding protein in vertebrate cells that cross-links actin filaments into regular parallel arrays. It is found in both the Z line and the I band.

actinium
actinium (Ac) (ak-tin′e-um)

An element, atomic no. 89, atomic wt. 227.05; it possesses no stable isotopes and exists in nature only as a disintegration product of uranium and thorium. [G. aktis, a ray]

actino- actino-

Combining form meaning a ray, as of light; applied to any form of radiation or to any structure with radiating parts. SEE ALSO: radio-. [G. aktis, aktinos, a ray of light, a beam.]

actinobacillosis
actinobacillosis (ak′tin-o-bas-i-lo′sis)

A disease of cattle and swine, occasionally reported in humans, caused by the bacterium Actinobacillus lignieresii. It affects the soft tissues, often the tongue and cervical lymph nodes, where granulomatous swellings are formed that eventually break down to form abscesses.

Actinobacillus
Actinobacillus (ak′tin-o-ba-sil′lus)

A genus of very small, nonmotile, nonsporeforming, aerobic, facultatively anaerobic bacteria containing Gram-negative rods interspersed with coccal elements. The metabolism of these bacteria is fermentative. They are pathogenic to animals. The type species is A. lignieresii. [actino- + L. bacillus, a little rod]
A. actinomycetemcomitans a species of doubtful taxonomic position; frequently associated with human periodontal disease as well as subacute and chronic endocarditis; occurs with actinomycetes in actinomycotic lesions. SYN: Haemophilus actinomycetemcomitans.
A. lignieresii a species producing infections of the upper alimentary tract and mouth in cattle and swine (actinobacillosis) and suppurative lesions in the skin and lungs of sheep; it is the type species of its genus.

actinohematin
actinohematin (ak′ti-no-he′ma-tin)

A red respiratory pigment found in certain forms of Actinia (sea anemones). [actino- + G. haima, blood]

Actinomadura
Actinomadura (ak′ti-no-ma-du′-ra)

A genus of aerobic Gram-positive, branching, nonacidfast filamentous bacteria; it may form aerial hyphae and may contain chains of up to 15 spores. [actino- + Madura, India]
A. africana a bacterial species found in cases of mycetoma of the foot in Africa.
A. latina a species of bacteria associated with mycetoma in South America.
A. madurae an aerobic actinomycete; a cause of actinomycetoma.
A. pelliertieri A. latina.

actinomycelial
actinomycelial (ak′ti-no-mi-se′le-al)

Relating to the mycelium-like filaments of the Actinomycetales.

Actinomyces
Actinomyces (ak′ti-no-mi′sez)

A genus of slow-growing, nonmotile, nonsporeforming, anaerobic to facultatively anaerobic bacteria (family Actinomycetaceae) containing Gram-positive, irregularly staining filaments; diphtheroid cells may be predominant. They exhibit true branching while forming mycelial type colonies. Most of the species produce a filamentous microcolony. The metabolism of these chemoheterotrophs is fermentative; the products of glucose fermentation include acetic, formic, lactic, and succinic acids but not propionic acid. A. may have characteristic sulfur granules in purulent drainage. These organisms are pathogenic for humans and other animals and can cause chronic suppurative infection in humans. Over 16 species have been described; type species is A. bovis. [actino- + G. mykes, fungus]
A. bovis a species of bacteria causing actinomycosis in cattle; infection in humans is not established; it is the type species of its genus.
A. israelii the most common species of a. causing human actinomycosis and, occasionally, infections in cattle.
A. naeslundii a species whose natural habitat is the oral cavity; human infections occur and it produces periodontal destruction in some species of animals.
A. odontolyticus a species whose normal habitat is the human oral cavity; it has been isolated from deep dental caries.
A. viscosus a species that has been isolated from the oral cavity of humans and some species of other animals; it produces periodontal disease in animals and has been isolated from human dental calculus and root surface caries.

Actinomycetaceae
Actinomycetaceae (ak′ti-no-mi′se-ta′se-e)

A family of nonsporeforming, nonmotile, ordinarily facultatively anaerobic (some species are aerobic and others are anaerobic) bacteria (order Actinomycetales) containing Gram-positive, nonacidfast, predominantly diphtheroid cells which tend to form branched filaments in tissue or in some stages of cultural development; the filaments readily fragment, producing diphtheroid or coccoid forms. The metabolism of these chemoheterotrophic bacteria is fermentative. This family contains the genera Actinomyces (type genus), Arachnia, Bacterionema, Bifidobacterium, and Rothia.

Actinomycetales
Actinomycetales (ak′ti-no-mi′se-ta′lez)

An order of bacteria consisting of moldlike, rod-shaped, clubbed or filamentous forms with decided tendency to true branching, without endospores, but sometimes developing conidia; it includes the families Mycobacteriaceae, Actinomycetaceae, and Nocardiaceae.

actinomycetes
actinomycetes (ak′ti-no-mi-se′tez)

A term used to refer to members of the genus Actinomyces; sometimes improperly used to refer to any member of the family Actinomycetaceae or order Actinomycetales.

actinomycetoma
actinomycetoma (ak′tin-o-mi-set-o′ma)

Mycetoma caused by higher bacteria. Cf.:eumycetoma.

actinomycin
actinomycin (ak′tin-o-mi′sin)

A group of peptide antibiotic agents, isolated from several species of Streptomyces (originally Actinomyces), that are active against Gram-positive bacteria, fungi, and neoplasms. Actinomycins are chromopeptides, most containing the chromophore actinocin, and are derivatives of phenoxazine that differ in their amino acids and their sequence in the peptide chains; they form complexes with DNA and therefore inhibit RNA synthesis, primarily the ribosomal type.
a. A the first of the actinomycins isolated in crystalline form.
a. C SYN: cactinomycin.
a. D SYN: dactinomycin.
a. F₁ KS4;produced by a. C-elaborating strains of Streptomyces chrysomallus; used as an antineoplastic agent.

actinomycosis
actinomycosis (ak′ti-no-mi-ko′sis)

A disease primarily of cattle and humans caused by the bacterium Actinomyces bovis in cattle and by A. israelii and Arachnia propionica in humans. These actinomycetes are part of the normal bacterial flora of the mouth and pharynx, but when introduced into tissue they may produce chronic destructive abscesses or granulomas that eventually discharge a viscid pus containing minute yellowish granules (sulfur granules). In humans, the disease commonly affects the cervicofacial area, abdomen, or thorax; in cattle, the lesion is commonly found in the mandible. SYN: actinophytosis (1) , lumpy jaw. [actino- + G. mykes, fungus, + -osis, condition]

actinomycotic
actinomycotic (ak′ti-no-mi-kot′ik)

Relating to actinomycosis.

Actinomyxidia
Actinomyxidia (ak′ti-no-mik-sid′e-a)

A sporozoan order having a double cellular envelope, three polar capsules, and eight spores; parasitic chiefly in segmented worms, such as the common earthworm. [actino- + G. myxa, mucus]

actinophage
actinophage (ak-tin′o-faj)

A virus specific for actinomycetes. [actino(myces) + G. phago, to eat]

actinophytosis
actinophytosis (ak′ti-no-fi-to′sis)

1. SYN: actinomycosis. 2. SYN: botryomycosis.

Actinopoda
Actinopoda (ak-ti-nop′o-da)

A class of Sarcodina having slender pseudopodia with a central axial filament. [actino- + G. pous, foot]

actinosin
actinosin (ak-tin′o-sin)

A phenoxazone derivative that is the chromophore of the actinomycins.

actinotherapy
actinotherapy (ak′ti-no-thar′a-pe)

In dermatology, sunlight or ultraviolet light therapy.

action
action (ak′shun)

1. The performance of any of the vital functions, the manner of such performance, or the result of the same. 2. The exertion of any force or power, physical, chemical, or mental. [L. actio, from ago, pp. actus, to do]
ball valve a. intermittent blockage of a tube or outlet of a cavity by some object or material that permits passage in one direction but not in the other.
calorigenic a. increase of heat production of the body, as by the thyroid hormone. SYN: thermogenic a..
cumulative a. SYN: cumulative effect.
salt a. any physicochemical effect produced by hypertonic concentrations of osmotically active electrolytes.
sparing a. the manner in which a nonessential nutritive component, by its presence in the diet, lowers the dietary requirement for an essential component; thus, nonessential l-cysteine spares essential l-methionine and nonessential l-tyrosine spares essential l-phenylalanine. SYN: sparing phenomenon.
specific a. the a. of a drug or a method of treatment which has a direct and especially curative effect upon a disease, e.g., the a. of vitamin B₁₂ in pernicious anemia.
specific dynamic a. (SDA) increase of heat production caused by the ingestion of food, especially of protein.
thermogenic a. SYN: calorigenic a..

activate
activate (ak′ti-vat)

1. To render active. 2. To make radioactive.

activation
activation (ak-ti-va′shun)

1. The act of rendering active. 2. An increase in the energy content of an atom or molecule, through the raising of temperature, absorption of light photons, etc., which renders that atom or molecule more reactive. 3. Techniques of stimulating the brain by light, sound, electricity, or chemical agents, in order to elicit abnormal activity in the electroencephalogram. 4. Stimulation of peripheral nerve fibers to the point that action potentials are initiated. 5. Stimulation of cell division in an ovum by fertilization or by artificial means. 6. The act of making radioactive. SEE ALSO: cross-section.
amino acid a. the formation of the amino acyl adenylate derivative ( E.G., during protein biosynthesis).
EEG a. the low voltage, fast pattern of attentive wakefulness.
feedback a. inhibitory or antiinhibitory a. on an enzyme by an end product of a biochemical pathway in which that enzyme plays a part. For example, the a. of factors VIII and V by thrombin during blood clotting.
feed-forward a. the a. or stimulation of an enzyme by a precursor of the substrate of that enzyme.
gene a. the process of a. of a gene so that it is expressed at a particular time. This process is crucial in growth and development.

activator
activator (ak′ti-va-tor)

1. A substance that renders another substance, or catalyst, active, or that accelerates a process or reaction. 2. The fragment, produced by chemical cleavage of a proactivator, that induces the enzymic activity of another substance. 3. An apparatus for making substances radioactive; e.g., neutron generator, cyclotron. 4. A removable type of myofunctional orthodontic appliance that acts as a passive transmitter of force, produced by the function of the activated muscles, to the teeth and alveolar process that are in contact with it. 5. a protein that binds to a DNA sequence before RNA polymerase transcription.
catabolite gene a. (CGA) SYN: catabolite (gene) a. protein.
plasminogen a. a proteinase converting plasminogen to plasmin by cleavage of a single (usually Arg-Val) bond in the former. SYN: urokinase.
polyclonal a. (pol-e-klo′nal) a substance that will activate T cells, B cells, or both regardless of their specificities.
tissue plasminogen a. (TPA, tPA) 1. a naturally occurring thrombolytic serine protease that catalyzes the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin; 2. a genetically engineered protein used as a thrombolytic agent in myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral vascular thrombosis.TPA is a single-chain glycoprotein with a molecular weight of about 70 kD. Produced by endothelial cells at sites of vascular injury, it modulates thrombogenesis by converting fibrin-bound plasminogen to plasmin, cleaving the arginine-valine bond in the 560–561 position of plasminogen. As a result, fibrin strands in a clot are chemically degraded and platelet adhesion and aggregation are inhibited. TPA has little effect on plasminogen in the absence of fibrin, and its release does not significantly reduce systemic concentrations of fibrinogen. Alteplase, a synthetic TPA produced by recombinant DNA technology, improves outcome when administered intravenously in acute myocardial infarction and in selected cases of stroke and peripheral ischemia due to thrombosis. It has a circulating half-life of only 4–6 minutes, but persists in clots up to 7 hours. see thrombolytic therapy.

activin
activin (ak′ti-vin)

Placental hormone that reaches maximum levels in maternal serum during labor. [active + -in]

activity
activity (ak-tiv′i-te)

1. In electroencephalography, the presence of neurogenic electrical energy. 2. In physical chemistry, an ideal concentration for which the law of mass action will apply perfectly; the ratio of the a. to the true concentration is the a. coefficient (γ), which becomes 1.00 at infinite dilution. 3. For enzymes, the amount of substrate consumed (or product formed) in a given time under given conditions; turnover number. 4. The number of nuclear transformations (disintegrations) in a given quantity of a material per unit time. Units: curie (Ci), millicurie (mCi), becquerel (Bq), megabecquerel (MBq). SEE ALSO: radioactivity.
blocking a. repression or elimination of electrical a. in the brain by the arrival of a sensory stimulus.
insulinlike a. (ILA) a measure of substances, usually in plasma, that exert biologic effects similar to those of insulin in various bioassays; sometimes used as a measure of plasma insulin concentrations; always gives higher values than immunochemical techniques for the measurement of insulin.
intrinsic sympathomimetic a. (ISA) the property of a drug that causes activation of adrenergic receptors so as to produce effects similar to stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system.
nonsuppressible insulinlike a. (NSILA) plasma insulinlike a. not suppressed by antibodies to insulin and mostly present after pancreatectomy. Nonsuppressible insulinlike a. is mostly the action of polypeptide insulinlike growth factors IGF-I and IGF-II.
optic a. the ability of a compound in solution (one possessing no plane of symmetry, usually because of the presence of one or more asymmetric carbon atoms) to rotate the plane of polarized light.
plasma renin a. (PRA) estimation of renin in plasma by measuring the rate of formation of angiotensin I or II.
pulseless electrical a. (PEA) SYN: electromechanical dissociation.
specific a. 1. radioactivity per unit mass of the stated element or compound; 2. for an enzyme, the amount of substrate consumed (or product formed) in a given time under given conditions per milligram of protein; 3. a. per unit mass of the stated radionuclide.
triggered a. one or a series of spontaneously generated heartbeats originating from an action potential that produces an after-depolarization which reaches activation threshold.

actomyosin
actomyosin (ak′-to-mi′o-sin)

A protein complex composed of actin and myosin; it is the essential contractile substance of muscle fiber, active with MgATP.
platelet a. the contractile protein of platelets, responsible for clot retraction, platelet aggregation, and release of ADP and other biologic amines essential to platelet function. SYN: thrombosthenin.

Acuaria spiralis
Acuaria spiralis (ak-u-a′re-a spi-ra′lis)

A nematode parasite in the proventriculus and esophagus, and sometimes the intestine, of chickens, turkeys, pheasants, and other birds. [L. acus, needle; Mod. L. spiralis, spiral]

acuity
acuity (a-ku′i-te)

1. Sharpness, clearness, distinctness. 2. Severity. [thr. Fr., fr. L. acuo, pp. acutus, sharpen]
absolute intensity threshold a. the minimal light that can be seen.
resolution a. detection of a target having two or more parts, often measured by using the Snellen test types; indicated by two numbers: the first represents the distance at which an individual sees the test types (usually 6 m or 20 ft), and the second, the distance at which the test types subtend an angle of 5 min.; e.g., vision of 6/9 indicates a test distance of 6 m and recognition of symbols that subtend an angle of 5 min. at a distance of 9 m. SYN: visual a..
spatial a. detection of the shape of a test object; e.g., perceiving polygons of the same size but with different numbers of sides.
stereoscopic a. the detection of differences in distance by superimposition of slightly different retinal images into a single image to the brain.
Vernier a. detection of displacement of a portion of a line.
visibility a. recognition of an object on a background of different character.
visual a. (V) SYN: resolution a..

aculeate
aculeate (a-ku′le-at)

Pointed; covered with sharp spines. [L. aculeatus, pointed, fr. acus, needle]

acumentin
acumentin (ak-u-men′tin)

A neutrophil and macrophage motility protein that links to the actin molecule to control filament length.

acuminate
acuminate (a-ku′mi-nat)

Pointed;tapering to a point. [L. acumino, pp. -atus, to sharpen]

acuology
acuology (ak-u-ol′o-je)

The study of the use of needles for therapeutic purposes, as in acupuncture. [L. acus, needle, + G. logos, study]

acupressure
acupressure

Application of pressure in sites used for acupuncture with therapeutic intent.

acupuncture
acupuncture (ak-u-punk′choor)

Puncture with long, fine needles: 1. An ancient Asian system of therapy. 2. More recently, a. anesthesia or analgesia. [L. acus, needle, + puncture]

acusis
acusis (a-ku′sis)

The ability to perceive sound normally. SYN: normal hearing. [G. akousis, hearing]

acute
acute (a-kut′)

1. Referring to a health effect, usually of rapid onset, brief, not prolonged; sometimes loosely used to mean severe. 2. Referring to exposure, brief, intense, short-term; sometimes specifically referring to brief exposure of high intensity. [L. acutus, sharp]

acyanotic
acyanotic (a-si-a-not′ik)

Characterized by absence of cyanosis.

acyclic
acyclic (a-si′klik)

Not cyclic; denoting especially an a. compound.

acycloguanosine
acycloguanosine (a-si-klo-gwan′o-sen)

SYN: acyclovir.

acyclovir
acyclovir (a-si′klo-vir)

A synthetic acyclic purine nucleoside analog used as an antiviral agent in the treatment of genital herpes; the sodium salt is used for parenteral therapy. SYN: acycloguanosine.

acyl
acyl (as′il)

An organic radical derived from an organic acid by the removal of the carboxylic hydroxyl group.

acyl-ACP dehydrogenase
acyl-ACP dehydrogenase, acyl-ACP reductase

SYN: enoyl-ACP reductase (NADPH).

acyladenylate
acyladenylate (as′il-a-den′il-at)

A compound in which an acyl group is combined with AMP by elimination of H₂O between the OHs of a carboxyl group and of the phosphate residue of AMP, usually initially in the form of ATP and eliminating inorganic pyrophosphate in the condensation.

acylation
acylation (as-i-la′shun)

Introduction of an acyl radical into an organic compound or formation of such a radical within an organic compound.

acylcarnitine
acylcarnitine (as′il-kar′ni-ten)

Condensation product of a carboxylic acid and carnitine. The transport form for a fatty acid crossing the inner mitochondrial membrane.

acyl-CoA
acyl-CoA

Condensation product of a carboxylic acid and coenzyme A; metabolic intermediate of importance, notably in the oxidation and synthesis of fat. SYN: acyl-coenzyme A.
acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADPH) enzyme catalyzing the reversible reduction of enoyl-CoA derivatives of chain length 4–16, with NADPH as the hydrogen donor, forming acyl-CoA and NADP⁺. SYN: enoyl-CoA reductase.
acyl-CoA synthetase 1. general term for enzymes (EC 6.2.1.x) that form acyl-CoA, now called ligases; 2. specifically, long-chain fatty acid–CoA ligase.

acyl-coenzyme A
acyl-coenzyme A (as′il-ko-en′zim)

SYN: acyl-CoA.

1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase
1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase

See lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase.

acyl-malonyl-ACP synthase
acyl-malonyl-ACP synthase

SYN: 3-oxoacyl-ACP synthase.

acylmercaptan
acylmercaptan (as′il-mer-kap′tan)

SYN: thioester.

acyltransferases
acyltransferases (as-il-trans′fer-a-sez) [EC 2.3.x.x]

Enzymes catalyzing the transfer of an acyl group from an acyl-CoA to various acceptors. SYN: transacylases.

acystia
acystia (a-sis′te-a)

Congenital absence of the urinary bladder. [G. a- priv. + kystis, bladder]

A.D.
A.D.

Abbreviation for auris dexter [L.], right ear.

ad- ad-

Prefix denoting increase, adherence, to, toward; near; very. [L. ad, to, toward;]

-ad -ad

In anatomical nomenclature, -ward; toward or in the direction of the part indicated by the main portion of the word. [L. ad, to]

ADA
ADA

Abbreviation for American Dental Association.

adacrya
adacrya (a-dak′re-a)

Absence of tears; tearlessness. [G. a- priv. + dakryon, tear, + -ia]

adactylous
adactylous (a-dak′ti-lus)

Without fingers or toes.

Adair-Koshland-Némethy-Filmer model
Adair-Koshland-Némethy-Filmer model (AKNF)

See under model.

adamantine
adamantine (ad-a-man′ten)

Exceedingly hard; formerly used in reference to the enamel of the teeth. [G. adamantinos, very hard]

adamantinoma
adamantinoma

a. of long bones a rare tumor of limb bones, usually the tibia, that microscopically resembles an ameloblastoma; the histogenesis is uncertain.
pituitary a. SYN: craniopharyngioma.

Adamkiewicz
Adamkiewicz

Albert, Polish pathologist, 1850–1921. See artery of A..

Adams
Adams

Sir William, British surgeon, 1760–1829.

Adams
Adams

Robert, Irish physician, 1791–1875. See A.-Stokes disease, Stokes-A. disease, A.-Stokes syncope, A.-Stokes syndrome, Stokes-A. syndrome, Morgagni-A.-Stokes syndrome.

Adam's apple
Adam's apple

SYN: laryngeal prominence.

adamsite
adamsite (DM) (ad′am-sit)

A vomiting agent that has been used in military training and in riot control. [Roger Adams, Am. chemist]

Adanson
Adanson

Michel, French naturalist, 1727–1806. See adansonian classification.

adaptation
adaptation (ad-ap-ta′shun)

1. Preferential survival of members of a species because of a phenotype that gives them an enhanced capacity to withstand the environment including the ecology. 2. An advantageous change in function or constitution of an organ or tissue to meet new conditions. 3. Adjustment of the sensitivity of the retina to light intensity. 4. A property of certain sensory receptors that modifies the response to repeated or continued stimuli at constant intensity. 5. The fitting, condensing, or contouring of a restorative material, foil, or shell to a tooth or cast so as to be in close contact. 6. The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiologic mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to a constantly changing environment. SYN: adjustment (2) . 7. A homeostatic response. [L. ad-apto, pp. -atus, to adjust]
dark a. the visual adjustment occurring under reduced illumination in which the retinal sensitivity to light is increased. SEE ALSO: dark-adapted eye, Purkinje shift. SYN: scotopic a..
light a. the visual adjustment occurring under increased illumination in which the retinal sensitivity to light is reduced. SEE ALSO: light-adapted eye, Purkinje shift. SYN: photopic a..
photopic a. SYN: light a..
reality a. the ability to adjust to the world as it exists.
retinal a. adjustment to degree of illumination.
scotopic a. SYN: dark a..
social a. adjustment to living in accordance with interpersonal, social, and cultural norms.

adapter
adapter, adaptor (a-dap′ter, -tor)

1. A connecting part, joining two pieces of apparatus. 2. A converter of electric current to a desired form.

adaptometer
adaptometer (ad-ap-tom′e-ter)

A device for determining the course of retinal dark adaptation and for measuring the minimum light threshold.

adaxial
adaxial (ad-ak′se-al)

Toward an axis, or on one or other side of an axis.

ADC
ADC

Abbreviation for AIDS dementia complex.

ADCC
ADCC

Abbreviation for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity.

add.
add.

Abbreviation for L. a., add; L. addantur, let them be added; addendus, to be added; and addendo, by adding.

adder
adder

Common name for many members of the family Viperidae (the vipers), applied to several genera, although true adders are of the genus Vipera. [M.E. naddre, fr. O.E. naedre]

addict
addict (ad′ikt)

A person who is habituated to a substance or practice, especially one considered harmful or illegal.

addiction
addiction (a-dik′shun)

Habitual psychological and physiologic dependence on a substance or practice that is beyond voluntary control. [L. ad-dico, pp. -dictus, consent, fr. ad- + dico, to say]
alcohol a. SYN: alcoholism.

Addis
Addis

Thomas, U.S. internist, 1881–1949. See A. count.

Addison
Addison

Thomas, English physician, 1793–1860. See A. anemia, A. disease, addisonian anemia, addisonian crisis, A.-Biermer disease.

Addison
Addison

Christopher, English anatomist, 1869–1951. See A. clinical planes, under plane.

addisonian
addisonian (ad-i-so′ne-an)

Relating to or described by Thomas Addison; used in relation to pernicious anemia or the various features of Addison disease.

additive
additive (ad′i-tiv)

1. A substance not naturally a part of a material ( e.g., food) but deliberately added to fulfill some specific purpose ( e.g., preservation). 2. Tending to add or be added; denoting addition. 3. In metrical studies ( e.g., genetics, epidemiology, physiology, statistics), having the property that the total combined effect of two or more factors equals the sum of their individual effects in isolation. Cf.:synergism.

additivity
additivity (ad-i-tiv′i-te)

The quality or state of being additive.
causal a. the relationship between two or more causal components such that their combined effect is the algebraic sum of their individual effects.
interlocal a. the relationship among quantitative effects of different genetic loci such that their joint effect is equal to the sum of their individual effects; an absence of epistasis or interaction.
intralocal a. the relationship between alleles such that the quantifiable phenotype of the heterozygote is at the midpoint between those for the two homozygotes; an absence of dominance.

addressin
addressin (ad-res′in)

A molecule on the surface of a cell that serves as a homing device to direct another molecule to a specific location. [address, fr. O.Fr. adresser, to direct, fr. L.L. addirectiare, fr. L. ad, to, + directus, straight, direct, + -in]

adducent
adducent (a-doo′sent)

Bringing toward; adducting. [L. adducens, pres. p. of ad-duco, to bring]

adducin
adducin (a-doo′sen)

A protein that binds to spectrin and actin and links the spectrin assembly.

adduct
adduct (a-dukt′)

1. To draw toward the median plane. 2. An addition product, or complex, or one part of the same. [L. ad-duco, pp. -ductus, to bring toward]

adduction
adduction (a-duk′shun)

1. Movement of a body part toward the median plane (of the body, in the case of limbs; of the hand or foot, in the case of digits). 2. Monocular rotation (duction) of the eye toward the nose. 3. A position resulting from such movement. Cf.:abduction.

adductor
adductor (a-duk′ter, tor)

SYN: a. muscle.

Ade
Ade

Abbreviation for adenine.

adelomorphous
adelomorphous (a-del-o-mor′fus)

Of not clearly defined form. In the past this term was applied to certain cells of the gastric glands. [G. adelos, uncertain, not clear, + morphe, shape]

aden- aden-

See adeno-.

adenalgia
adenalgia (ad-e-nal′je-a)

Rarely used term for pain in a gland. [aden- + G. algos, pain]

adendric
adendric (a-den′drik)

SYN: adendritic.

adendritic
adendritic (a-den-drit′ik)

Without dendrites. SYN: adendric. [G., a- priv. + dendron, tree]

adenectomy
adenectomy (ad-e-nek′to-me)

Excision of a gland. [aden- + G. ektome, excision]

adenectopia
adenectopia (ad′e-nek-to′pe-a)

Presence of a gland other than in its normal anatomical position. [aden- + G. ek, out of, + topos, place]

adenemphraxis
adenemphraxis (ad′e-nem-frak′sis)

Rarely used term for an obstruction to the discharge of a glandular secretion. [aden- + G. emphraxis, stoppage]

adeniform
adeniform (a-den′i-form)

SYN: adenoid (1) .

adenine
adenine (A, Ade) (ad′e-nen)

One of the two major purines (the other being guanine) found in both RNA and DNA, and also in various free nucleotides of importance to the body, such as AMP (adenylic acid), ATP, NAD⁺ and NADP⁺, and FAD; in all these smaller compounds, a. is condensed with ribose at nitrogen-9, forming adenosine. For structure, see adenylic acid. SYN: 6-aminopurine.
a. arabinoside misnomer for arabinosyladenine.
a. deaminase an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a. to ammonia and hypoxanthine. A part of purine degradation.
a. deoxyribonucleotide SYN: deoxyadenylic acid.
a. nucleotide SYN: adenylic acid.
a. phosphoribosyltransferase an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of a. with 5-phospho-α-d-ribose 1-diphosphate (PRPP) to form AMP and pyrophosphate. An important step in purine salvage. A deficiency of this enzyme can lead to 2,8-dihydroxyadenine lithiasis.
a. sulfate a. conjugated with sulfuric acid; used to stimulate leukocyte production in agranulocytosis.

adenitis
adenitis (ad-e-ni′tis)

Inflammation of a lymph node or of a gland. [aden- + G. -itis, inflammation]
mesenteric a. an illness with abdominal pain and fever due to enlargement and inflammation of the mesenteric lymph nodes; often mistaken for appendicitis. SYN: mesenteric lymphadenitis.

adenization
adenization (ad-e-ni-za′shun)

Conversion into glandlike structure.

adeno- adeno-, aden-

Combining forms denoting gland, glandular; corresponds to L. glandul-, glandi-. [G. aden, adenos a gland]

adenoacanthoma
adenoacanthoma (ad′e-no-ak-an-tho′ma)

A malignant neoplasm consisting chiefly of glandular epithelium (adenocarcinoma), usually well differentiated, with foci of squamous (or epidermoid) neoplastic cells.

adenoameloblastoma
adenoameloblastoma (ad′e-no-am′el-o-blast-o′ma)

SYN: adenomatoid odontogenic tumor.

adenoblast
adenoblast (ad′e-no-blast)

A proliferating embryonic cell with the potential to form glandular parenchyma. [adeno- + G. blastos, germ]

adenocarcinoma
adenocarcinoma (ad′e-no-kar-si-no′ma)

A malignant neoplasm of epithelial cells in glandular or glandlike pattern. SYN: glandular cancer, glandular carcinoma.
acinic cell a. an a. arising from secreting cells of a racemose gland, particularly the salivary glands. SYN: acinar carcinoma, acinic cell carcinoma.
alveolar a. a. of the lung in which tumor cells form structures resembling alveoli.
a. in Barrett esophagus an a. arising in the esophagus that has become lined with columnar cells (Barrett mucosa).
bronchiolar a. SYN: alveolar cell carcinoma.
bronchioloalveolar a. SYN: alveolar cell carcinoma.
clear cell a. 1. a histologic type of renal a.; 2. a histologic type of a. occurring chiefly in the male and female genitourinary tracts that is characterized by distinctive hobnail cell growth of neoplastic cells in sheets, papillae, and coalescing glands.
mesonephric a. SYN: mesonephroma.
mucoid a. sometimes applied to mucinous carcinoma, or a. containing mucin secreting neoplastic cells.
papillary a. an a. containing fingerlike processes of vascular connective tissue covered by neoplastic epithelium, projecting into cysts or the cavity of glands or follicles; occurs most frequently in the ovary and thyroid gland.
renal a. an a. arising in the renal parenchyma, usually occurring in middle-aged or older people of either sex (although more common in males). SYN: clear cell carcinoma of kidney, renal cell carcinoma.
a. in situ a noninvasive abnormal proliferation of glands believed to precede the appearance of invasive a.; reported in the endometrium, breast, large intestine, cervix, and other sites.

adenocystoma
adenocystoma (ad′e-no-sis-to′ma)

Adenoma in which the neoplastic glandular epithelium forms cysts.

adenocyte
adenocyte (ad′e-no-sit)

A secretory cell of a gland. [adeno- + G. kytos, a hollow (cell)]

adenodiastasis
adenodiastasis (ad′e-no-di-as′ta-sis)

Separation or ectopia of glands or glandular tissue from their usual anatomical sites, e.g., pancreatic glands in the wall of the small intestine, gastric glands in the wall of the esophagus. [adeno- + G. diastasis, a separation]

adenodynia
adenodynia (ad′e-no-din′e-a)

Rarely used term for adenalgia. [adeno- + G. odyne, pain]

adenofibroma
adenofibroma (ad′e-no-fi-bro′ma)

A benign neoplasm composed of glandular and fibrous tissues, with a relatively large proportion of glands.

adenofibrosis
adenofibrosis (ad′e-no-fi-bro′sis)

SYN: sclerosing adenosis.

adenogenous
adenogenous (ad-e-noj′en-us)

Having an origin from glandular tissue.

adenohypophysial
adenohypophysial (ad′e-no-hi-po-fiz′e-al)

Relating to the adenohypophysis.

adenohypophysis
adenohypophysis (ad′e-no-hi-pof′i-sis) [TA]

The anterior pituitary gland; it consists of the distal part, intermediate part, and infundibular part. SEE ALSO: pituitary gland. SYN: lobus anterior hypophyseos [TA] , anterior lobe of hypophysis&star, glandular lobe of hypophysis, lobus glandularis hypophyseos.

adenohypophysitis
adenohypophysitis (ad′e-no-hi-pof-i-si′tis)

Inflammatory and fibriotic reaction affecting the anterior pituitary gland, often related to pregnancy.
lymphocytic a. a diffuse lymphocytic infiltration of the adenohypophysis, often related to pregnancy; probably a disturbance in the immune system.

adenoid
adenoid (ad′e-noyd)

1. Glandlike; of glandular appearance. SYN: adeniform. 2. See pharyngeal tonsil. [adeno- + G. eidos, appearance]

adenoidectomy
adenoidectomy (ad′e-noy-dek′to-me)

An operation for the removal of adenoid tissue in the nasopharynx. [adenoid + G. ektome, excision]

adenoiditis
adenoiditis (ad′e-noy-di′tis)

Inflammation of adenoid tissue.

adenoids
adenoids (ad′e-noydz)

1. A normal collection of unencapsulated lymphoid tissue in the nasopharynx. Also called pharyngeal tonsils. 2. Common terminology for the large (normal) pharyngeal tonsils of children. [G. aden, gland, + -eidos, resemblance]

adenolipoma
adenolipoma (ad′e-no-li-po′ma)

A benign neoplasm composed of glandular and adipose tissues. [G. aden, gland, + lipos, fat, + -oma, tumor]

adenolipomatosis
adenolipomatosis (ad′e-no-lip′o-ma-to′sis)

A condition characterized by development of multiple adenolipomas.
symmetric a. SYN: multiple symmetric lipomatosis.

adenolymphocele
adenolymphocele (ad′e-no-lim′fo-sel)

Cystic dilation of a lymph node following obstruction of the efferent lymphatic vessels. [adeno- + L. lympha, spring water, + G. kele, tumor]

adenolymphoma
adenolymphoma (ad′e-no-lim-fo′ma)

Obsolete term for a benign glandular tumor usually arising in the parotid gland and composed of two rows of eosinophilic epithelial cells, which are often cystic and papillary, together with a lymphoid stroma. SYN: papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum, Warthin tumor.

adenoma
adenoma (ad-e-no′ma)

A benign epithelial neoplasm in which the tumor cells form glands or glandlike structures; usually well circumscribed, tending to compress rather than infiltrate or invade adjacent tissue. [adeno- + G. -oma, tumor]
acidophil a. a tumor of the adenohypophysis in which cell cytoplasm stains with acid dyes; often growth hormone–producing. SYN: eosinophil a..
ACTH-producing a. a pituitary tumor composed of corticotrophs that produce ACTH, often a basophilic a.; may give rise to Cushing disease or Nelson syndrome.
adnexal a. an a. arising in, or forming structures resembling, skin appendages.
adrenocortical a. a benign tumor of adrenal cortical cells; small unencapuslated nodules of adrenal cortex are probably localized areas of hyperplasia rather than adenomas; true adenomas are rare and may be symptomless or associated with Cushing syndrome or primary aldosteronism.
apocrine a. SYN: papillary hidradenoma.
basal cell a. a benign tumor of major or minor salivary glands or other organs composed of small cells showing peripheral palisading.
basophil a. a tumor of the adenohypophysis in which the cell cytoplasm stains with basic dyes, often ACTH-producing.
bronchial a. obsolete term once used to encompass carcinoid tumors, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and adenoid cystic carcinoma. Cf.:bronchial mucous gland a..
bronchial mucous gland a. a rare benign tumor arising from the mucous glands of bronchial mucosa.
canalicular a. (ca-na-lik′oo-lar) a variant of monomorphic a. composed of double rows of epithelial cells in long cords.
chromophobe a., chromophobic a. a tumor of the adenohypophysis whose cells do not stain with either acid or basic dyes.
colloid a. a follicular a. of the thyroid, composed of large follicles containing colloid. SYN: macrofollicular a..
embryonal a. a benign neoplasm in which the glandular epithelial elements are not fully differentiated, resembling immature tissue observed in embryonic development.
eosinophil a. SYN: acidophil a..
follicular a. an a. of the thyroid with a simple glandular pattern.
Fuchs a. a benign epithelial tumor of the nonpigmented epithelium of the ciliary body, rarely exceeding 1 mm in diameter.
gonadotropin-producing a. a rare type of pituitary a. that produces FSH and LH; its cells can be identified only by immunochemical techniques.
growth hormone–producing a. an a. that produces the clinical picture of gigantism or acromegaly, although a third of the cells have no granules or are a mixture of acidophils and chromophobes; some tumors may secrete both growth hormone and prolactin; often an acidophil or eosinophil a..
hepatic a. a benign tumor of the liver, usually occurring in women during the reproductive years in association with lengthy oral contraceptive use. The tumor is usually solitary, subcapsular, and large, composed of cords of hepatocytes with portal triads. SYN: hepatocellular a..
hepatocellular a. SYN: hepatic a..
Hürthle cell a. an uncommon type of thyroid tumor characterized by abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm containing numerous mitochondria. Often malignant with widespread metastases; rarely takes up radioiodine. SEE ALSO: Hürthle cell carcinoma. SYN: oncocytic a..
invasive pituitary a. extensive infiltrates of the dura, bone, and sinuses.
lactating a. an uncommon a. of the breast composed of tubuloacinar structures with pronounced secretory changes such as seen in pregnancy and lactation.
macrofollicular a. SYN: colloid a..
mammosomatotroph cell a. a rare prolactin- and growth hormone–producing pituitary a. composed of ultrastructurally monomorphic cells with both somatotrophic and lactotrophic differentiation.
microfollicular a. a fetal a. of the thyroid composed of very small follicles and solid alveolar groups of thyroid epithelial cells.
monomorphic a. a benign ductal neoplasm of the salivary glands, with a uniform epithelial pattern and lacking the chondromyxoid stroma of a pleomorphic a..
nephrogenic a. a benign tumor of the urinary bladder or urothelial mucosa, composed of glandular structures resembling renal tubules.
a. of nipple SYN: subareolar duct papillomatosis.
null-cell a. an a. of the hypophysis composed of cells for which there is no overt evidence of hormone production, but which usually produces hypopituitarism and visual disturbances by compression of adjacent structures; approximately one third of these tumors have cells with abundant mitochondria (oncocytes) that are somewhat larger than the monocytic null cells. SYN: undifferentiated cell a..
oncocytic a. SYN: Hürthle cell a..
oxyphil a. SYN: oncocytoma.
papillary cystic a. an a. in which the lumens of the acini are frequently distended by fluid, and the neoplastic epithelial elements tend to form irregular, fingerlike projections.
papillary a. of large intestine SYN: villous a..
pituitary a. a benign neoplasm of the pituitary generally arising in the adenohypophysis.
pleomorphic a. SYN: mixed tumor of salivary gland.
polypoid a. SYN: adenomatous polyp.
prolactin-producing a. a pituitary a. composed of prolactin-producing cells; it gives rise to symptoms of nonpuerperal amenorrhea and galactorrhea (Forbes-Albright syndrome) in women and to impotence in men. SYN: prolactinoma.
prostatic a. the growth in benign prostatic hyperplasia.
renal cortical a. an a., usually small, sometimes found in the renal cortex incidentally at autopsy and derived from renal tubular tissue.
sebaceous a. a benign neoplasm of sebaceous tissue, with a predominance of mature secretory sebaceous cells. Cf.:a. sebaceum.
a. sebaceum archaic misnomer for a hamartoma occurring on the face, composed of fibrovascular tissue and appearing as an aggregation of red or yellow papules that may be associated with tuberous sclerosis; sebaceous glands may be present but are not increased. Cf.:sebaceous a.. SYN: Pringle disease.
thyrotropin-producing a. a rare pituitary a. usually associated with hypo- or hyperthyroidism.
tubular a. 1. a benign neoplasm composed of epithelial tissue resembling a tubular gland. 2. dysplastic polyp of the colonic mucosa which is considered a potential precursor of adenocarcinoma.
undifferentiated cell a. SYN: null-cell a..
villous a. frequently appears as a solitary, sessile, often large, tumor of colonic mucosa, although it can occur anywhere through the GI tract; composed of mucinous epithelium covering delicate vascular projections; malignant change occurs frequently; hypersecretion occurs rarely. Also known as a.. SYN: papillary a. of large intestine.

adenomatoid
adenomatoid (ad-e-no′ma-toyd)

Resembling an adenoma.

adenomatosis
adenomatosis (ad′e-no-ma-to′sis)

A condition characterized by multiple glandular overgrowths.
erosive a. of nipple SYN: subareolar duct papillomatosis.
familial multiple endocrine a. [MIM*131100] SYN: multiple endocrine neoplasia.
fibrosing a. SYN: sclerosing adenosis.
multiple endocrine a. SYN: multiple endocrine neoplasia.
pulmonary a. a neoplastic disease in which the alveoli and distal bronchi are filled with mucus and mucus-secreting columnar epithelial cells; characterized by abundant, extremely tenacious sputum, chills, fever, cough, dyspnea, and pleuritic pain.

adenomatous
adenomatous (ad-e-no′ma-tus)

Relating to an adenoma, and to some types of glandular hyperplasia.

adenomegaly
adenomegaly (ad′e-no-meg′a-le)

Enlargement of a gland. [adeno- + G. megas, large]

adenomere
adenomere (ad′e-no-mer)

Structural unit in the parenchyma of a developing gland which becomes the functional portion of the organ. [adeno- + G. meros, part]

adenomyoma
adenomyoma (ad′e-no-mi-o′ma)

A benign neoplasm of muscle (usually smooth muscle) with glandular elements; occurs most frequently in uterus and uterine ligaments. [G. aden, gland, + mys, muscle, + -oma, tumor]

adenomyosis
adenomyosis (ad′e-no-mi-o′sis)

The ectopic occurrence or diffuse implantation of adenomatous tissue in muscle (usually smooth muscle). [G. aden, gland, + mys, muscle, + -osis condition]
a. uteri a benign invasion of myometrium by endometrial tissue.

adenopathy
adenopathy (ad-e-nop′a-the)

Swelling or morbid enlargement of the lymph nodes. [adeno- + G. pathos, suffering]

adenophlegmon
adenophlegmon (ad′e-no-fleg′mon)

Acute inflammation of a gland and the adjacent connective tissue. [adeno- + G. phlegmone, inflammation]

Adenophorasida
Adenophorasida (ad′e-no-fo-ras′i-da)

A class of nematodes lacking lateral canals opening into the excretory system and phasmids, with few or no caudal papillae, eggs unsegmented, and with polar plugs or hatching in utero. It includes the genera Trichuris, Capillaria, and Trichinella among important parasites of humans and domestic animals. SEE ALSO: Secernentasida. SYN: Adenophorea, Aphasmidia. [G. aden, gland, + phor, thief]

Adenophorea
Adenophorea (ad′e-no-fo′re-a)

SYN: Adenophorasida.

adenosalpingitis
adenosalpingitis (ad′e-no-sal-pin-ji′tis)

SYN: salpingitis isthmica nodosa.

adenosarcoma
adenosarcoma (ad′e-no-sar-ko′ma)

A malignant neoplasm arising simultaneously or consecutively in mesodermal tissue and glandular epithelium of the same part.
müllerian a. a tumor of the uterus or ovaries, of low-grade malignancy, composed of benign-appearing glands and a sarcomatous stroma.

adenose
adenose (ad′e-nos)

Relating to a gland or like a gland.

adenosine
adenosine (Ado) (a-den′o-sen)

1. A condensation product of adenine and d-ribose; a nucleoside found among the hydrolysis products of all nucleic acids and of the various adenine nucleotides. A. accumulates in severe combined immunodeficiency disease. 2. A potent coronary vasodilator used in place of exercise for radionuclide myocardial perfusion studies. SYN: 9-β-d-ribofuranosyladenine.
a. cyclic phosphate a. 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate.
a. deaminase an enzyme found in mammalian tissues, capable of catalyzing the deamination of a., forming inosine and ammonia. A deficiency of a. deaminase can lead to one form of severe combined immunodeficiency disease.
a. diphosphate a. 5′-diphosphate.
a. kinase enzyme catalyzing the transfer of a phosphate group from MgATP to a., forming MgADP and AMP. An important step in nucleoside salvage.
a. monophosphate (AMP) specifically, a.-5′-monophosphate. See adenylic acid.
a. nucleosidase an enzyme hydrolyzing a. to adenine and d-ribose.
a. phosphate specifically, a. 3′- or 5′-phosphate. See adenylic acid.
a. tetraphosphate a condensation product of a. with tetraphosphoric acid at the 5′ position.
a. triphosphate SYN: a. 5′-triphosphate.

adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate
adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)

An activator of phosphorylase kinase and an effector of other enzymes, formed in muscle from ATP by adenylate cyclase and broken down to 5′-AMP by a phosphodiesterase; the first compound referred to as a “second messenger.” It is a metabolic regulator. A related compound (2′,3′) is also known. SYN: cyclic adenylic acid, cyclic AMP, cyclic phosphate.

adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic phosphate phosphodiesterase
adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic phosphate phosphodiesterase

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic phosphate forming 5′-AMP. A crucial step in the regulation of cellular adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic phosphate levels. Inhibited by caffeine. SYN: cAMP phosphodiesterase.

adenosine 5′-diphosphate
adenosine 5′-diphosphate (ADP)

A condensation product of adenosine with pyrophosphoric acid, formed from ATP by the hydrolysis of the terminal phosphate group of the latter compound.

adenosine 3′-phosphate
adenosine 3′-phosphate

3′-Adenylic acid. See adenylic acid.

adenosine 5′-phosphate
adenosine 5′-phosphate

5′-Adenylic acid. See adenylic acid.

adenosine 3′-phosphate 5′-phosphosulfate
adenosine 3′-phosphate 5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS)

An intermediate in the formation of urinary ethereal sulfates, notable for containing a “high-energy” sulfate bond; the 3′-OH of adenosine is replaced by &cbond;OPO₃H₂, the 5′-OH by &cbond;OP(O₂H)&cbond;OSO₃H. SYN: active sulfate.

adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate
adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate (APS)

An intermediate in the formation of PAPS (active sulfate).
a. kinase the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of active sulfate from a. and ATP.

adenosine triphosphatase
adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) (a-den′o-sen-tri-fos′fa-tas)

An enzyme that catalyzes the release of the terminal phosphate group of adenosine 5′-triphosphate; visualized cytochemically in various cell membranes, mitochondria, and in the A band of striated muscle sarcomeres associated with myosin.

adenosine 5′-triphosphate
adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP)

Adenosine (5)pyrophosphate;adenosine with triphosphoric acid esterified at its 5′ position; immediate precursors of adenine nucleotides in RNA. The primary energy currency of a cell. SYN: adenosine triphosphate.

adenosis
adenosis (ad-e-no′sis)

1. A rarely used term for a more or less generalized glandular disease. 2. Glandular tissue in one or more sites in which it is not usually found.
blunt duct a. a. of the breast in which the ducts are enlarged but not increased in number.
fibrosing a. SYN: sclerosing a..
microglandular a. a. of the breast in which irregular clusters of small tubules are present in adipose or fibrous tissues, resembling tubular carcinoma but lacking stromal fibroblastic proliferation.
sclerosing a. a nodular, benign breast lesion occurring most frequently in relatively young women and consisting of hyperplastic distorted lobules of acinar tissue with increased collagenous stroma; the changes may be difficult to distinguish microscopically from carcinoma. Also, a benign nodular microscopic lesion of the prostate consisting of acimar tissue with increased stroma; the basal cell layer shows characteristic smooth muscle metaplasia. SYN: adenofibrosis, fibrosing adenomatosis, fibrosing a..

adenosyl
adenosyl (a-den′o-sil)

The radical of adenosine minus an H or OH from one of the ribosyl OH groups, usually the 5′, e.g., S-a.-l-methionine.

adenosylcobalamin
adenosylcobalamin (a-den′o-sil-ko-bal′a-min)

A derivative of vitamin B₁₂. Its impaired biosynthesis can lead to methylmalonic acidemia.

adenotomy
adenotomy (ad-e-not′o-me)

Incision of a gland. [adeno- + G. tome, a cutting]

adenotonsillectomy
adenotonsillectomy (ad′e-no-ton-si-lek′to-me)

Operative removal of tonsils and adenoids.

adenous
adenous (ad′e-nus)

Rarely used term for adenose.

Adenoviridae
Adenoviridae (ad′e-no-vir′i-de)

A family of double-stranded DNA viruses, commonly known as adenoviruses, that develop in the nuclei of infected cells in mammals and birds. The virion is 70 to 90 nm in diameter, naked, and ether-resistant; the capsids are icosahedral and composed of 252 capsomeres. The family includes two genera, Mastadenovirus and Aviadenovirus.

adenovirus
adenovirus (ad′e-no-vi′rus)

Adenoidal-pharyngeal-conjunctival or A-P-C virus;any virus of the family Adenoviridae. More than 40 types are known to infect humans causing upper respiratory symptoms, acute respiratory disease, conjunctivitis, gastroenteritis, hemorrhagic cystitis, and serious infections in neonates. SYN: A-P-C virus, adenoidal-pharyngeal-conjunctival virus. [G. aden, gland, + virus]
canine a. 1 a virus causing infectious canine hepatitis in dogs. SYN: Rubarth disease virus.

adenyl
adenyl (ad′e-nil)

The radical or ion of adenine; often used for adenylyl, as in adenylosuccinic acid.

adenylate
adenylate (a-den′i-lat)

Salt or ester of adenylic acid.
a. cyclase an enzyme acting on ATP to form 3′,5′-cyclic AMP plus pyrophosphate. A crucial step in the regulation and formation of second messengers. SYN: 3′,5′-cyclic AMP synthetase.
a. kinase adenylic acid kinase;a phosphotransferase that catalyzes the reversible phosphorylation of a molecule of ADP by MgADP, yielding MgATP and AMP. SYN: adenylic acid kinase, myokinase.

adenyl cyclase
adenyl cyclase (ad′e-nil si′klas)

An enzyme that converts adenosine monophosphate to cyclic adenosine monophosphate, an intracellular second messenger of neural and hormonal activation.

adenylic acid
adenylic acid (ad-e-nil′ik)

A condensation product of adenosine and phosphoric acid; a nucleotide found among the hydrolysis products of all nucleic acids. 3′-A. (adenosine 3′-monophosphate) and 5′-a. (adenosine 5′-monophosphate [AMP]) differ in the place of attachment of the phosphoric acid to the d-ribose; deoxyadenylic acid differs in having H instead of OH at the 2′ position of d-ribose. SEE ALSO: AMP. SYN: adenine nucleotide.
cyclic a. SYN: adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate.
a. deaminase SYN: AMP deaminase.
a. kinase SYN: adenylate kinase.

adenylosuccinase
adenylosuccinase (ad′e-nil-o-suk′sin-as)

SYN: adenylosuccinate lyase.

adenylosuccinate lyase
adenylosuccinate lyase (ad′e-nil-o-suk′sin-at)

Adenylylsuccinate lyase;an enzyme catalyzing the nonhydrolytic cleavage of adenylosuccinic acid producing AMP and fumarate and also of 4-(N-succinocarboxamido)-5-aminoimidazole nucleotide to yield fumarate and aminoimidazole carboxamide ribosyl-5-phosphate. Both are steps in purine nucleotide biosynthesis. SYN: adenylosuccinase, adenylylosuccinate lyase.

adenylosuccinate synthase
adenylosuccinate synthase

A ligase catalyzing the formation of adenylosuccinate, GDP, and P_i from inosinic acid, aspartate, and GTP. An important enzyme in purine nucleotide biosynthesis. SYN: adenylylosuccinate synthase, IMP-aspartate ligase.

adenylosuccinic acid
adenylosuccinic acid (sAMP) (ad′e-nil-o-suk′sin-ik)

A condensation product of aspartic acid and inosine 5′-monophosphate; an intermediate in the biosynthesis of adenylic acid. Formally, it is adenylic acid with succinic acid replacing an H of the NH₂ group, forming a C&cbond;N. SYN: adenylylosuccinic acid, N-succinyladenylic acid.

adenylyl
adenylyl (a-den′i-lil)

The radical of adenylic acid minus an OH from the phosphoric group; often shortened to adenyl in compound names, such as adenylosuccinic acid.
a. cyclase former name for adenylate cyclase.

adenylylosuccinate lyase
adenylylosuccinate lyase (a-den′i-lil-o-suk′sin-at)

SYN: adenylosuccinate lyase.

adenylylosuccinate synthase
adenylylosuccinate synthase

SYN: adenylosuccinate synthase.

adenylylosuccinic acid
adenylylosuccinic acid (a-den′i-lil-o-suk′sin-ik)

SYN: adenylosuccinic acid.

adenylylsulfate kinase
adenylylsulfate kinase

See adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate kinase.

adeps
adeps, gen. adipisadipes (ad′eps, ad′i-pis, -pez)

1. Denoting fat or adipose tissue. 2. The rendered fat of swine, lard, used in the preparation of ointments. SYN: lard. SEE ALSO: a. lanae. [L. lard, fat]
a. lanae the greasy substance obtained from the wool of the sheep Ovis aries (family Bovidae). Used as an emollient base for creams and ointments. SYN: hydrous wool fat, lanolin, wool wax. [L. fat of wool]
a. renis obsolete term for the layer of adipose tissue (“fatty capsule”) surrounding the kidney (perirenal fat).

adermia
adermia (a-der′me-a)

Congenital defect of absence of skin. [G. a- priv. + derma, skin]

ADH
ADH

Abbreviation for antidiuretic hormone; alcohol dehydrogenase.

adherence
adherence (ad-her′ens)

1. The act or quality of sticking to something. SEE ALSO: adhesion. 2. The extent to which a patient continues an agreed-upon mode of treatment without close supervision. Cf.:compliance (2) , maintenance. [L. adhaereo, to stick to]
immune a. the binding of cells via antigen-antibody complexes that have triggered complement fixation; a. is to appropriate complement receptors.

adhesins
adhesins (ad-he′zins)

Microbial surface antigens that frequently exist in the form of filamentous projections (pili or fimbriae) and bind to specific receptors on epithelial cell membranes; usually classified according to their ability to induce agglutination of erythrocytes from various species, their differential attachment to epithelial cells of various origins, or their susceptibility to reversal of such binding activities in the presence of mannose. [L. ad-haereo, pp. ad-haesum, to stick to, + -in]

adhesio
adhesio, pl .adhesiones (ad-he′ze-o, ad-he-ze-o′nez) [TA]

SYN: adhesion (1) . [L.]
a. interthalamica [TA] SYN: interthalamic adhesion.

adhesiolysis
adhesiolysis (ad-hez-e-ol′o-sis)

Severing of adhesive band(s); done by laparoscopy or laparotomy. [adhesion + lysis]

adhesion
adhesion (ad-he′zhun) [TA]

1. The process of adhering or uniting of two surfaces or parts, especially the union of the opposing surfaces of a wound. SYN: adhesio [TA] , conglutination (1) . 2. In the pleural cavity and peritoneal cavity, inflammatory bands that connect opposing serous surfaces. 3. Physical attraction of unlike molecules for one another. 4. Molecular attraction existing between the surfaces of bodies in contact. [L. adhaesio,, fr. adhaereo, to stick to]
amnionic adhesions SYN: amnionic band.
fibrinous a. 1. an a. that consists of fine threads of fibrin resulting from an exudate of plasma or lymph, or an extravasation of blood. 2. multiple fine or thin threads of fibrin.
fibrous a. strong fibrous strands resulting from the organization of fibrinous adhesions, often after previous operative procedure; commonly seen in patients with mechanical bowel obstruction.
interthalamic a. [TA] the variable connection between the two thalamic masses across the third ventricle; absent in about 20% of human brains. SYN: adhesio interthalamica [TA] , massa intermedia&star, commissura cinerea, commissura grisea (1) , intermediate mass.
primary a. SYN: healing by first intention.
secondary a. SYN: healing by second intention.

adhesiotomy
adhesiotomy (ad-he-se-ot′o-me)

Surgical section or lysis of adhesions.

adhesive
adhesive (ad-he′siv)

1. Relating to, or having the characteristics of, an adhesion. 2. Any material that adheres to a surface or causes adherence between surfaces.

adhib.
adhib.

Abbreviation for L. adhibendus, to be administered.

adiabatic
adiabatic (a-de-a-ba′tik)

Referring to a thermodynamic process in which there is no gain or loss of heat between the system and its surroundings. [G. adiabatos, impassable, fr. a priv. + diabaino, to go through]

adiadochocinesia
adiadochocinesia, adiadochocinesis (a-di′a-do-ko-si-ne′se-a, -sis)

SYN: adiadochokinesis. [G. a-priv. + diadochos, successive, + kinesis, movement]

adiadochokinesis
adiadochokinesis (a-di′a-do-ko-kin-e′sis)

Inability to perform rapid alternating movements. One of the clinical manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction. SEE ALSO: dysdiadochokinesia. Cf.:diadochokinesia. SYN: adiadochocinesia, adiadochocinesis, dysdiadochokinesis. [G. a- priv. + diadochos, successive, + kinesis, movement]

adiaphoresis
adiaphoresis (a′di-a-fo-re′sis)

SYN: anhidrosis. [G. a- priv. + diaphoresis, perspiration]

adiaphoretic
adiaphoretic (a-di′a-fo-ret′ik)

SYN: anhidrotic.

adiaphoria
adiaphoria (a-di-a-fo′re-a)

Failure to respond to stimulation after a series of previously applied stimuli. [G. a- priv. + dia, through, + phoros, bearing]

adiaspiromycosis
adiaspiromycosis (a′de-a-spi′ro-mi-ko′sis)

A rare pulmonary mycosis of humans and of rodents and other animals that dig in soil or are aquatic, caused by the fungus Emmonsia parva var. crescens.

adiaspore
adiaspore (a′de-a-spor)

A fungus spore which, when growing in the lungs of an animal or incubated in vitro at elevated temperatures, increases greatly in size without eventual reproduction or replication. [G. a- priv. + dia, through, + sporos, seed]

adiastole
adiastole (a-di-as′to-le)

Absence or imperceptibility of the diastolic movement of the heart; diastolic ventricular functional abnormality. Mostly European usage. [G. a- priv. + diastole, dilation]

adiathermancy
adiathermancy (a-di-a-ther′man-se)

Impermeability to heat. [G. dia-thermaino, to warm through, fr. a- priv. + dia, through, + therme, heat]

Adie
Adie

William J., Australian physician, 1886–1935. See A. pupil, A. syndrome, Holmes-A. pupil, Holmes-A. syndrome.

adiemorrhysis
adiemorrhysis (ad′i-em-or′i-sis)

Arrest of the capillary circulation. [G. a- priv. + dia, through, + haima, blood, + rhysis, a flowing]

Adinida
Adinida (a-din′i-da)

A suborder of dinoflagellates, in which the flagella are free and do not lie in furrows. [G. a- priv. + dien, a whirling]

adip- adip-, adipo-

Fat, fatty. Corresponds to G. lip-, lipo-. SEE ALSO: lipo-. [L. adeps, adipis, soft animal fat, lard, grease; fatty tissue; obesity; akin to G. aleipha, unguent, anointing-oil, oil, fat, pitch, resin; lipos, animal fat, lard, tallow, vegetable oil]

adiphenine hydrochloride
adiphenine hydrochloride (a-dif′e-nen)

A spasmolytic agent used to decrease spasm of the biliary tract, gastrointestinal tract, uterus, and ureter.

adipic acid
adipic acid (a-dip′ik)

Hexanedioic acid;the dicarboxylic acid, HOOC(CH₂)₄COOH.

Adipiodone
Adipiodone

SYN: iodipamide.

adipo- adipo-

See adip-.

adipocellular
adipocellular (ad′i-po-sel′u-lar)

Relating to both fatty and cellular tissues, or to connective tissue with many fat cells.

adipoceratous
adipoceratous (ad-i-po-ser′a-tus)

Relating to adipocere. SYN: lipoceratous.

adipocere
adipocere (ad′i-po-ser)

A fatty substance of waxy consistency into which dead animal tissues (as those of a corpse) are sometimes converted when kept from the air under certain favoring conditions of temperature. SYN: grave wax, lipocere. [adipo- + L. cera, wax]

adipocyte
adipocyte (ad′i-po-sit)

SYN: fat cell.

adipogenesis
adipogenesis (ad′i-po-jen′e-sis)

SYN: lipogenesis.

adipogenic
adipogenic, adipogenous (ad′i-po-jen′ik, ad-i-poj′e-nus)

SYN: lipogenic.

adipoid
adipoid (ad′i-poyd)

SYN: lipoid. [adipo- + G. eidos, resemblance]

adipokinetic
adipokinetic (ad′i-po-ki-net′ik)

Denoting a substance or factor that causes mobilization of stored lipid. [adipo- + G. kinesis, movement]

adipokinin
adipokinin (ad-i-po-ki′nin)

An anterior pituitary hormone that causes mobilization of fat from adipose tissue. SYN: adipokinetic hormone.

adipometer
adipometer (ad-i-pom′e-ter)

An instrument for determining the thickness of the skin. [adipo- + G. metron, measure]

adiponecrosis
adiponecrosis (ad′i-po-ne-kro′sis)

Rarely used term referring to necrosis of fat, as in hemorrhagic pancreatitis.

adiposalgia
adiposalgia (ad′i-po-sal′je-a)

Condition in which painful areas of subcutaneous fat develop. [adipo- + G. algos, pain]

adipose
adipose (ad′i-pos)

Denoting fat.

adiposis
adiposis (ad-i-po′sis)

Excessive local or general accumulation of fat in the body. SYN: lipomatosis, liposis (1) , steatosis (1) . [adipo- + G. -osis, condition]
a. cerebralis obesity resulting from intracranial disease, most commonly of the hypothalamus, resulting in hyperphagia.
a. dolorosa a condition characterized by a deposit of symmetrical nodular or pendulous masses of fat in various regions of the body, with discomfort or pain. SYN: Anders disease, Dercum disease, lipomatosis neurotica.
a. orchica SYN: adiposogenital dystrophy.
a. tuberosa simplex a condition resembling a. dolorosa, in which the fat occurs in small, nodular masses, which are sensitive to touch and may be spontaneously painful, on the abdomen or on the extremities.
a. universalis excessive deposition of fat throughout all parts of the body, including the viscera.

adiposity
adiposity (ad-i-pos′i-te)

1. SYN: obesity. 2. Excessive accumulation of lipids in a site or organ.

adiposuria
adiposuria (ad′i-po-soo′re-a)

SYN: lipuria. [adipo- + G. ouron, urine]

adipsia
adipsia, adipsy (a-dip′se-a, -dip′se)

Absence of thirst or the lack of desire to drink. [G. a- priv. + dipsa, thirst]

aditus
aditus (ad′i-tus) [TA]

SYN: aperture, inlet. [L. access, fr. ad-eo, pp. -itus, go to]
a. ad antrum [TA] SYN: a. to mastoid antrum.
a. ad antrum mastoideum [TA] SYN: a. to mastoid antrum.
a. ad aqueductum cerebri SYN: opening of aqueduct of midbrain.
a. ad infundibulum [TA] SYN: infundibular recess.
a. ad saccum peritonei minorem SYN: omental foramen.
a. glottidis inferior SYN: infraglottic cavity.
a. glottidis superior SYN: intermediate laryngeal cavity.
laryngeal a. [TA] SYN: laryngeal inlet.
a. laryngis [TA] SYN: laryngeal inlet.
a. to mastoid antrum [TA] the orifice leading from the epitympanic recess to the mastoid antrum. SYN: a. ad antrum mastoideum [TA] , a. ad antrum [TA] , aperture of mastoid antrum.
a. orbitae [TA] SYN: orbital opening.
a. pelvis SYN: pelvic inlet.

adjustment
adjustment (a-just′ment)

1. In dentistry, any modification made upon a fixed or removable prosthesis during or after its insertion to perfect its adaptation and function. 2. SYN: adaptation (6) . 3. A summarizing procedure for a statistical measure in which the effects of differences in composition of the populations being compared have been minimized by statistical methods.
occlusal a. modification of the occluding and incising surfaces of teeth to develop harmonious relationships between these surfaces.

adjuvant
adjuvant (ad′joo-vant)

1. A substance added to a drug product formulation that affects the action of the active ingredient in a predictable way. 2. In immunology, a vehicle used to enhance antigenicity; e.g., a suspension of minerals (alum, aluminum hydroxide, or phosphate) on which antigen is adsorbed; or water-in-oil emulsion in which antigen solution is emulsified in mineral oil (Freund incomplete a.), sometimes with the inclusion of killed mycobacteria (Freund's complete a.) to further enhance antigenicity (inhibits degradation of antigen and/or causes influx of macrophages). 3. Additional therapy given to enhance or extend primary therapy's effect, as in chemotherapy's addition to a surgical regimen. 4. A treatment added to a curative treatment to prevent recurrence of clinical cancer from microscopic residual disease. [L. ad-juvo, pres. p. -juvans, to give aid to]
Freund a. a..
Freund complete a. water-in-oil emulsion of antigen, to which killed mycobacteria or tuberculosis bacteria are added.
Freund incomplete a. water-in-oil emulsion of antigen, without mycobacteria.

ADL
ADL

Abbreviation for activities of daily living. See activities of daily living scale.

Adler
Adler

Alfred, Austrian psychiatrist, 1870–1937. See adlerian psychology, adlerian psychoanalysis.

Adler
Adler

Oscar, German physician, 1879–1932. See A. test.

adlerian
adlerian (ad-ler′e-an)

Relating to or described by Alfred Adler.

ad lib
ad lib

Abbreviation for L. ad libitum, freely, as desired.

adm.
adm.

See admov.

admedial
admedial, admedian (ad-me′de-al, -de-an)

Toward or near the median plane.

adminiculum
adminiculum, pl .adminicula (ad-mi-nik′u-lum, -u-la)

That which gives support to a part. [L. a hand-rest, prop, fr. ad + manus, hand]
a. lineae albae a triangular fibrous expansion, sometimes containing a few muscular fibers, passing from the superior pubic ligament to the posterior surface of the linea alba.

admittance
admittance (ad-mit′ans)

SYN: immittance.

admov.
admov.

Abbreviation for L. a., apply.

adnerval
adnerval (ad-ner′val)

SYN: adneural.

adneural
adneural (ad-noor′al)

1. Lying near a nerve. 2. In the direction of a nerve; said of an electric current passing through muscular tissue toward the point of entrance of the nerve. SYN: adnerval.

adnexa
adnexa, gen. adnexum (ad-nek′sa, -sum)

SYN: accessory structures, under structure. SEE ALSO: appendage. [L. connected parts]
a. oculi SYN: accessory visual structures, under structure.
a. uteri SYN: uterine appendages, under appendage.

adnexal
adnexal (ad-nek′sal)

Relating to the adnexa. SYN: annexal.

adnexectomy
adnexectomy (ad-nek-sek′to-me)

1. Excision of any adnexa. 2. In gynecology, excision of the fallopian tube and ovary if unilateral and excision of both tubes and ovaries (adnexa uteri) if bilateral.

adnexitis
adnexitis (ad-neks-i′tis)

Inflammation of the adnexa uteri. [L. annexa, adnexa, + -itis, inflammation]

adnexopexy
adnexopexy (ad-neks′o-pek-se)

Operation for suspension of the fallopian tube and ovary; usually, oophoropexy is accomplished without suspension of the tube. [L. annexa, adnexa, + G. pexis, fixation]

Ado
Ado

Symbol for adenosine.

adolescence
adolescence (ad-o-les′ens)

The period of life beginning with puberty and ending with completed growth and physical maturity. [L. adolescentia]

adolescent
adolescent (ad-o-les′ent)

1. Pertaining to adolescence. 2. An individual in that stage of development.

AdoMet
AdoMet

Abbreviation for S-adenosyl-l-methionine.

adonis
adonis (a-don′is)

Medicinal herb obtained from A. vernalis (family Ranunculaceae), grown in Eastern Europe and used there in the treatment of congestive heart failure. Contains strophanthidin and related cardiotonic glycosides. SYN: false hellebore. [G. A., mythical figure, fr. Phoenicial adon, lord]

adonitol
adonitol (a-don′i-tol)

SYN: ribitol.

ADP
ADP

Abbreviation for adenosine 5′-diphosphate.

ADPase
ADPase

SYN: apyrase.

adren- adren-

See adreno-.

adrenal
adrenal (a-dre′nal)

1. Near or upon the kidney; denoting the suprarenal (a.) gland. 2. A suprarenal gland or separate tissue or product thereof. SEE ALSO: suprarenal. [L. ad, to, + ren, kidney]
accessory a. an island of a. cortical tissue separate from the a. gland, usually found in the retroperitoneal tissues, kidney, or genital organs. SYN: a. rest.
Marchand adrenals small collections of accessory a. tissue in the broad ligament of the uterus or in the testes. SYN: Marchand rest.

adrenalectomy
adrenalectomy (a-dre-nal-ek′to-me)

Removal of one or both adrenal glands. [adrenal + G. ektome, excision]

adrenaline
adrenaline (a-dren′a-lin)

SYN: epinephrine.
a. oxidase SYN: amine oxidase (flavin-containing).

adrenalism
adrenalism

SYN: hypercorticoidism.

adrenalitis
adrenalitis (a-dre-nal-i′tis)

Inflammation of the adrenal gland.

adrenalone
adrenalone (a-dren′a-lon)

Precursor of epinephrine in some manufacturing processes; a topical adrenergic agent in ophthalmology.

adrenalopathy
adrenalopathy (a-dre-na-lop′a-the)

Any pathologic condition of the adrenal glands. SYN: adrenopathy. [adrenal + G. pathos, suffering]

adrenarche
adrenarche (ad′ren-ar-ke)

1. Axillary and pubic hair growth during puberty induced by hyperactivity of the adrenal cortex. 2. Physiologic change at puberty caused by adrenocortical secretion of androgenic hormones or precursors of them. [adren- + G. arche, beginning]

adrenergic
adrenergic (ad-re-ner′jik)

1. Relating to nerve cells or fibers of the autonomic nervous system that employ norepinephrine as their neurotransmitter. Cf.:cholinergic. 2. Relating to drugs that mimic the actions of the sympathetic nervous system. See α-a. receptors, under receptor, β-a. receptors, under receptor. [adren- + G. ergon, work]

adrenic
adrenic (a-dre′nik)

Relating to the suprarenal gland.

adreno- adreno-, adrenal-, adren-

Relating to the adrenal gland. [L. ad, to, near, + ren, kidney, + -o- + -alis, pertaining to]

adrenoceptive
adrenoceptive (a-dren-o-sep′tiv)

Referring to chemical sites in effectors with which the adrenergic mediator unites. Cf.:cholinoceptive.

adrenoceptor
adrenoceptor (a-dre′sep′tor)

SYN: adrenergic receptors, under receptor.

adrenocortical
adrenocortical (a-dre-no-kor′ti-kal)

Pertaining to suprarenal cortex.

adrenocorticoid
adrenocorticoid (a-dre-no-kor′ti-koid)

SYN: corticosteroid.

adrenocorticomimetic
adrenocorticomimetic (a-dre′no-kor′ti-ko-mi-met′ik)

Mimicking or producing effects similar to adrenocortical function. [adrenal + cortex + G. mimetikos, imitating]

adrenocorticotropic
adrenocorticotropic, adrenocorticotrophic (a-dre′no-kor′ti-ko-tro′pik, -tro′fik)

Stimulating growth of the adrenal cortex or secretion of its hormones. SYN: adrenotropic, adrenotrophic. [adrenal cortex + G. trophe, nurture; trope, a turning]

adrenocorticotropin
adrenocorticotropin (a-dre′no-kor-ti-ko-tro′pin)

SYN: adrenocorticotropic hormone.

adrenogenic
adrenogenic, adrenogenous (a-dre-no-jen′ik, a-dre-noj′e-nus)

Of adrenal origin. [adreno- + G. -gen, producing]

adrenoleukodystrophy
adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) (a-dre′no-loo-ko-dis′tro-fe) [MIM*300100]

An X-linked recessive disorder affecting young males, characterized by chronic adrenocortical insufficiency, skin hyperpigmentation, progressive dementia, spastic paralysis, and other intellectual and neurologic disturbances; due to myelin degeneration in the white matter of the brain. The causative gene maps to Xq and encodes a. protein (ALDP), an ATP-binding transporter located in the peroxisomal membrane.

adrenolytic
adrenolytic (a-dren-o-lit′ik)

Denoting antagonism to or inhibition or blockade of the action of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and related sympathomimetics. SEE ALSO: adrenergic blocking agent. [adreno- + G. lysis, loosening, dissolution]

adrenomegaly
adrenomegaly (a-dre-no-meg′a-le)

Enlargement of one or both adrenal glands. [adreno- + G. megas, big]

adrenomimetic
adrenomimetic (a-dre′no-mi-met′ik)

Having an action similar to that of the compounds epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are liberated from the adrenal medulla and adrenergic nerves; term proposed to replace the less accurate term, sympathomimetic. Cf.:adrenergic, cholinomimetic. [adreno- + G. mimetikos, imitative]

adrenomyeloneuropathy
adrenomyeloneuropathy (ad-re′no-mi′e-lo-noo-rop′a-the)

A disorder of adult males, consisting of long-standing adrenal insufficiency, hypogonadism, progressive myelopathy, peripheral neuropathy, and sphincter disturbances; considered a variant of adrenoleukodystrophy. [adreno- + G. myelos, medulla, + neuron, nerve, + pathos, suffering]

adrenopathy
adrenopathy (a-dre-nop′a-the)

SYN: adrenalopathy.

adrenopause
adrenopause

Decrease in function of adrenal glands with increasing age, analogous to menopause.

adrenoprival
adrenoprival (a-dre-no-pri′val)

Rarely used term indicating a loss of adrenal function, as a result of either disease or surgical excision. [adreno- + L. privo, to deprive]

adrenoreactive
adrenoreactive (a-dre′no-re-ak′tiv)

Responding to the catecholamines.

adrenoreceptors
adrenoreceptors (a-dre′no-re-sep′terz)

SYN: adrenergic receptors, under receptor.

adrenosterone
adrenosterone (a-dre-nos′ter-on)

An androgen isolated from the adrenal cortex. SYN: andrenosterone.

adrenotoxin
adrenotoxin (a-dre-no-tok′sin)

A substance toxic for the adrenal glands. [adreno- + toxin]

adrenotropic
adrenotropic, adrenotrophic (a-dre-no-tro′pik, -tro′fik)

SYN: adrenocorticotropic.

adrenotropin
adrenotropin (a-dre-no-tro′pin)

SYN: adrenocorticotropic hormone.

adriamycin
adriamycin (a′dre-a-mi′sin)

SYN: doxorubicin.

ad sat
ad sat

Abbreviation for L. ad saturatum, to saturation.

Adson
Adson

Alfred W., U.S. neurosurgeon, 1887–1951. See A. test, A. forceps, A. maneuver, Brown-A. forceps.

adsorb
adsorb (ad-sorb′)

To take up by adsorption. [L. ad, to, + sorbeo, to suck in]

adsorbate
adsorbate (ad-sor′bat)

Any substance adsorbed.

adsorbent
adsorbent (ad-sor′bent)

1. A substance that adsorbs, i.e., a solid substance endowed with the property of attaching other substances to its surface without any covalent bonding, e.g., activated charcoal. 2. An antigen or antibody used in immune adsorption.

adsorption
adsorption (ad-sorp′shun)

The property of a solid substance to attract and hold to its surface a gas, liquid, or a substance in solution or in suspension. For example, condensation of a gas onto a surface. Cf.:absorption. [L. ad, to, + sorbeo, to suck up]
immune a. 1. removal of antibody (agglutinin or precipitin) from antiserum by use of specific antigen; after aggregation has occurred, the antigen-antibody complex is separated either by centrifugation or by filtration; 2. removal of antigen by specific antiserum in a similar manner.

adsternal
adsternal (ad-ster′nal)

Near or upon the sternum.

adterminal
adterminal (ad-ter′mi-nal)

In a direction toward the nerve endings, muscular insertions, or the extremity of any structure.

adult
adult (a-dult′)

1. Fully grown and physically mature. 2. A fully grown and mature individual. [L. adultus, grown up fr. adolesco, to grow up]

adulterant
adulterant (a-dul′ter-ant)

An impurity; an additive that is considered to have an undesirable effect or to dilute the active material so as to reduce its therapeutic or monetary value.

adulteration
adulteration (a-dul-ter-a′shun)

The alteration of any substance by the deliberate addition of a component not ordinarily part of that substance; usually used to imply that the substance is debased as a result.

adultomorphism
adultomorphism (a-dul-to-mor′fizm)

Interpretation of children's behavior in adult terms.

adv.
adv.

Abbreviation for L. adversum, against.

advance
advance (ad-vans′)

To move forward. [Fr. avancer, to set forward]

advanced life support
advanced life support

Definitive emergency medical care that may include defibrillation, airway management, and use of drugs and medications. Cf.:basic life support.

advancement
advancement (ad-vans′ment)

Surgical procedure in which an attachment is partially severed or released so that tissue may be moved to a more distal point.
capsular a. surgical reattachment of the anterior portion of Tenon capsule.
tendon a. excision of the tendon of an eye muscle and attachment of it to a more anterior location on the globe.

adventitia
adventitia (ad-ven-tish′a)

The outermost connective tissue covering of any organ, vessel, or other structure not covered by a serosa; instead, the covering is properly derived from without ( i.e., from the surrounding connective tissue) and does not form an integral part of such organ or structure. Terminologia Anatomica [TA] lists a. (tunica a.) of the following organs: ductus deferens, esophagus, renal pelvis, seminal glands, and ureters. SYN: membrana a. (1) , tunica a.. [L. adventicius, coming from abroad, foreign, fr. ad, to + venio, to come]

adventitial
adventitial (ad-ven-tish′al)

Relating to the outer coat or adventitia of a blood vessel or other structure. SYN: adventitious (3) .

adventitious
adventitious (ad-ven-tish′us)

1. Arising from an external source or occurring in an unusual place or manner. SEE ALSO: extrinsic. 2. Occurring accidentally or spontaneously, as opposed to natural causes or hereditary. 3. SYN: adventitial.

adynamia
adynamia (a-di-nam′e-a, ad-i-na′me-a)

1. SYN: asthenia. 2. Lack of motor activity or strength. 3. Obsolete term for paralytic ileus of the intestine. [G. a- priv. + dynamis, power]
a. episodica hereditaria hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, without myotonia. See entries under paralysis..

adynamic
adynamic (a-di-nam′ik)

Relating to adynamia.

ae- ae-

For words so beginning and not found here, see under e-.

Aeby
Aeby

Christopher T., Swiss anatomist, 1835–1885. See A. plane.

Aedes
Aedes (a-e′dez)

A widespread genus of small mosquitoes frequently found in tropical and subtropical regions. [G. a., unpleasant, unfriendly]
A. aegypti the yellow fever mosquito, a species that is also the vector of the pathogen of dengue; characterized by white lyre-shaped markings on the thorax.
A. albopictus species that is an important vector of dengue viruses widespread in the Pacific basin.
A. atlanticus mosquitoes in the family Culicidae known to transmit viruses that cause dengue, yellow fever, and encephalitis.
A. caballus species that is an important vector of Rift Valley fever in Africa.
A. dorsalis mosquito species that is a secondary or suspected vector of Western equine encephalitis.
A. leucocelaenus species that transmits yellow fever in South America.
A. melanimon mosquito species that is a vector of Western equine encephalitis and California group encephalitis.
A. mitchellae mosquito species that is a secondary or suspected vector of Eastern equine encephalitis.
A. nigromaculis mosquito species that is a secondary or suspected vector of Western equine encephalitis and California group encephalitis.
A. polynesiensis species that is an important vector of filariasis and dengue in the Polynesian region.
A. sollicitans a common salt-marsh mosquito species and vector of eastern equine encephalomyelitis on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States.
A. taeniorhynchus mosquito species that is a vector of Venezuelan equine encephalitis and a secondary or suspected vector of California group encephalitis.
A. triseriatus mosquito species that is a vector of California group encephalitis.
A. trivittatus mosquito species that is a vector of California group encephalitis.
A. variegatus a species that is a vector of filarial parasites in the Pacific Islands (Gilbert and Ellice group).
A. vexans mosquito species that is a vector of California group encephalitis and a secondary or suspected vector of Eastern equine encephalitis.

Aelurostrongylus
Aelurostrongylus (e′loor-o-stron′ji-lus)

A common genus of lungworm in cats; land snails and slugs serve as intermediate hosts and snail-eating animals can serve as transport hosts. [G. ailuros, cat, + Mod. L., fr. G. strongylus, round]

aequorin
aequorin (e′kwo-rin)

A luminescent protein isolated from the jellyfish Aequorea which emits blue light in the presence of even minute amounts of calcium ion; injected intracellularly, it is used to measure free calcium ion transients within cells. SEE ALSO: fura-2, quin-2.

aer- aer-, aero-

The air, a gas; aerial, gassy. [G. aer (L. aer), air]

aerate
aerate (ar′ate)

1. To supply (blood) with oxygen. 2. To expose to the circulation of air for purification. 3. To supply or charge (liquid) with a gas, especially carbon dioxide.

aerendocardia
aerendocardia (ar-en-do-kar′de-a)

Presence of undissolved air in the blood within the heart. [aer- + G. endon, within, + kardia, heart]

aero- aero-

See aer-.

Aerobacter
Aerobacter (ar-o-bak′ter)

See Enterobacter. [aero- + G. bakterion, a small staff]

aerobe
aerobe (ar′ob)

1. An organism that can live and grow in the presence of oxygen. 2. An organism that can use oxygen as a final electron acceptor in a respiratory chain. [aero- + G. bios, life]
obligate a. an organism which cannot live or grow in the absence of oxygen.

aerobic
aerobic (ar-o′bik)

1. Living in air. 2. Relating to an aerobe. SYN: aerophilic, aerophilous.

aerobiology
aerobiology (ar′o-bi-ol′o-je)

The study of atmospheric constituents, living and nonliving, of biological significance, e.g., airborne spores, pathogenic bacteria, allergenic substances, pollutants.

aerobioscope
aerobioscope (ar-o-bi′o-skop)

An apparatus for determining the bacterial content of the air. [aero- + G. bios, life, + skopeo, to view]

aerobiosis
aerobiosis (ar-o-bi-o′sis)

Existence in an atmosphere containing oxygen. [aero- + G. biosis, mode of living]

aerobiotic
aerobiotic (ar-o-bi-ot′ik)

Relating to aerobiosis.

aerocele
aerocele (ar′o-sel)

Distention of a small natural cavity with gas. [aero- + G. kele, tumor]

Aerococcus
Aerococcus (ar-o-kok′us)

A genus of aerobic Gram-positive cocci occurring as airborne saprophytes; they produce α-hemolysis on blood agar and grow in the presence of 40% bile. A. viridans, the type species, is commonly recovered as part of the normal skin flora; it has low pathogenicity, but has been reported as a rare cause of endocarditis. [aero- + G. kokkos, berry]

aerocolpos
aerocolpos (ar-o-kol′pos)

Obsolete term for distention of the vagina with gas. [aero- + G. kolpos, lap, hollow]

aerodermectasia
aerodermectasia (ar′o-der-mek-ta′ze-a)

SYN: subcutaneous emphysema. [aero- + G. derma, skin, + ektasis, a stretching out]

aerodontalgia
aerodontalgia (ar′o-don-tal′je-a)

Dental pain caused by either increased or reduced atmospheric pressure. SYN: aero-odontalgia, aero-odontodynia. [aero- + G. odous, tooth, + algos, pain]
primary a. dental pain associated with expansion of trapped gases within a tooth, as under a filling or in an infected pulp.
secondary a. pain referred to the dental area from an area of aerosinusitis.

aerodontia
aerodontia (ar-o-don′she-a)

The science of the effect of either increased or reduced atmospheric pressure on the teeth. [aero- + G. odous, tooth]

aerodynamics
aerodynamics (ar′o-di-nam′iks)

The study of air and other gases in motion, the forces that set them in motion, and the results of such motion. [aero- + G. dynamis, force]

aerodynamic size
aerodynamic size

In aerosols, the particle size with unit density that best represents the aerodynamic behavior of a particle.

aerogastria
aerogastria (ar-o-gas′tre-a)

Distention of the stomach with gas.
blocked a. retention of gas in the stomach due to spasm of the sphincteric region of the lower esophagus which prevents belching.

aerogen
aerogen (ar′o-jen)

A gas-forming microorganism.

aerogenesis
aerogenesis (ar-o-jen′e-sis)

Production of gas, as by a microorganism. [aero- + G. genesis, origin]

aerogenic
aerogenic, aerogenous (ar-o-jen′ik, -oj′e-nus)

Gas-forming.

aeromedicine
aeromedicine (ar-o-med′i-sin)

SYN: aviation medicine.

aeromonad
aeromonad (ar-o-mo′nad)

A vernacular term used to refer to any member of the genus Aeromonas.

Aeromonas
Aeromonas (ar-o-mo′nas)

A genus of Gram-negative, oxidase-positive, aerobic, facultatively anaerobic bacteria (family Vibrionaceae) containing rod-shaped to coccoid cells; motile cells ordinarily possess a single, polar flagellum; some species are nonmotile. The metabolism of these organisms is both respiratory and fermentative; nutritional requirements are not stringent. These bacteria are found in water and sewage; some are pathogenic to fresh water and marine animals, and to humans. The type species is A. hydrophila.
A. hydrophila a species that causes cellulitis, wound infections, acute diarrhea (waterborne and shellfish-associated), septicemia, and urinary tract infections in humans. Also causes red leg disease of frogs. The type species of A..

aero-odontalgia
aero-odontalgia (ar′o-o-don-tal′je-a)

SYN: aerodontalgia.

aero-odontodynia
aero-odontodynia (ar′o-o-don-to-din′e-a)

SYN: aerodontalgia.

aeropause
aeropause (ar′o-pawz)

An upper region of the atmosphere, between the stratosphere and outer space, in which gas particles are so sparse as to provide almost no support for man's physiologic requirements or for vehicles that require air for burning fuel.

aerophagia
aerophagia, aerophagy (ar-o-fa′je-a, -of′a-je)

An abnormal swallowing of air as seen in crib-biting and wind-sucking. SYN: pneumophagia. [aero- + G. phago, to eat]

aerophil
aerophil, aerophile (ar′o-fil, -fil)

1. Air-loving. 2. An aerobic organism (aerobe), especially an obligate aerobe. [aero- + G. philos, fond]

aerophilic
aerophilic, aerophilous (ar-o-fil′ik, ar-of′i-lus)

SYN: aerobic.

aerophobia
aerophobia (ar-o-fo′be-a)

Morbid dread of fresh air or of air in motion. [aero- + G. phobos, fear]

aeropiesotherapy
aeropiesotherapy (ar′o-pi-e′so-thar′a-pe)

Treatment of disease by compressed (or rarified) air. [aero- + G. piesis, pressure, + therapeia, medical treatment]

aeroplankton
aeroplankton (ar-o-plank′ton)

An organism or a substance carried by air, e.g., bacterium, pollen, grain. [aero- + G. planktos, ntr. -on, wandering]

aerosialophagy
aerosialophagy (ar′o-si-al-of′a-je)

SYN: sialoaerophagy.

aerosinusitis
aerosinusitis (ar-o-si-nu-si′tis)

SYN: barosinusitis.

aerosis
aerosis (ar-o′sis)

Generation of gas in the tissues. [aero- + G. -osis, condition]

aerosol
aerosol (ar′o-sol)

1. Liquid or particulate matter dispersed in air, gas, or vapor in the form of a fine mist for therapeutic, insecticidal, or other purposes. 2. A product that is packaged under pressure and contains therapeutically or chemically active ingredients intended for topical application, inhalation, or introduction into body orifices. [aero- + solution]
respirable aerosols aerosols with an aerodynamic size under 10 μm.

aerosolization
aerosolization (ar-o-sol-i-za′shun)

Dispersion in air of a liquid material or a solution in the form of a fine mist, usually for therapeutic purposes, especially to the respiratory passages.

aerotherapeutics
aerotherapeutics, aerotherapy (ar′o-thar-a-pu′tiks, -thar′a-pe)

Treatment of disease by fresh air, by air of different degrees of pressure or rarity, or by air medicated in various ways.

aerotitis media
aerotitis media (ar-o-ti′tis me′de-a)

SYN: barotitis media. [aero- + G. ous, ear, + -itis, inflammation]

aerotonometer
aerotonometer (ar′o-ton-om′e-ter)

1. An instrument for estimating the tension or pressure of a gas. 2. SYN: tonometer (2) . [aero- + G. tonos, tension, + metron, measure]

aesculapian aesculapian (es-ku-la′pe-an)

Relating to Aesculapius, the art of medicine, or a medical practitioner. SYN: esculapian. [L. Aesculapius, G. Asklepios, the god of medicine]

aesculin
aesculin (es′ku-lin)

SYN: esculin.

aestival
aestival (es′ti-val)

SYN: estival.

AFB
AFB

1. Abbreviation for acid-fast bacillus. See acid-fast. 2. Abbreviation for aortofemoral bypass (vascular prosthetic surgery), the surgical procedure or its result.

afebrile
afebrile (a-feb′ril)

Without fever, denoting apyrexia; having a normal body temperature. SYN: apyretic, apyrexial.

afetal
afetal (a-fe′tal)

Without relation to a fetus or intrauterine life.

affect
affect (af′fekt)

The emotional feeling, tone, and mood attached to a thought, including its external manifestations. [L. affectus, state of mind, fr. afficio, to have influence on]
blunted a. a disturbance in mood seen in schizophrenic patients manifested by shallowness and a severe reduction in the expression of feeling.
flat a. absence of or diminution in the amount of emotional tone or outward emotional reaction typically shown by others or oneself under similar circumstances; a milder form is termed blunted a..
inappropriate a. emotional tone or outward emotional reaction out of harmony with the idea, object, or thought accompanying it.
labile a. rapid shifts in outward emotional expressions; often associated with organic brain syndromes such as intoxication.

affect display
affect display

Facial expressions, postures, and gestures indicating emotional states.

affection
affection (a-fek′shun)

1. A moderate feeling of tenderness, caring, or love. 2. An abnormal condition of body or mind. [L. affectio, fr. af-ficio, to affect, influence]

affective
affective (af-fek′tiv)

Pertaining to mood, emotion, feeling, sensibility, or a mental state.

affectivity
affectivity (af-fek-tiv′i-te)

SYN: feeling tone.

affectomotor
affectomotor (af′fek-to-mo′ter)

Pertaining to muscular manifestations associated with affective tone.

afferent
afferent (af′er-ent)

Inflowing; conducting toward a center, denoting certain arteries, veins, lymphatics, and nerves. Opposite of efferent. SYN: centripetal (1) , esodic. [L. afferens, fr. af-fero, to bring to]

affinity
affinity (a-fin′i-te)

1. In chemistry, the force that impels certain atoms to bind to or unite with certain others to form complexes or compounds; chemical attraction. 2. Selective staining of a tissue by a dye or the selective uptake of a dye, chemical, or other substance by a tissue. [L. affinis, neighboring, fr. ad, to, + finis, end, boundary]
residual a. secondary forces that enable apparently saturated atoms, ions, or molecules to attract other atoms or groups, causing such phenomena as complex formation, hydration, adsorption, etc.

affinous
affinous (af′i-nus)

Pertaining to a marriage in which the partners are related, not by consanguinity, but through another marriage. [L. affinis, related by marriage, fr. ad, to + finis, limit]

affirmation
affirmation (af-fer-ma′shun)

The stage in autosuggestion in which one exhibits a positive reactive tendency. [L. affirmatio, fr. affirm, to make strong, fr firmus, strong]

affusion
affusion (a-fu′zhun)

Pouring of water upon the body or any of its parts for therapeutic purposes. [L. af- fundo, to pour into]

AFH
AFH

Abbreviation for anterior facial height.

afibrillar
afibrillar (a-fi′bri-lar)

Denoting a biological structure that does not contain fibrils.

afibrinogenemia
afibrinogenemia (a-fi′brin-o-je-ne′me-a)

The absence of fibrinogen in the plasma. SEE ALSO: hypofibrinogenemia.
congenital a. [MIM*202400] a rare disorder of blood coagulation in which little or no fibrinogen can be found in plasma because of a mutant form in one of the three fibrinogen loci. Leads to defective platelet aggregation; autosomal recessive inheritance.

Afipia
Afipia (a-fip′e-a)

A genus of Gram-negative, oxidase-positive, motile, nonfermenting bacteria that have been placed in the class Proteobacteria. They are morphologically variable, appearing as rods or filaments that may stain poorly. Over 10 species have been identified; originally reported to be the agent of catscratch disease, their current pathogenic role remains uncertain. The type strain is A. felis.

aflatoxicosis
aflatoxicosis (af′la-toks-e-co′sis)

A disease caused by ingestion of aflatoxin.

aflatoxin
aflatoxin (af′la-tok′sin)

Toxic metabolites of some Aspergillus strains including the fungi Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, and Aspergillus oryzae. They may play a role in the etiology of primary cancer of the liver in humans and produce disease in animals eating peanut meal and other feed contaminated by these fungi.

AFORMED
AFORMED

See A. phenomenon.

AFP
AFP

Abbreviation for α-fetoproteins. See fetoproteins.

afterbirth
afterbirth (af′ter-berth)

The placenta and membranes that are extruded from the uterus after birth. SYN: secundina, secundines.

aftercare
aftercare (af′ter-kar)

1. The care and treatment of a patient after an operation,delivery, or convalescence from an illness. 2. Following psychiatric hospitalization, a continuing program of rehabilitation designed to reinforce the effects of the therapy; may include partial hospitalization, day hospital, or outpatient treatment.

afterchroming
afterchroming (af′ter-krom′ing)

Additional treatment of a tissue specimen with chromate or a metal mordant to impart special staining properties. SYN: postchroming.

aftercontraction
aftercontraction (af′ter-kon-trak′shun)

A muscular contraction persisting a noticeable time after the stimulus has ceased.

aftercurrent
aftercurrent (af′ter-kur-ent)

An electrical current induced in a muscle upon the termination of a constant current that has been passed through it.

afterdischarge
afterdischarge (af-ter-dis′charj)

Persistance of response of muscle or neural elements after cessation of stimulation. Myotonia is a clinical manifestation of prolonged muscle a..

aftereffect
aftereffect (af′ter-e-fekt′)

A physical, physiologic, psychologic, or emotional effect that continues after removal of the stimulus. See flashback.

aftergilding
aftergilding (af′ter-gild′ing)

The treatment of a fixed and hardened histologic specimen of nervous tissue with gold salts.

afterimage
afterimage (af′ter-im′ij)

Persistence of a visual response after cessation of the stimulus. SYN: accidental image, negative image.
negative a. a. in which the lightness relationship is reversed; if chromatic, it appears in complementary color.
positive a. a. in which the lightness relationship is the same as the original one; if chromatic, it appears in the same color.

afterimpression
afterimpression (af′ter-im-presh′un)

SYN: aftersensation.

afterload
afterload (af′ter-lod)

1. The arrangement of a muscle so that, in shortening, it lifts a weight from an adjustable support or otherwise does work against a constant opposing force to which it is not exposed at rest. 2. The load or force thus encountered in shortening.
ventricular a. formerly and erroneously, the arterial pressure or some other measure of the force that a ventricle must overcome while it contracts during ejection, contributed to by aortic or pulmonic artery impedance, peripheral vascular resistance, and mass and viscosity of blood; now, more rigorously expressed in terms of the wall stress, i.e., the tension per unit cross-sectional area in the ventricular muscle fibers (calculated by an expansion of Laplace law using pressure, internal radius, and wall thickness) that is required to produce the intracavitary pressure required during ejection.

aftermovement
aftermovement (af′ter-moov′ment)

Involuntary arm abduction that follows sustained isometric contraction of the deltoid and supraspinatus muscles (usually performed by pushing the upper extremity forcibly and against an immovable vertical surface while standing closely beside it). SYN: Kohnstamm phenomenon.

afterpains
afterpains (af′ter-panz)

Painful cramplike contractions of the uterus occurring after childbirth.

afterperception
afterperception (af′ter-per-sep′shun)

SYN: aftersensation.

afterpotential
afterpotential (af′ter-po-ten′shal)

The small change in electrical potential in a stimulated nerve that follows the main, or spike, potential; it consists of an initial negative deflection followed by a positive deflection in the oscillograph record.
diastolic a. in the heart, a transmembrane potential change following repolarization, which may reach threshold magnitude and cause a rhythm disturbance; often recorded in poisoning, as by digitalis overdosage.
positive a. a spontaneous or inducible increase in transmembrane potential of a cardiac or nerve cell following the completion of repolarization. In the heart, this usually corresponds temporal to the electrocardiographic U wave.

aftersensation
aftersensation (af′ter-sen-sa′shun)

Subjective persistence of sensation after cessation of stimulus. SYN: afterimpression, afterperception.

aftersound
aftersound (af′ter-sownd)

Subjective persistence of an auditory sensation after the stimulus stops.

aftertaste
aftertaste (af′ter-tast)

Subjective persistence of a gustatory sensation after contact with the stimulating substance has ceased.

aftertouch
aftertouch (af′ter-tuch)

Subjective persistence of tactile sensation after cessation of the stimulus; a form of aftersensation.

aftosa
aftosa (af-to′sa)

SYN: foot-and-mouth disease. [Sp. fiebre a., aphthous fever]

Ag
Ag

1. Symbol for silver (argentum). 2. Abbreviation for antigen.

agalactia
agalactia (a-gal-ak′she-a)

Absence of milk in the breasts after childbirth. SYN: agalactosis. [G. a- priv. + gala (galakt-), milk]

agalactorrhea
agalactorrhea (a-ga-lak-to-re′a)

Absence of the secretion or flow of breast milk. [G. a- priv. + gala, milk, + rhoia, a flow]

agalactosis
agalactosis (a-gal-ak-to′sis)

SYN: agalactia.

agalactous
agalactous (a-gal-ak′tus)

Relating to agalactia, or to the diminution or absence of breast milk.

agamete
agamete (a-gam′et, ag′a-met)

A protozoan organism produced by asexual multiple fission. SEE ALSO: schizogony. [G. a- priv. + gametes, husband]

agamic
agamic (a-gam′ik)

Denoting nonsexual reproduction, as by fission, budding, etc. SYN: agamous.

agammaglobulinemia
agammaglobulinemia (a-gam′a-glob′u-li-ne′me-a)

Absence of, or extremely low levels of, the gamma fraction of serum globulin; sometimes used loosely to denote absence of immunoglobulins in general. SEE ALSO: hypogammaglobulinemia.
acquired a. SYN: common variable immunodeficiency.
Bruton a. an X-linked condition, with hypo- or a.; the immune deficiency becomes apparent as maternally transmitted immunoglobulin levels decline in early infancy. SYN: X-linked a..
secondary a. SYN: secondary immunodeficiency.
Swiss type a. SYN: severe combined immunodeficiency.
transient a. SYN: transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy.
X-linked a. SYN: Bruton a..

agamocytogeny
agamocytogeny (a-gam′o-si-toj′e-ne)

SYN: schizogony. [G. agamos, unmarried, + kytos, cell, + genesis, becoming]

Agamofilaria
Agamofilaria (a-gam′o-fi-la′re-a)

A name given to immature filarial forms, the genera of the adult forms being undetermined. [G. agamos, unmarried, + L. filum, thread]

agamogenesis
agamogenesis (ag′a-mo-jen′e-sis, a-gam-o-)

SYN: asexual reproduction. [G. agamos, unmarried, + genesis, production]

agamogenetic
agamogenetic (ag′a-mo-je-net′ik, -a-gam-o-)

Indicating asexual reproduction.

agamogony
agamogony (ag-a-mog′o-ne)

SYN: asexual reproduction. [G. agamos, unmarried, + gonos, offspring]

Agamomermis culicis
Agamomermis culicis (ag-a-mo-mer′mis ku′li-kis)

A species of nematode parasitic in the mosquito; a few cases have been recorded in humans, usually larval worms found emerging from body openings, presumably after ingestion of infected insects or application of moist earth bearing free-living larval stages. [G. agamos, unmarried, + Mod. L., fr. G. mermis, cord; L. culex, gnat]

agamont
agamont (ag′a-mont)

SYN: schizont. [G. agamos, unmarried, + on (ont-), being]

agamous
agamous (ag′a-mus)

SYN: agamic. [G. agamos, unmarried]

aganglionic
aganglionic (a-gang-gle-on′ik)

Without ganglia.

aganglionosis
aganglionosis (a-gang′gle-o-no′sis)

The state of being without ganglia; e.g., absence of ganglion cells from the myenteric plexus as a characteristic of congenital megacolon. [G. a- priv. + ganglion + -osis, condition]

agapism
agapism (ah′gahp-izm)

The doctrine that exalts nonsexual (brotherly) love. [G. agape, brotherly love]

agar
agar (ah′gar, a′gar)

A complex polysaccharide (a sulfated galactan) derived from seaweed (various red algae); used as a solidifying agent in culture media; it has the valuable property of melting at 100°C, but not solidifying until 49°C. [Bengalese]
bile salt a. an a. medium containing lactose, peptone, sodium taurocholate, and neutral red, for the growth and isolation of Gram-negative rods.
birdseed a. media prepared from Guizottia abyssinica seeds used in culturing and in the presumptive diagnosis of Cryptococcus neoformans.
blood a. a mixture of blood, usually sheep or horse, and an a.-based medium used for the cultivation of many medically important microorganisms.
Bordet-Gengou potato blood a. glycerine-potato a. with 25% of blood, used for the isolation of Bordetella pertussis.
brain-heart infusion a. a medium used for the isolation of fastidious microorganisms, especially fungi.
chocolate a. blood a. heated until the blood becomes brown or chocolate in color, used especially to isolate Haemophilus or Neisseria and other species for which unheated blood is inhibitory.
cholera a. an alkaline a. medium for cultivating Vibrio cholerae.
cornmeal a. a culture medium that is low in nutrients, used extensively in the study of yeastlike and filamentous fungi; it suppresses vegetative growth while stimulating sporulation of many species, and is widely used for producing the distinctive chlamydospores of Candida albicans.
Czapek solution a. a culture medium used for the cultivation of fungus species and for identification of Aspergillus and Penicillium species. SYN: Czapek-Dox medium.
EMB a. SYN: eosin-methylene blue a..
Endo a. a medium containing peptone, lactose, dipotassium phosphate, a., sodium sulfite, basic fuchsin, and distilled water; originally developed for the isolation of Salmonella typhi, this medium is now most useful in the bacteriological examination of water; coliform organisms ferment the lactose, and their colonies become red and color the surrounding medium; non-lactose-fermenting organisms produce clear, colorless colonies against the faint pink background of the medium. SYN: Endo medium.
eosin-methylene blue a. a. composed of peptone, lactose, and sucrose and containing eosin and methylene blue, used to distinguish between lactose-fermenting and non–lactose-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria. Echerichia sp. show a characteristic sheen. SYN: EMB a..
MacConkey a. medium containing peptone, lactose, bile salts, neutral red, and crystal violet, used to identify Gram-negative bacilli and characterize them according to their status as lactose fermenters. Fermenters appear as pink colonies while nonfermenters are colorless.
Mueller-Hinton a. medium containing beef infusion, peptone, and starch used primarily for the disk-a. diffusion method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing.
Novy and MacNeal blood a. a nutrient a. containing two volumes of defibrinated rabbit's blood; suitable for the cultivation of a number of trypanosomes.
nutrient a. a simple solid medium containing beef extract, peptone, a., and water; used for growing many common heterotrophic bacteria.
oatmeal-tomato paste a. a special culture medium for the production of ascospore formation in the dermatophytes.
potato dextrose a. a culture medium used extensively for the cultivation of fungi; especially good for development of conidia and other sporulating forms by which an organism is identified microscopically.
rice-Tween a. a useful medium for the development of the chlamydospores in Candida albicans and for preparation of slide cultures for other forms of sporulation in other fungal species.
Sabouraud a. a culture medium for fungi containing neopeptone or polypeptone a. and glucose, with final pH 5.6; it is the standard, most universally used medium in mycology and is the international reference. Modified Sabouraud a. (Emmons modification) with neutral pH and less glucose is better for pigment development in the colonies.
Sabouraud dextrose a. a dextrose peptone medium that supports the growth of most pathogenic fungi.
serum a. an enriched medium for cultivation of fastidious organisms; prepared by adding sterile serum to melted a..
Thayer-Martin a. a Mueller-Hinton a. with 5% heat-hemolyzed sheep blood and antibiotics, used for transport and primary isolation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis. SYN: Thayer-Martin medium.
yeast extract a. a medium used to induce sporulation and reduce vegetative growth in the cultivation of fungi.

agaric
agaric (a-gar′ik)

The dried fruit body of Polyporus officinalis (family Polyporaceae), occurring in the form of brownish or whitish light masses, which contains a. acid. SYN: amadou. [G. agarikon, a kind of fungus]
deadly a. SYN: Amanita phalloides.
fly a. SYN: Amanita muscaria.

agaric acid
agaric acid (a-gar′ik)

Obtained from agaric and responsible for the anhidrotic action of the mushroom; used as an anhidrotic agent.

Agaricus
Agaricus (a-gar′i-kus)

A large genus of mushrooms of which many are edible and others poisonous. [L. agaricum, fr. G. agarikon, a tree fungus]

agaropectin
agaropectin (ag′a-ro-pek′tin)

A polysaccharide found in agar preparations consisting of d-galactose linked β1,3 glycosidically. Some of the galactosyl units are sulfated.

agarose
agarose (ag′a-ros)

The neutral linear polysaccharide fraction found in agar preparations, generally composed of d-galactose and altered 3,6-anhydrogalactose residues; used in chromatography and electrophoresis.

agastric
agastric (a-gas′trik)

Without stomach or digestive tract. [G. a- priv. + gaster, belly]

agastroneuria
agastroneuria (a-gas-tro-noor′e-a)

Lessened nervous control of the stomach. [G. a- priv. + gaster, belly, + neuron, nerve]

AGC
AGC

Abbreviation for automatic gain control.

age
age (aj)

1. The period that has elapsed since birth. 2. One of the periods into which human life is divided, distinguished by physical evolution, equilibrium, and involution; e.g., the seven ages of mankind are: infancy, childhood, adolescence, maturity, middle life, senescence, and senility. 3. To grow old; to gradually develop changes in structure that are not due to preventable disease or trauma and that are associated with decreased functional capacity and an increased probability of death. 4. To cause artificially the appearance characteristic of one who has lived long or of a thing that has existed for a long time. 5. In dentistry, to heat an alloy for amalgam so as to make it set more slowly, increase strength, reduce flow, and have a stable shelf life; aging occurs by relieving internal strains. [F. âge, L. aetas]
achievement a. the relationship between the chronologic a. and the a. of achievement, as established by standard achievement tests.
anatomical a. a. in terms of structure rather than of function or of passage of time. SYN: physical a..
basal a. highest mental a. level of the Stanford-Binet intelligence scale at which all items are passed.
Binet a. the a. of the normal child with whose intelligence (as measured by the Stanford-Binet scale) the intelligence of the abnormal child corresponds (the profoundly retarded individual functions like a child of 1–2 years; the moderately to severely retarded, 3–7 years; the borderline to mildly retarded, 8–12 years).
bone a. stage of development of bone (in years) as adjudged by radiography, in contrast to chronologic a..
childbearing a. the period in a woman's life between puberty and menopause.
chronologic a. (CA) a. expressed in years and months; used as a measurement against which to evaluate a child's mental a. in computing the Stanford-Binet intelligence quotient.
developmental a. 1. a. estimated by anatomic development since fertilization; 2. (DA) a. of an individual estimated from the degree of anatomic, physiologic, mental, and emotional maturation.
emotional a. a measure of emotional maturity by comparison with average emotional development.
gestational a. 1. in embryology, the a. of a conceptus expressed in elapsed time since conception; 2. in obstetrics, the developmental a. of a fetus, usually based on the presumed first day of the last normal menstrual period.
menstrual a. a. of the conceptus computed from the start of the mother's last menstrual period.
mental a. (MA) a measure, expressed in years and months, of a child's intelligence relative to a. norms as determined by testing with the Stanford-Binet intelligence scale.
physical a. SYN: anatomical a..
physiologic a. a. estimated in terms of function.

agenesis
agenesis (a-jen′e-sis)

Absence or failure of formation of any part. [G. a- priv. + genesis, production]
gonadal a. absence of one or both gonads.
müllerian a. SYN: Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome.
renal a. absence of one or both kidneys, most commonly unilateral with absence of the ipsilateral paramesonephric duct and its derivatives; renal function is normal as long as the remaining kidney is intact; bilateral or complete renal a. is associated with Potter facies and neonatal death.
thymic a. absence of the thymus, which may be associated with parathyroid a. in DiGeorge syndrome.

agenitalism
agenitalism (a-jen′i-tal-izm)

Congenital absence of genitalia.

agenosomia
agenosomia (a-gen-o-so′me-a)

Markedly defective formation or absence of the genitalia; usually accompanied by protrusion of the abdominal viscera through an incomplete abdominal wall. [G. a- priv. + genos, sex, + soma, body]

agent
agent (a′jent)

1. An active force or substance capable of producing an effect. For agents not listed here, see the specific name. 2. A disease, a factor such as a microorganism, chemical substance, or a form of radiation the presence or absence of which (as in deficiency diseases) results in disease or more advanced disease. [L. ago, pres. p. agens (a.-), to perform]
adrenergic blocking a. a compound that selectively blocks or inhibits responses to sympathetic adrenergic nerve activity (sympatholytic a.) and to epinephrine, norepinephrine, and other adrenergic amines (adrenolytic a.); two distinct classes exist, alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents.
α-adrenergic blocking a. a class of drugs that compete with α-adrenergic agonists for available receptor sites: some compete for both α₁ and α₂ receptors ( e.g., phentolamine, dibenzyline) while others are primarily either α₁ ( e.g., prazosin, terazosin) or α₂ receptor blocking agents ( e.g., yohimbine). SYN: α-adrenoceptor antagonist, alpha-blocker.
β-adrenergic blocking a. a class of drugs that compete with β-adrenergic agonists for available receptor sites; some compete for both β₁ and β₂ receptors ( e.g., propranolol) while others are primarily either β₁ ( e.g., metoprolol) or β₂ blockers; used in the treatment of a variety of cardiovascular diseases where β-adrenergic blockade is desirable. SYN: β-adrenergic receptor blocking a., β-adrenoreceptor antagonist, beta-blocker.
adrenergic neuronal blocking a. a drug that prevents the release of norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve terminals ( e.g., guanethidine); it does not inhibit the responses of the adrenergic receptors to circulating epinephrine, norepinephrine, and other adrenergic amines.
β-adrenergic receptor blocking a. SYN: β-adrenergic blocking a..
alkylating a. a drug or chemical that, via the formation of covalent bonds, forms a derivatized tissue constituent permanently containing part of the drug or chemical compound; frequently carcinogenic and mutagenic, but often used in the chemotherapy of cancer ( e.g., nitrogen mustards and carmustine).
antianxiety a. a functional category of drugs useful in the treatment of anxiety and able to reduce anxiety at doses that do not cause excessive sedation. The majority of commonly used drugs falling into this category are benzodiazepines, which act at the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor sites. Historically, barbiturates were the main agents in this category; a newer category, which acts at serotonin (5-HT_1A) receptor sites, is currently represented by buspirone. SYN: anxiolytic (1) , minor tranquilizer.
antidyskinetic a. a functional category of drugs with anticholinergic action, used to treat Parkinson disease and some of the acute movement disorders that may be caused by antipsychotic agents.
antifoaming agents chemicals that lower surface tension (hence production of foam), used in laboratory evaporations, and also administered with oxygen to relieve the respiratory obstruction aggravated by the foam of edema fluid in pulmonary edema (pulmonary surfactant).
antipsychotic a. a functional category of neuroleptic drugs that are helpful in the treatment of psychosis and have a capacity to ameliorate thought disorders. SYN: antipsychotic (1) , major tranquilizer.
atypical antipsychotic a. a functional category of newer antipsychotic drugs thought to exert their action predominantly via serotonergic blockade.
bacteriostatic a. SYN: bacteriostat.
Bittner a. SYN: mammary tumor virus of mice.
blister a.
blocking a. a class of drugs that inhibit (block) a biologic activity or process, such as axonal conduction or transmission, access to a receptor, or movement of ions across a cell membrane; frequently called “blockers.”
calcium channel-blocking a. a class of drugs that have the ability to inhibit movement of calcium ions across the cell membrane; of particular value in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders because of pharmacologic effects such as depression of mechanical contraction of cardiac and smooth muscle and of both impulse formation and conduction velocity ( e.g., verapamil, nifedipine). SYN: calcium antagonist, slow channel-blocking a..
chimpanzee coryza a. (CCA) SYN: respiratory syncytial virus.
cholinergic a. an a. that mimics the action of acetylcholine or of the parasympathetic nervous system ( e.g., methacholine).
contrast a. SYN: contrast medium.
cycle-specific a. an a. that has effect in only one part of the cell cycle (S phase) or only when the cell is in a specific part of the cell cycle.
delta a. SYN: hepatitis D virus.
Eaton a. SYN: Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
embedding agents materials such as celloidin, paraffin, etc. in which specimens of tissue are set before being cut into sections for microscopic examination.
enterokinetic a. an a. used to relieve intestinal atony.
F a. obsolete term for F plasmid.
fertility a. obsolete term for F plasmid.
foamy agents SYN: foamy viruses, under virus.
ganglionic blocking a. an a. that impairs the passage of impulses in autonomic ganglia ( e.g., tetraethylammonium, trimethaphan).
high osmolar contrast a. ionic water-soluble iodinated contrast medium. SYN: high osmolar contrast medium.
initiating a. initiation.
inotropic agents drugs that increase the force of contraction of cardiac muscle; examples include digitalis glycosides, amrinone, and epinephrine.
LDH a. SYN: lactate dehydrogenase virus.
low osmolar contrast a. (LOCA) nonionic water-soluble radiographic contrast material. SYN: low osmolar contrast medium, nonionic contrast a..
luting a. a fastening material or cement; e.g., plaster or wax to hold casts to an articulator, or material to hold crowns to teeth.
mood stabilizing a. a functional category of drugs used to normalize mood, particularly by dampening mood swings ( e.g., lithium and some anticonvulsants such as carbamazepine and valproic acid).
neuroleptic a. SYN: neuroleptic.
neuromuscular blocking agents a group of drugs that prevent motor nerve endings from exciting skeletal muscle. They act either by competing for the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine (like D-tubocurarine, mivacurium, and pancuronium), or by first stimulating the postjunctional muscle membrane and subsequently desensitizing the muscle endplates to the acetylcholine (like succinylcholine or decamethonium); used in surgery to produce paralysis and facilitate manipulation of muscles.
non–cycle-specific a. a. that has effect regardless of where the cell is in its division cycle.
nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking a. a compound that paralyzes skeletal muscle primarily by inhibiting transmission of nerve impulses at the neuromuscular junction rather than by affecting the membrane potention of motor endplate or muscle fibers ( e.g., curare, gallamine, vecuronium).
nonionic contrast a. SYN: low osmolar contrast a..
Norwalk a. a strain of epidemic gastroenteritis virus that belongs to the calciviruses. [Norwalk, Ohio, where first implicated in disease]
Pittsburgh pneumonia a. SYN: Legionella micdadei.
promoting a. promotion.
psychotropic a. a chemical compound that influences the human psyche.
reovirus-like a. SYN: rotavirus.
sclerosing a. a compound that acts by irritation of the veinous intimal epithelium; used in the treatment of varicose veins.
slow channel-blocking a. SYN: calcium channel-blocking a..
sympathetic a. sympathomimetic amine.
transforming a. 1. SYN: mitogen. 2. virus that can transform cells.
TRIC agents strains of Chlamydia trachomatis that cause trachoma and inclusion conjunctivitis agents See Chlamydia trachomatis.
typical antipsychotic a. a functional category of older antipsychotic drugs thought to exert their action predominantly via dopaminergic blockade.

Agent Orange
Agent Orange

An herbicide and defoliant, consisting of (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid, (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid, and dioxin, that was widely used in the Vietnam War; it has been shown to possess residual post-exposure carcinogenic and teratogenic properties in humans.

agerasia
agerasia (a-jer-a′ze-a)

An appearance of youth in old age. [G. a., eternal youth, fr. a- priv. + geras, old age]

ageusia
ageusia (a-goo′se-a)

Loss or absence of the sense of taste. It may be: 1) general to all tastants (total), partial to some tastants, or specific to one or more tastants; 2) due to transport disorders (in access to the interior of the taste bud) or sensorineural disorders (affecting the gustatory sensory cells or nerves or the central gustatory neural pathways); or 3) hereditary or acquired. SYN: ageustia, gustatory anesthesia. [G. a- priv. + geusis, taste]

ageustia
ageustia (a-goos′te-a)

SYN: ageusia.

agger
agger, pl .aggeres (aj′er, -ez; ag′er) [TA]

An eminence, projection, or shallow ridge. [L. mound]
a. nasi [TA] an elevation on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity lying between the atrium of the middle meatus and the olfactory sulcus; it is formed by the mucous membrane covering the base of the ethmoidal crest of the maxilla. SYN: nasal ridge.
a. perpendicularis SYN: eminence of triangular fossa of auricle.
a. valvae venae SYN: prominence of venous valvular sinus.

agglomerate
agglomerate, agglomerated (a-glom′er-at)

SYN: aggregated. [L. ag-glomero, to wind into a ball; from ad, to, + glomus, a ball]

agglomeration
agglomeration (a-glom-er-a′shun)

SYN: aggregation.

agglutinant
agglutinant (a-gloo′ti-nant)

A substance that holds parts together or causes agglutination. [L. ad, to + gluten, glue]

agglutinate
agglutinate (a-gloo′ti-nat)

To accomplish, or be subjected to, agglutination.

agglutination
agglutination (a-gloo-ti-na′shun)

1. The process by which suspended bacteria, cells, or other particles are caused to adhere and form into clumps; similar to precipitation, but the particles are larger and are in suspension rather than being in solution. For specific a. reactions in the various blood groups, see Blood Groups appendix. 2. Adhesion of the surfaces of a wound. 3. The process of adhering. [L. ad, to, + gluten, glue]
acid a. the clumping together of certain microorganisms at high hydrogen ion concentration.
bacteriogenic a. the clumping of cells as a result of effects of bacteria or their products.
cold a. a. of red blood cells by their own serum (see autoagglutination), or by any other serum when the blood is cooled below body temperature, but most pronounced below 25°C; the phenomenon results from cold agglutinins; may be seen occasionally in the blood of apparently normal persons or as a pathologic finding in patients with primary atypical pneumonia, infectious mononucleosis, and other viral diseases, certain protozoan infections, or lymphoproliferative neoplasms. See autoagglutination.
cross a. SYN: group a..
false a. SYN: pseudoagglutination (1) .
group a. a. by antibodies specific for minor (group) antigens common to several microorganisms, each of which possesses its own major specific antigen. SYN: cross a..
immune a. a. caused by antibody (agglutinin) that is specific for the suspended microorganism, cell, or for an antigen that has been coated on a particle of suitable size.
indirect a. SYN: passive a..
nonimmune a. 1. a. caused by a lectin having a degree of specificity for a particular sugar, the mechanism of which is not understood; 2. a. that results from nonspecific factors, as in the case of acid a. or spontaneous a..
passive a. a. of particles that have been coated with soluble antigen, by antiserum specific for the adsorbed antigen. SYN: indirect a..
spontaneous a. nonspecific clumping of organisms in saline related to lack of polar groups in electrolyte solution.

agglutinative
agglutinative (a-gloo′ti-na-tiv)

Causing, or able to cause, agglutination.

agglutinin
agglutinin (a-gloo′ti-nin)

1. An antibody that causes clumping or agglutination of the bacteria or other cells that either stimulated the formation of the a., or contain immunologically similar, reactive antigen. SYN: agglutinating antibody, immune a.. 2. A substance, other than a specific agglutinating antibody, that causes organic particles to agglutinate, e.g., plant a..
blood group agglutinins see Blood Groups appendix.
chief a. SYN: major a..
cold a. an antibody which reacts more efficiently at temperatures below 37°C.
cross-reacting a. SYN: group a..
flagellar a. SYN: H a. (1) .
group a. an immune a. specific for a “shared” or common antigen. SYN: cross-reacting a..
H a. 1. an a. that is formed as the result of stimulation by, and which reacts with, the thermolabile antigen(s) in the flagella of motile strains of microorganisms; SYN: flagellar a.. 2. see ABO blood group, Blood Groups appendix.
immune a. SYN: a. (1) .
incomplete a. (a-gloo′ti-nin) antibody that binds to antigen but does not induce agglutination. These antibodies are usually of the IgG class and are referred to as incomplete antibody.
major a. immune a. present in greatest quantity in an antiserum and evoked by the most dominant of a mosaic of antigens. SYN: chief a..
minor a. immune a. present in an antiserum in lesser concentration than the major a.. SYN: partial a..
O a. 1. an a. that is formed as the result of stimulation by, and that reacts with, the relatively thermostable antigen(s) that are part of the cell wall of certain microorganisms; SYN: somatic a.. 2. see ABO blood group, Blood Groups appendix.
partial a. SYN: minor a..
plant a. a lectin.
saline a. an antibody that causes agglutination of erythrocytes when they are suspended either in saline or in a protein medium. SYN: complete antibody.
somatic a. SYN: O a. (1) .
warm agglutinins an a. that is more reactive at 37°C than at lower temperatures.

agglutinogen
agglutinogen (a-gloo-tin′o-jen)

An antigenic substance that stimulates the formation of specific agglutinin, which can cause agglutination of cells that contain the antigen or particles coated with the antigen. SYN: agglutogen. [agglutinin + G. -gen, production]
blood group agglutinogens see Blood Groups appendix.
T a. obsolete term for an a. formed from a latent receptor on human red cells by the action of an enzyme in cultures of certain bacteria.

agglutinogenic
agglutinogenic (a-gloo′tin-o-jen′ik)

Capable of causing the production of an agglutinin. SYN: agglutogenic.

agglutinophilic
agglutinophilic (a-gloo′tin-o-fil′ik)

Readily undergoing pronounced agglutination. [agglutination + G. phileo, to love]

agglutogen
agglutogen (a-gloo′to-jen)

SYN: agglutinogen.

agglutogenic
agglutogenic (a-gloo-to-jen′ik)

SYN: agglutinogenic.

aggrecan
aggrecan (ag′gre-kan)

Candidate gene for otosclerosis located at 15q25 to q26.

aggregate
aggregate (ag′re-gat)

1. To unite or come together in a mass or cluster. 2. The total of individual units making up a mass or cluster. [L. ag-grego, pp. -atus, to add to, fr. grex (greg-), a flock]
proteoglycan a. a large aggregation of proteoglycans noncovalently bound to a long molecule of hyaluronic acid; involved in cross-linking the collagen fibrils of cartilage matrix.

aggregated
aggregated (ag′re-ga-ted)

Collected together, thereby forming a cluster, clump, or mass of individual units. SYN: agglomerate, agglomerated, agminate, agminated.

aggregation
aggregation (ag-re-ga′shun)

A crowded mass of independent but similar units; a cluster. SYN: agglomeration.
familial a. occurrence of a trait in more members of a family than can be readily accounted for by chance; presumptive but not cogent evidence of the operation of genetic factors.

aggregometer
aggregometer (ag-re-gom′e-ter)

An instrument for measuring platelet aggregation by monitoring over time the changes in optic density of a platelet suspension treated with aggregating agents such as ADP, collagen, epinephrine, etc.

aggressin
aggressin (a-gres′in)

A substance of microbial origin postulated to inhibit the resistance mechanisms of the host. [L. agressor, an assailant, fr. ad-gredio, pp. -gressus, to attack]

aggression
aggression (a-gresh′un)

A domineering, forceful, or assaultive verbal or physical action toward another person as the motor component of the affects of anger, hostility, or rage. [L. aggressio, fr. aggredior, to accost, attack]

aggressive
aggressive (a-gres′iv)

1. Denoting aggression. 2. Denoting a competitive forcefulness or invasiveness, as of a behavioral pattern, a pathogenic organism, or a disease process.

aging
aging (a′jing)

1. The process of growing old, especially by failure of replacement of cells in sufficient number to maintain full functional capacity; particularly affects cells ( e.g., neurons) incapable of mitotic division. 2. The gradual deterioration of a mature organism resulting from time-dependent, irreversible changes in structure that are intrinsic to the particular species, and that eventually lead to decreased ability to cope with the stresses of the environment, thereby increasing the probability of death. 3. In the cardiovascular system, the progressive replacement of functional cell types by fibrous connective tissue. 4. A demographic term, meaning an increase over time in the proportion of older persons in the population.
clonal a. the deterioration in successive generations of a clone; thus paramecia and other simple forms, if allowed to reproduce asexually for a number of generations, invariably undergo deterioration, the characters of each group of descendants progressively departing from those of the original sexually produced ancestor.

agitolalia
agitolalia (aj′i-to-la′le-a)

SYN: agitophasia.

agitophasia
agitophasia (aj′i-to-fa′ze-a)

Abnormally rapid speech in which words are imperfectly spoken or dropped out of a sentence. SYN: agitolalia. [L. agito, to hurry, + G. phasis, speech]

aglomerular
aglomerular (a-glo-mer′u-lar)

Having no glomeruli; said especially of a kidney in which the glomeruli have been destroyed, or kidneys of certain fish, e.g., toad fish, that possess tubules but no glomeruli.

aglossia
aglossia (a-glos′e-a)

Congenital absence of the tongue. [G. a- priv. + glossa, tongue]

aglossostomia
aglossostomia (a-glos-o-sto′me-a)

Congenital absence of the tongue, with a malformed (usually closed) mouth. [G. a- priv. + glossa, tongue, + stoma, mouth]

aglucon
aglucon (a-gloo′kon)

The portion of a glucoside other than the glucose. [G. a- priv. + glucose + -on]

aglutition
aglutition (a-gloo-tish′un)

Inability to swallow. SEE ALSO: dysphagia.

aglyca
aglyca, gen. aglycon (a-gli′kon)

aglycon
aglycon, aglycone, pl .aglyca (a-gli′kon)

The noncarbohydrate portion of a glycoside ( e.g., digoxigenin). [G. a- priv. + glykys, sweet]

aglycone
aglycone

See aglycon.

aglycosuria
aglycosuria (a-gli-ko-soo′re-a)

Absence of carbohydrate in the urine.

aglycosuric
aglycosuric (a-gli-ko-soo′rik)

Relating to aglycosuria.

agmen
agmen, pl .agmina (ag′men, ag′min-a)

Obsolete term for aggregation. [L. a multitude]
a. peyerianum SYN: aggregated lymphoid nodules of small intestine, under nodule.

agminate
agminate, agminated (ag′mi-nat, ag′mi-na-ted)

SYN: aggregated. [L. agmen, a multitude]

agnathia
agnathia (ag-na′the-a)

Congenital absence of the lower jaw, usually accompanied by approximation of the ears. SEE ALSO: otocephaly, synotia. [G. a- priv. + gnathos, jaw]

agnathous
agnathous (ag′na-thus)

Relating to agnathia.

agnea
agnea (ag-ne′a)

SYN: agnosia. [G. agnoia, want of perception]

agnogenic
agnogenic (ag-no-jen′ik)

SYN: idiopathic. [G. a- priv. + gnosis, knowledge, + genesis, origin]

agnosia
agnosia (ag-no′ze-a)

Impairment of ability to recognize, or comprehend the meaning of, various sensory stimuli, not attributable to disorders of the primary receptors or general intellect; agnosias are receptive defects caused by lesions in various portions of the cerebrum. SYN: agnea. [G. ignorance; from a- priv. + gnosis, knowledge]
auditory a. inability to recognize sounds, words, or music; caused by a lesion of the auditory cortex of the temporal lobe.
color a. inability to name or identify specific colors by sight; caused by lesions of the dominant occipital and temporal lobes.
finger a. inability to name or recognize individual fingers, of one's own or of other persons; most often caused by lesion of or near the angular gyrus of the dominant hemisphere.
gustatory a. inability to classify or identify a tastant, even though the ability to distinguish between or recognize tastants may be normal; may be general, partial, or specific.
localization a. inability to recognize the area where the skin is touched.
olfactory a. inability to classify or identify an odorant, although the ability to distinguish between or recognize odorants may be normal; may be general, partial, or specific.
optic a. SYN: visual a..
position a. failure to recognize the posture of an extremity.
tactile a. inability to recognize objects by touch, in the presence of intact cutaneous and proprioceptive hand sensation; caused by a lesion in the contralateral parietal lobe. SYN: astereognosis, stereoagnosis, stereoanesthesia.
visual a. inability to recognize objects by sight; usually caused by bilateral parieto-occipital lesions. SYN: optic a..
visual-spatial a. inability to localize objects or to appreciate distance, motion, and spatial relationships; caused by lesion in the occipital lobe. Cf.:simultanagnosia.

-agogue -agogue, -agog

Leading, promoting, stimulating; a promoter or stimulant of. [G. agogos, leading forth, fr. ago, to lead]

agomphious
agomphious (a-gom′-fe-us)

SYN: anodontia.

agomphosis
agomphosis, agomphiasis (ag-om-fo′sis, fi′a-sis)

SYN: anodontia. [G. a- priv. + gomphos, peg, bolt]

agonadal
agonadal (a-gon′a-dal)

Denoting the absence of gonads.

agonal
agonal (ag′on-al)

Relating to the process of dying or the moment of death, so called because of the former erroneous notion that dying is a painful process.

agonist
agonist (ag′on-ist)

1. Denoting a muscle in a state of contraction, with reference to its opposing muscle, or antagonist. 2. A drug capable of combining with receptors to initiate drug actions; it possesses affinity and intrinsic activity. [G. agon, a contest]

agony
agony (ag′o-ne)

Intense pain or anguish of body or mind. [G. agon, a struggle, trial]

agoraphobia
agoraphobia (ag′or-a-fo′be-a)

A mental disorder characterized by an irrational fear of leaving the familiar setting of home, or venturing into the open, so pervasive that a large number of external life situations are entered into reluctantly or are avoided; often associated with panic attacks. [G. agora, marketplace, + phobos, fear]

agoraphobic
agoraphobic (a-gor-a-fo′bik)

Relating to or characteristic of agoraphobia.

agouti
agouti (ah-gu′te)

SYN: Dasyprocta. [Fr., fr. native Indian]

-agra -agra

Sudden onslaught of acute pain. [G. agra, a hunting, a catching, a trap]

agraffe
agraffe (a-graf′)

An appliance for clamping together the edges of a wound, used in lieu of sutures. [Fr. agrafe, a hook, clasp]

agrammatica
agrammatica (ag-ra-mat′i-ka)

SYN: agrammatism.

agrammatism
agrammatism (a-gram′a-tizm)

A form of aphasia characterized by an inability to construct a grammatical sentence, and the use of unintelligible or incorrect words; caused by a lesion in the dominant temporal lobe. SYN: agrammatica, agrammatologia, jargon aphasia.

agrammatologia
agrammatologia (a-gram′ma-to-lo′je-a)

SYN: agrammatism.

agranulocyte
agranulocyte (a-gran′u-lo-sit)

A nongranular leukocyte. [G. a- priv. + L. granulum, granule, + G. kytos, cell]

agranulocytosis
agranulocytosis (a-gran′u-lo-si-to′sis)

An acute condition characterized by pronounced leukopenia with great reduction in the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (frequently less than 500 granulocytes/mm³); infected ulcers are likely to develop in the throat, intestinal tract, and other mucous membranes, as well as in the skin. SYN: agranulocytic angina, angina lymphomatosa, neutropenic angina.

agranuloplastic
agranuloplastic (a-gran′u-lo-plas′tik)

Capable of forming nongranular cells, and incapable of forming granular cells. [G. a- priv. + L. granulum, granule, + G. plastikos, formative]

agraphia
agraphia (a-graf′e-a)

Inability to write properly in the absence of abnormalities of the limb; often accompanies aphasia and alexia; caused by lesions in various portions of the cerebrum, especially those in or near the angular gyrus. SYN: graphic aphasia, graphomotor aphasia. [G. a- priv. + grapho, to write]
absolute a. a. in which not even unconnected letters can be written. SYN: atactic a., literal a..
acoustic a. inability to write from dictation.
amnemonic a. a. in which letters and words can be written, but not connected sentences.
atactic a. SYN: absolute a..
constructional a. an aghraphia in which letters and words can be written correctly, but not arranged appropriately on the writing surface.
literal a. SYN: absolute a..
motor a. a. due to muscular incoordination.
musical a. an inability to write musical notation.
verbal a. a. in which single letters can be written, but not words.

agraphic
agraphic (a-graf′ik)

Relating to or marked by agraphia.

agretope
agretope (ag-re′top)

That part of a processed antigen that binds to the major histocompatibility complex molecule.

ague
ague (a′goo)

1. Archaic term for malarial fever. 2. A chill. [Fr. aigu, acute]
brass founder's a. SYN: brass founder's fever.

AGUS
AGUS

Acronym for atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance, under cell. SEE ALSO: Bethesda system.

agyiophobia
agyiophobia (aj′e-o-fo′be-a)

A form of agoraphobia characterized by a morbid fear of being in the street. [G. agyia, street, + phobos, fear]

agyria
agyria (a-ji′re-a)

Congenital lack or underdevelopment of the convolutional pattern of the cerebral cortex. SYN: lissencephalia, lissencephaly. [G. a- priv. + gyros, circle]

ahaustral
ahaustral (a-hos′tral)

Lacking haustra, smooth; describing the appearance of the colon on radiographs of a barium enema in ulcerative colitis. [G. a- priv. + haustra]

AHF
AHF

Abbreviation for antihemophilic factor A.

AHG
AHG

Abbreviation for antihemophilic globulin.

aHyl
aHyl

Symbol for allohydroxylysine.

ahylognosia
ahylognosia (a-hi-log-no′se-a)

Inability to recognize differences of density, weight, and coarseness. [G. a- priv. + hyle, matter, + gnosis, recognition]

Aicardi
Aicardi

J. Dennis, 20th century French neurologist. See A. syndrome.

aichmophobia
aichmophobia (ik-mo-fo′be-a)

Morbid fear of being touched by the finger or any slender pointed object. [G. aichme, a point, + phobos, fear]

AID
AID

Abbreviation for donor of heterologous (artificial) insemination.
programmable hearing a. multichannel hearing a. that can use more than one level-dependent frequency response strategy.

aidoi- aidoi-, aidoio-

The genitals; corresponds to L. pudend-. [G. aidoia, shameful things, the genitals]

AIDS
AIDS (adz)

A deficiency of cellular immunity induced by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) and characterized by opportunistic diseases, including Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, Kaposi sarcoma, oral hairy leukoplakia, cytomegalovirus disease, tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) disease, candidal esophagitis, cryptosporidiosis, isosporiasis, cryptococcosis, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), herpes zoster, and lymphoma. HIV is transmitted from person to person in cell-rich body fluids (notably blood and semen) through sexual contact, sharing of contaminated needles (as by IV drug abusers), or other contact with contaminated blood (as in accidental needle sticks among health care workers). The primary targets of HIV are cells with the CD4 surface protein, including principally helper T lymphocytes. Antibody to HIV, which appears in the serum 6 weeks to 6 months after infection, serves as a reliable diagnostic marker but does not bind or inactivate HIV. Gradual decline in the CD4 lymphocyte count, typically occurring over a period of 10–12 years, culminates in loss of ability to resist opportunistic infections; the appearance of one or more of these defines the onset of A.. In some patients, generalized lymphadenopathy, fever, weight loss, dementia, and chronic diarrhea are associated with early stages of the disease. A. is uniformly lethal, most patients dying of one or more opportunistic infections or their complications within 2–5 years of the onset of symptoms. In the U.S., A. is the leading cause of death among men 25–44, and the fourth leading cause among women in the same age group. During the past 5 years, the mortality of the disease and rates of perinatal transmission have declined substantially, as has transmission among homosexual men and intravenous drug users. Meanwhile heterosexual transmission and case rates among blacks and Hispanics have increased. Some 50 million people are estimated to be infected worldwide, with the highest incidence in some Central and East African countries, where as many as 25% of the adult population may be HIV-positive. Besides prophylaxis against opportunistic infection, standard therapy of HIV infection includes use of nucleoside analogs (didanoxine, lamivudine, ribavirin, stavudine, zidovudine), nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (delavirine, efavirenz, nevirapine), and protease inhibitors (crixivan, indinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir). SEE ALSO: human immunodeficiency virus. SYN: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. [acronym, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome] The development of effective antiretroviral agents (reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors) and of quantitative plasma HIV RNA assays that can monitor progression of disease and response to treatment has shifted the goal of management in A. from prophylaxis and treatment of opportunistic infections to achievement of remission through suppressive therapy. Immune compromise is monitored by serial CD4 counts; viral replication, by plasma HIV RNA assay (viral load). Indications for starting antiretroviral therapy are the appearance of symptoms of opportunistic infection, decline of the CD4 count below 500/mm₃, or viral load exceeding 5000 copies/mL. Protease inhibitors have been shown to be highly effective antiretroviral agents, and standard treatment regimens combining 2 reverse transcriptase inhibitors with 1 protease inhibitor (“triple therapy”) have clearly demonstrated superiority over monotherapy. However, these drugs are expensive; in 2000 the annual cost of therapy and monitoring exceeded $10,000. Regimens are often complex, with varying requirements for fasting and timing of doses, and adverse effects and drug interactions are common. Protease inhibitors have been associated with elevation of cholesterol and triglycerides, insulin resistance, and disfiguring lipodystrophy. Strains of HIV resistant to all available protease inhibitors have appeared. The rationale for current A. regimens is an effort to eradicate HIV infection by inhibiting spread of virus to new cells until all infected cells have died. However, no one has ever been cured of A.. A small number of resting CD4 memory cells in treated patients with undetectable plasma HIV RNA levels harbor HIV proviral DNA capable of replication, and these cells may survive for months or years. Macrophages and CNS neurons may serve as an anatomic sanctuary for HIV to which antiretroviral drugs cannot penetrate in adequate concentration. When antiretroviral therapy is initiated early, CD4 helper cell counts rise, CD4 cell activity is preserved, and HIV RNA levels may remain undetectable for long periods. However, in about 50% of patients with advanced disease, even multidrug regimens fail to suppress plasma viral RNA to undetectable levels. Many treatment failures result from poor compliance with multidrug regimens. One-fourth of patients queried admit to allowing themselves occasional “drug holidays.” Failure of one therapeutic regimen often precludes success with others because of the high degree of cross-resistance among antiretroviral drugs. After failure of an initial regimen, genotypic testing can be used to identify mutations in the HIV genome that confer resistance to one or more classes of HIV drugs. In a significant number of patients, opportunistic infections continue despite restoration of CD4 counts, probably because some T-cell subpopulations have been annihilated by HIV infection and are not recoverable even after viral suppression. Hence prophylaxis against opportunistic infections remains an essential component of the management of HIV disease. Moreover, even HIV-infected persons with undetectable viral loads must still be considered infectious. Evolving standards of treatment in HIV disease include aggressive therapy of the acute phase of infection and prophylactic administration of antiretroviral therapy after accidental needlestick or sexual assault. Efforts to develop a vaccine against HIV have been hampered by the unique properties of the virus and the long incubation period of A.. A bivalent vaccine that elicits antibody to the outer shell protein of HIV is in Phase III trials. Many authorities believe that an effective vaccine must also stimulate cell-mediated immunity.

AIH
AIH

Abbreviation for homologous (artificial) insemination.

AILD
AILD

Abbreviation for angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia.

aIle
aIle

Abbreviation for alloisoleucine.

ailurophobia
ailurophobia (i′loo-ro-fo′be-a, a′lu-)

Morbid fear of or aversion to cats. [G. ailouros, cat, + phobos, fear]

ainhum
ainhum (i′um)

An acquired slowly progressive painful fibrous constriction that develops in the digitoplantar fold, usually of the little toe, gradually resulting in spontaneous amputation of the toe; most commonly affects black males in the tropics. [fr. Af. (Lagos), to saw]

AIR
AIR

Abbreviation for 5-aminoimidazole ribose 5′-phosphate and 5-aminoimidazole ribotide.

air
air (ar)

1. A mixture of odorless gases found in the atmosphere in the following approximate percentages by volume after water vapor has been removed: oxygen, 20.95; nitrogen, 78.08; argon 0.93; carbon dioxide, 0.03; other gases, 0.01. Formerly used to mean any respiratory gas, regardless of its composition. 2. SYN: ventilate. [G. aer; L. aer]
alveolar a. SYN: alveolar gas.
complemental a. SYN: inspiratory reserve volume.
complementary a. SYN: inspiratory capacity.
functional residual a. SYN: functional residual capacity.
a. hunger extremely deep ventilation such as occurs in patients with acidosis attempting to increase ventilation of alveoli and exhale more carbon dioxide. SEE ALSO: Kussmaul respiration.
liquid a. a. that, by means of intense cold and pressure, has been liquefied.
minimal a. the volume of gas that remains in the lungs and cannot be expelled after they have been removed from the body, or after the chest has been opened.
reserve a. SYN: expiratory reserve volume.
residual a. SYN: residual volume.
supplemental a. SYN: expiratory reserve volume.
tidal a. SYN: tidal volume.
vitiated a. a. containing a reduced percentage of oxygen.

Aird
Aird

Robert B., U.S. neurologist, *1903. See Flynn-A. syndrome.

airsickness
airsickness

A condition resembling seasickness or other forms of motion sickness occurring in airplane or space flight as a result of erratic and continuous stimuli of the inner ear.

airspace
airspace (ar′spas)

Pertaining to the portion of the lung distal to the conducting airways or bronchi; alveolar.

airtrapping
airtrapping (ar-trap′ing)

Slow or incomplete emptying of gas from all or part of a lung on expiration; implies obstruction of regional airways or emphysema.

airway
airway (ar′wa)

1. Any part of the respiratory tract through which air passes during breathing. 2. In anesthesia or resuscitation, a device for correcting obstruction to breathing, especially an oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal a., endotracheal a., or tracheotomy tube.
anatomic a. SYN: anatomic dead space.
conducting a. the a. from the nasal cavity to a terminal bronchiole.
Guedel a. oropharyngeal a. used to ensure a. patency during general anesthesia.
lower a. the portion of the respiratory tract that extends from the subglottis to and including the terminal bronchioles.
neurogenic a. upper-a. obstruction due to abnormal muscle tone in the upper a.; found in patients with severe developmental delay or brain injury, and especially in those with spastic quadriplegia.
respiratory a. that part of the a. where interchange of gases occurs; it includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, sacs, and alveoli.
upper a. the portion of the respiratory tract that extends from the nares or mouth to and including the larynx.

Ajellomyces capsulatum
Ajellomyces capsulatum (ah-je-lo-mi′sez kap-soo-la′tum)

The ascomycetous (perfect, sexual, teleomorph) state of Histoplasma capsulatum. SYN: Emmonsiella capsulata.

Ajellomyces dermatitidis
Ajellomyces dermatitidis (ah-je-lo-mi′sez der-ma-tit′i-dis)

The perfect (teleomorph) state of the fungus Blastomyces dermatitidis; the (+) and (-) mating types cause disease with equal frequency. This sexual state is placed in the family Gymnoascaceae.

ajmaline
ajmaline (aj′ma-len)

An indole alkaloid from the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina, related to reserpine, serpentine, and yohimbine; has been used for treatment of hypertension and as a tranquilizer or sedative.

ajowan oil
ajowan oil (aj′o-wan)

A volatile oil distilled from the fruit of Carum copticum, one of the sources of thymol; a carminative, aromatic, and expectorant. SYN: ptychotis oil.

akanthion
akanthion (a-kan′the-on)

SYN: acanthion.

akaryocyte
akaryocyte (a-kar′e-o-sit)

A cell without a nucleus (karyon), such as the erythrocyte. SYN: acaryote, akaryote. [G. a- priv. + karyon, kernel, + kytos, a hollow (cell)]

akaryote
akaryote (a-kar′e-ot)

SYN: akaryocyte. [G. a- priv. + karyon, kernel]

akathisia
akathisia (ak-a-thiz′e-a)

A syndrome characterized by an inability to remain in a sitting posture, with motor restlessness and a feeling of muscular quivering; may appear as a side effect of antipsychotic and neuroleptic medication. SYN: acathisia. [G. a- priv. + kathisis, a sitting]

akembe
akembe (a-kem′be)

SYN: onyalai.

Åkerlund
Åkerlund

A. Olof, Swedish radiologist, 1885–1958. See Åkerlund deformity.

akinesia
akinesia (a-ki-ne′se-a, a-ki-)

1. Absence or loss of the power of voluntary movement, due to an extrapyramidal disorder. 2. Obsolete term denoting the postsystolic interval of rest of the heart. 3. A neurosis accompanied by paretic symptoms. SYN: akinesis. [G. a- priv. + kinesis, movement]
a. algera a condition marked by severe generalized pain produced by any movement; often of psychogenic origin. [G. algos, pain]
a. amnestica loss of muscular power from disuse.

akinesic
akinesic (a-ki-ne′sik, a-ki-)

SYN: akinetic.

akinesis
akinesis (a-ki-ne′sis, a-ki-)

SYN: akinesia.

akinesthesia
akinesthesia (a-kin′es-the′ze-a)

Inability to perceive movement or position. Absence of the sense of perception of movement or of the muscular sense. [G. a- priv. + kinesis, motion, + aisthesis, sensation]

akinetic
akinetic (a-ki-net′ik, -ki-net′ik)

Relating to or suffering from akinesia. SYN: akinesic.

akiyami
akiyami (ah-ke-yah′me)

SYN: hasamiyami.

aklomide
aklomide (ak′lo-mid)

A coccidiostat used in veterinary practice.

aknemia
aknemia

See acnemia.

AKNF
AKNF

Abbreviation for Adair-Koshland-Némethy-Filmer model.

Al
Al

Symbol for aluminum.

ALA
ALA

Abbreviation for δ-aminolevulinic acid.

Ala
Ala

Symbol for alanine or its mono- or diradical.

ala
ala, gen. and pl. alae (a′la, a′le)

1. [TA] SYN: wing. 2. Pronounced, longitudinal cuticular ridges in nematodes, usually found in larval stages (Ascaris lumbricoides), although occasionally present in adult worm (Enterobius vermicularis). [L. wing]
a. auris SYN: auricle (1) .
a. cerebelli SYN: wing of central lobule.
a. cinerea SYN: vagal (nerve) trigone.
a. cristae galli [TA] SYN: a. of crista galli.
a. of crista galli [TA] a small lateral expansion of the ethmoid bone from the front of the crista galli on each side that articulates with the frontal bone and forms the foramen cecum. SYN: a. cristae galli [TA] , alar process, wing of crista galli.
a. of ilium [TA] the upper flaring portion of the ilium. SYN: a. ossis ilii [TA] , wing of ilium&star.
alae lingulae cerebelli SYN: lingula of cerebellum.
a. lobulis centralis [TA] SYN: wing of central lobule.
a. major ossis sphenoidalis [TA] SYN: greater wing of sphenoid (bone).
a. minor ossis sphenoidalis [TA] SYN: lesser wing of sphenoid (bone).
a. nasi [TA] SYN: a. of nose.
a. of nose [TA] the outer, more or less flaring, wall of each nostril. SYN: a. nasi [TA] , pinna nasi, wing of nose.
a. orbitalis SYN: lesser wing of sphenoid (bone).
a. ossis ilii [TA] SYN: a. of ilium.
a. sacralis [TA] SYN: a. of sacrum.
a. of sacrum [TA] the upper surface of the lateral part of the sacrum adjacent to the body. SYN: a. sacralis [TA] , wing of sacrum&star.
a. temporalis SYN: greater wing of sphenoid (bone).
a. of vomer [TA] an everted lip on either side of the upper border of the vomer, between which fits the rostrum of the sphenoid bone. SYN: a. vomeris [TA] , wing of vomer.
a. vomeris [TA] SYN: a. of vomer.

alacrima
alacrima (a-lak′re-ma)

Deficiency of tear secretion. [G. a- priv. + L. lacrima, tear]

Alagille
Alagille

Daniel, French physician, *1925. See A. syndrome.

Alajouanine
Alajouanine

Théophile, French neurologist, 1890–1980. See Foix-A. myelitis, Foix-A. syndrome.

alalia
alalia (a-la′le-a)

Mutism; inability to speak. See aphonia. [G. a- priv. + lalia, talking]

alalic
alalic (a-lal′ik)

Relating to alalia.

alanine
alanine (A, Ala) (al′a-nen)

2-Aminopropionic acid; α-aminopropionic acid;the l-stereoisomer is one of the amino acids widely occurring in proteins.

alanine aminotransferase
alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

An enzyme transferring amino groups from l-alanine to 2-ketoglutarate, or the reverse (from l-glutamate to pyruvate); there is a d-alanine transaminase that effects the same reaction, but using d-alanine and d-glutamate. Serum concentration is increased in viral hepatitis and myocardial infarction. SYN: alanine transaminase, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase.

alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase
alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase

An enzyme that reversibly catalyzes the transfer of an amino group of l-alanine to glyoxylate, thus producing pyruvate and glycine. An inherited disorder that results in an alteration of a. activity is associated with primary hyperoxaluria type I.

alanine-oxomalonate aminotransferase
alanine-oxomalonate aminotransferase

An enzyme that accomplishes the reversible transfer of the amino groups from l-alanine to oxomalonate, an action similar to that of alanine aminotransferase, producing pyruvate and aminomalonate.

alanine racemase
alanine racemase

An enzyme, requiring pyridoxal phosphate as coenzyme, that catalyzes the reversible racemization of l-alanine to d-alanine; found in various microorganisms, where it plays a role in the biosynthesis of the d-amino acids present in the capsular proteins.

alanine transaminase
alanine transaminase

SYN: alanine aminotransferase.

alanosine
alanosine (a-lan′o-sen)

An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces alanosinicus; possesses antineoplastic and antiviral activity.

Alanson
Alanson

Edward, British surgeon, 1747–1823. See A. amputation.

alantin
alantin (a-lan′tin)

SYN: inulin.

alantol
alantol (al′an-tol)

A yellowish liquid obtained by distillation from the root of Inula helenium or elecampane; used internally as an irritating tonic and externally as a mild rubefacient. SYN: inulol.

alant starch
alant starch (a-lant′)

SYN: inulin.

alanyl
alanyl (al′a-nil)

The acyl radical of alanine.

alar
alar (a′lar)

1. Relating to a wing; winged. 2. SYN: axillary. 3. Relating to the wings (ala) of such structures as the nose, sphenoid, sacrum, etc.

ALARA
ALARA

Acronym for a philosophy of use of radiation based on using dosages as low as reasonably achievable to attain the desired diagnostic, therapeutic, or other goal.

alarmone
alarmone (a-lar′mon)

A biochemical whose synthesis increases under certain stress conditions (for example, a nutritional deficiency affecting certain enzymes). [alarm + -mone]

alastrim
alastrim (a-las′trim)

A mild form of smallpox caused by a less virulent strain of the virus. SYN: Cuban itch, Kaffir pox, milkpox, pseudosmallpox, pseudovariola, variola minor, West Indian smallpox, whitepox. [Pg. alastrar, to scatter over]

alba
alba (al′ba)

SYN: white matter. [fem. of L. albus, white]

Albarran y Dominguez
Albarran y Dominguez

Joaquin, Cuban urologist, 1860–1912. See Albarran glands, under gland, Albarran test, A. tubules, under tubule.

albedo
albedo (al-be′do)

A white area of the retina due to edema or infarction. [L. whiteness]

Albers-Schönberg
Albers-Schönberg

Heinrich E., German radiologist, 1865–1921. See Albers-Schönberg disease.

Albert
Albert

Eduard, Austrian surgeon, 1841–1900. See A. suture.

Albert
Albert

Henry, U.S. physician, 1878–1930. See A. stain.

albicans
albicans, pl .albicantia (al′bi-kanz, -kan′te-a)

1. SYN: white. 2. SYN: corpus a.. [L.]

albiduria
albiduria (al-bi-doo′re-a)

The passing of pale or white urine of low specific gravity, as in chyluria. SYN: albinuria. [L. albidus, whitish, + G. ouron, urine]

albidus
albidus (al′bi-dus)

White, whitish. [L.]

Albini
Albini

Giuseppe, Italian physiologist, 1827–1911. See A. nodules, under nodule.

albinism
albinism (al′bi-nizm)

A group of inherited (usually autosomal recessive) disorders with deficiency or absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes, or eyes only, due to an abnormality in production of melanin. See ocular a., piebaldism. [albino + ism]
Åland Island a. SYN: ocular a. 2.
cutaneous a. [MIM*126070] SYN: piebaldism.
Forsius-Eriksson a. SYN: ocular a. 2.
Nettleshop-Falls a. SYN: ocular a. 1.
ocular a. [MIM*300650 & *300700] absence of pigment chiefly in the iris, choroid, and retinal epithelium.
ocular a. 1 [MIM*300500] type of ocular a. characterized by depigmentation of the fundus and prominent choroidal vessels, nystagmus, and titubation; vision is usually impaired; caused by mutation in the OA1 gene on chromosome Xp; X-linked inheritance. SYN: Nettleshop-Falls a..
ocular a. 2 [MIM*300600] type of ocular a. characterized by hypoplasia of the fovea, marked impairment of vision, nystagmus, myopia, astigmatism, and protanomalous color blindness, in addition to a. of the fundus. SYN: Åland Island a., Forsius-Eriksson a..
ocular a. 3 [MIM*203310] type of ocular a. characterized by impaired vision, translucent irides, congenital nystagmus, photophobia, albinotic fundi with hyperplasia of the fovea, and strabismus; caused by mutation in the pinkeye gene (P) on 6q; autosomal recessive inheritance.
ocular ALBINISM with late-onset sensorineural deafness [MIM*300650] x-linked inheritance.
ocular a. with sensorineural deafness [MIM*103470] Waardenburg syndrome, type II.. See Waardenburg syndrome.
oculocutaneous a. a disorder characterized by deficiency of pigment in skin, hair, and eyes, photophobia, nystagmus, and decreased visual acuity; there are two groups: tyrosinase-negative [MIM*203100] in which there is absence of tyrosinase, and tyrosinase-positive [MIM*203200] in which normal tyrosinase cannot enter pigment cells; the compound heterozygote is normal so the two forms are not allelic. There are several forms of autosomal recessive inheritance: type IA is characterized by absence of tyrosinase with life-long complete absence of melanin, marked photophobia, and nystagmus, caused by mutation in the tyrosinase gene (TYR) on chromosome 11q. Type II has normal tyrosinase activity and is the most common; hair darkens and nevi and freckles develop; caused by mutation in the oculocutaneous abinism gene (OCA2) on 15q. Type III is characterized by absent tyrosinase but pigmentation of the iris in the first decade; caused by mutation in the tyrosine-related protein-1gene (TYRP1) on 9p. Type IV is found in Africans with normal tyrosinase and type V is associated with red hair. Type VI is synonymous to Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome [MIM*203300], with low to absent tyrosinase and hemorrhage due to platelet deficiency, caused by mutation in the Hermansky-Pudlak gene (HPS) on 10q.
rufous a. SYN: xanthism.

albino
albino (al-bi′no)

An individual with albinism. [Pg., little white one, fr. albo, white, fr. L. albus + -ino, dim. suffix]

albinotic
albinotic (al-bi-not′ik)

Pertaining to albinism.

albinuria
albinuria (al-bi-noo′re-a)

SYN: albiduria.

Albinus
Albinus, Weiss

Bernhard S., German anatomist and surgeon, 1697–1770. See A. muscle.

albocinereous
albocinereous (al-bo-si-ne′re-us)

Relating to both the white and the gray matter of the brain or spinal cord. [L. albus, white, + cinereus, ashen, fr. cinis (ciner-), ashes]

Albrecht
Albrecht

Karl M.P., German anatomist, 1851–1894. See A. bone.

Albright
Albright

Fuller, U.S. physician, 1900–1969. See A. disease, A. syndrome, A. hereditary osteodystrophy, Forbes-A. syndrome, McCune-A. syndrome.

albuginea
albuginea (al-bu-jin′e-a)

A white fibrous tissue layer, such as the tunica a.. See tunica a., tunica a. of corpus spongiosum, tunica a. of corpora cavernosa, tunica a. oculi, tunica a. of testis. [L. albugineus, fr. albugo, white spot]

albugineotomy
albugineotomy (al-bu-jin-e-ot′o-me)

Incision into any tunica albuginea. [albuginea + G. tome, cutting]

albugineous
albugineous (al-bu-jin′e-us)

1. Resembling boiled white of egg. 2. Relating to any tunica albuginea. [L. albugineus, fr. albugo, white spot]

albumen
albumen (al-bu′men)

SYN: ovalbumin. [see albumin]

albumin
albumin (al-bu′min)

A type of simple protein, varieties of which are widely distributed throughout the tissues and fluids of plants and animals; a. is soluble in pure water, precipitable from solution by strong acids, and coagulable by heat in acid or neutral solution. [L. albumen (-min-), the white of egg]
a. A the normal or common type of human serum a..
acetosoluble a. SYN: Patein a..
a. B inherited a. variants, under variant.
Bence Jones a. Bence Jones proteins, under protein.
blood a. SYN: serum a..
bovine serum a. (BSA) a source of a. commonly used in in vitro biologic studies.
dried human a. SYN: normal human serum a..
egg a. SYN: ovalbumin.
a. Ghent inherited a. variants, under variant.
iodinated ¹³¹I human serum a. a sterile, buffered, isotonic solution prepared to contain not less than 10 mg of radioiodinated normal human serum a. per ml, and adjusted to provide not more than 1 mCi of radioactivity per ml; used as a diagnostic aid in the measurement of blood volume and cardiac output.
iodinated ¹²⁵I serum a. a sterile, buffered, isotonic solution prepared to contain not less than 10 mg of radioiodinated normal human serum a. per ml, and adjusted to provide not more than 1 mCi of radioactivity per ml; used as a diagnostic aid in determining blood volume and cardiac output. SYN: radioiodinated serum a..
macroaggregated a. (MAA) conglomerates of human serum a. in a suspension; usually refers to particles 10 to 50 μm in size; used as a tagged agent for lung scintigraphy.
a. Mexico inherited a. variants, under variant.
a. Naskapi inherited a. variants, under variant.
native a. a. existing in its natural state, the two principal forms being serum a. and egg a.; it is soluble in water and not precipitated by diluted acids.
normal human serum a. a sterile preparation of serum a. obtained by fractionating blood plasma proteins from healthy persons; used as a transfusion material and to treat edema due to hypoproteinemia. SYN: dried human a..
Patein a. a substance resembling serum a., but soluble in acetic acid. SYN: acetosoluble a..
plasma a. SYN: serum a..
radioiodinated serum a. (RISA) SYN: iodinated ¹²⁵I serum a..
a. Reading inherited a. variants, under variant.
serum a. the principal protein in plasma, present in blood plasma and in serous fluids. Participates in fatty acid transport and helps regulate the osmotic pressure of blood. It will also bind hormones, bilirubin, and drugs. SYN: blood a., plasma a., seralbumin.
a. tannate an astringent powder obtained by the action of tannic acid on a.; contains about 50% tannic acid; used as an astringent disinfectant in diarrhea and as a dusting powder.

albuminate
albuminate (al-bu′min-at)

The product of the reaction between native albumin and dilute acids or dilute bases, thereby resulting in acid albuminates or alkali albuminates; both types are characterized by solubility in dilute acid or alkali, and relative insolubility in water, dilute solutions of salts, and alcohol.

albuminaturia
albuminaturia (al-bu′mi-na-too′re-a)

The presence of an abnormally large quantity of albuminates in the urine when voided. [albuminate + G. ouron, urine]

albuminiferous
albuminiferous (al-bu-min-if′er-us)

Producing albumin. [albumin + L. fero, to bear]

albuminiparous
albuminiparous (al-bu-min-ip′ar-us)

Forming albumin. [albumin + L. pario, to bring forth]

albuminogenous
albuminogenous (al-bu-min-oj′en-us)

Producing or forming albumin.

albuminoid
albuminoid (al-bu′min-oyd)

1. Resembling albumin. 2. Any protein. 3. A simple type of protein, insoluble in neutral solvents, present in horny and cartilaginous tissues and in the lens of the eye; e.g., keratin, elastin, collagen. SYN: glutinoid, scleroprotein.

albuminolysis
albuminolysis (al-bu-min-ol′i-sis)

Proteolysis; often, specifically the proteolysis of albumins. [albumin + G. lysis, dissolution]

albuminoptysis
albuminoptysis (al-bu-mi-nop′ti-sis)

Albuminous expectoration. [albumin + G. ptysis, a spitting]

albuminorrhea
albuminorrhea (al-bu-min-o-re′a)

SYN: albuminuria. [albumin + G. rhoia, a flow]

albuminous
albuminous (al-bu′min-us)

Relating to, containing, or consisting of albumin.

albuminuria
albuminuria (al-bu-mi-noo′re-a)

Presence of protein in urine, chiefly albumin but also globulin; usually indicative of disease, but sometimes resulting from a temporary or transient dysfunction. SYN: albuminorrhea, proteinuria (2) . [albumin + G. ouron, urine]
adolescent a. functional a. occurring at about the time of puberty; it is usually cyclic or orthostatic a..
adventitious a. a. resulting from the presence of blood escaping somewhere in the urinary tract, of chyle, or of some other albuminous fluid, not caused by filtration of albumin from the blood through the kidneys. SYN: false a..
a. of athletes a form of functional a. following excessive muscular exertion.
Bamberger a. obsolete term for hematogenous a. that is sometimes observed during the later phases of advanced anemia.
benign a. a collective term for types that are not the result of pathologic changes in the kidneys. SYN: essential a..
cardiac a. a. caused by congestive heart failure.
colliquative a. an a. that is at first slight in degree, but unexpectedly becomes greatly increased during convalescence from highly febrile disease, e.g., typhoid fever.
cyclic a. a functional a. sometimes observed intermittently in cycles of 12–36 hours' duration, chiefly in younger persons; the degree of a. is usually slight. SYN: recurrent a..
dietetic a. the excretion of protein in the urine following the ingestion of certain foods.
essential a. SYN: benign a..
false a. SYN: adventitious a..
febrile a. a. associated with fever.
functional a. a collective term denoting types of benign a. that are associated with physical exertion or other conditions in which there are physiologic changes such as during pregnancy or adolescence. SYN: physiologic a. (2) .
intermittent a. functional a. occurring at intervals, such as cyclic a. or a. of athletes.
lordotic a. so-called on the theory that the a. results from pressure due to lordosis in the lumbar spine.
neuropathic a. a. associated with epilepsy or other convulsive disorders, trauma to the brain, and cerebral hemorrhage.
orthostatic a. the appearance of albumin in the urine when the patient is erect and its disappearance when recumbent. SYN: orthostatic proteinuria, postural proteinuria, postural a..
physiologic a. 1. presence of slight traces of protein in otherwise normal urine; 2. SYN: functional a..
postrenal a. a. caused by disease distal to the kidney.
postural a. SYN: orthostatic a..
prerenal a. a. caused by disease other than disease of the kidney or genitourinary tract.
recurrent a. SYN: cyclic a..
regulatory a. transitory a. occurring after unusual physical exertion.
transient a. a. of a temporary or short-lived nature.

albuminuric
albuminuric (al-bu-mi-noo′rik)

Relating to or characterized by albuminuria.

albuterol
albuterol (al-bu′ter-ol)

A sympathomimetic bronchodilator with relatively selective effects on β₂ receptors, by inhalation. SYN: salbutamol.

Alcaligenes
Alcaligenes (al-ka-lij′en-ez)

A genus of Gram-negative, rod-shaped, nonfermenting bacteria (family Achromobacteraceae) which are either motile and peritrichous or nonmotile. They are strictly aerobic; some strains are capable of anaerobic respiration in the presence of nitrate or nitrite; their metabolism is respiratory, never fermentative; they do not use carbohydrates. Found mostly in the intestinal canal, decaying materials, dairy products, water, and soil; they can be isolated from human respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts and wounds in hospitalized patients with compromised immune systems; occasionally the cause of opportunistic infections, including nosocomial septicemia. Type species is A. faecalis. [alkali + G. -gen, producing]

alcapton
alcapton (al-kap′ton)

SYN: homogentisic acid.

alcaptonuria
alcaptonuria, alkaptonuria (al-kap-to-noo′re-a) [MIM*203500]

Excretion of homogentisic acid (alkapton) in the urine due to congenital lack of the enzyme homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase, which mediates an essential step in the catabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine; urine turns dark if allowed to stand or is alkalinized (a result of formation of polymerization products of homogentisic acid); frequently occurs throughout relatively long periods or may recur and subside at irregular intervals; arthritis and ochronosis are late complications; autosomal recessive inheritance; caused by mutation in the homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase gene (HGD) on chromosome 3q. [alkapton + G. ouron, urine]

alcaptonuric
alcaptonuric, alkaptonuric (al-kap-to-noo-rik;)

1. Relating to alcaptonuria. 2. A person with alcaptonuria.

Alcian blue
Alcian blue (al′se-an) [C.I. 74240]

A complex phthalocyanin dye used as a stain to distinguish sulfomucins from sialomucins and uronic acid mucins, to demonstrate sulfated polysaccharides, and to detect glycoproteins in electrophoresis; often used in combination with PAS or aldehyde fuchsin.

alclofenac
alclofenac (al-klo′fe-nak)

An anti-inflammatory agent.

alclometasone
alclometasone (al-klo-met′a-son)

A potent corticosteroid used as the 17,21-dipropionate in topical therapy for psoriasis and other deep-seated dermatoses.

Alcock
Alcock

Benjamin, Irish anatomist, 1801–?. See A. canal.

alcogel
alcogel (al′ko-jel)

A hydrogel, with alcohol instead of water as the dispersion medium.

alcohol
alcohol (al′ko-hol)

1. One of a series of organic chemical compounds in which a hydrogen (H) attached to carbon is replaced by a hydroxyl (OH); alcohols react with acids to form esters and with alkali metals to form alcoholates. For individual alcohols not listed here, see specific name. 2. CH₃CH₂OH;made from sugar, starch, and other carbohydrates by fermentation with yeast, and synthetically from ethylene or acetylene. It has been used in beverages and as a solvent, vehicle, and preservative; medicinally, it is used externally as a rubefacient, coolant, and disinfectant, and has been used internally as an analgesic, stomachic, sedative, and antipyretic. SYN: ethanol, ethyl a., grain a., rectified spirit, wine spirit. 3. The azeotropic mixture of CH₃CH₂OH and water (92.3% by weight of ethanol at 15.56°C). [Ar. al, the, + kohl, fine antimonial powder, the term being applied first to a fine powder, then to anything impalpable (spirit)]
absolute a. 1. 100% a., water having been removed; SYN: anhydrous a.. 2. a. with a minimum admixture of water, at most 1%. SYN: dehydrated a..
acid a. ethyl a. (70%) containing 1% hydrochloric acid.
anhydrous a. SYN: absolute a. (1) .
bile a. one of a group of polyhydroxylated alcohols derived from cholestane.
dehydrated a. SYN: absolute a. (2) .
denatured a. ethyl a. rendered unfit for consumption as a beverage by the addition of one or several chemicals for commercial purposes ( e.g., methanol, aldehol, sucrose octa-acetate). SYN: industrial methylated spirit, methylated spirit.
dihydric a. a. containing two OH groups in its molecule; e.g., ethylene glycol.
dilute a. an a. in water mixtures of various concentrations, e.g., 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 45, 25, and 20% v/v of C₂H₅OH.
fatty a. a long chain a., analogous to the fatty acids, of which the fatty a. may be viewed as a reduction product; e.g., octadecanol from stearic acid. It is often found esterified in waxes. SYN: wax a..
grain a. SYN: a. (2) .
methyl a. CH₃OH;a flammable, toxic, mobile liquid, used as an industrial solvent, antifreeze, and in chemical manufacture; ingestion may result in severe acidosis, visual impairment, and other effects on the central nervous system. SYN: carbinol, methanol, pyroligneous a., pyroligneous spirit, pyroxylic spirit, wood a., wood naphtha, wood spirit.
monohydric a. an a. containing one OH group.
multiple a. an a. containing more than one OH group.
polyoxyethylene alcohols used as emulsifying and wetting agents, antistats, solubilizers, defoamers, and other industrial applications. Laureth 9 as spermaticide; pharmaceutic aid (surfactant).
primary a. an a. characterized by the univalent radical, &cbond;CH₂OH.
pyroligneous a. SYN: methyl a..
rubbing a. an alcoholic mixture intended for external use; it usually contains 70% by volume of absolute a. or isopropyl a.; the remainder consists of water, denaturants (with and without coal tar colors), and perfume oils; used as a rubefacient for muscle and joint aches and pains.
secondary a. an a. characterized by the bivalent atom group,
sugar a. sugar a..
tertiary a. an a. characterized by the trivalent atom group,
trihydric a. an a. containing three OH groups; e.g., glycerol.
unsaturated alcohols those alcohols whose carbon chains contain one or more double or triple bonds.
wax a. SYN: fatty a..

alcohol acids
alcohol acids

A group of compounds that contain both the carboxyl and hydroxy radicals; e.g., glycolic acid.

alcoholate
alcoholate (al-ko-hol′at)

1. A tincture or other preparation containing alcohol. 2. A chemical compound in which the hydrogen in the OH group of an alcohol is replaced by an alkali metal; e.g., sodium methylate, CH₃ONa.

alcohol dehydrogenase
alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)

An oxidoreductase that reversibly converts an alcohol to an aldehyde (or ketone) with NAD⁺ as the H acceptor. For example, ethanol + NAD⁺ ⇆ acetaldehyde + NADH. SEE ALSO: a. (acceptor), a. (NADP⁺).

alcohol dehydrogenase (acceptor)
alcohol dehydrogenase (acceptor)

An oxidoreductase that reversibly converts primary alcohols to aldehydes with an H acceptor other than NADP⁺.

alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP+)
alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP⁺)

An oxidoreductase reversibly converting alcohols to aldehydes (or ketones) with NAD(P)⁺ as H acceptor. SYN: aldehyde reductase.

alcoholic
alcoholic (al-ko-hol′ik)

1. Relating to, containing, or produced by alcohol. 2. One who suffers from alcoholism. 3. One who abuses or is dependent upon alcohol.

alcoholism
alcoholism (al′ko-hol-izm)

Chronic alcohol abuse, dependence, or addiction; chronic excessive drinking of alcoholic beverages resulting in impairment of health and/or social or occupational functioning, and increasing adaptation to the effects of alcohol requiring increasing doses to achieve and sustain a desired effect; specific signs and symptoms of withdrawal usually are shown upon sudden cessation of such drinking. SYN: alcohol addiction.
acute a. a temporary deterioration in mental function, accompanied by muscular incoordination and paresis, induced by the rapid ingestion of alcoholic beverages. SYN: intoxication (2) .
chronic a. a pathologic condition, affecting chiefly the nervous and gastroenteric systems, associated with impairment in social and occupational functioning, caused by the habitual use of alcoholic beverages in toxic amounts.

alcoholization
alcoholization (al′ko-hol-i-za′shun)

Permeation or saturation with alcohol.

alcoholophobia
alcoholophobia (al′ko-hol-o-fo′be-a)

Morbid fear of alcohol, or of becoming an alcoholic. [alcohol + G. phobos, fear]

alcoholysis
alcoholysis (al-ko-hol′i-sis)

Splitting of a chemical bond with the addition of the elements of alcohol at the point of splitting. [alcohol + G. lysis, dissolution]

alcuronium chloride
alcuronium chloride (al-kur-o′ne-um)

A skeletal muscle relaxant active as a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent, resembling curare.

ALD
ALD

Abbreviation for adrenoleukodystrophy.

aldadiene
aldadiene (al-da-di′en)

A metabolite of spironolactone that contains double bonds between C-4 and C-5 and between C-6 and C-7; formed upon removal of the 7α-acetylthiol side chain from spironolactone and as potent a diuretic as the parent compound.

aldaric acid
aldaric acid (al′dar-ik)

One of a group of sugar acids characterized by the formula HOOC&cbond;(CHOH)_n&cbond;COOH; e.g., saccharic acid.

aldehol
aldehol (al′de-hol)

An oxidation product of kerosene; used for denaturing ethyl alcohol.

aldehyde
aldehyde (al′de-hid)

A compound containing the radical &cbond;CH&dbond;O, reducible to an alcohol (CH₂OH), oxidizable to a carboxylic acid (COOH); e.g., acetaldehyde.
activated glycol a. 2-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)thiamin pyrophosphate;an intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism and in transketolization.
active a. any a. derivative of thiamin pyrophosphate.
angular a. the a. group attached to carbon 13 (between rings C and D) of the steroid nucleus in aldosterone.
a. reductase SYN: alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP⁺).

aldehyde dehydrogenase (acylating)
aldehyde dehydrogenase (acylating)

An oxidoreductase converting an aldehyde and CoA to acyl-CoA with NAD⁺ as H acceptor.

aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+)
aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD⁺)

An oxidoreductase reversibly converting aldehydes to acids with NADP⁺ as H acceptor.

aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(P)+)
aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(P)⁺)

An oxidoreductase reversibly converting aldehydes to acids with NAD⁺ or NADP⁺ as H acceptor.

aldehyde-lyases
aldehyde-lyases [EC 4.1.2.x]

Enzymes catalyzing the reversal of an aldol condensation.

Alder
Alder

Albert von. See A. anomaly, A. bodies, under body.

aldimine
aldimine (al′de-men)

SYN: Schiff base.

alditol
alditol (al′di-tol)

The polyalcohol derived by reduction of an aldose; e.g., sorbitol. SEE ALSO: aldose reductase.

aldobiuronic acid
aldobiuronic acid (al′do-bi-u-ron′ik)

Condensation products of an aldose and a uronic acid; such groupings occur among the components of various mucopolysaccharides, notably hyaluronic acid.

aldocortin
aldocortin (al′do-kor′tin)

SYN: aldosterone.

aldohexose
aldohexose (al-do-heks′os)

A 6-carbon sugar characterized by the (potential) presence of an aldehyde group in the molecule; e.g., glucose, galactose.

aldoketomutase
aldoketomutase (al′do-ke-to-mu′tas)

SYN: lactoylglutathione lyase.

aldol
aldol (al′dol)

See a. condensation.

aldolase
aldolase (al′do-las)

1. Generic term for aldehyde-lyase. 2. Name sometimes applied to fructose-bisphosphate a..

aldonic acids
aldonic acids (al-don′ik)

Monosaccharide derivatives in which the aldehyde group has been oxidized to a carboxyl group. They may form lactones ( e.g., galactonic acid). SYN: glyconic acids.

aldopentose
aldopentose (al-do-pen′tos)

A monosaccharide with five carbon atoms, of which one is a (potential) aldehyde group; e.g., ribose.

aldose
aldose (al′dos)

A monosaccharide potentially containing the characteristic group of the aldehydes, &cbond;CHO; a polyhydroxyaldehyde.
a. mutarotase SYN: a. 1-epimerase.
a. reductase polyol dehydrogenase (NADP⁺);an oxidoreductase that reversibly converts aldoses to alditols ( e.g., glucose to sorbitol) with NADPH as hydrogen donor. An important step in the metabolism of sorbitol and in the formation of diabetic cataracts. SEE ALSO: d-sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.

aldose 1-epimerase
aldose 1-epimerase

An enzyme catalyzing the reversible interconversion of α- and β-aldoses ( e.g., α- and β-d-glucose); also acts on l-arabinose, d-xylose, d-galactose, maltose, and lactose. SYN: aldose mutarotase, mutarotase.

aldoside
aldoside (al′do-sid)

A glucoside in which the sugar moiety is an aldose.

aldosterone
aldosterone (al-dos′ter-on)

A mineralocorticoid hormone produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex; its major action is to facilitate potassium exchange for sodium in the distal renal tubule, causing sodium reabsorption and potassium and hydrogen loss; the principal mineralocorticoid. It exists in equilibrium with the aldehyde form. SYN: aldocortin.

aldosteronism
aldosteronism (al-dos′ter-on-izm)

A disorder caused by excessive secretion of aldosterone. SYN: hyperaldosteronism.
idiopathic a. SYN: primary a..
primary a. an adrenocortical disorder caused by excessive secretion of aldosterone and characterized by headaches, nocturia, polyuria, fatigue, hypertension, potassium depletion, hypokalemic alkalosis, hypervolemia, and decreased plasma renin activity; may be associated with small benign adrenocortical adenomas. SYN: Conn syndrome, idiopathic a..
secondary a. a. resulting not from a defect intrinsic to the adrenal cortex but from a stimulation of hormonal secretion caused by extra-adrenal disorders; associated with increased plasma renin activity and occurs in heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis, and hypoproteinemia.

aldosteronogenesis
aldosteronogenesis (al-dos′ter-on-o-jen′e-sis)

Formation of the hormone, aldosterone. [aldosterone + G. genesis, production]

aldotetrose
aldotetrose (al-do-tet′ros)

A four-carbon aldose; e.g., threose, erythrose.

aldotriose
aldotriose (al-do-tri′os)

A three-carbon aldose; e.g., d- or l-glyceraldehyde.

aldoxime
aldoxime (al-doks′em)

A compound derived by the reaction of an aldose with hydroxylamine, thus containing the a. group –HC&dbond;NOH.

Aldrich
Aldrich

Robert Anderson, U.S. pediatrician, *1917. See A. syndrome, Wiskott-A. syndrome.

aldrin
aldrin (al′drin)

A volatile chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an insecticide; if absorbed through the skin, it causes toxic symptoms consisting of irritability followed by depression.

alecithal
alecithal (a-les′i-thal)

Without yolk; denoting ova with little or no deutoplasm. [G. a- priv. + lekithos, yolk]

Alectorobius talaje
Alectorobius talaje (a-lek-tor-o′be-us ta-la′je)

An insect, commonly found in Mexico and South America, whose bites, like those of the bedbug, may suppurate.

alemmal
alemmal (a-lem′al)

Denoting a nerve fiber lacking a neurolemma. [G. a- priv. + lemma, husk]

aleukemia
aleukemia (a-loo-ke′me-a)

1. Literally, a lack of leukocytes in the blood. The term is generally used to indicate varieties of leukemic disease in which the white blood cell count in circulating blood is normal or even less than normal ( i.e., no leukocytosis), but a few young leukocytes are observed; sometimes used more restrictedly for unusual instances of leukemia with no leukocytosis and no young forms in the blood. 2. Leukemic changes in bone marrow associated with a subnormal number of leukocytes in the blood. SEE ALSO: subleukemic leukemia. [G. a- priv. + leukos, white, + haima, blood]

aleukemic
aleukemic (a-loo-ke′mik)

Pertaining to aleukemia.

aleukemoid
aleukemoid (a-loo-ke′moyd)

Resembling aleukemia symptomatically.

aleukia
aleukia (a-loo′ke-a)

1. Absence or extremely decreased number of leukocytes in the circulating blood; sometimes also termed aleukemic myelosis. 2. Obsolete name for thrombocytopenia. [G. a- priv. + leukos, white]

aleukocytic
aleukocytic (a-loo-ko-sit′ik)

Manifesting absence or extremely reduced numbers of leukocytes in blood or lesions.

aleukocytosis
aleukocytosis (a-loo-ko-si-to′sis)

Absence or great reduction (relative or absolute) of the number of white blood cells in the circulating blood ( i.e., an advanced degree of leukopenia), or the lack of leukocytes in an anatomical lesion. [G. a- priv. + leukos, white, + kytos, a hollow (cell)]

aleurioconidium
aleurioconidium (a-loo′re-o-ko-nid′e-um)

A conidium developed from the blown-out end of conidiogenous cells or hyphal branches, and released by rupture below the base of attachment. SYN: aleuriospore. [G. aleuron, flour, + conidium]

aleuriospore
aleuriospore (a-loo′re-o-spor)

SYN: aleurioconidium.

aleuron
aleuron (al′oo-ron)

Protein granules in the endosperm of seeds, supposed to contain the vitamins of edible seeds and grains. [G. flour]

aleuronate
aleuronate (a-loo′ro-nat)

Protein from the aleuron layer (endosperm) of cereal grains; used to make bread for diabetics.

aleuronoid
aleuronoid (a-loo′ro-noyd)

Resembling flour.

Alexander
Alexander

Gustav, Austrian otolaryngologist, 1873–1932. See A. hearing impairment.

Alexander
Alexander

W. Stewart, 20th century New Zealand pathologist. See A. disease.

alexia
alexia (a-lek′se-a)

An inability to comprehend the meaning of written or printed words and sentences, caused by a cerebral lesion. Also called optical a., sensory a., or visual a., in distinction to motor a. (anarthria), in which there is loss of the power to read aloud although the significance of what is written or printed is understood. SYN: text blindness, word blindness, visual aphasia (1) . [G. a- priv. + lexis, a word or phrase]
incomplete a. SYN: dyslexia.
musical a. loss of the power to read musical notation. SYN: music blindness, note blindness.

alexic
alexic (a-lek′sik)

Pertaining to alexia.

alexin
alexin (a-lek′sin)

Obsolete term for the bactericidal substances of cell-free serum, the activity of which is destroyed by heating at 56°C; applied by Bordet to the heat-labile substance normally present in serum and distinct from the sensitizing substance (antibody) produced by infection or immunization. In this sense it is synonymous with complement. [G. alexo, to ward off]

alexithymia
alexithymia (a-lek-si-thi′me-a)

Difficulty in recognizing and describing one's emotions, defining them in terms of somatic sensations or behavioral reactions. [G. a- priv. + lexis, word, + -thymia, feelings, passion]

alfacalcidol
alfacalcidol (al-fa-kal′si-dol)

A derivative of vitamin D used in the treatment of hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D-dependent rickets, and rickets associated with malabsorption syndromes.

alfentanil hydrochloride
alfentanil hydrochloride (al-fen′ta-nil)

A very potent, short-acting narcotic agonist analgesic used as an anesthetic or as an adjunct in the maintenance of general anesthesia.

ALG
ALG

Abbreviation for antilymphocyte globulin.

algae
algae (al′je)

A division of eukaryotic, photosynthetic, nonflowering organisms that includes many seaweeds. [pl. of L. alga, seaweed]
blue-green a. former name for the blue-green bacteria, now classified as Cyanobacteria.

algal
algal (al′gal)

Resembling or pertaining to algae.

algaroba
algaroba (al-ga-ro′ba)

Ground meal of the fruit of Ceratonia siliqua; used as an adsorbent-demulcent in the treatment of diarrhea. SYN: carob flour, locust gum.

alge- alge-, algesi-, algio-, algo-

Pain; corresponds to L. dolor-. [G. algos, a pain]

algefacient
algefacient (al-je-fa′shent)

An agent that has a cooling action. [L. algeo, to be cold, + facio, pr. pl. -iens, to make]

algesi- algesi-

See alge-.

algesia
algesia (al-je′ze-a)

SYN: algesthesia. [G. algesis, a sense of pain]

algesic
algesic (al-jez-ik)

1. Painful; related to or causing pain. 2. Relating to hypersensitivity to pain. SYN: algetic.

algesichronometer
algesichronometer (al-je′ze-kro-nom′e-ter)

An instrument for recording the time required for the perception of a painful stimulus. [G. algesis, sense of pain, + chronos, time, + metron, measure]

algesimeter
algesimeter (al-je-sim′e-ter)

SYN: algesiometer.

algesiogenic
algesiogenic (al-je′ze-o-jen′ik)

Pain-producing. SYN: algogenic. [G. algesis, sense of pain, + -gen, production]

algesiometer
algesiometer (al-je-ze-om′e-ter)

An instrument for measuring the degree of sensitivity to a painful stimulus. SYN: algesimeter, algometer. [G. algesis, sense of pain, + metron, measure]

algesthesia
algesthesia (al-jes-the′ze-a)

1. The appreciation of pain. 2. Hypersensitivity to pain. SYN: algesia, algesthesis. [G. algos, pain, + aisthesis, sensation]

algesthesis
algesthesis (al-jes-the′sis)

SYN: algesthesia.

algestone acetophenide
algestone acetophenide (al-jes′ton a-se-to-fe′nid)

A progestogen with contraceptive properties. SYN: alphasone acetophenide.

algetic
algetic (al-jet′ik)

SYN: algesic.

-algia -algia

Pain, painful condition. [G. algos, a pain]

algicide
algicide (al′ji-sid)

An agent active against algae. [algae, + L. caedo, to kill]

algid
algid (al′jid)

Chilly, cold. [L. algidus, cold]

algin
algin (al′jin)

A carbohydrate product from a seaweed, Macrocystis pyrifera; used as a gel in pharmaceutical preparations. SYN: sodium alginate.

alginate
alginate (al′ji-nat)

An irreversible hydrocolloid consisting of salts of alginic acid, a colloidal acid polysaccharide obtained from seaweed and composed of mannuronic acid residues; used in dental impression materials.

algio- algio-

See alge-.

algiomotor
algiomotor (al-je-o-mo′tor)

Causing painful muscular contractions. SYN: algiomuscular. [algio- + L. motor, mover]

algiomuscular
algiomuscular (al′je-o-mus′ku-lar)

SYN: algiomotor.

algiovascular
algiovascular (al′je-o-vas′ku-lar)

SYN: algovascular.

algo- algo-

See alge-.

algodystrophy
algodystrophy (al-go-dis′tro-fe)

A painful local disturbance of growth, particularly due to focal aseptic necrosis of bone and cartilage. [algo- + G. dys-, bad, + trophe, nourishment]

algogenesis
algogenesis, algogenesia (al-go-jen′e-sis, -je-ne′ze-a)

The production or origin of pain. [algo- + G. genesis, origin]

algogenic
algogenic (al-go-jen′ik)

SYN: algesiogenic.

algolagnia
algolagnia (al-go-lag′ne-a)

Obsolete term for algophilia. [algo- + G. lagneia, lust]

algology
algology (al-golo-je)

1. The study of pain. [G. algos,pain, + -logy] 2. The scientific study of algae.

algometer
algometer (al-gom′e-ter)

SYN: algesiometer. [algo- + G. metron, measure]

algometry
algometry (al-gom′e-tre)

The process of measuring pain.

algophilia
algophilia (al-go-fil′e-a)

Form of sexual perversion in which the infliction or the experiencing of pain increases the pleasure of the sexual act or causes sexual pleasure independent of the act; includes both sadism and masochism. [algo- + G. phileo, to love]

algophobia
algophobia (al-go-fo′be-a)

Abnormal fear of or sensitiveness to pain. [algo- + G. phobos, fear]

algorithm
algorithm (al′go-rithm)

A systematic process consisting of an ordered sequence of steps, each step depending on the outcome of the previous one. In clinical medicine, a step-by-step protocol for management of a health care problem; in computed tomography, the formulas used for calculation of the final image from the transmitted x-ray data. [Mediev. L. algorismus, after Muhammad ibn-Musa al-Khwarizmi, Arabian mathematician, + G. arithmos, number]

algoscopy
algoscopy (al-gos′ko-pe)

SYN: cryoscopy. [L. algor, cold, + G. skopeo, to view]

algospasm
algospasm (al′go-spazm)

Spasm produced by pain. [G. algos, pain, + spasmos, convulsion]

algovascular
algovascular (al-go-vas′ku-lar)

Relating to changes in the lumen of the blood vessels occurring under the influence of pain. SYN: algiovascular. [G. algos, pain]

alible
alible (al′i-bl)

SYN: nutritive. [L. alibilis, nutritive, fr. alo, to nourish]

alicyclic
alicyclic (al-i-sik′lik)

Denoting an a. compound.

alienation
alienation (a-le-en-a′shun)

A condition characterized by lack of meaningful relationships with others, sometimes resulting in depersonalization and estrangement from others. [L. alieno, pp. -atus, to make strange]

alienia
alienia (a-li-e′ne-a)

Congenital absence of the spleen. [G. a- priv. + L. lien, spleen]

aliform
aliform (al′i-form)

Wing-shaped. [L. ala, + forma, shape]

alignment
alignment (a-lin′ment)

1. The longitudinal position of a bone or limb. 2. The act of bringing into line. 3. In dentistry, the arrangement of the teeth in relation to the supporting structures and the adjacent and opposing dentitions. SYN: alinement. [Fr. aligner, to line up, fr. L. linea, line]

aliment
aliment (al′i-ment)

1. SYN: nourishment. 2. In sensorimotor theory, that which is assimilated to a schema; analogous to a stimulus. [L. alo, to nourish]

alimentary
alimentary (al-i-men′ter-e)

Relating to food or nutrition. [L. alimentarius, fr. alimentum, nourishment]

alimentation
alimentation (al-i-men-ta′shun)

Providing nourishment. SEE ALSO: feeding.
forced a. SYN: forced feeding.
parenteral a. providing nourishment intravenously.
rectal a. nourishment provided by retention enemas.

alinasal
alinasal (al′i-na′sal)

Relating to the wings of the nose (alae nasi), or flaring portions of the nostrils. [L. ala, + nasus, nose]

alinement
alinement (a-lin′ment)

SYN: alignment.

alinjection
alinjection (al′in-jek′shun)

Injection of alcohol for hardening and preserving pathologic and histologic specimens.

aliphatic
aliphatic (al-i-fat′ik)

Denoting the acyclic carbon compounds, most of which belong to the fatty acid series. [G. aleiphar (aleiphat-), fat, oil]
a. acids the acids of nonaromatic hydrocarbons ( e.g., acetic, propionic, butyric acids); the so-called fatty acids of the formula R&cbond;COOH, where R is a nonaromatic (a.) hydrocarbon.

alipoid
alipoid (a-lip′oyd)

Characterized by absence of lipoids. [G. a- priv. + lipoides, resembling fat]

alipotropic
alipotropic (a′lip-o-trop′ik)

Having no effect upon fat metabolism, or upon the movement of fat to the liver. [G. a- priv. + lipos, fat, + tropos, a turning]

aliquot
aliquot (al′i-kwot)

In chemistry and immunology, pertaining to a portion of the whole; loosely, any one of two or more samples of something, of the same volume or weight. [L. a few, several]

alisphenoid
alisphenoid (al-i-sfe′noyd)

Relating to the greater wing of the sphenoid bone. [L. ala, + sphen, wedge]

alizarin
alizarin (a-liz′a-rin) [C.I. 58000]

1,2-Dihydroxyanthraquinone;a red dye that occurs in the root of madder (Rubia tinctorum and other Rubiaceae) in glucose combination (ruberythric acid) as orange needles, slightly soluble in water; used by the ancients as a dye. Now made synthetically from anthracene and used in the manufacture of dyes, e.g., a. blue, a. orange, “Turkey red.” As an indicator, it is yellow below pH 5.5 and red above pH 6.8; other modified alizarins have other colors and change color at other pH values.
a. cyanin [C.I. 58610] disulfonate of hexahydroxyanthraquinone;an acid dye used as a nuclear stain after mordanting and as a fluorochrome in ultraviolet microscopy.
a. purpurin SYN: purpurin (2) .
a. red S [C.I. 58005] sodium a. sulfonate;used as a stain for calcium in bone (calcium appears red-orange, magnesium, aluminum, and barium are varying shades of red), in the determination of fluorine; as a pH indicator it changes from yellow to purple between pH 3.7 and 5.2.

alkadiene
alkadiene (al-ka-di′en)

An acyclic hydrocarbon (alkane) containing two double bonds.

alkalemia
alkalemia (al-ka-le′me-a)

A decrease in H-ion concentration of the blood or a rise in pH. [alkali + G. haima, blood]

alkali
alkali, pl .alkalies (al′ka-li)

1. A strongly basic substance yielding hydroxide ions (OH⁻ in solution); e.g., sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide. 2. SYN: base (3) . 3. SYN: a. metal. [Ar., al, the, + qaliy, soda ash]
caustic a. a highly ionized (in solution) a.; e.g., NaOH.
fixed a. any a. other than a weakly ionized one, like ammonia.
vegetable a. a mixture of potassium hydroxide and carbonate.

alkaline
alkaline (al′ka-lin)

Relating to or having the reaction of an alkali.

alkalinity
alkalinity (al-ka-lin′i-te)

The state of being alkaline.

alkalinization
alkalinization (al′ka-lin-i-za′shun)

SYN: alkalization.

alkalinuria
alkalinuria (al′ka-li-noo′re-a)

The passage of alkaline urine. SYN: alkaluria. [alkaline + G. ouron, urine]

alkalitherapy
alkalitherapy (al′ka-li-thar′a-pe)

Therapeutic use of alkali for local or systemic effect.

alkalization
alkalization (al′kal-i-za′shun)

The process of rendering alkaline. SYN: alkalinization.

alkalizer
alkalizer (al′ka-liz-er)

An agent that neutralizes acids or renders a solution alkaline.

alkaloid
alkaloid (al′ka-loyd)

Originally, any one of hundreds of plant and fungal products distinguished by alkaline (basic) reactions, but now restricted to heterocyclic nitrogen-containing and often complex structures possessing pharmacologic activity; their trivial names usually end in -ine ( e.g., morphine, atropine, colchicine). Alkaloids are synthesized by plants and are found in the leaf, bark, seed, or other parts, usually constituting the active principle of the crude drug; they are a loosely defined group, but may be classified according to the chemical structure of their main nucleus. For medicinal purposes, due to improved water solubility, the salts of alkaloids ( e.g., morphine sulfate, codeine phosphate) are usually used. see also individual a. or a. class. SYN: vegetable base.
ergot alkaloids (er′got) any of a large number of alkaloids obtained from the ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea or semisynthetically derived; examples include ergotamine, ergonovine, dihydroergotamine, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), methysergide.
fixed a. a nonvolatile a..
Vinca alkaloids alkaloids such as vincristine and vinblastine (antitumor agents) extracted from the periwinkle plant. SYN: Catharanthus alkaloids.

alkalosis
alkalosis (al-ka-lo′sis)

A state characterized by a decrease in the hydrogen ion concentration of arterial blood below normal level, 40 nmol/L, or pH 7.4. The condition may be caused by an increase in the concentration of alkaline compounds, or by a decrease in the concentration of acidic compounds or carbon dioxide.
acapnial a. SYN: respiratory a..
compensated a. a. in which there is a change in bicarbonate but the pH of body fluids approaches normal; respiratory a. may be compensated by increased production of metabolic acids or increased renal excretion of bicarbonate; metabolic a. is rarely compensated by hypoventilation.
compensated metabolic a. retention of acid, primarily carbon dioxide by the lung and acid ions by the renal tubules, to reduce the effect on the pH of the blood of excess alkali produced by ingestion or metabolism of alkali-producing substances.
compensated respiratory a. increased excretion of acid ions by the kidney to minimize the effect on the pH of the blood of excessive loss of carbon dioxide via the lungs, such as occurs with hyperventilation.
metabolic a. an a. associated with an increased arterial plasma bicarbonate concentration, possibly resulting from an excessive intake of alkaline materials or an excessive loss of acid in the urine or through persistent vomiting; the base excess and standard bicarbonate are both elevated. SEE ALSO: compensated a..
respiratory a. a. resulting from abnormal loss of CO₂ produced by hyperventilation, either active or passive, with concomitant reduction in arterial plasma bicarbonate concentration. SEE ALSO: compensated a.. SYN: acapnial a..
uncompensated a. a. in which the pH of body fluids is elevated because of lack of the compensatory mechanisms of compensated a..

alkalotic
alkalotic (al-ka-lot′ik)

Relating to alkalosis.

alkaluria
alkaluria (al-ka-loo′re-a)

SYN: alkalinuria.

alkane
alkane (al′kan)

The general term for a saturated acyclic hydrocarbon; e.g., propane, butane.

alkanet
alkanet (al′ka-net) [C.I. 75530, 75520]

The root of an herb, Alkanna, or Anchusa tinctoria (family Boraginaceae), that yields red dyes alkannan and alkannin; used as a coloring agent; also used, combined with tannin, as an astringent.

alkannan
alkannan (al′ka-nan) [C.I. 75520]

A minor red dye component derived from alkanet.

alkannin
alkannin (al′ka-nin) [C.I. 75530]

The major red dye derived from alkanet; used as an astringent, and in cosmetics and foods; can be used as an indicator: red at pH 6.8, changing to purple at pH 8.8 and blue at pH 10.0; also used as a fat stain. SYN: anchusin.

alkapton
alkapton (al-kap′ton)

SYN: homogentisic acid. [Boedeker's coinage fr. alkali + L + G. kapto, to suck up greedily]

alkatriene
alkatriene (al-ka-tri′en)

An acyclic hydrocarbon containing three double bonds; e.g., 2,4,6-octatriene, CH₃&cbond;CH&dbond;CH&cbond;CH&dbond;CH&cbond;CH&dbond;CH&cbond;CH₃.

alkavervir
alkavervir (al-ka-ver′vir)

A mixture of alkaloids obtained by the selective extraction of Veratrum viride with various organic solvents; used orally or parenterally as a hypotensive agent.

alkene
alkene (al′ken)

An acyclic hydrocarbon containing one or more double bonds; e.g., ethene, propene. SYN: olefin.

alkenyl
alkenyl (al′ken-il)

The radical of an alkene.

alk-1-enyl
alk-1-enyl

The radical of an alkene in which the double bond indicated by “en(e)” is between carbons 1 and 2 (carbon 1 being the radical or “yl” carbon), i.e., R&cbond;CH&dbond;CH&cbond;; sometimes expressed as alk-1-en-1-yl.

alk-1-enylglycerophospholipid
alk-1-enylglycerophospholipid

A phosphatidate in which at least one of the radicals attached to the glycerol is an alk-1-enyl rather than the usual acyl radical ( i.e., is derived from an aldehyde rather than an acid, hence the older trivial names phosphatidal and acetal phosphatid(at)e); “plasmenic acid” has been proposed as a name for such phosphatidates.

alkide
alkide (al′kid)

SYN: alkyl (2) .

alkyl
alkyl (al′kil)

1. A hydrocarbon radical of the general formula C_nH_2n+1. 2. A compound, such as tetraethyl lead, in which a metal is combined with a. radicals. SYN: alkide.
arylated a. SYN: aralkyl.

alkylamine
alkylamine (al-kil′a-men)

An alkane containing an &cbond;NH₂ group in place of one H atom; e.g., ethylamine.

alkylation
alkylation (al′ki-la′shun)

Substitution of an alkyl radical for a hydrogen atom; e.g., introduction of a side chain into an aromatic compound.

ALL
ALL

Abbreviation for acute lymphocytic leukemia.

allachesthesia
allachesthesia (al′a-kes-the′ze-a)

A condition in which a tactile sensation is referred to a point other than that to which the stimulus is applied. SEE ALSO: allochiria. [G. allache, elsewhere, + aisthesis, sensation]

allanto- allanto-, allant-

Allantois; allantoid; sausage. [G. allas, allantos, sausage]

allantoate deiminase
allantoate deiminase

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of allantoic acid to ureidoglycine, NH₃, and CO₂.

allantochorion
allantochorion (a-lan-to-kor′e-on)

Extraembryonic membrane formed by the fusion of the allantois and chorion.

allantogenesis
allantogenesis (a-lan-to-jen′e-sis)

Formation and development of the allantois. [allanto- + G. genesis, origin]

allantoic
allantoic (a-lan-to′ik)

Relating to the allantois.

allantoic acid
allantoic acid (a-lan-to′ik as′id)

Diureidoacetic acid;a degradation product of allantoin. An important source of nitrogen in plants.

allantoid
allantoid (a-lan′toyd)

1. Sausage-shaped. 2. Relating to, or resembling, the allantois. [allanto- + G. eidos, appearance]

allantoidoangiopagus
allantoidoangiopagus (a-lan-toyd′o-an-je-op′a-gus)

SYN: omphaloangiopagus. See allantoidoangiopagous twins, under twin. [allantoid + G. angeion, vessel, + pagos, fastened]

allantoin
allantoin (a-lan′to-in)

A substance present in allantoic fluid, fetal urine, and elsewhere; also an oxidation product of uric acid and the end product of purine metabolism in animals other than humans and the other primates. SYN: 3-ureidohydantoin, cordianine, glyoxyldiureide.

allantoinase
allantoinase (a-lan-to′i-nas)

An enzyme (an amidohydrolase) that catalyzes the hydrolysis of allantoin to allantoic acid.

allantoinuria
allantoinuria (a-lan′to-in-u′re-a)

The urinary excretion of allantoin; normal in most mammals, abnormal in humans. [allantoin + G. ouron, urine]

allantois
allantois (a-lan′to-is)

A fetal membrane developing from the hindgut (or yolk sac, in humans). In humans it is vestigial; externally, in mammals, it contributes to the formation of the umbilical cord and placenta; in birds and reptiles, it lies close beneath the porous shell and serves as an organ of respiration. SYN: allantoid membrane. [allanto- + G. eidos, appearance]

allaxis
allaxis (a-laks′is)

SYN: metamorphosis. [G. allattein, to alter]

allele
allele (a-lel′)

Any one of a series of two or more different genes that may occupy the same locus on a specific chromosome. As autosomal chromosomes are paired, each autosomal gene is represented twice in normal somatic cells. If the same a. occupies both units of the locus, the individual or cell is homozygous for this a.. If the alleles are different, the individual or cell is heterozygous for both alleles. See DNA markers. SEE ALSO: dominance of traits. SYN: allelomorph. [G. allelon, reciprocally]
codominant a. codominant.
silent a. SYN: amorph.

allelic
allelic (a-le′lik)

Relating to an allele. SYN: allelomorphic.

allelism
allelism (al′e-lizm)

The state held in common by alleles. SYN: allelomorphism.

allelocatalysis
allelocatalysis (a-le′lo-ka-tal′i-sis)

Self-stimulation of growth in a bacterial culture by addition of similar cells. [G. allelon, mutually, reciprocally, + catalytikos, able to dissolve]

allelocatalytic
allelocatalytic (a-le′lo-kat-a-lit′ik)

Mutually catalytic; denoting two substances each of which is decomposed in the presence of the other.

allelochemicals
allelochemicals (a-le′lo-kem′i-kalz)

Signal substances between individuals of different species. Cf.:pheromones. [G. allelon, reciprocally, + chemical]

allelomorph
allelomorph (a-le′lo-morf)

SYN: allele. [G. allelon, reciprocally, + morphe, shape]

allelomorphic
allelomorphic (a-le-lo-mor′fik)

SYN: allelic.

allelomorphism
allelomorphism (a-le-lo-mor′fizm)

SYN: allelism.

allelotaxis
allelotaxis, allelotaxy (a-lel-o-taks′is, -taks′e)

Development of an organ from a number of embryonal structures or tissues. [G. allelon, reciprocally, + taxis, an arranging]

Allen
Allen

Willard Myron, U.S. gynecologist, *1904. See Corner-A. test, Corner-A. unit, A.-Masters syndrome.

Allen
Allen

Edgar Van Nuys, U.S. physician, 1900–1961. See A. test.

Allen
Allen

Alfred Henry, U.S. chemist, 1846–1904. See A. test.

Allen
Allen

Edgar, U.S. endocrinologist, 1892–1943. See A.-Doisy test, A.-Doisy unit.

allergen
allergen (al′er-jen)

Term for an antigen that induces an allergic or hypersensitive response. [allergy + G. -gen, producing]

allergenic
allergenic (al-er-jen′ik)

SYN: antigenic.

allergic
allergic (a-ler′jik)

Relating to any response stimulated by an allergen.

allergic salute
allergic salute

A characteristic wiping or rubbing of the nose with a transverse or upward movement of the hand, as seen in children with allergic rhinitis.

allergist
allergist (al′er-jist)

One who specializes in the treatment of allergies.

allergization
allergization (al′er-ji-za′shun)

Active sensitization as a result of allergens being naturally or artificially brought into contact with susceptible tissues; the procedure of being allergized.

allergized
allergized (al′er-jizd)

Specifically altered in reactivity; rendered capable of exhibiting one or another aspect of allergy.

allergology
allergology (al-er-gol′o-ge)

The science concerned with allergic conditions.

allergosis
allergosis (al′er-go′sis)

Any abnormal condition characterized by allergy. [allergy + G. -osis, condition]

allergy
allergy (al′er-je)

1. Hypersensitivity caused by exposure to a particular antigen (allergen) resulting in a marked increase in reactivity to that antigen upon subsequent exposure, sometimes resulting in harmful immunologic consequences. SYN: acquired sensitivity, induced sensitivity. SEE ALSO: allergic reaction, anaphylaxis, immune. 2. That branch of medicine concerned with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of allergic manifestations. 3. An acquired hypersensitivity to certain drugs and biologic materials. [G. allos, other, + ergon, work]
atopic a. atopy.
bacterial a. 1. type I hypersensitivity allergic reaction caused by bacterial allergens; 2. the delayed type of skin test (type IV hypersensitivity reaction), so-called because of its early association with bacterial antigens ( e.g., the tuberculin test).
cold a. physical symptoms produced by hypersensitivity to cold.
contact a. SYN: allergic contact dermatitis.
delayed a. a type IV hypersensitivity allergic reaction; so called because in a sensitized subject the reaction becomes evident hours after contact with the allergen (antigen), reaches its peak after 24–48 hours, then recedes slowly. Associated with cell-mediated responses. SEE ALSO: delayed reaction. Cf.:immediate a..
drug a. sensitivity (hypersensitivity) to a drug or other chemical.
immediate a. a type I hypersensitivity allergic reaction; so called because in a sensitized subject the reaction becomes evident usually within minutes after contact with the allergen (antigen), reaches its peak within an hour or so, then rapidly recedes. SEE ALSO: immediate reaction, anaphylaxis. Cf.:delayed a..
latent a. a. that causes no signs or symptoms but can be revealed by means of certain immunologic tests with specific allergens.
physical a. excessive response to factors in the environment such as heat or cold.
polyvalent a. allergic response manifested simultaneously for several or numerous specific allergens.

Allescheria boydii
Allescheria boydii (al-es-ke′re-a boy′de-i)

Former name for Pseudallescheria boydii. Anamorph is Scedosporium apiosperman.

allesthesia
allesthesia (al-es-the′ze-a)

SYN: allochiria. [G. allos, other, + aisthesis, sensation]

allethrins
allethrins (al′e-thrinz)

Allethrolone esters of chrysanthemum-monocarboxylic acids and synthetic analogs of pyrethrins, which are pyrethrolone esters of the same acids; viscous liquids, insoluble in water, that can be absorbed by lungs, skin, and mucous membranes and may cause liver and kidney injury, with lung congestion; used as an insecticide.

allethrolone
allethrolone (a-leth′ro-lon)

An analog of pyrethrolone (2-propenyl replacing the 2,4-pentadienyl group) used in allethrins.

allied health professional
allied health professional

An individual trained to perform services in the care of patients other than a physician or registered nurse; includes a variety of therapy technicians ( e.g., pulmonary), radiology technicians, physical therapists, etc.

alligation
alligation (al-i-ga′shun)

A rule of mixtures whereby 1) the cost of a mixture may be determined, given the proportions and prices of the several ingredients; or 2) in pharmacy, the relative amounts of solutions of different percentages which must be taken to form a mixture of a given strength. [L. alligatio, fr. al-ligo (adl-), pp. -atus, to bind to]

Allis
Allis

Oscar Huntington, U.S. surgeon, 1836–1921. See A. forceps.

alliteration
alliteration (a-lit-er-a′shun)

In psychiatry, a speech disturbance in which words commencing with the same sounds, usually consonants, are notably frequent. [Fr. allitération, fr. L. ad, to, + littera, letter of alphabet]

allium
allium (al′e-um)

A. sativum (family Liliaceae), whose bulb contains up to 0.9% of volatile irritating oil with antiseptic action; has been used as a diaphoretic, diuretic, and expectorant. SYN: garlic. [L.]

all or none
all or none

See Bowditch law.

allo- allo-

1. Other; differing from the normal or usual. 2. Chemical prefix formerly used with an amino acid whose side chain contains an asymmetric carbon; for example, the alloisoleucines and allothreonines. [G. allos, other]

alloalbuminemia
alloalbuminemia (al′o-al-bu′mi-ne′me-a) [MIM*103600]

The autosomal dominant condition of having serum albumin of a variant type that differs in mobility on electrophoresis from the usual type A; individuals are heterozygous or homozygous for one of the alleles for variant albumin types, a genetic polymorphism without known clinical significance. SEE ALSO: inherited albumin variants, under variant. [allo- + albumin + G. haima, blood, + -ia]

alloantibody
alloantibody (al-o-an′ti-bod-e)

An antibody specific for an alloantigen.

alloantigen
alloantigen (al-o-an′ti-jen)

An antigen that occurs in some, but not in other members of the same species.

allobarbital
allobarbital (al-o-bar′bi-tal)

A hypnotic with an intermediate to long duration of action.

allocentric
allocentric (al-o-sen′trik)

Characterized by or denoting interest centered in other persons rather than in one's self. Cf.:egocentric. SYN: heterocentric (2) . [allo- + G. kentron, center]

allochiria
allochiria, allocheiria (al′-o-ki′re-a, al-o-ki′re-a)

A form of allachesthesia in which the sensation of a stimulus in one limb is referred to the contralateral limb. SYN: allesthesia, alloesthesia, Bamberger sign (2) . [allo- + G. cheir, hand]

allocholesterol
allocholesterol (al-o-ko-les′ter-ol)

An isomer of cholesterol, differing in the position of the one double bond. SYN: coprostenol.

allochroic
allochroic (al-o-kro′ik)

Changed or changeable in color; relating to allochroism.

allochroism
allochroism (al-o-kro′izm)

A change or changeableness in color. [allo- + G. chroa, color]

allocortex
allocortex (al′o-kor′teks) [TA]

O. Vogt term denoting several regions of the cerebral cortex, in particular the olfactory cortex and the hippocampus, characterized by fewer cell layers than the isocortex; SEE ALSO: cerebral cortex. SYN: heterotypic cortex. [allo- + L. cortex, bark (cortex)]

α-allocortol
α-allocortol (al-o-kor′tol)

The 5α enantiomer of α-cortol; a metabolite of hydroxycortisone found in the urine.

α-allocortolone
α-allocortolone (al-o-kor′to-lon)

The 5α enantiomer of α-cortolone; a metabolite of hydrocortisone found in urine.

allodeoxycholic acid
allodeoxycholic acid (al-o-de-oks′e-ko′lik)

One of the bile acids.

allodiploid
allodiploid (al-o-dip′loyd)

See alloploid.

allodynia
allodynia (al-o-din′e-a)

Condition in which ordinarily nonpainful stimuli evoke pain. [allo- + G. odyne, pain]

alloerotism
alloerotism (al-o-ar′o-tizm)

Sexual attraction toward another person. [allo- + G. eros, love]

alloesthesia
alloesthesia (al-o-es-the′ze-a)

SYN: allochiria.

allogamy
allogamy (al-og′a-me)

Fertilization of the ova of one individual by the spermatozoa of another. Cf.:autogamy. [allo- + G. gamos, marriage]

allogenic
allogenic, allogeneic (al-o-jen′ik, -je-ne′ik)

Used in transplantation biology. It pertains to different gene constitutions within the same species; antigenically distinct.

allogotrophia
allogotrophia (al′o-go-tro′fe-a)

Growth or nourishment of one part or tissue at the expense of another part of the body. [allo- + G. trophe, nourishment]

allograft
allograft (al′o-graft)

A graft transplanted between genetically nonidentical individuals of the same species. SYN: allogeneic graft, homograft, homologous graft, homoplastic graft.

allogroup
allogroup (al′o-groop)

A term formerly used to denote a haplotype composed of closely linked allotypic markers.

allohexaploid
allohexaploid (al-o-heks′a-ployd)

See alloploid.

allohydroxylysine
allohydroxylysine (aHyl) (a-lo-hi-drok-se-li-sen)

5-a.;a stereoisomer of 5-hydroxylysine; d-a. is the diastereoisomer of d-5-hydroxylysine.

alloimmune
alloimmune (al′o-im-oon′)

Immune to an allogenic antigen. [allo- + immune]

alloisoleucine
alloisoleucine (aIle) (a-lo-i-so-loo′sen)

A stereoisomer of isoleucine; d-a. is the diastereoisomer of d-isoleucine.

alloisomer
alloisomer (al-o-i′som-er)

A geometric isomer.

allokeratoplasty
allokeratoplasty (al-o-ker′a-to-plas-te)

Replacement of opaque corneal tissue with a transparent prosthesis, usually plastic.

allokinesis
allokinesis (al-o-ki-ne′sis, -ki-ne′sis)

Passive or reflex movement; nonvoluntary movement. [allo- + G. kinesis, movement]

allolactose
allolactose (a-lo-lak′tos)

A sugar, isomeric with lactose, that is the true inducer of the lac operon.

allolalia
allolalia (al-o-la′le-a)

Any speech defect, especially one caused by a cerebral disorder. [allo- + G. lalia, talking]

allomerism
allomerism (a-lom′er-izm)

The state of differing in chemical composition but having the same crystalline form. [allo- + G. meros, part]

allometron
allometron (al-o-me′tron)

An evolutionary change in form or proportion of organic beings. [allo- + G. metron, measure]

allomones
allomones (a-lo-mon)

A pheromone that induces a behavioral or physiologic change in a member of another species that is of benefit to the producer. Cf.:kairomones, pheromones. [G. allos, other, + -mone]

allomorphism
allomorphism (al-o-mor′fizm)

1. Change of shape in cells due to mechanical causes, such as flattening from pressure, or to progressive metaplasia, such as the change of bile duct cells into liver cells. 2. The state of being similar in chemical composition but differing in form (especially crystalline). [allo- + G. morphe, form]

allongement
allongement (al-onzh′-maw)

Rarely used term for lengthening of a structure during an operation by appropriate incisions. [Fr. elongation]

allopath
allopath (al′o-path)

1. A traditional medical physician, as distinguished from eclectic or homeopathic practitioners. 2. One who is a practitioner of allopathy. SYN: allopathist.

allopathic
allopathic (al-o-path′ik)

Relating to allopathy.

allopathist
allopathist (al-op′a-thist)

SYN: allopath.

allopathy
allopathy (al-op′a-the)

Regular medicine, the traditional form of medical practice. Cf.:homeopathy. SYN: heteropathy (2) , substitutive therapy. [allo- + G. pathos, suffering]

allopentaploid
allopentaploid (al-o-pent′a-ployd)

See alloploid.

allophanic acid
allophanic acid (al-o-fan′ik)

Urea carbonic acid;its amide is biuret (allophanamide). SYN: carbamoylcarbamic acid, N-carboxyurea.

allophasis
allophasis (al-of′a-sis)

Speech that is incoherent, disordered. [allo- + G. phasis, speech]

allophenic
allophenic (al-o-fe′nik)

Pertaining to an animal produced by combining blastomeres of different genotypes ( i.e., from different pairs of parents). SEE ALSO: mosaic. [allo- + G. phaino, to appear, + -ic]

allophore
allophore (al′o-for)

SYN: erythrophore.

allophthalmia
allophthalmia (al-of-thal′me-a)

SYN: heterophthalmus.

alloplasia
alloplasia (al-o-pla′ze-a)

SYN: heteroplasia. [allo- + G. plasis, a molding]

alloplast
alloplast (al′o-plast)

An inert material used to construct, reconstruct, or augment tissue. [allo- + G. plastos, formed]

alloplasty
alloplasty (al′o-plas-te)

Repair of defects by allotransplantation.

alloploid
alloploid (al′o-ployd)

Relating to a hybrid individual or cell with two or more sets of chromosomes derived from two different ancestral species; depending on the number of multiples of haploid sets, alloploids are referred to as allodiploids, allotriploids, allotetraploids, allopentaploids, allohexaploids, etc. SEE ALSO: heterokaryon. [allo- + -ploid]

alloploidy
alloploidy (al-o-ploy′de)

The condition of being alloploid.

allopolyploid
allopolyploid (al-o-pol′i-ployd)

An alloploid having three or more haploid sets of chromosomes. [allo- + polyploid]

allopolyploidy
allopolyploidy (al-o-pol′i-ploy-de)

The condition of being allopolyploid.

allopregnane
allopregnane (al-o-preg′nan)

Original name for 5α-pregnane. See pregnane.

α-allopregnanediol
α-allopregnanediol (al′o-preg-nan-di′ol)

5α-Pregnane-3α,20α-diol;a metabolite of progesterone and adrenocortical hormones, found in urine.

allopsychic
allopsychic (al-o-si′kik)

Denoting the mental processes in their relation to the outer world. [allo- + G. psyche, mind]

allopurinol
allopurinol (al-o-pu′ri-nol)

Inhibitor of xanthine oxidase to inhibit uric acid formation; used in the treatment of gout and to retard the rapid metabolic degradation of 6-mercaptopurine.

allorhythmia
allorhythmia (al-o-rith′me-a)

An irregularity in the cardiac rhythm that repeats itself any number of times. [allo- + G. rhythmos, rhythm]

allorhythmic
allorhythmic (al-o-rith′mik)

Relating to or characterized by allorhythmia.

allose
allose (al′os)

C₆H₁₂O₆;an aldohexose. d-A. is epimeric with d-glucose.

allosensitization
allosensitization (al′o-sen′si-ti-za-shun)

Exposure to an alloantigen that induces immunologic memory cells.

allosome
allosome (al′o-som)

Obsolete term for one of the chromosomes differing in appearance or behavior from the autosomes and sometimes unequally distributed among the germ cells. [allo- + G. soma, body]
paired a. SYN: diplosome.
unpaired a. SYN: accessory chromosome.

allosteric
allosteric (al-o-star′ik)

Pertaining to or characterized by allosterism.

allosterism
allosterism, allostery (a-los′ter-izm, -los′ter-e)

The influencing of an enzyme activity, or the binding of a ligand to a protein, by a change in the conformation of the protein, brought about by the binding of a substrate or other effector at a site (allosteric site) other than the active site of the protein. Cf.:cooperativity, hysteresis.

allotetraploid
allotetraploid (al-o-tet′ra-ployd)

See alloploid. [allo- + tetraploid]

allotherm
allotherm (al′o-therm)

SYN: poikilotherm. [allo- + G. therme, heat]

allothreonines
allothreonines (aThr) (al-o-thre′o-nenz)

Two of the four diastereoisomers of threonine, differing from the l- and d-threonines in the configuration of the hydroxyl group in the side chain.

allotope
allotope (al′o-top)

The antigenic determinant on the constant or nonvariable region of an allotype. [allo- + -tope]

allotopia
allotopia (al-o-to′pe-a)

SYN: dystopia. [allo- + G. topos, place]

allotransplantation
allotransplantation (al′o-tranz-plan-ta′shun)

Transplantation of an allograft. SYN: homotransplantation.

allotriodontia
allotriodontia (al-ot′re-o-don′she-a)

1. Growth of a tooth in some abnormal location. 2. Transplantation of teeth. [G. allotrios, foreign, + odous (odont-), tooth]

allotriosmia
allotriosmia (al-ot-re-oz′me-a)

Incorrect recognition of odors. SYN: heterosmia. [G. allotrios, foreign, + osme, smell]

allotriploid
allotriploid (al-o-trip′loyd)

See alloploid. [allo + triploid]

allotrope
allotrope (al′o-trop)

An element in one of the allotropic forms that it may assume. [allo- + G. tropos, a turning]

allotrophic
allotrophic (al-o-tro′fik)

Having an altered nutritive value. [allo- + G. trophe, nourishment]

allotropic
allotropic (al-o-trop′ik)

1. Relating to allotropism. 2. Denoting a type of personality characterized by a preoccupation with the reactions of others.

allotropism
allotropism, allotropy (a-lot′ro-pizm, -lot′ro-pe)

The existence of certain elements, in several forms differing in physical properties; e.g., carbon black, graphite, and diamond are all pure carbon. [allo- + G. tropos, a turning]

allotype
allotype (al′o-tip)

Any one of the genetically determined antigenic differences within a given class of immunoglobulin that occur among members of the same species. SEE ALSO: antibody. SYN: allotypic marker. [allo- + G. typos, model]
Gm allotypes (al′lo-tips) refers to human immunoglobulin gamma heavy chains that express different Gm allotypic determinants (antigens). Each of the 25 different Gm allotypes is the product of genes within the constant regions of the human gamma heavy chain.
InV allotypes (al′lo-tips) SYN: Km allotypes.
Km allotypes (al′lo-tip) refers to human kappa immunoglobulin light chains that express different Km allotypic determinants (antigens). SYN: InV allotypes.

allotypic
allotypic (al-o-tip′ik)

Pertaining to an allotype.

allowance
allowance (a′lau-antz)

1. Permission. 2. A portion allotted.
recommended daily a. (RDA) the amount of daily nutrient intake judged to be adequate for the maintenance of good nutrition in an average adult.

alloxan
alloxan (a-loks′-an)

An oxidation product of uric acid, 2,4,5,6-pyrimidinetetrone; administration to experimental animals causes hypoglycemia due to insulin liberation, followed by hyperglycemia due to destruction of the islets of Langerhans (a. diabetes).

alloxantin
alloxantin (a-loks′an-tin)

A condensation product of two molecules of alloxan, formed in the presence of reducing agents; a diabetogenic. SYN: uroxin.

alloxuremia
alloxuremia (al-oks-u-re′me-a, al-ok-soo-re′me-a)

The presence of purine bases in the blood. [alloxan + G. haima, blood]

alloxuria
alloxuria (al-oks-u′re-a, al-ok-soo′re-a)

The presence of purine bodies in the urine. [alloxan + G. ouron, urine]

alloy
alloy (al′oy)

A substance composed of a mixture of two or more metals.
chrome-cobalt alloys alloys of cobalt and chromium containing molybdenum and/or tungsten plus trace elements; used in dentistry for denture bases and frameworks, and other structures.
eutectic a. an a., generally brittle and subject to tarnish and corrosion, with a fusion temperature lower than that of any of its components; used in dentistry mainly in solders.
gold a. an a. whose principal ingredient is gold, usually contains copper or platinum and silver; used in dentistry for restorations requiring considerable strength.
Raney a. an a. of Ni and Al in equal proportions, used in the preparation of Raney Nickel.
silver-tin a. any a. of silver and tin; commonly 3 parts Ag and 1 part Sn, forming Ag₃Sn, the chief intermetallic compound in dental amalgam.

all-trans-retinal
all-trans-retinal

The orange retinaldehyde resulting from the action of light on the rhodopsin of the retina, which converts the 11-cis-retinal component of the rhodopsin to all-a.retinal plus opsin. SYN: a.retinal, visual yellow.

allspice oil
allspice oil (awl′spis)

SYN: pimenta oil.

allyl
allyl (al′il)

The monovalent radical, CH₂&dbond;CHCH₂&cbond;.
a. alcohol a colorless liquid of pungent odor used in making resins and plasticizers; highly irritating to mucous membranes and readily absorbed, causing depression and coma. SYN: vinyl carbinol.
a. cyanide found in some mustard oils.
a. isothiocyanate obtained from Brassica nigra by the action of water on sinigrin and myrosin or produced synthetically; a vesicant, used in 10% solution in 50% alcohol as a counterirritant in neuralgia. Gives mustard its characteristic flavor and aroma. SEE ALSO: mustard oil. SYN: volatile mustard oil.
a. sulfide a constituent of garlic oil used in the manufacture of flavors.

allylamine
allylamine (al-il-am′en)

A colorless liquid derived from crude oil of mustard and used in the pharmaceutical industry, e.g., in the manufacture of mercurial diuretics.

allylestrenol
allylestrenol (al-il-es′tre-nol)

A progestational agent.

allylmercaptomethylpenicillin
allylmercaptomethylpenicillin (al′il-mer-kap′to-meth′il-pen-i-sil′in)

SYN: penicillin O.

allysines
allysines (al′i-senz)

Two or more six-carbon α-amino acids connected by a carbon-carbon bond; constituents of connective tissue and other structural elements. SEE ALSO: desmin.

Almeida
Almeida

Floriano Paulo de, Brazilian physician, *1898. See A. disease, Lutz-Splendore-A. disease.

Almén
Almén

August Teodor, Swedish physiologist, 1833–1903. See A. test for blood.

almond oil
almond oil (aw′mund, awl′mund)

A fixed oil expressed from sweet almonds, the kernels of varieties of Prunus amygdalus; used in ointments.
bitter almond oil a volatile oil from the dried ripe kernels of bitter almonds and from other kernels containing amygdalin; it contains between 2 and 4% of hydrocyanic acid and 95% of benzaldehyde.

aloe
aloe (al′o)

1. The dried juice from the leaves of plants of the genus A. (family Liliaceae), from which are derived aloin, resin, emodin, and volatile oils. 2. The dried juice from the leaves of A. perryi (socotrine aloes), of A. barbadensis (Barbados and Curaçao aloes), or of A. capensis (Cape aloes); used as a purgative; used topically in cosmetics where it has no demonstrated value.

aloe-emodin
aloe-emodin (al′o-em′o-din)

The trimethyl ether of emodin; used as a laxative. See aloin, emodin. SYN: rhabarberone.

aloetin
aloetin (al-o-e′tin)

SYN: aloin.

alogia
alogia (a-lo′je-a)

1. SYN: aphasia. 2. Inability to speak due to mental deficiency or an episode of dementia. [G. a- priv. + logos, speech]

aloin
aloin (al′o-in)

A yellow crystalline principle made up of aloe-emodin and glucose, obtained from aloe; used as a laxative. SYN: aloetin, barbaloin.

alopecia
alopecia (al-o-pe′she-a)

Absence or loss of hair. SYN: baldness, calvities, pelade. [G. alopekia, a disease like fox mange, fr. alopex, a fox]
a. adnata underdevelopment of the lashes. SEE ALSO: a. congenitalis, milphosis. SYN: madarosis (2) .
androgenic a. gradual decrease of scalp hair density in adults with transformation of terminal to vellus hairs, which become lost as a result of familial increased susceptibility of hair follicles to androgen secretion following puberty. Two areas of the scalp are commonly affected in men; when it occurs in females it is associated with other evidence of excessive androgen activity, such as hirsutism. Autosomal dominant inheritance. See female pattern a., male pattern a.. SYN: common baldness.
a. areata [MIM*104000] a common condition of undetermined etiology characterized by circumscribed, nonscarring, usually asymmetrical areas of baldness on the scalp, eyebrows, and bearded portion of the face. Hairy skin anywhere on the body may be affected; occasionally follows autosomal dominant inheritance. Peribulbar lymphocytic infiltration and association with autoimmune disorders suggest an autoimmune etiology. Slow enlargement with eventual regrowth within 1 year is common, but relapse is frequent and progression to a. totalis may occur, especially with childhood onset.
a. capitis totalis SYN: a. totalis.
cicatricial a. SYN: scarring a.. [L. cicatrix, cicatricis, scar + suffix -al, characterized by]
a. congenitalis absence of all hair at birth. May be associated with psychomotor epilepsy [MIM*104130]; autosomal dominant or X-linked [MIM*300042] inheritance. SYN: congenital baldness, hypotrichiasis (2) .
congenital sutural a. obsolete term for dyscephalia mandibulo-oculofacialis.
female pattern a. diffuse partial hair loss in the centroparietal area of the scalp, with preservation of the frontal and temporal hairlines; the most frequent type of androgenic a. in women.
a. hereditaria SYN: male pattern a..
a. leprotica thinning or total loss of the lateral third of the eyebrows, eyelashes, and body hairs, seen in leprosy; loss of scalp hair is rare.
a. liminaris frontalis SYN: a. marginalis.
lipedematous a. a. with itching, soreness, or tenderness of the scalp in black women; the scalp is thickened and soft, subcutaneous fat is increased, and the hair is sparse and short.
male pattern a. [MIM*109200] the most common form of androgenic a., seen in men as receding frontal and bilateral triangular temple hairlines, and a balding patch on the vertex, which may progress to complete a.; inheritance is autosomal dominant in males, recessive in females. SYN: a. hereditaria, male pattern baldness, patterned a..
a. marginalis hair loss at the hairline, a condition most commonly seen in blacks; commonly transient and caused by chronic traction, although long-continued traction may cause permanent a.. SYN: a. liminaris frontalis.
a. medicamentosa diffuse hair loss, most notably of the scalp, caused by administration of various types of drugs.
moth-eaten a. patchy hair loss of parietal and occipital regions of the scalp, characteristic of secondary syphilis.
a. mucinosa follicular mucinosis with a. appearing in areas of erythema and edema in the bearded portion of the face or in the scalp.
patterned a. SYN: male pattern a..
postoperative pressure a. SYN: pressure a..
postpartum a. temporary diffuse telogen loss of scalp hair at the termination of pregnancy.
premature a., a. prematura male pattern baldness appearing at an unusually early age.
a. presenilis ordinary or common baldness occurring in early or middle life without any apparent disease of the scalp.
pressure a. loss of hair over a circumscribed area usually on the posterior scalp, resulting from the continuous pressure on the occiput in a lengthy operative procedure, or unconsciousness following a drug overdose. SYN: postoperative pressure a..
scarring a. a. in which hair follicles are irreversibly destroyed by scarring processes including trauma, burns, lupus erythematosus, lichen planopilaris, scleroderma, folliculitis decalvans, or of uncertain cause (pseudopelade). SYN: cicatricial a..
a. senilis the normal loss of scalp hair in old age.
a. symptomatica a. occurring in the course of various constitutional or local diseases, or following prolonged febrile illness.
a. syphilitica moth-eaten a. of secondary syphilis.
a. totalis total loss of hair of the scalp either within a very short period of time or from progression of localized a., especially a. areata. Cf.:a. universalis. SYN: a. capitis totalis.
a. toxica hair loss attributed to febrile illness.
traction a. circumscribed or diffuse loss of hair resulting from repetitive traction on the hair by pulling or twisting; also occurs after excessive application of hair “softeners” such as permanent wave solutions or hot combs. A. marginalis is a form of traction a.. SYN: traumatic a..
traumatic a. SYN: traction a..
a. triangularis (tri′ang-oo-la-ris) bilateral receding temporal hair lines in male pattern a..
a. triangularis congenitalis a congenital triangular patch of baldness on the frontal or temporal region of the scalp.
a. universalis total loss of hair from all parts of the body. Cf.:a. totalis.

alopecic
alopecic (al-o-pe′sik)

Relating to alopecia.

Alpers
Alpers

Bernard J., U.S. neurologist, 1900–1981. See A. disease.

alpha
alpha (al′fa)

First letter of the Greek alphabet, &a.;.

alpha amylase
alpha amylase

A starch-splitting enzyme obtained from a nonpathogenic bacterium of the Bacillus subtilis class, used in the treatment of inflammatory conditions and edema of soft tissues associated with traumatic injury; its therapeutic usefulness has not been fully established and its mode of action is not known.

alpha-blocker
alpha-blocker (al′fa-blok′er)

SYN: α-adrenergic blocking agent.

alphadione
alphadione (al-fa-di′on)

An intravenous anesthetic containing two steroids, alfaxalone, and alfadolone acetate, dissolved in 20% polyoxyethylated castor oil.

Alphaherpesvirinae
Alphaherpesvirinae (al′fa-her′pez-vir′i-ne)

A subfamily of Herpesviridae containing Simplexvirus and Varicellavirus.

alphaprodine
alphaprodine (al-fa-pro′den)

A narcotic analgesic related to meperidine; physical and psychic dependence may develop.

alphasone acetophenide
alphasone acetophenide (al′fa-son)

SYN: algestone acetophenide.

Alphavirus
Alphavirus (al′fa-vi-rus)

One of the genera of the family Togaviridae that was formerly classified as part of the “group A” arboviruses and includes the viruses that cause eastern equine, western equine, and Venezuelan encephalitis.

alpidem
alpidem (al-pi′dem)

A benzodiazepine anxiolytic/sedative/hypnotic.

Alport
Alport

Arthur Cecil, South African physician, 1880–1959. See A. syndrome.

alprazolam
alprazolam (al-praz′o-lam)

A benzodiazepine minor tranquilizer used for management of anxiety disorders and panic attack; abuse may lead to habituation or addiction.

alprenolol hydrochloride
alprenolol hydrochloride (al-pren′o-lol)

The hydrochloride salt of 1-(o-allylphenoxy)-3-(isopropylamino)propan-2-ol; a β-receptor blocking agent, used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.

alprostadil
alprostadil (al-pros′ta-dil)

A vasodilator used for palliative therapy to temporarily maintain patency of the ductus arteriosus in neonates with congenital heart defects. SYN: prostaglandin E₁.

ALS
ALS

Abbreviation for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; antilymphocyte serum.

alseroxylon
alseroxylon (al′ser-ok′si-lon)

A fat-soluble alkaloidal fraction extracted from the root of Rauwolfia serpentina, containing reserpine and other nonadrenolytic amorphous alkaloids; used as a sedative in psychoses, in mild hypertension, and as an adjunct to more potent hypotensive drugs.

Alström
Alström

Carl-Henry, Swedish geneticist, *1907. See A. syndrome.

ALT
ALT

Abbreviation for alanine aminotransferase.

Altemeier
Altemeier

William A,, 20th century U.S. surgeon. See A. operation.

alteration
alteration (awl-ter-a′shun)

1. A change. 2. A changing; a making different.
modal a. in electric irritability, a change in the mode of response of degenerated muscle to electric stimulation, the contraction being sluggish instead of quick.
qualitative a. in electric irritability, a change in which the muscle contracts as readily on application of the anode as on that of the cathode.
quantitative a. in electric irritability, a gradual loss of contractility in a muscle in response to static, faradic, and galvanic currents successively.

alteregoism
alteregoism (awl-ter-e′go-izm)

Identification with people of similar personality to one's own.

alternans
alternans (awl-ter′nanz)

Alternating; often used substantively for alternation of the heart, either electrical or mechanical. Alternating; used as a noun in the sense of pulsus a.. [L.]
auditory a. SYN: auscultatory a..
auscultatory a. alternation in the intensity of heart sounds or murmurs in the presence of a regular cardiac rhythm as a result of mechanical alternation of the heart. SYN: auditory a..
concordant a. simultaneous occurrence of right ventricular and pulmonary artery a. with left ventricular and peripheral pulsus a..
cycle length a. a succession of long and short diastolic intervals.
discordant a. presence of right ventricular and pulmonary artery a. with peripheral pulsus a., but with the strong beat of the right ventricle coinciding with the weak beat of the left and vice versa.
electrical a. electrical alternation of the heart.

Alternaria
Alternaria (al-ter-na′re-a)

A genus of fungi easily isolated from air and considered to be a common laboratory contaminant and an allergen; occasionally pathogenic in humans.

alternation
alternation (awl-ter-na′shun)

The occurrence of two things or phases in succession and recurrently; used interchangeably with alternans.
cardiac a. the occurrence of any cardiac phenomenon every other beat.
concordant a. a. in either the mechanical or electrical activity of the heart, occurring in both systemic and pulmonary circulations.
discordant a. a. in cardiac activities of either the systemic or the pulmonary circulation, but not of both, or in both but oppositely directed in each.
electrical a. of heart a disorder in which the ventricular or atrial complexes or both are regular in time but of alternating pattern; detected by electrocardiography. The P, PR segment, QRS, T, QRS-T, or P-QRST alternate singly or in combination.
a. of generations a succession of generations of individuals like and unlike the original parents, or an a. of sexual and nonsexual generations.
mechanical a. of the heart disorder in which contractions of the heart are regular but are alternately stronger and weaker.

alternator
alternator (awl′ter-na-ter)

Mechanical apparatus with movable transparent racks to which a large number of radiographs can be attached, to enable selection and viewing in front of a stationary bank of lights. [L. alterno, to do by turns, fr. alter, either of two]

alternocular
alternocular (awl-ter-nok′u-lar)

Denoting the use of each eye separately instead of binocularly. [L. alternus, by turns, + ocular]

Alteromonas
Alteromonas

A genus of Gram-negative bacteria with curved rods, and motile by means of a single polar flagellum; require a seawater base for growth; a cause of spoilage of poultry.
A. putrefaciens a marine species of bacteria implicated as a cause of fish spoilage but rarely as a human pathogen.

althea
althea (al-the′a)

Derived from Althaea officinalis, a perennial herb which is found wild in moist places in Europe. Contains a high proportion of starches, pectin, and sugars; used as a flavor and demulcent. SYN: marshmallow root. [L., fr. G. althaia, marshmallow]

Altherr
Altherr

Franz. See Meyenburg-A.-Uehlinger syndrome.

alt. hor.
alt. hor.

Abbreviation for L. alternis horis, every other hour.

altitudinal
altitudinal (al-ti-too′di-nal)

Relating to vertical relationships; e.g., a. hemianopsia.

Altmann
Altmann

Richard, German histologist, 1852–1900. See A. fixative, A. granule, A. anilin-acid fuchsin stain, A. theory, A.-Gersh method.

altrose
altrose (al′tros)

An aldohexose isomeric with glucose, tallose, allose, etc. d-A. is epimeric with d-mannose.

alum
alum (al′um)

A double sulfate of aluminum and of an alkaline earth element or ammonium; chemically, an a. is any one of the markedly astringent double salts formed by a combination of a sulfate of aluminum, iron, manganese, chromium, or gallium with a sulfate of lithium, sodium, potassium, ammonium, cesium, or rubidium; used locally as styptics. [L. alumen]
burnt a. SYN: dried a..
cake a. SYN: aluminum sulfate octadecahydrate.
chrome a. the sulfate of chromium and potassium; used as a mordant in histologic staining.
dried a. a. deprived of its water of crystallization by heat; an astringent dusting powder. SYN: burnt a..
exsiccated a. a. heated to complete dryness; a local astringent.
ferric a. SYN: ferric ammonium sulfate.
whey a. an astringent and styptic preparation made by boiling a. (1 oz.) in milk (10 oz.).

alum-hematoxylin
alum-hematoxylin (al′um-he-ma-tok′si-lin)

A purple nuclear stain used in histology; a mixture of an aqueous solution of ammonium alum and an alcoholic solution of hematoxylin which is ripened or oxidized to hematein.

alumina
alumina (a-loo′mi-na)

SYN: aluminum oxide.
hydrated a. SYN: aluminum hydroxide.

aluminated
aluminated (a-loo′mi-na-ted)

Containing alum.

aluminon
aluminon (a-loo′min-on)

The ammonium salt of aurintricarboxylic acid, so-called because of its usefulness in the detection of aluminum in biologic material, foods, etc.

aluminosis
aluminosis (a-loo-min-o′sis)

A pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of aluminum particles into the lungs.

aluminum
aluminum (Al) (a-loo′min-um)

A white silvery metal of very light weight; atomic no. 13, atomic wt. 26.981539. Many salts and compounds are used in medicine and dentistry. [L. alumen, alum]
a. acetate used as a disinfectant by embalmers; proposed as desiccant and deodorant powder for eczema and chronic skin ulcers.
a. acetotartrate basic a. acetate (70%) and tartaric acid (30%); antiseptic.
a. acetylsalicylate SYN: a. aspirin.
a. ammonium sulfate an astringent.
a. aspirin an analgesic and antipyretic. SYN: a. acetylsalicylate.
a. bismuth oxide SYN: bismuth aluminate.
a. carbonate, basic an a. hydroxide-carbonate complex consisting of white lumps, insoluble in water; aqueous suspensions bind phosphorus in the intestine and lower serum inorganic phosphorus resulting in an increase in reabsorption of phosphorus by renal tubules and reduction of urinary excretion of phosphorus; it reduces formation of phosphatic urinary calculi and gastric acidity.
a. chlorate nonahydrate an antiseptic. SYN: mallebrin.
a. chloride hexahydrate used as an astringent or antiseptic in solution.
a. diacetate SYN: a. subacetate.
a. hydrate SYN: a. hydroxide.
a. hydroxide an astringent dusting powder; also used internally as a mild astringent antacid. SYN: a. hydrate, hydrated alumina.
a. hydroxide gel a suspension containing Al₂O₃, mainly in the form of a. hydroxide, used as an antacid; a dried form, with the same use, is obtained by drying the product of interaction in aqueous solution of an a. salt with ammonium or sodium carbonate.
a. hydroxychloride an antiperspirant.
a. magnesium silicate SYN: magnesium a. silicate.
a. monostearate a compound of a. with a mixture of solid organic acids obtained from fats, and consisting chiefly of a. monostearate and a. monopalmitate; used as a suspending medium in pharmaceutical preparations.
a. nicotinate a lipid-lowering agent with peripheral vasodilator action.
a. oleate used as an ointment in certain cutaneous affections and in burns.
a. oxide used as an abrasive, as a refractory, and in chromatography. SYN: alumina.
a. penicillin See a. penicillin.
a. phenolsulfonate antiseptic and astringent for local application, usually for cutaneous ulcers.
a. phosphate an infusible powder, insoluble in water but soluble in alkali hydroxides, used for dental cements with calcium sulfate and sodium silicate.
a. phosphate gel an aqueous suspension of between 4.0 and 5.0% of a. phosphate; used as an antacid.
a. potassium sulfate an astringent and styptic; also used in veterinary medicine for ulcerative stomatitis, leukorrhea, and conjunctivitis. SYN: potassium alum.
a. salicylate, basic used in the treatment of ozena and pharyngitis.
a. salicylate, basic, soluble used in solution as a spray for diseases of the upper air passages.
a. silicate SYN: kaolin.
a. subacetate used in solution (as in Burow solution) as an astringent, as an ingredient in mouthwashes, and in embalming fluids. SYN: a. diacetate.
a. sulfate octadecahydrate astringent detergent for skin ulcers. SYN: cake alum.

aluminum group
aluminum group

Aluminum, boron, gallium, indium, and thallium.

alvei
alvei (al′ve-i)

Plural of alveus.

alveoalgia
alveoalgia (al′ve-o-al′je-a)

A postoperative complication of tooth extraction in which the blood clot in the socket disintegrates, resulting in focal osteomyelitis and severe pain. SYN: alveolalgia, alveolar osteitis, dry socket. [alveolus + G. algos, pain]

alveolalgia
alveolalgia (al′ve-o-lal′je-a)

SYN: alveoalgia.

alveolar
alveolar (al-ve′o-lar)

Relating to an alveolus.

alveolate
alveolate (al-ve′o-lat)

Pitted like a honeycomb. [L. alveolus, dim. of alveus, trough, hollow sac, cavity]

alveolectomy
alveolectomy (al′ve-o-lek′to-me)

Surgical excision of a portion of the dentoalveolar process, for recontouring of the alveolar ridge at the time of tooth removal to facilitate a dental prosthesis. [alveolus + G. ektome, excision]

alveoli
alveoli (al-ve′o-li)

Plural of alveolus.

alveolingual
alveolingual (al′ve-o-ling′gwal)

SYN: alveololingual.

alveolitis
alveolitis (al′ve-o-li′tis)

1. Inflammation of lung alveoli. 2. Inflammation of a tooth socket.
acute pulmonary a. acute inflammation involving exudate into the pulmonary alveoli and impaired gas exchange such as occurs in a host of interstitial lung diseases, including diffuse alveolar damage, drug-induced lung disease, and acute immunologic injury.
chronic fibrosing a. SYN: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
cryptogenic fibrosing a. SYN: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
extrinsic allergic a. pneumoconiosis resulting from hypersensitivity due to repeated inhalation of organic dust, usually specified according to occupational exposure; in the acute form, respiratory symptoms and fever start several hours after exposure to the dust; in the chronic form, there is eventual diffuse pulmonary fibrosis after exposure over several years.
fibrosing a. SYN: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

alveolo- alveolo-

An alveolus, the alveolar process; alveolar. [L. alveolus, a concave vessel, a bowl, a basin, fr. alveus, a trough, + -olus, small, little; akin to alvus, the belly, the womb]

alveoloclasia
alveoloclasia (al-ve′o-lo-kla′ze-a)

Destruction of the alveolus. [alveolo- + G. klasis, breaking]

alveolodental
alveolodental (al-ve′o-lo-den′tal)

Relating to the alveoli and the teeth.

alveololabial
alveololabial (al-ve′o-lo-la′be-al)

Relating to the labial or vestibular (outer) surface of the alveolar processes of the upper or lower jaw.

alveololabialis
alveololabialis (al-ve′o-lo-la-be-a′lis)

Relating to the alveololabial groove or region. [L.]

alveololingual
alveololingual (al-ve′o-lo-ling′gwal)

Relating to the lingual (inner) surface of the alveolar process of the lower jaw. SYN: alveolingual.

alveolopalatal
alveolopalatal (al-ve′o-lo-pal′a-ta1)

Relating to the palatal surface of the alveolar process of the upper jaw.

alveoloplasty
alveoloplasty (al-ve′o-lo-plas-te)

Surgical preparation of the alveolar ridges for the reception of dentures; shaping and smoothing of socket margins after extraction of teeth with subsequent suturing to insure optimal healing. SYN: alveoplasty. [alveolo- + G. plasso, to form]
interradicular a., intraseptal a. removal of the interradicular bone and collapsing of the cortical plates to a more desirable alveolar contour.

alveoloschisis
alveoloschisis (al-ve-o-los′ki-sis)

A cleft of the alveolar process. [alveolo- + G. schisis, cleaving]

alveolotomy
alveolotomy (al-ve-o-lot′o-me)

Surgical opening into a dental alveolus to allow drainage of pus from a periapical or other intraosseous abscess. [alveolo- + G. tome, incision]

alveolus
alveolus, gen. and pl. alveoli (al-ve′o-lus, -o-li) [NA]

A small cell, cavity, or socket. 1. SYN: pulmonary a.. 2. One of the terminal secretory portions of an alveolar or racemose gland. 3. One of the honeycomb pits in the wall of the stomach. 4. SYN: tooth socket. [L. dim. of alveus, trough, hollow sac, cavity]
a. dentalis, pl .alveoli dentales [TA] SYN: tooth socket.
pulmonary a. a thin-walled saclike terminal dilation of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs across which gas exchange occurs between alveolar air and the pulmonary capillaries. SYN: a. (1) [NA] , air cells (1) , air vesicles, alveoli pulmonis, bronchic cells.
alveoli pulmonis SYN: pulmonary a..

alveoplasty
alveoplasty (al′ve-o-plas-te)

SYN: alveoloplasty.

alveus
alveus, pl .alvei (al′ve-us, -ve-i)

A channel or trough. [L. tray, trough, cavity, fr. alvus, belly]
a. hippocampi [TA] SYN: a. of hippocampus.
a. of hippocampus [TA] a thin white band of fornix fibers covering the ventricular surface of the hippocampus. SYN: a. hippocampi [TA] .
a. urogenitalis obsolete term for prostatic utricle.

ALW
ALW

Abbreviation for arch-loop-whorl system.

alymphia
alymphia (a-lim′fe-a)

Absence or deficiency of lymph. [G. a- priv + lymph +-ia]

alymphocytosis
alymphocytosis (a-lim′fo-si-to′sis)

Absence or great reduction of lymphocytes.

alymphoplasia
alymphoplasia (a-lim-fo-pla′ze-a)

Lack of development or hypoplasia of lymphoid tissue.
Nezelof type of thymic a. cellular immunodeficiency with failure of development of T cells and T-cell function.
thymic a. hypoplasia with absence of Hassall corpuscles and deficiency of lymphocytes in the thymus and usually in lymph nodes, spleen, and gastrointestinal tract resulting in severe combined immunodeficiency. SEE ALSO: immunodeficiency with hypoparathyroidism.

Alzheimer
Alzheimer

Alois, German neurologist, 1864–1915. See A. dementia, A. disease, A. sclerosis.

alzyme
alzyme (al′zim)

Union of antibody and enzyme to form a hybrid catalytic molecule.

Am
Am

Symbol for americium.

am
am

Abbreviation for ammeter.

AMA
AMA

Abbreviation for American Medical Association.

amacrine
amacrine (am′a-krin)

1. A cell or structure lacking a long, fibrous process. 2. Denoting such a cell or structure. SEE ALSO: a. cell. [G. a- priv. + makros, long, + is (in-), fiber]

amadou
amadou (ahm′ah-doo)

SYN: agaric. [Fr.]

amalgam
amalgam (a-mal′gam)

An alloy of an element or a metal with mercury. In dentistry, primarily of two types: silver-tin alloy, containing small amounts of copper, zinc and perhaps other metals, and a second type containing more copper (12 to 30% by weight); they are used for restoring teeth and making dies. [G. malagma, a soft mass]
pin a. an a. restoration held in place largely by small metal rods protruding from holes drilled into tooth structure.
spherical a. an alloy for dental a. composed of spherical particles instead of filings.

amalgamate
amalgamate (a-mal′ga-mat)

To make an amalgam.

amalgamation
amalgamation (a-mal-ga-ma′shun)

The process of combining mercury with a metal or an alloy to form a new alloy.

amalgamator
amalgamator (a-mal′ga-ma-tor)

A device for combining mercury with a metal or an alloy to form a new alloy.

Amanita
Amanita (am-a-ni′ta)

A genus of fungi, many members of which are highly poisonous. [G. amanitai, fungi]
A. muscaria a toxic species of mushroom with yellow to red pileus and white gills; it contains muscarine, a cholinomimetic, which produces psychosislike states and other symptoms. SYN: fly agaric.
A. phalloides a species containing poisonous principles, including phalloidin and amanitin, that cause gastroenteritis, hepatic necrosis, and renal necrosis. SYN: deadly agaric.

α-amanitin
α-amanitin (am-a-ni′tin)

A highly toxic, heat-stable bicyclic oligopeptide in Amanita phalloides. It inhibits transcription by certain RNA polymerases.

amantadine hydrochloride
amantadine hydrochloride (a-man′ta-den)

An antiviral agent used for influenza; also used to treat parkinsonism where it increases dopamine release and reduces its reuptake into dopaminergic nerve terminals of substantia nigra neurons.

amara
amara (a-mah′ra)

SYN: bitters (2) . [neut. pl. of L. amarus, bitter]

amaranth
amaranth, amaranthum (am′a-ranth, am-a-ran′thum) [C.I. 16185]

An azo dye; a soluble reddish brown powder, the color turning to magenta red in solution; used as a food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic coloring agent, and occasionally in histology. [G. amaranthon, a never-fading flower]

amarine
amarine (am′a-rin)

A name applied to various bitter principles derived from plants, especially to a poisonous substance, 2,4,5-triphenylimidazoline, obtained from oil of bitter almond. [L. amarus, bitter]

amaroid
amaroid (am′a-royd)

A bitter extractive that does not belong to the class of glycosides, alkaloids, or any of the known proximate principles of plants. [L. amarus, bitter, + G. eidos, like]

amaroidal
amaroidal (am-a-roy′dal)

Resembling bitters; having a slightly bitter taste.

amarum
amarum (a-mah′rum)

One of a class of vegetable drugs of bitter taste, such as gentian and quassia, used as appetizers and tonics. [neut. of L. amarus, bitter]

amastia
amastia (a-mas′te-a)

Absence of the breasts. [G. a- priv. + mastos, breast]

amastigote
amastigote (a-mas′ti-got)

SYN: Leishman-Donovan body. [G. a- priv. + mastix, whip]

amathophobia
amathophobia (a-math-o-fo′be-a)

Morbid dread of dust or dirt. [G. amathos, dust, + phobos, fear]

amatoxin
amatoxin (am-a-tok′sin)

One of a group of bicyclic octapeptides from death-cap fungus and deadly agaric (Amanita phalloides).

amaurosis
amaurosis (am-aw-ro′sis)

Blindness, especially that occurring without apparent change in the eye itself, as from a brain lesion. [G. amauros, dark, obscure, + -osis, condition]
a. congenita of Leber [MIM*204000 & MIM*204100] a disorder of cone-rod abiotrophy causing blindness or severely reduced vision at birth; autosomal recessive inheritance with at least 3 different loci. Type I is caused by mutation in the gene for retinal guanylate cyclase (GUC2D) on chromosome 17p, type II by mutation in the gene for retinal pigment epithelium-specific 65-kD protein (RPE65) on 1p, and type III by mutation in the gene for photoreceptor-specific homeobox gene CRX on 19q.
a. fugax a transient blindness that may result from a transient ischemia due to carotid artery insufficiency, retinal artery embolus, or to centrifugal force (visual blackout in flight).
pressure a. loss of vision occurring a few seconds after intraocular pressure exceeds systolic pressure of retinal arteries.
toxic a. blindness due to optic neuritis caused by methyl alcohol, lead, arsenic, quinine, or other poisons.

amaurotic
amaurotic (am-aw-rot′ik)

Relating to or suffering from amaurosis.

amaxophobia
amaxophobia (a-mak-so-fo′be-a)

Rarely used term for morbid fear of, or of riding in, a vehicle. [G. amaxa, hamaxa, a carriage, + phobos, fear]

ambageusia
ambageusia (am-ba-goo′se-a)

Loss of taste from both sides of the tongue. [L. ambo, both, + G. a- priv. + geusis, taste]

ambenonium chloride
ambenonium chloride (am-be-no′ne-um)

A cholinesterase inhibitor similar to neostigmine in actions; used chiefly in the management of myasthenia gravis and occasionally for intestinal and urinary tract obstruction.

AMBER
AMBER (am′ber)

Acronym for advanced multiple-beam equalization radiography.

amber
amber (am′ber)

1. A hard, dark yellow to tan, fossilized resin derived from pine trees. 2. See a. codon. [Ar. anbar]

Amberg
Amberg

Emil, U.S. otologist, 1868–1948. See A. lateral sinus line.

ambergris
ambergris (am′ber-gris)

A grayish pathologic secretion from the intestine of the sperm whale that occurs as a flammable waxy mass (melting point about 60°C), insoluble in water; contains cholesterol and benzoic acid, and is used as a base for perfume. [Mod. L. ambra grisea, gray amber]

ambi- ambi-

Around; on all (both) sides; both, double; corresponds to G. amphi-. SEE ALSO: ambo-. [L., around, about, akin to ambo, both]

ambidexterity
ambidexterity (am-bi-deks-ter′i-te)

The ability to use both hands with equal ease. SYN: ambidextrism.

ambidextrism
ambidextrism (am-bi-deks′trizm)

SYN: ambidexterity.

ambidextrous
ambidextrous (am-bi-deks′trus)

Having equal facility in the use of both hands.

ambient
ambient (am′be-ent)

Surrounding, encompassing; pertaining to the environment in which an organism or apparatus functions. [L. ambiens, going around]

ambiguity
ambiguity (am-bi-goo′i-te)

Condition of being ambiguous; uncertainty.
genital a. incomplete development of fetal genitalia as a result of excessive androgen action on a female fetus or inadequate amounts of androgen in a male fetus. SYN: ambiguous external genitalia, ambiguous genitalia.

ambiguous
ambiguous (am-big′u-us)

1. Having more than one interpretation. 2. In anatomy, wandering; having more than one direction. 3. In neuroanatomy, applied to a nucleus (nucleus ambiguus) supplying special visceral efferent fibers to vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves. [L. ambiguus, fr. ambigo, to wander]

ambilateral
ambilateral (am-bi-lat′er-al)

Relating to both sides. [ambi- + L. latus, side]

ambilevous
ambilevous (am-bi-le′vus)

Awkwardness in the use of both hands. SYN: ambisinister, ambisinistrous. [ambi- + L. laevus, left]

ambisexual
ambisexual (am-bi-seks′u-al)

1. Denoting sexual characteristics found in both sexes, e.g., breast, pubic hair. 2. Slang term for bisexual.

ambisinister
ambisinister (am-bi-sin′is-ter)

SYN: ambilevous. [ambi- + L. sinister, left]

ambisinistrous
ambisinistrous (am′bi-sin′is-trus)

SYN: ambilevous.

ambivalence
ambivalence (am-biv′a-lens)

The coexistence of antithetical attitudes or emotions toward a given person or thing, or idea, as in the simultaneous feeling and expression of love and hate toward the same person. [ambi- + L. valentia, strength]

ambivalent
ambivalent (am-biv′a-lent)

Relating to or characterized by ambivalence.

ambivert
ambivert (am′bi-vert)

One who falls between the two extremes of introversion and extroversion, possessing some of the tendencies of each.

ambly- ambly-

Dullness, dimness; blunt, dull, dim, dimmed. [G. amblys, blunt, dulled; faint, dim]

amblygeustia
amblygeustia (am-bli-goos′te-a)

A dimunition in the sense of taste. [ambly- + G. geusis, taste]

amblyogenic
amblyogenic (am′ble-o-jen′ic)

Inducing amblyopia. [amblyopia + -genic]

Amblyomma
Amblyomma (am-ble-om′a)

A genus of ornate, hard ticks (family Ixodidae) characterized by having eyes, festoons, and deeply imbedded ventral plates near the festoons in males. [ambly- + G. omma, eye, vision]
A. americanum the Lone Star tick, a species that is an important pest and vector of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, found primarily in the southern United States and northern Mexico; it occurs on dogs and many other hosts, including domestic animals, birds, and humans, whom it bites in larval, nymphal, and adult stages.
A. cajennense the Cayenne tick, a species that is an important pest in southern Texas, Central and South America, and the larger Caribbean islands, and a vector of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Mexico and Central and South America; all stages attack humans and many species of domestic and wild animals.
A. hebraeum the South African bont tick, an important vector of heartwater in southern Africa.
A. maculatum the Gulf Coast tick, a species that is a pest of livestock in the southeastern United States.
A. variegatum the tropical bont tick, a serious pest of domestic livestock and an important vector of heartwater in Africa and the Caribbean; it is closely associated with the development of severe clinical dermatophilosis in cattle in the Caribbean.

amblyopia
amblyopia (am-ble-o′pe-a)

Poor vision caused by abnormal development of visual areas of the brain in response to abnormal visual stimulation during early development. [G. a., dimness of vision, fr. amblys dull, + ops, eye]
anisometropic a. a suppression of central vision due to an unequal refractive error (anisometropia) of at least two diopters. This induces a sufficient difference in image size (aniseikonia) that the two images cannot be fused. In order to avoid confusion, the blurrier image is suppressed. SYN: refractive a..
deprivation a. SYN: sensory a..
a. ex anopsia SYN: suppression a..
hysterical a. functional visual loss.
meridional a. a. due to an uncorrected, large astigmatism during the amblyogenic period of visual development.
nocturnal a. SYN: nyctalopia.
nutritional a. a. resulting from lack of vitamin B–complex constituents.
pattern distortion a. a. due to a blurred retinal image during the amblyogenic period of visual development.
refractive a. SYN: anisometropic a..
sensory a. a suppression of central vision in an eye due to poor image formation; e.g., by a corneal scar, a cataract, or a droopy eyelid. SYN: deprivation a..
strabismic a. a suppression of central vision due to the two eyes pointing in different directions. The two scenes cannot be fused into a single image, so, to avoid confusion, one of the images is suppressed.
suppression a. suppression of the central vision in one eye when the images from the two eyes are so different that they cannot be fused into one. This may be due to: 1) faulty image formation (sensory a.); 2) a large difference in refraction between the two eyes (anisometropic a.); or 3) the two eyes pointing in different directions (strabismic a.). Most suppression a. can be reversed if appropriately treated before age 6 years. SYN: a. ex anopsia.
tobacco-alcohol a. an acquired optic neuropathy particularly involving the maculopapillary bundle nerve fibers associated with excessive alcohol and tobacco consumption.
toxic a. toxic amaurosis.

amblyopic
amblyopic (am-ble-o′pik)

Relating to, or suffering from, amblyopia.

amblyoscope
amblyoscope (am′ble-o-skop)

A reflecting stereoscope used to evaluate or simulate binocular vision. SEE ALSO: haploscope. [amblyopia + G. skopeo, to view]
major a. an a. in which intensity of illumination as well as targets may be varied.
Worth a. the original a.; a hand-held a. consisting of angled tubes that can be swiveled to any degree of convergence or divergence.

ambo- ambo-

Around; on all (both) sides; corresponds to G. ampho-. SEE ALSO: ambi-. [L. ambo, both]

amboceptor
amboceptor (am′bo-sep-tor)

Ehrlich term for his concept, now obsolete, of the structure of complement-fixing antibody; now used chiefly to denote the anti-sheep erythrocyte antibody used in the hemolytic system of complement-fixation tests. [ambo- + L. capio, to take]

ambomalleal
ambomalleal (am-bo-mal′e-al)

SYN: incudomalleal.

ambrosin
ambrosin (am-bro′sin)

A principle in ragweed related to absinthin.

ambucetamide
ambucetamide (am-bu-set′a-mid)

An intestinal antispasmodic.

ambulance
ambulance (am′bu-lans)

A vehicle used to transport sick or injured persons to a treatment facility. [Fr., fr. (hôpital) ambulant, mobile hospital]

ambulatory
ambulatory, ambulant (am′bu-la-tor-e, am′bu-lant)

Walking about or able to walk about; denoting a patient who is not confined to bed or hospital as a result of disease or surgery. [L. ambulans, walking]

ambuphylline
ambuphylline (am-bu′fi-lin)

A diuretic and bronchodilator.

amcinonide
amcinonide (am-sin′o-nid)

A glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of dermatoses.

ameba
ameba, pl .amebaeamebas (a-me′ba, -be, -baz)

Common name for Amoeba and similar naked, lobose, sarcodine protozoa.

amebacide
amebacide (a-me′ba-sid)

SYN: amebicide.

amebaism
amebaism (a-me′ba-izm)

1. SYN: ameboidism (1) . 2. SYN: ameboididity.

amebiasis
amebiasis (a-me-bi′a-sis)

Infection with the protozoon Entamoeba histolytica. [ameba + G. -iasis, condition]
canine a. infection of dogs with Entamoeba histolytica acquired from humans; dogs are seldom cyst passers, and therefore are not a reservoir for human infection.
a. cutis cutaneous a., appearing usually as an extension of underlying infection ( e.g., perianal or colostomy site or over a liver abscess).
hepatic a. infection of the liver with Entamoeba histolytica; may occur with or without antecedent amebic dysentery.
pulmonary a. infection of the lung by amebae; usually indicates extension of Entamoeba histolytica infection from abscess of liver, penetrating through the diaphragm into the lung.

amebic
amebic (a-me′bik)

Relating to, resembling, or caused by amebas.

amebicidal
amebicidal (a-me-bi-si′dal)

Destructive to amebas.

amebicide
amebicide (a-me′bi-sid)

Any agent that causes the destruction of amebas. SYN: amebacide. [ameba + L. caedo, to kill]

amebiform
amebiform (a-me′bi-form)

Of the shape or appearance of an ameba. [ameba + L. forma, shape]

amebiosis
amebiosis (a-me-bi-o′sis)

Obsolete term for amebiasis.

amebism
amebism (a-me′bizm)

Obsolete term for amebiasis.

amebocyte
amebocyte (a-me′bo-sit)

1. A wandering cell found in invertebrates. 2. Obsolete term for leukocyte. 3. An in vitro tissue culture leukocyte. [ameba, + kytos, cell]

ameboid
ameboid (a-me′boyd)

1. Resembling an ameba in appearance or characteristics. 2. Of irregular outline with peripheral projections; denoting the outline of a form of colony in plate culture. [ameba + G. eidos, appearance]

ameboididity
ameboididity (a-me-boy-did′i-te)

The power of locomotion after the manner of an ameboid cell. SYN: amebaism (2) .

ameboidism
ameboidism (a-me′boyd-izm)

1. The performance of movements similar to those of an ameba. SYN: amebaism (1) . 2. Denoting a condition sometimes seen in certain nerve cells.

ameboma
ameboma (a-me-bo′ma)

A nodular, tumorlike focus of proliferative inflammation sometimes developing in chronic amebiasis, especially in the wall of the colon. SYN: amebic granuloma. [ameba + G. -oma, tumor]

amebula
amebula, pl .amebulae (a-me′bu-la, -le)

Term applied to the excysted young amebas of Entamoeba species that emerge from the cyst in the human or vertebrate gut and their immediate progeny, usually totalling eight, prior to their localization in the large intestine. [fr. G. amoibe, a change, alteration]

amebule
amebule (a-me′bul)

A minute ameba.

ameburia
ameburia (am-e-bu′re-a)

The presence of amebas in the urine. [ameba + G. ouron, urine]

amelanotic
amelanotic (a-mel-a-not′ik)

Lacking in melanin. [G. a- priv. + melas, black]

amelia
amelia (a-me′le-a)

Congenital absence of a limb or limbs. Autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked forms have been reported, but most cases are sporadic. [G. a- priv. + melos, a limb]

amelioration
amelioration (a-mel-yo-ra′shun)

Improvement; moderation in the severity of a disease or the intensity of its symptoms. [L. ad, to, + melioro, to make better]

ameloblast
ameloblast (a-mel′o-blast, am-e-lo′blast)

One of the columnar epithelial cells of the inner layer of the enamel organ of a developing tooth, concerned with the formation of enamel matrix. SYN: enamel cell, enameloblast, ganoblast. [Early E. amel, enamel, + G. blastos, germ]

ameloblastoma
ameloblastoma (am′e-lo-blas-to′ma)

A benign odontogenic epithelial neoplasm that histologically mimics the embryonal enamel organ but does not differentiate to the point of forming dental hard tissues; it behaves as a slowly growing expansile radiolucent tumor, occurs most commonly in the posterior regions of the mandible, and has a marked tendency to recur if inadequately excised. [ameloblast + G. -oma, tumor]
pigmented a. SYN: melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy.
pituitary a. SYN: craniopharyngioma.

amelodentinal
amelodentinal (am′e-lo-den′ti-nal)

SYN: dentinoenamel.

amelogenesis
amelogenesis (am′e-lo-jen′e-sis)

The deposition and maturation of enamel. SYN: enamelogenesis.
a. imperfecta a group of hereditary ectodermal disorders in which the enamel is defective in structure or deficient in quantity. Three major groups are recognized: hypoplastic types, with defective enamel matrix deposition but normal mineralization; hypomineralization types, with normal matrix but defective mineralization; and hypomaturation type, in which the enamel crystallites remain immature. The several types may be inherited as autosomal dominant [MIM*104500, 104510, 104530], recessive [MIM*204650, 204690, 204700] or X-linked [MIM*301100, 301200, 301201]. SYN: enamel dysplasia, enamelogenesis imperfecta.

amelogenins
amelogenins (am′el-o-jen′inz)

A class of proteins that form much of the organic matrix during the early development of tooth enamel. [amelogenesis + -in]

amenia
amenia (a-me′ne-a)

Rarely used term for amenorrhea. [G. a- priv. + men, month]

amenorrhea
amenorrhea (a-men-o-re′a)

Absence or abnormal cessation of the menses. [G. a- priv. + men, month, + rhoia, flow]
dietary a. loss of menstrual function due to severe weight loss or gain.
emotional a. a. caused by a strong emotional disturbance, e.g., fright, grief.
exercise-induced a. temporary cessation of menstrual function due to strenuous, daily exercise, as in jogging, increased endorphins inhibiting hypothalamic function.
hyperprolactinemic a. a. associated with abnormally high levels of serum prolactin; may be accompanied by unphysiological lactation.
hypophysial a. a. due to inadequate gonadotrophic secretions by the anterior lobe of the hypophysis.
hypothalamic a. secondary a. arising from defective hypothalamic stimulation of the anterior lobe of the pituitary.
lactation a. physiological suppression of menses while nursing.
ovarian a. a. due to deficiency of estrogenic hormone production by ovary. often referred to menopause if permanent.
pathologic a. a. due to organic disease, either uterine or other, e.g., ovarian or pituitary failure.
physiologic a. a. of pregnancy or the menopause, not associated with an organic disorder.
postpartum a. permanent a. following childbirth resulting from Sheehan syndrome. See Sheehan syndrome.
primary a. a. in which the menses have never occurred.
secondary a. a. in which the menses appeared at puberty but subsequently ceased.
traumatic a. absence of menses because of endometrial scarring or cervical stenosis resulting from injury or disease. SYN: Asherman syndrome.

amenorrheal
amenorrheal, amenorrheic (a-men-o-re′al, -re′ik)

Relating to, accompanied by, or due to amenorrhea.

amentia
amentia (a-men′she-a)

1. SYN: mental retardation. 2. SYN: dementia. [L. madness, fr. ab, from, + mens, mind]
nevoid a. SYN: Brushfield-Wyatt disease.
phenylpyruvic a. a. accompanied by the appearance of phenylpyruvate in the urine.

amential
amential (a-men′she-al)

Pertaining to amentia.

American Law Institute formulation
American Law Institute formulation

Used in certain jurisdictions to determine criminal responsibility in legal proceedings. See criminal insanity.

American Law Institute rule
American Law Institute rule

See under rule.

American National Standards Institute
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

Organization that sets standards for physical measures in the United States.

American Red Cross
American Red Cross

The national Red Cross society of the United States, established by Congress to assist in caring for the sick and wounded, serving as a communications link between members of the U.S. armed forces and their families, conducting disaster relief and prevention programs, and furnishing other humanitarian services, the largest of which is a network of regional blood centers providing blood and blood products.

americium
americium (Am) (am′e-ris′e-um)

An element obtained by the bombardment of uranium with neutrons or β decay of plutoniums 241, 242, and 243; atomic no. 95; atomic weight 243.06. ²⁴¹Am (half-life of 432.2 years) has been used in the diagnosis of bone disorders. ²⁴³Am has a half-life of 7370 years. [the Americas]

amerism
amerism (am′er-izm)

The condition or quality of not dividing into parts, segments, or merozoites. [G. a- priv. + meros, part]

ameristic
ameristic (am-e-ris′tik)

Endowed with amerism; not dividing into parts or segments.

Ames
Ames

Bruce N., U.S. molecular geneticist, *1928. See A. assay, A. test.

amethopterin
amethopterin (a-meth-o-ter′in, am-e-thop′te-rin)

SYN: methotrexate.

ametria
ametria (a-me′tre-a)

Congenital absence of the uterus; the genetics is obscure. [G. a- priv. + metra, uterus]

ametriodinic acid
ametriodinic acid (a′me-tri-o-din′ik)

SYN: iodamide.

ametropia
ametropia (am-e-tro′pe-a)

The optic condition in which there is an error of refraction so that with the eye at rest the retina is not in conjugate focus with light rays from distant objects, i.e., only less distant objects are focused on the retina. [G. ametros, disproportionate, fr. a- priv. + metron, measure, + ops, eye]
axial a. that resulting from a shortening or lengthening of the eyeball on the optic axis, causing hyperopia or myopia, respectively.
index a. that resulting from alteration in the refractive index of the lens of the eye. SYN: refractive a..
refractive a. SYN: index a..

ametropic
ametropic (am-e-tro′pik)

Relating to, or suffering from, ametropia.

amiantaceous
amiantaceous (am′i-an-ta′shus)

Asbestos-like; describing thin plates of inflammatory crusting of a cutaneous lesion. [G. amiantus, asbestos]

amianthoid
amianthoid (am-i-an′thoyd)

Having a crystalline appearance like asbestos. SYN: asbestoid. [G. amianthus, asbestos]

-amic -amic

Chemical suffix denoting the replacement of one COOH group of a dicarboxylic acid by a carboxamide group (&cbond;CONH₂); applied only to trivial names ( e.g., succinamic acid).

amicrobic
amicrobic (a-mi-kro′bik)

Not microbic; not related to or caused by microorganisms.

amicroscopic
amicroscopic (a′mi-kro-skop′ik)

SYN: submicroscopic.

amidase
amidase (am′i-das)

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of monocarboxylic amides to free acid plus NH₃; ω-a. acts on amides such as α-ketoglutaramic acid and α-ketosuccinamic acid.

amidases
amidases

SYN: amidohydrolases.

amide
amide (am′id, am′id)

A substance formally derived from ammonia through the substitution of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by acyl groups, R&cbond;CO&cbond;NH₂, or from a carboxylic acid by replacement of a carboxylic OH by NH₂. Replacement of one hydrogen atom constitutes a primary a.; that of two hydrogen atoms, a secondary a.; and that of three atoms, a tertiary a..
substituted a. a secondary or tertiary a.; peptide linkages are substituted amides.

amidine
amidine (am′i-din)

The monovalent radical —C(NH)-NH₂.

amidinohydrolases
amidinohydrolases (am′i-din-o-hi′dro-las-ez) [EC 3.5.3.x]

Enzymes cleaving linear amidines; e.g., arginase, creatinase.

amidinotransferases
amidinotransferases (am′i-din-o-trans′fer-as-ez) [EC 2.1.4.x]

Enzymes catalyzing a transamidination reaction ( e.g., glycine amidinotransferase). SYN: transamidinases.

amido- amido-

Prefix denoting the amide radical, R&cbond;CO&cbond;NH&cbond; or R&cbond;SO₂&cbond;NH&cbond;, etc. [am(monia) + -id(e) + -o-]

amido black 10B
amido black 10B (am′i-do) [C.I. 20470]

An acid diazo dye, C₁₂H₁₄N₆O₉S₂Na₂, used as a connective tissue stain, for staining protein in paper chromatography, and in electrophoresis.

amidohydrolases
amidohydrolases (am′i-do-hi′dro-la-sez) [EC 3.5.1.x and 3.5.2.x]

Enzymes hydrolyzing C&cbond;N bonds of amides and cyclic amides; e.g., asparaginase, barbiturase, urease, amidase. SYN: amidases, deamidases, deamidizing enzymes.

amidonaphthol red
amidonaphthol red (am′i-do-naf′thol) [C.I. 18050]

An azo dye, C₁₈H₁₃N₃S₂Na₂, used in light and fluorescence microscopy as a real acid counterstain. SYN: azophloxin.

amidopyrine
amidopyrine (am-i-do-pi′ren)

SYN: aminopyrine.

Amidostomum anseris
Amidostomum anseris (am-i-dos′to-mum an′ser-is)

A species of bloodsucking nematodes, similar to those of the genus Trichostrongylus, that parasitizes the gizzard and sometimes also the proventriculus and esophagus of domestic and wild ducks and geese; it causes heavy mortality in young birds. [amido- + G. stoma, mouth, + L. anser, goose]

amidoximes
amidoximes (am-i-doks′imz, -dok′semz)

The oximes of amides with the general formula, R&cbond;C(NH₂)&cbond;NOH. SYN: amide oximes.

amidoxyl
amidoxyl (am-i-dok′sil)

The radical of an amide oxime (amidoxime), the terminal H (of the NOH) having been lost.

amikacin sulfate
amikacin sulfate (am-i-ka′sin)

An aminoglycoside antibiotic agent with antimicrobial activity similar to that of kanamycin; also effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

amiloride hydrochloride
amiloride hydrochloride (a-mil′o-rid)

A nonsteroidal compound exerting an effect similar to that of an aldosterone inhibitor, i.e., urinary sodium excretion is enhanced and potassium excretion is reduced; a potassium sparing diuretic.

amimia
amimia (a-mim′e-a)

1. Inability to express ideas by nonverbal communication, such as gestures or signs. 2. Asymbolia; the inability to comprehend the meaning of gestures, signs, symbols, or pantomime. [G. a- priv. + minos, a mimic]

aminacrine hydrochloride
aminacrine hydrochloride (am′i-nak′rin)

Bactericidal agent for external use. SEE ALSO: acridine yellow. SYN: 5-aminoacridine hydrochloride, 9-aminoacridine hydrochloride.

aminate
aminate (am′i-nat)

To combine with ammonia.

amination
amination (a-me-na′shun)

The introduction of an amine moiety into a compound.

amine
amine (a-men′, am′in)

A substance formally derived from ammonia by the replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbon or other radicals. The substitution of one hydrogen atom constitutes a primary a., e.g., NH₂CH₃; that of two atoms, a secondary a., e.g., NH(CH₃)₂; that of three atoms, a tertiary a., e.g., N(CH₃)₃; and that of four atoms, a quaternary ammonium ion, e.g., ⁺N(CH₃)₄, a positively charged ion isolated only in association with a negative ion. The amines form salts with acids.
adrenergic a. SYN: sympathomimetic a..
adrenomimetic a. SYN: sympathomimetic a..
biogenic amines a class of compounds, each containing an a. group, produced by a living organism. This class normally does not include amino acids.
a. oxidase (copper-containing) an oxidoreductase containing copper, and perhaps pyridoxal phosphate, and carrying out the same reaction as a. oxidase (flavin-containing). SYN: diamine oxidase, histaminase.
a. oxidase (flavin-containing) an oxidoreductase containing flavin and oxidizing amines with the aid of O₂ and water to aldehydes or ketones with the release of NH₃ and H₂O₂. Acted upon by antidepressants. SYN: adrenaline oxidase, diamine oxidase, monoamine oxidase, tyraminase, tyramine oxidase.
pressor a. SYN: pressor base.
sympathetic a. SYN: sympathomimetic a..
sympathomimetic a. an agent that evokes responses similar to those produced by adrenergic nerve activity ( e.g., epinephrine, ephedrine, isoproterenol). SYN: adrenergic a., adrenomimetic a., sympathetic a..
vasoactive a. a substance, such as histamine or serotonin, that contains amino groups and is pharmacologically characterized by its action on the blood vessels (altering vascular caliber or permeability).

aminergic
aminergic (a-men′er-gik)

Relating to nerve cells or fibers.

amino- amino-

Prefix denoting a compound containing the radical, &cbond;NH₂. [am(monia) + in(e) + -o-]

amino acid
amino acid (AA, aa) (a-me′no)

An organic acid in which one of the hydrogen atoms on a carbon atom has been replaced by NH₂. Usually refers to an aminocarboxylic acid. However, taurine is also an a.. SEE ALSO: α-a..
acidic a. an A. with a second acid moiety, e.g., glutamic acid, aspartic acid, cysteic acid.
activated a. SYN: aminoacyl adenylate.
basic a. an a. containing a second basic group (usually an amino group); e.g., lysine, arginine, ornithine. SYN: dibasic a..
a. dehydrogenases enzymes catalyzing the oxidative deamination of amino acids to the corresponding oxo (keto) acids; two relatively nonspecific varieties exist, l and d, for which l-amino acids and d-amino acids are the respective substrates; the products include NH₃ and a reduced hydrogen acceptor (NADH in the l case); a. dehydrogenases of greater specificity exist ( e.g., glycine dehydrogenase). Cf.:a. oxidases.
dibasic a. SYN: basic a..
essential amino acids α-amino acids nutritionally required by an organism and which must be supplied in its diet ( i.e., cannot be synthesized by the organism) either as free a. or in proteins.
nonessential amino acids those amino acids that may be synthesized by an organism and are thus not required as such in its diet.
nonpolar a. an α-a. in which the functional group attached to the α-carbon ( I.E., R in RCH(NH₂)COOH) has hydrophobic properties; E.G., valine, leucine, α-aminobutyrate.
a. oxidases flavoenzymes oxidizing, with O₂ and H₂O, either l- or d-amino acids specifically, to the corresponding 2-keto acids, NH₃ and H₂O₂. Cf.:a. dehydrogenases, yellow enzyme.
polar a. an α-a. in which the functional group attached to the α-carbon ( i.e., R in RCH(NH₂)COOH) has hydrophilic properties; e.g., serine, cysteine, homocysteine.

α-amino acid
α-amino acid

Typically, an amino acid of the general formula R&cbond;CHNH₂&cbond;COOH ( i.e., the NH₂ in the α position); the l forms of these are the hydrolysis products of proteins. In rarer usages, this class of molecules also includes α-amino phosphoric acids and α-aminosulfonic acids.

aminoacidemia
aminoacidemia (a-me′no-as-i-de′me-a, am′i-no-)

The presence of excessive amounts of specific amino acids in the blood. [amino acid + G. haima, blood]

aminoacid-tRNA ligases
aminoacid-tRNA ligases

Recommended name for aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, e.g., tyrosine-tRNA ligase for tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase.

aminoaciduria
aminoaciduria (am′i-no-as-i-doo′re-a)

Excretion of amino acids in the urine, especially in excessive amounts. SYN: hyperaminoaciduria. [amino acid + G. ouron, urine]
hyperbasic a. an inherited disorder associated with a deficiency of a dibasic amino acid transport. Individuals do not typically display protein intolerance. Cf.:lysinuric protein intolerance.

9-aminoacridine
9-aminoacridine (a-me-no-ak′ri-den)

One of the acridine group of antiseptics (flavins); highly fluorescent in solution; used topically as an antiseptic.

5-aminoacridine hydrochloride
5-aminoacridine hydrochloride, 9-aminoacridine hydrochloride

SYN: acridine yellow, aminacrine hydrochloride.

aminoacyl
aminoacyl (AA, aa) (a-me′no-as′il)

The radical formed from an amino acid by removal of OH from a COOH group.

aminoacyl adenylate
aminoacyl adenylate (a-me′no-as-il-a-den′i-lat)

The product formed by the condensation of the acyl radical of an amino acid and adenosine 5′-monophosphate (originally in the form of adenosine 5′-triphosphate, with elimination of a pyrophosphoric group). Formed in the first step of protein biosynthesis. SYN: activated amino acid.

aminoacylase
aminoacylase (a-me′no-as′i-las)

An enzyme catalyzing hydrolysis of a wide variety of N-acyl amino acids to the corresponding amino acid and an acid anion. SYN: hippuricase, histozyme.

aminoacyl-tRNA
aminoacyl-tRNA

Generic term for those compounds in which amino acids are esterfied through their COOH groups to the 3′- (or 2′-) OH's of the terminal adenosine residues of transfer RNA's ( e.g., alanyl-tRNA, glycyl-tRNA); each compound involves one, or a small number, of tRNA's of specific chemical structure. Used in protein biosynthesis.
aminoacyl-tRNA ligases SYN: aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases.
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases enzymes catalyzing the formation of a specific aminoacyl-tRNA from an amino acid and adenosine 5′-triphosphate with the concomitant formation of adenosine 5′-monophosphate and pyrophosphate. SYN: amino acid activating enzyme, aminoacyl-tRNA ligases.

aminoadipic δ-semialdehyde synthase
aminoadipic δ-semialdehyde synthase

A bifunctional enzyme used in lysine degradation; it has a lysine:α-ketoglutarate reductase activity as well as a saccharopine dehydrogenase activity. A deficiency of this enzyme results in familial hyperlysinemia.

α-aminoadipic acid
α-aminoadipic acid (Aad) (a-me′no-a-dip′ik)

2-amino-1,6-hexanedioic acid;an intermediate of lysine biosynthesis in higher fungi and bacteria, but not in algae and higher plants. Also found in the degradation of lysine in mammals.

aminobenzene
aminobenzene (a-me′no-ben′zen)

SYN: aniline.

aminocaproic acid
aminocaproic acid (a-me′no-ca-pro′ik)

An antifibrinolytic agent, used to prevent bleeding in hemophilia, and after heart and prostate surgery when plasminogen or urokinase may be activated.

aminocarbonyl
aminocarbonyl (am-i-no-kar′bon-il)

SYN: carboxamide.

aminocitric acid
aminocitric acid (a-me′no-sit′rik)

Found in acid hydrolysates of ribonucleoprotein in human spleen.

2-amino-2-deoxy-d-galactose
2-amino-2-deoxy-d-galactose

See galactosamine.

aminoglutethimide
aminoglutethimide (a-me′no-gloo-teth′i-mid)

An aromatase inhibitor used in the treatment of breast cancer; blocks the synthesis of estrogen; formerly tried as an anticonvulsant but no longer used for that purpose.

aminoglycoside
aminoglycoside (am′i-no-gli′ko-sid)

Any one of a group of bacteriocidal antibiotics derived from species of Streptomyces or Micromonosporum and characterized by two or more amino sugars joined by a glycoside linkage to a central hexose; aminoglycosides act by causing misreading and inhibition of protein synthesis on bacterial ribosomes and are effective against aerobic Gram-negative bacilli and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Some commonly used aminoglycosides are streptomycin, neomycin, and gentamycin.

5-aminoimidazole ribose 5′-phosphate
5-aminoimidazole ribose 5′-phosphate (AIR) (a-me′no-im-id-az′ol)

An intermediate in the biosynthesis of purines. SYN: 5-aminoimidazole ribotide.

5-aminoimidazole ribotide
5-aminoimidazole ribotide (AIR) (a-me′n′o-im-id-az′ol)

SYN: 5-aminoimidazole ribose 5′-phosphate.

5-aminoimidazole-4-N-succinocarboxamide ribonucleotide
5-aminoimidazole-4-N-succinocarboxamide ribonucleotide (a-me′no-im-id-az′ol)

An intermediate in purine biosynthesis.

α-aminoisobutyric acid
α-aminoisobutyric acid (a-me′no-i-so-bu-ter′ik)

2-amino-2-methylpropionic acid;a synthetic amino acid useful in the study of amino acid transport across cell membranes and in the study of cytokine effects; it is not metabolized by the cell.

α-amino-β-ketoadipic acid
α-amino-β-ketoadipic acid

An intermediate of porphobilinogen synthesis formed by δ-aminolevulinic acid synthase from succinyl-CoA and glycine; it rapidly decarboxylates to δ-aminolevulinic acid.

aminolysis
aminolysis (am-i-nol′i-sis)

Replacement of a halogen in an alkyl or aryl molecule by an amine radical, with elimination of hydrogen halide.

aminometradine
aminometradine (a-me′no-met′ra-den)

SYN: aminometramide.

aminometramide
aminometramide (a-me′no-met′ra-mid)

Synthetic uracil derivative; an orally effective diuretic that is believed to act by inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium by the renal tubules; used in the treatment of edema due to congestive heart failure, liver disease, pregnancy, and certain drugs. SYN: aminometradine.

6-aminopenicillanic acid
6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APS) (a-me′no-pen-i-sil-an′ik)

An important precursor in the synthesis of penicillin derivatives. By itself, it has no antibiotic activity.For structure, see under penicillin in which R = H. SYN: penicin.

aminopenicillins
aminopenicillins (a-me′no-pen-i-sil′inz)

A class of penicillin-like antibiotics that chemically contain an amine group; this class includes ampicillin and amoxicillin; used in upper respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, meningitis, Salmonella infections.

aminopeptidase (cytosol)
aminopeptidase (cytosol)

An enzyme of broad specificity, containing zinc, and catalyzing the hydrolysis of the N-terminal amino acid of a peptide ( i.e., an exopeptidase).

aminopeptidase (microsomal)
aminopeptidase (microsomal)

An aminopeptidase of broad specificity, but preferring alanine and discriminating against proline.

aminopeptidases
aminopeptidases (a-me′no-pep′ti-das-ez) [EC 3.4.11.x]

Enzymes catalyzing the breakdown of a peptide, removing the amino acid at the amino end of the chain ( i.e., an exopeptidase); found in intestinal secretions.

aminophenazone
aminophenazone (a-me-no-fen′a-zon)

SYN: aminopyrine.

aminophylline
aminophylline (a-me-no-fil′in, am-i-nof′i-lin, -en)

A solubilized form of theophylline; a diuretic, vasodilator, and cardiac stimulant; also used as a bronchodilator in asthma and in veterinary medicine. SYN: theophylline ethylenediamine.

aminopromazine
aminopromazine (a-me-no-pro′ma-zen)

An intestinal antispasmodic.

aminopropionic acid
aminopropionic acid (a-me′no-pro-pe-on′ik)

See alanine.

aminopterin
aminopterin (am-i-nop′ter-in)

A folic acid antagonist formerly used in the treatment of acute leukemia and other neoplastic diseases.

6-aminopurine
6-aminopurine (a-me′no-pur′en)

SYN: adenine.

4-aminopyridine
4-aminopyridine (am-i-no-pir′i-den)

An antagonist of nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockade; devoid of muscarinic side-effects but associated with central nervous system stimulation.

aminopyrine
aminopyrine (am′i-no-pi′ren)

Formerly widely used as an antipyretic and analgesic in rheumatism, neuritis, and common colds; may cause leukocytopenia; used to measure total body water. SYN: amidopyrine, aminophenazone, dipyrine.

aminorex
aminorex (a-min′o-reks)

A sympathomimetic appetite suppressant.

amino-terminal
amino-terminal (a-me′no-ter′min-al)

The α-NH₂ group or the aminoacyl residue containing it at one end of a peptide or protein (usually at left as written). SYN: NH₂-terminal.

aminotransferases
aminotransferases (a-me′no-trans′fer-as-ez) [EC 2.6.1.x]

Enzymes transferring amino groups between an amino acid to (usually) a 2-keto acid; e.g., l-alanine and 2-ketoglutarate. Often, the amino acid is an α-amino acid. SYN: transaminases.

aminotriazole
aminotriazole (am′i-no-tri′a-zol)

An effective weed killer that also possesses some antithyroid activity. SYN: amitrole.

aminotripeptidase
aminotripeptidase (a-me′no-tri-pep′ta-das)

An intestinal peptidase that acts on tripeptides, releasing an amino acid and a dipeptide.

aminuria
aminuria (am-i-noo′re-a)

Excretion of amines in the urine. [amine + G. ouron, urine]

amiodarone hydrochloride
amiodarone hydrochloride (a-me′o-da-ron)

An antiarrhythmic agent used in control of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias. Can cause significant and distinctive pulmonary toxicity.

amithiozone
amithiozone (am-i-thi′o-zon)

A leprostatic agent. SYN: thiacetazone.

amitosis
amitosis (am-i-to′sis)

Direct division of the nucleus and cell, without the complicated changes in the nucleus that occur in the ordinary process of cell reproduction. SYN: direct nuclear division, Remak nuclear division. [G. a- priv. + mitosis]

amitotic
amitotic (am-i-tot′ik)

Relating to or marked by amitosis.

amitriptyline hydrochloride
amitriptyline hydrochloride (am-i-trip′ti-len)

Chemically and pharmacologically related to imipramine hydrochloride; an antidepressant agent with mild tranquilizing properties, used in the treatment of mental depression and in the depressive phase of manic-depressive states; sometimes used in the treatment of sleep disorders and neurogenic pain syndromes.

amitrole
amitrole (am′i-trol)

SYN: aminotriazole.

amlodipine
amlodipine (am-lo′di-pen)

A calcium-blocking drug of the dihydropyridine series; belongs to the same class of agents as nifedipine.

ammeter
ammeter (am) (am′me-ter)

An instrument for measuring strength of electric current in amperes.

Ammon
Ammon

Greek name of Egyptian god, Amun. See A. horn.

Ammon
Ammon

Friedrich A. von, German ophthalmologist and pathologist, 1799–1861. See A. fissure, A. prominence.

ammonemia
ammonemia, ammoniemia (am-o-ne′me-a)

The presence of ammonia or some of its compounds in the blood, thought to be formed from the decomposition of urea; it usually results in subnormal temperature, weak pulse, gastroenteric symptoms, and coma. SYN: hyperammonemia. [ammonia + G. haima, blood]

ammonia
ammonia (a-mo′ne-a)

A colorless volatile gas, NH₃, very soluble in water, capable of forming the weak base, NH₄⁺OH⁻, which combines with acids to form ammonium compounds. [fr. L. sal ammoniacus, salt of Amen (G. Ammon), obtained near a temple of Amen in Libya]

ammoniac
ammoniac (a-mo′ne-ak)

A gum resin from a plant of western Asia, Dorema ammoniacum (family Umbelliferae); used internally as a stimulant and expectorant, and externally as a counterirritant plaster.

ammoniacal
ammoniacal (a-mo-ni′a-kl)

Relating to ammonia.

ammonia-lyases
ammonia-lyases

Enzymes removing ammonia or an amino compound nonhydrolytically (hence lyases, EC class 4), by rupture of a C&cbond;N bond leaving a double bond (EC subgroup 4.3); e.g., aspartate ammonia-lyase (aspartase).

ammoniated
ammoniated (a-mo′ne-at-ed)

Containing or combined with ammonia.

ammonio- ammonio-

Combining form indicating an ammonium group; e.g., trimethylammonioethanol (choline).

ammonium
ammonium (a-mo′ne-um)

The ion, NH₄⁺, formed by combination of NH₃ and H⁺ (the pK_a value is 9.24); behaves as a univalent metal in forming a. compounds.
a. benzoate has been used as a stimulant, diuretic, urinary antiseptic, and antirheumatic.
a. carbonate (NH₄)₂CO₃;a cardiac and respiratory stimulant and carminative expectorant.
a. chloride NH₄Cl;a stimulant expectorant and cholagogue; used to relieve alkalosis and to promote lead excretion; a urinary acidifier. SYN: sal ammoniac.
dibasic a. phosphate (NH₄)₂HPO₄;used for fireproofing, in baking powder, and as an antirheumatic.
a. ferric sulfate SYN: ferric a. sulfate.
a. ichthosulfonate SYN: ichthammol.
a. iodide NH₄I;an expectorant.
a. mandelate mandelic acid a. salt; a urinary antiseptic.
a. molybdate used in electron microscopy as a negative stain, and as a reagent for alkaloids and other substances.
monobasic a. phosphate used in baking powder.
a. nitrate used in making nitrous oxide gas, in freezing mixtures, matches, and fertilizers; also used in veterinary medicine.

ammoniuria
ammoniuria (a-mo-ne-u′re-a)

Excretion of urine that contains an excessive amount of ammonia. SYN: ammoniacal urine. [ammonia + G. ouron, urine]

ammonolysis
ammonolysis (a-mo-nol′i-sis)

The breaking of a chemical bond with the addition of the elements of ammonia (NH₂ and H) at the point of breakage. [ammonia + G. lysis, dissolution]

ammonotelia
ammonotelia (a-mon-o-tel′-e-a)

The process or type of nitrogen excretion in which ammonia and ammonium ions are the primary form by which nitrogen is excreted from an organism. [ammonia + G. telos, end, outcome, + -ia]

ammonotelic
ammonotelic (a-mon-o-tel′ik)

Having the property of ammonotelism.

ammonotelism
ammonotelism (a-mon-o-tel′izm)

The excretion of ammonia and ammonium ions. Cf.:ammonotelia.

amnesia
amnesia (am-ne′ze-a)

A disturbance in the memory of information stored in long-term memory, in contrast to short-term memory, manifested by total or partial inability to recall past experiences. [G. a., forgetfulness]
anterograde a. a. in reference to events occurring after the trauma or disease that caused the condition.
emotional a. psychological etiology of forgetting or repression of emotion.
lacunar a., localized a. a. in reference to isolated events.
posthypnotic a. selective forgetting, after a hypnotic state, of events occurring during hypnosis or of information stored in long-term memory, such as one's name, address, and names of relatives.
retrograde a. a. in reference to events that occurred before the trauma or disease that caused the condition.
transient global a. a memory disorder seen in middle aged and elderly persons characterized by an episode of a. and bewilderment that persists for several hours; during the episode the patient has a memory defect for present and recent past events, but is fully alert, oriented, capable of high-level intellectual activity, and has a normal neurological examination. Typically, these amnesic episodes occur spontaneously, and most patients experience only one; of uncertain etiology—probably ischemic, but not due to atherosclerosis.
traumatic a. the loss or disturbance of memory following an insult or injury to the brain of the type that accompanies a head injury, or excessive use of alcohol, or following the cessation of alcohol ingestion or other psychoactive drugs; or loss or disturbance of memory of the type seen in hysteria and other forms of dissociative disorders.

amnesiac
amnesiac (am-ne′se-ak)

One suffering from amnesia.

amnesic
amnesic (am-ne′sik)

Relating to or characterized by amnesia. SYN: amnestic (1) .

amnestic
amnestic (am-nes′tik)

1. SYN: amnesic. 2. An agent causing amnesia.

amnio- amnio-

The amnion. [G. amnion]

amniocele
amniocele (am′-ne-o-sel)

SYN: omphalocele.

amniocentesis
amniocentesis (am′ne-o-sen-te′sis)

Transabdominal aspiration of fluid from the amniotic sac. [amnio- + G. kentesis, puncture]

amniochorial
amniochorial, amniochorionic (am′ne-o-kor′e-al, -kor-e-on′ik)

Relating to both amnion and chorion.

amniogenesis
amniogenesis (am′ne-o-jen′e-sis)

Formation of the amnion. [amnio- + G. genesis, production]

amniography
amniography (am-ne-og′ra-fe)

Radiography of the amniotic sac after the injection of radiopaque, water-soluble solution into the sac, which outlines the umbilical cord, the placenta, and the soft tissues of the fetal body; an obsolete technique. SEE ALSO: fetography. [amnio- + G. grapho, to write]

amnio-hook
amnio-hook (am′ne-o-hook′)

Instrument designed to tear a hole in the amnionic sac without injuring the fetus.

amnioinfusion
amnioinfusion (am′ne-o-in-fyu′zhun)

Infusion of warmed saline through an intrauterine catheter during labor, for umbilical cord compromise due to low volume of amnionic fluid, or for thick meconium in labor.

amnioma
amnioma (am-ne-o′ma)

Broad flat mass on the skin resulting from antenatal adhesion of the amnion. [amnio- + G. -oma, tumor]

amnion
amnion (am′ne-on)

Innermost of the extraembryonic membranes enveloping the embryo in utero and containing the amniotic fluid; it consists of an internal embryonic layer with its ectodermal component, and an external somatic mesodermal component; in the later stages of pregnancy the a. expands to come in contact with and partially fuse to the inner wall of the chorionic vesicle; derived from the trophoblast cells. SYN: amnionic sac. [G. the membrane around the fetus, fr. amnios, lamb]
a. nodosum nodules in the a. that consist of typical stratified squamous epithelium. SYN: squamous metaplasia of a..

amnionic
amnionic (am-ne-on′ik)

Relating to the amnion. SYN: amniotic.

amnionitis
amnionitis (am′ne-o-ni′tis)

Inflammation resulting from infection of the amniotic sac, which, in turn, commonly results from premature rupture of the membranes (a condition often associated with neonatal infection). [amnion + G. -itis, inflammation]

amniorrhea
amniorrhea (am-ne-o-re′a)

Escape of amniotic fluid. [amnio- + G. rhoia, flow]

amniorrhexis
amniorrhexis (am-ne-o-rek′sis)

Rupture of the amniotic membrane. [amnio- + G. rhexis, rupture]

amnioscope
amnioscope (am′ne-o-skop)

An endoscope for studying amniotic fluid through the intact amniotic sac.

amnioscopy
amnioscopy (am-ne-os′ko-pe)

Examination of the amniotic fluid in the lowest part of the amniotic sac by means of an endoscope introduced through the cervical canal. [amnio- + G. skopeo, to view]

Amniota
Amniota (am′ne-o′ta)

A group of vertebrates whose embryos are enclosed in an amnion; it includes all the reptiles, birds, and mammals.

amniotic
amniotic (am-ne-ot′ik)

SYN: amnionic.

amniotome
amniotome (am′ne-o-tom)

An instrument for puncturing the fetal membranes. [amnio- + G. tome, cutting]

amniotomy
amniotomy (am-ne-ot′o-me)

Artificial rupture of the fetal membranes as a means of inducing or expediting labor.

amobarbital
amobarbital (am-o-bar′bi-tahl)

A central nervous system depressant with an intermediate duration of action; also used as the sodium salt.

A-mode
A-mode

In diagnostic ultrasound, a one-dimensional presentation of a reflected sound wave in which echo amplitude (A) is displayed along the vertical axis and echo delay (depth) along the horizontal axis; the echo information results from tissue interfaces along a single line in the direction of the sound beam.

amodiaquine hydrochloride
amodiaquine hydrochloride (am-o-di′a-kwin)

An antimalarial drug, also used in the treatment of amebic hepatitis; large doses may result in sialorrhea, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, insomnia, palpitations, spasticity, and possibly convulsions.

amoeb- amoeb-

Ameba, Amoeba.

Amoeba
Amoeba (a-me′ba)

A genus of naked, lobose, pseudopod-forming protozoa of the class Sarcodina (or Rhizopoda), that are abundant soil-dwellers, especially in rich organic debris, and are also commonly found as parasites. The typical amebic parasites of humans are now placed in the genera Entamoeba, Endolimax, and Iodamoeba. SEE ALSO: Naegleria. [Mod. L. fr. G. amoibe change]
A. buccalis former name for Entamoeba gingivalis.
A. coli old, incorrect name Entamoeba coli.
A. dentalis former name for Entamoeba gingivalis.
A. dysenteriae old, incorrect name for Entamoeba histolytica.
A. histolytica old, incorrect name for Entamoeba histolytica.
A. proteus an abundant, nonparasitic species, remarkable for the number and varied shapes of its pseudopodia.

amoebapore
amoebapore (a-me′ba-por)

An active peptide released from Entamoeba histolytica that can insert ion channels into liposomes and possesses cytolytic and bactericidal activities. [amoeba + G. poros, passageway]

Amoebotaenia
Amoebotaenia (a-me′bo-te′ne-a)

A genus of small intestinal tapeworms of birds, seldom possessing more than 30 segments. A. cuneata (A. sphenoides) is a species common in domestic fowl; its cysticercoid is developed in earthworms. [amoeb- + L. fr. G. tainia, band, tape, a tapeworm]

amok
amok (a-mok′)

1. A culture-bound mental disorder originally observed in Malaya in which the subject becomes dangerously maniacal (“running a.”). 2. Colloquialism denoting maniacal, wild, or uncontrolled behavior threatening injury to others. SYN: amuck. [Mayal, amoq, engaged in battle]

amorph
amorph (a′morf)

An allele that has no phenotypically recognizable product and therefore its existence can be inferred on molecular evidence only, depending on the subtlety of the means of detection available. SYN: silent allele. [G. a- neg. + morphe, form, shape]

amorphagnosia
amorphagnosia (a-mor-fag-no′se-a)

Inability to recognize the size and shape of objects. [G. a- priv. + morphe, shape, + gnosis, recognition]

amorphia
amorphia, amorphism (a-mor′fe-a, -fizm)

Condition of being amorphous (1). [G. a- priv. + morphe, form]

amorphosynthesis
amorphosynthesis (a-mor′fo-sin′the-sis)

Disorder of recognition of the right side of the body in spatial relationships, caused by a lesion of the left parietal lobe. [G. a- priv. + morphe, form, + synthesis]

amorphous
amorphous (a-mor′fus)

1. Without definite shape or visible differentiation in structure. 2. Not crystallized.

amorphus
amorphus (a-mor′fus)

A malformed fetus with rudimentary head, limbs, and heart. [G. a- priv. + morphe, form, shape]

amoxapine
amoxapine (a-mok′sa-pen)

A tricyclic antidepressant/anti-psychotic drug; overdose can produce seizures.

amoxicillin
amoxicillin (a-mok-si-sil′in)

A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic with an antimicrobial spectrum similar to that of ampicillin.

AMP
AMP

Abbreviation for adenosine monophosphate; specifically, the 5′-monophosphate unless modified by a numerical prefix. See adenylic acid.

AMP deaminase
AMP deaminase

An enzyme hydrolyzing adenylic acid to inosinic acid and NH₃. A deficiency of A. in muscles can lead to excess fatigue following exercise. SYN: adenylic acid deaminase.

amperage
amperage (am′per-ij)

Strength of electric current. See ampere.

Ampère
Ampère

André-Marie, French physicist, 1775–1836. See ampere, statampere, A. postulate.

ampere
ampere (A) (am-per)

The practical unit of electrical current; the absolute, practical a. originally was defined as having the value of 110 of the electromagnetic unit (see abampere and coulomb). Present definitions are: 1. The practical unit of electrical current; the absolute, practical a. originally was defined as having the value of 110 of the electromagnetic unit (see abampere and coulomb). 2. Legal definition: the current that, flowing for 1 second, will deposit 1.118 mg of silver from silver nitrate solution. 3. Scientific (SI) definition: the current that, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length and of negligible circular cross-sections and placed 1 m apart in a vacuum, produces between them a force of 2 × 10⁻⁷ N/m of length. [A. Ampère]

amperometry
amperometry (am-pe-rom′e-tre)

Determination of any analyte concentration by measurement of the current generated in a suitable chemical reaction.

amph- amph-

See amphi-, ampho-.

ampheclexis
ampheclexis (am-fe-klek′-sis)

Reciprocal sexual selection, i.e., by both male and female. [G. amphi, two-sided, + eklexis, selection]

amphetamine
amphetamine (am-fet′a-men)

Closely related in its structure and action to ephedrine and other sympathomimetic amines. A psychostimulant substance that can be abused.
a. (4-chlorophenoxy)acetate same actions and uses as a. sulfate.
a. phosphate same actions and uses as a. sulfate.
a. sulfate exerts less vasopressor, cardiac, and bronchial effect than ephedrine, but has a greater central nervous stimulating effect, decreasing the sensation of fatigue; used in the treatment of narcolepsy and certain types of paralysis agitans, and to reduce appetite (temporarily (1–2 weeks) in obesity.

amphi- amphi-

On both sides, surrounding, double; corresponds to L. ambi-. [G. amphi, amphi-, on both sides, about, around]

amphiarthrodial
amphiarthrodial (am′fi-ar-thro′de-al)

Relating to a symphysis (1) (amphiarthrosis).

amphiarthrosis
amphiarthrosis (am′fi-ar-thro′sis)

SYN: symphysis (1) . [amphi- + G. arthrosis, joint]

amphiaster
amphiaster (am-fi-as′ter)

The double-star figure formed by the two astrospheres and their connecting spindle fibers during mitosis. SYN: diaster. [amphi- + G. aster, star]

amphibolic
amphibolic (am′fi-bol′ik)

Referring to reactions or biologic pathways that serve in both biosynthesis and degradation ( i.e., anabolism and catabolism). [amphi- + metabolic]

amphicelous
amphicelous (am-fi-se′lus)

Concave at each end, as the body of a vertebra of a fish. [amphi- + G. koilos, hollow]

amphicentric
amphicentric (am-fi-sen′trik)

Centering at both ends, said of a rete mirabile that begins by the vessel breaking up into a number of branches and ends by the branches joining again to form the same vessel. [amphi- + G. kentron, center]

amphichroic
amphichroic (am-fi-kro′ik)

SYN: amphichromatic.

amphichromatic
amphichromatic (am′fi-kro-mat′ik)

Having the property of exhibiting either of two colors; e.g., litmus, an a. pigment that is red in acids and blue in alkalis. SYN: amphichroic. [amphi- + G. chroma, color]

amphicyte
amphicyte (am′fi-sit)

One of the cells located around the bodies of the cerebrospinal and sympathetic ganglionic neurons. SYN: capsule cell. [amphi- + G. kytos, cell]

amphid
amphid (am′fid)

In the nervous system of nematodes, a pair of laterally placed minute receptor organs in the cephalic or cervical region. [amphi- + -id]

amphidiploid
amphidiploid (am′fi-dip′loid)

Having a complete diploid chromosome set from each parent strain. [amphi + diploid]

amphikaryon
amphikaryon (am′fe-kar′e-on)

A diploid nucleus containing two haploid sets of chromosomes. [amphi- + G. karyon, kernel]

amphileukemic
amphileukemic (am′fi-loo-ke′mik)

Denoting a leukemic condition that corresponds in degree to the changes in the organ or tissue.

Amphimerus
Amphimerus (am-fim′er-us)

A genus of opisthorchid trematodes found in the bile ducts of mammals, birds, and reptiles; probably transmitted by fish. [amphi- + G. meros, segment]

amphimicrobe
amphimicrobe (am′fi-mi′krob)

A microorganism that is either aerobic or anaerobic, according to the environment.

amphimictic
amphimictic (am′fi-mik′tik)

The ability to freely interbreed and produce fertile offspring. [amphi + G. miktos, joined, mated, fr. mignumi, to mix, mae, + -ia]

amphimixis
amphimixis (am-fi-mik′sis)

1. Union of the paternal and maternal chromatin after impregnation of the ovum. 2. In psychoanalysis, a combination of genital and anal eroticism. [amphi- + G. mixis, mingling]

amphinucleolus
amphinucleolus (am′fi-noo-kle′o-lus)

A double nucleolus having both basophilic and oxyphilic components. [amphi- + L. nucleolus, dim. of nucleus, kernel]

amphions
amphions (am′fi-ons)

SYN: dipolar ions, under ion.

Amphioxus
Amphioxus (am-fe-ok′sus)

A genus of small, translucent, fishlike chordates found in warm marine waters. Members are structurally similar to vertebrates in having a notochord, gills, digestive tract, and nerve cord, but they lack paired fins, vertebrae, ribs, or a skull. [amphi- + G. oxys, sharp]

amphipathic
amphipathic (am-fe-path′ik)

Denoting a molecule, such as comprises detergents or wetting agents, that contains groups with characteristically different properties, e.g., both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. SYN: amphiphilic, amphiphobic. [amphi- + G. pathos, feeling]

amphiphilic
amphiphilic (am-fe-fil′ik)

SYN: amphipathic. [amphi- + G. philos, fond]

amphiphobic
amphiphobic (am-fe-fob′ik)

SYN: amphipathic. [amphi- + G. phobos, fear]

amphistome
amphistome (am-fis′tom)

A common name for any trematode of the genus Paramphistomum. [amphi- + G. stoma, mouth]

amphitrichate
amphitrichate, amphitrichous (am-fit′ri-kat, am-fit′ri-kus)

Having a flagellum or flagella at both extremities of a microbial cell; denoting certain microorganisms. [amphi- + G. thrix, hair]

amphitypy
amphitypy (am-fit′i-pe)

Exhibition of the properties characteristic of two types.

amphixenosis
amphixenosis (am-fiks-en-o′sis)

A zoonosis maintained in nature by humans and lower animals, e.g., certain staphylococcoses. Cf.:anthropozoonosis, zooanthroponosis. [amphi- + G. xenos, stranger, + G. -osis, condition]

ampho- ampho-

On both sides, surrounding, double. [G. ampho, both]

amphochromatophil
amphochromatophil, amphochromatophile (am′fo-kro-mat′o-fil, -o-fil)

SYN: amphophil (2) .

amphochromophil
amphochromophil, amphochromophile (am-fo-kro′mo-fil, -fil)

SYN: amphophil. [ampho- + G. chroma, color, + philos, fond]

amphocyte
amphocyte (am′fo-sit)

SYN: amphophil (2) .

ampholyte
ampholyte (am′fo-lit)

SYN: amphoteric electrolyte.

amphomycin
amphomycin (am-fo-mi′sin)

An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces canus; used topically for skin infections.

amphophil
amphophil, amphophile (am′fo-fil, -fil)

1. Having an affinity both for acid and for basic dyes. SYN: amphophilic, amphophilous. 2. A cell that stains readily with either acid or basic dyes. SYN: amphochromatophil, amphochromatophile, amphocyte. SYN: amphochromophil, amphochromophile. [ampho- + G. philos, fond]

amphophilic
amphophilic, amphophilous (am-fo-fil′ik, am-fof′i-lus)

SYN: amphophil (1) .

amphoric
amphoric (am-for′ik)

Denoting the sound heard in percussion and auscultation, resembling the noise made by blowing across the mouth of a bottle. [G. amphora, a jar]

amphoriloquy
amphoriloquy (am-fo-ril′o-kwe)

Presence of amphoric voice. [G. amphora, a jar, + loquor, to speak]

amphorophony
amphorophony (am-fo-rof′o-ne)

SYN: amphoric voice. [G. amphora, a jar, + phone, voice]

amphoteric
amphoteric (am-fo-tar′ik)

Having two opposite characteristics, especially having the capacity of reacting as either an acid or a base; e.g., Al(OH)₃ &tbond; H₃AlO₃ or an amino acid. [G. amphoteroi (pl.), both, fr. ampho, both]

amphotericin
amphotericin, amphotericin B (am-fo-tar′i-sin)

C₄₆H₇₃NO₂₀;an amphoteric polyene antibiotic prepared from Streptomyces nodosus and available as the sodium deoxycholate complex; also a nephrotoxic antifungal agent used extensively in the treatment of systemic mycoses.

ampicillin
ampicillin (am-pi-si′lin)

An acid-stable semisynthetic penicillin derived from 6-aminopenicillanic acid; it has a broader spectrum of antimicrobial action than penicillin G, inhibits the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and is not resistant to penicillinase; also available as a. sodium and a. trihydrate. SYN: d(-)-α-aminobenzylpenicillin.

ampl.
ampl.

Abbreviation for L. amplus, large.

amplexus
amplexus (am-plek′sus)

The pairing of male and female at the time that eggs and sperm are discharged simultaneously in those species, such as frogs, in which fertilization occurs externally. [L. an embrace, fr. amplector, pp. -plexus, to wind around]

amplification
amplification (am′pli-fi-ka′shun)

The process of making larger, as in increasing an auditory or visual stimulus to enhance its perception. [L. amplificatio, an enlarging]
genetic a. a process for producing an increase in pertinent genetic material, particularly for increasing the proportion of plasmid DNA to that of bacterial DNA. Includes the production of extrachromosomal copies of the genes for RNA. This process is usually seen in malignant cells in humans.
linear a. a hearing aid circuit in which all frequencies receive equivalent a..

amplifier
amplifier

1. A device that increases the magnification of a microscope. 2. An electronic apparatus that increases the strength of input signals.
image a. a device for converting a low light level fluoroscopic image to one that can be seen by the eye in a lighted environment; usually consists of an electronic light a. chained to a television tube. SYN: image intensifier.

amplitude
amplitude (am′pli-tood)

Largeness; extent; breadth or range. [L. amplitudo, fr. amplus, large]
a. of pulse average pulse magnitude, peak magnitude.

ampoule
ampoule (am′pul)

SYN: ampule.

amprotropine phosphate
amprotropine phosphate (am′pro-tro′pen)

An antispasmodic, similar in action to atropine.

ampule
ampule, ampul (am′pool)

A hermetically sealed container, usually made of glass, containing a sterile medicinal solution, or powder to be made up in solution, to be used for subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intravenous injection. SYN: ampoule. [L. ampulla]

ampulla
ampulla, gen. and pl. ampullae (am-pul′la, -e) [TA]

A saccular dilation of a canal or duct. [L. a two-handled bottle]
biliaropancreatic a. hepatopancreatic a..
a. biliaropancreatica hepatopancreatic a..
bony ampullae of semicircular canals [TA] a circumscribed dilation of one extremity of each of the three bony semicircular canals, anterior, posterior, and lateral; each contains a membranous a. of the semicircular ducts. SYN: ampullae osseae canalium semicircularium [TA] , osseous a..
a. canaliculi lacrimalis [TA] SYN: a. of lacrimal canaliculus.
a. chyli SYN: cisterna chyli.
a. of ductus deferens [TA] the dilation of the ductus deferens at the base of the bladder where it approaches its contralateral partner just before it is joined by the duct of the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct. SYN: a. ductus deferentis [TA] , Henle a..
a. ductus deferentis [TA] SYN: a. of ductus deferens.
a. ductus lacrimalis incorrect term for a. of lacrimal canaliculus.
duodenal a. 1. SYN: a. of duodenum. 2. SYN: hepatopancreatic a..
a. duodeni [TA] SYN: a. of duodenum.
a. of duodenum [TA] the dilated portion of the superior part of the duodenum. SEE ALSO: duodenal cap. SYN: a. duodeni [TA] , bulbus duodeni&star, duodenal a. (1) .
a. of gallbladder SYN: Hartmann pouch.
Henle a. SYN: a. of ductus deferens.
hepatopancreatic a. [TA] the dilation within the major duodenal papilla that normally receives both the (common) bile duct and the main pancreatic duct. SYN: a. hepatopancreatica [TA] , a. biliaropancreatica&star, biliaropancreatic a.&star, a. of Vater, duodenal a. (2) .
a. hepatopancreatica [TA] SYN: hepatopancreatic a..
a. of lacrimal canaliculus [TA] a slight dilation at the angle of the lacrimal canaliculus immediately beyond the lacrimal punctum. SYN: a. canaliculi lacrimalis [TA] .
a. lactifera SYN: lactiferous sinus.
lactiferous a. SYN: lactiferous sinus.
a. of lactiferous duct SYN: lactiferous sinus.
a. membranacea, pl .ampullae membranaceae ductuum semicircularium [TA] SYN: membranous ampullae of the semicircular ducts.
membranous a. SYN: membranous ampullae of the semicircular ducts.
membranous ampullae of the semicircular ducts [TA] a nearly spherical enlargement of one end of each of the three semicircular ducts, anterior, posterior, and lateral, where they connect with the utricle. Each contains a neuroepithelial crista ampullaris. SYN: a. membranacea [TA] , membranous a..
a. of milk duct SYN: lactiferous sinus.
ampullae osseae canalium semicircularium [TA] SYN: bony ampullae of semicircular canals.
osseous a. SYN: bony ampullae of semicircular canals.
phrenic a. a physiologic localized dilatation of the distal esophagus, commonly demonstrated by esophagography.
rectal a. [TA] a dilated portion of the rectum just above the pelvic diaphragm and proximal to the anal canal. SYN: a. recti [TA] , a. of rectum.
a. recti [TA] SYN: rectal a..
a. of rectum SYN: rectal a..
Thoma a. a dilation of the arterial capillary beyond the sheathed artery of the spleen.
a. tubae uterinae [TA] SYN: a. of uterine tube.
a. of uterine tube [TA] the wide portion of the uterine (fallopian) tube near the fimbriated extremity; it has a complexly folded mucosa with a columnar epithelium of mostly ciliated cells between which are secretory cells. SYN: a. tubae uterinae [TA] .
a. of Vater SYN: hepatopancreatic a..

ampullar
ampullar (am-pul′ar)

Relating in any sense to an ampulla.

ampullitis
ampullitis (am-pul-li′tis)

Inflammation of any ampulla, especially of the dilated extremity of the vas deferens or of the ampulla of Vater. [ampulla + G. itis, inflammation]

ampullula
ampullula (am-pul′oo-la)

A circumscribed dilation of any minute lymphatic or blood vessel or duct. [Mod. L. dim. of L. ampulla]

amputation
amputation (am-pu-ta′shun)

1. The cutting off of a limb or part of a limb, the breast, or other projecting part. 2. In dentistry, removal of the root of a tooth, or of the pulp, or of a nerve root or ganglion; a modifying adjective is therefore used (pulp a.; root a.). [L. amputatio, fr. am-puto, pp. -atus, to cut around, prune]
A-E a. acronym for above-the-elbow a..
A-K a. acronym for above-the-knee a..
Alanson a. a circular a., the stump shaped like a cone.
amnionic a. SYN: congenital a..
aperiosteal a. a. with removal of periosteum from bone at the site of a..
B-E a. acronym for below-the-elbow a..
Bier a. osteoplastic a. of tibia and fibula.
B-K a. acronym for below-the-knee a..
bloodless a. a. in which, by means of a tourniquet, the escape of blood from the cut surfaces is minimal. SYN: dry a..
Callander a. tenontoplastic a. through the femur at the knee. SYN: knee disarticulation a..
Carden a. transcondylar a. of the leg, the femur is sawed through the condyles just above the articular surface.
central a. a. in which the flaps are so united that the cicatrix runs across the end of the stump.
cervical a. a. of the uterine cervix.
Chopart a. a. through the midtarsal joint; i.e., between the tarsal navicular and the calcaneocuboid joints.
cinematic a. SYN: cineplastic a..
cineplastic a. a method of a. of an extremity whereby the muscles and tendons are so arranged in the stump that they are able to execute independent movements and to communicate motion to a specially constructed prosthetic apparatus. SYN: cinematic a., cineplastics, kineplastic a..
circular a. a. performed by a circular incision through the skin, the muscles being similarly divided higher up, and the bone higher still. SYN: guillotine a., linear a..
congenital a. [MIM*217100] a. produced in utero; attributed to the pressure of constricting bands (amniotic). SEE ALSO: a. (1) . SYN: amnionic a., intrauterine a., spontaneous a. (1) .
a. in continuity a. through a segment of a limb, not at a joint.
double flap a. a. in which a flap is cut from the soft parts on either side of the limb.
dry a. SYN: bloodless a..
Dupuytren a. a. of the arm at the shoulder joint.
eccentric a. a. with the scar of the stump off-center. SYN: excentric a..
elliptical a. circular a. in which the sweep of the knife is not exactly vertical to the axis of the limb, the outline of the cut surface being therefore elliptical.
excentric a. SYN: eccentric a..
Farabeuf a. 1. a. of the leg, the flap being large and on the outer side; 2. a. of the foot; disarticulation of the foot through the subtalar joint and the talo-navicular joint.
flap a. an a. in which flaps of the muscular and cutaneous tissues are made to cover the end of the bone. SYN: flap operation (1) .
flapless a. an a. without any tissue to cover the stump
forequarter a. a. of the arm with removal of the scapula and a portion of the clavicle. SYN: interscapulothoracic a..
Gritti-Stokes a. supracondylar a. of the femur, the patella being preserved and applied to the end of the bone, its articular cartilage being removed so as to obtain union. SYN: Gritti operation.
guillotine a. SYN: circular a..
Guyon a. a. above the malleoli, a modification of Syme a..
Hancock a. a. of the foot through the astragalus.
Hey a. a. of the foot in front of the tarsometatarsal joint.
hindquarter a. SYN: hemipelvectomy.
immediate a. a. necessitated by irreparable injury to the limb, performed within 12 hours after the injury.
intermediate a. an a. formerly performed during the period between trauma or incipient gangrene and suppuration. SYN: primary a..
interscapulothoracic a. SYN: forequarter a..
intrauterine a. SYN: congenital a..
Jaboulay a. SYN: hemipelvectomy.
kineplastic a. SYN: cineplastic a..
Kirk a. a. at the lower end of the femur, using the tendon of the quadriceps extensor to cover the end of the bone.
knee disarticulation a. SYN: Callander a..
Krukenberg a. a cineplastic a. at the carpus with the distal end of the forearm used to create a forklike stump between radius and ulna; especially valuable in the blind because the stump has proprioception.
Le Fort a. a modification of Pirogoff a.; the calcaneus is sawed through horizontally instead of vertically so that the patient steps on the same part of the heel as before.
linear a. SYN: circular a..
Lisfranc a. a. of the foot at the tarsometatarsal joint, the sole being preserved to make the flap. SYN: Lisfranc operation.
Mackenzie a. a modification of Syme a. at the ankle joint, the flap being taken from the inner side.
major a. a. of the lower or upper extremity above the ankle or the wrist, respectively.
Malgaigne a. SYN: subastragalar a..
Mikulicz-Vladimiroff a. an osteoplastic resection of the foot in which the talus and calcaneus are excised, the anterior row of tarsal bones being united to the lower end of the tibia, the articular surfaces of both being removed; the lower end of the stump is therefore the anterior portion of the foot, the patient walking thereafter on tiptoe. SYN: Vladimiroff-Mikulicz a..
minor a. a. of a hand or foot or any parts of either.
multiple a. a. of two or more limbs or parts of limbs performed at the same operation.
oblique a. a. in which the line of section through an extremity is at other than a right angle; this yields an oval appearance to the cut surface (hence sometimes, though rarely, referred to as an oval a.).
osteoplastic a. an a., e.g., through the tarsus, in which the cut surface of another bone is brought in apposition with the one primarily divided so that the two unite, thus giving a better stump.
pathologic a. a. necessitated by cancer or other disease of the limb and not by an injury.
Pirogoff a. a. of the foot; the lower articular surfaces of the tibia and fibula are sawed through and the ends covered with a portion of the os calcis which has also been sawed through from above posteriorly downward and forward.
primary a. SYN: intermediate a..
pulp a. SYN: pulpotomy.
quadruple a. a. of both arms and both legs.
racket a. a circular or slightly oval a., in which a long incision is made in the axis of the limb.
rectangular a. a. in which the flaps are fashioned in the shape of a rectangle.
root a. surgical removal of one or more roots of a multirooted tooth, the remaining root canal(s) usually being treated endodontically. SYN: radectomy, radiectomy, radisectomy.
secondary a. a. performed some time after a previous a. that has failed to heal satisfactorily.
spontaneous a. 1. SYN: congenital a.. 2. a. as the result of a pathologic process rather than external trauma.
Stokes a. a modification of the Gritti-Stokes a. in that the line of section of the femur is slightly higher.
subastragalar a. a. of the foot in which only the astragalus is retained. SYN: Malgaigne a..
subperiosteal a. a. in which the periosteum is stripped back from the bone and replaced afterward, forming a periosteal flap over the cut end.
Syme a. a. of the foot at the ankle joint, the malleoli being sawed off, and a flap being made with the soft parts of the heel. SYN: Syme operation.
tarsotibial a. a. through the ankle joint.
transverse a. a. in which the line of section through the extremity is at right angles to the long axis.
traumatic a. a. resulting from accidental or nonsurgical injury; may be complete or incomplete.
Tripier a. a modification of Chopart a., in that a part of the calcaneus is also removed.
Vladimiroff-Mikulicz a. SYN: Mikulicz-Vladimiroff a..

amputee
amputee (am′pu-te)

A person with an amputated limb or part of limb.

amrinone lactate
amrinone lactate (am′ri-non)

A phosphodiesterase inhibitor with inotropic and vasodilator activity, used in management of congestive heart failure.

Amsler
Amsler

Marc, Swiss ophthalmologist, 1891–1968. See A. chart, A. grid, A. test.

amu
amu

Abbreviation for atomic mass unit.

amuck
amuck (a-muk′)

SYN: amok (2) .

amusia
amusia (a-mu′ze-a)

A form of aphasia characterized by an inability to produce or recognize music. [G. a- priv. + mousa, music]
instrumental a. loss of ability to play a musical instrument.
motor a. inability to produce music.
sensory a. inability to interpret or appreciate musical sounds.
vocal a. the inability to sing, although speech is intact.

Amussat
Amussat

Jean Z., French surgeon, 1796–1856. See A. valve, A. valvula.

amychophobia
amychophobia (am′i-ko-fo′be-a)

Morbid fear of being scratched. [G. amyche, a scratch, + phobos, fear]

Amycolatopsis
Amycolatopsis (am-e-ko-la-top′sis)

A genus of Gram-positive, filamentous bacteria, defined as a separate genus in 1986, that tends to break up into square fragments; recovered from soil and vegetable matter; A. is rare human pathogen that has been recovered from various clinical specimens, including spinal fluid. The type species is A. orientalis.
A. orientalis lurida a bacterial species that produces ristocetin.

amyelencephalia
amyelencephalia (a-mi′el-en-se-fa′le-a)

Congenital absence of both brain and spinal cord. [G. a- priv. + myelos, marrow, + enkephalos, brain]

amyelencephalic
amyelencephalic, amyelencephalous (a-mi′el-en-se-fal′ik, -sef′a-lus)

Denoting or characteristic of amyelencephalia.

amyelia
amyelia (a-mi-e′le-a)

Congenital absence of the spinal cord, found in association with anencephaly. [G. a- priv. + myelos, marrow]

amyelic
amyelic (a-mi-e′lik)

SYN: amyelous.

amyelinated
amyelinated (a-mi′e-li-na′ted)

SYN: unmyelinated.

amyelination
amyelination (a-mi′e-li-na′shun)

Failure of formation of myelin sheath of a nerve.

amyelinic
amyelinic (a-mi′e-lin′ik)

SYN: unmyelinated.

amyeloic
amyeloic, amyelonic (a-mi-e-lo′ik, a-mi-e-lon′ik)

1. SYN: amyelous. 2. In hematology, sometimes used to indicate the absence of bone marrow or the lack of functional participation of bone marrow in hemopoiesis. [G. a- priv. + myelos, marrow]

amyelous
amyelous (a-mi′e-lus)

Without spinal cord. SYN: amyelic, amyeloic (1) , amyelonic.

amygdala
amygdala, gen. and pl. amygdalae (a-mig′da-la, -le)

1. Term for the lymphatic tonsils (pharyngeal, palatine, lingual, laryngeal, and tubal). 2. General term describing a nucleus in the temporal lobe, amygdaloid body. [L. fr. G. amygdale, almond; in Mediev. & Mod. L., a tonsil]
a. cerebelli obsolete term for cerebellar tonsil.

amygdalase
amygdalase (a-mig′da-las)

SYN: β-d-glucosidase.

amygdalin
amygdalin (a-mig′da-lin)

A cyanogenic glucoside present in almonds and seeds of other plants of the family Rosaceae; the principal component of laetrile. Emulsin splits a. into benzaldehyde, d-glucose, and hydrocyanic acid. SYN: amygdaloside. [G. amygdala, almond, + -in]

amygdaline
amygdaline (a-mig′da-lin)

1. Relating to an almond. 2. [TA] Relating to a tonsil, or to the brain structure called amygdala or amygdaloid complex [TA]. 3. SYN: tonsillar.

amygdaloid
amygdaloid (a-mig′da-loyd)

Resembling an almond or a tonsil. [amygdala + G. eidos, appearance]

amygdalose
amygdalose (a-mig′dal-os)

SYN: gentiobiose.

amygdaloside
amygdaloside (a-mig′da-lo-sid)

SYN: amygdalin.

amyl
amyl (a′mil)

The radical formed from a pentane, C₅H₁₂, by removal of one H. Several isomeric forms exist, the more important being CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂&cbond; (a. or pentyl); (CH₃)₂CHCH₂CH₂&cbond; (isoamyl or isopentyl); CH₃CH₂CH₂CH(CH)₃&cbond; and (CH₃CH₂)₂CH&cbond; (secondary a. or pentyl); and CH₃CH₂C(CH₃)₂&cbond; (tertiary a. or pentyl). SYN: pentyl (1) .
a. alcohol used as a solvent for varnishes and oils; highly toxic, with irritating vapors. SEE ALSO: fusel oil.
a. hydrate SYN: amylene hydrate.
a. nitrite a vasodilator used in angina pectoris and cyanide poisoning.
tertiary a. alcohol SYN: amylene hydrate.
a. valerate used as a sedative; formerly used in the treatment of gallstones because of its solvent action on cholesterol. SYN: apple oil.

amyl- amyl-

1. See amylo-. 2. Pentyl- See amyl.

amylaceous
amylaceous (am′i-la′shus)

Starchy.

amylase
amylase (am′il-as)

One of a group of amylolytic enzymes that cleave starch, glycogen, and related 1,4-α-glucans.

α-amylase
α-amylase

A glucanohydrolase yielding α-glucose and maltose in a random manner from 1,4-α-glucans. An amylase that has been used clinically as a digestive aid. SYN: glycogenase, ptyalin, Taka-diastase.

amylasuria
amylasuria (am-i-la-soo′re-a)

The excretion of amylase (sometimes termed diastase) in the urine, especially increased amounts likely in acute pancreatitis. SYN: diastasuria.

amylemia
amylemia (am-i-le′me-a)

The hypothetical presence of starch in the circulating blood. [amylo- + G. haima, blood]

amylene
amylene (am′i-len)

A flammable liquid hydrocarbon formed by the decomposition of amyl alcohol; has anesthetic properties but undesirable side actions. SYN: trimethylethylene.
a. chloral a hypnotic.
a. hydrate an obsolete hypnotic used as a solvent for tribromoethanol. SYN: amyl hydrate, tertiary amyl alcohol.

amylin
amylin (am′i-lin)

The cellulose of starch; the insoluble envelope of starch grains.

amylo- amylo-

Starch; of polysaccharide nature or origin. [G. amylon, unmilled; starch, fr. a- + myle, a mill]

amylodextrin
amylodextrin (am-i-lo-deks′trin)

End product of hydrolysis of amylopectin by β-amylase; further hydrolysis requires amylo-1,6-glucosidase, which attacks the branch points. Identified by its color reaction with iodine (a. turns blue). Cf.:achroodextrin, erythrodextrin.

amylogenesis
amylogenesis (am-i-lo-jen′e-sis)

Biosynthesis of starch. [amylo- + G. genesis, production]

amylogenic
amylogenic (am-i-lo-jen′ik)

Relating to amylogenesis.

amylo-1,4:1,6-glucantransferase
amylo-1,4:1,6-glucantransferase

SYN: 1,4-α-d-glucan-branching enzyme.

amyloglucosidase
amyloglucosidase (am-i-lo-gloo′ko-si-das)

SYN: exo-1,4-α-d-glucosidase.

amylo-1,6-glucosidase
amylo-1,6-glucosidase

An enzyme hydrolyzing α-d-1,6 links (branch points) in chains of 1,4-linked α-d-glucose residues, hence the term debranching enzyme or factor; deficiency causes type III glycogenosis. SYN: dextrin 6-α-d-glucosidase.

amyloid
amyloid (am′i-loyd)

1. Any of a group of chemically diverse proteins that appears microscopically homogeneous, but is composed of linear nonbranching aggregated fibrils arranged in sheets when seen under the electron microscope; it stains dark brown with iodine, produces a characteristic green birefringence in polarized light after staining with Congo red, is metachromatic with either methyl violet (pink-red) or crystal violet (purple-red), and fluoresces yellow after thioflavine T staining; a. occurs characteristically as pathologic extracellular deposits (amyloidosis), especially in association with reticuloendothelial tissue; the chemical nature of the proteinaceous fibrils is dependent upon the underlying disease process. 2. Resembling or containing starch. [amylo- + G. eidos, resemblance]

amyloidoma
amyloidoma (am′il-oyd-o′ma)

A tumor within which amyloid is produced. [amyloid + G. -oma,tumor]

amyloidosis
amyloidosis (am′i-loy-do′sis)

1. A disease characterized by extracellular accumulation of amyloid in various organs and tissues of the body; may be local or generalized; may be primary or secondary. 2. The process of deposition of amyloid protein. [amyloid + G. -osis, condition]
a. of aging characterized by deposition of Congo-red staining material, derived from a variety of proteins, especially in nervous tissue, myocardium and pancreas. Associated with Alzheimer syndrome; intractable congestive heart failure may result.
chronic a. a. of long duration.
a. cutis SYN: lichenoid a..
familial a. SYN: familial amyloid neuropathy.
focal a. SYN: nodular a..
hereditary a. SYN: familial amyloid neuropathy.
lichen a. SYN: lichenoid a..
lichenoid a. (lik′en-oyd) localized cutaneous a. with pruritic brownish-red papules, often scaling, most commonly on the lower legs in middle age, due to amyloid infiltration of the papillary dermis. SYN: a. cutis, lichen a.. [G. leichen, lichen, a lichen-like eruption + eidos, resemblance]
light chain-related a. the most common form of primary a. in which the fibrillar amyloid deposits are derived from the amino terminal variable region of the light chains of immunoglobulin; seen in B-lymphocyte and plasma-cell dyscrasias (especially multiple myeloma) and other forms of gammopathy.
macular a. a localized form of a. cutis characterized by pruritic symmetrical brown reticulated macules, especially on the upper back; microscopically, amyloid is deposited as small subepidermal globules.
a. of multiple myeloma foci of a. in mesenchymal tissues of some persons with multiple myeloma; no direct relation between amyloid and Bence Jones protein is conclusively known.
nodular a. a localized form of a. in which amyloid occurs as hard masses or nodules beneath the skin or mucous membranes, e.g., in the larynx, often with local plasma cell infiltration; may be associated with plasma cell dyscrasia or systemic a.. SYN: amyloid tumor, focal a..
primary a. several forms of a. are known, following autosomal dominant [MIM *104750, *105120, *105150, *105200, *105210, *105250] recessive [MIM 204850 and *204900], and X-linked [MIM 301220] inheritance and not associated with other recognized disease. Tends to involve diffusely the arterial walls and mesenchymal tissues in the tongue, lungs, intestinal tract, skin, skeletal muscle, and myocardium, interfering with vital functions; the amyloid frequently does not manifest the usual affinity for Congo red, and sometimes provokes a foreign-body type of inflammatory reaction in the adjacent tissue.
renal a. renal deposits of amyloid, especially in glomerular capillary walls, which may cause albuminuria and the nephrotic syndrome. SYN: amyloid nephrosis (1) .
secondary a. a. occurring in association with another chronic inflammatory disease; organs chiefly involved are the liver, spleen, and kidneys, and the adrenal glands less frequently.
senile a. a common form of a. in very old people, usually mild and limited to the heart or seminal vesicles. SEE ALSO: a. of aging.

amylolysis
amylolysis (am-i-lol′i-sis)

Hydrolysis of starch into soluble products. [amylo- + G. lysis, dissolution]

amylolytic
amylolytic (am-i-lo-lit′ik)

Relating to amylolysis.

amylomaltase
amylomaltase (am-i-lo-mal′tas)

SYN: 4-α-d-glucanotransferase.

amylopectin
amylopectin (am-i-lo-pek′tin)

A branched-chain polyglucose (glucan) in starch containing both 1,4 and 1,6 linkages. Cf.:amylose.

amylopectin 6-glucanohydrolase
amylopectin 6-glucanohydrolase

Former name for α-dextrin endo-1,6-α-glucosidase.

amylopectin 1,6-glucosidase
amylopectin 1,6-glucosidase

Former name for an enzyme now known to be at least two enzymes, α-dextrin endo-glucanohydrolase and isoamylase.

amylopectinosis
amylopectinosis (am′i-lo-pek-tin-o′sis)

See type 4 glycogenosis. [amylopectin + G. -osis, condition]

amylophagia
amylophagia (am′i-lo-fa′je-a)

A morbid craving for starch. SYN: starch-eating. [amylo- + G. phago, to eat]

amyloplast
amyloplast (am′i-lo-plast)

A granule in the protoplasm of a plant cell that is the center of a starch-forming process. SYN: amylogenic body. [amylo- + G. plastos, formed]

amylopsin
amylopsin (am-il-op′sin)

The amylase of pancreatic juice.

amylorrhea
amylorrhea (am′i-lo-re′a)

Passage of undigested starch in the stools, implying a deficiency of amylase activity in the intestine. [amylo- + G. rhoia, flow]

amylose
amylose (am′i-los)

An unbranched polyglucose (glucan) in starch, similar to cellulose, containing α(1→4) linkages. Cf.:amylopectin.

amylosuria
amylosuria (am′i-lo-soo′re-a)

Excretion of starch in the urine. SYN: amyluria.

amylo-(1,4→1,6)-transglucosidase
amylo-(1,4→1,6)-transglucosidase, amylo-(1,4→1,6)-transglucosylase

SYN: 1,4-α-d-glucan-branching enzyme.

amylum
amylum (am′i-lum)

SYN: starch.

amyluria
amyluria (am-i-loo′re-a)

SYN: amylosuria.

amyoesthesia
amyoesthesia, amyoesthesis (a-mi′o-es-the′ze-a, -the′sis)

Absence of muscle sensation. [G. a- priv. + mys, muscle, + aisthesis, perception]

amyoplasia
amyoplasia (a-mi-o-pla′ze-a)

Deficient formation of muscle tissue and deficient muscle growth. [G. a- priv. + mys, muscle, + plasis, a molding]
a. congenita SYN: arthrogryposis multiplex congenita.

amyostasia
amyostasia (a-mi-o-sta′ze-a)

Difficulty in standing, due to muscular tremor or incoordination. [G. a- priv. + mys, muscle, + stasis, standing]

amyostatic
amyostatic (a-mi-o-stat′ik)

Showing muscular tremors.

amyosthenia
amyosthenia (a-mi′os-the′ne-a)

Muscular weakness. [G. a- priv. + mys, muscle, + sthenos, strength]

amyosthenic
amyosthenic (a-mi-os-then′ik)

Relating to or causing muscular weakness.

amyotaxy
amyotaxy, amyotaxia (a-mi′o-tak-se, a-mi-o-tak′se-a)

Muscular ataxia. [G. a- priv. + mys, muscle, + taxis, order]

amyotonia
amyotonia (a-mi-o-to′ne-a)

Generalized absence of muscle tone, usually associated with flabby musculature and an increased range of passive movement at joints. [G. a- priv. + mys, muscle, + tonos, tone]
a. congenita an indefinite term for a number of congenital neuromuscular disorders that cause generalized loss of muscle tone, and sometimes weakness, in infants and young children; most of these disorders have a benign course. SYN: congenital atonic pseudoparalysis, myatonia congenita, Oppenheim disease, Oppenheim syndrome.

amyotrophia
amyotrophia (a-mi-o-tro′fe-a)

SYN: amyotrophy.

amyotrophic
amyotrophic (a-mi-o-tro′fik)

Relating to muscular atrophy.

amyotrophy
amyotrophy (a-mi-ot′ro-fe)

Muscular wasting or atrophy. SYN: amyotrophia. [G. a- priv. + mys, muscle, + trophe, nourishment]
diabetic a. a type of diabetic neuropathy that primarily affects elderly patients with diabetes mellitus; clinically characterized by unilateral or bilateral anterior thigh pain, weakness, and atrophy; of abrupt or gradual onset and, when bilateral, of simultaneous or sequential onset, and usually asymmetrical; one type of diabetic polyradiculopathy. Sometimes referred to, erroneously, as diabetic femoral neuropathy.
hemiplegic a. muscular atrophy seen in hemiplegic limbs.
neuralgic a. a neurological disorder, of unknown cause, characterized by the sudden onset of severe pain, usually about the shoulder and often beginning at night, soon followed by weakness and wasting of various forequarter muscles, particularly shoulder girdle muscles; both sporadic and familial in occurrence with the former much more common; often preceded by some antecedent event, such as an upper respiratory infection, hospitalization, vaccination, or nonspecific trauma; usually attributed to a brachial plexus lesion, because the nerve fibers involved are most often derived from the upper trunk, but actually multiple proximal mononeuropathies. SYN: acute brachial radiculitis, brachial neuritis, brachial plexitis, brachial plexus neuropathy, Parsonage-Turner syndrome, shoulder-girdle syndrome.
progressive spinal a. SYN: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

amyous
amyous (am′e-us)

Lacking in muscular tissue, or in muscular strength. [G. a- priv. + mys, muscle]

amyxorrhea
amyxorrhea (a-mik-so-re′a)

Absence of the normal secretion of mucus. [G. a- priv. + myxa, mucus, + rhoia, flow]

an- an-

See a-.

ANA
ANA

Abbreviation for antinuclear antibody; American Nurses Association.

ana- ana-

Up, again, back; sometimes an- before a vowel; corresponds to L. sursum-; CAUTION: an- before a vowel usually stands for a- meaning not; sometimes ana- becomes am- before p, b, or ph. [G. ana, up]

Anabaena
Anabaena (an-a-be′na)

A genus of Cyanobacteria found in fresh water that can cause odor in water supplies; although not invasive pathogens, they produce potent saxitoxinlike neurotoxins that can poison farm animals ingesting heavily infected pond water.

anabiosis
anabiosis (an′a-bi-o′sis)

Resuscitation after apparent death. [G. a reviving, fr. ana, again, + biosis, life]

anabiotic
anabiotic (an′a-bi-ot′ik)

1. Resuscitating or restorative. 2. A revivifying remedy; a powerful stimulant. [ana- + G. bios, life]

anabolic
anabolic (an-a-bol′ik)

Relating to or promoting anabolism.

anabolism
anabolism (a-nab′o-lizm)

1. The building up in the body of complex chemical compounds from smaller simpler compounds ( e.g., proteins from amino acids), usually with the use of energy. Cf.:catabolism, metabolism. 2. The sum of synthetic metabolic reactions. [G. anabole, a raising up]

anabolite
anabolite (a-nab′o-lit)

Any substance formed as a result of anabolic processes.

anacamptometer
anacamptometer (an-a-kamp-tom′e-ter)

Instrument for measuring the intensity of the deep reflexes. [G. anakampsis, a bending back, reflection, + metron, measure]

anacatesthesia
anacatesthesia (an′a-kat′es-the′ze-a)

A hovering sensation. [G. ana, up, + kata, down, + aisthesis, sensation]

anacidity
anacidity (an-a-sid′i-te)

Absence of acidity; used especially to denote absence of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice.

anaclasis
anaclasis (a-nak′la-sis)

1. Reflection of light or sound. 2. Refraction of the ocular media. [G. a bending back, reflection]

anaclitic
anaclitic (an-a-klit′ik)

Leaning or depending upon; in psychoanalysis, relating to the dependence of the infant on the mother or mother substitute. See a. depression. [G. ana, toward, + klino, to lean]

anacrotic
anacrotic (an-a-krot′ik)

Referring to the upstroke or ascending limb of the arterial pulse tracing; an abbreviated form for anadicrotic, twice beating on the upstroke. SYN: anadicrotic.

anacrotism
anacrotism (a-nak′ro-tizm)

Peculiarity of the pulse wave. See anacrotic pulse. SYN: anadicrotism. [G. ana, up, + krotos, a beat]

anacusis
anacusis (an′a-koo′sis)

Total loss or absence of the ability to perceive sound as such. SYN: anakusis. [G. an- priv. + akousis, hearing]

anadenia
anadenia (an-a-de′ne-a)

Obsolete term for absence of glands or abeyance of glandular function. [G. an- priv. + aden, gland]
a. ventriculi absence of glands from the stomach.

anadicrotic
anadicrotic (an-a-di-krot′ik)

SYN: anacrotic.

anadicrotism
anadicrotism (an-a-dik′ro-tizm)

SYN: anacrotism. [G. ana, up, + di-krotos, double beating]

anadidymus
anadidymus (an-a-did′i-mus)

SYN: duplicitas posterior. [G. ana, up, + didymos, twin]

anadipsia
anadipsia (an-a-dip′se-a)

Rarely used term for extreme thirst. SEE ALSO: polydipsia. [G. ana, intensive, + dipsa, thirst]

anadrenalism
anadrenalism (an-a-dre′nal-izm)

Complete lack of adrenal function.

anadromous
anadromous (an-a-dro′mus)

Migrating from ocean water to fresh water to spawn; some such fish harbor human pathogens. SEE ALSO: catadromous.

anaerobe
anaerobe (an′ar-ob, an-ar′ob)

A microorganism that can live and grow in the absence of oxygen. [G. an- priv. + aer, air, + bios, life]
facultative a. an a. that either grows in the presence of air or under conditions of reduced oxygen tension.
obligate a. an a. that will grow only in the absence of free oxygen.

anaerobic
anaerobic (an-ar-o′bik)

Relating to an anaerobe; living without oxygen.

anaerobiosis
anaerobiosis (an-ar-o-bi-o′sis)

Existence in an oxygen-free atmosphere. [G. an- priv. + aer, air, + biosis, way of living]

Anaeroboplasma
Anaeroboplasma (an-ar-o′bo-plaz′ma)

An order in the class Molicutes that is oxygen-sensitive. A role in human disease has not been defined.

anaerogenic
anaerogenic (an-ar-o-jen′ik)

Not producing gas. [G. an- priv. + aer, air, + -gen, producing]

anaerophyte
anaerophyte (an-ar′o-fit)

1. A plant that grows without air. 2. An anaerobic bacterium. [G. an- priv. + aer, air, + phyton, plant]

anaeroplasty
anaeroplasty (an-ar′o-plas-te)

Treatment of wounds by exclusion of air. [G. an- not + aer, air, + plastos, formed]

anagen
anagen (an′a-jen)

Growth phase of the hair cycle, lasting about 3–6 years in human scalp hair. [G. ana, up, + -gen, producing]

anagenesis
anagenesis (an-a-jen′e-sis)

1. Repair of tissue. 2. Regeneration of lost parts. [G. ana, up, + genesis, production]

anagenetic
anagenetic (an′a-je-net′ik)

Pertaining to anagenesis.

anagestone acetate
anagestone acetate (an-a-jes′ton)

A progestational agent.

Anagnostakis
Anagnostakis

Andreas, Cretan ophthalmologist, 1826–1897.

anagogy
anagogy (an-a-go′je)

A rarely used term for psychic content of an idealistic or spiritual nature. [G. anagoge, fr. an- ago, to lead up]

anakatadidymus
anakatadidymus, anacatadidymus (an′a-kat-a-did′i-mus)

Conjoined twins united in the middle but separated above and below. SYN: dicephalus dipygus. [G. ana, up, + kata, down, + didymos, twin]

anákhré
anákhré (an-ah-kra′)

SYN: goundou. [Fr. fr. Af. native term meaning “big nose”]

anakmesis
anakmesis (an-ak′me-sis)

Arrest of maturation of leukocytes in their production centers, thereby resulting in greater numbers of young forms and progressively smaller proportions of mature granular cells in the bone marrow, as observed in agranulocytosis. [G. an- priv. + akmenos, full grown, fr. akme, highest point]

anakusis
anakusis (an-a-koo′sis)

SYN: anacusis.

anal
anal (a′nal)

Relating to the anus.

analbuminemia
analbuminemia (an′al-boo-mi-ne′me-a)

Absence of albumin from the serum. [G. an- priv. + albumin + G. haima, blood]

analeptic
analeptic (an-a-lep′tik)

1. Strengthening, stimulating, or invigorating. 2. A restorative remedy. 3. A central nervous system stimulant, particularly used to denote agents that reverse depressed central nervous system function. [G. analeptikos, restorative]

analgesia
analgesia (an-al-je′ze-a, an-al-jeprime;z-a)

A neurologic or pharmacologic state in which painful stimuli are so moderated that, though still perceived, they are no longer painful. Cf.:anesthesia. [G. insensibility, fr. an- priv. + algesis, sensation of pain]
conduction a. SYN: regional anesthesia.
inhalation a. a. produced by inhalation of a central nervous system depressant gas (especially nitrous oxide) or vapor.
patient-controlled a. (PCA) a method for control of pain based upon a pump for the constant intravenous or, less frequently, epidural infusion of a dilute narcotic solution that includes a mechanism for the self-administration at predetermined intervals of a predetermined amount of the narcotic solution should the infusion fail to relieve pain. SYN: outpatient anesthesia, patient-controlled anesthesia.
spinal a. euphemism for spinal anesthesia.

analgesic
analgesic (an-al-je′zik)

1. A compound capable of producing analgesia, i.e., one that relieves pain by altering perception of nociceptive stimuli without producing anesthesia or loss of consciousness. SYN: analgetic (1) . 2. Characterized by reduced response to painful stimuli. SYN: antalgic.

analgesimeter
analgesimeter (an′al-je-zim′i-ter)

A device for eliciting painful stimuli in order to measure pain under experimental conditions. [analgesia + G. metron, measure]

analgetic
analgetic (an-al-jet′ik)

1. SYN: analgesic (1) . 2. Associated with decreased pain perception.

anality
anality (a-nal′i-te)

Referring to the psychic organization derived from, and characteristic of, the freudian anal period of psychosexual development.

anallergic
anallergic (an-a-ler′jik)

Not allergic.

analog
analog (an′a-log)

1. One of two organs or parts in different species of animals or plants that differ in structure or development but are similar in function. 2. A compound that resembles another in structure but is not necessarily an isomer ( e.g., 5-fluorouracil is an a. of thymine); analogs are often used to block enzymatic reactions by combining with enzymes ( e.g., isopropyl thiogalactoside vs. lactose). SYN: analogue. [G. analogos, proportionate]
enzyme a. SYN: synzyme.

analogous
analogous (a-nal′o-gus)

Possessing a functional resemblance, but having a different origin or structure.

analogue
analogue (an′a-log)

SYN: analog.

analphalipoproteinemia
analphalipoproteinemia (an-al′fa-lip′o-pro′ten-e′me-a) [MIM*205400]

High-density lipoprotein deficiency; a heritable disorder of lipid metabolism characterized by almost complete absence from plasma of high density lipoproteins, and by storage of cholesterol esters in foam cells, tonsillar enlargement, an orange or yellow-gray color of the pharyngeal and rectal mucosa, hepatosplenomegaly, lymph node enlargement, corneal opacity, and peripheral neuropathy; autosomal recessive inheritance. SYN: familial high density lipoprotein deficiency, Tangier disease. [G. an-, priv., + alpha, α, + lipoprotein + -emia, blood]

analysand
analysand (a-nal′i-sand)

In psychoanalysis, the person being analyzed. [analysis + L. -andus, gerundive ending]

analysis
analysis, pl .analyses (a-nal′i-sis, -sez)

1. The breaking up of a chemical compound or mixture into simpler elements; a process by which the composition of a substance is determined. 2. The examination and study of a whole in terms of the parts composing it. 3. See psychoanalysis. [G. a breaking up, fr. ana, up, + lysis, a loosening]
accumulation a. a technique in which an intermediate of a metabolic pathway accumulates due to selective inhibition of a particular step in that pathway or in a mutant that is deficient in a certain step. The intermediate is then isolated, analyzed, and identified.
activation a. the identification and quantification of unknown elements from their characteristic emissions and decay constants after they have been made radioactive by exposure to neutron or charged particle radiation.
amino acid a. 1. determination and identification of amino acid content of a macromolecule; 2. identification of a specific amino acid in macromolecules, often a mutated protein; 3. identification and quantitation of amino acid content in blood plasma or urine; a key diagnostic aid.
bite a. SYN: occlusal a..
blood gas a. the direct electrode measurement of the partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.
bradykinetic a. the a. of a movement by means of slow cinematography.
breath a. SYN: breath test.
cephalometric a. a study of the skeletal and dental relationships used in orthodontic case a..
character a. a. of the defenses and personality traits that characterize an individual.
cluster a. a set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly interrelated subgroups.
content a. any of a variety of techniques for classification and study of the verbal products of normal or of psychologically disabled individuals.
decision a. a derivative of operations research and game theory that involves identifying all available choices and the potential outcomes of each, in a series of decisions that have to be made about patient care—diagnostic procedures, therapeutic regimens, prognostic expectations; the range of choices can be plotted on a decision tree.
didactic a. SYN: training a..
discriminant a. a statistical analytic technique used with discrete dependent variables, concerned with separating sets of observed values and allocating new values; an alternative to regression a..
displacement a. SYN: competitive binding assay.
distributive a. the a. of information gained about the patient and its distribution by the physician, as indicated by the patient's complaint and symptoms.
Downs a. a series of cephalometric criteria used as an aid in orthodontic diagnosis.
ego a. psychoanalytic study of the ways in which the ego deals with intrapsychic conflicts.
Fourier a. a mathematical approximation of a function as the sum of periodic functions (sine and/or cosine waves) of different frequencies; a method of converting a function of time or space into a function of frequency; used in reconstruction of images in computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in radiology and in a. of any kind of signal for its frequency content. SYN: Fourier transfer, Fourier transform.
gastric a. measurement of pH and acid output of stomach contents; basal acid output can be determined by collecting the overnight gastric secretion or by a 1-hr collection; maximal acid output is determined following injection of histamine; output is measured by titration with a strong base.
intention-to-treat a. method of analyzing results of a randomized controlled trial that includes in the a. all the cases that should have received a treatment regimen but for whatever reason did not do so. All cases allocated to each arm of the trial are analyzed together as representing that treatment arm, whether or not they received or completed the prescribed regimen.
interaction process a. in psychology, a. of small group behavior in terms of 12 specific categories, e.g., solidarity, tension release, agreement.
Kaplan-Meier a. a method of calculating survival of a patient population in which the increments are the actual survival times of the patients.
linkage a. the assessment of the linkage relationship between two loci by the examination of data in pedigrees. The classical concern is with estimating recombination fractions and (because of its elasticity, efficiency, and other optimal properties) the preferred method is maximum likelihood estimation. However, there are other more modern concerns, notably determining the order of loci, testing for additive and interactive properties in the mapping function, and reconciling the pedigree data with evidence from other methods ( e.g., cytogenetics, in situ hybridization studies, etc.).
Northern blot a. a procedure similar to the Southern blot a., used to separate and identify RNA fragments; typically via transferring (blotting) RNA fragments from an agarose gel to a nitrocellulose filter followed by detection with a suitable probe. [coined to distinguish it from eponymic Southern blot a.]
occlusal a. a study of the relations of the occlusal surfaces of opposing teeth and their effect upon related structures. SYN: bite a..
path a. a mode of a. involving assumptions about the direction of causal relationships among linked sequences and configurations of variables.
pedigree a. the formal study of the pattern of a trait in a pedigree to determine such properties as its mode of inheritance, age of onset, and variability in phenotype.
percept a. psychologic survey of an individual's personality using Rorschach series of inkblots.
qualitative a. determination of the nature, as opposed to the quantity, of each of the elements composing a substance.
quantitative a. determination of the amount, as well as the nature, of each of the elements composing a substance.
regression a. the statistical method of finding the &dquor;best&dquor; mathematical model to describe one variable as a function of another.
saturation a. SYN: competitive binding assay.
segregation a. in genetics, the enumeration of progeny according to distinct and mutually exclusive phenotypes; used as a test of a putative pattern of inheritance, e.g., mendelian, dominant autosomal, epistatic, age-dependent.
sequential a. a statistical method that allows an experiment to be ended as soon as a result of desired precision is obtained.
Southern blot a. a procedure to separate and identify DNA sequences; DNA fragments are separated by electrophoresis on an agarose gel, transferred (blotted) onto a nitrocellulose or nylon membrane, and hybridized with complementary (labeled) nucleic acid probes.
survival a. a class of statistical procedures for estimating survival rates and making inferences about effects of treatment, prognostic factors, etc.
training a. psychoanalytic treatment for the purpose of training of an analytic candidate carried out under the official auspices of a psychoanalytic training institute. SYN: didactic a..
transactional a. a psychotherapy system, used in both individual and group treatment, involving a systematic understanding of the qualities of interpersonal interactions in the treatment sessions; includes four components: 1) structural a. of intrapsychic phenomena; 2) transactional a. proper, determination of the currently dominant ego state (parent, child, or adult) of each participant; 3) game a., identification of the games played in their interactions and of the gratifications provided; 4) script a., uncovering of the causes of the patient's emotional problems.
a. of variance (ANOVA) a statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contribution of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.
volumetric a. quantitative a. by the addition of graduated amounts of a standard test solution to a solution of a known amount of the substance analyzed, until the reaction is just at an end; depends upon the stoichiometric nature of the reaction between the test solution and the unknown.
Western blot a. a procedure in which proteins separated by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels are transferred (blotted) onto nitrocellulose or nylon membranes and identified by specific complexing with antibodies that are either pre- or posttagged with a labeled secondary protein. SEE ALSO: immunoblot. SYN: Western blot, Western blotting. [coined to distinguish it from eponymic Southern blot a.]
zoo blot a. a procedure using Southern blot a. to test the ability of a nucleic acid probe from one species to hybridize with the DNA fragment of another species.

analyst
analyst (an′a-list)

1. One who makes analytic determinations. 2. Short term for psychoanalyst.

analyte
analyte (an′a-lit)

Any material or chemical substance subjected to analysis.

analytic
analytic, analytical (an-a-lit′-ik, -i-kal)

1. Relating to analysis. 2. Relating to psychoanalysis.

analyzer
analyzer, analyzor (an′a-liz-er, -or)

1. Any instrument that performs an analysis. 2. The prism in a polariscope by means of which the polarized light is examined. 3. The neural basis of the conditioned reflex; includes all of the sensory side of the reflex arc and its central connections. 4. A device that electronically determines the frequency and amplitude of a particular channel of an electroencephalogram.
batch a. a discrete automated chemical a. in which the instrument system sequentially performs a single test on each of a group of samples.
centrifugal fast a. an automatic spectrophotometer that uses centrifugal force to mix samples and reagents, and propels the reactants at high speed in view of a detector that makes multiple absorbance readings.
continuous flow a. an automated chemical a. in which the samples and reagents are pumped continuously through a system of modules interconnected by tubing.
discrete a. an automated chemical a. in which the instrument performs tests on samples that are kept in discrete containers in contrast to a continuous flow a..
kinetic a. an instrument that measures the rate of change in a chemical substance; used mainly for enzyme measurement.
pulse height a. electronic circuitry that determines the energy of scintillations recorded by a detector, allowing use of a discriminator to select for photons of a specific type.
wave a. an apparatus that assesses a complex mixture of wave forms by separating out their component frequencies and displaying their distribution.

anamnesis
anamnesis (an-am-ne′sis)

1. The act of remembering. 2. The medical or developmental history of a patient. [G. a., recollection]

anamnestic
anamnestic (an-am-nes′tik)

1. Assisting the memory. SYN: mnemonic. 2. Relating to the medical history of a patient.

anamnionic
anamnionic, anamniotic (an-am-ne-on′ik, -ot′ik)

Without an amnion.

Anamniota
Anamniota (an-am-ne-o′ta)

A group of vertebrates whose embryos are not enclosed in an amnion; it includes the cyclostomes, fish, and amphibians.

anamorph
anamorph

A somatic or reproductive structure that originates without nuclear recombination (asexual reproduction); the imperfect part of the life cycle of fungi. [G. ana, up, + morphe, form]

anamorphosis
anamorphosis (an′a-mor-fo′sis)

1. In phylogeny, a progressive series of changes in the evolution of a group of animals or plants. 2. In optics, the process of correcting a distorted image with a curved mirror. [G. ana, up, + morphe, form]

ananastasia
ananastasia (an′an-a-sta′ze-a)

Inability to stand up. [G. a- priv. + anastasis, stand up]

anancasm
anancasm (an′an-kazm)

Any form of repetitious stereotyped behavior which, if prevented, results in anxiety. [G. anankasma, compulsion]

anancastia
anancastia (an-an-kas′te-a)

An obsession in which a person feels forced to act or think against her or his will. [G. anankastos, compelled]

anancastic
anancastic (an-an-kas′tik)

Pertaining to anancasm or anancastia.

anandria
anandria (an-an′dre-a)

Absence of masculinity. [G. want of manhood, fr. an- priv. + aner- (andr-), man]

anangioplasia
anangioplasia (an-an′je-o-pla′ze-a)

Imperfect vascularization of a part due to nonformation of vessels, or vessels with inadequate caliber. [G. an- priv. + angeion, vessel, + plastos, formed]

anangioplastic
anangioplastic (an-an′je-o-plas′tik)

Relating to, characterized by, or due to anangioplasia.

ANAP
ANAP

Abbreviation for anionic neutrophil-activating peptide.

anaphase
anaphase (an′a-faz)

The stage of mitosis or meiosis in which the chromosomes move from the equatorial plate toward the poles of the cell. In mitosis a full set of daughter chromosomes (46 in humans) moves toward each pole. In the first division of meiosis one member of each homologous pair (23 in humans), consisting of two chromatids united at the centromere, moves toward each pole. In the second division of meiosis the centromere divides, and the two chromatids separate with one moving to each pole. [G. ana, up, + phasis, appearance]

anaphia
anaphia (an-a′fe-a, an-af′e-a)

Absence of the sense of touch. SYN: anhaphia. [G. an- priv. + haphe, touch]

anaphoresis
anaphoresis (an′a-fo-re′sis)

Movement of negatively charged particles (anions) in a solution or suspension toward the anode in electrophoresis. Cf.:cataphoresis. [G. ana, up + phoresis, a being borne]

anaphoretic
anaphoretic (an′a-fo-ret′ik)

Relating to anaphoresis (1).

anaphrodisiac
anaphrodisiac (an′af-ro-diz′e-ak)

1. Relating to anaphrodisia. 2. Repressing or destroying sexual desire. 3. An agent that lessens or abolishes sexual desire. SYN: antaphrodisiac, antaphroditic (1) . [G. an- priv. + aphrodisia, sexual pleasure]

anaphylactic
anaphylactic (an′a-fi-lak′tik)

Relating to anaphylaxis; manifesting extremely great sensitivity to foreign protein or other material.

anaphylactogen
anaphylactogen (an′a-fi-lak′to-jen)

A substance (antigen) capable of rendering an individual susceptible to anaphylaxis; a substance (antigen) that will cause an anaphylactic reaction in such a sensitized individual.

anaphylactogenesis
anaphylactogenesis (an′a-fi-lak-to-jen′e-sis)

The production of anaphylaxis.

anaphylactogenic
anaphylactogenic (an′a-fi-lak-to-jen′ik)

Producing anaphylaxis; pertaining to substances (antigens) that result in an individual becoming susceptible to anaphylaxis.

anaphylactoid
anaphylactoid (an′a-fi-lak′toyd)

Resembling anaphylaxis. SYN: pseudoanaphylactic. [anaphylaxis + G. eidos, resemblance]

anaphylatoxin
anaphylatoxin (an′a-fil-a-tok′sin)

Low molecular weight substances generated by the activation of complement; the biologically active complement components are derived from C3, C4, and C5 and lead to increased vascular permeability as a result of the degranulation of primarily mast cells; release of mediators of immediate hypersensitivity (Type I), i.e., histamine, follows mast cell degranulation. SYN: anaphylotoxin. [anaphylaxis + toxin]

anaphylatoxin inactivator
anaphylatoxin inactivator

An α-globulin (MW 300,000) which destroys the activity of the anaphylatoxic complement fragments. See anaphylatoxin.

anaphylaxis
anaphylaxis (an′a-fi-lak′sis)

An induced systemic or generalized sensitivity; at times the term a. is used for anaphylactic shock. The term is commonly used to denote the immediate, transient kind of immunologic (allergic) reaction characterized by contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries due to release of pharmacologically active substances (histamine, bradykinin, serotonin, and slow-reacting substance), classically initiated by the combination of antigen (allergen) with mast-cell–fixed, cytophilic antibody (chiefly IgE); the reaction can be initiated, also, by relatively large quantities of serum aggregates (antigen-antibody complexes, and others) that seemingly activate complement leading to production of anaphylatoxins. SYN: anaphylactic reaction. [G. ana, away from, back from, + phylaxis, protection]
active a. reaction following inoculation of antigen in a subject previously sensitized to the specific antigen, in contrast to passive a..
aggregate a. an anaphylactic reaction initiated by the formation of antigen-antibody complexes that activate complement.
antiserum a. SYN: passive a..
chronic a. SYN: enteritis anaphylactica.
generalized a. the immediate response, involving smooth muscles and capillaries throughout the body of a sensitized individual, that follows intravenous (and occasionally intracutaneous) injection of antigen (allergen). SEE ALSO: anaphylactic shock. SYN: systemic a..
inverse a. anaphylactic shock in an animal ( e.g., guinea pig) whose tissues contain Forssman antigen, resulting from an intravenous injection of serum that contains Forssman antibody.
local a. the immediate, transient kind of response that follows the injection of antigen (allergen) into the skin of a sensitized individual and is limited to the area surrounding the site of inoculation. SEE ALSO: skin test.
passive a. a reaction resulting from inoculation of antigen in an animal previously inoculated intravenously with specific antiserum from another animal, a latent period being required between the two inoculations. SYN: antiserum a..
passive cutaneous a. (PCA) a reaction that occurs in the guinea pig when antiserum is injected into the skin and, 6–24 hours later, specific antigen and a dye such as Pontamine blue or Evans blue are inoculated intravenously; the size of the blue areas at the sites of the antibody injections is a measure of the degree of altered permeability to dye-bound albumin.
reversed a. SYN: reversed passive a..
reversed passive a. an anaphylactic reaction induced in an animal injected with a specific antigen, which will bind to reactive tissue, and then, after a latent period, with serum from another animal previously sensitized to the identical antigen. SYN: reversed a..
systemic a. SYN: generalized a..

anaphylotoxin
anaphylotoxin (an′a-fil-o-tok′sin)

SYN: anaphylatoxin.

anaplasia
anaplasia (an-a-pla′se-a)

Loss of structural differentiation, especially as seen in most, but not all, malignant neoplasms. SYN: dedifferentiation (2) . [G. ana, again, + plasis, a molding]

anaplastic
anaplastic (an-a-plas′tik)

1. Relating to anaplasty. 2. Characterized by or pertaining to anaplasia. 3. Growing without form or structure.

anaplastology
anaplastology (an′a-plas-tol′o-je)

Application of prosthetic materials for construction and/or reconstruction of a missing body part. [G. ana, again, + plastos, formed]

anaplerosis
anaplerosis (an′a-pler-o′sis)

The process of replenishment of depleted metabolic cycle or pathway intermediates; most commonly referring to the tricarboxylic acid cycle. [G. filling up, fr. ana-, up, + plerosis, filling, fr. pleroo, to fill]

anaplerotic
anaplerotic (an′a-pler-o′tik)

Referring to reactions or pathways that contribute to anaplerosis.

anapophysis
anapophysis (an-a-pof′i-sis)

An accessory spinal process of a vertebra, found especially in the thoracic or lumbar vertebrae. [G. ana, back, + apophysis, offshoot]

anaptic
anaptic (a-nap′tik)

Relating to anaphia.

anarithmia
anarithmia (an-a-rith′me-a)

Aphasia characterized by an inability to count or use numbers. [G. an- priv. + arithmos, number]

anarthria
anarthria (an-ar′thre-a)

Loss of the power of articulate speech. SEE ALSO: aphasia, alexia, dysarthria. [G. fr. an-anthos, without joints; (of sound) inarticulate]

anasarca
anasarca (an-a-sar′ka)

A generalized infiltration of edema fluid into subcutaneous connective tissue. SYN: hydrosarca. [G. ana, through, + sarx (sark-), flesh]
fetoplacental a. edema of fetus and placenta as found in fetal hydrops.

anasarcous
anasarcous (an-a-sar′kus)

Characterized by anasarca.

anastigmatic
anastigmatic (an′as-tig-mat′ik)

Not astigmatic.

anastigmats
anastigmats

1. Lenses in which astigmatism is corrected. 2. Lenses in which both astigmatism and field curvature are corrected.

anastole
anastole (an-as′to-le)

Obsolete term for the gaping of a wound. [G. a., the laying bare of a wound]

anastomose
anastomose (a-nas′to-mos)

1. To open one structure into another directly or by connecting channels, said of blood vessels, lymphatics, and hollow viscera; also incorrectly applied to nerves. 2. To unite by means of an anastomosis, or connection between formerly separate structures.

anastomosis
anastomosis, pl .anastomoses (a-nas′to-mo′sis, -sez)

1. A natural communication, direct or indirect, between two blood vessels or other tubular structures. See communication. 2. An operative union of two structures ( e.g., vessels, ureters, nerves). 3. An opening created by surgery, trauma, or disease between two or more normally separate spaces or organs. [G. a., from anastomoo, to furnish with a mouth]
acromial a. of the thoracoacromial artery [TA] a vascular network between the acromion and the skin of the shoulder, formed by anastomoses of the acromial branch of the suprascapular artery with the acromial branch of the thoracoacromial artery. SYN: rete acromiale arteriae thoracoacromialis [TA] , acromial arterial network, acromial plexus.
arteriolovenular a. [TA] vessels through which blood is shunted from arterioles to venules without passing through the capillaries. The term “arteriovenous a.” is widely used, but not preferred, since the connection is between arterioles and venules rather than arteries and veins. SYN: a. arteriolovenularis&star, a. arteriovenosa, arteriovenous a..
a. arteriolovenularis arteriolovenular a..
a. arteriovenosa SYN: arteriolovenular a..
arteriovenous a. (ava) SYN: arteriolovenular a..
Béclard a. SYN: ranine a..
bevelled a. a. performed after cutting each of the structures to be joined in an oblique fashion.
Billroth I a. reestablishment of intestinal continuity by a gastroduodenostomy. SEE ALSO: Billroth operation I.
Billroth II a. reestablishment of intestinal continuity by a loop gastrojejunostomy. SEE ALSO: Billroth operation II.
Braun a. after a loop gastroenterostomy, a. between afferent and efferent loops of jejunum.
calcaneal a. [TA] a superficial network over the calcaneus, formed by branches of the peroneal and posterior tibial arteries and twigs from the malleolar retia. SYN: rete calcaneum [TA] , calcaneal arterial network.
cavopulmonary a. a means of palliating cyanotic heart disease by anastomosing the right pulmonary artery to the superior vena cava. SYN: cavopulmonary shunt, Glenn shunt.
Clado a. a. in the right suspensory ligament of the ovary between the appendicular and ovarian arteries.
conjoined a. the joining together of two small blood vessels by side-to-side elliptical a. to create a single larger stoma for subsequent end-to-end a..
cruciate a., crucial a. a four-way a. between branches of the first perforating branch of the deep femoral, inferior gluteal, and medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries, located posterior to the upper part of the femur. Formerly described as common, investigations show it rarely occurs in the four-way “cross” pattern.
cubital a. [TA] vascular networks in the region of the elbow, composed of anastomoses between branches of the radial and middle collateral, superior and inferior ulnar collateral, radial recurrent, interosseous recurrent, and recurrent ulnar arteries. SYN: rete articulare cubiti [TA] , articular vascular network of elbow.
Damus-Stancel-Kaye a. SYN: Damus-Kaye-Stancel procedure.
elliptical a. a modification of direct a. whereby one or both tubular structures are spatulated beforehand, thus creating an ellipse of greater cross-sectional as well as circumferential dimension than would be possible with a bevelled or circular a..
end-to-end a. a. performed after cutting each structure to be joined in a plane perpendicular to the ultimate flow through the structures.
Galen a. SYN: communicating branch of internal laryngeal nerve with recurrent laryngeal nerve.
genicular a. [TA] an arterial network over the front and sides of the knee, formed by branches of the descending genicular artery, of the five genicular arteries from the popliteal, of the anterior tibial recurrent, and of the fibular circumflex branches of the posterior tibial. SYN: rete articulare genus [TA] , articular vascular network of knee.
Hofmeister-Pólya a. See Hofmeister operation, Pólya operation.
Hoyer anastomoses SYN: Sucquet-Hoyer canals, under canal.
Hyrtl a. SYN: Hyrtl loop.
intermesenteric arterial anastomoses SYN: intestinal arterial arcades, under arcade.
intestinal a. SYN: enteroenterostomy.
isoperistaltic a. an a. allowing flow of contents in the same and normal direction.
Jacobson a. a portion of the tympanic plexus.
Martin-Gruber a. a nerve anomaly in the forearm, consisting of a median to ulnar nerve communication; Also referred to as a median-to-ulnar crossover.
microvascular a. a. of very small blood vessels performed under a surgical microscope.
patellar a. [TA] the superficial portion of the articular vascular network of the knee. SYN: rete patellare [TA] , patellar network.
portacaval anastomoses SYN: portal-systemic anastomoses.
portal-systemic anastomoses 1. naturally-occurring venous communications between tributaries of the portal venous system and tributaries of the systemic venous system. The major portal-systemic anastomoses include: 1) esophageal branches of left gastric vein with esophageal veins, 2) superior rectal vein with middle and inferior rectal veins, 3) paraumbilical veins with subcutaneous veins of anterior abdominal wall, 4) retroperitoneal veins with venous branches of veins of the colon and bare area of the liver, and 5) a patent ductus venosus connecting left branch of portal vein to inferior vena cava (rare). These anastomoses are important clinically, providing collateral circulation during portal obstruction or hypertension, although they may become varicose; See caput medusae, esophageal varices, under varix, hemorrhoids. 2. surgically-created communications between the portal vein and the inferior vena cava or their tributaries, to relieve portal hypertension. SYN: portacaval anastomoses.
postcostal a. longitudinal a. of intersegmental arteries giving rise to the vertebral artery.
Potts a. SYN: Potts operation.
precapillary a. an a. between arterioles just before they become capillaries.
precostal a. (pre-kos′-tal) longitudinal a. of intersegmental arteries in the embryo that gives rise to the thyrocervical and costocervical trunks.
pulmonary artery a. a. of the pulmonary artery; 40–50% are associated with congenital heart defects.
ranine a. an a. between the right and the left end-branch of the deep lingual artery. SYN: arcus raninus, Béclard a..
Riolan a. the specific portion of the marginal artery of the colon connecting the middle and left colic arteries. SYN: Riolan arc (3) .
Roux-en-Y a. a. of the distal end of the divided jejunum to the stomach, bile duct, or another structure, with implantation of the proximal end into the side of the jejunum at a suitable distance (usually greater than 40 cm) below the first a., the bowel then forming a Y-shaped pattern.
Schmidel anastomoses abnormal channels of communication between the caval and portal venous systems.
sequential a. two or more anastomoses fashioned from a single conduit, e.g., two or more coronary arteries from a single vein graft or mammary artery.
Sucquet anastomoses SYN: Sucquet-Hoyer canals, under canal.
Sucquet-Hoyer anastomoses SYN: Sucquet-Hoyer canals, under canal.
terminoterminal a. an operation by which the central end of an artery is connected with the peripheral end of the corresponding vein, and the peripheral end of the artery with the central end of the vein.
transureteroureteral a. SYN: transureteroureterostomy.
ureteroileal a. a. between the ureter and an isolated segment of ileum. SEE ALSO: Bricker operation.
ureterosigmoid a. a. between the ureter and a segment or entire sigmoid colon. SEE ALSO: ureterosigmoidostomy.
ureteroureteral a. a. from one part of a ureter to another part of the same ureter.

anastomotic
anastomotic (a-nas-to-mot′ik)

Pertaining to an anastomosis.

anastral
anastral (an-as′tral)

Lacking an astrosphere.

anatomical
anatomical (an′a-tom′i-kal)

1. Relating to anatomy. 2. SYN: structural. 3. Denoting a strictly morphological feature distinct from its physiological or surgical considerations, e.g., a. neck of humerus, a. dead space, a. lobulation of the liver.

anatomicomedical
anatomicomedical (an-a-tom′i-ko-med′i-kal)

Referring to both medicine and anatomy.

anatomicopathologic
anatomicopathologic (an-a-tom′i-ko-path-o-loj′i-kal)

Relating to anatomical pathology.

anatomicosurgical
anatomicosurgical (an-a-tom′i-ko-ser′ji-kal)

Relating to surgical anatomy.

anatomic snuffbox
anatomic snuffbox (snuf′boks)

A hollow seen on the radial aspect of the wrist when the thumb is extended fully; it is bounded by the prominences of the tendon of the extensor pollicis longus posteriorly and of the tendons of the extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus anteriorly. The radial artery crosses the floor which is formed by the scaphoid and the trapezium bones. SYN: tabatière anatomique.

anatomist
anatomist (a-nat′o-mist)

A specialist in the science of anatomy.

anatomy
anatomy (a-nat′o-me) [TA]

1. The morphologic structure of an organism. 2. The science of the morphology or structure of organisms. 3. SYN: dissection. 4. A work describing the form and structure of an organism and its various parts. [G. anatome, dissection, from ana, apart, + tome, a cutting]
applied a. SYN: clinical a..
artificial a. the manufacture of models of anatomic structures, or the study of a. from such models.
artistic a. the study of a. for artistic purposes, as applied to painting, drawing, or sculpture.
clastic a. the construction or study of models in layers which can be removed one after the other to show the structure of the organism and/or organ. SYN: plastic a..
clinical a. the practical application of anatomical knowledge to diagnosis and treatment. SYN: applied a..
comparative a. the comparative study of animal structure with regard to homologous organs or parts.
dental a. that branch of gross a. concerned with the morphology of teeth, their location, position, and relationships.
descriptive a. a description of, especially a treatise describing, physical structure, more particularly that of man. SYN: systematic a..
developmental a. a. of the structural changes of an individual from fertilization to adulthood; includes embryology, fetology, and postnatal development.
functional a. a. studied in its relation to function. SYN: morphophysiology, physiologic a..
general a. the study of gross and microscopic structures as well as of the composition of the body, its tissues and fluids.
gross a. general a., so far as it can be studied without the use of the microscope; commonly used to denote the study of a. by dissection of a cadaver. See practical a.. SYN: macroscopic a..
living a. the study of a. in the living individual by inspection.
macroscopic a. SYN: gross a..
medical a. a. in its bearing upon the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
microscopic a. the branch of a. in which the structure of cells, tissues, and organs is studied with the light microscope. See histology.
pathological a. SYN: anatomic pathology.
physiologic a. SYN: functional a..
plastic a. SYN: clastic a..
practical a. a. studied by means of dissection. See gross a..
radiologic a. the study of bodily structure using radiographs and other imaging methods.
regional a. an approach to anatomic study based on regions, parts, or divisions of the body ( e.g., the foot or the inguinal region), emphasizing the relationships of various systemic structures ( e.g., muscles, nerves, and arteries) within that area; distinguished from systemic a.. SYN: topographic a., topology (1) .
special a. the a. of certain definite organs or groups of organs involved in the performance of special functions; descriptive a. dealing with the separate systems.
surface a. the study of the configuration of the surface of the body, especially in its relation to deeper parts.
surgical a. applied a. in reference to surgical diagnosis, dissection, or treatment.
systematic a. SYN: descriptive a..
systemic a. a. of the systems of the body; an approach to anatomical study organized by organ systems, e.g., the cardiovascular system, emphasizing an overview of the system throughout the body; distinguished from regional a..
topographic a. SYN: regional a..
transcendental a. the theories and deductions based upon the morphology of the organs and individual parts of the body.
ultrastructural a. the ultramicroscopic study of structures too small to be seen with a light microscope.

anatopism
anatopism (a-nat′o-pizm)

Failure to conform to the cultural pattern. [G. ana, backward, + topos, place]

anatoxic
anatoxic (an-a-tok′sik)

Pertaining to the characteristic properties of anatoxin (toxoid).

anatoxin
anatoxin (an-a-tok′sin)

SYN: toxoid.

anatricrotic
anatricrotic (an′a-tri-krot′ik)

Characterized by anatricrotism; denoting a sphygmographic tracing with three waves on the ascending limb.

anatricrotism
anatricrotism (an′a-trik′ro-tizm)

A condition of the pulse manifested by a triple beat on the ascending limb of the sphygmographic tracing. [G. ana, up, + tri-, thrice, krotos, beating]

anatripsis
anatripsis (an-a-trip′sis)

Therapeutic use of rubbing or friction with or without simultaneous application of a medicament. [G. a rubbing, fr. anatribo, fr. ana, intensive, + tribo, to rub]

anatriptic
anatriptic (an-a-trip′tik)

1. Pertaining to anatripsis. 2. A remedy to be applied by friction or rubbing.

anaxon
anaxon, anaxone (an-aks′on, -aks′on)

Having no axon; denoting certain nerve cells first described by S. Ramón y Cajal as amacrine cells in the retina, and later discovered in several brain regions. [G. an- priv. + axon, axis]

anazoturia
anazoturia (an′az-o-too′re-a)

A deficiency or lack of nitrogenous metabolic products excreted in the urine; pertains especially to unusually small quantities of urea in the urine. [G. an- priv. + azoturia]

ANCA
ANCA

Abbreviation for antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, under antibody.

AnCC
AnCC

Abbreviation for anodal closure contraction.

ancestor
ancestor

A person in the direct line of descent from which a subject of interest is derived (parents, grandparents, etc.; but no collaterals or descendants).
leading a. in genetic counseling given to a consultand unaffected by but possibly a carrier or a latent subject of the disease; the most recent a. in the direct line of descent known to have had the affected gene in question.

anchorage
anchorage (ang′kor-ij)

1. Operative fixation of loose or prolapsed abdominal or pelvic organs. 2. The part to which anything is fastened. In dentistry, a tooth or an implanted tooth substitute with which a fixed or removable partial denture, crown, or restoration is retained. 3. The nature and degree of resistance to displacement offered by an anatomical unit when used for the purpose of effecting tooth movement. [L. ancora, fr. G. ankyra, anchor]
cervical a. a. in which the back of the neck is used for resistance by means of a cervical strap.
extraoral a. a. in which the resistance unit is outside the oral cavity; e.g., cranial, occipital, or cervical a..
intermaxillary a. a. in which the units in one jaw are used to effect tooth movement in the other jaw.
intramaxillary a. a. in which the resistance units are all situated within the same jaw.
intraoral a. a. in which the resistance units are all located within the oral cavity.
multiple a. a. in which more than one type of resistance unit is utilized. SYN: reinforced a..
occipital a. a. in which the top and back of the head are used for resistance by means of a headgear.
reciprocal a. a. in which the movement of one or more teeth is balanced against the movement of one or more opposing teeth.
reinforced a. SYN: multiple a..
simple a. a. in which the resistance to the movement of one or more teeth comes solely from resistance to tipping movement of the a. unit.
stationary a. a. in which the resistance to the movement of one or more teeth comes from the resistance to bodily movement of the a. unit; a questionable concept since the selected teeth remain only relatively stable.

anchorin
anchorin (ang′kor-in)

SYN: ankyrin. [anchor + -in]

anchusin
anchusin (an′koo-sin)

SYN: alkannin.

ancillary
ancillary (an′si-lar-e)

Auxiliary, accessory, or secondary. [L. ancillaris, relating to a maidservant]

ancipital
ancipital, ancipitate, ancipitous (an-sip′i-tal, -i-tat, -i-tus)

Two-headed; two-edged. [L. anceps, two-headed]

ancon
ancon (ang′kon)

SYN: elbow (2) . [G. ankon, elbow]

anconad
anconad (ang′ko-nad)

Toward the elbow. [G. ankon, elbow, + L. ad, to]

anconal
anconal, anconeal (ang′ko-nal, ang-ko′ne-al)

1. Relating to the elbow (ancon). 2. Relating to the anconeus muscle.

anconeus
anconeus (ang-ko′ne-us)

SYN: a. muscle. [L.]

anconoid
anconoid (ang′ko-noyd)

Resembling the elbow.

ancrod
ancrod (an′krod)

A fraction obtained from the venom of the pit viper, Angkistrodon rhodostoma, which contains a fibrinogen-splitting enzyme; produces hypofibrinogenemia and diminution of both whole blood and plasma viscosity for improvement of the rheologic properties of blood, and is used in treatment of chronic peripheral vascular disease.

ancylo- ancylo-

See ankylo-.

Ancylostoma
Ancylostoma (an-si-los′to-ma, an-ki-)

A genus of Nematoda, the Old World hookworm, the members of which are parasitic in the duodenum. They attach themselves to villi in the mucous membrane, suck blood, and may cause a state of anemia, especially in cases of malnutrition. The eggs are passed with the feces, and the larvae develop in moist soil to become infectious third-stage (filariform) larvae that enter the human body through the skin and possibly in drinking water; they migrate by the bloodstream to lung alveoli, are carried to bronchi and trachea, swallowed, and passed to the intestine, where they mature. SEE ALSO: ancylostomiasis, Necator. SYN: Ankylostoma (1) . [G. ankylos, curved, hooked, + stoma, mouth]
A. braziliense a species characterized by one pair of ventral buccal teeth, normally an intestinal parasite of dogs and cats but also found in humans as a cause of human cutaneous larva migrans.
A. caninum a species possessing three pairs of ventral teeth in the oral cavity; common in dogs, but also occurring in human skin as a cause of cutaneous larva migrans.
A. ceylanicum species found in the civet cat of Ceylon; rarely, reported from humans as an intestinal parasite in Southeast Asia.
A. duodenale the Old World hookworm of humans, a species widespread in temperate areas, in contrast to the more tropical distribution of the New World hookworm, Necator americanus, that is the only hookworm found in the U.S.
A. tubaeforme a nematode species found in the cat; cutaneous larva migrans seen in humans.

ancylostomatic
ancylostomatic (an′si-lo-sto-mat′ik, an′ki-)

Referring to hookworms of the genus Ancylostoma.

ancylostomiasis
ancylostomiasis (an′si-lo-sto-mi′a-sis, an′ki-)

Hookworm disease caused by Ancylostoma duodenale and characterized by eosinophilia, anemia, emaciation, dyspepsia, and, in children with severe chronic infections, swelling of the abdomen with mental and physical maldevelopment. SYN: ankylostomiasis, intertropical hyphemia, tropical hyphemia, miner's disease (1) , tunnel disease, uncinariasis.
cutaneous a. SYN: cutaneous larva migrans.

ancyroid
ancyroid (an′si-royd)

Shaped like the fluke of an anchor; denoting the cornua of the lateral ventricles of the brain and the coracoid process of the scapula. SYN: ankyroid. [G. ankyra, anchor, + eidos, resemblance]

Andernach
Andernach

Johann W. (Guenther von A.), German physician, 1505–1574. See A. ossicles, under ossicle.

Anders
Anders

James Meschter, U.S. physician, 1854–1936. See A. disease.

Andersch
Andersch

Carolus Samuel, German anatomist, 1732–1777. See A. ganglion, A. nerve.

Andersen
Andersen

Dorothy Hansine, U.S. pediatrician, 1901–1963. See A. disease.

Anderson
Anderson

Roger, U.S. surgeon, 1891–1971. See A. splint, Roger A. pin fixation appliance.

Anderson
Anderson

Evelyn, U.S. physician, *1899. See A.-Collip test.

Anderson
Anderson

James C., British urologist, *1899.

andira
andira (an-di′ra)

The bark of A. inermis, a leguminous tree of tropical America, used as an emetic, purgative, and anthelmintic. SYN: cabbage tree, worm bark. [West Indian native name]

Andral
Andral

Gabriel, French physician, 1797–1876. See A. decubitus.

andrenosterone
andrenosterone (an-dre-nos′ter-on)

SYN: adrenosterone.

andriatrics
andriatrics, andriatry (an-dri-at′riks, -dri′a-tre)

Medical science relating to diseases of male genital organs and of men in general. [G. aner, a man, + iatreia, medical treatment]

andro- andro-

Masculine. [G. aner, andros, a male human being]

androgen
androgen (an′dro-jen)

Generic term for an agent, usually a hormone ( e.g., androsterone, testosterone), that stimulates activity of the accessory male sex organs, encourages development of male sex characteristics, or prevents changes in the latter that follow castration; natural androgens are steroids, derivatives of androstane. SYN: testoid (2) .
adrenal a. any androgenic hormone of adrenocortical origin; e.g., dehydroepiandrosterone (and its sulfate), androstenedione, 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione.

androgenesis
androgenesis (an-dro-jen′e-sis)

Development in the presence of paternal chromosomes only. [andro- + G. genesis, production]

androgenic
androgenic (an-dro-jen′ik)

Relating to an androgen; having a masculinizing effect. SYN: testoid (1) .

androgenous
androgenous (an-droj′e-nus)

Giving birth to males.

androgynism
androgynism (an-droj′i-nizm)

SYN: female pseudohermaphroditism.

androgynoid
androgynoid (an-droj′i-noyd)

A male resembling a female, or possessing female features. [andro- + G. gyne, woman, + eidos, resemblance]

androgynous
androgynous (an-droj′i-nus)

Pertaining to androgyny.

androgyny
androgyny (an-droj′i-ne)

1. SYN: female pseudohermaphroditism. 2. Having both masculine and feminine characteristics, as in attitudes and behaviors that contain features of stereotyped, culturally sanctioned sexual roles of both male and female. [andro- + G. gyne, woman]

android
android (an′droyd)

SYN: andromorphous. [andro- + G. eidos, resemblance]

andrology
andrology (an-drol′o-je)

The branch of medicine concerned with diseases peculiar to the male sex, particularly infertility and sexual dysfunction. [andro- + G. logos, treatise]

andromedotoxin
andromedotoxin (an-drom′e-do-tok′sin)

A strongly emetic active principle obtained from several species of Andromeda and Rhododendron (family Ericaceae); it is a cardiac poison, first stimulating and then paralyzing the vagus; it also paralyzes the motor nerve ends in striated muscle.

andromorphous
andromorphous (an-dro-mor′fus)

Having a male form or habitus. SYN: android. [andro- + G. morphe, form]

andropathy
andropathy (an-drop′a-the)

Any disease, such as prostatitis, peculiar to the male sex. [andro- + G. pathos, suffering]

andropause
andropause

A postulated decrease in function of male gonads with increasing age, analogous to menopause.

androphobia
androphobia (an-dro-fo′be-a)

Morbid fear of men, or of the male sex. [andro- + G. phobos, fear]

androstane
androstane (an′dro-stan)

The parent hydrocarbon of the androgenic steroids. For structure, see steroids.

androstanediol
androstanediol (an-dro-stan′di-ol)

5α-Androstane-3β,17β-diol;a steroid metabolite, of which 5β isomers are also known.

androstanedione
androstanedione (an-dro-stan′di-on)

5α-Androstane-3,17-dione;a steroid metabolite, of which the 5β isomer is also known. It is a precursor of both testosterone and estrone. It is secreted by the adrenals.

androstene
androstene (an′dro-sten)

Androstane with an unsaturated ( i.e., &cbond;CH&dbond;CH&cbond;) bond in the molecule.

androstenediol
androstenediol (an-dro-sten′di-ol)

5-Androsten-3β,17β-diol;a steroid metabolite differing from androstanediol by possessing a double bond between C-5 and C-6.

androstenedione
androstenedione (an-dro-sten′di-on)

4-Androstene-3,17-dione;androstanedione with a double bond between C-4 and C-5; an androgenic steroid of weaker biological potency than testosterone; secreted by the testis, ovary, and adrenal cortex.

androstenol
androstenol

A substance that is a postulated pheromone; it is found in male sweat where it is oxidized to androstenone. In tests, women like the dry musky smell of a., but find androstenone to have a chemical, urinelike odor that is unpleasant; however, ovulating women react neutrally.

androstenolone
androstenolone (an-dro-sten-o-lon)

SYN: dehydro-3-epiandrosterone.

androsterone
androsterone (an-dros′ter-on)

cis-A.; 3α-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one;a steroid metabolite, found in male urine, having weak androgenic potency. Formed in testes from progesterone.

anecdotal
anecdotal (a-nek′do-tal)

Report of clinical experiences based in individual cases, rather than an organized investigation with appropriate controls, etc. [G. anekdota, unpublished items, fr. an- priv + ekidomi, to publish]

anechoic
anechoic (an-e-ko′ik)

The property of being echo-free or appearing without echoes on a sonographic image; a cyst filled with clear fluid appears a.. See transonic. SYN: echo-free. [G. an- priv. + echo + ic]

Anel
Anel

Dominique, French surgeon, 1679–1725. See A. method.

anelectrotonic
anelectrotonic (an-e-lek-tro-ton′ik)

Relating to anelectrotonus.

anelectrotonus
anelectrotonus (an′e-lek-trot′o-nus)

Changes in excitability and conductivity in a nerve or muscle cell in the neighborhood of the anode during the passage of a constant electric current. [anelectrode + G. tonos, tension]

anemia
anemia (a-ne′me-a)

Any condition in which the number of red blood cells per mm³, the amount of hemoglobin in 100 ml of blood, and/or the volume of packed red blood cells per 100 ml of blood are less than normal; clinically, generally pertaining to the concentration of oxygen-transporting material in a designated volume of blood, in contrast to total quantities as in oligocythemia, oligochromemia, and oligemia. A. is frequently manifested by pallor of the skin and mucous membranes, shortness of breath, palpitations of the heart, soft systolic murmurs, lethargy, and fatigability. [G. anaimia, fr. an- priv. + haima, blood]
achlorhydric a. a form of chronic hypochromic microcytic a. associated with achlorhydria or achylia gastrica; observed most frequently in women in the third to fifth decades. SYN: Faber a., Faber syndrome.
achrestic a. a form of chronic progressive macrocytic a. that can be fatal in which the changes in bone marrow and circulating blood closely resemble those of pernicious a., but in which there is only transient or no response to therapy with vitamin B₁₂; glossitis, gastrointestinal disturbances, central nervous system disease, and pyrexia are not observed, and there is only little bleeding or hemolysis. [G. a- priv. + chresis, a using]
acquired hemolytic a. nonhereditary acute or chronic a. associated with or caused by extracorpuscular factors, e.g., certain infectious agents, chemicals (including autoantibodies or therapeutic agents), burns, toxic materials from higher plant and animal forms (including snake venoms).
Addison a. SYN: pernicious a..
addisonian a. SYN: pernicious a..
angiopathic hemolytic a. a rare postpartum a. of unknown etiology with uremia and nephrosclerosis; may be a rare complication following use of contraceptive steroids.
aplastic a. a. characterized by a greatly decreased formation of erythrocytes and hemoglobin, usually associated with pronounced granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia, as a result of hypoplastic or aplastic bone marrow. SYN: a. gravis, Ehrlich a..
asiderotic a. SYN: chlorosis.
autoimmune hemolytic a. 1. cold-antibody type, caused by hemagglutinating antibody (usually IgM class) maximally active at 4°C; and resulting from severe hemolysis in cold hemagglutinin disease; 2. warm-antibody type (which is the most common), acquired hemolytic a. due to serum autoantibodies (usually IgG class), maximally active at 37°C, that react with the patient's red blood cells; it varies in severity, occurs in all age groups of both sexes, and may be idiopathic or secondary to neoplastic, autoimmune, or other disease.
Bartonella a. a. occurring in infection with Bartonella bacilliformis and characterized by an acute febrile a. of rapid onset and high mortality. Occurs in central Andean mountains of northern South America; vector is phlebotomine sandfly, Lutzomyia.
Belgian Congo a. SYN: kasai.
Biermer a. SYN: pernicious a..
brickmaker's a. a. associated with hookworm disease.
chlorotic a. SYN: chlorosis.
congenital a. SYN: erythroblastosis fetalis.
congenital aplastic a. SYN: Fanconi a..
congenital dyserythropoietic a. a group of anemias characterized by ineffective erythropoiesis, bone marrow erythroblastic multinuclearity, and secondary hemochromatosis. Three types are described: type I [MIM224120], macrocytic, megaloblastic a. with erythroblastic internuclear chromatin bridges; type II, [MIM*224100], normoblastic a. with multinucleated erythroblasts; type III, macrocytic a. with erythroblastic multinuclearity and gigantoblasts [MIM*105600]. Both types I and II are autosomal recessively inherited, type III is of autosomal dominant inheritance.
congenital hemolytic a. accelerated destruction of red blood cells due to an inherited defect, such as in the membrane in hereditary spherocytosis.
congenital hypoplastic a. [MIM*205900] a macrocytic a. resulting from congenital hypoplasia of the bone marrow, which is grossly deficient in erythroid precursors while other elements are normal; a. is progressive and severe, but leukocyte and platelet counts are normal or slightly reduced; survival of transfused erythrocytes is normal; minor congenital anomalies are found in some patients. Both autosomal dominant and recessive forms have been described, caused by mutation in the gene encoding ribosomal protein S19 (RBS19) on chromosomal 19q. SYN: congenital nonregenerative a., Diamond-Blackfan a., Diamond-Blackfan syndrome, erythrogenesis imperfecta, familial hypoplastic a., pure red cell a..
congenital nonregenerative a. SYN: congenital hypoplastic a..
Cooley a. SYN: thalassemia major.
cow milk a. a. occurring in infants fed cow milk without iron supplementation, attributed to digestive tract allergic reaction leading to blood loss and hence iron deficiency.
deficiency a. SYN: nutritional a..
Diamond-Blackfan a. SYN: congenital hypoplastic a..
dilution a. SYN: hydremia.
dimorphic a. a. in which two distinct forms of red cells are circulating.
diphyllobothrium a. a rare form of macrocytic a. associated with Diphyllobothrium latum infection, especially in Finland. SYN: fish tapeworm a..
drepanocytic a. SYN: sickle cell a..
dyshemopoietic a. any a. resulting from defective function of the bone marrow.
Ehrlich a. SYN: aplastic a..
elliptocytary a. (e-lip′to-si′tar-e) a. with elliptocytosis; a heterogeneous group of inherited anemias having in common elliptical red cells on blood smear. The defect may reside in dysfunction or deficiency of proteins of the red cell membrane skeleton. SYN: elliptocytotic a..
elliptocytotic a. (e-lip′to-si-tot′ik) SYN: elliptocytary a..
erythroblastic a. a. characterized by the presence of large numbers of nucleated red cells (normoblasts and erythroblasts) in the peripheral blood. Seen in newborns with hemolytic a., due to isoimmunization, such as that caused by Rh or ABO incompatibility. SEE ALSO: erythroblastosis fetalis. SYN: erythronormoblastic a..
erythronormoblastic a. (e-rith′ro-nor′mo-blast- ik) SYN: erythroblastic a..
essential a. obsolete term for pernicious a.; also used formerly for any type of a. of unknown mechanism.
Faber a. SYN: achlorhydric a..
false a. SYN: pseudoanemia.
familial hypoplastic a. SYN: congenital hypoplastic a..
familial microcytic a. [MIM*206200] a rare type of autosomal recessive hypochromic microcytic a. associated with a defect of iron metabolism characterized by high serum iron, hepatic iron deposits, and absence of stainable bone marrow iron stores.
familial pyridoxine-responsive a. [MIM*206000] a rare autosomal recessive hereditary hypochromic a.; responsive to pyridoxine.
Fanconi a. a type of idiopathic refractory a. characterized by pancytopenia, hypoplasia of the bone marrow, and congenital anomalies, occurring in members of the same family (an autosomal recessive trait in at least five nonallelic types [MIM*227650, 227660, 227645, 227646, 600901]); the a. is normocytic or slightly macrocytic, macrocytes and target cells may be found in the circulating blood, and the leukopenia usually is due to neutropenia. Congenital anomalies include short stature; microcephaly; hypogenitalism; strabismus; anomalies of the thumbs, radii, and kidneys and urinary tract; mental retardation; and microphthalmia. SYN: congenital aplastic a., congenital pancytopenia, Fanconi pancytopenia, Fanconi syndrome (1) .
fish tapeworm a. SYN: diphyllobothrium a..
folic acid deficiency a. a. due to deficiency of folic acid, characterized by large-sized red blood cells (macrocytosis) and presence of large nuclei in erythroid precursor cells (megaloblasts) in the bone marrow.
goat's milk a. nutritional a. in infants maintained chiefly with goat's milk, which is relatively poor in iron content.
a. gravis SYN: aplastic a..
ground itch a. a. associated with hookworm disease.
Heinz body a. See unstable hemoglobin hemolytic a..
hemolytic a. any a. resulting from an increased rate of erythrocyte destruction.
hemolytic a. of newborn SYN: erythroblastosis fetalis.
hemorrhagic a. a. resulting directly from loss of blood.
hookworm a. a. associated with heavy infestation by Ancylostoma duodenale or Necator americanus.
hypochromic a. a. characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal; the individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they do under optimal conditions and stain more faintly.
hypochromic microcytic a. a. due to iron deficiency or thalassemia, and characterized by lower than normal mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration.
hypoferric a. SYN: iron deficiency a..
hypoplastic a. progressive nonregenerative a. resulting from greatly depressed, inadequately functioning bone marrow; as the process persists, aplastic a. may occur.
infectious a. a. developing as a complication of infection; probably results from depressed formation and short survival of erythrocytes and abnormal iron metabolism.
iron deficiency a. hypochromic microcytic a. characterized by low serum iron, increased serum iron-binding capacity, decreased serum ferritin, and decreased marrow iron stores. SYN: hypoferric a..
isochromic a. SYN: normochromic a..
lead a. a. associated with poisoning from lead; thought to result from a defect in synthesis of hemoglobin based on the failure of iron being combined in the porphyrin ring.
leukoerythroblastic a. SYN: leukoerythroblastosis.
local a. a. resulting from a decreased supply of blood to a part, as in the occlusion of a vessel.
macrocytic a. any a. in which the average size of circulating erythrocytes is greater than normal, i.e., the mean corpuscular volume is 94 cu μm³ or more (normal range, 82–92 cu μm³), including such syndromes as pernicious a., sprue, celiac disease, macrocytic a. of pregnancy, a. of diphyllobothriasis, and others. SYN: megalocytic a..
macrocytic achylic a. SYN: pernicious a..
macrocytic a. of pregnancy an a. occurring in pregnancy, related to folate deficiency and characterized by a low level of hemoglobin and a reduced number of erythrocytes, which are larger than normal (macrocytes).
macrocytic a. tropical the macrocytic, megaloblastic a. of tropical sprue.
malignant a. SYN: pernicious a..
Marchiafava-Micheli a. SYN: paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.
megaloblastic a. any a. in which there is a predominant number of megaloblastic erythroblasts, and relatively few normoblasts, among the hyperplastic erythroid cells in the bone marrow (as in pernicious a.).
megalocytic a. SYN: macrocytic a..
metaplastic a. pernicious a. in which the various formed elements in the blood are changed, e.g., multisegmented, unusually large neutrophils (macropolycytes), immature myeloid cells, bizarre platelets.
microangiopathic hemolytic a. hemolysis due to intravascular fragmentation of red blood cells; may be due to microcirculatory lesions or the insertion of cardiac or intravascular prosthetic devices.
microcytic a. any a. in which the average size of circulating erythrocytes is smaller than normal, i.e., the mean corpuscular volume is 80 cu μm or less (normal range, 82–92 cu μm).
microdrepanocytic a. SYN: sickle cell-thalassemia disease.
milk a. a type of hypochromic microcytic a., resulting from deficiency of iron, occurring in infants maintained on a milk diet for too long a time.
mountain a. term sometimes used for mountain sickness.
myelophthisic a., myelopathic a. SYN: leukoerythroblastosis.
neonatal a. SYN: erythroblastosis fetalis.
a. neonatorum SYN: erythroblastosis fetalis.
normochromic a. any a. in which the concentration of hemoglobin in the erythrocytes is within the normal range, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is from 32 to 36%. SYN: isochromic a..
normocytic a. any a. in which the erythrocytes are normal in size, i.e., the mean corpuscular volume ranges from 82 to 92 cu μm.
nutritional a. any a. resulting from a dietary deficiency of materials essential to red blood cell formation, e.g., iron, vitamins (especially folic acid), protein. SYN: deficiency a..
nutritional macrocytic a. macrocytic, megaloblastic a. due to deficiency of either folate or vitamin B12.
osteosclerotic a. a. due to compromise of erythropoiesis due to osteosclerosis.
pernicious a. [MIM*361000] a chronic progressive a. of older adults (occurring more frequently during the fifth and later decades, rarely prior to 30 years of age), due to failure of absorption of vitamin B₁₂, usually resulting from a defect of the stomach accompanied by mucosal atrophy and associated with lack of secretion of “intrinsic” factor; characterized by numbness and tingling, weakness, and a sore smooth tongue, as well as dyspnea after slight exertion, faintness, pallor of the skin and mucous membranes, anorexia, diarrhea, loss of weight, and fever; laboratory studies usually reveal greatly decreased red blood cell counts, low levels of hemoglobin, numerous characteristically oval shaped macrocytic erythrocytes (color index greater than normal, but not truly hyperchromic), and hypo- or achlorhydria, in association with a predominant number of megaloblasts and relatively few normoblasts in the bone marrow; the leukocyte count in peripheral blood may be less than normal, with relative lymphocytosis and hypersegmented neutrophils; a low level of vitamin B₁₂ is found in peripheral red blood cells; administration of vitamin B₁₂ results in a characteristic reticulocyte response, relief from symptoms, and an increase in erythrocytes, provided that pernicious a. is not complicated by another disease; the condition is not actually “pernicious,” as it was prior to the availability of therapy with vitamin B₁₂. At least two autosomal recessive forms are known. In one there is a defect of intrinsic factor [MIM*26100] and in the other a defective absorption of vitamin B₁₂ from the intestine [MIM*261100]. SYN: Addison a., Addison-Biermer disease, addisonian a., Biermer a., Biermer disease, macrocytic achylic a., malignant a..
physiologic a. an obsolete term for apparent a. caused by increased fluid volume of the blood (overhydration).
polar a. a form of a. sometimes observed in natives of temperate climates when they migrate to the Arctic or Antarctic regions.
posthemorrhagic a. an acute a. caused by fairly sudden and rapid loss of blood, as by traumatic laceration of a relatively large vessel, erosion of an artery in a duodenal ulcer, or hemorrhage in an ectopic pregnancy. SYN: traumatic a..
primary erythroblastic a. SYN: thalassemia major.
primary refractory a. any of a group of anemic conditions in which there is persistent, frequently advanced a. that is not successfully treated by any means except blood transfusions, and that is not associated with another primary disease.
pure red cell a. SYN: congenital hypoplastic a..
radiation a. hypoplastic a. sometimes occurring after high-level acute or low-level chronic exposure to ionizing radiation.
refractory a. progressive a. unresponsive to therapy other than transfusion. See primary refractory a., secondary refractory a..
scorbutic a. a. occurring in patients with scurvy, usually due to coincident nutritional deficiency; e.g., the “megaloblastic a. of scurvy” is due to concomitant folic acid deficiency.
secondary refractory a. any persistent a. that is successfully treated only by blood transfusions, and that is associated with another condition.
sickle cell a. [MIM*141900] an autosomal recessive a. characterized by crescent- or sickle-shaped erythrocytes and accelerated hemolysis, due to substitution of a single amino acid (valine for glutamic acid) in the sixth position of the β-chain of hemoglobin the gene of which is on chromosome 11; affected homozygotes have 85–95% Hb S and severe a., while heterozygotes (said to have sickle cell trait) have 40–45% Hb S, the rest being normal Hb A; low oxygen tension causes polymerization of the abnormal β-chains, thus distorting the shape of the red blood cells to the sickle form. Homozygotes develop “crisis” episodes of severe pain due to microvascular occlusions, bone infarcts, leg ulcers, and atrophy of the spleen associated with increased susceptibility to bacterial infections, especially streptococcal pneumonia. Occurs most commonly in individuals of African descent. SYN: drepanocytic a., sickle cell disease, vasoocclusive crisis.
sideroblastic a., sideroachrestic a. refractory a. characterized by the presence of sideroblasts in the bone marrow.
slaty a. an ash-gray pallor in poisoning from acetanilide or silver (argyria).
spastic a. local a. resulting from nontransitory intrinsic contraction of the arterial vessels supplying the affected region.
spherocytic a. SYN: hereditary spherocytosis.
splenic a. SYN: Banti syndrome.
spur cell a. a. in which the red cells have a spiculated appearance and are destroyed prematurely, predominantly in the spleen; may be seen in patients with severe liver disease as a result of an abnormality in the cholesterol content of the red cell membrane.
target cell a. any a. with a conspicuous number of target cells in the peripheral blood; characteristic of the thalassemias and also found in several hemoglobinopathies.
toxic a. any a. resulting from the destructive effects of a chemical, metabolic poison, bacterial toxin, venom, and similar materials.
traumatic a. SYN: posthemorrhagic a..
tropical a. various syndromes frequently observed in persons in tropical climates, usually resulting from nutritional deficiencies or hookworm or other parasitic diseases.
unstable hemoglobin hemolytic a. a congenital hemolytic a., due to autosomal inheritance of one of many unstable hemoglobins. The a. is of variable severity and characterized by the presence in vivo or in vitro of Heinz bodies.

anemic
anemic (a-ne′mik)

Pertaining to or manifesting the various features of anemia.

anemometer
anemometer (an-e-mom′e-ter)

An instrument for measuring the velocity of air flow. [G. anemos, wind, + metron, measure]

anemonol
anemonol (a-nem′o-nol)

A volatile oil, possessing markedly toxic properties, obtained from plants of the genus Anemone.

anemophobia
anemophobia (an′e-mo-fo′be-a)

Morbid fear of wind. [G. anemos, wind, + phobos, fear]

anemotrophy
anemotrophy (an-e-mot′ro-fe)

Lack of substances essential to the formation of blood, thereby resulting in hypoplastic anemia. [G. an- priv. + haima, blood, + trophe, nourishment]

anencephalia
anencephalia (an′en-se-fa′le-a)

SYN: anencephaly.

anencephalic
anencephalic (an-en-se-fal′ik)

Relating to anencephaly. SYN: anencephalous.

anencephalous
anencephalous (an-en-sef′a-lus)

SYN: anencephalic.

anencephaly
anencephaly (an′en-sef′a-le)

Congenital defective development of the brain, with absence of the bones of the cranial vault and absent or rudimentary cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres, brainstem, and basal ganglia. SYN: anencephalia. [G. an- priv. + enkephalos, brain]
partial a. SYN: hemicephalia.

anenterous
anenterous (an-en′ter-us)

Having no intestine; denoting certain parasites, such as tapeworms. [G. an- priv. + entera, intestines]

anenzymia
anenzymia (an-en-zi′me-a)

Congenital absence of an enzyme.

anephric
anephric (a-nef′rik)

Lacking kidneys. [a- priv. + G. nephros, kidney]

anepiploic
anepiploic (an-ep-i-plo′ik)

Lacking an omentum (epiploon).

anergia
anergia (an-er′je-a)

SYN: anergy (2) .

anergic
anergic (an-er′jik)

Relating to, or marked by, anergy.

anergy
anergy (an′er-je)

1. Absence of ability to generate a sensitivity reaction to substances expected to be antigenic (immunogenic, allergenic) in that individual. 2. Lack of energy. SYN: anergia. [G. an- priv. + energeia, energy, from ergon, work]
negative a. a reduction of the normal or usual immunologic responses because of unrelated intervening disease. SYN: nonspecific a..
nonspecific a. SYN: negative a..
positive a. a reduction of the normal or usual immunologic response resulting from a reaction to a specific allergen. SYN: specific a..
specific a. SYN: positive a..

aneroid
aneroid (an′er-oyd)

Without fluid; denoting a form of barometer without mercury, in which the varying air pressure is indicated by a pointer governed by the movement of the elastic wall of an evacuated chamber. Also used to denote a mercury-free pressure gauge used with some sphygmomanometers. [G. a- priv. + neros, wet, + eidos, form]

anerythroplasia
anerythroplasia (an′e-rith-ro-pla′ze-a)

A condition in which there is no formation of red blood cells. [G. an- priv. + erythro(cyte) + G. plasis, a molding]

anerythroplastic
anerythroplastic (an′e-rith-ro-plas′tik)

Pertaining to or characterized by anerythroplasia.

anerythroregenerative
anerythroregenerative (an-e-rith′thro-re-jen′er-a-tiv)

Pertaining to or characterized by lack of regeneration of red blood cells.

anesthecinesia
anesthecinesia (an-es′the-si-ne′ze-a)

SYN: anesthekinesia.

anesthekinesia
anesthekinesia (an-es′the-ki-ne′ze-a)

Combined sensory and motor paralysis. SYN: anesthecinesia. [G. an- priv. + aisthesis, sensation, + kinesis, movement]

anesthesia
anesthesia (an′es-the′ze-a)

1. Loss of sensation resulting from pharmacologic depression of nerve function or from neurologic dysfunction. 2. Broad term for anesthesiology as a clinical specialty. [G. anaisthesia, fr. an- priv. + aisthesis, sensation]
acupuncture a. percutaneous insertion of, and stimulation by, needles placed in critical areas of the body to produce loss of sensation in another area.
ambulatory a. a. provided on an outpatient basis.
axillary a. loss of sensation in the distal two-thirds of the upper extremity following injection of a local anesthetic solution about the nerve trunks in the axilla.
balanced a. a technique of general a. based on the concept that administration of a mixture of small amounts of several neuronal depressants summates the advantages, but not the disadvantages of, the individual components of the mixture.
basal a. parenteral administration of one or more sedatives to produce a state of depressed consciousness short of a general a..
block a. SYN: conduction a..
brachial a. anesthetization of an upper extremity by injection of local anesthetic solution about the brachial plexus.
caudal a. regional a. by injection of local anesthetic solution into the epidural space via the sacral hiatus.
cervical a. regional a. of the neck by injection of a local anesthetic solution about the cervical nerves or into the cervical epidural space.
circle absorption a. inhalation a. in which a circuit with carbon dioxide absorbent is used for complete (closed) or partial (semiclosed) rebreathing of exhaled gases.
closed a. inhalation a. in which there is total rebreathing of all exhaled gases, except carbon dioxide which is absorbed; gas flow into the anesthetic circuit consists only of oxygen, in amounts equal to the patient's metabolic consumption, plus small amounts of other gases ( e.g., nitrous oxide) that undergo continued uptake by and distribution in the patient.
compression a. SYN: pressure a..
conduction a. regional a. in which local anesthetic solution is injected about nerves to inhibit nerve transmission; includes spinal, epidural, nerve block, and field block a., but not local or topical a.. SYN: block a..
continuous epidural a. insertion of a catheter into the lumbar or caudal epidural space for the repeated injection of local anesthetic solutions as a means of prolonging duration of a.. SYN: fractional epidural a..
continuous spinal a. insertion of a catheter into the spinal subarachnoid space and leaving it in situ to permit serial intermittent injection of local anesthetic solution for prolonged spinal a.. SYN: fractional spinal a..
crossed a. a. of one side of the head and the other side of the body due to a brainstem lesion.
dental a. general, conduction, local, or topical a. for operations upon the teeth, gingivae, or associated structures.
diagnostic a. a. induced for evaluation of the mechanism responsible for a painful condition.
differential spinal a. a form of diagnostic spinal a. producing blockade of different types of nerves in the subarachnoid space, based upon their differences in sensitivity to local anesthetics; also observed during surgical spinal a..
dissociated a. loss of some types of sensation with persistence of others; most often used in context of nerve blocks, wherein a loss of sensation for pain and temperature occurs without loss of tactile sense.
dissociative a. a form of general a., but not necessarily complete unconsciousness, characterized by catalepsy, catatonia, and amnesia, especially that produced by phenylcyclohexylamine compounds, including ketamine.
a. dolorosa severe spontaneous pain occurring in an anesthetic area. SYN: painful a..
electric a. a., usually general a., produced by application of an electrical current.
endotracheal a. inhalation a. technique in which anesthetic and respiratory gases pass through a tube placed in the trachea via the mouth or nose. SYN: intratracheal a..
epidural a. regional a. produced by injection of local anesthetic solution into the peridural space. SYN: peridural a..
extradural a. anesthetization, by local anesthetics, of nerves near the spinal canal external to the dura mater; often refers to epidural a., but may include paravertebral a..
field block a. conduction a. in which small nerves are not anesthetized individually, as in nerve block a., but instead are blocked en masse by local anesthetic solution injected to form a barrier proximal to the operative site.
fractional epidural a. SYN: continuous epidural a..
fractional spinal a. SYN: continuous spinal a..
general a. loss of ability to perceive pain associated with loss of consciousness produced by intravenous or inhalation anesthetic agents.
girdle a. a. distributed as a band encircling the trunk.
glove a. loss of sensation in the distal upper extremity, i.e., the hand and fingers.
gustatory a. SYN: ageusia.
high spinal a. spinal a. in which the level of sensory denervation extends to the second or third thoracic dermatome.
hyperbaric a. inhalation of depressant gases or vapors at pressures greater than 1 atmosphere, especially as a means of producing general a. with agents too weak to produce a. at 1 atmosphere.
hyperbaric spinal a. spinal a. in which spread of local anesthetic solution in the subarachnoid space is controlled by adjusting the position of the patient when the density of local anesthetic is made greater than the density of cerebrospinal fluid ( i.e., hyperbaric) by the addition of glucose.
hypobaric spinal a. spinal a. in which spread of local anesthetic solution in the subarachnoid space is controlled by adjusting the position of the patient when the density of the local anesthetic solution is made less than the density of cerebrospinal fluid ( i.e., hypobaric) by the addition of distilled water.
hypotensive a. a. in which arterial hypotension is deliberately induced as a means of decreasing operative blood loss.
hypothermic a. general a. administered in conjunction with artificial lowering of body temperature.
hysterical a. a. as a manifestation of hysteria, usually involving the surface areas of the body not conforming to neuroanatomic distribution.
infiltration a. a. produced by injection of local anesthetic solution directly into an area that is painful or about to be operated upon.
inhalation a. general a. resulting from breathing of anesthetic gases or vapors.
insufflation a. maintenance of inhalation a. by delivery of anesthetic gases or vapors directly to the airway of a spontaneously breathing patient.
intercostal a. regional a. produced by injection of local anesthetic solution about intercostal nerves.
intramedullary a. rarely used method of general a. by injection of intravenous anesthetic agent(s) into the medullary canal of long bones. SYN: intraosseous a..
intranasal a. 1. insufflation a. in which an inhalation anesthetic is added to inhaled air passing through the nose or nasopharynx; 2. a. of nasal passages by infiltration and topical application of local anesthetic solution to nasal mucosa.
intraoral a. 1. insufflation a. in which an inhalation anesthetic is added to inhaled air passing through the mouth; 2. regional a. of the mouth and associated structures when local anesthetic solutions are used by topical application to oral mucosa, by local infiltration, or as nerve blocks.
intraosseous a. SYN: intramedullary a..
intraspinal a. inaccurate synonym for spinal a.; local anesthetic solutions are not injected into the spinal cord.
intratracheal a. SYN: endotracheal a..
intravenous a. general a. produced by injection of central nervous system depressants into the venous circulation.
intravenous regional a. regional a. by intravenous injection of local anesthetic solution distal to an occlusive tourniquet in an extremity previously exsanguinated by pressure or gravity. SYN: Bier method (1) .
isobaric spinal a. spinal a. of same density as cerebrospinal fluid so that the level of a. is not influenced by a change in the position of the patient.
local a. a general term referring to topical, infiltration, field block, or nerve block a. but usually not to spinal or epidural a.. SEE ALSO: local anesthetics, under anesthetic.
low spinal a. spinal a. in which the level of sensory denervation extends to the tenth or eleventh thoracic dermatome.
nerve block a. conduction a. in which local anesthetic solution is injected about nerves, nerve trunks, or nerve plexuses.
nonrebreathing a. a technique for inhalation a. in which valves exhaust all exhaled air from the circuit.
open drop a. inhalation a. by vaporization of a liquid anesthetic placed drop by drop on a gauze mask covering the mouth and nose.
outpatient a. SYN: patient-controlled analgesia.
painful a. SYN: a. dolorosa.
paracervical block a. regional a. of the cervix uteri by injection of local anesthetic solution into tissues adjacent to the cervix.
paravertebral a. 1. a. by injection of local anesthetic solution about nerves as they exit from the vertebral canal; 2. combined presynaptic, postsynaptic, and ganglionic sympathetic block by injection of local anesthetic solution about paravertebral sympathetic chains.
patient-controlled a. (PCA) SYN: patient-controlled analgesia.
peridural a. SYN: epidural a..
periodontal a. a. of the periodontal ligament, produced by injection of a local anesthetic drug.
presacral a. injection of local anesthetic solution anterior to the sacrum, to block nerves as they exit from the sacral foramina.
pressure a. loss of sensation produced by pressure applied to a nerve. SYN: compression a..
pudendal a. local a. produced by blocking the pudendal nerves near the spinal processes of the ischium; used in obstetrics.
rebreathing a. a technique for inhalation a. in which a portion or all of the gases that are exhaled are subsequently inhaled after carbon dioxide has been absorbed.
rectal a. general a. produced by instillation into the rectum of a solution containing a central nervous system depressant.
refrigeration a. SYN: cryoanesthesia.
regional a. use of local anesthetic solution(s) to produce circumscribed areas of loss of sensation; a generic term including conduction, nerve block, spinal, epidural, field block, infiltration, and topical a.. SYN: conduction analgesia.
retrobulbar a. injection of a local anesthetic behind the eye to produce sensory denervation of the eye.
sacral a. regional a. limited to those areas innervated by sacral sensory nerves.
saddle block a. a form of spinal a. limited in area to the buttocks, perineum, and inner surfaces of the thighs.
segmental a. loss of sensation limited to an area supplied by one or more spinal nerve roots.
spinal a. 1. loss of sensation produced by injection of local anesthetic solution(s) into the spinal subarachnoid space; SYN: subarachnoid a.. 2. loss of sensation produced by disease of the spinal cord.
splanchnic a. loss of sensation in areas of the visceral peritoneum innervated by the splanchnic nerves. SYN: visceral a..
stocking a. loss of sensation in the distal lower extremity, i.e., the foot and toes.
subarachnoid a. SYN: spinal a. (1) .
surgical a. 1. any a. administered for the purpose of permitting performance of an operative procedure, as differentiated from obstetrical, diagnostic, and therapeutic a.; 2. loss of sensation with muscle relaxation adequate for an operative procedure.
tactile a. loss or impairment of the sense of touch.
therapeutic a. administration of an anesthetic as a means of treatment.
thermal a., thermic a. loss of temperature appreciation.
to-and-fro a. a. using of a valveless closed a. circuit in which respired gases pass back and forth through a carbon dioxide absorbent interposed between patient and respiratory reservoir bag.
topical a. superficial loss of sensation in conjunctiva, mucous membranes or skin, produced by direct application of local anesthetic solutions, ointments, or jellies.
total spinal a. spinal a. extensive enough to produce loss of sensation in all extracranial sensory roots.
traumatic a. loss of sensation resulting from nerve injury.
unilateral a. SYN: hemianesthesia.
visceral a. SYN: splanchnic a..

anesthesiologist
anesthesiologist (an′es-the-ze-ol′o-jist)

1. A physician specializing solely in anesthesiology and related areas. 2. An individual with a doctorate degree who is board-certified and legally qualified to administer anesthetics and related techniques. Cf.:anesthetist.

anesthesiology
anesthesiology (an′es-the-ze-ol′o-je)

The medical specialty concerned with the pharmacological, physiological, and clinical basis of anesthesia and related fields, including resuscitation, intensive respiratory care, and acute and chronic pain. [anesthesia + G. logos, treatise]

anesthetic
anesthetic (an-es-thet′ik)

1. A compound that reversibly depresses neuronal function, producing loss of ability to perceive pain and/or other sensations. 2. Collective designation for anesthetizing agents administered to an individual at a particular time. 3. Characterized by loss of sensation or capable of producing loss of sensation. 4. Associated with or due to the state of anesthesia.
flammable a. an inhalation a. that supports combustion and forms explosive mixtures with oxidizing gases.
general anesthetics drugs used either by the intravenous route or by inhalation that render the subject unconscious and incapable of perceiving pain as might otherwise occur in surgery.
inhalation a. a gas or a liquid with sufficient vapor pressure to produce general anesthesia when breathed.
intravenous a. a compound that produces anesthesia when injected intravenously.
local anesthetics drugs used for the interruption of the nerve transmission of pain sensations. They act at the site of application to prevent perception of pain; examples include procaine and lidocaine.
primary a. the compound that contributes most to loss of sensation when a mixture of anesthetics is administered.
secondary a. a compound that contributes to, but is not primarily responsible for, loss of sensation when two or more anesthetics are simultaneously administered.
spinal a. a local a. agent producing loss of sensation when injected into the subarachnoid space.
topical a. a local a. preparation suitable for anesthetizing skin surfaces or mucous membranes. Can be used in the form of ointments, creams, jellies, sprays, or solutions.
volatile a. a liquid a. that at room temperature volatilizes to a vapor which when inhaled is capable of producing general anesthesia. SEE ALSO: a. vapor.

anesthetist
anesthetist (a-nes′the-tist)

One who administers an anesthetic, whether an anesthesiologist, a physician who is not an anesthesiologist, a nurse a., or an anesthesia assistant.

anesthetization
anesthetization (a-nes′the-ti-za′shun)

The act of producing loss of sensation.

anesthetize
anesthetize (a-nes′the-tiz)

To produce loss of sensation.

anestrous
anestrous (an-es′trus)

Relating to the anestrus.

anestrum
anestrum (an-es′trum)

The period between two estrus cycles [G. an- priv. + oistros, estrus]

anestrus
anestrus (an-es′trus)

The period of sexual quiescence between the estrus cycles of mammals; may be: 1) a prolonged period in monestrous animals (dogs) or seasonally polyestrous animals (sheep), or 2) a prolonged period of failure of estrus in mature nonpregnant, polyestrous animals. [G. a- priv. + oistros, a gadfly, mad desire (estrus)]

anethopath
anethopath (a-ne′tho-path)

A morally uninhibited person. [G. an- priv. + ethos, custom, + pathos, suffering]

anetoderma
anetoderma (an-e-to-der′ma)

Atrophoderma in which the skin becomes baglike and wrinkled or depressed, with loss of dermal elasticity. SYN: atrophia maculosa varioliformis cutis, atrophoderma maculatum, macular atrophy, primary idiopathic macular atrophy, primary macular atrophy of skin. [G. anetos, relaxed, + derma, skin]
Jadassohn-Pellizzari a. cutaneous atrophy preceded by inflammatory erythematous or urticarial lesions of the trunk and upper portions of the extremities, and enlarging to 2–3 cm before undergoing involution.
Schweninger-Buzzi a. sudden appearance of permanent, noninflamatory bluish-white balloon-like lesions, soft and readily indented, chiefly on the trunk of women.

aneuploid
aneuploid (an′u-ployd)

Having an abnormal number of chromosomes not an exact multiple of the haploid number, as contrasted with abnormal numbers of complete haploid sets of chromosomes, such as diploid, triploid, etc. [G. an- priv. + euploid]

aneuploidy
aneuploidy (an′u-ploy-de)

State of being aneuploid.
partial a. a type of mosaicism in which some cells have a normal number of chromosomes and some have an abnormal number.

aneurine
aneurine (an′u-ren)

SYN: thiamin.
a. hydrochloride SYN: thiamin hydrochloride.
a. pyrophosphate SYN: thiamin pyrophosphate.

aneurolemmic
aneurolemmic (a-noo-ro-lem′ik)

Without a neurolemma.

aneurysm
aneurysm (an′u-rizm)

1. Circumscribed dilation of an artery or a cardiac chamber, a direct communication with the lumen, usually due to an acquired or congenital weakness of the wall of the artery or chamber. 2. Circumscribed dilation of a cardiac chamber usually due to an acquired or congenital weakness of the wall of the heart. [G. aneurysma (-mat-), a dilation, fr. eurys, wide]
ampullary a. SYN: saccular a..
a. by anastomosis a mass of dilated anastomosing vessels that produce a pulsating tumor usually in a superficial position.
aortic a. diffuse or circumscribed dilation of a portion of the aorta ( e.g., abdominal aortic a., aortic arch a.. SEE ALSO: dissecting a..
aortic sinus a. abnormal dilation of one or more of the three aortic sinuses situated behind the three aortic valve cusps.
arteriosclerotic a. SYN: atherosclerotic a..
arteriovenous a. 1. a dilated arteriovenous shunt; 2. communication between an artery and a vein, usually congenital or associated with atherosclerotic changes; more appropriately termed arteriovenous fistula or arteriovenous malformation.
atherosclerotic a. the most common type of a., occurring in the abdominal aorta and other large arteries, primarily in the elderly. Often associated with atherosclerotic changes in blood vessels in other parts of the body. SYN: arteriosclerotic a..
axial a. an a. involving the entire circumference of a blood vessel.
benign bone a. obsolete term for aneurysmal bone cyst.
Bérard a. an arteriovenous a. in the tissues outside the injured vein.
berry a. a small saccular a. of a cerebral artery that resembles a berry. Such aneurysms can rupture causing a subarachnoid hemorrhage.
cardiac a. SYN: ventricular a..
Charcot-Bouchard a. SYN: miliary a..
cirsoid a. dilation of a group of blood vessels owing to congenital malformation with arteriovenous shunting. SYN: cirsoid varix, racemose a., racemose hemangioma.
compound a. an a. in which some of the coats of the artery are ruptured, others intact.
congenital cerebral a. localized dilation of a cerebral vessel; usually a berry a..
consecutive a. two or more aneurysms along the path of blood flow.
coronary artery a. a. of the coronary artery, rarely congenital, usually due to atherosclerosis, inflammatory processes, or a coronary fistula.
cylindroid a. SYN: tubular a..
diffuse a. an a. that has enlarged and spread to the surrounding tissues as a consequence of rupture of its walls.
dissecting a. condition resulting when blood passes from the true lumen of an artery into a false lumen within the arterial wall; layers of the wall are effectively split; most often due to necrosis of the medial layer, as in Marfan syndrome and with tear originating in the ascending (type A) or descending (type B) thoracic aorta or occasionally in smaller arteries such as the carotids; the false lumen may thrombose, rupture, re-enter the true lumen downstream, and/or shear off vital arterial branches; more properly termed aortic dissection rather than a. since the process is not transmural. SEE ALSO: aortic dissection.
ductal a. a. of the patent ductus arteriosus, occurs either in infants or adults. SYN: ductus diverticulum.
ectatic a. an a. in which all the coats of the artery, though stretched, are unruptured.
false a. SYN: pseudoaneurysm.
fusiform a. an elongated spindle-shaped dilation of an artery.
hernial a. the protrusion of the stretched inner coats of an artery through a defect in the adventitia.
infraclinoid a. an intracranial a. occurring below the level of the anterior clinoid process of the sphenoid bone.
intracavernous a. an a. of the carotid artery within the cavernous sinus.
intracranial a. any a. located within the cranium.
miliary a. dilation in the diameter of small arteries and arterioles secondary to lipohyalinosis from long-standing hypertension; associated with intracerebral hematomas. SYN: Charcot-Bouchard a..
mural a. SYN: ventricular a..
mycotic a. an a. caused by the growth of fungi or bacteria within the vascular wall, usually following impaction of a septic embolus.
Park a. an arteriovenous a. in which the brachial artery communicates with the brachial and median basilic veins.
peripheral a. 1. a saclike a. springing from one side of an artery; 2. an a. of one of the smaller branches of an artery.
phantom a. a palpable pulsating aorta, mistaken by novices for an a..
Pott a. SYN: aneurysmal varix.
pulmonary artery a. a. of the pulmonary artery; may be secondary to congenital valvular or infundibular stenosis; some are mycotic aneurysms (q.v.).
racemose a. SYN: cirsoid a..
Rasmussen a. aneurysmal dilation of a branch of a pulmonary artery in a tuberculous cavity, rupture of which may cause serious hemoptysis.
a. of the right ventricle or right ventricular outflow patch a. occurring after right ventriculotomy; the a. may either be a false or a true a..
ruptured a. an a. that is hemorrhaging into its wall or surrounding tissues.
saccular a., sacculated a. a saclike bulging on one side of an artery. SYN: ampullary a..
serpentine a. dilation and tortuosity of an artery, sometimes affecting the temporal, splenic, or iliac arteries in the elderly.
a. of sinus of Valsalva a congenital thin-walled out pouching with an entirely intracardiac course, usually in the right or noncoronary sinus, that may rupture into the right, or rarely, the left heart chambers to form an aortocardiac fistula.
supraclinoid a. an intracranial a. located immediately above the anterior clinoid process of the sphenoid bone.
syphilitic a. an a., usually involving the thoracic aorta, resulting from tertiary syphilitic aortitis.
traumatic a. an a. resulting from physical damage to the wall of an artery; usually a false a. or arteriovenous a..
true a. localized dilation of an artery with an expanded lumen lined by stretched remnants of the arterial wall.
tubular a. the uniform dilation of an artery along a considerable distance. SYN: cylindroid a..
varicose a. a blood-containing sac, communicating with both an artery and a vein.
ventricular a. thinning, stretching, and bulging of a weakened ventricular wall, usually as a result of myocardial infarction; rarely postinflammatory or congenital. SYN: cardiac a., mural a..
a. of the ventricular portion of the membranous septum an a. that bulges toward the right in systole, often consisting of the anterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve.

aneurysmal
aneurysmal, aneurysmatic (an-u-riz′mal, -riz-mat′ik)

Relating to an aneurysm.

aneurysmectomy
aneurysmectomy (an-u-riz-mek′to-me)

Excision of an aneurysm. [aneurysm + G. ektome, excision]

aneurysmoplasty
aneurysmoplasty (an-u-riz′mo-plas-te)

Repair of an aneurysm by opening the sac and suturing its walls to restore the normal dimension to the lumen of the artery. SEE ALSO: aneurysmorrhaphy. SYN: endoaneurysmoplasty, endoaneurysmorrhaphy. [aneurysm + G. plastos, formed]

aneurysmorrhaphy
aneurysmorrhaphy (an′u-riz-mor′a-fe)

Closure by suture of the sac of an aneurysm to restore the normal lumen dimensions. [aneurysm + G. rhaphe, suture]

aneurysmotomy
aneurysmotomy (an′u-riz-mot′o-me)

Incision into the sac of an aneurysm. [aneurysm + G. tome, incision]

ANF
ANF

Abbreviation for antinuclear factor; atrial natriuretic factor.

angei- angei-

See angio-.

angelica root
angelica root (an-jel′i-ka)

The root of Angelica archangelica (family Umbelliferae); a tonic and stimulant that may cause nausea; used as a carminative, diuretic, and externally as a counterirritant.

Angelucci
Angelucci

Arnaldo, Italian ophthalmologist, 1854–1934. See A. syndrome.

Anger
Anger

Hal, U.S. electrical engineer, *1920. See A. camera.

angi- angi-

See angio-.

angiectasia
angiectasia, angiectasis (an-je-ek-ta′ze-a, -ek′ta-sis)

Dilation of a lymphatic or blood vessel. [angio- + G. ektasis, a stretching]
congenital dysplastic a. SYN: Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome.

angiectatic
angiectatic (an-je-ek-tat′ik)

Marked by the presence of dilated blood vessels. [angio- + G. ektatos, capable of extension]

angiectopia
angiectopia (an-je-ek-to′pe-a)

Abnormal location of a blood vessel. SYN: angioplany. [angio- + G. ektopos, out of place]

angiitis
angiitis, angitis (an-je-i′tis, an-ji′tis)

Inflammation of a blood vessel (arteritis, phlebitis) or lymphatic vessel (lymphangitis). SYN: vasculitis. [angio- + G. -itis, inflammation]
allergic granulomatous a. SYN: Churg-Strauss syndrome.
consecutive a. a. caused by extension of the inflammatory process from the surrounding tissues.
frosted branch a. a. characterized by inflammation of blood vessels with sheathing giving the appearance of branches on a tree.
hypersensitivity a. an inflammatory reaction in a blood vessel, the result of a specific reaction to an antigenic (allergic) substance or other agents to which the individual expresses unusual vascular sensitization.
necrotizing a. inflammatory reaction of blood vessels resulting in fibrinoid necrosis of tissue, especially of the blood vessel wall.

angina
angina (an′ji-na, an-ji′na)

1. A severe, often constricting pain, usually referring to a. pectoris. 2. Old term for a sore throat from any cause. [L. quinsy]
abdominal a., a. abdominis intermittent abdominal pain, frequently occurring at a fixed time after eating, caused by inadequacy of the mesenteric circulation from arteriosclerosis or other arterial disease. SYN: intestinal a..
agranulocytic a. SYN: agranulocytosis.
crescendo a. a. pectoris that occurs with increasing frequency, intensity, or duration.
a. cruris intermittent claudication of the leg.
a. decubitus a. pectoris related to horizontal, usually supine, body position.
a. of effort a. pectoris precipitated by physical exertion.
false a. a.-like sensation(s) in absence of myocardial ischemia.
Heberden a. SYN: a. pectoris.
hypercyanotic a. anginal pain in cyanotic patients with congenital heart disease or chronic pulmonary disease, the pain developing with intensification of the cyanosis during activity.
intestinal a. SYN: abdominal a..
a. inversa SYN: Prinzmetal a..
Ludwig a. cellulitis, usually of odontogenic origin, bilaterally involving the submaxillary, sublingual, and submental spaces, resulting in painful swelling of the floor of the mouth, elevation of the tongue, dysphasia, dysphonia, and (at times) compromise of the airway. [W.F. Ludwig]
lymphatic a. an affection resembling Vincent disease marked by an increase in the number of lymphocytes in the blood.
a. lymphomatosa SYN: agranulocytosis.
neutropenic a. SYN: agranulocytosis.
a. pectoris severe constricting pain in the chest, often radiating from the precordium to a shoulder (usually left) and down the arm, due to ischemia of the heart muscle usually caused by coronary disease. SYN: breast pang, coronarism (2) , Heberden a., Rougnon-Heberden disease, stenocardia.
a. pectoris decubitus anginal pain developing while the subject is recumbent.
a. pectoris sine dolore SYN: Gairdner disease.
a. pectoris vasomotoria a. pectoris in which the breast pain is comparatively slight, but pallor followed by cyanosis, and coldness and numbness of the extremities, are marked. SYN: a. spuria, a. vasomotoria, pseudangina, pseudoangina, reflex a., vasomotor a..
preinfarction a. obsolete term for unstable a., including crescendo a..
Prinzmetal a. a form of a. pectoris, characterized by pain that is not precipitated by cardiac work, is of longer duration, is usually more severe, and is associated with unusual electrocardiographic manifestations including elevated ST segments in leads that are ordinarily depressed in typical a., and usually without reciprocal ST changes; occurring at night in bed. SYN: a. inversa, variant a. pectoris.
reflex a. SYN: a. pectoris vasomotoria.
a. sine dolore symptoms of coronary insufficiency occurring without pain.
a. spuria SYN: a. pectoris vasomotoria.
unstable a. 1. a. pectoris characterized by pain in the chest of coronary origin occurring in response to progressively less exercise or fewer other stimuli than ordinarily required to produce a.; often leading to myocardial infarction, if untreated. 2. a. that has not achieved a constant or reproducible pattern in 30 or 60 days.
variant a. pectoris SYN: Prinzmetal a..
vasomotor a. SYN: a. pectoris vasomotoria.
a. vasomotoria SYN: a. pectoris vasomotoria.
Vincent a. an ulcerative infection of the oral soft tissues including the tonsils and pharynx caused by fusiform and spirochetal organisms; it is usually associated with necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis and may progress to noma. Death from suffocation or sepsis may occur.
walk-through a. a circumstance in which despite continuing activity, such as walking, the pain of a. pectoris diminishes or disappears.

anginal
anginal (an′ji-nal, an-ji′)

Relating to angina in any sense.

anginiform
anginiform (an-jin′i-form)

Resembling angina.

anginoid
anginoid (an′jin-oid)

Rarely used term for resembling an angina, especially angina pectoris.

anginophobia
anginophobia (an′ji-no-fo′be-a)

Extreme fear of an attack of angina pectoris. [angina + G. phobos, fear]

anginose
anginose, anginous (an′ji-nos, -ji-nus)

Rarely used term for relating to any angina.

angio- angio-, angi-

Blood or lymph vessels; a covering, an enclosure; corresponds to L. vas-, vaso-, vasculo-. [G. angeion, a vessel or cavity of the body, fr. angos, a vessel, vat, bucket, + -eion, small, little]

angioarchitecture
angioarchitecture (an′je-o-ar′ki-tek-choor)

1. The arrangement and distribution of the blood vessels of any organ. 2. The vascular framework of an organ or tissue.

angioblast
angioblast (an′je-o-blast)

1. A cell taking part in blood vessel formation. SYN: vasoformative cell. 2. Primordial mesenchymal tissue from which embryonic blood cells and vascular endothelium are differentiated. SYN: angioderm. [angio- + G. blastos, germ]

angioblastoma
angioblastoma (an′je-o-blas-to′ma)

SYN: hemangioblastoma.
a. of Nakagawa SYN: acquired tufted angioma.

angiocardiography
angiocardiography (an′je-o-kar-de-og′ra-fe)

X-ray imaging of the heart and great vessels made visible by injection of a radiopaque solution. See coronary angiography. SYN: cardioangiography. [angio- + G. kardia, heart, + grapho, to write]
exercise radionuclide a. radionuclide a. while patient is performing exercise, such as on a treadmill or bicycle.
gated radionuclide a. radionuclide a. using cardiac gating to combine images from several cardiac cycles to improve the quality of the images of separate phases ( e.g., systole and diastole).
radionuclide a. the display, by means of a stationary scintillation camera device, of the passage of a bolus of a rapidly injected radiopharmaceutical through the heart. SYN: radionuclide ventriculography.

angiocardiokinetic
angiocardiokinetic, angiocardiocinetic (an′je-o-kar′de-o-ki-net′ik, -de-o-si-net′ik)

Causing dilation or contraction in the heart and blood vessels. [angio- + G. kardia, heart, + kinesis, movement]

angiocardiopathy
angiocardiopathy (an′je-o-kar-de-op′a-the)

Disease affecting both heart and blood vessels. [angio- + G. kardia, heart, + pathos, disease]

angiocholitis
angiocholitis (an′je-o-ko-li′tis)

SYN: cholangitis.

angiocyst
angiocyst (an′je-o-sist)

A small vesicular aggregation of embryonic mesodermal cells that may give rise to vascular endothelium and blood cells.

angioderm
angioderm (an′je-o-derm)

SYN: angioblast (2) .

angiodysplasia
angiodysplasia (an′je-o-dis-pla′ze-a)

Degenerative or congenital structural abnormality of the normally distributed vasculature.

angiodystrophy
angiodystrophy, angiodystrophia (an′je-o-dis′tro-fe, -dis-tro′fe-a)

Defective formation or growth associated with marked vascular changes. [angio- + G. dys-, bad, + trophe, nourishment]

angioedema
angioedema (an′je-o-e-de′ma)

Recurrent large circumscribed areas of subcutaneous or mucosal edema of sudden onset, usually disappearing within 24 hours; seen mainly in young women, frequently as an allergic reaction to foods or drugs. SYN: angioneurotic edema, giant hives, giant urticaria, periodic edema.
hereditary a. an inherited, autosomal dominant disease characterized by episodic appearance of brawny nonpitting edema, most often affecting the extremities but can involve any part of the body, including mucosal surfaces such as those of the intestine (causing abdominal pain) or respiratory tract (causing asphyxia, which can require intubation to avoid fatal outcome). Associated with deficiency of inhibitor of first component of complement pathway (C1). Emergency treatment with epinephrine, long-term treatment with a variety of agents is effective.

angioelephantiasis
angioelephantiasis (an′je-o-el′e-fan-ti′a-sis)

Extensive increase in vascularity of the subcutaneous tissue, producing great thickening simulating large, diffuse angioma formation.

angioendotheliomatosis
angioendotheliomatosis (an′je-o-en-do-the′le-o-ma-to′sis)

Proliferation of endothelial cells within blood vessels.
proliferating systematized a. a rare generalized cutaneous and visceral intracapillary proliferation of endothelial cells, with vascular thrombosis and obstruction. The condition has been divided into a benign reactive type and a rapidly fatal neoplastic type; however, most of the latter cases have been shown to be intravascular large-cell lymphomas.

angiofibrolipoma
angiofibrolipoma (an′je-o-fi′bro-li-po′ma)

A neoplasm composed of fibroblasts, capillaries, and adipose tissue. SYN: angiolipofibroma.

angiofibroma
angiofibroma (an′je-o-fi-bro′ma)

SYN: telangiectatic fibroma.
juvenile a. a markedly vascular fibrous tumor occurring in the nasopharynx of males, usually in the second decade of life; epistaxis and local invasion may result, but spontaneous regression may occur after sexual maturity. SYN: juvenile hemangiofibroma.

angiofibrosis
angiofibrosis (an′je-o-fi-bro′sis)

Fibrosis of the walls of blood vessels.

angiogenesis
angiogenesis (an′je-o-jen′e-sis)

Development of new blood vessels. [angio- + G. genesis, production]

angiogenic
angiogenic (an′je-o-jen′ik)

1. Relating to angiogenesis. 2. Of vascular origin.

angioglioma
angioglioma (an′je-o-gli-o′ma)

A mixed glioma and angioma.

angiogliomatosis
angiogliomatosis (an′je-o-gli′o-ma-to′sis)

Occurrence of multiple areas of proliferating capillaries and neuroglia or a condition of multiple angiogliomas.

angiogliosis
angiogliosis (an′je-o-gli-o′sis)

Glial scarring about a blood vessel or a condition of multiple angiogliomas.

angiogram
angiogram (an′je-o-gram)

Radiograph obtained by angiography. [angio- + G. gramma, a writing]
projection a. a digital a., such as in computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, reconstructed by computer to appear as does a radiographic a..

angiographic
angiographic (an-je-o-graf′ik)

Relating to or using angiography.

angiography
angiography (an-je-og′ra-fe)

Radiography of vessels after the injection of a radiopaque contrast material; usually requires percutaneous insertion of a radiopaque catheter and positioning under fluoroscopic control. SEE ALSO: arteriography, venography. [angio- + G. grapho, to write]
biplane a. synchronous angiocardiography in two planes at right angles to each other or in two orthogonal planes.
cerebral a. radiographic visualization of the blood vessels supplying the brain, including their extracranial portions; the injection of contrast medium may be made percutaneously, by open exposure and puncture of the carotid artery or by catheterization after introduction of the catheter at a distant site. SYN: cerebral arteriography.
coronary a. imaging of the circulation of the myocardium by injection of contrast medium, usually by selective catheterization of each coronary artery, formerly by nonselective injection at the root of the aorta.
digital subtraction a. (DSA) computer-assisted radiographic a. permitting visualization of vascular structures without superimposed bone and soft tissue densities; subtraction of images made before and after contrast injection removes structures not enhanced by the contrast medium. Other image processing can be performed. Contrast material may be injected intravenously or in a lower-than-usual amount intraarterially.
fluorescein a. photographic visualization of the passage of fluorescein through intraocular vessels after intravenous injection.
indocyanine green a. a test for studying choroidal vasculature by which indocyanine green dye, which absorbs infrared light at 805 nm and emits at 835 nm, is injected intravenously and photographed as it flows through the retinal and choroidal vessels.
interventional a. SYN: angioplasty.
magnetic resonance a. SYN: MR a..
magnification a. enhanced imaging of small blood vessels using an increased distance from subject to film, as in magnification radiography.
MR a. (MRA) imaging of blood vessels using special magnetic resonance (MR) sequences that enhance the signal of flowing blood and suppress that from other tissues. SYN: magnetic resonance a..
radionuclide a. scintillation camera imaging of tissue perfusion by intravascular injection of a radioactive pharmaceutical. SEE ALSO: radionuclide angiocardiography. SYN: scintigraphic a..
scintigraphic a. SYN: radionuclide a..
selective a. a. in which visualization is improved by concentrating the contrast medium in the region to be studied by injection through a catheter positioned in a regional artery, e.g., coronary a..
therapeutic a. use of angiographic catheters that have been modified to reduce or increase regional blood flow, or to deliver medicinal agents; interventional therapeutic a.. See angioplasty, balloon catheter, interventional a..

angiohyalinosis
angiohyalinosis (an′je-o-hi′a-li-no′sis)

Hyaline degeneration of the walls of the blood vessels. [angio- + G. hyalos, glass, + -osis, condition]

angiohypertonia
angiohypertonia (an′je-o-hi-per-to′ne-a)

SYN: vasospasm. [angio- + G. hyper, over, + tonos, tension]

angiohypotonia
angiohypotonia (an′je-o-hi-po-to′ne-a)

SYN: vasoparalysis. [angio- + G. hypo, under, + tonos, tension]

angioid
angioid (an′je-oyd)

Resembling blood vessels; an arborizing pattern. [angio- + G. eidos, resemblance]

angioinvasive
angioinvasive (an′je-o-in-va′siv)

Denoting a neoplasm or other pathologic condition capable of entering the vascular bed.

angiokeratoma
angiokeratoma (an′je-o-ker-a-to′ma)

A superficial intradermal capillary acquired telangiectasis, over which there is a wartlike hyperkeratosis and acanthosis. SYN: keratoangioma, telangiectasia verrucosa, telangiectatic wart. [angio- + G. keras, horn, + -oma, tumor]
diffuse a. SYN: Fabry disease.
Fordyce a. asymptomatic vascular papules of the scrotum, appearing in adults.
Mibelli angiokeratomas telangiectatic small papules of the extremities, common in adolescent girls.

angiokeratosis
angiokeratosis (an′je-o-ker-a-to′sis)

The occurrence of multiple angiokeratomas.

angioleiomyoma
angioleiomyoma (an′je-o-li′o-mi-o′ma)

SYN: vascular leiomyoma.

angiolipofibroma
angiolipofibroma (an′je-o-lip′o-fi-bro′ma)

SYN: angiofibrolipoma.

angiolipoma
angiolipoma (an′je-o-li-po′ma)

A lipoma that contains an unusually large number, or foci of proliferated, neoplasticlike, frequently dilated vascular channels. SYN: lipoma cavernosum, telangiectatic lipoma.

angiolith
angiolith (an′je-o-lith)

An arteriolith or a phlebolith. [angio- + G. lithos, stone]

angiolithic
angiolithic (an′je-o-lith′ik)

Relating to an angiolith.

angiologia
angiologia (an′je-o-lo′je-a)

SYN: angiology. [angio- + G. logos, treatise, discourse]

angiology
angiology (an-je-ol′o-je)

The science concerned with the blood vessels and lymphatics in all their relations. SYN: angiologia. [angio- + G. logos, treatise, discourse]

angiolysis
angiolysis (an-je-ol′i-sis)

Obliteration of a blood vessel, such as occurs in the newborn infant after tying of the umbilical cord. [angio- + G. lysis, destruction]

angioma
angioma (an-je-o′ma)

A swelling or tumor due to proliferation, with or without dilation, of the blood vessels (hemangioma) or lymphatics (lymphangioma). [angio- + G. -oma, tumor]
acquired tufted a. enlarging erythematous macules and plaques in children and adults, composed microscopically of lobules of capillaries and spindle cells that project into thin-walled venular dermal clefts. SYN: angioblastoma of Nakagawa.
capillary a. SYN: capillary hemangioma.
cavernous a. vascular malformation composed of sinusoidal vessels without a large feeding artery; can be multiple, especially if inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. SYN: nevus cavernosus.
cherry a. SYN: senile hemangioma.
petechial angiomas multiple lesions resembling petechiae but due to dilation of capillary walls; they are obliterated by pressure.
a. serpiginosum the presence of rings of red dots on the skin, especially in female children, which tend to widen peripherally, due to dilation of superficial capillaries. SYN: essential telangiectasia (2) , primary telangiectasia.
spider a. a telangiectatic arteriole in the skin with radiating capillary branches simulating the legs of a spider; characteristic, but not pathognomonic, of parenchymatous liver disease; also seen in pregnancy, often disappearing after delivery, and at times in normal persons. SYN: arterial spider, nevus araneus, spider hemangioma, spider nevus, spider telangiectasia, vascular spider.
superficial a. SYN: capillary hemangioma.
telangiectatic a. a. composed of dilated vessels.
a. venosum racemosum tortuous swelling caused by varicosities of superficial veins.
venous a. vascular anomaly composed of anomalous veins. SYN: venous malformation.

angiomatoid
angiomatoid (an-je-o′ma-toyd)

Resembling a tumor of vascular origin.

angiomatosis
angiomatosis (an′je-o-ma-to′sis)

A condition characterized by multiple angiomas.
bacillary a. 1. an infection of immunocompromised patients by a newly recognized Rickettsial species Rochalimaea henselae, characterized by fever and granulomatous cutaneous nodules, and peliosis hepatis in some cases. Skin biopsy shows vascular proliferation and infiltration of vessel walls by neutrophils and clumps of organisms seen with Warthin-Starry silver staining. 2. infectious disease characterized by fever and granulomatous cutaneous lesions. There are two forms. In one, associated with Bartonella henselae cat bites and scratches are predisposing; lymph nodes and viscera may be involved, and bacillary peliosis of liver and spleen can occur. A separate form, associated with B. quintana, is linked with conditions of poor hygiene (louse infestation, low income, poor or no housing); subcutaneous and bone lesions are more predominant.
cephalotrigeminal a. SYN: Sturge-Weber syndrome.
cerebroretinal a. SYN: von Hippel-Lindau syndrome.
congenital dysplastic a. [MIM*185300 & MIM149000] autosomal dominant a. in which there is dysplasia of the underlying tissues, sometimes with overgrowth of bone (Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome), or encephalotrigeminal a. (Sturge-Weber syndrome) in which there is an angioma in the distribution of one or more branches of the trigeminal nerve, with vascular anomalies and calcification of the cerebral cortex.
cutaneomeningospinal a. SYN: Cobb syndrome.
encephalotrigeminal a. SYN: Sturge-Weber syndrome.
oculoencephalic a. [MIM*185300] a forme fruste of Sturge-Weber syndrome, consisting of angiomas of the choroid and meninges only; probable autosomal dominant inheritance.
telangiectatic a. disseminated capillary and venous vascular malformations of the cerebral hemispheres and leptomeninges, occurring in Sturge-Weber syndrome.

angiomatous
angiomatous (an-je-o′ma-tus)

Relating to or resembling an angioma.

angiomegaly
angiomegaly (an′je-o-meg′a-le)

Enlargement of blood vessels or lymphatics. [angio- + G. megas, large]

angiomyocardiac
angiomyocardiac (an′je-o-mi′o-kar′de-ak)

Relating to the blood vessels and the cardiac muscle. [angio- + G. mys, muscle, + kardia, heart]

angiomyofibroma
angiomyofibroma (an′je-o-mi′o-fi-bro′ma)

SYN: vascular leiomyoma.

angiomyolipoma
angiomyolipoma (an′je-o-mi′o-li-po′ma)

A benign neoplasm of adipose tissue (lipoma) in which muscle cells and vascular structures are fairly conspicuous; most commonly a renal tumor containing smooth muscle, often associated with tuberous sclerosis. [angio- + G. mys, muscle, + lipos, fat, + -oma, tumor]

angiomyoma
angiomyoma (an′je-o-mi-o′ma)

SYN: vascular leiomyoma. [angio- + G. mys, muscle, + -oma, tumor]

angiomyopathy
angiomyopathy (an′je-o-mi-op′a-the)

Any disease of blood vessels involving the muscular layer. [angio- + G. mys, muscle, + pathos, suffering]

angiomyosarcoma
angiomyosarcoma (an′je-o-mi′o-sar-ko′ma)

A myosarcoma that has an unusually large number of proliferated, frequently dilated, vascular channels.

angiomyxoma
angiomyxoma (an′je-o-miks-o′ma)

A myxoma in which there is an unusually large number of vascular structures.
aggressive a. locally invasive, but nonmetastasizing tumor of genital organs in young women.

angioneurectomy
angioneurectomy (an′je-o-noo-rek′to-me)

Excision of the vessels and nerves of a part. [angio- + G. neuron, nerve, + ektome, excision]

angioneuropathy
angioneuropathy (an′je-o-noo-rop′a- the)

A vascular disorder attributed to an abnormality of the autonomic nervous system fibers supplying the blood vessels ( i.e., the vasomotor system.

angioneurotic
angioneurotic (an′je-o-noo-rot′ik)

Relating to angioneuroses.

angioneurotomy
angioneurotomy (an′je-o-noo-rot′o-me)

Division of both nerves and vessels of a part. [angio- + G. neuron, nerve, + tome, a cutting]

angioparalysis
angioparalysis (an′je-o-pa-ral′i-sis)

SYN: vasoparalysis.

angioparesis
angioparesis (an′je-o-pa-re′sis, -par′e-sis)

SYN: vasoparesis.

angiopathic
angiopathic (an′je-o-path′ik)

Relating to angiopathy.

angiopathy
angiopathy (an-je-op′a-the)

Any disease of the blood vessels or lymphatics. SYN: angiosis. [angio- + G. pathos, suffering]
amyloid a. deposition of acellular hyaline material in small arteries and arterioles of the leptomeninges and cerebral cortex in the elderly with resulting predilection for recurrent lobar intraparenchymal hematomas.
cerebral amyloid a. a pathologic condition of small cerebral vessels characterized by deposits of amyloid in the vessel walls, which may lead to infarcts or hemorrhage; may also occur in Alzheimer disease or Down syndrome. SEE ALSO: congophilic a..
congophilic a. a condition of blood vessels characterized by deposits in the vessel walls of a substance, usually amyloid, that take a Congo red stain. SEE ALSO: cerebral amyloid a..
giant cell hyaline a. an inflammatory infiltrate containing foreign body giant cells and eosinophilic material. Fragments of foreign material resembling vegetable matter may be included. SYN: pulse granuloma.

angiophacomatosis
angiophacomatosis, angiophakomatosis (an′je-o-fak′o-ma-to′sis)

The angiomatous phacomatoses e.g., von Hippel-Lindau disease and the Sturge-Weber syndrome.

angioplany
angioplany (an′je-o-pla-ne)

SYN: angiectopia. [angio- + G. plane, a wandering]

angioplasty
angioplasty (an′je-o-plas-te)

Reconstitution or recanalization of a blood vessel; may involve balloon dilation, mechanical stripping of intima, forceful injection of fibrinolytics, or placement of a stent. SYN: interventional angiography. [angio- + G. plastos, formed, shaped]
percutaneous transluminal a. (PTA) an operation for enlarging a narrowed vascular lumen by inflating and withdrawing through the stenotic region a balloon on the tip of an angiographic catheter; may include positioning of an intravascular endoluminal stent.
percutaneous transluminal coronary a. (PTCA) an operation for enlarging a narrowed vascular lumen by inflating and withdrawing through the stenotic region a balloon on the tip of an angiographic catheter.PTCA is a minimally invasive surgical procedure for the treatment of coronary atherosclerosis. A balloon-tipped catheter is inserted percutaneously into the arterial circulation, advanced to the aortic root, and directed with a flexible guide wire to the site of coronary stenosis. Once positioned within the narrowed arterial segment, the balloon is inflated so as to stretch the lumen, fracture the obstructing plaque, or both. Balloon a. is considered successful when there is more than a 20% increase in the caliber of the stenotic artery and restoration of at least 50% of normal patency, without acute complications. The procedure has approximately a 90% immediate success rate. It offers advantages in symptom improvement and exercise tolerance when compared to medical therapy, particularly in the short term, and is less hazardous and has a shorter recovery period than coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Operative mortality is about 2%. There is a 1–3% risk of nonfatal acute myocardial infarction during the procedure and a 1–3% risk that emergency CABG will be required. Hence the procedure is contraindicated unless a bypass team is immediately available. It is also contraindicated in patients without demonstrated significant vascular obstruction, as well as in those with severe multivessel disease or more than 50% stenosis of the left main coronary artery. Despite the advantages of PTCA, 30–50% of patients require repeat balloon a. or CABG for restenosis within 6 months. Insertion of a stainless steel stent at the time of balloon a. to maintain arterial patency has improved initial success and reduced the 6-month restenosis rate. High-dose verapamil has also been associated with lower restenosis rates.

angiopoiesis
angiopoiesis (an′je-o-poy-e′sis)

Formation of blood or lymphatic vessels. SYN: vasifaction, vasoformation. [angio- + G. poiesis, making]

angiopoietic
angiopoietic (an′je-o-poy-et′ik)

Relating to angiopoiesis. SYN: vasifactive, vasofactive, vasoformative.

angiorrhaphy
angiorrhaphy (an-je-or′a-fe)

Suture repair of any vessel, especially of a blood vessel. [angio- + G. rhaphe, a seam]

angiosarcoma
angiosarcoma (an′je-o-sar-ko′ma)

A rare malignant neoplasm occurring most often in soft tissues, and believed to originate from the endothelial cells of blood vessels; microscopically composed of spindle-shaped cells, some of which line small spaces resembling vascular clefts.

angioscope
angioscope (an′je-o-skop)

A modified microscope for studying the capillary vessels and a scope used for viewing larger vessels. [angio- + G. skopeo, to view]

angioscopy
angioscopy (an-je-os′ko-pe)

1. Visualization with a microscope of the passage of substances ( e.g., contrast media, radiopaque agents) through capillaries after intravenous injection. 2. Visualization of the interior of blood vessels, especially the pulmonary arteries, using a fiberoptic catheter inserted through a peripheral artery. [angio- + G. skopeo, to view]

angioscotoma
angioscotoma (an′je-o-sko-to′ma)

Ribbon-shaped defect of the visual fields caused by the retinal vessels overlying photoreceptors. [angio- + G. skotoma, dizziness, vertigo]

angioscotometry
angioscotometry (an′je-o-sko-tom′e-tre)

The measurement or projection of the angioscotoma pattern.

angiosis
angiosis (an-je-o′sis)

SYN: angiopathy.

angiosome
angiosome

Composite anatomic vascular territories of skin and underlying muscles, tendons, nerves, and bones, based on segmental or distributing arteries.

angiospasm
angiospasm (an′je-o-spazm)

SYN: vasospasm.

angiospastic
angiospastic (an′je-o-spas′tik)

SYN: vasospastic.

angiostenosis
angiostenosis (an′je-o-ste-no′sis)

Narrowing of one or more blood vessels. [angio- + G. stenosis, a narrowing]

angiostrongylosis
angiostrongylosis (an′je-o-stron-ji-lo′sis)

Infection of animals and humans with nematodes of the genus Angiostrongylus. SYN: eosinophilic meningitis.

Angiostrongylus
Angiostrongylus (an′je-o-stron′ji-lus)

A genus of metastrongyle nematodes parasitic in respiratory or circulatory systems of rodents, carnivores, and marsupials. SYN: Parastrongylus. [G. angeion, vessel, + strongylos, round]
A. cantonensis lungworm of rodents, a species transmitted by infected mollusks ingested by rodents; larvae develop in the brain and migrate to lungs, where the adult worms are found; thought to cause eosinophilic encephalomeningitis in humans in the Pacific basin; larvae have been removed from cerebrospinal fluid and the anterior chamber of the eye from persons in Thailand who had eaten raw snails.
A. costaricensis a nematode parasite of rats and other rodents in Central America, recently found to infect humans, where they locate in the mesenteric arteries; infective third-stage larvae have been found in the slug, Vaginulus plebeius. SYN: Morerastrongylus costaricensis.
A. malaysiensis species of A. found in Malaysia, a common rodent parasite similar to A. cantonensis and an actual or potential agent of eosinophilic meningitis in that region.

angiotelectasis
angiotelectasis, angiotelectasia (an′je-o-te-lek′ta-sis, -tel′ek-ta′se-a)

SYN: telangiectasia. [angio- + G. telos, end, + ektasis, a stretching out]

angiotensin
angiotensin (an-je-o-ten′sin)

A family of peptides of known and similar sequence, with vasoconstrictive activity, produced by enzymatic action of renin upon angiotensinogen. See a. I, a. II, a. III.

angiotensin I
angiotensin I

A decapeptide of slightly variable sequence, depending on the animal source, formed from the tetradecapeptide angiotensinogen by the removal of four amino acid residues, a reaction catalyzed by renin; a peptidase cleaves off a dipeptide (histidylleucine) to yield angiotensin II, the physiologically active form.

angiotensin II
angiotensin II

A vasoactive octapeptide produced by the action of angiotensin-converting enzyme on angiotensin I; produces stimulation of vascular smooth muscle, promotes aldosterone production, and stimulates the sympathetic nervous system.

angiotensin III
angiotensin III

A vasoactive heptapeptide less potent than angiotensin II on vascular smooth muscle but approximately equally active in promoting aldosterone secretion.

angiotensin amide
angiotensin amide

A synthetic substance closely related to the naturally occurring angiotensin II; a potent vasopressor agent useful in the management of certain types of shock and circulatory collapse.

angiotensinase
angiotensinase (an-je-o-ten′sin-as)

Former name for the enzyme responsible for converting angiotensin I to II; now applied to the enzyme that degrades angiotensin II. It hydrolyzes a peptide bond between a tyrosyl and an isoleucyl residue.

angiotensinogen
angiotensinogen (an′je-o-ten-sin′o-jen)

The substrate for renin whereupon through enzymatic action angiotensin I is liberated; an abundant α₂-globulin that circulates in the blood plasma. SYN: angiotensin precursor.

angiotensinogenase
angiotensinogenase (an′je-o-ten-sin′o-jen-as)

SYN: renin.

angiotensin precursor
angiotensin precursor

SYN: angiotensinogen.

angiotomy
angiotomy (an-je-ot′o-me)

Sectioning of a blood vessel, or the creation of an opening into a vessel prior to its repair. [angio- + G. tome, cutting]

Angle
Angle

Edward Hartley, U.S. orthodontist, 1855–1930. See A. classification of malocclusion.

angle
angle (θ) (ang′gl) [TA]

The meeting point of two lines or planes; the figure formed by the junction of two lines or planes; the space bounded on two sides by lines or planes that meet. For angles not listed below, see the descriptive term; e.g., axioincisal, distobuccal, labiogingival, linguogingival (2), mesiogingival, proximobuccal, etc. SYN: angulus [TA] . [L. angulus]
acromial a. [TA] the prominent a. at the junction of the posterior and lateral borders of the acromion. SYN: angulus acromii [TA] .
acute a. any a. less than 90°.
adjacent a. an a. with a line in common with another a..
alpha a. 1. the a. between the visual and optic axes as they cross at the nodal point of the eye; 2. the a. between the visual line and the major axis of the corneal ellipse.
alveolar a. the a. between the horizontal plane and a line connecting the base of the nasal spine and the middle point of the projection of the alveolus of the maxilla.
anorectal a. SYN: anorectal flexure.
a. of antetorsion SYN: a. of anteversion.
a. of anteversion the a. formed by a line drawn through the center of the long axis of the neck of the femur meeting a line drawn in the transverse axis of the condyles, when the bone is viewed from above, looking straight down from above the head of the femur; used to illustrate the normal degree of anteversion about 12° of the neck of the femur, which may be increased or decreased in some diseases. SYN: a. of antetorsion.
a. of aperture the a. formed by lines drawn from the ends of the diameter of a lens to its point of focus. SEE ALSO: angular aperture.
apical a. the a. between two plane surfaces of a prism. SYN: refracting a. of a prism.
axial a. an a. formed by two surfaces of a body, the line of union of which is parallel with its axis; the axial angles of a tooth are the distobuccal, distolabial, distolingual, mesiobuccal, mesiolabial, and mesiolingual.
basilar a. an a. formed by the intersection at the basion of lines coming from the nasal spine and the nasal point.
Bennett a. the a. formed by the sagittal plane and the path of the advancing condyle during lateral mandibular movement as viewed in the horizontal plane.
beta a. the a. formed by a line connecting the bregma and hormion meeting the radius fixus.
biorbital a. an a. formed by the meeting of the axes of the orbits.
Broca angles 1. SYN: Broca basilar a.. 2. SYN: Broca facial a.. 3. SYN: occipital a. of parietal bone (1) .
Broca basilar a. the a. formed at the basion of lines drawn from the nasion and the alveolar point. SYN: Broca angles (1) .
Broca facial a. the a. formed by the intersection at the biauricular axis of lines drawn from the supraorbital point and the alveolar point. SYN: Broca angles (2) .
buccal angles angles formed by the buccal surface of a tooth joining the other surfaces.
bucco-occlusal a. the line of junction of the buccal and occlusal surfaces of a tooth.
cardiodiaphragmatic a. SYN: cardiophrenic a..
cardiohepatic a. the a. formed by the upper border of the liver and the right border of the heart, especially as defined by percussion. SYN: cardiohepatic triangle.
cardiophrenic a. the a. between the heart and the diaphragm at either lateral end of the cardiac projection on imaging (usually the chest x-ray film). The right cardiophrenic a. is normally indistinguishable from the cardiohepatic a. radiographically. SYN: cardiodiaphragmatic a., phrenopericardial a..
carrying a. the a. made by the axes of the arm and the forearm, with the elbow in full extension.
cavity line a. in dentistry, the a. formed by two walls of a cavity, e.g., a tooth cavity, meeting along a line.
cavosurface a. the a. formed by the junction of a cavity wall and the surface of the tooth.
cephalic a. one of several angles formed by the intersection of two lines passing through certain points of the face or cranium.
cephalomedullary a. the a. made by the junction of the cerebrum and the brainstem.
cerebellopontile a. SYN: cerebellopontine a..
cerebellopontine a. the a. formed at the junction of the cerebellum, pons, and medulla; the most common tumor found in this location is the acoustic neuroma. SYN: angulus pontocerebellaris [TA] , cerebellopontile a., pontine a., pontocerebellar recess.
costal a. SYN: a. of rib.
costophrenic a. the a. between the costal and diaphragmatic parietal pleura as they meet at the costodiaphragmatic line of pleura reflection. Used as a synonym in radiology to identify the costodiaphragmatic recess. SEE ALSO: costodiaphragmatic recess.
costovertebral a. the acute a. formed between either twelfth rib and the vertebral column.
costoxiphoid a. the a. formed between the right or left costal arch and the long axis of the xiphoid process (usually identical to the midline); it is one half of the infrasternal a.. SEE ALSO: infrasternal a.. SYN: xiphocostal a..
craniofacial a. the a. formed by the basifacial and basicranial axes at the midpoint of the sphenoethmoidal suture.
critical a. the a. of incidence at which a ray of light, in passing between two media, changes from refraction to total reflection. SYN: limiting a..
cusp a. 1. the a. made by the slopes of a cusp with the plane which passes through the tip of the cusp and which is perpendicular to a line bisecting the cusp, measured mesiodistally or buccolingually; 2. the a. made by the slopes of a cusp with a perpendicular line bisecting the cusp, measured mesiodistally or buccolingually; 3. one-half of the included a. between the buccal and lingual or mesial and distal cusp inclines.
Daubenton a. SYN: occipital a. of parietal bone (2) .
a. of declination obsolete term for a. of anteversion.
a. of deviation 1. in a prism, the sum of the angles of incidence and emergence minus the apical a. of a prism; 2. in optics, a. of refraction; 3. in strabismus, a. of anomaly.
disparity a. the difference in position of images on the retina, still permitting fusion.
duodenojejunal a. SYN: duodenojejunal flexure.
a. of eccentricity in strabismus, the a. between the line of fixation and the line of normal foveal fixation.
a. of emergence the a. formed by a light ray emerging from the second surface of a prism and a line parallel to the incident ray. Cf.:a. of deviation.
epigastric a. the a. formed by the xiphoid process with the body of the sternum.
ethmoid a. the a. made by the plane of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone extended to meet the basicranial axis.
facial a. 1. any of several variously named and variously defined anatomic angles that have been used to quantify facial protrusion; 2. in dentistry, the a. formed by the intersection of the orbitomeatal (Frankfort) plane with the nasion-pogonion line (inner lower a.), which establishes the anteroposterior relation of the mandible to the upper face at the orbitomeatal plane. SYN: Frankfort-mandibular incisor a..
a. of femoral torsion the a. formed between the longitudinal axis of the head and neck of the femur proximally and the transverse axis of the femoral condyles distally, when the femur is viewed along the axis of its shaft; normally, this a. is approximately 15° in adults, but is considerably greater in infancy.
filtration a. SYN: iridocorneal a..
flip a. in a magnetic resonance imaging pulse sequence, the deviation toward transverse plane of the average axis of the protons induced by radiofrequency signals; low angles are used in rapid or bright blood imaging sequences.
Frankfort-mandibular incisor a. SYN: facial a. (2) .
frontal a. of parietal bone [TA] the anterior superior a. of the parietal bone. SYN: angulus frontalis ossis parietalis [TA] .
a. of Fuchs a crevice between the ciliary and pupillary zones of the iris formed by atrophy of superficial layers of the iris in the pupillary zone.
gamma a. the a. formed between a line joining the fixation point to the center of the eye and the optic axis.
hypsiloid a. SYN: y-a..
impedance a. a term expressing the ratio of electric resistance to electric capacitance (ohms to microfarads) in the tissues of the body or any other substance.
a. of incidence 1. the a. that a ray entering a refracting medium makes with a line drawn perpendicular to the surface of this medium; 2. the a. that a ray striking a reflecting surface makes with a line perpendicular to this surface. SYN: incident a..
incident a. SYN: a. of incidence.
incisal guide a. the a. formed with the horizontal plane by drawing a line in the sagittal plane between incisal edges of the maxillary and mandibular central incisors when the teeth are in centric occlusion.
a. of inclination the a. formed by the meeting of a line drawn through the shaft of a long bone with one passing through the long axis of its femoral neck; normally refers to the femur and humerus. SYN: neck-shaft a..
inferior a. of scapula [TA] the acute a. formed by junction of the medial and lateral borders of the scapula. SYN: angulus inferior scapulae [TA] .
infrasternal a. [TA] the a. between the lower borders of the costal cartilages of the two sides as they approach the sternum. SYN: angulus infrasternalis [TA] , subcostal a.&star, subcostal arch&star, substernal a..
iridocorneal a. [TA] the acute a. between the iris and the cornea at the periphery of the anterior chamber of the eye. SYN: angulus iridocornealis [TA] , a. of iris, angulus iridis, filtration a..
a. of iris SYN: iridocorneal a..
Jacquart facial a. a facial a. with the intersection always at the nasal spine point; additional variation uses the supraorbital point instead of the glabella, and this latter version is also known as ophryospinal facial a. or Topinard facial a..
a. of jaw SYN: a. of mandible.
kappa a. the a. between the pupillary axis and the visual axis; it is positive when the pupillary axis is nasal to the visual axis, and negative when the pupillary axis is temporal to the visual axis.
lateral a. of eye [TA] the a. formed by the junction of the lateral parts of the upper and lower eyelids. SYN: angulus oculi lateralis [TA] , angulus oculi temporalis, external canthus, lateral canthus.
lateral a. of scapula [TA] the blunt, concave head of the scapula forming the glenoid cavity at the junction of the superior and lateral borders of the bone. SYN: angulus lateralis scapulae [TA] .
lateral a. of uterus the upper part of the side of the uterus at the point of its junction with the uterine tube.
limiting a. SYN: critical a..
line a. in dentistry, the junction of two surfaces of the crown of a tooth, or of a tooth cavity (cavity line a.).
Louis a. SYN: sternal a..
Lovibond a. the a. made at the meeting of the proximal nail fold and the nail plate when viewed from the radial aspect; normally, less than 180° but exceeding this in clubbing of the fingers. SYN: Lovibond profile sign.
Ludwig a. SYN: sternal a..
lumbosacral a. the a. between the long axis of the lumbar part of the vertebral column and that of the sacrum.
a. of mandible [TA] the a. formed by the lower margin of the body and the posterior margin of the ramus of the mandible. SYN: angulus mandibulae [TA] , a. of jaw.
mastoid a. of parietal bone [TA] the posteroinferior point of the parietal bone. SYN: angulus mastoideus ossis parietalis [TA] .
maxillary a. the a. formed by a line drawn from the ophryon and another from the point of the mandible and meeting at the contact between the upper and lower incisor teeth.
medial a. of eye [TA] the a. formed by the union of the upper and lower eyelids medially. SYN: angulus oculi medialis [TA] , angulus oculi nasalis, internal canthus, medial canthus.
mesial a. the a. formed by the meeting of the mesial with the labial (or buccal) or lingual surface of a tooth.
metafacial a. the a. between the pterygoid processes and the base of the skull. SYN: Serres a..
meter a. the amount of convergence required to view binocularly an object 1 m distant and exerting 1 diopter of accommodation. SYN: unit of ocular convergence.
a. of mouth [TA] the lateral limit of the oral fissure. SEE ALSO: labial commissure. SYN: angulus oris [TA] .
neck-shaft a. SYN: a. of inclination.
occipital a. of parietal bone [TA] 1. the posterior superior a. of the parietal bone; SYN: Broca angles (3) . 2. an a. formed by the junction, at the opisthion, of lines coming from the basion and from the projection in the median plane of the lower border of the orbits. SYN: angulus occipitalis ossis parietalis [TA] , Daubenton a.. SEE ALSO: Daubenton line, Daubenton plane.
olfactory a. the a. formed by the plane of the lamina cribrosa and the basicranial axis.
ophryospinal a. Jacquart facial a..
parietal a. an a. formed by the meeting of the prolongation of two lines tangential to the most prominent part of the zygomatic arch and to the parietofrontal suture on each side; when the lines remain parallel the a. is zero; when they diverge it is negative. SYN: Quatrefages a..
pelvivertebral a. the a. made by the pelvis as defined by the plane of the superior pelvic aperture with the general axis of the trunk or vertebral column. SEE ALSO: pelvic inclination.
phrenopericardial a. SYN: cardiophrenic a..
Pirogoff a. SYN: venous a. (1) .
point a. the junction of three surfaces of the crown of a tooth, or of the walls of a cavity.
a. of polarization the a. of incidence at which the reflected light is all polarized.
pontine a. SYN: cerebellopontine a..
pubic a. SYN: subpubic a..
Q a. the a. formed by lines representing the pull of the quadriceps muscle and the axis of the patellar tendon.
Quatrefages a. SYN: parietal a..
Ranke a. the a. formed by the horizontal plane of the head and a line passing from the center of the margin of the alveolar arch of the maxilla, below the nasal spine to the center of the frontonasal suture. [J. Ranke]
a. of reflection the a. that a ray reflected from a surface makes with a line drawn perpendicular to this surface; it is equal to the a. of incidence (2).
refracting a. of a prism SYN: apical a..
a. of refraction the a. that a ray leaving a refracting medium makes with a line drawn perpendicular to the surface of this medium.
a. of retroversion the a. formed by a line drawn through the center of the longitudinal axis of the neck and head of the humerus meeting a line drawn along the transverse axis of the condyles, when the base is viewed from above, looking straight down from above the head of the humerus; the normal a. of retroversion of the humerus is between 20° and 40°.
a. of rib [TA] the rather abrupt change in curvature of the body of a rib posteriorly, such that the neck and head of the rib are directed upward. SYN: angulus costae [TA] , costal a..
Rolando a. the a. which the fissure of Rolando (central sulcus) makes with the midplane.
Serres a. SYN: metafacial a..
S-N-A a. in cephalometrics, an a. measuring the anteroposterior relationship of the maxillary basal arch on the anterior cranial base; it shows the degree of maxillary prognathism. SEE ALSO: subspinale. [sella-nasion-subspinale (or point A)]
S-N-B a. an a. showing the anterior limit of the mandibular basal arch in relation to the anterior cranial base. SEE ALSO: supramentale. [sella-nasion-supramentale (or point B)]
sphenoid a., sphenoidal a. 1. a. formed by the intersection at the top of the sella turcica (dorsum sellae), of lines coming from the nasal point and from the tip of the rostrum of the sphenoid; 2. SYN: sphenoidal a. of parietal bone.
sphenoidal a. of parietal bone [TA] the anterior inferior a. of the parietal bone. SYN: angulus sphenoidalis ossis parietalis [TA] , sphenoid a. (2) , sphenoidal a., Welcker a..
sternal a. [TA] the a. between the manubrium and the body of the sternum at the manubriosternal junction. Marks the level of the second costal cartilage (rib) for counting ribs or intercostal spaces. Denotes level of aortic arch, bifurcation of trachea, and T4/T5 intervertebral disc. SYN: angulus sterni [TA] , Louis a., Ludwig a., manubriosternal junction.
sternoclavicular a. the a. formed by the junction of the clavicle with the sternum.
subcostal a. infrasternal a..
subpubic a. [TA] the a. formed between the inferior rami of the pubic bones. In the female, the a. approximates that a. between the widely extended thumb and index finger (90°); in the male, it approximates the a. between the widely abducted index and middle fingers (60°). SEE ALSO: pubic arch. SYN: angulus subpubicus [TA] , pubic a..
substernal a. SYN: infrasternal a..
superior a. of scapula [TA] formerly named the medial a., it lies at the junction of the superior and medial borders of the bone. SYN: angulus superior scapulae [TA] .
sylvian a. the a. formed by the sylvian line and a line perpendicular to the horizontal plane tangential to the highest point of the hemisphere.
tentorial a. the a. made by the plane of the tentorium and the basicranial axis.
Topinard facial a. Jacquart facial a..
a. of torsion the amount of rotation of a long bone along its axis or between two axes, measured in degrees; when this a. is oriented anteriorly, it is referred to as the a. of anteversion and most commonly describes the femur; when this a. is oriented posteriorly, it is the a. of retroversion and most commonly describes the humerus.
urethrovesical a. the a. between the female urethra and the posterior vesical wall, normally about 90°; narrowing of this a. in cystocele predisposes to stress incontinence.
venous a. 1. the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins, toward which converge the external and the anterior jugular and the vertebral veins, the thoracic duct in the left a. and the right lymphatic duct in the right a.; SYN: Pirogoff a.. 2. in neuroradiology, the a. of union of the superior thalamostriate vein (vena terminalis) with the internal cerebral vein, usually closely behind the interventricular foramen (of Monro).
Virchow a. an a. formed by the meeting of a line drawn from the middle of the nasofrontal suture to the base of the anterior nasal spine with a line drawn from this last point to the center of the external auditory meatus. SYN: Virchow-Holder a..
Virchow-Holder a. SYN: Virchow a..
visual a. the a. formed at the retina by the meeting of lines drawn from the periphery of the object seen.
Vogt a. a craniometric a. formed by the nasobasilar and alveolonasal lines. [K. Vogt]
Weisbach a. a craniometric a. formed by the junction, at the alveolar point, of lines passing from the basion and from the middle of the frontonasal suture.
Welcker a. SYN: sphenoidal a. of parietal bone.
xiphocostal a. SYN: costoxiphoid a..
y-a. in craniometry, the a. at the inion formed by lines drawn from the hormion and the lambda. SYN: hypsiloid a..

angor
angor (ang′gor)

Rarely used term for extreme distress or mental anguish. [L. quinsy, anguish]
a. animi the sense of being in the act of dying, differing from the fear of death or the desire for death; a symptom that may occur with angina pectoris and occasionally in diseases of the medulla. SYN: a. pectoris (2) .
a. pectoris 1. SYN: Gairdner disease. 2. SYN: a. animi.

Ångström
Ångström

Anders J., Swedish physicist, 1814–1874. See angstrom, Ångström law, Ångström unit, Ångström scale.

angstrom
angstrom (Å) (ang′strom)

A unit of wavelength, 10⁻¹⁰ m, roughly the diameter of an atom; equivalent to 0.1 nm. [AJ Ångström]

Anguillula
Anguillula (ang-gwil′loo-la)

Old name for a genus of free-living nematodes. See Turbatrix. [Mod. L. dim. of L. anguilla, eel]

angulation
angulation (ang′goo-la′shun)

1. Formation of an angle; an abnormal angle or bend in an organ. 2. In orthopaedics, a method of describing the alignment of long bones that have been affected by injury or disease; can be described in both anteroposterior and lateral planes.
apex anterior a. a. in the lateral plane in which the apex of the angle is directed anteriorly.
apex posterior a. a. in the lateral plane in which the apex of the angle is directed posteriorly.

angulus
angulus, gen. and pl. anguli (ang′gu-lus, -li) [TA]

SYN: angle. [L.]
a. acromii [TA] SYN: acromial angle.
a. costae [TA] SYN: angle of rib.
a. frontalis ossis parietalis [TA] SYN: frontal angle of parietal bone.
a. inferior scapulae [TA] SYN: inferior angle of scapula.
a. infrasternalis [TA] SYN: infrasternal angle.
a. iridis SYN: iridocorneal angle.
a. iridocornealis [TA] SYN: iridocorneal angle.
a. lateralis scapulae [TA] SYN: lateral angle of scapula.
a. mandibulae [TA] SYN: angle of mandible.
a. mastoideus ossis parietalis [TA] SYN: mastoid angle of parietal bone.
a. occipitalis ossis parietalis [TA] SYN: occipital angle of parietal bone (2) .
a. oculi lateralis [TA] SYN: lateral angle of eye.
a. oculi medialis [TA] SYN: medial angle of eye.
a. oculi nasalis SYN: medial angle of eye.
a. oculi temporalis SYN: lateral angle of eye.
a. oris [TA] SYN: angle of mouth.
a. pontocerebellaris [TA] SYN: cerebellopontine angle.
a. sphenoidalis ossis parietalis [TA] SYN: sphenoidal angle of parietal bone.
a. sterni [TA] SYN: sternal angle.
a. subpubicus [TA] SYN: subpubic angle.
a. superior scapulae [TA] SYN: superior angle of scapula.

anhaphia
anhaphia (an-haf′e-a)

SYN: anaphia.

anhedonia
anhedonia (an-he-do′ne-a)

Absence of pleasure from the performance of acts that would ordinarily be pleasurable. [G. an- priv. + hedone, pleasure]

anhidrosis
anhidrosis (an-hi-dro′sis)

Absence of sweat glands or absence of sweating, e.g., due to anticholinergic drugs. SYN: adiaphoresis. [G. an- priv. + hidros, sweat]

anhidrotic
anhidrotic (an-hi-drot′ik)

1. Relating to, or characterized by, anhidrosis. 2. SYN: antiperspirant (2) . 3. Denoting a reduction or absence of sweat glands, characteristic of congenital ectodermal defect and a. ectodermal dysplasia. SYN: adiaphoretic.

anhistic
anhistic, anhistous (an-his′tik, -tus)

Without apparent structure. [G. an- priv. + histos, web]

anhydrase
anhydrase (an-hi′dras)

An enzyme that catalyzes the removal of water from a compound; most such enzymes are now known as hydrases, hydro-lyases, or dehydratases.
carbonic a. a zinc-containing enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of CO₂ with HCO₃⁻ and H⁺. There are at least seven human isozymes that appear predominantly in red blood cells, secretory tissues, muscle, etc. A deficiency of carbonic a. II can result in osteopetrosis and metabolic acidosis. The inhibition of carbonic a. IV and possibly carbonic a. II by sulfonamides is a current therapy in the treatment of glaucoma. SYN: carbonate dehydratase, carbonate hydro-lyase.

anhydration
anhydration (an-hi-dra′shun)

SYN: dehydration (1) .

anhydride
anhydride (an-hi′drid)

An oxide that can combine with water to form an acid or that is derived from an acid by the abstraction of water.

anhydro- anhydro-

Chemical prefix denoting the removal of water. Cf.:pyro- (2) . [G. an- priv., + hydor, water]

3,6-anhydrogalactose
3,6-anhydrogalactose (an-hi′dro-ga-lak′tos)

A galactose derivative found in a number of polysaccharides ( E.G., agarose).

anhydrogitalin
anhydrogitalin (an-hi′dro-jit′a-lin)

SYN: gitoxin.

anhydroleucovorin
anhydroleucovorin (an-hi′dro-loo-ko-vor′in)

An intermediate formed in the folic acid-catalyzed glycine-serine interconversion. SYN: N⁵,N¹⁰-methenyltetrahydrofolic acid.

anhydrosugars
anhydrosugars (an-hi′dro-shug-arz)

Sugars from which one or more molecules of water, other than water of crystallization, have been eliminated. SYN: dehydrosugars.

anhydrous
anhydrous (an-hi′drus)

Containing no water, especially water of crystallization.

aniacinamidosis
aniacinamidosis (a-ni′a-sin-am-i-do′sis)

Rarely used term for deficiency of niacinamide which may be associated with pellagra. [G. a- priv. + niacinamide + -osis, condition]

aniacinosis
aniacinosis (a-ni′a-sin-o′sis)

Rarely used term for aniacinamidosis. [G. a- oruv. + niacin + -osis condition]

anicteric
anicteric (an-ik-ter′ik)

Not icteric.

anidean
anidean (an-id′e-an)

Shapeless; denoting a formless mass of tissue. SYN: anidous. [see anideus]

anideus
anideus (an-id′e-us)

A parasitic fetus consisting of a poorly differentiated mass of tissue with slight indications of parts. SEE ALSO: holoacardius amorphus. [G. an- priv. + eidos, shape]
embryonic a. a blastoderm without axial organization.

anidous
anidous (an-i′dus)

SYN: anidean.

anileridine
anileridine (an-i-ler′i-den)

Analgesic agent related chemically and pharmacologically to meperidine hydrochloride; used for relief of moderate to severe pain; also mildly antihistaminic and spasmolytic; addiction liability is equivalent to that of morphine.

anilide
anilide (an′i-lid)

An N-acyl aniline; e.g., acetanilide.

anilinction
anilinction, anilinctus (a-ni-lingk′shun, -lingk′tus)

SYN: anilingus.

aniline
aniline (an′i-lin, -len)

C₆H₅(NH₂);an oily, colorless or brownish liquid, of aromatic odor and acrid taste, that is the parent substance of many synthetic dyes; derived from benzene by the substitution of the group —NH₂ for one of the hydrogen unatoms. A. is highly toxic, may cause industrial poisoning, and may be carcinogenic. SYN: aminobenzene, benzeneamine, phenylamine. [Ar. an-nil, indigo]

aniline blue
aniline blue [C.I. 42755]

A mixture of sulfonated triphenylmethane dyes used widely as a connective tissue stain and counterstain.

anilingus
anilingus (a-ni-ling′gus)

Sexual stimulation by licking or kissing the anus; a type of oral-genital sexual activity. SYN: anilinction, anilinctus. [L. anus, + lingo, to lick]

anilinism
anilinism (an′i-lin-izm)

SYN: anilism.

anilinophil
anilinophil, anilinophile (an-i-lin′o-fil, -fil)

Denoting a cell or histologic structure that stains readily with an aniline dye. SYN: anilinophilous. [aniline + G. philos, fond]

anilinophilous
anilinophilous (an-i-li-nof′i-lus)

SYN: anilinophil.

anilism
anilism (an′i-lizm)

Chronic aniline poisoning characterized by gastric and cardiac weakness, vertigo, muscular depression, intermittent pulse, and cyanosis. SYN: anilinism.

anima
anima (an′i-ma)

1. The soul or spirit. See animus (4) . 2. In jungian psychology, the inner self, in contrast to persona; a female archetype in a man. Cf.:animus (5) . [L. breath, soul]

animal
animal (an′i-mal)

1. A living, sentient organism that has membranous cell walls, requires oxygen and organic foods, and is capable of voluntary movement, as distinguished from a plant or mineral. 2. One of the lower a. organisms as distinguished from humans. [L.]
cold-blooded a. SYN: poikilotherm.
control a. in research, an a. submitted to the same conditions as the others used for the experiment, but with the crucial factor (such as the injection of antitoxin, the administration of a drug, etc.) omitted. SEE ALSO: control, control experiment.
conventional a. an a. colonized by the burden of resident microorganisms normally associated with its particular species.
Houssay a. an a. that has been pancreatectomized and hypophysectomized. Named after the discoverer of the principle that animals are more sensitive to insulin after removal of the pituitary, and that after this operation the intensity of diabetes in depancreatized animals is diminished.
normal a. in research, an experimental a. that has neither suffered an attack of a particular disease nor received an injection of a specific microorganism or its toxin.
sentinel a. an a. deliberately placed in a particular environment to detect the presence of an infectious agent, such as a virus.
warm-blooded a. SYN: homeotherm.

animal black
animal black

SYN: animal charcoal.

animalcule
animalcule (an-i-mal′kul)

Term used by believers in the preformation theory to designate the supposed miniature body contained in a gamete. See homunculus. [Mod. L. animalculum, dim. of L. animal, a living being]

animation
animation (an-i-ma′shun)

1. The state of being alive. 2. Liveliness; high spirits. [L. animo, pp. -atus, to make alive; anima, breath, soul]
suspended a. a temporary state resembling death, with cessation of respiration; may also refer to certain forms of hibernation in animals or to endospore formation by some bacteria.

animatism
animatism (an′i-ma-tizm)

Attribution of mental or spiritual qualities to both living beings and nonliving things. SEE ALSO: animism.

animism
animism (an′i-mizm)

The view that all things in nature, both animate and inanimate, contain a spirit or soul; held by primitive peoples and young children. SEE ALSO: animatism. [L. anima, soul]

animus
animus (an′i-mus)

1. An animating or energizing spirit. 2. Intention to do something; disposition. 3. In psychiatry, a spirit of active hostility or grudge. 4. The ideal image toward which a person strives. 5. In jungian psychology, a male archetype in a woman. Cf.:anima (2) . [L. a., breath, rational soul in man, will]

anion
anion (A⁻) (an′i-on)

An ion that carries a negative charge, going therefore to the positively charged anode; in salts, acid radicals are anions.

anion exchange
anion exchange

The process by which an anion in a mobile (liquid) phase exchanges with another anion previously bound to a solid, positively charged phase, the latter being an anion exchanger. It takes place when Cl⁻ is exchanged for OH⁻ in desalting. The reaction is Cl⁻ (in solution) + (OH⁻ on anion exchanger⁺) → (Cl⁻ on anion exchanger) + OH⁻ (in solution); combined with cation exchange, NaCl is removed from solution. A. may also be used chromatographically, to separate anions, and medicinally, to remove an anion ( e.g., Cl⁻) from gastric contents or bile acids in the intestine.

anion exchanger
anion exchanger

An insoluble solid, usually a polystyrene or a polysaccharide, with cation groups ( e.g., &cbond;NR₃⁺ or &cbond;NR₂H⁺), which can attract and hold anions that pass by in a moving solution in exchange for anions previously held.

anionic
anionic (an-i-on′ik)

Referring to a negatively charged ion.

anionotropy
anionotropy (an′-i-on-ot′ro-pe)

The migration of a negative ion in tautomeric changes.

aniridia
aniridia (an-i-rid′e-a) [MIM*106200]

Absence of the iris; when congenital, a rudimentary iris root is usually present. About 60% of cases are inherited as autosomal dominant, although somewhat irregularly manifested. Cf.:irideremia. [G. an- priv. + irid- + -ia]

anisakiasis
anisakiasis (an′i-sa-ki′a-sis)

Infection of the intestinal wall by larvae of Anisakis marina and other genera of anisakid nematodes (Contracaecum, Phocanema), characterized by intestinal eosinophilic granuloma and symptoms like those of peptic ulcer or tumor. SYN: herring-worm disease. [G. anisos, unequal, + akis, a point, + -iasis, condition]

anisakid
anisakid (an-i-sa′kid)

Common name for nematodes of the family Anisakidae.

Anisakidae
Anisakidae (an-i-sa′ki-de)

Family of large nematode worms (superfamily Heterocheilidae) found in the stomach and intestines of fish-eating birds and marine mammals, infection being acquired from marine fish; human cases of anisakiasis have been reported from Japan. SEE ALSO: Anisakis.

Anisakis
Anisakis (an-i-sa′kis)

Genus of nematodes (family Anisakidae) that includes many common parasites of marine fish-eating birds and marine mammals. [G. anisos, unequal, + akis, a point]

anisate
anisate (an′i-sat)

A salt of anisic acid, usually possessing antiseptic properties.

anise
anise (an′is)

The fruit of Pimpinellla anisum (family Umbelliferae); an aromatic and carminative resembling fennel.

aniseikonia
aniseikonia (an′i-si-ko′ne-a)

An ocular condition in which the image of an object in one eye differs in size or shape from the image of the same object in the fellow eye. SYN: unequal retinal image. [G. anisos, unequal, + eikon, an image]

anisic
anisic (an-is′ik)

Relating to anise.

anisic acid
anisic acid (an-is′ik)

A crystalline volatile acid obtained from anise; its compounds are the antiseptic anisates. SYN: 4-methoxybenzoic acid.

anisindione
anisindione (an′i-sin-di′on)

An anticoagulant with pharmacologic actions similar to those of phenindone and bishydroxycoumarin.

aniso- aniso-

Unequal, dissimilar, unlike. [G. anisos, unequal, fr. an-, not, + isos, equal]

anisoaccommodation
anisoaccommodation (an-i′so-a-kom-o-da′shun)

Variation between the two eyes in accommodation capacity. [aniso- + L. accommodo, to adapt]

anisochromasia
anisochromasia (an-i′so-kro-ma′ze-a)

The unequal distribution of hemoglobin in the red blood cells, such that the periphery is pigmented and the central region is virtually colorless, as observed in films of blood from persons with certain forms of anemia caused by deficiency of iron; normal red blood cells show mild a. because of their biconcave shape. [aniso- + G. chroma, color]

anisochromatic
anisochromatic (an-i′so-kro-mat′ik)

Not uniformly of one color.

anisocoria
anisocoria (an-i-so-ko′re-a)

A condition in which the two pupils are not of equal size. [aniso- + G. kore, pupil]
essential a. SYN: simple a..
physiologic a. SYN: simple a..
simple a. a common (20% of normals) benign inequality of the pupils that may change from one hour to the next. SYN: essential a., physiologic a., simple-central a..
simple-central a. SYN: simple a..

anisocytosis
anisocytosis (an-i′so-si-to′sis)

Considerable variation in the size of cells that are normally uniform, especially with reference to red blood cells. [aniso- + G. kytos, cell, + -osis, condition]

anisodactylous
anisodactylous (an-i′so-dak′ti-lus)

Relating to anisodactyly.

anisodactyly
anisodactyly (an-i′so-dak′ti-le)

Unequal length in corresponding fingers. [aniso- + G. daktylon, finger]

anisogamy
anisogamy (an′-i-sog′a-me)

Fusion of two gametes unequal in size or form; fertilization as distinguished from isogamy or conjugation. [aniso- + G. gamos, marriage]

anisognathous
anisognathous (an-i-sog′na-thus)

Having jaws of unequal size, the upper being wider than the lower. [aniso- + G. gnathos, jaw]

anisokaryosis
anisokaryosis (an-i′so-kar-e-o′sis)

Variation in size of nuclei, greater than the normal range for a tissue. [aniso- + G. karyon, nut (nucleus), + -osis, condition]

anisole
anisole (an′i-sol)

Obtained from anisic acid; used in perfumery.

anisomastia
anisomastia (an-i-so-mas′te-a)

Breasts of unequal size. [aniso- + G. mastos, breast]

anisomelia
anisomelia (an-i-so-me′le-a)

A condition of inequality between two paired limbs. [aniso- + G. melos, limb]

anisometropia
anisometropia (an-i′so-me-tro′pe-a)

A difference in the refractive power of the two eyes. [aniso- + G. metron, measure, + ops, sight]

anisometropic
anisometropic (an-i′so-me-trop′ik)

1. Relating to anisometropia. 2. Having eyes of unequal refractive power.

anisopiesis
anisopiesis (an-i-so-pi-e′sis)

Unequal arterial blood pressure on the two sides of the body. [aniso- + G. piesis, pressure]

anisorrhythmia
anisorrhythmia (an-i-so-ridth′me-a)

Irregular action of the heart, or absence of synchronism in the rate of atria and ventricles. [aniso- + G. rhythmos, rhythm]

anisosphygmia
anisosphygmia (an-i-so-sfig′me-a)

Difference in volume, force, or time of the pulse in the corresponding arteries on two sides of the body, e.g., the two radials, or femorals. [aniso- + G. sphygmos, pulse]

anisosthenic
anisosthenic (an-i-sos-then′ik)

Of unequal strength; denoting two muscles or groups of muscles that are either paired or are antagonists. [aniso- + G. sthenos, strength]

anisotonic
anisotonic (an-i-so-ton′ik)

Not having equal tension; having unequal osmotic pressure. [aniso- + G. tonus, tension]

anisotropic
anisotropic (an-i-so-trop′ik)

Not having properties that are the same in all directions. [aniso- + G. tropos, a turning]

anisotropine methylbromide
anisotropine methylbromide (an′i-so-tro′pen)

An anticholinergic and intestinal antispasmodic.

Anitschkow
Anitschkow

Nikolai, Russian pathologist, 1885–1964. See A. cell, A. myocyte.

ankle
ankle (ang′kl)

1. SYN: a. joint. 2. The region of the a. joint. 3. SYN: talus.

ankylo- ankylo-

Bent, crooked, stiff, fused, fixed, closed. SEE ALSO: ancylo-. [G. ankylos, bent, crooked; ankylosis, stiffening of the joints, fr. ankos, a bend, a hollow]

ankyloblepharon
ankyloblepharon (ang′ki-lo-blef′a-ron)

Congenital or acquired adhesion of the upper and lower eyelid by bands of tissue. SYN: blepharocoloboma, filiform adnatum. [ankylo- + G. blepharon, eyelid]

ankylodactyly
ankylodactyly, ankylodactylia (ang′ki-lo-dak′ti-le, -dak-til′e-a)

Adhesion between two or more fingers or toes. SEE ALSO: syndactyly. [ankylo- + G. daktylos, finger]

ankyloglossia
ankyloglossia (ang′ki-lo-glos′e-a) [MIM 106280]

Partial or complete fusion of the tongue to the floor of the mouth; abnormal shortness of the frenulum linguae. SYN: tongue-tie. [ankylo- + G. glossa, tongue]

ankylomele
ankylomele (ang′ki-lo-me′le)

A curved or bent probe. [ankylo- + G. mele, probe]

ankylosed
ankylosed (ang′ki-lost)

Stiffened; bound by adhesions; denoting a joint in a state of ankylosis.

ankylosis
ankylosis (ang′ki-lo′sis)

Stiffening or fixation of a joint as the result of a disease process, with fibrous or bony union across the joint. [G. a., stiffening of a joint]
artificial a. SYN: arthrodesis.
bony a. SYN: synostosis.
dental a. bony union of the radicular surface of a tooth to the surrounding alveolar bone in an area of previous partial root resorption.
extracapsular a. stiffness of a joint due to induration or heterotopic ossification of the surrounding tissues. SYN: spurious a..
false a. SYN: fibrous a..
fibrous a. stiffening of a joint due to the presence of fibrous bands between and about the bones forming the joint. SYN: false a., pseudankylosis.
intracapsular a. stiffness of a joint due to the presence of bony or fibrous adhesions between the articular surfaces of the joint.
spurious a. SYN: extracapsular a..
true a. SYN: synostosis.

Ankylostoma
Ankylostoma (ang-ki-los′to-ma)

1. SYN: Ancylostoma. 2. SYN: trismus. [ankylo- + G. stoma, mouth]

ankylostomiasis
ankylostomiasis (ang′ki-lo-sto-mi′a-sis)

SYN: ancylostomiasis.

ankylotic
ankylotic (ang-ki-lot′ik)

Characterized by or pertaining to ankylosis.

ankyrin
ankyrin (ang′ki-rin)

An erythrocyte membranal protein that binds spectrin. A deficiency in a. may lead to a type of hereditary spherocytosis. SYN: anchorin, syndein. [G. ankyra, anchor, + -in]

ankyroid
ankyroid (an′ki-royd)

SYN: ancyroid.

anlage
anlage, pl .anlagen (ahn′lah-ge, -gen)

1. SYN: primordium. 2. In psychoanalysis, genetic predisposition to a given trait or personality characteristic. [Ger. plan, outline]

anneal
anneal (an-nel′)

1. To soften or temper a metal by controlled heating and cooling; the process makes a metal more easily adapted, bent, or swaged, and less brittle. 2. In dentistry, to heat gold leaf preparatory to its insertion into a cavity, in order to remove adsorbed gases and other contaminants. 3. The pairing of complementary single strands of DNA; or of DNA-RNA. 4. The attachment of the ends of two macromolecules; e.g., two microtubules annealing to form one longer microtubule. 5. In molecular biology, annealing is a process in which short sections of single-stranded DNA from one source are bound to a filter and incubated with single-stranded, radioactively conjugated DNA from a second source. Where the two sets of DNA possess complementary sequences of nucleotides, bonding occurs. The degree of relatedness (homology) of the two sets of DNA is then estimated according to the radioactivity level of the filter. This technique plays a central role in the classification of bacteria and viruses. SYN: nucleic acid hybridization. [A.S. anaelan, to burn]

annectent
annectent (a-nek′tent)

Connected with; joined. [L. an-necto, pres. p. -nectere, pp. -nexus, to join to]

Annelida
Annelida (an′ne-li′da)

A phylum that includes the segmented or true worms, such as the earthworm.

annelids
annelids (an′ne-lids)

Common name for members of the phylum Annelida.

annellide
annellide (an′e-lid)

A conidiogenous cell that produces conidia in succession, each leaving a ringlike collar on the cell wall when released. [Fr. annelide, fr. L. anellus, a ring]

annelloconidium
annelloconidium (an′e-lo-ko-nid′e-um)

A conidium produced by an annellide.

annexa
annexa (a-nek′sa)

SYN: accessory structures, under structure.

annexal
annexal (a-neks-al)

SYN: adnexal.

annexins
annexins (a-nek′sinz)

A family of at least 13 Ca²⁺-dependent phospholipid-binding proteins that may act as mediators of intracellular calcium signals.

annotto
annotto (a-not′o)

Coloring matter extracted from the seeds of Bixa orellana; contains bixin and several other yellow to orange-red pigments; used for coloring butter, margarine, cheese, and oils.

annular
annular (an′u-lar)

SYN: anular. [L. anulus, ring]

annuloplasty
annuloplasty (an′u-lo-plas-te)

Reconstruction of the ring (or annulus) of a cardiac valve. [L. anulus, ring, + G. plastos, formed]

annulorrhaphy
annulorrhaphy (an-u-lor′a-fe)

Closure of a hernial ring by suture. [L. anulus, ring, + G. rhaphe, seam]

annulus
annulus (an′u-lus)

SYN: ring.

AnOC
AnOC

Abbreviation for anodal opening contraction.

anochromasia
anochromasia (an′o-kro-ma′ze-a)

1. Failure of cells or other elements of tissue to be colored in the usual manner when treated with a stain (or stains). 2. Accumulation of hemoglobin in the peripheral zone of erythrocytes, thereby resulting in a pale, virtually colorless central portion. [G. ano, upward, + chroma, color]

anociassociation
anociassociation (a-no′se-a-so-se-a′shun)

Theory that afferent stimuli, especially pain, contribute to the development of surgical shock, and, as a corollary, that conduction anesthesia at the surgical field and presurgical sedation protect against shock. [G. a- priv. + L. noceo, to injure, + association]

anococcygeal
anococcygeal (a-no-kok-sij′e-al)

Relating to both anus and coccyx.

anodal
anodal (an-od′al)

Of, pertaining to, or emanating from an anode. SYN: anodic.

anode
anode (an′od)

1. The positive pole of a galvanic battery or the electrode connected with it; an electrode toward which negatively charged ions (anions) migrate; a positively charged electrode. Cf.:cathode. 2. The portion, usually made of tungsten, of an x-ray tube from which x-rays are released by bombardment by cathode rays (electrons). SYN: positive electrode. [G. anodos, a way up, fr. ana, up, + hodos, a way]
rotating a. in diagnostic radiography, a mushroom-shaped a. in modern x-ray tubes that rotates rapidly to avoid local heat buildup from electron impact during x-ray generation.

anoderm
anoderm (a′no-derm)

Lining of the anal canal immediately inferior to the dentate line and extending for about 1.5 cm to the anal verge; it is devoid of hair and sebaceous and sweat glands, and so is not true skin, although it is squamous epithelium; it is pale, smooth, thin, and delicate, and shiny when stretched; it is especially vulnerable to abrasion (as from rough toilet paper), chemical irritants (soaps), and is well provided with tactile and nociceptive (pain, itch) endings innervated by the inferior rectal (pudendal) nerve.

anodic
anodic (an-od′ik)

SYN: anodal.

anodontia
anodontia (an-o-don′she-a)

Congenital absence of the teeth; developmental, not due to extraction or impaction. SYN: agomphious, agomphosis, agomphiasis. [G. an- priv. + odous, tooth]
partial a. SYN: hypodontia.

anodontism
anodontism (an-o-dont′izm)

Congenital absence of tooth germ development.

anodyne
anodyne (an′o-din)

A compound less potent than an anesthetic or a narcotic but capable of relieving pain. [G. an- priv. + odyne, pain]

anoetic
anoetic (an-o-et′ik)

Lacking the power of comprehension, as in severe and profound levels of mental retardation. [G. anoesia, from a- priv. + noos, perception]

anogenital
anogenital (a′no-jen′i-tal)

Relating in any way to both the anal and the genital regions.

anomalad
anomalad (a-nom′a-lad)

A malformation together with its subsequently derived structural changes. [see anomaly]

anomaloscope
anomaloscope (a-nom′a-lo-skop)

An instrument used to diagnose abnormalities of color perception in which one-half of a field of color is matched by mixing two other colors. [G. anomalos, irregular, + skopeo, to examine]

anomaly
anomaly (a-nom′a-le)

Deviation from the average or norm; anything that is structurally unusual or irregular or contrary to a general rule. Congenital defects are an example of the definition of a.. [G. anomalia, irregularity]
Alder a. coarse azurophilic granulation of leukocytes, especially granulocytes, which may be associated with gargoylism and Morquio syndrome.
Aristotle a. when a small object is held between the first and second fingers crossed in such a way that it touches or presses upon skin surfaces that ordinarily are not pressed upon simultaneously by a single object, it is perceived falsely as two.
Chédiak-Steinbrinck-Higashi a. SYN: Chédiak-Higashi syndrome.
developmental a. an a. established during intrauterine life; a congenital a..
Ebstein a. congenital downward displacement of the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. SYN: Ebstein disease.
eugnathic a. SYN: eugnathia.
Freund a. a narrowing of the upper aperture of the thorax by shortening of the first rib and its cartilage; formerly believed to predispose to tuberculosis because of defective expansion of the lung apex.
Hegglin a. a disorder in which neutrophils and eosinophils contain basophilic structures known as Döhle or Amato bodies and in which there is faulty maturation of platelets, with thrombocytopenia; autosomal dominant inheritance. SYN: May-Hegglin a..
May-Hegglin a. SYN: Hegglin a..
morning glory a. congenital a. of the optic disk in which the nerve head is funnel-shaped, with a dot of white tissue at the end of the excavation, and is surrounded by an elevated pigmented annulus; the retinal vessels seen are multiple narrow bands at the edge of the disk.
Pelger-Huët nuclear a. [MIM*169400] congenital inhibition of lobulation in the nuclei of neutrophilic leukocytes; most cells present band or bilobulate appearance, and only an occasional cell is trilobed; it is not associated with disease, but may be confused with leukocyte “shift to left”; autosomal dominant inheritance.
Peters a. SYN: anterior chamber cleavage syndrome.
Rieger a. iridocorneal mesochymal dysgenesis.
Shone a. coarctation of the aorta, subaortic stenosis, and stenosing ring of the left atrium found in association with a parachute mitral valve.
Uhl a. right ventricular myocardial aplasia, causing a dilated, thin-walled right ventricle without murmurs; death results in early childhood. SYN: parchment right ventricle.
urogenital sinus a. SYN: hypospadias.

anomer
anomer (an′o-mer)

One of two sugar molecules that are epimeric at the hemiacetal or hemiketal carbon atom (carbon-1 in aldoses, carbon-2 in most ketoses); e.g., α-d-glucose and β-d-glucose. SEE ALSO: sugars. Cf.:epimer.

anomia
anomia (a-no′me-a)

SYN: nominal aphasia. [G. a- priv. + onoma, name]

anomie
anomie (an′o-me)

1. Lawlessness; absence or weakening of social norms or values, with corresponding erosion of social cohesion. 2. In psychiatry, absence or weakening of individual norms or values; characterized by anxiety, isolation, and personal disorientation. [Fr., fr. G. anomia, lawlessness]

anonychia
anonychia, anonychosis (an-o-nik′e-a, an-o-ni-ko′sis)

Absence of the nails. [G. an- priv. + onyx (onych-), nail]

anonyma
anonyma (a-non′i-ma)

SYN: innominate. [G. an- priv. + onyma, name]

Anopheles
Anopheles (a-nof′e-lez)

A genus of mosquitoes (family Culicidae, subfamily Anophelinae). The sporogenous cycle of the malarial parasite is passed in the body cavity of female mosquitoes of certain species of this genus; a few selected vectors (from among over 90 species) are listed below. [G. a., useless, harmful, fr. an- priv. + opheleo, to be of use]
A. aconitus mosquito species that is a vector of malaria in Indonesia, Thailand, and Cambodia.
A. albimanus a species having white hind feet, a common carrier of the malaria parasite in the West Indies and Central America.
A. albitarsus a South American species that transmits malaria.
A. annularis mosquito species that is an incidental vector of malaria in India.
A. annulipes mosquito species that is a vector of malaria in Australia.
A. aquasalis mosquito species that is a vector of malaria in the lesser Antilles, Trinidad, and Brazil.
A. arabiensis mosquito species that is a principal vector of malaria in arid or montane areas across sub-Saharan Africa to Kenya and the Sudan.
A. aztecus mosquito species that is a vector of malaria at higher elevations in Mexico.
A. balabacensis a vector species in Southeast Asia, Burma, and India.
A. barbirostris mosquito species that is a vector of malaria in Indonesia and the Malay Peninsula.
A. bellator mosquito species that is a vector of malaria in Trinidad and Brazil.
A. brunnipes mosquito species that is an incidental vector of malaria throughout tropical Africa.
A. campestris mosquito species that is a vector of malaria in Malaysia.
A. crucians mosquito species that is a secondary or suspected vector of malaria, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, and Eastern equine encephalitis within the United States.
A. cruzi mosquito species that is a vector of malaria in Brazil.
A. culicifacies mosquito species that is a common malaria vector in India and Sri Lanka, China, and elsewhere in the Orient.
A. darlingi a South American species, an important carrier of the malarial parasite.
A. flavirostris mosquito species that is an important vector of malaria in the Philippines, Java, and northern Celebes.
A. fluviatilis a species that is an important vector in India and Pakistan.
A. freeborni mosquito species that is a vector in the western U.S. (although endemic cases are no longer present).
A. funestus an important African mosquito species that transmits malaria.
A. gambiae an African mosquito species that is a most important vector of malaria.
A. jeyporiensis mosquito species that is a vector of malaria in south China.
A. karwari mosquito species that is a vector of malaria in New Guinea.
A. kweiyangensis mosquito species that is an important vector of malaria in Szechuan province in China.
A. labranchiae mosquito species that is an important vector of malaria wherever found in the Palearctic region.
A. lesteri mosquito species that is an important vector of malaria in the lower Yangtze Valley in China.
A. leucosphyrus mosquito species that is an important vector of malaria in Borneo.
A. maculatus mosquito species that is a vector in Malaysia and Indonesia.
A. maculipennis the type species of this genus; its wings are marked by spots formed of collections of scales; one of the most widely spread species active in the dissemination of malaria (formerly an important vector in continental Europe).
A. messeae mosquito species that is a vector of malaria in parts of Hungary and eastern Romania.
A. minimus mosquito species that is an important vector of malaria wherever found throughout the Orient.
A. pseudopunctipennis a South American vector mosquito species.
A. quadrimaculatus mosquito species that was formerly an important carrier of malaria in the southern United States.
A. stephensi a widespread mosquito species that is an important vector of malaria in Asia.
A. sundaicus mosquito species that is an important vector in the Orient and Southeast Asia.
A. superpictus mosquito species that is an important vector in the Mediterranean region, Middle East, and southern Asia.

anophelicide
anophelicide (a-nof′e-li-sid)

An agent that destroys the Anopheles mosquito.

anophelifuge
anophelifuge (a-nof′e-li-fooj)

An agent that drives away or prevents the bite of Anopheles mosquitoes.

Anophelinae
Anophelinae (an-of-e-li′ne)

A subfamily of the mosquitoes (Culicidae) consisting of several genera, including Anopheles.

anopheline
anopheline (a-nof′e-lin)

Referring to the Anopheles mosquito.

Anophelini
Anophelini (a-nof-e-li-ni)

The tribe of mosquitoes (family Culicidae) that includes the genus Anopheles. [G. anopheles, useless, troublesome]

anophelism
anophelism (a-nof′e-lizm)

The habitual presence in any region of Anopheles mosquitoes.

anophthalmia
anophthalmia (an-of-thal′me-a)

Congenital absence of all tissues of the eyes. SYN: anophthalmos. [G. an- priv. + ophthalmos, eye]

anophthalmos
anophthalmos

SYN: anophthalmia.

anoplasty
anoplasty (a′no-plas-te)

Reconstruction of the anus often using advancement flaps. [L. anus + G. plastos, formed]

Anoplocephala
Anoplocephala (an-op′lo-sef′a-la)

A genus of large tapeworms (family Anoplocephalidae) with strong linear segmentation, numerous scattered testes, and eggs with a pyriform apparatus; they are parasitic in herbivores, with terrestrial mites serving as intermediate hosts. [G. anoplos, unarmed, + kephale, head]
A. perfoliata a cosmopolitan species of the horse, donkey, mule, and zebra; cysticercoid larvae are found in arthropods. SYN: Taenia equina, Taenia quadrilobata.

Anoplura
Anoplura (an-o-ploo′ra)

The order of insects that includes the bloodsucking lice of mammals, with some 450 species arranged in 6 families, of which 4 contain species of medical or veterinary importance: Haematopinus, Linognathus, and Solenopotes of domestic mammals, and the human sucking lice Pediculus humanus. [G. anoplos, unarmed, + oura, tail]

anorchia
anorchia (an-or′ke-a)

SYN: anorchism.

anorchism
anorchism (an-or′kizm)

Absence of the testes; may be congenital or acquired. SYN: anorchia. [G. an- priv. + orchis, testicle]

anorectal
anorectal (a′no-rek′tal)

Relating to both anus and rectum.

anorectic
anorectic, anoretic (an-o-rek′tic, -ret′ik)

1. Relating to, characteristic of, or suffering from anorexia, especially anorexia nervosa. 2. An agent that causes anorexia. SYN: anorexic.

anorexia
anorexia (an-o-rek′se-a)

Diminished appetite; aversion to food. [G. fr. an- priv. + orexis, appetite]
a. nervosa a mental disorder manifested by extreme fear of becoming obese and an aversion to food, usually occurring in young women and often resulting in life-threatening weight loss, accompanied by a disturbance in body image, hyperactivity, and amenorrhea.

anorexiant
anorexiant (an-o-rek′se-ant)

A drug (“diet pills”), process, or event that leads to anorexia.

anorexic
anorexic (an-o-rek′sik)

SYN: anorectic.

anorexigenic
anorexigenic (an′o-rek-si-jen′ik)

Promoting or causing anorexia.

anorgasmy
anorgasmy, anorgasmia (an-or-gaz′me, -gaz′me-a)

Failure to experience an orgasm; may be biogenic (secondary to a physical disorder or medication), psychogenic (secondary to psychological or situational factors), or a combination of the two. [G. an- priv. + orgasm + -ia]

anoscope
anoscope (a′no-skop)

A short speculum for examining the anal canal and lower rectum.
Bacon a. an instrument resembling a rectal speculum, with a long slit on one side and an light source opposite.

anosigmoidoscopy
anosigmoidoscopy (a′no-sig-moy-dos′-ko-pe)

Endoscopy of the anus, rectum and sigmoid colon.

anosmia
anosmia (an-oz′me-a)

Loss or absense of the sense of smell. It may be: 1, general to all odorants (total), partial to some odorants, or specific to one or more odorants; 2, due to transport disorders (in nasal obstruction) or sensorineural disorders (affecting the olfactory neuroepithelium or the central olfactory neural pathways); or 3, hereditary or acquired. [G. an- priv. + osme, sense of smell]

anosmic
anosmic (an-oz′mik)

Relating to anosmia.

anosodiaphoria
anosodiaphoria (a-no′so-di-a-for′e-a)

Indifference, real or assumed, regarding the presence of disease, specifically of paralysis. [G. a- priv. + nosos, disease, + diaphora, difference]

anosognosia
anosognosia (a-no′sog-no′se-a)

Ignorance of the presence of disease, specifically of paralysis. Most often seen in patients with non-dominant parietal lobe lesions, who deny their hemiparesis. [G. a- priv. + nosos, disease, + gnosis, knowledge]

anosognosic
anosognosic (a-no-sog-no′sik)

Relating to anosognosia.

anospinal
anospinal (a′no-spi′nal)

Relating to the anus and the spinal cord.

anosteoplasia
anosteoplasia (an-os′te-o-pla′ze-a)

Failure of bone formation. [G. an- priv. + osteon, bone, + plasso, to form]

anostosis
anostosis (an-os-to′sis)

Failure of ossification. [G. an- priv. + osteon, bone]

anotia
anotia (an-o′she-a)

Congenital absence of one or both auricles of the ears. [G. an- priv. + ous, ear]

ANOVA
ANOVA

Acronym for analysis of variance.

anovesical
anovesical (a′no-ves′i-kal)

Relating in any way to both anus and urinary bladder.

anovular
anovular (an-ov′u-lar)

SYN: anovulatory.

anovulation
anovulation (an-ov-u-la′shun)

Suspension or cessation of ovulation.

anovulatory
anovulatory (an-ov′u-la-tor-e)

Absence of the development of a mature graafian follicle and/or the discharge of the ovum during a menstrual cycle. SYN: anovular.

anoxemia
anoxemia (an-ok-se′me-a)

Absence of oxygen in arterial blood; formerly often used to include moderate decrease in oxygen now properly distinguished as hypoxemia. [G. an- priv. + oxygen + G. haima, blood]

anoxia
anoxia (an-ok′se-a)

Absence or almost complete absence of oxygen from inspired gases, arterial blood, or tissues; to be differentiated from hypoxia. [G. an- priv. + oxygen]
anemic a. a term formerly considered synonymous with anemic hypoxia, but now reserved for extremely severe cases in which oxygen and functional erythrocyte volume are almost completely lacking.
anoxic a. a term formerly considered synonymous with hypoxic hypoxia, but now reserved for extremely severe cases in which oxygen is almost completely lacking.
diffusion a. diffusion hypoxia severe enough to result in the absence of oxygen in alveolar gas.
histotoxic a. poisoning of the respiratory enzyme systems of the tissues, as in the inhibition of cytochrome oxidase by cyanides; owing to the inability of tissue cells to utilize oxygen, its tension in arterial and capillary blood is usually greater than normal.
a. neonatorum any a. observed in newborn infants.
oxygen affinity a. a. due to inability of hemoglobin to release oxygen.
stagnant a. stagnant hypoxia severe enough to result in the absence of oxygen in tissues.

anoxic
anoxic (an-ok′sik)

Denoting or characteristic of anoxia.

ANP
ANP

Abbreviation for atrial natriuretic peptide.

Anrep
Anrep

G.V., 20th century Lebanese physiologist in Britain. See A. phenomenon.

ANS
ANS

Abbreviation for anterior nasal spine; autonomic nervous system.

ansa
ansa, gen. and pl. ansae (an′sa, -se) [TA]

Any anatomical structure in the form of a loop or an arc. SEE ALSO: loop. [L. loop, handle]
a. cervicalis [TA] a loop in the cervical plexus consisting of fibers from the first three cervical nerves. Fibers from a loop between the C1 and C2 spinal nerves accompany the hypoglossal nerve for a short distance, leaving it as the superior root of the a. cervicalis. Fibers from a loop between the C2 and C3 spinal nerves form the inferior root of the a. cervicalis. Most commonly, the roots merge, forming the a. cervicalis, which gives rise to branches innervating infrahyoid muscles. SYN: cervical loop, loop of hypoglossal nerve.
Haller a. SYN: communicating branch of facial nerve with glossopharyngeal nerve.
Henle a. SYN: nephronic loop.
a. hypoglossi obsolete term for a. cervicalis.
lenticular a. SYN: lenticular loop.
a. lenticularis [TA] SYN: lenticular loop.
ansae nervorum spinalium SYN: loops of spinal nerves, under loop.
peduncular a. SYN: a. peduncularis.
a. peduncularis [TA] a complex fiber bundle curving around the medial edge of the internal capsule and connecting the anterior part of the temporal lobe (temporal cortex), amygdala, and olfactory cortex with the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus; it enters the thalamus as a component of the inferior thalamic peduncle which also contains a major part of the fibers connecting the mediodorsal nucleus to the orbitofrontal cortex. SYN: peduncular a., peduncular loop, Reil a..
Reil a. SYN: a. peduncularis.
a. sacralis a nerve cord connecting one or both of the sympathetic nerve trunks with the ganglion impar.
a. subclavia [TA] a nerve cord connecting the middle cervical and inferior cervical or stellate sympathetic ganglia, forming a loop around the subclavian artery. SYN: subclavian loop, Vieussens a., Vieussens loop.
Vieussens a. SYN: a. subclavia.

ansate
ansate (an′sat)

SYN: ansiform.

anserine
anserine

1. (an′ser-in)Resembling or characteristic of a goose. See cutis anserina, pes anserinus. 2. (an′ser-en) N^a-(β-Alanyl)-π-methyl-l-histidine;present in muscle and brain. SYN: N-methylcarnosine. [L. anserinus, fr. anser, goose]

ANSI
ANSI

Abbreviation for American National Standards Institute.

ansiform
ansiform (an′si-form)

In the shape of a loop or arc. SYN: ansate. [L. ansa, handle, + forma, shape]

ansotomy
ansotomy (an-sot′o-me)

1. Surgical division of a loop, usually a constricting loop. 2. Section of the ansa lenticularis for treatment of striatal syndromes. [L. ansa, handle + G. tome, cutting]

ant
ant

One of the most numerous insects (order Hymenoptera), characterized by an extraordinary development of colonial dwelling and caste specialization.
black imported fire a. SYN: Solenopsis richteri.
fire a. any of several species in the genus Solenopsis whose bite causes a fiery, burning sensation and sometimes severe allergic reactions. SEE ALSO: solenopsin A.
harvester a. SYN: Pogonomyrmex.
red imported fire a. SYN: Solenopsis invicta.
velvet a. a wingless mutilid wasp (family Mutilidae, order Hymenoptera) known for its venomous sting.

ant- ant-

See anti-.

antacid
antacid (ant-as′id)

1. Neutralizing an acid. 2. Any agent that reduces or neutralizes acidity, as of the gastric juice or any other secretion ( e.g., calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide). SYN: antiacid.

antagonism
antagonism (an-tag′on-izm)

1. Denoting mutual opposition in action between structures, agents, diseases, or physiologic processes. Cf.:synergism. 2. The situation in which the combined effect of two or more factors is smaller than the solitary effect of any one of the factors. SYN: mutual resistance. [G. antagonisma, from anti, against, + agonizomai, to fight, fr. agon, a contest]
bacterial a. the inhibition of one bacterium by another.

antagonist
antagonist (an-tag′o-nist)

Something opposing or resisting the action of another; certain structures, agents, diseases, or physiologic processes that tend to neutralize or impede the action or effect of others. Cf.:synergist.
α-adrenoceptor a. SYN: α-adrenergic blocking agent.
β-adrenoreceptor a. SYN: β-adrenergic blocking agent.
aldosterone a. an agent that opposes the action of the adrenal hormone aldosterone on renal tubular mineralocorticoid retention; these agents, e.g., spironolactone, are useful in treating the hypertension of primary hyperaldosteronism, or the sodium retention of secondary hyperaldosteronism.
associated a. one of two muscles or groups of muscles which pull in nearly opposite directions, but which, when acting together, move the part in a path between their diverging lines of action.
calcium a. SYN: calcium channel-blocking agent.
competitive a. an antimetabolite.
enzyme a. an antimetabolite or inhibitor of enzyme action.
folic acid antagonists modified pterins, such as aminopterin and methotrexate, that interfere with the action of folic acid and thus produce the symptoms of folic acid deficiency; have been used in cancer chemotherapy and inflammatory disorders.
5-hydroxy tryptamine antagonists agents that block serotonin receptors and hence interfere with the biological actions of serotonin (5-HT).
insulin a. substances in the β- and γ-globulin or β₁-lipoprotein fractions of serum that may induce a functional insulin deficiency; may include nonprecipitating antibodies against nonhuman insulin.
leukotriene receptor a. a class of agents, of which zileuton, montelukast, zafirlukast are the best known, used in the prophylactic and chronic treatment of asthma in older children and adults; these drugs are not bronchodilators in themselves, but act by interfering with the leukotriene-mediated inflammatory process present in asthma.
muscarinic a. drugs that bind with muscarinic cholinergic receptors but do not activate them, thus preventing access to acetylcholine; examples include atropine, scopolamine, propantheline, and pirenzepine.
opioid antagonists agents such as naloxone and naltrexone that have high affinity for opiate receptors but do not activate these receptors. These drugs block the effects of exogenously administered opioids such as morphine, heroin, meperidine, and methadone, or of endogenously released endorphins and enkephalins.

antalgesia
antalgesia (ant-al-je′ze-a)

Rarely used term for lowering of a previous elevation in pain threshold. [anti- + G. algesis, sense of pain]

antalgic
antalgic (ant-al′jik)

SYN: analgesic (2) .

antalkaline
antalkaline (ant-al′ka-lin)

Reducing or neutralizing alkalinity.

antaphrodisiac
antaphrodisiac (ant′af-ro-diz′e-ak)

SYN: anaphrodisiac.

antaphroditic
antaphroditic (ant′af-ro-dit′ik)

1. SYN: anaphrodisiac. 2. SYN: antivenereal.

antarthritic
antarthritic (ant′ar-thrit′ik)

Rarely used term for: SYN: antiarthritic.

antasthenic
antasthenic (ant-as-then′ik)

1. Strengthening or invigorating. 2. An agent possessing such qualities. [anti- + G. astheneia, weakness]

antasthmatic
antasthmatic (ant-az-mat′ik)

SYN: antiasthmatic.

antatrophic
antatrophic (ant-a-trof′ik)

1. Preventing or curing atrophy. 2. An agent that promotes the restoration of atrophied structures.

antazoline hydrochloride
antazoline hydrochloride (an-taz′o-len)

A histamine-antagonizing agent used in treating allergy; also available as a. phosphate. SYN: phenazoline hydrochloride.

ante- ante-

Before, in front of (in time or place or order). SEE ALSO: pre-, pro- (1) . [L. ante, before, in front of]

antebrachial
antebrachial (an′te-bra′ke-al)

Relating to the forearm.

antebrachium
antebrachium (an-te-bra′ke-um) [TA]

SYN: forearm. [ante- + L. brachium, arm]

antecardium
antecardium (an-te-kar′de-um)

SYN: precordia.

antecedent
antecedent (an-te-se′dent)

A precursor. [L. antecedo, to go before]
plasma thromboplastin a. (PTA) SYN: factor XI.

ante cibum
ante cibum (an′te si′bum)

Before a meal. The plural is ante cibos, before meals. [L.]

antecubital
antecubital (an-te-ku′bi-tal)

In front of the elbow. [ante- + L. cubitum, elbow]

antefebrile
antefebrile (an-te-feb′ril)

Rarely used term for antepyretic. [ante- + L. febris, fever]

anteflex
anteflex (an′te-fleks)

To bend anteriorly (forward) or cause to bend anteriorly. [ante- + L. flecto, pp. flexus, to bend]

anteflexion
anteflexion (an-te-flek′shun)

A bending forward; a sharp forward curve or angulation; denoting especially the normal forward bend in the uterus at the junction of corpus and cervix uteri.
a. of iris rarely used term for an iris that is, in part, folded forward after a severe iridodialysis so that the pigmented layer faces forward.

antegrade
antegrade (an′te-grad)

In the direction of normal movement, as in blood flow or peristalsis. [ante- + L. gradior, to walk]

antemortem
antemortem (an′te-mor-tem)

Before death. Cf.:postmortem. [ante- + L. mors (mort-), death]

antenatal
antenatal (an-te-na′tal)

SYN: prenatal. [ante- + L. natus, birth]

antepartum
antepartum (an′te-par-tum)

Before labor or childbirth. Cf.:intrapartum, postpartum. [ante- + L. pario, pp. partus, to bring forth]

anteposition
anteposition (an′te-po-si′shun)

Forward or anterior position.

antepyretic
antepyretic (an′te-pi-ret′ik)

Before the occurrence of fever; before the period of reaction following shock. [ante- + G. pyretos, fever]

anterior
anterior (an-ter′e-or)

1. [NA] In human anatomy, denoting the front surface of the body; often used to indicate the position of one structure relative to another, i.e., situated nearer the front part of the body. SYN: ventral (2) [TA] , ventralis [TA] . 2. Near the head or rostral end of certain embryos. 3. Undesirable and confusing substitute for cranial in quadrupeds. In veterinary anatomy, a. is restricted to parts of the eye and inner ear. 4. Before, in relation to time or space. [L.]

antero- antero-

Anterior. [L. anterior, more before, earlier, fr. ante, before, + -r- -ior, more]

anteroexternal
anteroexternal (an′ter-o-eks-ter′nal)

In front and to the outer side.

anterograde
anterograde (an′ter-o-grad)

1. Moving forward. Cf.:antegrade. 2. Extending forward from a particular point in time; used in reference to amnesia. [L. gradior, pp. gressus, to step, go]

anteroinferior
anteroinferior (an′ter-o-in-fer′e-or)

In front and below.

anterointernal
anterointernal (an′ter-o-in-ter′nal)

In front and to the inner side.

anterolateral
anterolateral (an′ter-o-lat′er-al)

In front and away from the middle line.

anteromedial
anteromedial (an′ter-o-me′de-al)

In front and toward the middle line.

anteromedian
anteromedian (an′ter-o-me′de-an)

In front and in the central line.

anteroposterior
anteroposterior (an′ter-o-pos-ter-e-er)

1. Relating to both front and rear. 2. In x-ray imaging, describing the direction of the beam through the patient (projection) from anterior to posterior, e.g., an A-P projection of the abdomen; or the direction of view (A-P view) when a film is viewed as if facing the patient (anterior to posterior) regardless of projection.

anterosuperior
anterosuperior (an′ter-o-soo-pe′re-er)

In front and above.

anterotic
anterotic (ant-er-ot′ik)

Pertaining to an effort to avoid erotic feelings. [anti- + G. erotikos, pertaining to love]

antesystole
antesystole (an-te-sis′to-le)

Premature activation of the ventricle responsible for the pre-excitation syndrome of the Wolff-Parkinson-White or Lown-Ganong-Levine types.

anteversion
anteversion (an-te-ver′shun)

Turning forward, inclining forward as a whole without bending. [ante- + Mediev. L. versio, a turning]

anteverted
anteverted (an-te-vert′ed)

Tilted forward; in a position of anteversion.

anthelix
anthelix (ant′he-liks, an′the-liks)

SYN: antihelix. [anti- + G. helix, coil]

anthelminthic
anthelminthic (ant-hel-min′thik)

SYN: anthelmintic (1) .

anthelmintic
anthelmintic (ant-hel-min′tik, an-thel-)

1. An agent that destroys or expels intestinal worms. SYN: anthelminthic, antihelminthic, helminthagogue, helminthic (2) , helmintic (2) , vermifuge. 2. Having the power to destroy or expel intestinal worms. SYN: vermifugal. [anti- + G. helmins, worm]

anthelone
anthelone (an′the-lon)

SYN: urogastrone.
a. E SYN: enterogastrone.
a. U SYN: urogastrone.

antheridium
antheridium (an′ther-id′e-um)

The male gametangium produced in the teleomorph part of the life cycle of fungi. [Mod. L. anthera, flower, fr. G antheros, blooming, fr. antheo, to bloom, + dim. suffix -idium, fr. G. -idion]

anthiolimine
anthiolimine (an-thi-o′li-men)

Used in the treatment of filariasis and schistosomiasis.

anthocyanins
anthocyanins (an-tho-si′a-ninz)

A group of floral pigments, existing as glycosides in combination with glucose or cellobiose molecules, that range from red to blue and are often pH dependent; soluble in water and alcohol but not in ether. A. are divided into derivatives of pelargonidin, cyanidins, and delphinidins. Some have been used as hematoxylin substitutes. [G. anthos, flower, + kyanos, a blue substance]

Anthomyia
Anthomyia (an-tho-mi′ya)

A genus of muscoid flies similar in appearance to the common housefly. [G. anthos, flower, + myia, fly]
A. canicularis a small black horsefly, the larvae of which have been reported as accidental parasites in the intestine of humans, being hatched there from the ingested eggs; symptoms of gastroenteric irritation may be caused by it; adults may transport eggs of the tropical warble fly or botfly to humans, Dermatobia hominis, a cause of myiasis.

anthracemia
anthracemia (an-thra-se′me-a)

The presence of Bacillus anthracis in the circulating blood, usually resulting from previously developed anthrax of the skin or lungs. SYN: anthrax septicemia.

anthracene
anthracene (an′thra-sen)

1. A hydrocarbon obtained from coal tar; it oxidizes to anthraquinone, which is converted to alizarin dyes. SYN: anthracin. 2. A compound containing a. (1) as a part of its structure. [G. anthrax, coal]

anthracic
anthracic (an-thras′ik)

Relating to anthrax.

anthracin
anthracin (an′thra-sin)

SYN: anthracene (1) .

anthraco- anthraco- (an′thra-ko-)

Coal; carbon; carbuncle; corresponds to L. carb-, carbo-. [G. anthrax, anthrakos, charcoal, a live coal; a carbuncle, a pustule]

anthracosilicosis
anthracosilicosis (an′thra-ko-sil′i-ko′sis)

Pneumonoconiosis from accumulation of carbon and silica in the lungs from inhaled coal dust; the silica content produces fibrous nodules. SYN: coal worker's pneumoconiosis. [anthraco- + silicosis]

anthracosis
anthracosis (an-thra-ko′sis)

Pneumonoconiosis from accumulation of carbon from inhaled smoke or coal dust in the lungs. SEE ALSO: pneumomelanosis. SYN: collier lung, miner's lung (1) . [anthraco- + G. -osis, condition]

anthracotic
anthracotic (an-thra-kot′ik)

Characterized by anthracosis.

anthracycline
anthracycline (an-thra-sik′lin, -len)

Anticancer agent consisting of 3 moieties: a pigmented aglycone, an amino sugar, and a lateral chain. Examples are doxorubicin, daunorubicin, and daunomycin.

anthralin
anthralin (an′thra-lin)

Used as a substitute for chrysarobin in ointment for treatment of psoriasis and ringworm infestation. SYN: dithranol.

anthramucin
anthramucin (an-thra-mu′sin)

A neutralizing material from the capsule of Bacillus anthracis that neutralizes serum and tissue antimicrobial action.

anthranilic acid
anthranilic acid (an-thra-nil′ik)

One of the products of tryptophan catabolism. SYN: o-aminobenzoic acid.

anthraniloyl
anthraniloyl (an-thra-nil′o-il)

The acyl radical of anthranilic acid.

anthrapurpurin
anthrapurpurin (an′thra-poor′poo-rin)

C₁₄H₈O₅; 1,2,7-Trihydroxyanthraquinone;a purple dye used in histology as a reagent for calcium, although the specificity has been questioned.

9,10-anthraquinone
9,10-anthraquinone (an′thra-kwi′non)

1. The basis of natural cathartic principles in plants; used as a reagent. 2. A compound containing a. (1) as a part of its structure; this class of compound comprises the largest group of naturally occurring quinones.

anthrax
anthrax (an′thraks)

1. A disease in humans caused by infection by cutaneous a. (q.v.) followed by septicemia with the bacterium Bacillus anthracis from infected animals through skin; marked by hemorrhage and serous effusions in various organs and body cavities and by symptoms of extreme prostration. Rarely, infection is airborne, causing rapidly fatal pneumonia. This is the most severe form. 2. An infectious disease of animals, especially herbivores, due to presence in the blood of Bacillus anthracis. SYN: charbon. [G. a. (anthrak-), charcoal, coal, a carbuncle]
cerebral a. a form of a., associated with pulmonary or intestinal a., in which the specific bacilli invade the capillaries of the brain causing violent delirium; frequently associated with hemorrhagic meningitis.
cutaneous a. the skin of B. anthracis infection characteristic lesion that begins as a papule and soon becomes a vesicle and breaks, discharging a bloody serum; the seat of this vesicle, in about 36 hours, becomes a bluish black necrotic mass; constitutional symptoms of septicemia are severe: high fever, vomiting, profuse sweating, and extreme prostration; the infection is often fatal. SYN: malignant pustule.
intestinal a. a usually fatal form of a. marked by chill, high fever, pain in the head, back, and extremities, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, cardiovascular collapse, and frequently hemorrhages from the mucous membranes and in the skin (petechiae). SEE ALSO: mycosis intestinalis.
pulmonary a. a form of a. acquired by inhalation of dust containing Bacillus anthracis; there is an initial chill followed by pain in the back and legs, rapid respiration, dyspnea, cough, fever, rapid pulse, and extreme cardiovascular collapse. SYN: ragpicker's disease, ragsorter's disease, woolsorter's disease, woolsorter's pneumonia.

anthrone
anthrone (an′thron)

9,10-Dihydro-9-oxoanthracene;a reagent used in the detection of carbohydrates.

anthropo- anthropo-

Human. [G. anthropos, a human being (of either sex)]

anthropobiology
anthropobiology (an′thro-po-bi-ol′o-je)

The study of the biologic relationships of humans as a species.

anthropocentric
anthropocentric (an′thro-po-sen′trik)

With a human bias; under the assumption that humans are the central fact of the universe. [anthropo- + G. kentron, center]

anthropogenesis
anthropogenesis (an′thro-po-jen′e-sis)

SYN: anthropogeny.

anthropogenic
anthropogenic, anthropogenetic (an′thro-po-jen′ik, -je-net′ik)

Relating to anthropogeny.

anthropogeny
anthropogeny (an-thro-poj′e-ne)

The origin and development of man, both individual and racial. SYN: anthropogenesis, anthropogony. [anthropo- + G. genesis, origin]

anthropogony
anthropogony (an-thro-poj′o-ne)

SYN: anthropogeny.

anthropography
anthropography (an-thro-pog′ra-fe)

The geographical distribution of the varieties of human beings. [anthropo- + G. grapho, to write]

anthropoid
anthropoid (an′thro-poyd)

1. Resembling humans in structure and form. 2. One of the monkeys resembling humans; an ape. [G. anthropo-eides, man-like]

Anthropoidea
Anthropoidea (an′thro-po-id′e-a)

A suborder of the mammalian order Primates, that comprises the families Cebidae (New World monkeys), Callithricidae (marmosets), Cercopithecidae (Old World monkeys), Pongidae (gibbons, gorillas, chimpanzees, and orangutans), and Hominidae (humans).

anthropology
anthropology (an-thro-pol′o-je)

The branch of science concerned with origin and development of humans in all their physical, social, and cultural relationships. [anthropo- + G. logos, treatise]
applied a. a fusion of modern cultural a. and some aspects of sociology in the study of literate peoples in their cultures and deriving applications therefrom.
criminal a. a. in relation to the physical and mental characteristics, heredity, and social relations of the criminal. SEE ALSO: criminology.
cultural a. study of all aspects of culture resulting from human behavior, including, among others, speech and language, systems of thought, social systems, and the artifacts produced by a culture.
physical a. the study of the physical attributes of human beings.

anthropometer
anthropometer (an-thro-pom′e-ter)

An instrument for measuring various dimensions of the human body.

anthropometric
anthropometric (an-thro-po-met′rik)

Relating to anthropometry.

anthropometry
anthropometry (an-thro-pom′e-tre)

The branch of anthropology concerned with comparative measurements of the human body. [anthropo- + G. metron, measure]

anthropomorphism
anthropomorphism (an′thro-po-mor′fizm)

Ascription of human shape or qualities to nonhuman creatures or inanimate objects. Cf.:theriomorphism. [anthropo- + G. morphe, form]

anthroponomy
anthroponomy (an-thro-pon′o-me)

The study of the laws governing the development of the human species and the relation to the environment. [anthropo- + G. nomos, law]

anthropopathy
anthropopathy (an-thro-pop′a-the)

Attribution of human feelings to nonhumans, e.g., to gods or lower animals. [anthropo- + G. pathos, suffering]

anthropophilic
anthropophilic (an′thro-po-fil′ik)

Human-seeking or human-preferring, especially with reference to: 1) bloodsucking arthropods, denoting the preference of a parasite for the human host as a source of blood or tissues over an animal host; and 2) dermatophytic fungi which grow preferentially on humans rather than other animals. [anthropo- + G. phileo, to love]

anthropophobia
anthropophobia (an′thro-po-fo′be-a)

Morbid aversion to or dread of human companionship. [anthropo- + G. phobos, fear]

anthroposcopy
anthroposcopy (an′thro-pos′ko-pe)

Judging body type and build by inspection. [anthropo- + G. skopeo, to view]

anthroposomatology
anthroposomatology (an′thro-po′so-ma-tol′o-je)

That part of anthropology concerned with the human body, e.g., anatomy, physiology, or pathology. [anthropo- + G. soma, body, + logos, study]

anthropozoonosis
anthropozoonosis (an′thro-po-zo′o-no′sis)

A zoonosis maintained in nature by animals and transmissible to humans; e.g., rabies, brucellosis. Cf.:zooanthroponosis, amphixenosis. [anthropo- + G. zoon, animal, + nosos, disease]

anti- anti-

1. Against, opposing or, in relation to symptoms and diseases, curative. 2. Prefix denoting an antibody (immunoglobulin) specific for the thing indicated; e.g., antitoxin (antibody specific for a toxin). [G. anti, against, opposite, instead of]

antiacid
antiacid (an-te-as′id)

SYN: antacid.

antiadrenergic
antiadrenergic (an′te-ad-re-ner′jik)

Antagonistic to the action of sympathetic or other adrenergic nerve fibers. SEE ALSO: sympatholytic.

antiagglutinin
antiagglutinin (an′te-a-gloo′ti-nin)

A specific antibody that inhibits or destroys the action of an agglutinin.

antialexin
antialexin (an′te-a-lek′sin)

SYN: anticomplement.

antiallergic
antiallergic (an′te-a-ler′jik)

Relating to any agent or measure that prevents, inhibits, or alleviates an allergic reaction.

antianaphylaxis
antianaphylaxis (an′te-an′a-fi-lak′sis)

SYN: desensitization (1) .

antiandrogen
antiandrogen (an-te-an′dro-jen)

Any substance capable of preventing full expression of the biologic effects of androgenic hormones on responsive tissues, either by producing antagonistic effects on the target tissue, as estrogens do, or by merely inhibiting androgenic effects, such as by competing for binding sites at the cell surface.

antianemic
antianemic (an′te-a-ne′mik)

Pertaining to factors or substances that prevent or correct anemic conditions.

antiantibody
antiantibody (an′te-an′te-bod-e)

Antibody specific for another antibody.

antiantitoxin
antiantitoxin (an′te-an-te-tok′sin)

An antiantibody that inhibits or counteracts the effects of an antitoxin.

antiarachnolysin
antiarachnolysin (an-te-ar-ak-nol′i-sin)

An antivenin counteracting the poison (lysin) of a spider. [anti- + G. arachne, spider, + lysin]

antiarrhythmic
antiarrhythmic (an′te-a-rith′mik)

Combating an arrhythmia. SYN: antidysrhythmic.

antiarthritic
antiarthritic (an′te-ar-thrit′ik)

1. Relieving arthritis. 2. A remedy for arthritis. SYN: antarthritic.

antiasthmatic
antiasthmatic (an′te-az-mat′ik)

1. Tending to relieve or prevent asthma. 2. An agent that prevents or aborts an asthmatic attack. SYN: antasthmatic.

antiautolysin
antiautolysin (an′te-aw-tol′i-sin)

An antibody that inhibits or neutralizes the activity of an autolysin.

antibacterial
antibacterial (an′te-bak-ter′e-al)

Destructive to or preventing the growth of bacteria.

antibechic
antibechic (an-te-bek′ik)

SYN: antitussive. [anti- + G. bex (bech-), cough]

antibiont
antibiont (an-te-bi′ont)

A microorganism producing antimicrobial substance.

antibiosis
antibiosis (an′te-bi-o′sis)

1. An association of two organisms that is detrimental to one of them, in contrast to probiosis. 2. Production of an antibiotic by bacteria or other organisms inhibitory to other living things, especially among soil microbes. [anti- + G. biosis, life]

antibiotic
antibiotic (an′te-bi-ot′ik)

1. Relating to antibiosis. 2. Prejudicial to life. 3. A soluble substance derived from a mold or bacterium that inhibits the growth of other microorganisms. 4. Relating to such an action.
broad-spectrum a. an a. having a wide range of activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms.
peptide a. a. composed of peptides; the antibacterial action is based on the physical disruption of cell membranes.
transport a. a substance that makes biomembranes permeable to certain ions.

antibiotic-resistant
antibiotic-resistant

Indicating microorganisms that continue to multiply although exposed to antibiotic agents.

antibiotin
antibiotin (an-te-bi′o-tin)

SYN: avidin.

antiblennorrhagic
antiblennorrhagic (an′te-blen-o-raj′ik)

Rarely used term for: 1. Preventive or curative of a mucous discharge (blennorrhagia). 2. A remedy possessing such properties.

antibody
antibody (Ab) (an′te-bod-e)

An immunoglobulin molecule produced by B lymphoid cells with a specific amino acid sequence evoked in humans or other animals by an antigen (immunogen). These molecules are characterized by reacting specifically with the antigen in some demonstrable way, a. and antigen each being defined in terms of the other. Antibodies may also exist naturally, without being present as a result of the stimulus provided by the introduction of an antigen; antibodies are found in the blood and body fluids, although the basic structure of the molecule consists of two light and two heavy chains, antibodies may also be found as dimers, trimers, or pentamers. SEE ALSO: immunoglobulin. SYN: immune protein, protective protein, sensitizer (2) .
affinity a. the strength of binding between an a. and an antigen. This interaction is reversible.
agglutinating a. SYN: agglutinin (1) .
anaphylactic a. SYN: cytotropic a..
anti–basement membrane a. autoantibodies to renal glomerular basement membrane antigens.
anticardiolipin antibodies antibodies directed against cardiolipid, a phosphorylated polysaccharide ester of fatty acids found in cell membranes. Associated with immune-mediated illnesses, syphilis, and strokes; thought to be from a hypercoagulable state.
antiidiotype a. an antiantibody, the activity of which is directed specifically against the antigenic determinants (idiotope) of a particular immunoglobulin (a.) molecule. SYN: idiotypic a..
anti-MAG a. a specific a. against myelin-associated glycoprotein; the most important of the specific antibodies against myelin so far identified, present in the majority of patients with IgM-associated polyneuropathies.
antineutrophil cytoplasmic a. an autoantibody to cytoplasmic constituents of monocytes and neutrophils found in patients with vasculitis.
antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) autoantibodies found in some autoimmune diseases, recognized by their reactivity with cytoplasmic antigens in neutrophils; two groups are recognized: c-ANCA, reacting with proteinase 3, is found in polyangiitis and Churg-Strauss syndrome; p-ANCA, reacting with myeloperoxidase is found in Wegener granulomatosis.
antinuclear a. (ANA) an a. showing an affinity for nuclear antigens including DNA and found in the serum of a high proportion of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and certain collagen diseases, in some of their healthy relatives; also in about 1% of normal individuals.
antiphospholipid antibodies antibodies directed against phosphorylated polysaccharide esters of fatty acids, includes lupus anticoagulant, VDRL, and anticardiolipin antibodies. Associated with immune-mediated illnesses, syphilis, and stroke; thought to be from a hypercoagulable disorder.
antithyroglobulin a. a. to thyroglobulin.
avidity a. the sum total of the functional binding strength between a polyvalent and its a. antigen. The total binding strength represents the sum strength of all the affinity bonds.
bivalent a. a. that causes a visible reaction with specific antigen as in agglutination, precipitation, and so on; so-called because according to the “lattice theory” aggregation occurs when the a. molecule has two or more binding sites that can crosslink one antigen particle to another; probably a characteristic of the class of immunoglobulin.
blocking a. 1. a. which, in certain concentrations, does not cause precipitation after combining with specific antigen, and which, in this combined state, “blocks” activity of additional a. added to increase the concentration to a level at which precipitation would ordinarily occur; 2. the IgG class of immunoglobulin which combines specifically with an atopic allergen but does not elicit a type I allergic reaction, the combined IgG a. “blocking” available IgE class (reaginic) a. activity.
blood group antibodies see Blood Groups appendix.
catalytic a. an a. that has been altered to give it a catalytic activity. SYN: abzyme.
cell-bound a. a term used for a. on the surface of cells that may be bound either through antigen combining sites or other sites such as the Fc region.
CF a. SYN: complement-fixing a..
chimeric antibodies antibodies that may have the FAB fragment from one species fused with FC fragment from another species.
cold a. cold agglutinin.
cold-reactive a. cold agglutinin.
complement-fixing a. a. that combines with antigen leading to the binding and activation of complement, which may result in cell lysis. SYN: CF a..
complete a. SYN: saline agglutinin.
cross-reacting a. 1. a. specific for an epitope shared by members of a group, i.e., those with identical functional epitopes; 2. a. for antigens that have functional groups of similar, but not identical, chemical structure.
cytophilic a. SYN: cytotropic a..
cytotropic a. a. that has an affinity for certain kinds of cells, in addition to and unrelated to its specific affinity for the antigen that induced it, because of the properties of the Fc portion of the heavy chain. SEE ALSO: heterocytotropic a., homocytotropic a., cytotropic a. test. SYN: anaphylactic a., cytophilic a..
fluorescent a. an immunoglobulin (a.) to which a fluorescent dye has been attached.
Forssman a. a heterogenetic a. specific for the Forssman group of heterogenetic antigens. SYN: heterophil a., heterophile a..
heterocytotropic a. a cytotropic a. (chiefly of the IgG class) similar in activity to homocytotropic a., but having an affinity for cells of a different species rather than for cells of the same or a closely related species.
heterogenetic a. an a. that reacts to a heterogenetic antigen.
heterophil a. SYN: Forssman a..
heterophile a. SYN: Forssman a..
homocytotropic a. a. usually of the IgE class that has an affinity for tissues (notably mast cells) of the same or a closely related species and that, upon combining with specific antigen, triggers the release of pharmacologic mediators of anaphylaxis from the cells to which it is attached; the tropism seems to be dependent upon the Fc portion of the a. molecule; in anaphylaxis in the guinea pig, the homocytotropic a. involved is of the γG class. SYN: reagin (4) , reaginic a..
human antimouse a. (HAMA) a. produced after exposure to mouse proteins.
idiotypic a. an a. that binds to an idiotope of another a.. SYN: antiidiotype a..
immobilizing a. SYN: treponema-immobilizing a..
incomplete a. 1. SYN: univalent a.. 2. nonagglutinating.
inhibiting a. SYN: univalent a..
lymphocytotoxic antibodies antibodies specific for antigens of lymphocytes and which, upon combining with the antigens, induce cellular damage or death.
monoclonal a. (MAB, MoAb) an a. produced by a clone or genetically homogeneous population of fused hybrid cells, i.e., hybridoma; hybrid cells are cloned to establish cell lines producing a specific a. that is chemically and immunologically homogeneous.The technique for producing monoclonal antibodies, invented in 1975 by molecular biologists Cesar Milstein and Georges Kohler, has become a mainstay of immunologic research and medical diagnosis. MoAbs serve as experimental probes in cell biology, biochemistry, and parasitology, and are used in purification of biologic substances and certain drugs ( e.g., interferons). Because of their high specificity in binding to target antigens, they provide far more accurate assays than conventional antiserum. Tagged with radionuclides, they have been employed to deliver radiation doses directly to cancerous tissues.
natural a. SYN: normal a..
neutralizing a. a form of a. that reacts with an infectious agent (usually a virus) and destroys or inhibits its infectivity and virulence; may be demonstrated by means of mixing serum with the suspension of infectious agent, and then injecting the mixture into animals or cell cultures that are susceptible to the agent in question.
nonprecipitable a. SYN: nonprecipitating a..
nonprecipitating a. a. that, under conditions normally employed in precipitin tests, is refractory to precipitation by specific a., demonstrable when antigen is added serially in small amounts; nonprecipitating a. will precipitate under special conditions such as addition of complement. SYN: nonprecipitable a..
normal a. a. demonstrable in the serum or plasma of various persons or animals not known to have been stimulated by specific antigen, either artificially or as the result of naturally occurring contact. SYN: natural a..
P-K antibodies igE antibodies involved in the Prausnitz-Kustner reaction.
polyclonal a. (pol-e-klo′nal) a. that is derived from different clones of plasma cells but reacts with different epitopes of a particular antigen.
Prausnitz-Küstner a. one of the IgE class of antibodies first demonstrated by Prausnitz and Küstner by passive transfer to the skin. See homocytotropic a.. SYN: atopic reagin.
precipitating a. SYN: precipitin.
reaginic a. SYN: homocytotropic a..
ricin-blocked a. a. to which ricin has been attached.
treponema-immobilizing a. a., evoked during syphilitic infections, possessing specific affinity for Treponema pallidum, and which in the presence of complement immobilizes the organism. SYN: immobilizing a., treponemal a..
treponemal a. SYN: treponema-immobilizing a..
univalent a. an “incomplete” form of a. that has a single binding site; in the case of Rh+ erythrocytes, such an anti-Rh a. may coat the cells but not cause them to agglutinate in saline; however, agglutination does occur when such coated cells are suspended in serum or other protein media, such as albumin, therefore called serum agglutinin. SYN: incomplete a. (1) , inhibiting a..
Vi a. a form of a. that agglutinates highly virulent strains of Salmonella typhi, i.e., cells with Vi antigen; such bacteria are not agglutinable with O antiserum until the Vi antigen is destroyed. See Vi antigen.
Wassermann a. a nonspecific a., evoked during syphilitic infections, that combines with cardiolipin in the presence of lecithin and cholesterol; it is distinct from the treponema-immobilizing a..

antibrachial
antibrachial (an-te-bra′ke-al)

Incorrect spelling of antebrachial.

antibrachium
antibrachium (an-te-bra′ke-um)

Incorrect spelling of antebrachium.

antibromic
antibromic (an-te-bro′mik)

1. Deodorizing. 2. A deodorizer. [anti- + G. bromos, smell]

anticalculous
anticalculous (an-te-kal′ku-lus)

SYN: antilithic.

anticarious
anticarious (an′te-kar′e-us)

Preventing or inhibiting caries.

anticathexis
anticathexis (an′te-ka-thek′sis)

In psychoanalysis, the shifting of an emotional charge to an impulse or action of an opposite character; e.g., unconscious hatred expressed as conscious love. SYN: counterinvestment.

anticephalalgic
anticephalalgic (an′te-sef-a-lal′jik)

Headache-relieving or preventing.

anticholagogue
anticholagogue (an-te-kol′a-gog)

Rarely used term for an agent or process that reduces or suspends the flow of bile.

anticholinergic
anticholinergic (an′te-kol-i-ner′jik)

Antagonistic to the action of parasympathetic or other cholinergic nerve fibers ( e.g., atropine).

anticholinesterase
anticholinesterase (an′te-ko-lin-es′ter-as)

One of the drugs that inhibit or inactivate acetylcholinesterase, either reversibly ( e.g., physostigmine) or irreversibly ( e.g., tetraethyl pyrophosphate).

α1-antichymotrypsin
α₁-antichymotrypsin (an′ti-ki′mo-trip-sin)

An inhibitor protein of the digestive protease, chymotrypsin.

anticipate
anticipate (an-tis′i-pat)

To come before the appointed time; said of a periodic symptom or disease, such as a malarial paroxysm, when it recurs at progressively shorter intervals. [L. anticipo, pp. -cipatus, to a., fr. anti (old form of ante), before, + capio, to take]

anticipation
anticipation (an-tis-i-pa′shun)

1. Appearance before the appointed time of a periodic symptom or sign. 2. Progressively earlier age of manifestation of a hereditary disease in successive generations; may be factitious (because of heightened awareness to early signs of the disease or because they are more conspicuous in the young) or authentic (because of progressive loss of epistatic and modifier genes by recombination and segregation, or because of expansion of unstable alleles in successive generations). 3. An increase in the severity of a phenotype in successive generations of a family, often associated with an increase in the number of trinucleotide repeats in a causative gene (e.g., fragile X syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, Huntington disease).

anticlinal
anticlinal (an-te-kli′nal)

Inclined in opposite directions, as two sides of a pyramid. [anti- + G. klino, to incline]

anticnemion
anticnemion (an-tik-ne′me-on)

SYN: anterior border of tibia. [G. antiknemion]

anticoagulant
anticoagulant (an′te-ko-ag′u-lant)

1. Preventing coagulation. 2. An agent having such action ( e.g., warfarin).
lupus a. antiphospholipid antibody causing elevation in partial thromboplastin time; associated with venous and arterial thrombosis.

anticodon
anticodon (an-te-ko′don)

The trinucleotide sequence complementary to a codon found in one loop of a tRNA molecule; e.g., if a codon is A&cbond;G&cbond;C, its a. is U (or T)&cbond;C&cbond;G. The complementarity principle arises from Watson-Crick base-pairing, in which A is complementary to U (or T) and G is complementary to C. Sometimes called “nodoc.”

anticomplement
anticomplement (an-te-kom′ple-ment)

A substance that combines with a complement component and neutralizes its action by preventing its union with an antibody. SYN: antialexin.

anticomplementary
anticomplementary (an′te-kom-ple-men′ta-re)

Denoting a substance possessing the power of diminishing or abolishing the action of a complement.

anticontagious
anticontagious (an′te-kon-ta′jus)

Preventing contagion.

anticonvulsant
anticonvulsant (an′te-kon-vul′sant)

1. Preventing or arresting seizures. 2. An agent having such action. SYN: anticonvulsive, antiepileptic.

anticonvulsive
anticonvulsive (an′te-kon-vul′siv)

SYN: anticonvulsant.

anticurare
anticurare (an-te-koo-ra′-re)

A drug property referring to the capacity to reverse the muscle paralysis produced by d-tubocurarine and other curarelike neuromuscular blocking drugs. Examples include neostigmine, pyridostigmine, and edrophonium.

anticus
anticus (an-ti′kus)

A term in anatomic nomenclature to designate a muscle or other structure which of all similar structures is nearest the front or ventral surface. Nomina Anatomica uses “anterior” in place of this term. [L. in the very front, fr. ante, before]

anticytotoxin
anticytotoxin (an′te-si-to-tok′sin)

A specific antibody that inhibits or destroys the activity of a cytotoxin.

antidepressant
antidepressant (an′te-de-pres′ant)

1. Counteracting depression. 2. An agent used in treating depression.
tetracyclic a. a class of antidepressants similar to the tricyclic antidepressants and also related to the phenothiazine antipsychotics; e.g., maprotiline.
triazolopyridine a. a class of antidepressants structurally and pharmacologically unrelated to other antidepressants; clinical effectiveness appears to be equivalent to the tricyclic antidepressants, but with less anticholinergic side effects; e.g., trazodone.
tricyclic a. a chemical group of a. drugs that share a 3-ringed nucleus; e.g., amitriptyline, imipramine, desipramine, and nortriptyline.

antidiabetic
antidiabetic (an′te-di-a-bet′ik)

Counteracting diabetes; denoting an agent that lowers blood sugar ( e.g., tolbutamide, insulin).

antidiarrheal
antidiarrheal, antidiarrhetic (an′te-di-a-re′al, -di-a-ret′ik)

1. Having the property of opposing or correcting diarrhea. 2. An agent having such action ( e.g., loperamide).

antidiuresis
antidiuresis (an′te-di-u-re′sis)

Reduction of urinary volume.

antidiuretic
antidiuretic (an′te-di-u-ret′ik)

An agent that reduces the output of urine.

antidotal
antidotal (an-te-do′tal)

Relating to or acting as an antidote.

antidote
antidote (an′te-dot)

An agent that neutralizes a poison or counteracts its effects. [G. antidotos, fr. anti, against, + dotos, what is given, fr. didomi, to give]
chemical a. a substance that unites with a poison to form an innocuous chemical compound.
mechanical a. a substance that prevents the absorption of a poison.
physiologic a. an agent that produces systemic effects contrary to those of a given poison.
universal a. a dated mixture of 2 parts activated charcoal, 1 part tannic acid, and 1 part magnesium oxide intended to be administered to patients who consumed poison. The mixture is ineffective and no longer used; activated charcoal is useful.

antidromic
antidromic (an-te-drom′ik)

Denoting the propagation of an impulse along a conduction system ( e.g., nerve fiber) in the direction opposite to which it normally travels.

antidysenteric
antidysenteric (an′te-dis-en-ter′ik)

Relieving or preventing dysentery.

antidysrhythmic
antidysrhythmic (an′te-dis-rith′mik)

SYN: antiarrhythmic.

antidysuric
antidysuric (an′te-dis-u′rik)

Preventing or relieving strangury or distress in urination.

antiemetic
antiemetic (an′te-e-met′ik)

1. Preventing or arresting vomiting. 2. A remedy that tends to control nausea and vomiting. [anti- + G. emetikos, emetic]

antienergic
antienergic (an′te-en-er′jik)

Acting against or in opposition. [anti- + G. energos, active]

antienzyme
antienzyme (an-te-en′zim)

An agent or principle that retards, inhibits, or destroys the activity of an enzyme; may be an inhibitory enzyme or an antibody to an enzyme ( e.g., serum antitrypsin).

antiepileptic
antiepileptic (an′te-ep-i-lep′tik)

SYN: anticonvulsant.

antiestrogen
antiestrogen (an′te-es′tro-jen)

Any substance capable of preventing full expression of the biological effects of estrogenic hormones on responsive tissues, either by producing antagonistic effects on the target tissue, as androgens and progestogens do, or by competing with estrogens at estrogen receptors at the cellular level ( e.g., tamoxifen).

antifebrile
antifebrile (an-te-fe′bril, -feb′ril)

SYN: antipyretic (1) . [anti- + L. febris, fever]

antifibrillatory
antifibrillatory (an′te-fi′bri-la-tor-e)

Any measure or medication that tends to suppress fibrillary arrhythmias (atrial fibrillation, ventricular fibrillation).

antifibrinolysin
antifibrinolysin (an′te-fi-bri-nol′i-sin)

SYN: antiplasmin.

antifibrinolytic
antifibrinolytic (an′te-fi-brin-o-lit′ik)

Denoting a substance that decreases the breakdown of fibrin; e.g., aminocaproic acid.

antifolic
antifolic (an-te-fo′lik)

1. Antagonistic to the action of folic acid. 2. Any agent with this effect. SEE ALSO: folic acid antagonists, under antagonist.

antifungal
antifungal (an-te-fung′al)

SYN: antimycotic.

anti-G
anti-G

In the strict sense, a term that means “antigravity” but, as commonly used, an adjectival term that implies protection against the effects of gravity ( e.g., anti-G suit).

antigen
antigen (Ag) (an′ti-jen)

Any substance that, as a result of coming in contact with appropriate cells, induces a state of sensitivity and/or immune responsiveness after a latent period (days to weeks) and that reacts in a demonstrable way with antibodies and/or immune cells of the sensitized subject in vivo or in vitro. Modern usage tends to retain the broad meaning of a., employing the terms “antigenic determinant” or “determinant group” for the particular chemical group of a molecule that confers antigenic specificity. SEE ALSO: hapten. SYN: immunogen. [anti(body) + G. -gen, producing]
ABO antigens see ABO blood group, Blood Groups appendix.
acetone-insoluble a. SYN: cardiolipin.
allogeneic a. (al′o-je-ne′ik) genetic variations of the same antigens within a given species.
Am antigens allotypic determinants (antigens) on the heavy chain of human IgA molecules.
Au a. 1. see Auberger blood group, Blood Groups appendix; 2. SYN: Australia a..
Aus a. SYN: Australia a..
Australia a. so-called because it was first recognized in an Australian aborigine, but now known to be subunits of the hepatitis B virus surface a.. SYN: Au a. (2) , Aus a..
Be^a antigens see low frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix. SYN: Becker a..
Becker a. SYN: Be^a antigens.
Bi a. see low frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix. SYN: Bile a..
Bile a. SYN: Bi a..
blood group a. generic term for any inherited a. found on the surface of erythrocytes that determines a blood grouping reaction with specific antiserum; antigens of the ABO and Lewis blood groups may be found also in saliva and other body fluids; the genes controlling development of blood group antigens vary in frequency in different population and ethnic groups. See also Blood Groups appendix. SYN: blood group substance.
By a. see low frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix.
CA-125 a. tumor marker elevated in 85% of women with advanced ovarian cancer. SEE ALSO: cancer a. 125 test.
CA-15-3 a. a. present in some patients with breast cancer.
CA-19-9 a. tumor a. present in cholangiocarcinomas and pancreatic carcinomas.
capsular a. that found only in the capsules of certain microorganisms; e.g., the specific polysaccharides of various types of pneumococci.
carcinoembryonic a. (CEA) a glycoprotein constituent of the glycocalyx of embryonic endodermal epithelium, which may be elevated in the serum of some patients with colon and certain other cancers and in serum of chronic tobacco smokers.
Casoni a. skin-test a. composed of sterile hydatid fluid; used in test for hydatid disease.
C carbohydrate a. an a. found in the cell wall of Streptococcus species and denotes different strains. See β-hemolytic streptococci, under streptococcus.
CDE antigens see Rh blood group, Blood Groups appendix.
cholesterinized a. cardiolipin to which cholesterol has been added.
Chr^a antigens see low frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix.
class I antigens cell-membrane–bound glycoproteins found on most nucleated cells that are coded by genes of the major histocompatibility complex.
class II antigens a cell membrane glycoprotein encoded by genes of the major histocompatibility complex. These antigens are distributed on a.-presenting cells such as macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells.
class III antigens non–cell-membrane molecules that are encoded by the S region of the major histocompatibility complex. These antigens are not involved in determining histocompatibility and include the complement proteins as well as certain cytokine genes i.e., tumor necrosis factors α and β.
cluster of differentiation (CD) a. an a. (marker) on the surface of a cell, usually a lymphocyte.
common a. cross-reacting a. (epitope); a common a. that occurs in two or more different molecules or organisms.
complete a. any a. capable of stimulating the formation of antibody with which it reacts in vivo or in vitro, as distinguished from incomplete a. (hapten).
conjugated a. SYN: conjugated hapten.
D a. one of 6 antigens that compose the Rh locus. Antibody induced by D a. is the most frequent cause of hemolytic disease of the newborn.
delta a. SYN: hepatitis D virus.
Dharmendra a. a chloroform-ether extracted suspension of Mycobacterium leprae; used to produce the Fernandez reaction in a lepromin test.
Di a. see Diego blood group, Blood Groups appendix.
Duffy antigens see Duffy blood group, Blood Groups appendix.
epithelial membrane a. (EMA) a heavily glycosylated, 70 kd protein complex, first isolated in human milk fat globulin; this a. is present in a variety of glandular epithelia, especially in breast carcinoma cells, but may also be seen in cultured fibroblasts, lymphoid cells, and some stromal cells. Immunohistochemical staining may be used as a diagnostic aid in tissue diagnosis.
flagellar a. the heat-labile antigens associated with bacterial flagella, in contrast to somatic a.. SEE ALSO: H a..
Forssman a. a type of heterogenetic a. found in dogs, horses, sheep, cats, turtles, eggs of some fish, in certain bacteria ( e.g., some strains of enteric organisms and pneumococci), and varieties of corn; usually found in the tissues and organs (not in blood), but is present in sheep erythrocytes, though not in this animal's tissues; with the exception of guinea pigs and hamsters, Forssman a. is not found in rodents, or in frogs, hogs, and most primates; the antibody that develops in infectious mononucleosis of humans reacts specifically with the Forssman. a..
Fy antigens see Duffy blood group, Blood Groups appendix.
G a. an antigenic glycoprotein frequently associated with viral surfaces. [Ger. gebundenes, bound]
Ge a. see high frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix.
Gerbich a. glycophorin C. See glycophorins.
Gm antigens allotypic determinants (antigens) that are present on the heavy chain of immunoglobulin G. There are 25 different determinants present throughout the human population.
Good a. see low frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix.
Gr a. SYN: Vw a..See Vw a. under MNSs blood group in Blood Groups appendix.
group antigens antigens that are present on different organisms.
H a. 1. the a. in the flagella of motile bacteria; important in serologic classification of enteric bacteria. SEE ALSO: O a. (1) . 2. the chemical precursor of antigens of the ABO blood group locus.
H-2 antigens antigens that are coded by the H-2 complex of genes in mice and are involved in self/nonself recognition.
He antigens see MNSs blood group, Blood Groups appendix. SYN: Hu antigens.
heart a. SYN: cardiolipin.
hepatitis-associated a. (HAA) a term used for the surface a. of hepatitis B virus before its nature was established. See hepatitis B surface a..
hepatitis B core a. (HB_cAb, HB_cAg) the a. found in the core of the Dane particle (which is the complete virus) and also in hepatocyte nuclei in hepatitis B infections.
hepatitis B e a. (HB_eAb, HBe, HB_eAg) an a., or group of antigens, associated with hepatitis B infection and distinct from the surface a. (HB_sAg) and the core a. (HB_cAg); it is associated with the viral nucleocapsid. Its presence indicates that the virus is replicating and the individual is potentially infectious.
hepatitis B surface a. (HB_sAb, HB_sAg) a. of the small (20 nm) spherical and filamentous forms of hepatitis B a., and a surface a. of the larger (42 nm) Dane particle (complete infectious hepatitis B virus). SEE ALSO: hepatitis B core a., hepatitis B e a..
heterogeneic a. heterophile a..
heterogenetic a. SYN: heterophile a..
heterophil a. SYN: heterophile a..
heterophile a. 1. an a. or antigenic determinant that is found in different tissues in more than one species. 2. an a. that is possessed by a variety of different phylogenetically unrelated species; e.g., the various organ- or tissue-specific antigens, the α- and β-crystalline protein of the lens of the eye, and Forssman a.. SYN: heterogenetic a., heterophil a..
hexon a. viral subunit. See hexon.
histocompatibility a. an a. on the surface of nucleated cells, particularly leucocytes and thrombocytes. SEE ALSO: H-2 antigens. SYN: transplantation a..
HL-A antigens now obsolete, this was the original designation for human leukocyte histocompatibility antigens. The HLA histocompatibility system in humans is composed of MHC classes I, II, III. See major histocompatibility complex.
Ho a. see low frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix.
homologous a. the specific a. that generates the formation of an antibody that in turn can react with that a..
Hu antigens SYN: He antigens.
human leukocyte antigens (HLA) [MIM*142560] system designation for the gene products of at least four linked loci (A, B, C, and D) and a number of subloci on the sixth human chromosome that have been shown to have a strong influence on human allotransplantation, transfusions in refractory patients, and certain disease associations; more than 50 alleles are recognized, most of which are at loci HLA-A and HLA-B; autosomal dominant inheritance.
H-Y a. an a. factor, dependent on the Y chromosome, responsible for the differentiation of the human embryo into the male phenotype by inducing the initially bipotential embryonic gonad to develop into a testis; in the absence of this a., the indifferent gonad develops into an ovary. There are at least two loci involved, an autosomal gene that generates the a. [MIM*143170] and one that makes the receptor [MIM*143150].
I antigens see I blood group, Blood Groups appendix.
incomplete a. SYN: hapten.
InV group a. SYN: Km a..
Jk antigens see Kidd blood group, Blood Groups appendix.
Jobbins a. see low frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix.
Js a. see Sutter Blood Group, Blood Groups appendix.
K antigens see Kell blood group, Blood Groups appendix.
Km a. allotypic antigens that are present on human kappa immunoglobulin light chains. SYN: InV group a..
Kveim a. a saline suspension of human sarcoid tissue prepared from the spleen of an individual with active sarcoidosis; used in the Kveim test. SYN: Kveim-Siltzbach a..
Kveim-Siltzbach a. SYN: Kveim a..
Lan a. see high frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix.
Le antigens see Lewis blood group, Blood Groups appendix.
leukocyte common a. (loo′ko-sit) family of glycoproteins found on most leukocytes and absent from other cell types. These cell surface antigens can comprise up to 10% of the membrane proteins.
Levay a. see low frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix.
Lu antigens see Lutheran blood group, Blood Groups appendix.
lymphocyte function associated a. (LFA) (limf′o-sit) a member of the integrin family that is expressed on all leukocytes and binds to ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 on a variety of cells.
lymphogranuloma venereum a. a sterile preparation of inactivated chlamydiae grown in the yolk sac of domestic fowl and used as an a. in the Frei test.
Lyt antigens a group of alloantigens that are present on either T or B murine lymphocytes, e.g., Lyt 2,3 is equivalent to human CD8.
M a. an a. found in the cell of Streptococcus pyogenes; associated with virulence. See β-hemolytic streptococci, under streptococcus.
M₁ a., M^g a., M^c a., M₂ a. see MNSs blood group, Blood Groups appendix.
Mitsuda a. an autoclaved suspension of human tissue naturally infected with Mycobacterium leprae; used to produce the Mitsuda reaction in a lepromin test.
MNSs antigens see MNSs blood group, Blood Groups appendix.
Mu a. see MNS blood group, Blood Groups appendix.
mumps skin test a. a sterile suspension of killed mumps virus in isotonic sodium chloride solution, used to determine susceptibility to mumps or to confirm previous exposure.
O a. 1. somatic a. of enteric Gram-negative bacteria. External part of cell wall lipopolysaccharide; SEE ALSO: H a. (1) . 2. see ABO blood group, Blood Groups appendix.
oncofetal antigens tumor-associated antigens present in fetal tissue and some malignant tumors but not in normal adult tissue, including α-fetoprotein.
organ-specific a. a heterogenetic a. with organ specificity; e.g., in addition to species-specific a., kidney of one species contains a. that is identical to that in kidney of other species. SYN: tissue-specific a..
Ot a. see low frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix.
P antigens see P blood group, Blood Groups appendix.
partial a. SYN: hapten.
penton a. penton.
pollen a. an extract of the antigenic protein from the pollen of plants; i.e., pollen allergen, used in the diagnosis and prevention of hay fever.
private antigens see low frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix.
proliferating cell nuclear a. a nuclear nonhistone protein with a molecular weight of 36 kd that plays a role in the initiation of cell proliferation by augmenting DNA polymerase; stains for proliferating cell nuclear a. in tumors correlate with grade and mitotic activity.
prostate-specific a. (PSA) a single-chain, 31-kDa glycoprotein with 240 amino acid residues and 4 carbohydrate side-chains; a kallikrein protease produced by prostatic epithelial cells and normally found in seminal fluid and circulating blood. Elevations of serum PSA are highly organ-specific but occur in both cancer (adenocarcinoma) and benign disease (benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatitis). A significant number of patients with organ-confined cancer have normal PSA values. SYN: human glandular kallikrein 3.Levels of PSA below 4 ng/dL are considered normal, while levels above 10 ng/dL are strongly indicative of prostatic carcinoma. Approximately 30% of patients with PSA levels between these limits will have prostate cancer detectable by biopsy within 1 year. Measurement of both free PSA and PSA that is complexed with the protease inhibitor α-1 antichymotrypsin (PSA-ACT) enhances the sensitivity of testing for carcinoma in men with total PSA levels between 4 and 10 ng/dL. The percentage of free PSA is lower in the serum of men with prostate cancer than in patients with normal prostates or benign disease. A level of free PSA that is 25% or more of total PSA in a patient with a palpably benign gland effectively rules out the need for prostatic biopsy when total PSA is below 10 ng/dL. A free PSA of 15% or less strongly suggests carcinoma. A level of 20% or more may be seen in adenocarcinoma when the prostate is enlarged. During the 1980s the increased use of PSA screening led to an apparent shift in the incidence of prostatic carcinoma, with proportionately more diagnoses in men under 70 and fewer in men over 70, and also a higher incidence of early or prostate-confined disease. This shift peaked in 1992; incidence statistics have now nearly returned to pre–PSA-screening levels. Prostatic cancer mortality has declined substantially since 1990. Many observers attribute this decline to the ability of PSA screening to detect cancer at a curable stage. However, the use of PSA testing as well as other diagnostic maneuvers to screen asymptomatic elderly men for prostate cancer is controversial, since most men with prostate cancer do not die of it, and to many observers the consequences of aggressive treatment, which may include urinary incontinence and impotence, seem worse than the disease.
public antigens see high frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix.
R a. β-hemolytic streptococci, under streptococcus.
Rh antigens see Rh blood group, Blood Groups appendix.
Rhus toxicodendron a. an extract of fresh leaves of poison ivy, with 0.4% of procaine hydrochloride; used by intradermal injection to determine sensitiveness to the poison of Rhus toxicodendron.
Rhus venenata a. an extract of fresh leaves of poison sumac; used to determine sensitiveness to the plant or to relieve the dermatitis caused by contact with its leaves.
S a. SYN: soluble a..
sensitized a. the complex formed when a. combines with specific antibody; so called because the a., by the mediation of antibody, is rendered sensitive to the action of complement.
shock a. an a. capable of producing anaphylactic shock in an animal that has been sensitized to it.
Sm a. see high frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix.
soluble a. viral a. that remains in solution after the particles of virus have been removed by means of centrifugation; in the case of the influenza viruses, it is the internal helical structure, free of the external envelope. SYN: S a..
somatic a. an a. located in the cell wall of a bacterium in contrast to one in the flagella (flagellar a.) or in a capsule (capsular a.).
species-specific a. antigenic components in the tissues and fluids of members of a species of animal, by means of which various species may be immunologically distinguished; e.g., serum albumin of horses is immunologically different from that of man, dogs, sheep, and so on.
specific antigens antigens that characterize a single genus of microorganisms.
Stobo a. see low frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix.
Streptococcus M a. the somatic a. associated with virulence and type specificity of group A streptococci. It is antiphagocytic and there are more than 80 different types. SYN: M protein (1) .
Sw^a a. see low frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix.
Swann antigens see low frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix.
T antigens tumor antigens associated wtih replication and transformation by certain DNA tumor viruses, including adenoviruses and papovaviruses. SEE ALSO: β-hemolytic streptococci, under streptococcus, tumor antigens.
Tac a. an antigenic determinant of the human interleukin 2 receptor that is identified by a murine monoclonal antibody, anti-Tac. Binding of this a. with antibodies to TAC prevents the proliferation of T cells, which is normally stimulated by binding interleukin-2.
T-dependent a. an a. that requires T helper cells in addition to appropriate B cells. Most antigens are T-dependent.
theta a. (tha′ta) a surface glycoprotein that is present on thymocytes and mature T cells of mice and rats.
thymus-independent a. an a. that does not require T helper cell activation in order for the host's B cells to be stimulated. Repeating polymers such as polysaccharides are examples of T-independent antigens.
tissue-specific a. SYN: organ-specific a..
Tj a. see P blood group, Blood Groups appendix.
Tr^a a. see low-frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix.
transplantation a. SYN: histocompatibility a..
tumor antigens 1. antigens that may be frequently associated with tumors or may be specifically found on tumor cells of the same origin (tumor specific); 2. tumor antigens may also be associated with replication and transformation by certain DNA tumor viruses, including adenoviruses and papovaviruses. SYN: neoantigens. SEE ALSO: T antigens.
tumor-associated a. antigens that are highly correlated with certain tumor cells. They are not usually found, or are found to a lesser extent, on normal cells.
tumor-specific transplantation antigens (TSTA) surface antigens of DNA tumor virus-transformed cells, which elicit an immune rejection of the virus-free cells when transplanted into an animal that has been immunized against the specific cell-transforming virus.
V a. viral a. that is intimately associated with the virus particle, is protein in nature, has multiple antigenicities, and is strain-specific; antibody to such a. is demonstrable as protective or neutralizing antibody, such as hemagglutinin projections on surface of influenza virus.
Vel a. see high frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix.
Ven a. see low frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix.
Vi a. “virulence a.,” an external capsular a. of enterobacteria formerly thought to be related to increased virulence.
Vw a. see MNSs blood group, Blood Groups appendix. SYN: Gr a..
Webb a. see low frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix.
Wr^a a. see low frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix.
Wright antigens (Wr^a) see low frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix.
Xg a. see Xg blood group, Blood Groups appendix.
Yt^a a. see high frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix.

antigenemia
antigenemia (an′ti-je-ne′me-a)

Persistence of antigen in circulating blood; e.g., HB_s-a. (presence of hepatitis B virus surface antigen in blood serum). [antigen + G. haima, blood]

antigenic
antigenic (an-ti-jen′ik)

Having the properties of an antigen (allergen). SYN: allergenic, immunogenic.

antigenicity
antigenicity (an′ti-je-nis′i-te)

The state or property of being antigenic. SYN: immunogenicity.

antigenome
antigenome

The complementary positive RNA strand on which is made the negative-strand genome of viruses.

antigonorrheic
antigonorrheic (an′te-gon-o-re′ik)

Curative of gonorrhea.

antigravity
antigravity (an-te-grav′i-te)

See anti-G.

anti-HBe
anti-HB_e

Antibody to the hepatitis B e antigen (HB_eAg).

anti-HBc
anti-HB_c

Antibody to the hepatitis B core antigen (HB_cAg).

anti-HBs
anti-HB_s

Antibody to the hepatitis B surface antigen (HB_sAg).

antihelix
antihelix (an-te-he′liks) [TA]

An elevated ridge of cartilage anterior and roughly parallel to the posterior portion of the helix of the external ear. SYN: anthelix.

antihelminthic
antihelminthic (an′te-hel-minth′ik)

SYN: anthelmintic (1) .

antihemagglutinin
antihemagglutinin (an′te-he-ma-gloo′ti-nin, an′te-hem-a-)

A substance (including antibody) that inhibits or prevents hemagglutination.

antihemolysin
antihemolysin (an′te-he-mol′i-sin, an′te-hem-ol′-)

A substance (including antibody) that inhibits or prevents the effects of hemolysin.

antihemolytic
antihemolytic (an′te-he-mo-lit′ik, an′te-hem-o-)

Preventing hemolysis.

antihemorrhagic
antihemorrhagic (an′te-hem-o-raj′ik)

Arresting hemorrhage. SYN: hemostatic (2) .

antihistamines
antihistamines (an-te-his′ta-menz)

Drugs having an action antagonistic to that of histamine on either H₁ or H₂ receptors; H₁ type a. are used in the treatment of allergy symptoms; whereas H₂ type a. reduce gastric acidity in ulcer disease and gastroesophageal reflux.

antihistaminic
antihistaminic (an′te-his-ta-min′ik)

1. Tending to neutralize or antagonize the action of histamine or to inhibit its production in the body. 2. An agent having such an effect can be used to relieve the symptoms of allergy or hyperacidity.

antihormones
antihormones (an-te-hor′monz)

Substances demonstrable in serum that inhibit or prevent the usual effects of certain hormones, e.g., specific antibodies.

antihydropic
antihydropic (an′te-hi-drop′ik)

1. Relieving edema (dropsy). 2. An agent that mobilizes accumulated fluids.

antihypertensive
antihypertensive (an′te-hi-per-ten′siv)

Indicating a drug or mode of treatment that reduces the blood pressure of hypertensive individuals.

antihypnotic
antihypnotic (an′te-hip-not′ik)

1. Preventing or tending to prevent sleep. 2. An arousing agent, or one antagonistic to sleep.

antihypotensive
antihypotensive (an′te-hi′po-ten′siv)

Any measure or medication that tends to raise reduced blood pressure.

anti-icteric
anti-icteric (an′te-ik-ter′ik)

Rarely used term for preventing or curing icterus (jaundice).

antiinflammatory
antiinflammatory (an′te-in-flam′a-to-re)

Reducing inflammation by acting on body responses, without directly antagonizing the causative agent; denoting agents such as glucocorticoids and aspirin.

anti-insulin
anti-insulin

A factor, usually an antibody, which antagonizes the action of insulin.

antiketogenesis
antiketogenesis (an′te-ke-to-jen′e-sis)

Prevention or reduction of ketosis either by decreased production or increased utilization of ketone bodies.

antiketogenic
antiketogenic (an′te-ke-to-jen′ik)

Inhibiting the formation of ketone bodies, or accelerating their utilization.

antileukocidin
antileukocidin (an′te-loo-kos′i-din, loo-ko-si′din)

1. A substance that inhibits or prevents the effects of leukocidin. 2. A leukocidin-specific antibody.

antileukotoxin
antileukotoxin (an′te-loo-ko-tok′sin)

A substance (including antibody) that inhibits or prevents the effects of leukocytoxin; frequently regarded as synonymous with antileukocidin.

antileukotriene antileukotriene (an-te-loo-ko-tri-′en)

A drug that prevents or alleviates bronchoconstriction in asthma by blocking the production or action of naturally occurring leukotrienes; may also be useful in psoriasis.In 1940 a naturally occurring mediator of asthmatic bronchoconstriction, distinct from histamine and with a longer duration of action, was isolated and named slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A). Analysis has shown this agent to consist of three cysteinyl leukotrienes, called C4, D4, and E4. The last-named substance, of which the others are precursors, is the most potent. Leukotrienes are eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid, which is present in cell membranes. The cysteinyl leukotrienes, which are elaborated by bronchopulmonary mast cells, eosinophils, and probably alveolar macrophages, have been shown to mediate bronchoconstriction induced by exercise, hyperventilation in cold air, aspirin, and inhaled allergens; they act by stimulating a specific receptor, known as cysteinyl leukotriene receptor type 1 (CysLT1). Antileukotrienes with clinical usefulness in asthma include zileuton, which inhibits 5-lipoxygenase, an enzyme critical in the biosynthesis of leukotrienes, and leukotriene receptor antagonists (cinalukast, montelukast, zafirlukast, and others). Antileukotrienes reverse bronchoconstriction in asthma to a lesser degree than β₂-adrenergic agonists, but their effects are additive to those of the latter agents. In chronic asthma, antileukotrienes improve peak flow and FEV₁ and reduce the frequency and severity of acute asthmatic attacks, the need for β₂-agonists, and the need for corticosteroid rescue. They are particularly effective in the prophylaxis of exercise- and aspirin-induced asthma; in contrast, many persons with allergic asthma show little or no response. Antileukotrienes are not indicated in the treatment of an acute asthmatic attack or in mild, intermittent asthma controlled adequately with occasional use of inhaled β₂-agonists. They have not been recommended as a substitute for inhaled corticosteroid in prophylaxis of asthma. An antagonist of the leukotriene LTB4 receptor in skin cells has shown promise in the treatment of psoriasis. Antileukotrienes are administered orally or by inhalation. Both onset and waning of clinical effects are gradual. Side effects are minimal, but drug interactions may occur because of interference with cytochrome P-450 enzymes. Rare transitory elevations of hepatic aminotransferase have been reported with some agents.

antilewisite
antilewisite (an-te-loo′i-sit)

SYN: dimercaprol.

antilipotropic
antilipotropic (an′te-lip-o-trop′ik)

Pertaining to substances depressing choline synthesis ( e.g., by competing for methyl groups) and thus enhancing dietary fatty liver.

antilithic
antilithic (an-te-lith′ik)

1. Preventing the formation of calculi or promoting their dissolution. 2. An agent so acting. SYN: anticalculous. [anti- + G. lithos, stone]

antilobium
antilobium (an-te-lo′be-um)

SYN: tragus (1) . [L., fr. G. antilobion]

antiluteogenic
antiluteogenic (an′te-loo-te-o-jen′ik)

Inhibiting the growth or hastening involution of the corpus luteum.

antilysin
antilysin (an-te-li′sin)

An antibody that inhibits or prevents the effects of lysin.

antimalarial
antimalarial (an′te-ma-la′re-al)

1. Preventing or curing malaria. 2. A chemotherapeutic agent that inhibits or destroys malarial parasites.

antimere
antimere (an′ti-mer)

1. A segment of an animal body formed by planes cutting the axis of the body at right angles. 2. One of the symmetrical parts of a bilateral organism. 3. The right or left half of the body. [anti- + G. meros, a part]

antimesenteric
antimesenteric (an′te-mez′en-ter′ik)

Pertaining to the part of the intestine that lies opposite the mesenteric attachment.

antimetabolite
antimetabolite (an′te-me-tab′o-lit)

A substance that competes with, replaces, or antagonizes a particular metabolite; e.g., ethionine is an a. of methionine.

antimetropia
antimetropia (an′te-me-tro′pe-a)

A form of anisometropia in which one eye is myopic and the other hypermetropic. [anti- + G. metron, measure, + ops, eye]

antimicrobial
antimicrobial (an′te-mi-kro′be-al)

Tending to destroy microbes, to prevent their multiplication or growth, or to prevent their pathogenic action.

antimitotic
antimitotic (an′te-mi-tot′ik)

1. Having an arresting action upon mitosis. 2. A drug having such an effect; e.g., a folic acid antagonist that is used in leukemia to inhibit the multiplication of white cells.

antimongoloid
antimongoloid (an-te-mon′go-loyd)

The condition in which the lateral portion of the palpebral fissure is lower than the medial portion.

antimonid
antimonid (an-te-mo′nid)

A chemical compound containing antimony in union with a more positive element; e.g., sodium a., Na₃Sb.

antimonous oxide
antimonous oxide (an-ti-mo′nus)

SYN: antimony trioxide.

antimony
antimony (Sb) (an′-ti-mo-ne)

A metallic element, atomic no. 51, atomic wt. 121.757, valences 0, −3, +3, +5; used in alloys; toxic and irritating to the skin and mucous membranes. SYN: stibium. [G. anti + monos, not found alone]
a. chloride SYN: a. trichloride.
a. dimercaptosuccinate an antiparasitic effective against Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium. SYN: stibocaptate.
a. oxide SYN: a. trioxide.
a. potassium tartrate a compound used as an expectorant and in the treatment of schistosomiasis japonicum, although it is extremely toxic and must be administered very slowly intravenously; common toxic manifestations are phlebitis, tachycardia, and hypotension; sudden deaths have been reported, chiefly from circulatory collapse. SYN: potassium antimonyltartrate, tartar emetic, tartrated a..
a. sodium gluconate SYN: stibogluconate sodium (1) .
a. sodium tartrate used in the treatment of schistosomiasis, and as an emetic. SYN: sodium antimonyl tartrate.
a. sodium thioglycollate a compound of a. trioxide and thioglycolic acid, used for tropical parasites.
tartrated a. SYN: a. potassium tartrate.
a. thioglycollamide the triamide of a. thioglycolic acid; used in the treatment of trypanosomiasis, kala azar, and filariasis.
a. trichloride combines with vitamin A to form a blue compound and with β-carotene to form a green one, as a method for assay of these substances; also used externally as a caustic. SYN: a. chloride.
a. trioxide used technically in paints and flame-proofing; also formerly used as an expectorant and emetic. SYN: antimonous oxide, a. oxide, flowers of a..

antimonyl
antimonyl (an-tim′o-nil)

The univalent radical, SbO&cbond;, of antimony.

antimuscarinic
antimuscarinic (an′te-mus′ka-rin′ik)

Inhibiting or preventing the actions of muscarine and muscarinelike agents, or the effects of parasympathetic stimulation at the neuroeffector junction ( e.g., atropine).

antimutagen
antimutagen (an-te-mu′ta-jen)

A factor that reduces or interferes with the mutagenic actions or effects of a substance.

antimutagenic
antimutagenic (an′te-mu-ta-jen′ik)

Pertaining to or characteristic of an antimutagen.

antimyasthenic
antimyasthenic (an′te-mi′as-then′ik)

Tending toward the correction of the symptoms of myasthenia gravis, e.g., as in the action of neostigmine.

antimycotic
antimycotic (an′-te-mi-kot′ik)

Antagonistic to fungi. SYN: antifungal. [anti- + G. mykes, fungus]

antinauseant
antinauseant (an-te-naw′se-ant)

Having an action to prevent nausea.

antineoplastic
antineoplastic (an′te-ne-o-plas′tik)

Preventing the development, maturation, or spread of neoplastic cells.

antineoplastons
antineoplastons (an-te-ne-o-plas′-tonz)

Mixtures of various chemicals such as amino acids and peptides, with theoretical support as natural defense aids against cancer and various other diseases.

antineurotoxin
antineurotoxin (an′te-noo-ro-tok′sin)

An antibody to a neurotoxin.

antiniad
antiniad (an-tin′e-ad)

Toward the antinion.

antinial
antinial (an-tin′e-al)

Relating to the antinion.

antinion
antinion (an-tin′e-on)

The space between the eyebrows; the point on the skull opposite the inion. SEE ALSO: glabella. [anti- + G. inion, nape of the neck]

antinomy
antinomy (an-tin′o-me)

A contradiction between two principles, each of which is considered true. [anti- + G. nomos, law]

antinuclear
antinuclear (an-te-noo′kle-er)

Having an affinity for or reacting with the cell nucleus.

antiodontalgic
antiodontalgic (an′te-o-don-tal-jik)

1. Relieving toothache. 2. A toothache remedy. [anti- + G. odous, tooth, + algos, pain]

antioncogene
antioncogene

SYN: tumor suppressor gene.

antioxidant antioxidant (an-te-oks′i-dant)

An agent that inhibits oxidation; any of numerous chemical substances, including certain natural body products and nutrients, that can neutralize the oxidant effect of free radicals and other substances.Free radicals, formed in the course of normal cellular respiration and metabolism, and more abundantly under the influence of certain environmental chemicals and sunlight, have been implicated in the causation of various types of tissue damage, particularly those involved in atherosclerosis, the aging process, and the development of cancer. A free radical is any atom or molecule that has 1 or more unpaired electrons and is therefore highly reactive, seeking to acquire electrons from other substances. Free radicals are normally scavenged from tissues by the a. enzymes superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. Ubidecarenone (coenzyme Q10) is also thought to act as an a. in mitochondrial respiration reactions. In addition, a number of nutrient substances, vitamins, and minerals have been shown to contribute to a. functions, generally by serving as co-factors or co-enzymes. These include selenium, β-carotene, and vitamins C and E. It has been postulated that an imbalance between the production of free radicals and natural a. processes may be a major causative factor in aging and in many chronic and degenerative disorders, and some have speculated that a. nutrients may have a role in disease prevention. Oxidation of LDL cholesterol does indeed seem to be responsible for foam cell formation in the genesis of atherosclerotic plaques. In addition, free radicals have been shown to damage DNA in ways that can culminate in malignant change. But oxidation also occurs in many beneficial processes, including chemotaxis of cells with immunological functions, phagocytosis, clotting mechanisms, and apoptosis. Moreover, antioxidants do not exert their effects in only one way, but can act during initiation or propagation of reactions at a variety of intracellular and extracellular sites, and in some circumstances can be pro-oxidant. Claims that vitamins and other nutrients, when taken in massive doses, can prevent heart attack or cancer or retard aging are not based on scientific evidence. Although a high intake of a. nutrients from food sources appears to offer some health advantages, there is at present no unequivocal evidence that any a. nutrient, when taken in excess of normal dietary amounts, has value in the prevention or treatment of cardiovascular disease, cancer, or any other abnormal process except such as may be associated with frank nutritional or vitamin deficiency. In fact, although naturally occurring a. nutrients are vital dietary components, they can cause adverse effects when large amounts are taken for prolonged periods. A controlled trial of β-carotene and retinol not only failed to show any benefit but was aborted when statistics showed large increases in the risk of death from lung cancer and cardiovascular disease.

antipain
antipain (an′te-pa-in)

A peptide that inhibits the proteolytic enzymes, papain, trypsin, and plasmin. [anti- + papain]

antiparallel
antiparallel (an-te-par′a-lel)

Denoting molecules that are parallel but have opposite directional polarity; e.g., the two strands of a DNA double helix.

antiparasitic
antiparasitic (an′te-par-a-sit′ik)

Destructive to parasites.

antipedicular
antipedicular (an′te-pe-dik′u-lar)

Destructive to lice.

antipediculotic
antipediculotic (an′te-pe-dik-u-lot′ik)

Effective in the treatment of pediculosis, especially denoting such an agent.

antiperiodic
antiperiodic (an′te-per-e-od′ik)

Preventing the regular recurrence of a disease ( e.g., malaria) or a symptom.

antiperistalsis
antiperistalsis (an′te-per-i-stal′sis)

SYN: reversed peristalsis.

antiperistaltic
antiperistaltic (an′te-per-i-stal′tik)

1. Relating to antiperistalsis. 2. Impeding or arresting peristalsis.

antiperspirant
antiperspirant (an-te-per′spi-rant)

1. Having an inhibitory action upon the secretion of sweat. 2. An agent having such an action ( e.g., aluminum chloride). SYN: anhidrotic (2) .

antiphagocytic
antiphagocytic (an′te-fag-o-sit′-ik)

Impeding or preventing the action of the phagocytes.

antiphlogistic
antiphlogistic (an′te-flo-jis′tik)

1. Older term denoting preventing or relieving inflammation. 2. An agent that reduces inflammation. SYN: antipyrotic (1) . [anti- + G. phogistos, burnt up]

antiphobic
antiphobic (an-te-fo′bik)

A mechanism or drug designed to control phobias.

antiplasmin
antiplasmin (an-te-plaz′min)

A substance that inhibits or prevents the effects of plasmin; found in plasma and some tissues, especially the spleen and liver. SYN: antifibrinolysin.

antiplatelet
antiplatelet (an-te-plat′let)

A substance that manifests a lytic or agglutinative action on the blood platelets, thereby inhibiting or destroying the effects of the latter.

antipneumococcic
antipneumococcic (an′te-noo-mo-kok′sik)

Destructive to, or repressing the growth of, the pneumococcus ( e.g., penicillin).

antipodal
antipodal (an-tip′o-dal)

Denoting opposite positions; positioned at opposite sides of a cell or other body.

antipode
antipode (an′ti-pod)

That which is diametrically opposite. [G. antipous, with the feet opposite]
optic a. SYN: enantiomer.

antiport
antiport (an′te-port)

The coupled transport of two different molecules or ions through a membrane in opposite directions by a common carrier mechanism (antiporter). Cf.:symport, uniport. [anti- + L. porto, to carry]

antiporter
antiporter (an′te-por-ter)

A protein responsible for mediating the transport of two different molecules or ions simultaneously in opposite directions through a membrane.

antiprecipitin
antiprecipitin (an′te-pre-sip′i-tin)

A specific antibody that inhibits or prevents the effects of a precipitin.

antiprogestin
antiprogestin (an′te-pro-jes′tin)

A substance that inhibits progesterone formation, that interferes with its carriage or stability in the blood, or that reduces its uptake by, or effects on, target organs ( e.g., RU-486).

antiprothrombin
antiprothrombin (an′te-pro-throm′bin)

An anticoagulant that inhibits or prevents the conversion of prothrombin into thrombin; examples are heparin, which is present in various tissues (especially in liver), and dicoumarin, which is isolated from partially decomposed sweet clover.

antipruritic
antipruritic (an′te-proo-rit′ik)

1. Preventing or relieving itching. 2. An agent that relieves itching.

antipsychotic
antipsychotic (an′te-si-kot′ik)

1. SYN: a. agent. 2. Denoting the actions of such an agent ( e.g., chlorpromazine).

antipurine
antipurine (an′te-pur′en)

An analog of the purines and purine nucleotides that acts as an antimetabolite.

antipyogenic
antipyogenic (an′te-pi-o-jen′ik)

Preventing suppuration. [anti- + G. pyon, pus, + -gen, production]

antipyresis
antipyresis (an′te-pi-re′sis)

Symptomatic treatment of fever rather than of the underlying disease.

antipyretic
antipyretic (an′te-pi-ret′ik)

1. Reducing fever. SYN: antifebrile, febrifugal. 2. An agent that reduces fever ( e.g., acetaminophen, aspirin). SYN: febrifuge. [anti- + G. pyretos, fever]

antipyrimidine
antipyrimidine (an′te-pir-im′i-den)

An analog of the pyrimidines and pyrimidine nucleotides that acts as an antimetabolite.

antipyrine
antipyrine (an-te-pi′rin, -pi′ren)

An obsolescent analgesic and antipyretic.
a. acetylsalicylate a compound of a. and aspirin; an antirheumatic and analgesic.
a. salicylacetate an analgesic, antirheumatic, and antipyretic.
a. salicylate an analgesic and antipyretic; formerly used in dysmenorrhea, influenza, and acute rhinitis in the early stages.

antipyrotic
antipyrotic (an′te-pi-rot′ik)

1. SYN: antiphlogistic. 2. Relieving the pain and promoting the healing of superficial burns. 3. A topical application for burns. [anti- + G. pyrotikos, burning, inflaming]

antirachitic
antirachitic (an′te-ra-kit′ik)

Promoting the cure of rickets or preventing its development ( e.g., vitamin D preparations).

antirheumatic
antirheumatic (an′te-roo-mat′ik)

1. Denoting an agent that suppresses manifestations of rheumatic disease; usually applied to antiinflammatory agents or agents that are capable of delaying progression of the basic disease process in inflammatory arthritis. 2. An agent possessing such properties ( e.g., gold compounds).

antiricin
antiricin (an-te-ri′sin)

An antibody or antitoxin that inhibits or prevents the effects of ricin.

antiruminant
antiruminant (an-te-roo′mi-nant)

Denoting a method to 1) control regurgitation of food or 2) break a compulsive trend of thought. [anti- + L. rumino, to chew the cud, fr. rumen, throat]

anti-S
anti-S

See MNS blood group, Blood Groups appendix.

antiscorbutic
antiscorbutic (an′te-skor-bu′tik)

1. Preventive or curative of scurvy (scorbutus). 2. A treatment for scurvy ( e.g., vitamin C).

antiseborrheic
antiseborrheic (an′te-seb-o-re′ik)

1. Preventing or relieving excessive secretion of sebum; preventing or relieving seborrheic dermatitis. 2. An agent having such actions.

antisecretory
antisecretory (an′te-se-kre′to-ri)

Inhibitory to secretion, said of certain drugs that reduce or suppress gastric secretion ( e.g., ranitidine, omeprazole).

antisense
antisense (an′te-sens)

See a. DNA, a. RNA.

antisepsis
antisepsis (an-te-sep′sis)

Prevention of infection by inhibiting the growth of infectious agents. SEE ALSO: disinfection. [anti- + G. sepsis, putrefaction]

antiseptic
antiseptic (an-te-sep′tik)

1. Relating to antisepsis. 2. An agent or substance capable of effecting antisepsis.

antiserum
antiserum (an-te-se′rum)

Serum that contains demonstrable antibody or antibodies specific for one (monovalent or specific a.) or more (polyvalent a.) antigens; may be prepared from the blood of animals inoculated with an antigenic material or from the blood of animals and persons that have been stimulated by natural contact with an antigen (as in those who recover from an attack of disease). SYN: immune serum.
blood group a.s see Blood Groups appendix.
heterologous a. an a. that reacts with ( e.g., agglutinates) certain microorganisms or other complexes of antigens, even though the a. was produced by means of stimulation with a different microorganism or antigenic material. SEE ALSO: homologous a..
homologous a. an a. in which there is complete correspondence between the content of antibodies and the antigenic material used for producing the a..
monovalent a. a..
nerve growth factor a. an a. containing antibodies against nerve growth factor; when injected into newborn animals the majority of sympathetic ganglion cells are permanently destroyed, resulting in hypoinnervation of peripheral tissues. SYN: NGF a..
NGF a. SYN: nerve growth factor a..
polyvalent a. a..
specific a. a..

antishock garment
antishock garment

See military antishock trousers, pneumatic antishock garment.

antisialagogue
antisialagogue (an-te-si-al′a-gog)

An agent that diminishes or arrests the flow of saliva ( e.g., atropine). [anti- + G. sialon, saliva, + agogos, drawing forth]

antisideric
antisideric (an-te-sid′er-ik)

Counteracting the physiological action of iron, probably by chelating or precipitation. [anti- + G. sideros, iron]

antisocial
antisocial (an-te-so′shul)

Opposed to the rights of individuals or to the legal norms of society; e.g., the a. personality, the psychopath. Cf.:asocial.

antispasmodic
antispasmodic (an′te-spaz-mod′ik)

1. Preventing or alleviating muscle spasms (cramps). 2. An agent that quiets spasm.

antistaphylococcic
antistaphylococcic (an′te-staf′i-lo-kok′sik)

Antagonistic to staphylococci or their toxins.

antistaphylolysin
antistaphylolysin (an′te-staf-i-lol′i-sin)

A substance that antagonizes or neutralizes the action of staphylolysin.

antisteapsin
antisteapsin (an′te-ste-ap′sin)

An antibody counteracting the action of triacylglycerol lipase (steapsin).

antistreptococcic
antistreptococcic (an′te-strep-to-kok′sik)

Destructive to streptococci or antagonistic to their toxins.

antistreptokinase
antistreptokinase (an′te-strep-to-ki′naz)

An antibody that inhibits or prevents the dissolution of fibrin by streptokinase.

antistreptolysin
antistreptolysin (an′te-strep-tol′i-sin)

An antibody that inhibits or prevents the effects of streptolysin O elaborated by group A streptococci; the amount of a. in the serum is frequently increased during and after streptococcal disease, and comparative titers may be a diagnostic and prognostic aid.

antitac
antitac (an′-te-tak)

Monoclonal antibody that recognizes the alpha chain of the IL-2 receptor.

antitermination
antitermination

A state of bacterial RNA polymerase wherein it is resistant to pause, arrest, or termination signals. SEE ALSO: hesitant, overdrive.

antitetanic
antitetanic (an′te-te-tan′ik)

Preventing or alleviating muscular contraction.

antithenar
antithenar (an-te-the′nar)

SYN: hypothenar eminence.

antithrombin
antithrombin (an-te-throm′bin)

Any substance that inhibits or prevents the effects of thrombin in such a manner that blood does not coagulate. A deficiency of a. results in impaired inhibition of coagulation factors IIa, IXa, and Xa in plasma, causing recurrent thrombosis.
a. III a plasma α₂-globulin process that inhibits thrombin and has anticoagulant activities. Deficiency [MIM*107300] is commonly inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, caused by mutation in a. III gene (AT₃) or chromosome 1q; this is one of the few known mendelizing disorders from which thrombotic disease occurs.
normal a. an a. naturally occurring in blood and certain tissues under normal conditions in contrast to abnormal states or a. from other sources.

antithyroid
antithyroid (an-te-thi′royd)

Relating to an agent that suppresses thyroid function ( e.g., propylthiouracil).

antitonic
antitonic (an-te-ton′ik)

Diminishing muscular or vascular tonus.

antitoxic
antitoxic (an-te-tok′sik)

Neutralizing the action of a poison; specifically, relating to an antitoxin. SEE ALSO: antidotal.

antitoxigen
antitoxigen (an-te-toks′i-jen)

SYN: antitoxinogen.

antitoxin
antitoxin (an-te-tok′sin)

Antibody formed in response to antigenic poisonous substances of biologic origin, such as bacterial exotoxins ( e.g., those elaborated by Clostridium tetani or Corynebacterium diphtheriae), phytotoxins, and zootoxins; in general usage, a. refers to whole, or globulin fraction of, serum from persons or animals (usually horses) immunized by injections of the specific toxoid. A. neutralizes the pharmacologic effects of its specific toxin in vitro, and also in vivo if the toxin is not already fixed to the tissue cells. [anti- + G. toxikon, poison]
bivalent gas gangrene a. a. specific for the toxins of Clostridium perfringens and C. septicum.
bothropic a. a. specific for the venom of pit vipers of the genus Bothrops (Bothrophora) of the family Crotalidae. SYN: Bothrops a..
Bothrops a. SYN: bothropic a..
botulinum a. SYN: botulism a..
botulism a. a. specific for a toxin of one or another strain of Clostridium botulinum. SYN: botulinum a..
bovine a. a. prepared from cattle instead of horses, used in the treatment of persons who are sensitive to horse serum; the cattle are immunized against the toxin for which specific a. is desired.
Crotalus a. a. specific for venom of rattlesnakes (Crotalus species).
despeciated a. an antitoxic serum treated in an appropriate manner to alter the species-specific protein, so that a person sensitized to the animal protein is not likely to have a serious reaction when the a. is administered.
diphtheria a. a. specific for the toxin of Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
dysentery a. a. specific for the neurotoxin of Shigella dysenteriae.
gas gangrene a. a. specific for the toxin of one or more species of Clostridium that cause gas gangrene and associated toxemia, especially C. perfringens, C. novyi, C. histolyticum, and commercially available preparations are usually polyvalent, i.e., contain a. for two or more species. SYN: pentavalent gas gangrene a..
normal a. serum that is capable of neutralizing an equivalent quantity of a normal toxin solution.
pentavalent gas gangrene a. SYN: gas gangrene a..
plant a. a. specific for a phytotoxin.
scarlet fever a. a. specific for the erythrogenic toxin of certain strains of group A β-hemolytic streptococci.
staphylococcus a. a serum containing antitoxic globulins or their derivatives that specifically neutralize the lethal, skin-necrosing, and hemolytic properties of the α-toxin of Staphylococcus aureus.
tetanus a. a. specific for the toxin of Clostridium tetani.
tetanus and gas gangrene antitoxins a mixture of antibodies obtained from animals immunized against the toxins of Clostridium tetani, C. perfringens, and C. septicum.
tetanus-perfringens a. an a. prepared from animals immunized against the toxins of Clostridium tetani and C. perfringens (C. welchii).

antitoxinogen
antitoxinogen (an′te-tok-sin′o-jen)

Any antigen that stimulates the formation of antitoxin in an animal or person, i.e., a toxin or a toxoid. SYN: antitoxigen. [antitoxin + G. -gen, producing]

antitragicus
antitragicus (an′te-traj′i-kus)

See a. (muscle).

antitragohelicine
antitragohelicine (an′te-tra′go-hel′i-sen)

See a. fissure.

antitragus
antitragus (an-te-tra′gus) [TA]

A projection of the cartilage of the auricle, in front of the tail of the helix, just above the lobule, and posterior to the tragus from which it is separated by the intertragic notch. [G. anti-tragos, the eminence of the external ear, fr. anti, opposite, + tragos, a goat, the tragus]

antitreponemal
antitreponemal (an′te-trep-o-ne′mal)

SYN: treponemicidal.

antitrismus
antitrismus (an-te-triz′mus)

A condition of tonic muscular spasm that prevents closing.

antitrope
antitrope (an′ti-trop)

An organ or appendage that forms a symmetrically reversed pair with another of the same type, e.g., the right and left legs of a vertebrate. [anti- + G. trope, a turn]

antitropic
antitropic (an-te-tro′pik)

Similar, bilaterally symmetrical, but in an opposite location (as in a mirror image), e.g., the right thumb in relation to the left thumb.

antitrypsic
antitrypsic (an-te-trip′sik)

SYN: antitryptic.

antitrypsin
antitrypsin (an-te-trip′sin)

A substance that inhibits or prevents the action of trypsin.
α₁-a. A glycoprotein that is the major protease inhibitor of human serum, is synthesized in the liver, and is genetically polymorphic due to the presence of 25 alleles; individuals appropriately homozygous are deficient in α₁-trypsin and are predisposed to pulmonary emphysema and juvenile hepatic cirrhosis because of alterations in the amino acid and sialic acid components of the glycoprotein. The concentration of α₁-a. rises in response to injury or infection. α₁-A. also inhibits thrombin and elastase. SYN: α₁-trypsin inhibitor, human α₁-protease inhibitor.

antitryptic
antitryptic (an-te-trip′tik)

Possessing properties of antitrypsin. SYN: antitrypsic.

antitumorigenesis
antitumorigenesis (an′te-too-mor-i-jen′e-sis)

Inhibition of the development of a neoplasm.

antitussive
antitussive (an-te-tus′iv)

1. Relieving cough. 2. A cough remedy ( e.g., codeine). SYN: antibechic. [anti- + L. tussis, cough]

antityphoid
antityphoid (an-te-ti′foyd)

Preventive or curative of typhoid fever.

antivenene
antivenene (an-te-ve-nen′)

SYN: antivenin.

antivenereal
antivenereal (an′te-ve-ne′re-al)

Rarely used term for preventive or curative of venereal diseases. SYN: antaphroditic (2) .

antivenin
antivenin (an-te-ven′in)

An antitoxin specific for an animal or insect venom. SYN: antivenene. [anti- + L. venenum, poison]

antiviral
antiviral (an-te-vi′ral)

Opposing a virus; interfering with its replication; weakening or abolishing its action ( e.g., zidovudine, acyclovir).

antivitamin
antivitamin (an-te-vi′ta-min)

A substance that prevents a vitamin from exerting its typical biological effects. Most antivitamins have chemical structures like those of vitamins ( e.g., pyridoxine and its a., deoxypyridoxine) and appear to function as competitive antagonists; some antivitamins produce effects, in addition, that are unrelated to vitamin antagonism.

antivivisection
antivivisection (an′te-viv-i-sek′shun)

Opposition to the use of living animals for experimentation. See vivisection.

antixerophthalmic
antixerophthalmic (an′te-ze-rof-thal′mik)

Denoting agents (vitamin A and retinoic acid) that inhibit pathologic drying of the conjunctiva (xerophthalmia). [anti- + G. xeros, dry, + ophthalmos, eye]

antixerotic
antixerotic (an′te-ze-rot′ik)

Preventing xerosis.

Anton
Anton

Gabriel, German neuropsychiatrist, 1858–1933. See A. syndrome.

Antoni
Antoni

Nils R., Swedish neurologist, 1887–1968. See A. type A neurilemoma, A. type B neurilemoma.

antra
antra (an′tra)

Plural of antrum.

antral
antral (an′tral)

Relating to an antrum.

antrectomy
antrectomy (an-trek′to-me)

Removal of a portion of the walls of the maxillary antrum. Removal of the antrum (distal half) of the stomach; often combined with bilateral excision of portions of vagus nerve trunks (vagectomy) in treatment of peptic ulcer. Reconstruction of the continuity of the alimentary tract can be by a gastroduodenostomy (Billroth I) or a loop gastrojejunostomy (Billroth II). [antrum + G. ektome, excision]

antro- antro-

An antrum. [L. antrum, from G. antron, a cave]

antronasal
antronasal (an-tro-na′sal)

Relating to a maxillary sinus and the corresponding nasal cavity.

antrophose
antrophose (an′tro-foz)

A subjective sensation of light or color originating in the visual centers of the brain. SEE ALSO: phosphene. [antro- + G. phos, light]

antropyloric
antropyloric (an′tro-pi-lor′ik)

Related to or affecting the pyloric antrum.

antroscope
antroscope (an′tro-skop)

An instrument to aid in the visual examination of any cavity, particularly the antrum of Highmore (maxillary sinus). [antro- + G. skopeo, to view]

antroscopy
antroscopy (an-tros′co-pe)

Examination of any cavity, especially of the antrum of Highmore (maxillary sinus), by means of an antroscope.

antrostomy
antrostomy (an-tros′to-me)

Formation of a permanent opening into any antrum (maxillary sinus). [antro- + G. stoma, mouth]
intraoral a. SYN: Caldwell-Luc operation.

antrotomy
antrotomy (an-trot′o-me)

Incision through the wall of any antrum. [antro- + G. tome, incision]

antrotonia
antrotonia (an-tro-to′ne-a)

Tonus of the muscular walls of an antrum, such as that of the stomach.

antrotympanic
antrotympanic (an′tro-tim-pan′ik)

Relating to the mastoid antrum and the tympanic cavity.

antrum
antrum, gen. antri, pl .antra (an′trum, -tri, -tra) [TA]

1. Any nearly closed cavity, particularly one with bony walls. 2. SYN: pyloric a.. [L. fr. G. antron, a cave]
a. auris SYN: external acoustic meatus.
cardiac a. a dilation that occasionally occurs in the abdominal part of esophagus. SEE ALSO: abdominal part of esophagus. SYN: a. cardiacum, forestomach.
a. cardiacum SYN: cardiac a..
antra ethmoidalia SYN: ethmoid cells, under cell.
follicular a. the cavity of an ovarian follicle filled with liquor folliculi.
a. of Highmore SYN: maxillary sinus.
mastoid a. [TA] a cavity in the petrous portion of the temporal bone, communicating posteriorly with the mastoid cells and anteriorly with the epitympanic recess of the middle ear via the aperture of the mastoid a.. SYN: a. mastoideum [TA] , tympanic a., Valsalva a..
a. mastoideum [TA] SYN: mastoid a..
maxillary a. SYN: maxillary sinus.
pyloric a. [TA] the initial portion of the pyloric part of the stomach, which may temporarily become partially or completely shut off from the remainder of the stomach during digestion by peristaltic contraction of the prepyloric “sphincter”; it is sometimes demarcated from the second part of the pyloric part of the stomach (pyloric canal) by a slight groove. SYN: a. pyloricum [TA] , a. (2) [TA] , lesser cul-de-sac.
a. pyloricum [TA] SYN: pyloric a..
tympanic a. SYN: mastoid a..
Valsalva a. SYN: mastoid a..

ANTU
ANTU

Abbreviation for α-naphthylthiourea.

Antyllus
Antyllus

Greek physician, ca. 150 A.D. See A. method.

ANUG
ANUG

Abbreviation for acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis.

anular
anular (an′u-lar)

Ring-shaped. SYN: annular.

anulus
anulus, pl .anuli (an′u-lus, -li) [TA]

SYN: ring (1) . [L.]
a. abdominalis SYN: deep inguinal ring.
a. ciliaris SYN: ciliary body.
a. conjunctivae [TA] SYN: conjunctival ring.
a. femoralis [TA] SYN: femoral ring.
a. fibrocartilagineus membranae tympani [TA] SYN: fibrocartilaginous ring of tympanic membrane.
a. fibrosus [TA] 1. SYN: (right and left) fibrous rings of heart, under ring. 2. SYN: a. fibrosus of intervertebral disk.
a. fibrosus dexter/sinister cordis SYN: (right and left) fibrous rings of heart, under ring.
a. fibrosus disci intervertebralis [TA] SYN: a. fibrosus of intervertebral disk.
a. fibrosus of intervertebral disk [TA] the ring of fibrocartilage and fibrous tissue forming the circumference of the intervertebral disk; surrounds the nucleus pulposus, which is prone to herniation when the annulus fibrosus is compromised. SYN: a. fibrosus disci intervertebralis [TA] , a. fibrosus (2) [TA] , fibrous ring of intervertebral disk, fibrous ring (2) .
a. of fibrous sheath SYN: anular part of fibrous digital sheath of digits of hand and foot.
Haller a. SYN: Haller insula.
a. hemorrhoidalis SYN: hemorrhoidal zone.
a. inguinalis profundus [TA] SYN: deep inguinal ring.
a. inguinalis superficialis SYN: superficial inguinal ring.
a. iridis [TA] SYN: border of iris.
a. iridis major [TA] SYN: outer border of iris.
a. iridis minor [TA] SYN: inner border of iris.
a. lymphaticus cardiae [TA] SYN: lymph nodes around cardia of stomach, under lymph node.
a. lymphoideus pharyngis [TA] SYN: pharyngeal lymphatic ring.
a. ovalis SYN: limbus fossae ovalis.
a. tendineus communis SYN: common tendinous ring of extraocular muscles.
a. tympanicus SYN: tympanic ring.
a. umbilicalis SYN: umbilical ring.
a. urethralis SYN: internal urethral sphincter.
Vieussens a. SYN: limbus fossae ovalis.
a. of Zinn SYN: common tendinous ring of extraocular muscles.

anuria
anuria (an-u′re-a)

Absence of urine formation.

anuric
anuric (an-ur′ik)

Relating to anuria.

anus
anus, gen. and pl. ani (a′nus, -ni) [TA]

The lower opening of the digestive tract, lying in the cleft between the buttocks, through which fecal matter is extruded. SYN: anal orifice. [L.]
Bartholin a. SYN: opening of aqueduct of midbrain.
a. cerebri obsolete term for opening of aqueduct of midbrain.
imperforate a. SYN: anal atresia.
a. vesicalis rectal emptying into the urinary bladder.
vesicalis a. (ve-si′kal-is) imperforate a. with urinary bladder opening into the a..
vestibular a., vulvovaginal a. a congenital malformation in which the a. is imperforate but the rectum opens into the vagina just above the vulva.

anvil
anvil

SYN: incus.

anxiety
anxiety (ang-zi′e-te)

1. Fear or apprehension or dread of impending danger and accompanied by restlessness, tension, tachycardia, and dyspnea unattached to a clearly identifiable stimulus. 2. In experimental psychology, a drive or motivational state learned from and thereafter associated with previously neutral cues. [L. anxietas, a., fr. anxius, distressed, fr. ango, to press tight, to torment]
a. attack an acute episode of a..
castration a. SYN: castration complex.
free-floating a. in psychoanalysis, a pervasive unrealistic expectation unattached to a clearly formulated concept or object of fear; observed particularly in a. neurosis and may be seen in some cases of latent schizophrenia.
noetic a. in existential psychotherapy, a. caused by confusion or loss of meaning in life.
separation a. a child's apprehension or fear associated with removal from or loss of a parent or significant other.
situation a. a. related to current life problems.

anxiolytic
anxiolytic (ang′ze-o-lit′ik)

1. SYN: antianxiety agent. 2. Denoting the actions of such an agent ( e.g., diazepam). [anxiety + G. lysis, a dissolution or loosening]

AOC
AOC

Abbreviation for anodal opening contraction.

Aonchotheca
Aonchotheca (a-on-ko-the′ka)

One of three trichurid nematode genera, commonly referred to as Capillaria.

aorta
aorta, gen. and pl. aortae (a-or′ta, a-or′te) [TA]

A large artery of the elastic type that is the main trunk of the systemic arterial system, arising from the base of the left ventricle and ending at the left side of the body of the fourth lumbar vertebra by dividing to form the right and left common iliac arteries. The a. is subdivided into: ascending a.; aortic arch; and descending a., which is in turn, divided into the thoracic a. and the abdominal a.. SYN: arteria a.. [Mod. L. fr. G. aorte, from aeiro, to lift up]
abdominal a. [TA] the part of the descending a. that supplies structures below the diaphragm. SYN: pars abdominalis aortae [TA] , a. abdominalis&star, abdominal part of a..
a. abdominalis abdominal a..
a. angusta congenital narrowness of a..
a. ascendens ascending a..
ascending a. [TA] the part of the a. prior to the aortic arch from which arise the coronary arteries. SYN: pars ascendens aortae [TA] , a. ascendens&star, ascending part of a..
buckled a. SYN: pseudocoarctation.
a. descendens descending a..
descending a. [TA] a part of the a., further divided into the thoracic a. and the abdominal a.. SYN: pars descendens aortae [TA] , a. descendens&star, descending part of a..
dynamic a. abnormally marked pulsations of a..
kinked a. SYN: pseudocoarctation.
overriding a. a congenitally malpositioned a. whose origin straddles the ventricular septum and so receives ejected blood from the right ventricle as well as from the left; it is found especially in tetralogy of Fallot.
primitive a. the paired aortic primordia in young embryos.
pseudocoarctation of the a. a rare abnormality of the arch of the a. that constricts that vessel but is not a true coarctation in that there is no significant encroachment on the lumen.
shaggy a. a colloquial but fitting description for severe arterial degeneration of the a., the surface of which is extremely friable and likely to cause atheroembolism.
thoracic a. [TA] the part of the descending a. that supplies structures as far down as the diaphragm. SYN: pars thoracica aortae [TA] , a. thoracica&star, thoracic part of a..
a. thoracica thoracic a..
ventral aortas the paired vessels ventral to the pharynx, which give rise to the aortic arches.

aortal
aortal (a-or′tal)

SYN: aortic.

aortalgia
aortalgia (a-or-tal′je-a)

Pain assumed to be due to aneurysm or other pathologic conditions of the aorta. [aorta + G. algos, pain]

aortarctia
aortarctia (a-or-tark′she-a)

SYN: aortostenosis. [aorta + L. arcto, properly arto, to narrow]

aortartia
aortartia (a-or-tar′she-a)

SYN: aortostenosis.

aortectasis
aortectasis, aortectasia (a-or-tek′ta-sis, -tek-ta′ze-a)

Dilation of aorta. [aorta + G. ektasis, a stretching]

aortectomy
aortectomy (a-or-tek′to-me)

Excision of a portion of the aorta. [aorta + G. ektome, excision]

aortic
aortic (a-or′tik)

Relating to the aorta or the a. orifice of the left ventricle of the heart. SYN: aortal.

aortic curtain
aortic curtain

An intertrigonal sheet of fibrous tissue between the aortic annulus and the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve.

aorticorenal
aorticorenal (a-or′ti-ko-re′nal)

Related to the aorta and kidney, specifically the ganglion aorticorenale.

aortitis
aortitis (a-or-ti′tis)

Inflammation of the aorta.
giant cell a. giant cell arteritis involving the aorta.
syphilitic a. a common manifestation of tertiary syphilis, involving the thoracic aorta, where destruction of elastic tissue in the media results in dilation and aneurysm formation.

aortocoronary
aortocoronary (a-or′to-kor′o-nar-e)

Relating to the aorta and the coronary arteries.

aortogram
aortogram (a-or′to-gram)

The image or set of images resulting from aortography.

aortography
aortography (a-or-tog′ra-fe)

1. Radiographic imaging of the aorta and its branches, or a portion of the aorta, by injection of contrast medium. 2. Imaging of the aorta by ultrasound or magnetic resonance. [aorta + G. grapho, to write]
retrograde a. a. by the injection of contrast medium into the aorta through one of its branches, e.g., the brachial artery, in a direction against normal arterial blood flow.
translumbar a. early method of a. by injection into the abdominal aorta through a needle just below the twelfth rib and four fingerbreadths to the left of the spinous process of the vertebra.

aortopathy
aortopathy (a-or-top′a-the)

Disease affecting the aorta. [aorta + G. pathos, suffering]

aortopexy
aortopexy

A surgical procedure used to treat tracheomalacia or tracheal compression.

aortoplasty
aortoplasty (a-or′to-plas′te)

A procedure for surgical repair of the aorta.

aortoptosia
aortoptosia, aortoptosis (a-or-top-to′ze-a, -top-to′sis)

A sinking down of the abdominal aorta in splanchnoptosia. [aorta + G. ptosis, a failing]

aortorrhaphy
aortorrhaphy (a-or-tor′a-fe)

Suture of the aorta. [aorta + G. rhaphe, seam]

aortosclerosis
aortosclerosis (a-or′to-skler-o′sis)

Arteriosclerosis of the aorta.

aortostenosis
aortostenosis (a-or-to-ste-no′sis)

Narrowing of the aorta. SYN: aortarctia, aortartia. [aorta + G. stenosis, a narrowing]

aortotomy
aortotomy (a-or-tot′o-me)

Incision of the aorta. [aorta + G. tome, a cutting]

AP
AP

Abbreviation for area postrema.

APA
APA

Abbreviation for antipernicious anemia factor.

apallesthesia
apallesthesia (a-pal-es-the′ze-a)

SYN: pallanesthesia. [G. a- priv. + pallo, to tremble, quiver, + aisthesis, feeling]

apallic
apallic (a-pal′ik)

SYN: a. state. [G. a- priv. + L. pallium, brain mantle (cerebral cortex)]

apancreatic
apancreatic (a-pan-kre-at′ik)

Without a pancreas.

aparalytic
aparalytic (a-par′a-lit′ik)

Without paralysis; not causing paralysis.

aparathyreosis
aparathyreosis (a-par-a-thi′re-o- sis)

hypoparathyroidism, especially that caused by removal of the parathyroid glands. [G. a- priv. + parathyroid + -osis, condition]

aparathyroidism
aparathyroidism (a-par-a-thi′royd-izm)

Congenital absence, deficiency, or surgical removal of the parathyroid glands.

apareunia
apareunia (a-par-u′ne-a)

Absence or impossibility of coitus. [G. a- priv. + para, alongside, + eune, bed]

apathetic
apathetic (ap-a-thet′ik)

Exhibiting apathy; indifferent.

apathism
apathism (ap′a-thizm)

A sluggishness of reaction.

apathy
apathy (ap′a-the)

Indifference; absence of interest in the environment. Often one of the earliest signs of cerebral disease. [G. apatheia, fr. a- priv. + pathos, suffering]

apatite
apatite (ap′a-tit)

1. Generic name for a class of minerals with compositions that are variants of the formula D₅T₃M, where D is a divalent cation, T is a trivalent tetrahedral compound ion, and M is a monovalent anion; calcium phosphate apatites are important mineral constituents of bones and teeth. See hydroxyapatite. 2. Ca₅(PO₄)₃(OH,F,Cl).

APC
APC

Acronym for acetylsalicylic acid, phenacetin, and caffeine combined as a formerly widely used antipyretic and analgesic; antigen-presenting cells, under cell.

A-P-C
A-P-C

1. Abbreviation for adenoidal-pharyngeal-conjunctival. 2. Antigen-presenting cell.

apellous
apellous (a-pel′us)

1. Without skin. 2. Without foreskin; circumcised. [G. a- priv + L. pellis, skin]

apenteric
apenteric (ap-en-ter′ik)

An obsolete term for abenteric. [G. apo, from, + enteron, intestine]

apepsinia
apepsinia (a-pep-sin′e-a)

Rarely used term for lack of pepsin in the gastric juice.

aperiodic
aperiodic (a-per-e-od′ik)

Not occurring periodically.

aperistalsis
aperistalsis (a′per-i-stal′sis)

Absence of peristalsis.

aperitive
aperitive (a-per′i-tiv)

Stimulating the appetite. [Fr. apéritif, from L. aperio, to open]

Apert
Apert

Eugène, French pediatrician, 1868–1940. See A. syndrome.

apertognathia
apertognathia (a-per-to-nath′e-a)

An open bite deformity, a type of malocclusion characterized by premature posterior occlusion and absence of anterior occlusion. SYN: open bite (2) . [L. apertus, open, + G. gnathos, jaw]

apertometer
apertometer (ap-er-tom′e-ter)

Instrument for measuring the angular aperture of a microscope objective.

apertura
apertura, pl .aperturae (ap-er-too′ra, -re) [TA]

SYN: aperture. [L. fr. aperio, pp. apertus, to open]
a. aqueductus cerebri opening of aqueduct of midbrain.
a. aqueductus mesencephali [TA] SYN: opening of aqueduct of midbrain.
a. canaliculi cochleae SYN: external opening of cochlear canaliculus.
a. canaliculi vestibuli SYN: opening of vestibular canaliculus.
a. lateralis ventriculi quarti [TA] SYN: lateral aperture of fourth ventricle.
a. mediana ventriculi quarti [TA] SYN: median aperture of fourth ventricle.
a. pelvis inferior [TA] SYN: pelvic outlet.
a. pelvis minoris SYN: pelvic outlet.
a. pelvis superior [TA] SYN: pelvic inlet.
a. piriformis [TA] SYN: piriform aperture.
a. sinus frontalis [TA] SYN: opening of frontal sinus.
a. sinus sphenoidalis [TA] SYN: opening of the sphenoidal sinus.
a. thoracis inferior [TA] SYN: inferior thoracic aperture.
a. thoracis superior [TA] SYN: superior thoracic aperture.
a. tympanica canaliculi chordae tympani [TA] SYN: tympanic aperture of canaliculus for chorda tympani.

aperture
aperture (ap′er-choor) [TA]

1. An inlet or entrance to a cavity or channel. in anatomy, an open gap or hole. SEE ALSO: fossa, ostium, orifice, pore. 2. The diameter of the objective of a microscope. SYN: aditus [TA] , apertura [TA] . [L. apertura, an opening]
angular a. the angle, in air, of light that passes from the object to the ends of the diameter of the front lens of the microscope objective.
external acoustic a. external acoustic pore.
external a. of cochlear canaliculus SYN: external opening of cochlear canaliculus.
external a. of vestibular aqueduct SYN: opening of vestibular canaliculus.
frontal sinus a. SYN: opening of frontal sinus.
inferior pelvic a. SYN: pelvic outlet.
inferior thoracic a. [TA] the inferior boundary of the bony thorax composed of the twelfth thoracic vertebra and the lower margins of the rib cage and sternum. SYN: apertura thoracis inferior [TA] , thoracic outlet (1) .
laryngeal a. SYN: laryngeal inlet.
lateral a. of fourth ventricle [TA] one of the two lateral openings of the fourth ventricle into the subarachnoid space (the lateral cerebellomedullary cistern) at the cerebellopontine angle. SYN: apertura lateralis ventriculi quarti [TA] , foramen lateralis ventriculi quarti, foramen of Key-Retzius, foramen of Luschka, foramen of Retzius.
a. of mastoid antrum SYN: aditus to mastoid antrum.
median a. of fourth ventricle [TA] the large midline opening in the posterior inferior part of the roof of the fourth ventricle, connecting the ventricle with the posterior cerebellomedullary cistern. SYN: apertura mediana ventriculi quarti [TA] , arachnoid foramen, foramen of Magendie.
numerical a. (N.A.) defined by the formula n sine a, where n is the refractive index of the medium between the object and objective lens and a is the angle between the central and the marginal ray entering the objective.
a. of orbit SYN: orbital opening.
piriform a. [TA] the anterior nasal opening in the skull. SYN: apertura piriformis [TA] , piriform opening.
posterior nasal apertures choanae.
sphenoidal sinus a. SYN: opening of the sphenoidal sinus.
superior pelvic a. SYN: pelvic inlet.
superior thoracic a. [TA] the upper boundary of the bony thorax composed of the first thoracic vertebra and the upper margins of the first ribs and manubrium of the sternum. Note: clinicians refer to the superior thoracic a. as the “thoracic outlet.” as in “thoracic outlet syndrome.” SYN: apertura thoracis superior [TA] , thoracic inlet, thoracic outlet (2) .
tympanic a. of canaliculus for chorda tympani [TA] the small canal opening found lateral to the pyramidal eminence in the posterior wall of the middle ear cavity from which the chorda tympani nerve emerges to pass anteriorly between the ossicles accompanied by a branch of the stylomastoid artery. SYN: apertura tympanica canaliculi chordae tympani [TA] , tympanic opening of canaliculus for chorda tympani.

apex
apex, gen. apicis, pl .apices (a′peks, ap′i-sis, ap′i-ses) [TA]

The extremity of a conical or pyramidal structure, such as the heart or the lung. [L. summit or tip]
a. of arytenoid cartilage [TA] the pointed upper end of the cartilage that supports the corniculate cartilage and the aryepiglottic fold. SYN: a. cartilaginis arytenoideae [TA] .
a. of auricle [TA] a point projecting upward and posteriorly from the free outcurved margin of the helix a little posterior to its upper end. SYN: a. auriculae [TA] , tip of ear&star, a. satyri, tip of auricle, Woolner tip.
a. auriculae [TA] SYN: a. of auricle.
a. capitis fibulae [TA] SYN: a. of head of fibula.
a. cartilaginis arytenoideae [TA] SYN: a. of arytenoid cartilage.
a. cordis [TA] SYN: a. of heart.
a. cornus posterioris [TA] SYN: a. of posterior horn.
a. cuspidis dentis [TA] SYN: a. of cusp of tooth.
a. of cusp of tooth [TA] the tip of the peaklike projections from the crown of a tooth. SYN: a. cuspidis dentis [TA] .
a. of dens [TA] the tip of the dens of the axis to which is attached the apical ligament of the dens. SYN: a. dentis [TA] .
a. dentis [TA] SYN: a. of dens.
a. of head of fibula [TA] the pointed upper end of the fibular head to which is attached the arcuate popliteal ligament and part of the biceps femoris tendon. SYN: a. capitis fibulae [TA] , styloid process of fibula.
a. of heart [TA] the blunt extremity of the heart formed by the left ventricle. See a. beat. SYN: a. cordis [TA] , vertex cordis.
a. linguae [TA] SYN: a. of tongue.
a. of lung [TA] the rounded, upper extremity of each lung that extends into the cupula of the pleura. SYN: a. pulmonis [TA] .
a. nasi [TA] SYN: a. of nose.
a. of nose [TA] anteriormost pointed end of external nose. SYN: a. nasi [TA] , tip of nose&star.
a. of orbit the posterior part of the orbit into which the optic canal opens; forms the tip of the pyramidal space.
a. ossis sacri [TA] SYN: a. of sacrum.
a. partis petrosae ossis temporalis [TA] SYN: a. of petrous part of temporal bone.
a. of patella [TA] the pointed inferior end of the patella from which the ligamentum patellae passes to insert on the tibial tuberosity. SYN: a. patellae [TA] .
a. patellae [TA] SYN: a. of patella.
a. of petrous part of temporal bone [TA] the irregular antero-medial extremity of the petrous part on which the anterior end of the carotid canal opens. SYN: a. partis petrosae ossis temporalis [TA] .
a. of posterior horn [TA] the pointed extremity of each posterior gray column or cornu of the spinal cord. SYN: a. cornus posterioris [TA] , tip of posterior horn.
a. prostatae [TA] SYN: a. of prostate.
a. of prostate [TA] the lowermost part of the prostate, situated above the urogenital diaphragm. SYN: a. prostatae [TA] .
a. pulmonis [TA] SYN: a. of lung.
a. radicis dentis [TA] SYN: root a..
root a. [TA] the tip of a tooth root, that part farthest from the incisal or occlusal side. SYN: a. radicis dentis [TA] , root tip, tip of tooth root.
a. of sacrum [TA] the tapering lower end of the sacrum that articulates with the coccyx. SYN: a. ossis sacri [TA] .
a. satyri SYN: a. of auricle.
a. of tongue [TA] the anterior extreme of the tongue which can be made pointed for sensing or probing and which rests against the lingual aspect of the incisor teeth. SYN: a. linguae [TA] , tip of tongue&star.
a. of (urinary) bladder [TA] the junction of the superior and anteroinferior surfaces of the bladder, continuous above with the median umbilical ligament. SYN: a. vesicae.
a. vesicae SYN: a. of (urinary) bladder.

apexcardiogram
apexcardiogram (a-peks-kar′de-o-gram)

Graphic recording of the movements of the chest wall produced by the apex beat of the heart.

apexcardiography
apexcardiography (a′peks-kar′de-og-ra-fe)

Noninvasive graphic recording of cardiac pulsations from the region of the apex, usually of the left ventricle, and resembling the ventricular pressure curve.

apexification
apexification (a-pek′si-fi-ka′shun)

Induced tooth root development or closure of the root apex by hard tissue deposition.

apexigraph
apexigraph (a-pek′si-graf)

A device for determining the size and position of the apex of a tooth root. [apex + G. grapho, to write]

APF
APF

Abbreviation for animal protein factor.

Apgar
Apgar

Virginia, U.S. anesthesiologist, 1909–1974. See A. score.

aphagia
aphagia (a-fa′je-a)

Inability to eat. [G. a- priv. + phago, to eat]

aphakia
aphakia (a-fa′ke-a)

Absence of the lens of the eye. [G. a- priv. + phakos, lentil, anything shaped like a lentil]

aphalangia
aphalangia (a-fa-lan′je-a)

Congenital absence of a digit, or more specifically, absence of one or more of the long bones (phalanges) of a finger or toe. [G. a- priv. + phalanx]

aphasia
aphasia (a-fa′ze-a)

Impaired or absent comprehension or production of, or communication by, speech, writing, or signs, due to an acquired lesion of the dominant cerebral hemisphere. SYN: alogia (1) . [G. speechlessness, fr. a- priv. + phasis, speech]
acoustic a. SYN: auditory a..
acquired epileptic a. SYN: Landau-Kleffner syndrome.
amnestic a., amnesic a. SYN: nominal a..
anomic a. SYN: nominal a..
anterior a. SYN: motor a..
associative a. SYN: conduction a..
ataxic a. SYN: motor a..
auditory a. an impairment in comprehension of the auditory forms of language and communication, including the ability to write from dictation in the presence of normal hearing. Spontaneous speech, reading, and writing are not affected. SYN: acoustic a., word deafness.
Broca a. SYN: motor a..
conduction a. a form of a. in which the patient understands spoken and written words, is aware of his deficit, and can speak and write, but skips or repeats words, or substitutes one word for another (paraphasia); word repetition is severely impaired. The responsible lesion is in the associate tracts connecting the various language centers. SYN: associative a..
crossed a. a. in a right-handed person due to a solely right cerebral lesion.
expressive a. SYN: motor a..
fluent a. SYN: sensory a..
functional a. nonorganic a. related to conversion hysteria.
global a. in which all aspects of speech and communication are severely impaired. At best, patients can understand or speak only a few words or phrases; they cannot read or write. SYN: mixed a., total a..
graphic a. SYN: agraphia.
graphomotor a. SYN: agraphia.
impressive a. SYN: sensory a..
jargon a. SYN: agrammatism.
mixed a. SYN: global a..
motor a. a type of a. in which there is a deficit in speech production or language output, often accompanied by a deficit in communicating by writing, signs, etc. The patient is aware of the impairment. SYN: anterior a., ataxic a., Broca a., expressive a., nonfluent a..
nominal a. an a. in which the principal deficit is difficulty in naming persons and objects seen, heard, or felt; due to lesions in various portions of the language area. SYN: amnestic a., amnesic a., anomia, anomic a..
nonfluent a. SYN: motor a..
pathematic a. mutism related to anger or strong emotions.
posterior a. SYN: sensory a..
psychosensory a. SYN: sensory a..
pure aphasias rare aphasias affecting only one type of communication, e.g., reading, while related communication forms such as writing, auditory comprehension, etc. remain intact.
receptive a. SYN: sensory a..
semantic a. a. in which objects are correctly named; there is little disturbance in the articulation of words; individual words are understood, but the broader meaning of what is heard cannot be grasped.
sensory a. a. in which there is impairment in the comprehension of spoken and written words, associated with effortless, articulated, but paraphrastic, speech and writing; malformed words, substitute words, and neologisms are characteristic. When severe, and speech is incomprehensible, it is called jargon a.. The patient often appears unaware of the deficit. SYN: fluent a., impressive a., posterior a., psychosensory a., receptive a., Wernicke a..
syntactical a. a. in which the words are fairly well pronounced but are spoken in short phrases or poorly constructed sentences without articles, prepositions, or conjunctions.
total a. SYN: global a..
transcortical a. an a. in which the unaffected motor and sensory language areas are isolated from the rest of the hemispheric cortex. Subdivided into transcortical sensory and transcortical motor aphasias.
visual a. 1. SYN: alexia. 2. improperly used as a synonym for anomia.
Wernicke a. SYN: sensory a..

aphasiac
aphasiac, aphasic (a-fa′ze-ak, a-fa′sik)

Relating to or suffering from aphasia.

aphasiologist
aphasiologist (a-fa′ze-ol′o-gist)

A specialist who deals with speech disorders caused by dysfunction of the language areas of the brain.

aphasiology
aphasiology (a-fa′ze-ol′o-ge)

The science of speech disorders caused by dysfunction of the cerebral language areas.

aphasmid
aphasmid (a-faz′mid)

1. Lacking phasmids, as seen in nematodes of the class Adenophorasida (Aphasmidia). 2. Common name for a member of the class Aphasmidia, now Adenophorasida.

Aphasmidia
Aphasmidia (a-faz-mid′e-a)

SYN: Adenophorasida.

apheliotropism
apheliotropism (ap-he-le-ot′ro-pizm)

Negative heliotaxis. [G. apo, away, + helios, sun, + tropein, to turn]

apheresis
apheresis (a-fer-e′sis)

Infusion of a patient's own blood from which certain cellular or fluid elements (plasma, leukocytes, platelets, etc.) have been removed. [G. aphairesis, withdrawal]

aphilopony
aphilopony (a-fil-op′o-ne)

Obsolete term for an aversion, or lack of desire, to work. [G. a- priv. + philo, to like, + ponos, work]

aphonia
aphonia (a-fo′ne-a)

Loss of the voice as a result of disease or injury to the larynx. [G. a- priv. + phone, voice]
hysterical a. loss of voice for psychogenic reasons, as in some varieties of hysteria. SYN: nonorganic a..
nonorganic a. SYN: hysterical a..
a. paralytica a. due to paralysis of the vocal cords.
spastic a. a. caused by spasmodic contraction of the laryngeal adductor muscles provoked by attempted phonation.

aphonic
aphonic (a-fon′ik)

Relating to aphonia. SYN: aphonous.

aphonous
aphonous (af′o-nus)

SYN: aphonic.

aphotesthesia
aphotesthesia (a-fo-tes-the′ze-a)

Decreased sensitivity of the retina to light caused by excessive exposure to sunlight. [G. a- priv. + phos, light, + aisthesis, perception]

aphrasia
aphrasia (a-fra′ze-a)

Inability to speak, from any cause. [G. a- priv. + phrasis, speaking]

aphrodisia
aphrodisia (af-ro-diz′e-a)

Sexual desire, especially when excessive. [G. aphrodisios, relating to Aphrodite]

aphrodisiac
aphrodisiac (af-ro-diz′e-ak)

1. Increasing sexual desire. 2. Anything that arouses or increases sexual desire.

aphrodisiomania
aphrodisiomania (af-ro-diz′e-o-ma′ne-a)

Abnormal and excessive erotic interest. [G. aphrodisia, sexual pleasures, + mania, insanity]

aphtha
aphtha, pl .aphthae (af′tha, af′the)

1. In the singular, a small ulcer on a mucous membrane. 2. In the plural, stomatitis charactized by intermittent episodes of painful oral ulcers of unknown etiology that are covered by gray exudate, are surrounded by an erythematous halo, and range from several millimeters to 2 cm in diameter; they are limited to oral mucous membranes that are not bound to periosteum, occur as solitary or multiple lesions, and heal spontaneously in 1–2 weeks. SYN: aphthae minor, aphthous stomatitis, canker sores, recurrent aphthous stomatitis, recurrent aphthous ulcers, recurrent ulcerative stomatitis, ulcerative stomatitis. [G. ulceration]
Bednar aphthae traumatic ulcers located bilaterally on either side of the midpalatal raphe in infants.
herpetiform aphthae a variant of oral aphthae, of unknown etiology, characterized by up to several dozen ulcers, 2–3 mm in diameter, organized in a clustered herpetiform distribution.
aphthae major a severe form of aphthae characterized by unusually numerous, large, deep, and frequent ulcers; healing may take as long as 6 weeks and results in scarring. SYN: Mikulicz aphthae, periadenitis mucosa necrotica recurrens, recurrent scarring aphthae, Sutton disease.
Mikulicz aphthae SYN: aphthae major.
aphthae minor SYN: a. (2) .
recurrent scarring aphthae SYN: aphthae major.

aphthoid
aphthoid (af′thoyd)

Resembling aphthae.

aphthosis
aphthosis (af-tho′sis)

Any condition characterized by the presence of aphthae.

aphthous
aphthous (af′thus)

Characterized by or relating to aphthae or aphthosis.

Aphthovirus
Aphthovirus (af′tho-vi′rus)

A genus in the family Picornaviridae associated with foot and mouth disease of cattle.

aphylactic
aphylactic (a-fi-lak′tik)

Obsolete term for pertaining to or characterized by aphylaxis.

aphylaxis
aphylaxis (a-fi-lak′sis)

Obsolete term for lack of protection against disease. SYN: nonimmunity. [G. a- priv. + phylaxis, a guarding]

apical
apical (ap′i-kal) [TA]

1. Relating to the apex or tip of a pyramidal or pointed structure. 2. Situated nearer to the apex of a structure in relation to a specific reference point; opposite of basal. SYN: apicalis [TA] .

apicalis
apicalis (ap-i-ka′lis) [TA]

SYN: apical, apical. [L.]

apicectomy
apicectomy (ap-i-sek′to-me)

1. Opening and exenteration of air cells in the apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone. 2. In dental surgery, an obsolete synonym for apicoectomy. [L. apex, summit or tip, + G. ektome, excision]

apiceotomy
apiceotomy (a-pis-e-ot′o-me)

SYN: apicotomy.

apices
apices (ap′i-ses)

Plural of apex.

apico- apico-

An apex; apical [L. apex, apicis, a summit or a tip + -o-]

apicoectomy
apicoectomy (ap′i-ko-ek′to-me)

Surgical removal of a tooth root apex. SYN: root resection. [apico- + G. ektome, tooth excision]

apicolocator
apicolocator (ap′i-ko-lo′ka-tor)

A device for locating the root apex of a tooth.

apicolysis
apicolysis (ap-i-kol′i-sis)

Surgical collapse of the upper portion of the lung by the operative detachment of the parietal pleura allowing inferomedial displacement of the pulmonary apex. [apico- + G. lysis, destruction]

Apicomplexa
Apicomplexa (ap-i-kom-plek′sa)

A phylum of the subkingdom Protozoa, which includes the class Sporozoea and the subclasses Coccidia and Piroplasmia, and is characterized by the presence of an apical complex. [L. apex, pl. apicis, tip, summit, + complexus, woven together]

apicostome
apicostome (ap′i-ko-stom)

The trocar and cannula used in apicostomy.

apicostomy
apicostomy (ap-i-kos′to-me)

An operation in which the labial or buccal alveolar plate is perforated with a trocar and cannula; done to reach the root apex and to take bacterial cultures from this area. [apico- + G. stoma, mouth]

apicotomy
apicotomy (ap-i-kot′o-me)

Incision into an apical structure. SYN: apiceotomy. [apico- + G. tome, a cutting]

apiculate
apiculate (a-pik′u-lat)

Terminated abruptly by a small point. [L. apiculus, a tip or point]

apiculus
apiculus (a-pik′u-lus)

A short, sharp projection on one end of a fungus spore at the point of attachment, or on the wall, of a hypha or condiophore. [L.]

apicurettage
apicurettage (ap-i-ku′re-tahzh)

Apical curettage after removal of an infected tooth.

apinealism
apinealism (a-pin′e-al-izm)

Acquired absence of the pineal gland.

apiphobia
apiphobia (a-pi-fo′be-a)

Morbid fear of bees. SYN: melissophobia. [L. apis, bee, + G. phobos, fear]

apituitarism
apituitarism (a-pi-too′i-tar-izm)

Total lack of functional pituitary tissue; may be iatrogenic ( e.g., as a consequence of hypophysectomy) or the result of a spontaneous disease process.

aplacental
aplacental (a-pla-sen′tal)

Without a placenta; denoting the monotremes (which lay eggs and have no placenta) and the marsupials (which have a transitory simple yolk-sac placenta).

aplanatic
aplanatic (ap-la-nat′ik)

Pertaining to aplanatism, or to an a. lens.

aplanatism
aplanatism (a-plan′a-tizm)

Freedom from spherical aberration; said of a lens. [G. a- priv. + planetos, wandering]

aplasia
aplasia (a-pla′ze-a)

1. Defective development or congenital absence of an organ or tissue. 2. In hematology, incomplete, retarded, or defective development, or cessation of the usual regenerative process. [G. a- priv. + plasis, a molding]
congenital a. of thymus SYN: DiGeorge syndrome.
a. cutis congenita [MIM*107600, *207700, *207730] congenital absence or deficiency of a localized area of skin, with the base of the defect covered by a thin translucent membrane; most often a single area near the vertex of the scalp, but may occur in other areas; underlying structures may also be affected; autosomal inheritance, either dominant or recessive.
germinal a. SYN: seminiferous tubule dysgenesis.
gonadal a. congenital absence of essentially all gonadal tissue; the external genitalia and genital ducts are female, but if interstitial cells of Leydig are present, the external genitalia are commonly ambiguous and the genital ducts are female. SEE ALSO: gonadal dysgenesis, gonadal agenesis. Cf.:Klinefelter syndrome, Turner syndrome.
pure red cell a. a transitory arrest of red blood cell production which may occur in the course of a hemolytic anemia, often preceded by infection, or as a complication of certain drugs; if the arrest persists, severe anemia may result. SEE ALSO: congenital hypoplastic anemia.

aplastic
aplastic (a-plas′tik, a-)

Pertaining to aplasia, or conditions characterized by defective regeneration, as in a. anemia.

apleuria
apleuria (a-ploor′e-a)

Congenital absence of one or more ribs; usually associated with absent transverse process or processes. [a- priv. + G. pleura, rib]

apnea
apnea (ap′ne-a)

Absence of breathing. [G. apnoia, want of breath]
central a. a. as the result of medullary depression which inhibits respiratory movement.
deglutition a. inhibition of breathing during swallowing.
induced a. intentional respiratory arrest during general anesthesia produced by hypocapnia, a muscle relaxant drug, respiratory center depression, or sudden cessation of controlled respiration.
obstructive sleep a. a disorder, first described in 1965, characterized by recurrent interruptions of breathing during sleep due to temporary obstruction of the airway by lax, excessively bulky, or malformed pharyngeal tissues (soft palate, uvula, and sometimes tonsils), with resultant hypoxemia and chronic lethargy.Symptoms of obstructive sleep a. are loud snoring, recurrent apneic episodes during sleep followed by gasping inspiration with partial or complete arousal, nocturnal restlessness, and daytime sleepiness. Apneic episodes last 10–120 seconds and may be accompanied by sinus bradycardia or atrioventricular block. The cumulative effect of recurrent spells of a. is hypoxemia and shallow, nonrefreshing sleep, which may lead to excessive drowsiness, personality change, impairment of intellectual function, and heightened tendency to accidents during waking hours. However, evidence establishing obstructive sleep a. as an independent risk factor for motor vehicle accidents, heart attack, stroke, and sudden death is weak. About 15% of persons with this disorder develop sustained pulmonary hypertension. Obstructive sleep a. affects about 4% of men and 2% percent of women between the ages of 30 and 60. Obesity, hypothyroidism, cigarette smoking, alcohol, and some hypnotics (particularly benzodiazepines) predispose to this disorder, and its incidence increases with advancing age. Diagnosis is confirmed by polysomnography (continuous measurement of airflow, respiratory activity, chin electromyography, ECG, EEG, electrooculogram, and arterial oxygen saturation during sleep) and by evaluation of the shape and size of the upper respiratory tract. Weight loss, smoking cessation, and avoidance of benzodiazepine hypnotics are advised for all patients. A mandibular advancement appliance worn inside the mouth at night reduces symptoms in some patients. An effective if somewhat cumbrous treatment is the nightly use of continuous positive airway pressure, which provides a steady flow of room air at low pressure through the nose to overcome intermittent upper respiratory obstruction. Selected patients benefit from surgical procedures such as uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (trimming and reshaping of the uvula and soft palate), which can be performed by laser or radiofrequency ablation under local anesthesia, and mandibular osteotomy with genioglossus muscle advancement.
sleep a. central and/or peripheral a. during sleep, associated with frequent awakening and often with daytime sleepiness. Cf.:sleep-induced a..
sleep-induced a. a. resulting from failure of the respiratory center to stimulate adequate respiration during sleep; divided into respiratory pause (cessation of air flow for less than 10 seconds) and apneic pause (cessation of air flow greater than 10 seconds).

apneic
apneic (ap′ne-ik)

Related to or suffering from apnea.

apneumia
apneumia (a-pnoo′me-a)

Congenital absence of the lungs. [G. a- priv. + pneumon, lung]

apneusis
apneusis (ap-noo′sis)

An abnormal respiratory pattern consisting of a pause at full inspiration; a prolonged inspiratory cramp caused by a lesion at the mid or caudal pontine level of the brainstem. [G. a- priv. + pneusis, a breathing, fr. pneo, to breathe]

apo
apo

Abbreviation for apoenzyme; apolipoprotein.

apo- apo-

Combining form usually meaning separated from or derived from. [G. apo, away from, off; a. becomes ap-, especially before a vowel or h]

apobiosis
apobiosis (ap-o-bi-o′sis)

Death, especially local death of a part of the organism. [G. death, fr. apo, from, + biosis, life]

apocrine
apocrine (ap′o-krin)

Denoting a mechanism of glandular secretion in which the apical portion of secretory cells is shed and incorporated into the secretion. SEE ALSO: a. gland. [G. apo-krino, to separate]

apocrustic
apocrustic (ap-o-krus′tik)

1. Astringent and repellent. 2. An agent with such action. [G. apokroustikos, able to beat off, fr. apo, off, + krouo, to strike]

apodal
apodal (a-po′dal)

Relating to apodia. SYN: apodous. [G. a- priv. + pous, foot]

apodia
apodia (a-po′de-a)

Congenital absence of feet. SYN: apody. [G. a- priv. + pous, foot]

apodous
apodous (ap′o-dus)

SYN: apodal.

apody
apody (ap′o-de)

SYN: apodia.

apoenzyme
apoenzyme (apo) (ap′o-en-zim)

The protein portion of an enzyme as contrasted with the nonprotein portion, coenzyme, or prosthetic portion (if present in the intact protein).

apoferritin
apoferritin (ap-o-fer′i-tin)

A protein in the intestinal wall that combines with a ferric hydroxide-phosphate compound to form ferritin, the first stage in the absorption of iron.

apogamia
apogamia, apogamy (ap-o-gam′e-a, a-pog′a-me)

SYN: parthenogenesis. [G. apo, away, + gameo, to wed]

apogee
apogee

The peak of severity of the clinical manifestations of an illness. [Fr., fr. Mod. L. apogaeum, fr. G. apogaios, far from the earth, fr. apo, + gaia, earth]

apoinducer
apoinducer (a′po-in-doos′er)

A protein that binds to DNA to switch on transcription.

apo-2L
apo-2L

SYN: TRAIL.

apolar
apolar (a-po′lar)

1. Without poles; denoting specifically embryonic nerve cells (neuroblasts) that have not yet begun to sprout processes. 2. SYN: hydrophobic (2) .

apolipoprotein
apolipoprotein (apo) (ap′o-lip-o-pro′ten)

The protein component of any lipoprotein complexes that is a normal constituent of plasma chylomicrons, HDL, LDL, and VLDL in humans.
a. A-I an a. found in HDL and chylomicrons. It is an activator of LCAT and a ligand for the HDL receptor. A deficiency of this a. has been associated with low HDL levels and with Tangier disease.
a. A-II an a. found in HDL and chylomicrons. It stabilizes HDL.
a. A-IV an a. secreted with chylomicrons and also found in HDL. It participates in the catabolism of chylomicrons and VLDL. It is also required for activation of lipoprotein lipase.
a. B apolipoproteins found in chylomicrons, LDL, VLDL, and IDL. Elevated in the plasma of individuals with familial hyperlipoproteinemia.
a. B-100 an a. found in LDL, VLDL, and IDL. The ligand for the LDL receptor; absent in certain types of abetalipoproteinemia.
a. B-48 an a. found in chylomicrons and chylomicron remnants. Retained in intestine of individuals with chylomicron retention disease.
a. C-I an a. found in VLDL and chylomicrons. It modulates the interaction of a. E with VLDL.
a. C-II an a. found in VLDL, HDL, and chylomicrons; an activator of lipoprotein lipase; a deficiency will result in accumulation of chylomicrons and triacylglycerols.
a. C-III an a. found in VLDL, HDL, and chylomicrons. It inhibits a number of lipases.
a. D an a. found in HDL. It forms a complex with LCAT and appears to be involved in the transport of bilin.
a. E an a. found in VLDL, HDL, chylomicrons, and chylomicron remnants. Elevated in individuals with type III hyperlipoproteinemia. It has an important role in cholesterol transport.

apomixia
apomixia (ap-o-mik′se-a)

SYN: parthenogenesis. [G. apo, from, + mixis, a mingling]

apomorphine hydrochloride
apomorphine hydrochloride (ap-o-mor′fen)

A derivative of morphine used as an emetic by the parenteral route of administration.

aponeurectomy
aponeurectomy (ap′o-noo-rek′to-me)

Excision of an aponeurosis. [aponeurosis + G. ektome, excision]

aponeurorrhaphy
aponeurorrhaphy (ap′o-noo-ror′a-fe)

SYN: fasciorrhaphy. [aponeurosis + G. rhaphe, suture]

aponeurosis
aponeurosis, pl .aponeuroses (ap′o-noo-ro′sis, -sez) [TA]

A fibrous sheet or flat, expanded tendon, giving attachment to muscular fibers and serving as the means of origin or insertion of a flat muscle; it sometimes also performs the office of a fascia for other muscles. [G. the end of the muscle where it becomes tendon, fr. apo, from, + neuron, sinew]
bicipital a., a. bicipitalis [TA] radiating fibers from the tendon of insertion of the biceps that form a triangular band passing obliquely across the hollow of the elbow to the ulnar side and becoming merged into the deep fascia of the forearm, thus providing the muscle with an indirect attachment to the subcutaneous border of the ulna. Formerly called “grace Dieu” fascia, it serves to protect the brachial artery and median nerve during phlebotomy of median cubital vein. SYN: a. musculi bicipitis brachii [TA] , lacertus fibrosus&star, bicipital fascia, semilunar fascia.
Denonvilliers a. SYN: rectovesical septum.
epicranial a. [TA] the a. or intermediate tendon connecting the frontal belly and occipital belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle to form—with the temporoparietalis— the epicranius. SYN: galea aponeurotica [TA] , a. epicranialis&star, galea (2) .
a. epicranialis epicranial a..
extensor a. SYN: extensor digital expansion.
a. of external oblique muscle broad, flat tendinous portion of the external abdominal oblique muscle. The fleshy fibers of the muscle end in the a. along a line descending vertically from the costochondral joint of the ninth rib then turning laterally just below the level of the umbilicus toward the anterior superior iliac spine. The fibers of the a. run medially and inferiorly, contributing to the anterior wall of the sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle and decussating with those of the contralateral a. at the median linea alba. Inferomedially, the a. is attached to the upper border of the pubic symphysis, the pubic crest and pubic tubercle. Between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercle, it is thickened and turned under, forming the inguinal ligaments. The portion of the a. attached to the pubic bone forms the superficial inguinal ring by splitting into medial and lateral crura. SEE ALSO: external spermatic fascia, inguinal ligament, lacunar ligament, pectineal ligament, reflected inguinal ligament, superficial inguinal ring, rectus sheath.
a. of insertion a tendinous sheet serving for the insertion of a broad muscle.
a. of internal oblique muscle broad, flat tendinous portion of the internal abdominal oblique muscle. The fleshy fibers of the muscle end in the a. lateral to the semilunar line. The uppermost portion of the a. is attached to the outer surfaces and lower borders of the seventh to ninth costal cartilages. Of the portion extending between the costoxiphoid margin and the pubis, the upper two-thirds splits into anterior and posterior laminae at the lateral border of the rectus abdominis muscle to contribute to both the anterior and posterior walls of the sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle as they extend to the midline linea alba. The lower third of the a. does not split but joins the aponeuroses of the external abdominal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles to form the anterior wall of the sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle. The fibers of the portion of the a. contributing to the rectus sheath decussate with those of the contralateral a. in the linea alba. The lowermost portion of the a. blends with the a. of the transversus abdominis muscle to form the conjoint tendon, attaching to the pubic crest and often the pecten pubis, thus forming the posterior wall of the inguinal canal at the superficial inguinal ring. SEE ALSO: cremasteric fascia, inguinal falx, rectus sheath.
a. of investment a fibrous membrane covering and keeping in place a muscle or group of muscles.
a. linguae [TA] SYN: lingual a..
lingual a. [TA] the thickened lamina propria of the tongue to which the lingual muscles attach. SYN: a. linguae [TA] .
a. musculi bicipitis brachii [TA] SYN: bicipital a..
a. of origin a tendinous expansion serving as the attachment of origin of a broad muscle.
a. palatina [TA] SYN: palatine a..
palatine a. [TA] the expanded tendons of the tensor veli palatini muscles in the anterior two-thirds of the soft palate to which the other palatine muscles attach. SYN: a. palatina [TA] .
palmar a. [TA] the thickened, central portion of the fascia ensheathing the hand; it radiates toward the bases of the fingers from the tendon of the palmaris longus muscle. SEE ALSO: palmar fascia. SYN: a. palmaris [TA] , Dupuytren fascia.
a. palmaris [TA] SYN: palmar a..
Petit a. the posterior layer of the broad ligament of the uterus. [P. Petit]
a. pharyngea SYN: pharyngobasilar fascia.
plantar a. [TA] the very thick, central portion of the fascia investing the plantar muscles; it radiates toward the toes from the medial process of the calcaneal tuberosity and gives attachment to the short flexor muscle of the toes. SEE ALSO: plantar fascia. SYN: a. plantaris [TA] .
a. plantaris [TA] SYN: plantar a..
Sibson a. SYN: suprapleural membrane.
temporal a. SYN: temporal fascia.
thoracolumbar a. SYN: thoracolumbar fascia.
a. of vastus muscles patellar retinaculum, medial patellar retinaculum, lateral patellar retinaculum.

aponeurositis
aponeurositis (ap′o-noo-ro-si′tis)

Inflammation of an aponeurosis.

aponeurotic
aponeurotic (ap′o-noo-rot′ik)

Relating to an aponeurosis.

aponeurotome
aponeurotome (ap-o-noo′ro-tom)

Obsolete. Instrument for dividing an aponeurosis. [aponeurosis + G. tome, a cutting]

aponeurotomy
aponeurotomy (ap′o-noo-rot′o-me)

Incision of an aponeurosis.

apophylaxis
apophylaxis (ap′o-fi-lak′sis)

Obsolete term for a diminution of the phylactic power of the body fluids, as sometimes observed in the negative phase of therapy with immunizing agents.

apophysary
apophysary (a-pof′i-sa-re)

SYN: apophysial.

apophysial
apophysial, apophyseal (a-po-fiz′e-al)

Relating to or resembling an apophysis. SYN: apophysary.

apophysis
apophysis, pl .apophyses (a-pof′i-sis, -sez) [TA]

An outgrowth or projection, especially one from a bone. A bony process or outgrowth that lacks an independent center of ossification. [G. an offshoot]
basilar a. SYN: basilar part of occipital bone.
a. conchae SYN: eminence of concha.
a. helicis SYN: spine of helix.
lenticular a. SYN: lenticular process of incus.
temporal a. SYN: mastoid process.

apophysitis
apophysitis (a-pof-i-si′tis)

Inflammation of any apophysis.
calcaneal a. SYN: Sever disease.
a. tibialis adolescentium SYN: Osgood-Schlatter disease.

Apophysomyces
Apophysomyces (ap-o-fiz-o-mi′sez)

A genus of fungi in the family Mucoraceae; a cause of mucormycosis.

apoplasmia
apoplasmia (ap-o-plaz′me-a)

Obsolete term for a decrease in the amount of blood plasma.

apoplectic
apoplectic (ap-o-plek′tik)

Relating to, suffering from, or predisposed to apoplexy.

apoplectiform
apoplectiform (ap-o-plek′ti-form)

Resembling apoplexy.

apoplexy
apoplexy (ap′o-plek-se)

SYN: stroke (1) . [G. apoplexia]
abdominal a. mesenteric hemorrhage, thrombosis, or embolus involving the mesenteric or abdominal blood vessels.
adrenal a. hemorrhage into the adrenal glands or thrombosis of the adrenal veins, followed by acute adrenal insufficiency, occurring in the Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome.
bulbar a. a. due to vascular lesion in the brainstem.
functional a. a condition simulating a. without any cerebral lesion; a form of conversion hysteria.
heat a. 1. SYN: heatstroke. 2. SYN: ardent fever.
labyrinthine a. a clinical syndrome manifested as a single, abrupt attack of severe vertigo, nausea, and vomiting, with permanent loss of labyrinthine function on one side, but without associated hearing loss or tinnitus. Attributed to occlusion of the labyrinthine branch of the internal auditory artery.
neonatal a. intracranial hemorrhage in newborn children.
pituitary a. the sudden onset of visual loss, ophthalmoplegia, and meningeal pain due to infarction of a pituitary adenoma, producing compression of chiasm and cavernous sinus and some subarachnoid hemorrhage.
spinal a. stroke involving the spinal cord.
uteroplacental a. SYN: Couvelaire uterus.

apoprotein
apoprotein (ap-o-pro′ten)

A polypeptide chain (protein) not yet complexed with the prosthetic group that is necessary to form the active holoprotein.

apoptosis apoptosis (ap′op-to′sis, ap′o-to′sis)

Programmed cell death; deletion of individual cells by fragmentation into membrane-bound particles, which are phagocytized by other cells. SYN: programmed cell death. [G. a falling or dropping off, fr. apo, off, + ptosis, a falling] Whereas some cells (e.g., cardiac and skeletal muscle fibers, CNS neurons) last a lifetime, others (e.g., epithelial and glandular cells, erythrocytes) have limited life-spans, at the end of which they are genetically programmed to self-destruct, usually to be replaced by others formed by mitosis from surviving cells. Cells in tissue cultures spontaneously undergo a. after about 50 cell divisions. In contrast to cell death caused by injury, infection, or circulatory impairment, a. elicits no inflammatory response in adjacent cells and tissues. Features of a. detectable by histologic and histochemical methods include cell shrinkage, due chiefly to dehydration; increased membrane permeability, with a rise in intracellular calcium and a fall in pH; endonucleolysis (fragmentation of nuclear DNA); and ultimately formation of apoptotic bodies, which are absorbed and removed by macrophages. Besides being due to genetic programming, a. can be induced by injury to cellular DNA, as by irradiation and some cytotoxic agents used to treat cancer. It can be suppressed by naturally occurring factors (e.g., cytokines) and by some drugs (e.g., protease inhibitors). A. typically does not occur in malignant cells. Such cells therefore escape the destiny of their nonmalignant precursor cells and are said to be immortal. Immortalization can occur in various ways. The bcl-2 gene, present in many cancers, directs the production of an enzyme that blocks a. and immortalizes affected cells. Injury to DNA normally triggers a. by activating the p53 tumor suppressor gene, which is missing or mutated in about one-half of all human cancers. Cells that lack this gene can survive chemotherapy and irradiation intended to destroy cancer cells. Failure of a. to occur is also involved in some degenerative diseases, including lupus erythematosus, and may be responsible for cellular damage caused by certain viruses, including HIV.

aporepressor
aporepressor (ap′o-re-pres′er)

A regulatory protein which, when combined with another corepressor, undergoes allosteric transformation, allowing it to combine with an operator locus and inhibit transcription of certain genes.

aposome
aposome (ap′o-som)

A cytoplasmic inclusion produced by the cell itself. [G. apo, from, + soma, body]

apostaxis
apostaxis (ap-o-staks′is)

Slight hemorrhage, or bleeding by drops. [G. a trickling down]

aposthia
aposthia (a-pos′the-a)

Congenital absence of the prepuce. [G. a- priv. + posthe, foreskin]

apostilb
apostilb (ap′o-stilb)

A unit of brightness equal to 0.1 millilambert. [G. apo, from + stilbe, lamp]

apothanasia
apothanasia (ap′-o-tha-na′ze-a)

Postponement of death; prolongation of life, as opposed to euthanasia. [G. apo, away, + thanatos, death]

apothecary
apothecary (a-poth′e-kar-e)

Obsolescent term for pharmacist or druggist. [G. apotheke, a barn, storehouse, fr. apo, from, + theke, a box]

apothem
apothem, apotheme (ap′o-them, ap′o-them)

A precipitate caused by long boiling of a vegetable infusion or by its exposure to air. [G. apo, from, + thema, something set down, fr. tithemi, to place]

apoxesis
apoxesis (ap-ok-se′sis)

SYN: subgingival curettage. [G. apo, away, + xeein, to scrape]

apozem
apozem, apozema (ap′o-zem, ap-oz′e-ma)

SYN: decoction. [apo- + G. zema, something boiled]

apparatus
apparatus (ap-a-ra′tus)

1. A collection of instruments adapted for a special purpose. 2. An instrument made up of several parts. 3. [TA] A group or system of glands, ducts, blood vessels, muscles, or other anatomic structures involved in the performance of some function. SEE ALSO: system. [L. equipment. fr. ap-paro, pp. -atus, to prepare]
accessory visual a. SYN: accessory visual structures, under structure.
achromatic a. the nonstaining asters and spindle fibers in a dividing cell.
alimentary a. SYN: alimentary system.
attachment a. the tissues that attach the tooth to the alveolar process: cementum, periodontal membrane, and alveolar bone.
Barcroft-Warburg a. SYN: Warburg a..
Beckmann a. a. for the accurate measurement of melting points and boiling points in connection with molecular weight determinations.
Benedict-Roth a. a device employed to measure the amount of oxygen utilized in quiet breathing in the basal state for the estimation of the basal metabolic rate; the subject rebreathes oxygen through soda lime from a recording spirometer.
branchial a. the aggregate of the pharyngeal arches, pouches, clefts, and membranes seen in the developing embryo of vertebrates.
central a. the centrosome and centrosphere.
chromatic a. the deeply staining mass of chromosomes in a dividing cell.
chromidial a. the aggregate of extranuclear network, irregular strands, and masses of basophilic staining material permeating the protoplasm of the cell. SEE ALSO: ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum.
dental a. SYN: masticatory system.
digestive a. SYN: alimentary system.
a. digestorius SYN: alimentary system.
genitourinary a. SYN: urogenital system.
Golgi a. a membranous system of cisternae and vesicles located between the nucleus and the secretory pole or surface of a cell; concerned with the investment and intracellular transport of membrane-bounded secretory proteins, and the synthesis of polysaccharides and glycoproteins. SYN: dictyosome, Golgi body, Golgi complex, Golgi internal reticulum, Holmgrén-Golgi canals.
Haldane a. a device used for the analysis of respiratory gases.
hyoid a. veterinary anatomy term for hyoid bones, a modified portion of the ancestral branchial skeleton consisting of an articulated chain of bones extending from the mastoid region of the skull on each side to the base of the tongue; in humans, it is reduced to a single bone, os hyoideum; in a typical mammal (the dog), it consists of a tympanohyoid cartilage attached to the skull, followed by the stylohyoid, epihyoid, keratohyoid, basihyoid, and thyrohyoid bones. SYN: a. hyoideus.
a. hyoideus SYN: hyoid a..
juxtaglomerular a. SYN: juxtaglomerular complex.
Kirschner a. SYN: Kirschner wire.
Kjeldahl a. an a. for distilling ammonia arising from acid decomposition of an organic compound; used in nitrogen analysis.
lacrimal a. [TA] consisting of the lacrimal gland, the lacrimal lake, the lacrimal canaliculi, the lacrimal sac, and the nasolacrimal duct. SYN: a. lacrimalis [TA] .
a. lacrimalis [TA] SYN: lacrimal a..
a. ligamentosus colli SYN: ligamentum nuchae.
a. ligamentosus weitbrechti SYN: tectorial membrane (of median atlantoaxial joint).
masticatory a. 1. SYN: masticatory system. 2. SYN: stomatognathic system.
mental a. mental structure consisting of thoughts, feelings, cognitions, and memories; in psychoanalysis, the topographic structure of the mind.
pyriform a. a pear-shaped structure within the eggshell of certain tapeworms (family Anoplocephalidae), of uncertain function.
a. respiratorius SYN: respiratory system.
respiratory a. SYN: respiratory system.
Roughton-Scholander a. a syringe-like device for analyzing the respiratory gases in a small sample of blood. SYN: Roughton-Scholander syringe.
Scholander a. a device used for determining the oxygen and carbon dioxide percentage in 0.5 ml of a respiratory gas.
subneural a. modified sarcoplasm in a motor end-plate.
a. suspensorius lentis SYN: ciliary zonule.
Taylor a. SYN: Taylor back brace.
Tiselius a. an a. for separating proteins in solution by electrophoresis and thus for determining the isoelectric point, molecular weight, and related physical properties; the direction and rate of migration of the protein and the characteristics of the boundary phase between the protein solution and the supernatant salt solution are recorded by photography of the changes in refractive index at the boundary.
urinary a. SYN: urinary system.
urogenital a. SYN: urogenital system.
a. urogenitalis SYN: urogenital system.
Van Slyke a. an a. for determining the amounts of respiratory gases in the blood.
vestibular a. the receptor organ of the vestibular portion of the 8th cranial nerve, consisting of the three semicircular canals and the otolith, located within the petrous portion of the temporal bone of the skull.
Warburg a. an a. for measuring the oxygen consumption of incubated tissue slices by manometric measurement of changes in gas pressure produced by oxygen absorption in an enclosed flask. SYN: Barcroft-Warburg a..

apparent
apparent (a-par′ent)

1. Manifest; obvious; evident; e.g., a clinically a. infection. 2. Frequently used (confusingly) to mean “seeming to be,” ostensible, pseudo-. [L. apparens, visible, fr. appareo, to come in sight]

appendage
appendage (a-pen′dij)

Any part, subordinate in function or size, attached to a main structure. SEE ALSO: accessory structures, under structure. SYN: appendix (1) . [L. appendix]
atrial a. SYN: auricles (of atria), under auricle.
auricular a. 1. SYN: right auricle. 2. a small congenital skin tag usually located anterior to the tragus of the ear, often called a skin tag; more often unilateral than bilateral.
drumstick a. an a. of the nucleus that represents the inactive heterochromatic X chromosome seen in 3% of the neutrophil leukocytes of human females. See sex chromatin, lyonization.
epiploic a. SYN: omental appendices, under appendix.
appendages of eye SYN: accessory visual structures, under structure.
appendages of the fetus amnion, yolk sac, and the fetal (chorionic) part of the placenta together with the umbilical cord.
left auricular a. SYN: left auricle.
right auricular a. SYN: right auricle.
appendages of skin the hairs, nails, and sweat, sebaceous, and mammary glands.
testicular a. SYN: appendix of testis.
uterine appendages the ovaries, uterine (fallopian) tubes, and associated ligaments. SYN: adnexa uteri.
vermiform a. SYN: appendix (2) .
vesicular appendages of epoophoron [TA] a small fluid-filled cyst attached by a slender stalk to the fimbriated end of the uterine tube; a vestigial remnant of the embryonic mesonephric duct. SYN: appendix vesiculosa [TA] , Morgagni hydatid, morgagnian cyst, stalked hydatid, vesicular appendices of uterine tube.

appendalgia
appendalgia (ap-pen-dal′je-a)

Obsolete term for pain in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen in the region of the vermiform appendix. [appendix + G. algos, pain]

appendectomy
appendectomy (ap-pen-dek′to-me)

Surgical removal of the vermiform appendix. SYN: appendicectomy. [appendix + G. ektome, excision]
auricular a. excision of the auricular appendix of an atrium, usually the left.

appendical
appendical (a-pen′di-kal)

SYN: appendiceal.

appendiceal
appendiceal (a-pen-dis′e-al)

Relating to an appendix. SYN: appendical.

appendicectasis
appendicectasis (ap-pen-di-sek′ta-sis)

Ectasia of the appendix.

appendicectomy
appendicectomy (ap-pen-di-sek′to-me)

SYN: appendectomy.

appendicism
appendicism (a-pen′di-sizm)

Rarely used term for any chronic disease of the vermiform appendix, or a symptomatic uneasiness in that area.

appendicitis
appendicitis (a-pen-di-si′tis)

Inflammation of the vermiform appendix. [appendix + G. -itis, inflammation]
actinomycotic a. chronic suppurative a. due to infection by Actinomyces israelii.
acute a. acute inflammation of the appendix, usually due to bacterial infection, which may be precipitated by obstruction of the lumen by a fecalith; variable symptoms often consisting of periumbilical colicky pain and vomiting may be followed by fever, leukocytosis, persistent pain, and signs of peritoneal inflammation in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen; perforation or abscess formation is a frequent complication of delayed surgical intervention.
bilharzial a. a. caused by the deposition of the eggs of the blood fluke, Schistosoma mansoni, in the vermiform appendix.
chronic a. fibrous adhesions, scarring, or deformity of the appendix following subsidence of acute a.; fibrous obliteration of the distal lumen is not abnormal in older persons; term frequently used to refer to repeated mild attacks of acute a..
focal a. acute a. involving only part of the appendix, sometimes at the site of, or distal to, an obstruction of the lumen.
foreign-body a. a. caused by obstruction of the lumen of the appendix by a foreign substance, such as a particulate foreign body.
gangrenous a. acute a. with necrosis of the wall of the appendix, most commonly developing in obstructive a. and frequently causing perforation and acute peritonitis.
left-sided a. a. occurring on the left side of the abdomen, usually the left-lower quadrant, due to abnormal rotation of the gut (such as situs inversus).
lumbar a. acute a. in a retrodisplaced appendix in the lumbar region.
obstructive a. acute a. due to infection of retained secretion behind an obstruction of the lumen by a fecalith or some other cause, including carcinoma of the cecum.
perforating a. inflammation of the appendix leading to perforation of the wall of the appendix into the peritoneal cavity, resulting in peritonitis.
recurrent a. repeated episodes of right lower quadrant abdominal pain attributed to recurrence of inflammation of the appendix in an individual who did not have an appendectomy for prior episodes. SYN: relapsing a..
relapsing a. SYN: recurrent a..
stercoral a. a. following a lodgment of fecal material in the appendix.
subperitoneal a. a. of a subperitoneally displaced appendix.
suppurative a. acute a. with purulent exudate in the lumen and wall of the appendix.
verminous a. a. caused by obstruction or response to the presence of parasitic worms such as Ascaris lumbricoides, Strongyloides stercoralis, or the pinworm Enterobius vermicularis.

appendico- appendico-

An appendix, usually the vermiform appendix. [L. appendix, appendicis an appendage, fr. appendo, to hang something onto something, fr. ad-, ap-, to, onto, + pendo, to hang, + -o-]

appendicocele
appendicocele (a-pen′di-ko-sel)

The vermiform appendix in a hernial sac. [appendico- + G. kele, hernia]

appendicolith
appendicolith (a-pen′di-ko-lith)

A calcified concretion in the appendix visible on an abdominal radiograph; considered diagnostic of appendicitis in the acute abdomen. [appendico- + G. lithos, stone]

appendicolithiasis
appendicolithiasis (a-pen′di-ko-li-thi′a-sis)

The presence of concretions in the vermiform appendix. [appendico- + G. lithos, stone]

appendicolysis
appendicolysis (a-pen-di-kol′i-sis)

An operation for freeing the appendix from adhesions. [appendico- + G. lysis, a loosening]

appendicostomy
appendicostomy (a-pen-di-kos′to-me)

An operation for opening into the intestine through the tip of the vermiform appendix, previously attached to the anterior abdominal wall. [appendico- + G. stoma, mouth]

appendicovesicostomy
appendicovesicostomy (a-pen-di-ko′ves′i-kos-to-me)

Use of an isolated appendix on a vascularized pedicle as a catheterizable route of access to the bladder from the skin. SEE ALSO: Mitrofanoff principle. [eppendico- + L. vesica, bladder, + G. stoma, mouth]

appendicular
appendicular (ap′en-dik′u-lar)

1. Relating to an appendix or appendage. 2. Relating to the limbs, as opposed to axial, which refers to the trunk and head.

appendix
appendix, gen. appendicis, pl .appendices (a-pen′diks, -di-sis, -di-ses)

1. SYN: appendage. 2. [TA] A wormlike intestinal diverticulum extending from the blind end of the cecum; it varies in length and ends in a blind extremity. SYN: a. vermiformis [TA] , a. ceci, processus vermiformis, vermiform appendage, vermiform a., vermiform process, vermix. [L. appendage, fr. ap-pendo, to hang something on]
appendices adiposae coli omental appendices.
auricular a. SYN: auricles (of atria), under auricle.
a. ceci SYN: a. (2) .
a. epididymidis [TA] SYN: a. of epididymidis.
a. of epididymidis [TA] a small pedunculated body often attached to the head of the epididymis which is a vestige of the embryonic mesonephric duct. SYN: a. epididymidis [TA] , pedunculated hydatid.
epiploic a. SYN: omental appendices.
a. epiploica, pl .appendices epiploicae SYN: omental appendices.
fatty appendices of colon omental appendices.
a. fibrosa hepatis [TA] SYN: fibrous a. of liver.
fibrous a. of liver [TA] a fibrous process, into which the tip of the left lobe of the liver may taper out, that passes with the left triangular ligament to be attached to the diaphragm. SYN: a. fibrosa hepatis [TA] .
Morgagni a. SYN: pyramidal lobe of thyroid gland.
omental appendices [TA] one of a number of little processes or sacs of peritoneum filled with adipose tissue and projecting from the serous coat of the large intestine, except the rectum; they are most evident on the transverse and sigmoid colon, being most numerous along the free tenia. SYN: appendices omentales [TA] , appendices adiposae coli&star, fatty appendices of colon&star, a. epiploica, epiploic appendage, epiploic a., epiploic tags.
appendices omentales [TA] SYN: omental appendices.
a. testis [TA] SYN: a. of testis.
a. of the testis SYN: a. of testis.
a. of testis [TA] a vesicular nonpedunculated structure attached to the cephalic pole of the testis; a vestige of the cephalic end of the paramesonephric (müllerian) duct. SYN: a. testis [TA] , a. of the testis, nonpedunculated hydatid, ovarium masculinum, sessile hydatid, testicular appendage.
a. ventriculi laryngis SYN: laryngeal saccule.
vermiform a. SYN: a. (2) .
a. vermiformis [TA] SYN: a. (2) .
vesicular appendices of uterine tube SYN: vesicular appendages of epoophoron, under appendage.
a. vesiculosa, pl .appendices vesiculosae [TA] SYN: vesicular appendages of epoophoron, under appendage.

apperception
apperception (ap-er-sep′shun)

1. The final stage of attentive perception in which something is clearly apprehended and thus is relatively prominent in awareness; the full apprehension of any psychic content. 2. The process of referring the perception of ideas to one's own personality. [L. ad, to, + per- cipio, pp. -ceptus, to take wholly, perceive]

apperceptive
apperceptive (ap-er-sep′tiv)

Relating to, involved in, or capable of apperception.

appersonation
appersonation, appersonification (a-per′so-na′shun, ap-er-son′i-fi-ka′shun)

A delusion in which one assumes the character of another person.

appestat
appestat (ap′e-stat)

The mechanism in the brain (possibly in the hypothalamus) concerned with the appetite and control of food intake. [appetite + G. statos, standing]

appetite
appetite (ap′e-tit)

A desire or motive derived from a biologic or psychological need for food, water, sex, or affection; a desire or longing to satisfy any conscious physical or mental need. SYN: orexia (2) . [L. ad-peto, pp. -petitus, to seek after, desire]

applanation
applanation (ap′lan-a′shun)

In tonometry, the flattening of the cornea by pressure. Intraocular pressure is directly proportional to external pressure, and inversely proportional to the area flattened. SEE ALSO: a. tonometer. [L. ad, toward, + planum, plane]

applanometry
applanometry (ap-lan-om′e-tre)

Use of an applanation tonometer.

apple oil
apple oil

SYN: amyl valerate.

appliance
appliance (a-pli′ans)

A device used to improve function of a part, or for therapeutic purposes. [fr, O. Fr. aplier, to apply, fr. L. applico, to fold together]
craniofacial a. a device used to immobilize and/or reduce mandibular or midfacial fractures. SEE ALSO: fixation.
edgewise a. a fixed, multibanded orthodontic a. using an attachment bracket the slot of which receives a rectangular archwire horizontally, which gives precise control of tooth movement in all three planes of space.
extraoral fracture a. a device used for extraoral reduction and fixation of maxillary or mandibular fractures, in which pins, clamps, or screws interjoined with metal or acrylic connectors are used to align the fractured segments. SEE ALSO: external pin fixation.
Hawley a. SYN: Hawley retainer.
intraoral fracture a. a metal or acrylic device attached to the teeth with wire or cement; used to immobilize fractures of the maxilla and mandible.
labiolingual a. an orthodontic a. that consists of a maxillary labial arch wire and a mandibular lingual arch wire.
light wire a. an orthodontic a. utilizing small gauge labial wires with expansion and contraction loops formed into it and attached to bands fitted to individual teeth; sometimes called Begg light wire differential force technique.
obturator a. an a. used to obliterate congenital or acquired defects of the palate and surrounding structures, usually made of acrylic or rubber.
orthodontic a. a mechanism for the application of force to the teeth and their supporting tissues to produce changes in the relationship of the teeth and/or the related osseous structures.
ribbon arch a. an a. consisting of a rectangular wire inserted into a specially designed bracket attached to the labial and buccal surfaces of the teeth.
Roger Anderson pin fixation a. an a. used in extraoral fixation of mandibular fractures and prognathic corrections in which pins placed in the bone segments are joined by metal connecting rods. SEE ALSO: external pin fixation.
surgical a. a metal or plastic a. constructed prior to an operation and used to immobilize or support tissue during the postoperative phase.
universal a. a combination of the edgewise and ribbon arch a. techniques, affording precise control of individual teeth in all planes of space.

applicand.
applicand.

Abbreviation for applicandus, to be applied. [L.]

applicator
applicator (ap′li-ka-tor)

A slender rod of wood, flexible metal, or synthetic material, at one end of which is attached a pledget of cotton or other substance for making local applications to any accessible surface. [L. ap-plico, to attach to]

apposition
apposition (ap-o-zish′un)

1. The placing in contact of two substances. 2. The condition of being placed or fitted together. 3. The relationship of fracture fragments to one another. 4. The process of thickening of the cell wall. [L. ap-pono, pp. -positus, to place at or to]
bayonet a. relationship of two fracture fragments that lie next to each other rather than in end-to-end contact.

approach
approach (a-proch′)

1. In psychiatry, a term used to describe how interpersonal relationships are negotiated. 2. The path or method used to expose the operative field during an operation. [M.E., fr. O. Fr., fr L.L. appropio, to come nearer, fr. ad, to + propius, nearer]
facial recess a. a surgical a. to the middle ear from the mastoid through the recess lateral to the facial nerve canal.
idiographic a. the comprehensive study of an individual as a basis for understanding human behavior in general.
infratemporal a. surgical a. to the base of the skull and its contents from inferior to the temporal bone.
middle fossa a. surgical a. to the cerebellopontine angle through that portion of the floor of the middle cranial fossa that is the anterior surface of the petrous pyramid of the temporal bone.
nomothetic a. a frame of psychologic reference that attempts to provide norms and general principles of behavior by the study of groups.
posterior fossa a. surgical a. to the cerebellopontine angle through the mastoid process of the temporal bone.
regressive-reconstructive a. a form of psychotherapy in which regression, in order to resurrect some original psychic trauma, is an integral part of the treatment.
retrosigmoid a. a surgical a. to the cerebellopontine angle through the occipital bone posterior to the sigmoid sinus.
transcochlear a. a surgical a. to the internal auditory canal through the cochlea.
translabyrinthine a. surgical a. to the cerebellopontine angle through the inner ear.

approximate
approximate (a-prok′si-mat)

To bring close together. In dentistry: 1. Proximate, denoting the contact surfaces, either mesial or distal, of two adjacent teeth. 2. Close together; denoting the teeth in the human jaw, as distinguished from the separated teeth in certain of the lower animals. [L. ad, to, + proximus, nearest]

approximation
approximation (a-prok-si-ma′shun)

In surgery, bringing tissue edges into desired apposition for suturing.
steady state a. an assumption in the derivation of an enzyme rate expression in which the rate of change of the concentration of any enzyme species is zero or much smaller than d[P]/dt.

APR
APR

Abbreviation for abdominoperineal resection.

apractagnosia
apractagnosia (a-prak-tag-no′se-a)

SYN: constructional apraxia. [G. a- priv. + praktea, things to be done, + gnosis, recognition]

apractic
apractic (a-prak′tik)

SYN: apraxic.

apragmatism
apragmatism (a-prag′ma-tizm)

An interest in theory or dogmatism rather than in practical results. [G. a- priv. + pragmatism]

apraxia
apraxia (a-prak′se-a)

1. A disorder of voluntary movement, consisting of impairment in the performance of skilled or purposeful movements, notwithstanding the preservation of comprehension, muscular power, sensibility, and coordination in general; due to acquired cerebral disease. 2. A psychomotor defect in which the proper use of an object can not be carried out although the object can be named and its uses described. [G. a- priv. + pratto, to do]
constructional a. a. manifested as an impairment in activity such as building, assembling, and drawings; caused by parietal lobe lesions. SYN: apractagnosia.
cortical a. SYN: motor a..
gait a. a. for walking, accompanied by inability to make walking movements with the legs.
ideokinetic a., ideomotor a. a form of a. in which simple acts are incapable of being performed, presumably because the connections between the cortical centers that control volition and the motor cortex are interrupted. SYN: transcortical a..
innervation a. SYN: motor a..
limb-kinetic a. SYN: motor a..
motor a. an inability to make movements or to use objects for the purpose intended. SYN: cortical a., innervation a., limb-kinetic a..
ocular motor a. a congenital inability to initiate horizontal saccades. Children with this condition often use head thrusts to move their eyes to the left and right.
transcortical a. SYN: ideokinetic a..
verbal a. a speech disorder in which phonemic substitutions are constantly used for the desired syllable or word.

apraxic
apraxic (a-prak′sik)

Marked by or pertaining to apraxia. SYN: apractic.

apricot kernel oil
apricot kernel oil (a′pri-kot)

See persic oil.

aproctia
aproctia (a-prok′she-a)

Congenital absence or imperforation of the anus. [G. a- priv. + proktos, anus]

aprofen
aprofen, aprofene, aprophen (ap′ro-fen, ap′ro-fen, ap′ro-fen)

Analgesic and antispasmodic.

aprosody
aprosody (a-pros′o-de)

Absence, in speech, of the normal pitch, rhythm, and variations in stress. [G. a- priv. + prosodia, voice modulation]

aprosopia
aprosopia (ap-ro-so′pe-a)

Congenital absence of the greater part or all of the face, usually associated with other malformations. [G. a- priv. + prosopon, face]

aprotinin
aprotinin (a-pro′ti-nin)

A protease and kallikrein inhibitor obtained from animal organs; a polypeptide with a molecular weight of about 6000. May be useful in the treatment of pancreatitis and in preventing bleeding after surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass.

APS
APS

Abbreviation for adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate.

6-APS
6-APS

Abbreviation for 6-aminopenicillanic acid.

aPTT
aPTT

Abbreviation for activated partial thromboplastin time.

APUD
APUD

Proposed designation for a group of cells in different organs secreting polypeptide hormones or neurotransmitters. Cells in this group have certain biochemical characteristics in common, the first letters of which form the name: they contain amines, such as catecholamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine, take up precursors of these amines in vivo, and contain amino-acid decarboxylase. [amine precursor uptake, decarboxylase]

apurinic acid
apurinic acid (a-pu-rin′ik)

DNA from which the purine bases have been removed by mild acid treatment.

apyknomorphous
apyknomorphous (a-pik-no-mor′fus)

Denoting a cell or other structure that does not stain deeply because the stainable or chromophil material is not closely aggregated. [G. a- priv. + pyknos, thick, + morphe, shape, form]

apyrase
apyrase (a-pi′ras)

An enzyme catalyzing hydrolytic removal of two orthophosphate residues from adenosine 5′-triphosphate to yield adenosine 5′-monophosphate; i.e., ATP + 2H₂O → AMP + 2P_i. SYN: ADPase, ATP-diphosphatase.

apyretic
apyretic (a-pi-ret′ik)

SYN: afebrile.

apyrexia
apyrexia (a-pi-rek′se-a)

Absence of fever. [G. a- priv. + pyrexis, fever]

apyrexial
apyrexial (a-pi-rek′se-al)

SYN: afebrile.

apyrimidinic acid
apyrimidinic acid (a-pi′rim-i-din′ik)

DNA from which the pyrimidine bases have been removed by chemical treatment ( e.g., exposure to hydrazine).

aq.
aq.

Abbreviation for L. aqua, water.

aq. bull.
aq. bull.

Abbreviation for L. aqua bulliens, boiling water.

aq. dest.
aq. dest.

Abbreviation for L. aqua destillata, distilled water.

aq. ferv.
aq. ferv.

Abbreviation for L. aqua fervens, hot water.

aq. frig.
aq. frig.

Abbreviation for L. aqua frigida, cold water.

aqua
aqua, gen. and pl. aquae (ak′wa, ah′kwah)

H₂O. Pharmaceutical waters, aquae, are aqueous solutions of volatile substances ( e.g., rose water). Pharmaceutical solutions, liquors, are aqueous solutions of nonvolatile substances. See water (3) , solution (3) . [L.]
a. regia, a. regalis SYN: nitrohydrochloric acid. [L. royal water, so called from its power to dissolve gold]

aquacobalamin
aquacobalamin (ak′wa-ko-bal′a-min)

Vitamin B_12a (tautomeric with B_12b);a cobalamin derivative in which the sixth coordinate bond of the cobaltic ion is attached to a water molecule. SEE ALSO: vitamin B₁₂. SYN: aquocobalamin.

aquaphobia
aquaphobia (ak-wa-fo′be-a)

Morbid fear of water. [L. aqua, water, + G. phobos, fear]

aquapuncture
aquapuncture (ak-wa-punk′chur)

Rarely used term for a hypodermic injection of water. [L. aqua, water, + punctura, puncture]

Aquaspirillum
Aquaspirillum (ah-kwah-spi-ril′um)

A genus of motile, nonsporeforming, aerobic bacteria (family Spirillaceae) containing Gram-negative, rigid, helical or helically curved cells that are 0.2–1.5 μm in diameter. Motile cells contain fascicles of flagella at one or both poles. Some species can grow anaerobically with nitrate instead of oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. These organisms are chemoorganotrophic, possessing a strictly respiratory metabolism. They do not ferment carbohydrates; a few species can oxidize a limited variety of carbohydrates. The habitat of these organisms is fresh water. The type species is A. serpens. [L. aqua, water, + spirillum, coil]

aquatic
aquatic (a-kwat′ik)

1. Of or pertaining to water. 2. Denoting an organism that lives in water.

aqueduct
aqueduct (ak′we-dukt)

A conduit or canal. SYN: aqueductus. [L. aquaeductus]
cerebral a. an ependyma-lined canal in the mesencephalon about 20 mm long, connecting the third to the fourth ventricle. SYN: aqueductus mesencephali [TA] , aqueductus cerebri&star, a. of cerebrum, aqueductus sylvii, iter a tertio ad quartum ventriculum, sylvian a..
a. of cerebrum SYN: cerebral a..
cochlear a. [TA] a fine canal in the temporal bone, opening superior to the tympanic canaliculus, connecting the perilymphatic space of the cochlea with the subarachnoid space. SYN: aqueductus cochleae [TA] , ductus perilymphaticus, perilymphatic duct.
Cotunnius a. SYN: vestibular a..
fallopian a. SYN: facial canal.
sylvian a. SYN: cerebral a..
vestibular a. [TA] a bony canal running from the vestibule and opening on the posterior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, giving passage to the endolymphatic duct and a small vein. SYN: aqueductus vestibuli [TA] , aqueductus cotunnii, Cotunnius a., Cotunnius canal.

aqueductus
aqueductus (ak-we-duk′tus)

SYN: aqueduct. [L. fr. aqua, water, + ductus, a leading, fr. duco, pp. ductus, to lead]
a. cerebri [offalt] cerebral aqueduct.
a. cochleae [TA] SYN: cochlear aqueduct.
a. cotunnii SYN: vestibular aqueduct.
a. fallopii SYN: facial canal.
a. mesencephali [TA] SYN: cerebral aqueduct.
a. sylvii SYN: cerebral aqueduct.
a. vestibuli [TA] [NA] SYN: vestibular aqueduct.

aqueous
aqueous (ak′we-us, a′kwe-us)

Watery; of, like, or containing water.

aquiparous
aquiparous (a-kwip′er-us)

Secreting or excreting a watery fluid. [L. aqua, water, + pario, to bring forth]

aquocobalamin
aquocobalamin (ak′wo-ko-bal′a-min)

SYN: aquacobalamin.

aquo-ion
aquo-ion (ak′wo-i′on)

A hydrated ion; an ion containing one or more water molecules; e.g., Cu(H₂O)₄²⁺.

aquosity
aquosity (a-kwos′i-te)

1. The state of being watery. 2. Moisture.

Ar
Ar

Symbol for argon.

Ara
Ara

Symbol for arabinose, or its mono- or diradical.

ara- ara-

Prefix for arabinose or arabinosyl.

arab- arab-

Gum arabic; similar gummy substances. [G. Araps, Arabos, an Arab]

araban
araban (a′ra-ban)

A polysaccharide that yields arabinose on hydrolysis; a constituent of some pectins.

arabic
arabic (a′ra-bik)

Relating to or derived from various species of Acacia having a gummy or resinous exudate.

arabic acid
arabic acid

SYN: arabin.

arabin
arabin (a′ra-bin)

A carbohydrate gum, hydrolyzing to d-arabinose and hexoses, found naturally in union with calcium, potassium, and magnesium ions, when it is called gum arabic. SYN: arabic acid.

arabinoadenosine
arabinoadenosine (a′ra-bin-o-ah-den′o-sen)

SYN: arabinosyladenine.

arabinocytidine
arabinocytidine (a′ra-bin-o-si′ti-den)

SYN: arabinosylcytosine.

arabinofuranosyladenine
arabinofuranosyladenine (a′ra-bin-o-foor′a-no-sil-ad′e-nen)

An arabinoside that has antiviral activity.

arabinofuranosylcytosine
arabinofuranosylcytosine (a′ra-bin-o-foor′a-no-sil-si′to-sen)

SYN: arabinosylcytosine.

arabinose
arabinose (Ara) (a-rab′i-nos, a′ra-bin-os)

A pentose; both of its enantiomers are widely distributed in plants, usually in complex polysaccharides; used in culture media. d-A. is an epimer of d-ribose. [arabin + -ose (1)]
a. 5-phosphate a phosphorylated a. that is an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway.
a. 5-phosphate 2-epimerase an enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway that reversibly interconverts a. and ribose 5-phosphate.

arabinoside
arabinoside (a-rab′i-no-sid)

A ribonucleoside in which the sugar moiety is arabinose. It often has antibiotic activity.

arabinosis
arabinosis (a-rab-i-no′sis)

Disordered metabolism of arabinose.

arabinosuria
arabinosuria (a-rab′i-no-soo′re-a)

Excretion of arabinose in the urine.

arabinosyladenine
arabinosyladenine (a′ra-bin-o-sil-a′den-en)

Used for herpes simplex corneae and vaccinial keratitis. SYN: arabinoadenosine.

arabinosylcytosine
arabinosylcytosine (aC, araC) (a′ra-bin-o-sil-si′to-sen)

A compound of arabinose and cytosine, analogous to ribosylcytosine (cytidine), that inhibits the biosynthesis of DNA; used as a chemotherapeutic agent because of antiviral and tumor-growth-inhibiting properties. SYN: arabinocytidine, arabinofuranosylcytosine, cytarabine.

arabitol
arabitol (a-rab′i-tol)

A sugar alcohol obtained from the reduction of arabinose.

AraC
AraC

Abbreviation for cytosine arabinoside.

araC
araC

Symbol for arabinosylcytosine.

arachic acid
arachic acid (a-rak′ik)

SYN: arachidic acid.

arachidic acid
arachidic acid (a-ra-kid′ik)

A fatty acid contained in peanut oil, butter, and other fats. SYN: arachic acid, n-eicosanoic acid, n-icosanoic acid. [Arachis, fr. G. arakis, leguminous weed]

arachidonic acid
arachidonic acid (a-rak-i-don′ik)

5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraenoic (icosatetraenoic) acid;an unsaturated fatty acid, usually essential in nutrition; the biological precursor of the prostaglandins, the thromboxanes, and the leukotrienes (collectively known as eicosanoids).

arachidonic acid cascade
arachidonic acid cascade

Eicosanoid synthetic pathway.

arachis oil
arachis oil (ar′a-kis)

SYN: peanut oil.

arachnephobia
arachnephobia (a-rak-ne-fo′be-a)

Morbid fear of spiders. SYN: arachnophobia. [G. arachne, spider, + phobos, fear]

Arachnia
Arachnia (a-rak′ne-a)

A genus of nonmotile, nonsporeforming, facultatively anaerobic bacteria (family Actinomycetaceae) containing Gram-positive, non–acid-fast, branched, diphtheroid rods (0.2–0.3 by 3.0–5.0 μm and longer). These organisms produce filamentous microcolonies. Their metabolism is fermentative. Primarily propionic and acetic acids are produced from glucose. Catalase is not produced. The cell wall contains diaminopimelic acid but not arabinose. These organisms are pathogenic for humans, causing lacrimal canaliculitis and typical actinomycosis. The type species is A. propionica.
A. propionica a species causing lacrimal canaliculitis and typical actinomycosis; it is the type species of the genus A.. SYN: Propionibacterium propionicus.

Arachnida
Arachnida (a-rak′ni-da)

A class of arthropods in the subphylum Chelicerata, consisting of spiders, scorpions, harvestmen, mites, ticks, and allies. [G. arachne, spider]

arachnidism
arachnidism (a-rak′ni-dizm)

Systemic poisoning following the bite of a spider (especially of the black widow).
necrotic a. a. caused by spiders belonging to the genus Loxosceles; cutaneous necrosis develops at the bite site, with slow healing and possible disfigurement.

arachnodactyly
arachnodactyly (a-rak-no-dak′ti-le)

A condition in which the hands and fingers, and often the feet and toes, are abnormally long and slender; a characteristic of Marfan syndrome [MIM*154700], Achard syndrome [MIM*100700], the MASS syndrome [MIM*157700], and kindred hereditary disorders of connective tissue. SYN: spider finger. [G. arachne, spider, + daktylos, finger]

arachnoid
arachnoid (a-rak′noyd)

SYN: a. mater. [G. arachne, spider, cobweb, + eidos, resemblance]
a. of brain SYN: cranial a. mater.
cranial a. mater [TA] that portion of the a. that lies within the cranial cavity and surrounds the brain and the cranial portion of the subarachnoid space. In several sites it is relatively widely separated from the pia mater, creating the cranial subarachnoid cisterns. SEE ALSO: a. mater. SYN: arachnoidea mater cranialis [TA] , arachnoidea mater encephali&star, a. mater cranialis, a. mater encephali, a. of brain, cerebral part of a..
a. mater [TA] A delicate fibrous membrane forming the middle of the three coverings of the central nervous system. In life the a. (specifically the a. barrier cell layer) is tenuously attached to the externally adjacent dura mater (specifically the dural border cells) and there is no naturally occurring space at the dura-a. interface. Thus in a spinal puncture dura mater and a. are penetrated simultaneously as if a single layer. Separation of the a. mater from the dura mater (usually through the dural border cell layer) may result from traumatic or pathologic processes creating what is commonly, but incorrectly, called a subdural hematoma. The a. mater is named for the delicate, spider weblike filaments that extend from its deep surface, through the CSF of the subarachnoid space, to the pia mater. SEE ALSO: leptomeninx. SYN: arachnoidea mater, arachnoides [TA] , a. membrane, a., parietal layer of leptomeninges.
a. mater cranialis SYN: cranial a. mater.
a. mater encephali SYN: cranial a. mater.
a. mater and pia mater
a. of spinal cord SYN: spinal a. mater.
spinal a. mater [TA] that portion of the a. that lies within the vertebral canal and surrounds the spinal cord and the vertebral portion of the subarachnoid space. It extends from the foramen magnum above to the S2 vertebral level. Since the spinal cord ends at the L2 vertebral level, a wide separation occurs between the a. and pia mater, the lumbar cistern, filled with cerebrospinal fluid in which the cauda equina is suspended. SYN: arachnoidea mater spinalis [TA] , a. of spinal cord, arachnoidea spinalis, spinal part of a..
arachnoidea spinalis SYN: spinal a. mater.

arachnoidal
arachnoidal (a-rak-noy′dal)

Relating to the arachnoid membrane, or arachnoidea.

arachnoidea mater
arachnoidea mater, arachnoides (a-rak-noyd′e-a, -dez) [TA]

SYN: arachnoid mater. [Mod. L. arachnoideus fr. G. arachne, spider, + eidos, resemblance]
a. spinalis [TA] SYN: spinal arachnoid mater.

arachnoiditis
arachnoiditis (a-rak-noy-di′tis)

Inflammation of the arachnoid membrane often with involvement of the subjacent subarachnoid space. SEE ALSO: leptomeningitis. [arachnoidea + -itis, inflammation]
adhesive a. thickening of the leptomeninges, sometimes with obliteration of the subarachnoid space; commonly related to acute or chronic leptomeningitis of bacterial or chemical origin. SEE ALSO: leptomeningeal fibrosis. SYN: obliterative a..
neoplastic a. SYN: neoplastic meningitis.
obliterative a. SYN: adhesive a..

arachnolysin
arachnolysin (a-rak-nol′i-sin)

A hemolytic substance in the venom of certain spiders.

arachnophobia
arachnophobia (a-rak-no-fo′be-a)

SYN: arachnephobia.

aralkyl
aralkyl (a-ral′kil)

A radical in which an aryl group is substituted for a hydrogen atom of an alkyl group; e.g., C₆H₅CH₂&cbond;. SYN: arylated alkyl.

Aran
Aran

François A., French physician, 1817–1861. See A.-Duchenne disease, Duchenne-A. disease.

araneism
araneism (a-ran′ism)

Rarely used term for arachnidism.

Arantius
Arantius

(Aranzio), Giulio C., Italian anatomist and physician, 1530–1589. See A. ligament, A. nodule, A. ventricle, corpus arantii, ductus venosus arantii.

araphia
araphia (a-ra′fe-a)

SYN: holorachischisis. [G. a- priv. + rhaphe, a seam]

arbor
arbor, pl .arbores (ar′bor, ar-bo′rez)

In anatomy, a treelike structure with branchings. [L. tree]
a. vitae [TA] the arborescent appearance of gray and white matter in sagittal sections of the cerebellum.
a. vitae uteri SYN: palmate folds of cervical canal, under fold.

arborescent
arborescent (ar-bo-res′ent)

SYN: dendriform.

arborization
arborization (ar′bor-i-za′shun)

1. The terminal branching of nerve fibers or blood vessels in a branching treelike pattern. 2. The branched pattern formed under certain conditions by a dried smear of cervical mucus.

arborize
arborize (ar′bor-iz)

To spread in a treelike branching pattern.

arboroid
arboroid (ar′bor-oyd)

Denoting a colony of protozoa, each of which remains attached to another cell or to the main stem at one point, forming a branching or dendritic figure. [L. arbor, tree, + G. eidos, resemblance]

arborvirus
arborvirus (ar′bor-vi′rus)

Obsolete term for arbovirus.

arbovirus
arbovirus (ar′bo-vi′rus)

An old name for a large, heterogeneous group of RNA viruses. There are over 500 species, which are distributed among several families (Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Bunyaviridae, Arenaviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Reoviridae), and which have been recovered from arthropods, bats, and rodents; most, but not all, are arthropod-borne. These taxonomically diverse animal viruses are unified by an epidemiologic concept, i.e., transmission between vertebrate hosts by blood-feeding (hematophagous) arthropod vectors, such as mosquitoes, ticks, sandflies, and midges.. Although about 100 species can infect humans, in most instances diseases produced by these viruses are of a very mild nature and difficult to distinguish from illnesses caused by viruses of other taxonomic groups. Apparent infections may be separated into several clinical syndromes: undifferentiated type fevers (systemic febrile disease), hepatitis, hemorrhagic fevers, and encephalitides. [ar, arthropod, + bo, borne, + virus]

ARC
ARC

Abbreviation for AIDS-related complex.

arc
arc (ark)

1. A curved line or segment of a circle. 2. Continuous luminous passage of an electric current in a gas or vacuum between two or more separated carbon or other electrodes. [L. arcus, a bow]
auricular a., binauricular a. a line carried over the cranium from the center of one external auditory meatus to that of the other. SYN: interauricular a..
bregmatolambdoid a. the line running along the sagittal suture from the bregma to the apex of the lambdoid suture.
crater a. an a. of a direct current that forms a pitlike excavation at the positive pole.
flame a. an a. between two impregnated electrodes that causes volatilization of the core with resultant flame.
interauricular a. SYN: auricular a..
longitudinal a. of skull the line carried over the skull in the midline from the nasion to the opisthion.
mercury a. an electric discharge through mercury vapor between electrodes, one of which is usually mercury; provides a rich source of therapeutic ultraviolet rays; the containing tube is usually quartz; may also be glass with a fluorite window.
nasobregmatic a. a line running through the midline of the forehead from the nasion to the bregma.
naso-occipital a. the a. in the midline from the root of the nose to the inferior limit of the external occipital protuberance.
pulmonary a. radiographically displayed contour of main pulmonary artery on frontal chest radiograph.
reflex a. the route followed by nerve impulses in the production of a reflex act, from the peripheral receptor organ through the afferent nerve to the central nervous system synapse and then through the efferent nerve to the effector organ.
Riolan a. 1. SYN: intestinal arterial arcades, under arcade. 2. SYN: marginal artery of colon. SEE ALSO: Riolan anastomosis. 3. SYN: Riolan anastomosis.

arcade
arcade (ar-kad)

An anatomic structure or structures (especially a blood vessel) taking the form of a series of arches. [L. arcus, arc, bow]
anomalous mitral a. short chordae tendineae extending from both papillary muscles to the central portion of the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve and resulting in stenosis or incompetence of the valve.
arterial arcades a series of anastomosing arterial arches, as the intestinal arterial arcades between the branches of the jejunal and ileal arteries in the mesentery and the pancreaticoduodenal arteries on the head of the pancreas.
Flint a. a series of vascular arches at the bases of the pyramids of the kidney.
intestinal arterial arcades the series of arterial arches formed in the mesentery by anastomoses between adjacent jejunal and ileal arteries and from which vasa recta arise. The arterial arcades of the ileum are shorter and more complex than those of the jejunum. SEE ALSO: arterial arches of ileum, under arch, arterial arches of jejunum, under arch, marginal artery of colon. SYN: intermesenteric arterial anastomoses, Riolan arc (1) , Riolan arcades.
lower dental a. mandibular dental a..
mandibular dental a. [TA] the teeth supported by the alveolar part of the mandible, whether the 10 deciduous teeth or the 16 permanent teeth. SYN: arcus dentalis inferior&star, lower dental a.&star, inferior dental arch, mandibular dentition.
marginal a. marginal artery of colon.
maxillary dental a. [TA] the teeth supported by the alveolar process of the two maxillae, whether the 10 deciduous teeth or the 16 permanent teeth. SYN: arcus dentalis maxillaris [TA] , arcus dentalis superior&star, upper dental a.&star, maxillary dentition, superior dental arch.
pancreaticoduodenal arterial arcades anastomoses between the anterior and posterior pancreaticoduodenal arteries (from the gastroduodenal artery) and the anterior and posterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries (from the superior mesenteric artery) on the anterior and posterior aspects of the head of the pancreas and the duodenum, supplying both structures.
Riolan arcades SYN: intestinal arterial arcades. SEE ALSO: Riolan anastomosis.
upper dental a. maxillary dental a..

Arcanobacterium
Arcanobacterium (ar-ka′no-bac-ter′e-um)

A genus of nonmotile, facultatively anaerobic bacteria containing Gram-positive slender irregular rods, sometimes showing clubbed ends that may be in V formation with no filaments. These organisms are obligate parasites of the pharynx in farm animals and humans, occasionally causing lesions on the pharynx or skin. The type species is A. haemolyticum.
A. haemolyticum a species that causes pharyngitis and chronic skin ulcers in humans as well as farm animals.

arcate
arcate (ar′kat)

SYN: arcuate.

arch
arch [TA]

Any structure resembling a bent bow or an a.; an arc. In anatomy, any vaulted or archlike structure. See arcus. SYN: arcus [TA] . [thru O. Fr. fr. L. arcus, bow]
abdominothoracic a. a bell-shaped line defined by the lower end of the sternum and the costal arches on each side, constituting a boundary line between the anterolateral portions of the thoracic and abdominal walls.
alveolar a. of mandible [TA] the free margin of the alveolar process of the mandible. SYN: arcus alveolaris mandibulae [TA] , limbus alveolaris (1) .
alveolar a. of maxilla [TA] the free border of the alveolar process of the maxilla. SYN: arcus alveolaris maxillae [TA] , limbus alveolaris (2) .
anterior a. of atlas [TA] an a. that connects the lateral masses of the atlas anteriorly and articulates with the anterior articular facet of the dens of the axis. SYN: arcus anterior atlantis [TA] .
anterior palatine a. SYN: palatoglossal a..
a. of the aorta SYN: aortic a. (1) .
aortic a. 1. the curved portion between the ascending and descending parts of the aorta; it begins as a continuation of the ascending aorta posterior to the sternal angle, runs posteriorly and slightly to the left as it passes over the root of the left lung, and becomes the descending aorta as it reaches and begins to course along the vertebral column; it gives rise to the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid and left subclavian arteries; SYN: a. of the aorta. 2. any member of the several pairs of arterial channels encircling the embryonic pharynx in the mesenchyme of the brachial arches; there are potentially six pairs, but in mammals the fifth pair is poorly developed or absent. The first and second pairs are functional only in very young embryos; the third pair is involved in the formation of the carotids; the fourth a. on the left is incorporated in the a. of the aorta; the sixth pair forms the proximal part of the pulmonary arteries. SYN: arcus aortae.
aortic arches a series of arterial channels encircling the embryonic pharynx in the mesenchyme of the branchial arches. There are potentially six pairs, but in mammals the fifth pair is poorly developed or absent. The first and second pairs are functional only in very young embryos; the third pair is involved in the formation of the carotids; the fourth a. on the left is incorporated in the a. of the aorta; the sixth pair forms the proximal part of the pulmonary arteries.
arterial arches of colon anastomoses between adjacent branches of the colic arteries that form arches in the mesocolon from which the walls of the colon are supplied. When these form a continuous paracolic artery, it is referred to as the marginal artery of the colon. See marginal artery of colon.
arterial arches of ileum arches formed in the mesentery by branches of the superior mesenteric artery from which vessels (vasa recta, under vas) arise to supply the wall of the ileum. SEE ALSO: intestinal arterial arcades, under arcade.
arterial arches of jejunum arches formed in the mesentery by branches of the superior mesenteric artery from which vessels (vasa recta, under vas) arise to supply the walls of the jejunum. SEE ALSO: intestinal arterial arcades, under arcade.
arterial a. of lower eyelid SYN: inferior palpebral (arterial) a..
arterial a. of upper eyelid SYN: superior palpebral (arterial) a..
axillary a. SYN: pectorodorsalis muscle.
branchial arches typically, 6 arches in vertebrates; in the lower vertebrates, they bear gills; in the higher vertebrates, they appear transiently and give rise to specialized structures in the head and neck. SYN: pharyngeal arches, visceral arches.
carpal arches two anastomotic arterial twigs running transversely across the wrist: the palmar or anterior lies in front of the carpus, being formed by palmar carpal branches of the radial and ulnar arteries; the dorsal or posterior lies on the dorsal surface of the carpus, being formed by the dorsal carpal branches of the radial and ulnar arteries.
coracoacromial a. a protective a. formed by the smooth inferior aspect of the acromion and the coracoid process of the scapula with the coracoacromial ligament spanning between them. This osseoligamentous structure overlies the head of the humerus, preventing its upward displacement from the glenoid fossa.
Corti a. the a. formed by the junction of the heads of Corti inner and outer pillar cells.
cortical arches of kidney the portions of renal substance (cortex) intervening between the bases of the pyramids and the capsule of the kidney.
costal a. costal margin.
a. of cricoid cartilage [TA] the narrow part of the cartilage that encircles the air passage anterior to the lamina. SYN: arcus cartilaginis cricoideae [TA] .
crural a. SYN: inguinal ligament.
deep crural a. SYN: iliopubic tract.
deep palmar (arterial) a. [TA] the arterial a. located deep to the long flexor tendons in the hand. It is formed by the terminal part of the radial artery in conjunction with the deep palmar branch of the ulnar artery. The a. gives rise to palmar metacarpal and princeps pollicis arteries. SYN: arcus palmaris profundus, arcus volaris profundus.
deep palmar venous a. [TA] the venous a. that accompanies the deep palmar arterial a.; it usually consists of paired venae comitantes. SYN: arcus venosus palmaris profundus [TA] .
dental a. the curved composite structure of the natural dentition and the residual ridge, or the remains thereof after the loss of some or all of the natural teeth.
dorsal carpal arterial a. [TA] a vascular network over the dorsal surface of the carpal joints, formed by anastomoses of branches of the anterior and posterior interosseous, and dorsal carpal branches of the radial and ulnar arteries. SYN: rete carpale dorsale [TA] , dorsal carpal network, rete carpi posterius.
dorsal venous a. of foot [TA] the a. in the subcutaneous tissue of the dorsum of the foot formed by the dorsal and digital veins; it unites medially with the dorsal vein of the great toe to form the great saphenous vein, and laterally with the dorsal vein of the little toe to form the small saphenous. SYN: arcus venosus dorsalis pedis [TA] .
double aortic a. congenital malformation of the aorta that splits and has a right and a left a. instead of a single a..
expansion a. an orthodontic appliance that moves the dental structures distally, bucally, or labially, creating increased molar to molar width and a. length.
fallen arches a breaking down of the arches of the foot, either longitudinal, transverse, or both; the resulting deformity is flat (longitudinal) or splay (transverse) foot, or both.
fallopian a. SYN: inguinal ligament.
femoral a. SYN: inguinal ligament.
arches of the foot longitudinal a. of foot, plantar a..
glossopalatine a. SYN: palatoglossal a..
Gothic a. SYN: needle point tracing.
Haller arches See lateral arcuate ligament, medial arcuate ligament.
hemal arches 1. the arches that collectively comprise the thoracic cage, each consisting of a vertebra (body, pedicle, and transverse processes), the corresponding pair of ribs and their articular cartilages, and the portion of the sternum to which they attach. 2. three or four V-shaped bones located ventral to the bodies of the third to sixth coccygeal vertebrae; they represent intercentra and usually enclose the ventral caudal artery and vein.
hyoid a. the second visceral, or branchial, a; the second postoral a. in the branchial a. series.
iliopectineal a. [TA] a thickened band of fused iliac and psoas fascia passing from the posterior aspect of the inguinal ligament anteriorly across the front of the femoral nerve to attach to the iliopectineal eminence of the hip bone posteriorly. The iliopectinal a. thus forms a septum which subdivides the space deep to the inguinal ligament into a lateral muscular lacunae and a medial vascular lacunae. When a psoas minor muscle is present, its tendon of insertion blends with the iliopectineal a.. SYN: arcus iliopectineus [TA] , iliopectineal ligament, ligamentum iliopectineale.
inferior dental a. SYN: mandibular dental arcade. SYN: arcus dentalis mandibularis [TA] .
inferior palpebral (arterial) a. [TA] formed by the medial palpebral artery, which communicates with a branch of the lacrimal artery along the tarsal margin. SYN: arcus palpebralis inferior [TA] , arterial a. of lower eyelid.
jugular venous a. [TA] a connecting vein between the two anterior jugular veins in the suprasternal space. SYN: arcus venosus juguli [TA] .
labial a. an orthodontic a. wire that approximates the labial surfaces of the teeth.
Langer a. SYN: pectorodorsalis muscle.
lateral longitudinal a. of foot formed by calcaneus, cuboid, and two lateral metatarsals; the combined a. is supported normally by ligaments, intrinsic muscles, and the tendons of extrinsic muscles of the foot. SYN: arcus pedis longitudinalis pars lateralis.
lateral lumbocostal a. SYN: lateral arcuate ligament.
lingual a. an orthodontic a. wire that approximates the lingual surfaces of the teeth.
longitudinal a. of foot See medial longitudinal a. of foot, lateral longitudinal a. of foot. SYN: arcus pedis longitudinalis.
malar a. SYN: zygomatic a..
mandibular a. the first postoral a. in the branchial a. series. SYN: mandibular process.
medial longitudinal a. of foot formed by the calcaneus, talus, navicular, three cuneiform bones, and the three medial metatarsals. SYN: arcus pedis longitudinalis pars medialis.
medial lumbocostal a. SYN: medial arcuate ligament.
nasal a. bridge of the nose, the upward arching roof of the piriform aperture formed by the nasal processes of the maxilla of each side and the nasal bones between them. Eyeglasses rest centrally on various portions of this a..
nasal venous a. an a. formed at the root of the nose by the two supratrochlear veins connected by a transverse vein.
neural a. of vertebra SYN: vertebral a..
a. of the palate the vaulted roof of the mouth.
palatoglossal a. [TA] one of a pair of ridges or folds of mucous membrane passing from the soft palate to the side of the tongue; it encloses the palatoglossus muscle and forms the anterior margin of the tonsillar fossa. Also demarcates the oral cavity from the isthmus of fauces. SYN: arcus palatoglossus [TA] , anterior pillar of fauces&star, plica anterior faucium&star, anterior palatine a., arcus glossopalatinus, glossopalatine a., glossopalatine fold.
palatopharyngeal a. [TA] one of a pair of ridges or folds of mucous membrane that pass downward from the posterior margin of the soft palate to the lateral wall of the pharynx. It encloses the palatopharyngeus muscle and forms the posterior margin of the tonsillar fossa. It also demarcates the isthmus of fauces from the oropharynx. SYN: arcus palatopharyngeus [TA] , plica posterior faucium&star, posterior pillar of fauces&star, pharyngopalatine a., posterior palatine a..
pharyngeal arches SYN: branchial arches.
pharyngopalatine a. SYN: palatopharyngeal a..
plantar a. SYN: deep plantar (arterial) a..
plantar arterial a. SYN: deep plantar (arterial) a..
plantar venous a. [TA] the a. formed by the plantar digital veins from the toes, which accompanies the plantar arterial a.. SYN: arcus venosus plantaris [TA] .
popliteal a. SYN: arcuate popliteal ligament.
posterior a. of atlas [TA] the posterior a. of the atlas that connects the lateral masses of the atlas posteriorly, forming the posterior wall of the vertebral canal at this level. SYN: arcus posterior atlantis [TA] .
posterior palatine a. SYN: palatopharyngeal a..
postoral arches the series of branchial arches caudal to the mouth; the first is the mandibular, the second is the hyoid; caudal to the hyoid, the arches are unnamed, and designated only by their postoral number.
primitive costal arches arches formed in the thoracic region of the vertebral column in the embryo from the costal processes or costal elements which give rise to the ribs.
pubic a. [TA] the a. formed by the symphysis, bodies, and inferior rami of the pubic bones. SEE ALSO: subpubic angle. SYN: arcus pubis [TA] .
ribbon a. a thin, ribbon-shaped, rectangular orthodontic a. wire applied to the dental arches so that its widest dimension is parallel to the labial or buccal surfaces of the teeth.
subcostal a. infrasternal angle.
superciliary a. [TA] a fullness extending laterally from the glabella on either side, above the orbital margin of the frontal bone. SYN: arcus superciliaris [TA] , superciliary ridge.
superficial palmar (arterial) a. [TA] the arterial a. in the hand located superficial to the long flexor tendons approximately at the level of a line extrapolated across the palm from the distal side of the outstretched thumb. It is formed principally by the termination of the superficial ulnar artery and is usually completed by a communication with the superficial palmar branch of the radial artery. The a. gives rise to the common palmar digital arteries. SYN: arcus palmaris superficialis [TA] , arcus volaris superficialis.
superficial palmar venous a. [TA] the venous a. accompanying the superficial palmar arterial a.; it consists usually of paired venae comitantes and is drained by the superficial ulnar and radial veins. SYN: arcus venosus palmaris superficialis [TA] .
superior dental a. SYN: maxillary dental arcade.
superior palpebral (arterial) a. [TA] formed by communicating branches of the medial and lateral palpebral arteries. Often two arches are present, one located near the free border of the tarsal plate, the other along the upper border of the tarsus. SYN: arcus palpebralis superior [TA] , arterial a. of upper eyelid.
supraorbital a. SYN: supraorbital margin.
tarsal a. inferior palpebral (arterial) a., superior palpebral (arterial) a..
tendinous a. [TA] 1. a white, fibrous band attached to bone and/or muscle, arching over and thus protecting neurovascular elements passing beneath it from injurious compression; 2. a linear thickening of the deep fascia of a muscle which provides attachment for ligaments and/or muscle fibers. SYN: arcus tendineus [TA] .
tendinous a. of levator ani muscle [TA] a thickened portion of the obturator fascia that extends in an arching line from the pubis posteriorly to the ischial spine and gives origin to part of the levator ani muscle. SYN: arcus tendineus musculi levatoris ani [TA] , arcus tendineus of obturator fascia, arcus tendineus of pelvic diaphragm.
tendinous a. of pelvic fascia [TA] a linear thickening of the superior fascia of the pelvic diaphragm extending posteriorly from the body of the pubis alongside the bladder (and vagina in the female) and giving attachment to the supporting ligaments of the pelvic viscera. SYN: arcus tendineus fasciae pelvis [TA] .
tendinous a. of soleus muscle [TA] a tendinous a. stretching over—and defining the termination of—the popliteal vessels between the tibia and fibula, which gives origin to the central portion of the soleus muscle. SYN: arcus tendineus musculi solei [TA] .
a. of thoracic duct [TA] terminal portion of thoracic duct that turns abruptly to the left, usually at the C7 vertebral level, to enter the superolateral aspect of the junction of the left subclavian and internal jugular veins. SEE ALSO: thoracic duct. SYN: arcus ductus thoracici [TA] .
transverse a. of foot the a. formed by the proximal parts of the metatarsal bones, the three cuneiform bones, and the cuboid. SYN: arcus pedis transversalis.
Treitz a. SYN: paraduodenal fold.
vertebral a. [TA] the posterior projection from the body of a vertebra that encloses the vertebral foramen; it consists of paired pedicles and laminae; the spinous, transverse, and articular processes arise from the a.. In aggregate, the venous arches—and the ligamenta flava that unite them—form the posterior wall of the vertebral (spinal) canal. SYN: arcus vertebrae [TA] , neural a. of vertebra.
visceral arches SYN: branchial arches.
W-a. a fixed maxillary expansion device attached to the lingual part of the molars, with either bilateral or unilateral extension arms.
wire a. a wire conforming to the dental a.; used to restore the normal curve to the denture.
zygomatic a. [TA] the a. formed by the temporal process of the zygomatic bone that joins the zygomatic process of the temporal bone. SYN: arcus zygomaticus [TA] , cheek bone (2) , malar a., zygoma (2) .

arch- arch-, arche-, archi-

Combining forms meaning primitive or ancestral; also first, chief, extreme. [G. arche, origin, beginning, + -o-]

archaeocerebellum
archaeocerebellum (ar′ke-o-ser′e-bel′lum)

SYN: archicerebellum. [G. archaios, ancient, + cerebellum]

archaeus archaeus (ar-ke′us)

Term first used by Valentine and later by Paracelsus and van Helmont to denote a spirit that presided over and governed bodily processes. SYN: archeus. [L. fr. G. archaios, chief, leader]

archaic
archaic (ar-ka′ik)

Ancient; old; in jungian psychology, denoting the ancestral past of mental processes. [G. archaikos, ancient]

Archambault
Archambault

LaSalle, U.S. neurologist, 1879–1940. See Meyer-A. loop.

arche- arche-

See arch-.

archenteron
archenteron (ark-en′ter-on)

SYN: primitive gut. [G. arche, beginning, + enteron, intestine]

archeocerebellum
archeocerebellum (ar-ke-o-ser′-e-bel′ lum)

SYN: vestibulocerebellum.

archeokinetic
archeokinetic (ar-ke-o-ki-net′ik)

Denoting a low and primitive type of motor nerve mechanism, such as is found in the peripheral and the ganglionic nervous systems. Cf.:neokinetic, paleokinetic. [G. archaios, ancient, + kinetikos, relating to movement]

archetype
archetype (ar′ke-tip)

1. A primitive structural plan from which various modifications have evolved. 2. In jungian psychology, structural manifestation of the collective unconscious. SYN: imago (2) . [G. archetypos, pattern, model, fr. arche, beginning, + typto, to stamp out]

archeus archeus (ar-ke′us)

SYN: archaeus.

archi- archi-

See arch-.

archicerebellum
archicerebellum (ar′ki-ser-e-bel′um) [TA]

The small, phylogenetically oldest portion of the cerebellum, sometimes called vestibulocerebellum because its afferents arise primarily from the vestibular ganglion and nuclei; in mammals, it is represented by four subdivisions of the cerebellum: nodulus, uvula vermis, flocculus, and lingula of cerebellum. SYN: archaeocerebellum. [archi- + L. cerebellum]

archicortex
archicortex (ar′ki-kor′teks) [TA]

1. Typically, the phylogenetically older parts of the cerebral cortex. 2. More specifically, the cortex forming the hippocampus. SEE ALSO: allocortex, cerebral cortex. SYN: archipallium. [archi- + L. cortex]

archil
archil (ar′kil) [old C.I. 1242]

A violet dye from the lichens Rocella tinctoria and R. fuciformis. SYN: orchella, orchil, roccellin.

archin
archin (ar′kin)

SYN: emodin.

archipallium
archipallium (ar-ki-pal′e-um)

SYN: archicortex. [archi- + L. pallium]

architectonics
architectonics (ar-ki-tek-ton′iks)

SYN: cytoarchitecture.

archwire
archwire (arch′wir)

A device consisting of a wire conforming to the alveolar or dental arch, used as an anchorage in correcting irregularities in the position of the teeth. SYN: arch wire.

arciform
arciform (ar′si-form)

SYN: arcuate.

Arcobacter
Arcobacter (ar-ko-bak′ter)

A genus of bacteria in the family Campylobacteraceae that are Gram-negative, aerotolerant, and able to grow at 15° C. The type strain is A. butzleri.
A. butzleri a bacterial species of A. found in poultry and meat; has been associated with diarrheal and systemic diseases in humans.

arctation
arctation (ark-ta′shun)

A narrowing, contraction, stricture, or coarctation. [L. arto (improp. arcto), pp. -atus, to tighten]

arcual
arcual (ar′ku-al)

Relating to an arch.

arcuate
arcuate (ar′ku-at)

Denoting a form that is arched or has the shape of a bow. SYN: arcate, arciform. [L. arcuatus, bowed]

arcuation
arcuation (ar-ku-a′shun)

A bending or curvature.

arcus
arcus (ar′kus) [TA]

SYN: arch. [L. a bow]
a. adiposus SYN: a. senilis.
a. alveolaris mandibulae [TA] SYN: alveolar arch of mandible.
a. alveolaris maxillae [TA] SYN: alveolar arch of maxilla.
a. anterior atlantis [TA] SYN: anterior arch of atlas.
a. aortae SYN: aortic arch (2) .
a. cartilaginis cricoideae [TA] SYN: arch of cricoid cartilage.
a. cornealis SYN: a. senilis.
a. costalis [TA] SYN: costal margin.
a. costarum SYN: costal margin.
a. dentalis inferior mandibular dental arcade.
a. dentalis mandibularis [TA] SYN: inferior dental arch.
a. dentalis maxillaris [TA] SYN: maxillary dental arcade.
a. dentalis superior maxillary dental arcade.
a. ductus thoracici [TA] SYN: arch of thoracic duct.
a. glossopalatinus SYN: palatoglossal arch.
a. iliopectineus [TA] SYN: iliopectineal arch.
a. inguinalis inguinal ligament.
a. juvenilis SYN: a. senilis.
a. lipoides SYN: a. senilis.
a. lumbocostalis lateralis SYN: lateral arcuate ligament.
a. lumbocostalis medialis SYN: medial arcuate ligament.
a. marginalis coli marginal artery of colon.
a. palatini palatoglossal arch, palatopharyngeal arch.
a. palatoglossus [TA] SYN: palatoglossal arch.
a. palatopharyngeus [TA] SYN: palatopharyngeal arch.
a. palmaris profundus SYN: deep palmar (arterial) arch.
a. palmaris superficialis [TA] SYN: superficial palmar (arterial) arch.
a. palpebralis inferior [TA] SYN: inferior palpebral (arterial) arch.
a. palpebralis superior [TA] SYN: superior palpebral (arterial) arch.
a. pedis longitudinalis SYN: longitudinal arch of foot.
a. pedis longitudinalis pars lateralis SYN: lateral longitudinal arch of foot.
a. pedis longitudinalis pars medialis SYN: medial longitudinal arch of foot.
a. pedis transversalis SYN: transverse arch of foot.
a. plantaris profundus [TA] SYN: deep plantar (arterial) arch.
a. posterior atlantis [TA] SYN: posterior arch of atlas.
a. pubis [TA] SYN: pubic arch.
a. raninus SYN: ranine anastomosis.
a. senilis an opaque, grayish ring at the periphery of the cornea just within the sclerocorneal junction, of frequent occurrence in the aged; it results from a deposit of fatty granules in, or hyaline degeneration of, the lamellae and cells of the cornea. SYN: anterior embryotoxon, a. adiposus, a. cornealis, a. juvenilis, a. lipoides, gerontoxon, linea corneae senilis, lipoidosis corneae.
a. superciliaris [TA] SYN: superciliary arch.
a. tarseus inferior palpebral (arterial) arch, superior palpebral (arterial) arch.
a. tendineus [TA] SYN: tendinous arch.
a. tendineus fasciae pelvis [TA] SYN: tendinous arch of pelvic fascia.
a. tendineus musculi levatoris ani [TA] SYN: tendinous arch of levator ani muscle.
a. tendineus musculi solei [TA] SYN: tendinous arch of soleus muscle.
a. tendineus of obturator fascia SYN: tendinous arch of levator ani muscle.
a. tendineus of pelvic diaphragm SYN: tendinous arch of levator ani muscle.
a. unguium SYN: lunule of nail.
a. venosus dorsalis pedis [TA] SYN: dorsal venous arch of foot.
a. venosus juguli [TA] SYN: jugular venous arch.
a. venosus palmaris profundus [TA] SYN: deep palmar venous arch.
a. venosus palmaris superficialis [TA] SYN: superficial palmar venous arch.
a. venosus plantaris [TA] SYN: plantar venous arch.
a. vertebrae [TA] SYN: vertebral arch. SEE ALSO: hemal arches, under arch.
a. volaris profundus SYN: deep palmar (arterial) arch.
a. volaris superficialis SYN: superficial palmar (arterial) arch.
a. zygomaticus [TA] SYN: zygomatic arch.

ardor
ardor (ar′dor)

Old term for a hot or burning sensation. [L. fire, heat]

ARDS
ARDS

Abbreviation for adult respiratory distress syndrome.

area
area (a) , pl .areae (ar′e-a, -e)

1. [TA] Any circumscribed surface or space. 2. All of the part supplied by a given artery or nerve. 3. A part of an organ having a special function, as the motor a. of the brain. SEE ALSO: regio, region, space, spatium, zone. [L. a courtyard]
acoustic a. the floor of the lateral recess of the fourth ventricle, extending medially to the limiting sulcus and overlying the cochlear and vestibular nuclei of the rhombencephalon. SYN: a. vestibularis [TA] , a. acustica.
a. acustica SYN: acoustic a..
amygdaloclaustral a. [TA] that region in the temporal lobe where lateral portions of the amygdaloid nucleus are in close apposition to, or fuse with, ventral aspects of the claustrum. SYN: a. amygdaloclaustralis [TA] .
a. amygdaloclaustralis [TA] SYN: amygdaloclaustral a..
a. amygdaloidea anterior [TA] SYN: anterior amygdaloid a..
amygdalopiriform transition a. [TA] the a. where the groups of cells forming the amygdaloid nucleus are closely adjacent to the piriform cortex. SYN: a. transitionis amygdalopiriformis [TA] .
anterior amygdaloid a. [TA] the most rostral portion of the amygdaloid complex composed of scattered cells representing a transition into the more distinctly organized divisions of the amygdala. SYN: a. amygdaloidea anterior [TA] .
anterior hypothalamic a. the rostral portion of the hypothalamus located generally internal to the region of the optic chiasm; contains the following nuclei: anterior hypothalamic nucleus [TA] (nucleus anterior hypothalami [TA]), anterior periventricular nucleus [TA] (nucleus periventricularis ventralis [TA], interstitial nuclei of anterior hypothalamus [TA] (nuclei interstitiales hypothalami anteriores [TA]), lateral preoptic nucleus [TA] (nucleus preopticus lateralis [TA]), medial preoptic nucleus [TA] (nucleus preopticus medialis [TA]), median preoptic nucleus [TA] (nucleus preopticus medianus [TA]), paraventricular nucleus [TA] (nucleus paraventricularis hypothalami [TA]), periventricular preoptic nucleus [TA] (nucleus preopticus periventricularis [TA]), suprachiasmatic nucleus [TA] (nucleus suprachiasmaticus [TA]) and the supraoptic nucleus [TA] (nucleus supraopticus [TA]). The latter cell group consists of dorsomedial, ventromedial, and dorsolateral parts. SEE ALSO: hypothalamus. SYN: a. hypothalamica rostralis [TA] , anterior hypothalamic region&star.
anterior intercondylar a. of tibia [TA] the broad depressed a. between the tibial condyles anteriorly to which attach the anterior ends of the menisci and the anterior cruciate ligament. SYN: a. intercondylaris anterior tibiae [TA] .
aortic a. (of auscultation) the region of the chest wall over the second right costal cartilage, where sounds produced at the aortic orifice are often best heard.
apical a. the a. about the root end of a tooth.
association areas SYN: association cortex.
auditory a. SYN: auditory cortex.
bare a. of liver [TA] the a. on the posterosuperior (diaphragmatic) surface of the liver, bordered by the coronary ligament but itself devoid of peritoneum, so that the diaphragm and liver lie in direct contact and are adherent to each other. not covered by peritoneum. SYN: a. nuda hepatis [TA] .
bare a. of stomach the part of posterior surface of the fundus of the stomach between the two diverging layers of the gastrophrenic ligament, that is not covered by peritoneum.
basal seat a. that portion of the oral structures which is available to support a denture.
Broca a. SYN: Broca center.
Broca parolfactory a. SYN: parolfactory a..
Brodmann areas areas of the cerebral cortex mapped out on the basis of the cortical cytoarchitectural patterns. See cerebral cortex.
a. of cardiac dullness a triangular a. determined by percussion of the front of the chest; it corresponds to the part of the heart that is not covered by lung tissue.
catchment a. a term relating to community mental health center which delimits the geographic a. surrounding each center, and thus the population of individuals who qualify for mental health services provided by each center.
a. centralis SYN: macula of retina.
a. cochleae [TA] SYN: cochlear a..
cochlear a. [TA] the a. inferior to the transverse crest of the fundus of the internal acoustic meatus through which the filaments of the cochlear nerve pass to enter the cochlea; forms the base of the conical modiolus about which the cochlear canal spirals. See base of modiolus of cochlea. SYN: a. cochleae [TA] .
Cohnheim a. a polygonal mosaic-like figure formed by a group of myofibrils, as seen in the cross-section of a skeletal muscle fiber examined under the microscope; a shrinkage artifact of fixation. SYN: Cohnheim field.
contact a. that part of the proximal surface of a tooth which touches the adjacent tooth mesially or distally. SYN: contact point, point of proximal contact.
cribriform a. of the renal papilla [TA] the apex of a renal papilla pierced by 10–22 openings of the papillary ducts, the foramina papillaria. SYN: a. cribrosa papillae renalis [TA] .
a. cribrosa papillae renalis [TA] SYN: cribriform a. of the renal papilla.
denture-bearing a. SYN: denture foundation a..
denture foundation a. that portion of the basal seat which supports the complete or partial denture base under occlusal load. SYN: basal seat, denture-bearing a., denture-supporting a., stress-bearing a. (1) , supporting a. (2) , tissue-bearing a..
denture-supporting a. SYN: denture foundation a..
dermatomic a. SYN: dermatome (3) .
dorsal hypothalamic a. [TA] a relatively small region of the hypothalamus located ventral to the hypothalamic sulcus; contains the following nuclei: portions of the dorsomedial nucleus [TA] (nucleus dorsomedialis [TA]), endopeduncular nucleus [TA]) (nucleus endopeduncularis [TA]) and portions of the nucleus of the ansa lenticularis (nucleus ansae lenticularis [TA]). SEE ALSO: hypothalamus. SYN: a. hypothalamica dorsalis [TA] , dorsal hypothalamic region&star.
embryonal a., embryonic a. the a. of the blastoderm on either side of, and immediately cephalic to, the primitive streak where the component cell layers have become thickened.
entorhinal a. brodmann a. 28, a cytoarchitecturally well-defined a. of multilaminate cerebral cortex on the medial aspect of the parahippocampal gyrus, immediately caudal to the olfactory cortex of the uncus; the a. is the origin of the major fiber system afferent to the hippocampus, the so-called perforant pathway.
excitable a. SYN: motor cortex.
facial nerve a. [TA] the a. of the fundus of the internal acoustic meatus superior to the transverse crest through which the facial nerve passes to enter the facial canal. SYN: a. nervi facialis [TA] .
Flechsig areas three divisions (anterior, lateral, posterior) of each lateral half of the medulla as seen on transverse section, marked off by the root fibers of the hypoglossal and vagus nerves.
frontal a. SYN: frontal cortex.
fronto-orbital a. SYN: orbitofrontal cortex.
fusion a. SYN: Panum a..
gastric a. [TA] one of a number of small polygonal areas, 1–6 mm in diameter, separated by linear depressions on the surface of the mucous membrane of the stomach; they contain the gastric pits, with several gastric glands opening into each pit. SYN: a. gastrica [TA] .
a. gastrica [TA] SYN: gastric a..
germinal a., a. germinativa the place in the blastoderm where the embryo begins to be formed. SYN: germinal disk.
Head areas areas of skin exhibiting reflex hyperesthesia and hyperalgesia due to visceral disease.
a. hypothalamica dorsalis [TA] SYN: dorsal hypothalamic a..
a. hypothalamica intermedia SYN: intermediate hypothalamic a..
a. hypothalamica lateralis [TA] SYN: lateral hypothalamic a..
a. hypothalamica posterior [TA] SYN: posterior hypothalamic a..
a. hypothalamica rostralis [TA] SYN: anterior hypothalamic a..
impression a. in dentistry, that surface which is recorded in an impression.
inferior vestibular a. [TA] the a. of the fundus of the internal acoustic meatus inferior to the transverse crest through which the inferior portion of the vestibular (saccular) nerve passes. SYN: a. vestibularis inferior [TA] .
insular a. SYN: insula (1) .
a. intercondylaris anterior tibiae [TA] SYN: anterior intercondylar a. of tibia.
a. intercondylaris posterior tibiae [TA] SYN: posterior intercondylar a. of tibia.
intermediate hypothalamic a. [TA] the portion of the hypothalamus located generally internal to the region of the infundibulum; contains the following nuclei; dorsal nucleus [TA] (nucleus dorsalis hypothalami [TA]), parts of the dorsomedial nucleus [TA] (nucleus dorsomedialis [TA]), arcuate nucleus [TA] (nucleus arcuatus [TA]), posterior periventricular nucleus [TA] (nucleus periventricularis posterior [TA]), retrochiasmatic a. [TA] (a. retrochiasmatica [TA]), lateral tuberal nuclei [TA] (nuclei tuberales laterales [TA]), and the ventromedial nucleus [TA] (nucleus ventromedialis hypothalami [TA]). SEE ALSO: hypothalamus. SYN: intermediate hypothalamic region&star, a. hypothalamica intermedia.
Kiesselbach a. an a. on the anterior portion of the nasal septum rich in capillaries (Kiesselbach plexus) and often the seat of epistaxis. SYN: Little a..
a. of Laimer a triangular (or V-shaped) a. on the posterior aspect of the proximal esophagus, with its apex directed inferiorly in the midline and the cricopharyngeus muscle forming its base, which is an a. of weakness due to a near absence of longitudinal muscle; potential site of herniation of pharyngeal or esophageal mucosa. SYN: Laimer-Haeckerman a., V-shaped a. of esophagus.
Laimer-Haeckerman a. SYN: a. of Laimer.
lateral hypothalamic a. [TA] the portion of the hypothalamus located generally lateral to a rosterocaudal line drawn through the column of the fornix and the mammillothalamic tract; contains fibers collectively comprising the medial forebrain bundle [TA] and the following nuclei: portions of the preoptic a. [TA] (a. preoptica [TA]), portions of the lateral tuberal nuclei [TA] (nuclei tuberales laterales [TA]), the perifornical nucleus [TA] (nucleus perifornicalis [TA]), and the tuberomammillary nucleus [TA] (nucleus tuberomammillaris [TA]). SEE ALSO: hypothalamus. SYN: a. hypothalamica lateralis [TA] .
lateral inferior hepatic a. [TA] SYN: (left anterior) lateral hepatic segment [III].
lateral superior hepatic a. [TA] SYN: (left posterior) lateral hepatic segment III.
Little a. SYN: Kiesselbach a..
macular a. SYN: macula of retina.
Martegiani a. SYN: Martegiani funnel.
mitral a. the region of the chest over the apex of the heart, where the sounds, normal or pathologic, produced at the mitral valves are usually heard most distinctly.
motor a. SYN: motor cortex.
a. nervi facialis [TA] SYN: facial nerve a..
a. nuda hepatis [TA] SYN: bare a. of liver.
olfactory a. SYN: anterior perforated substance.
oval a. of Flechsig semilunar fasciculus.
Panum a. a. in space surrounding the empirical horopter where single binocular vision is observed despite stimulation of noncorresponding retinal points. SYN: fusion a..
parastriate a. visual cortex.
a. parolfactoria [TA] SYN: parolfactory a..
parolfactory a. [TA] a small region of cerebral cortex on the medial surface of the frontal lobe, formed by the junction of the straight gyrus with the cingulate gyrus, demarcated from the subcallosal gyrus by the posterior parolfactory sulcus. SYN: a. parolfactoria [TA] , Broca parolfactory a..
pear-shaped a. SYN: retromolar pad.
peristriate a. visual cortex.
piriform a. SYN: piriform cortex.
Pitres a. prefrontal cortex of the cerebral hemisphere. See frontal cortex.
postcentral a. the cortex of the postcentral gyrus.
post dam a. SYN: posterior palatal seal a..
posterior hypothalamic a. [TA] the portion of the hypothalamus located generally inside the region of the mammillary bodies; contains the following nuclei: dorsal premammillary nucleus [TA] (nucleus premammillaris dorsalis [TA]), lateral nucleuus of mammillary body [TA] (nucleus mammillaris medialis [TA]), supramammillary nucleus [TA] (nucleus supramammillaris [TA]_, and the ventral premammillary nucleus [TA] (nucleus premammillaris ventralis [TA]). The posterior nucleus of hypothalamus [TA] is located at the interface of intermediate and posterior hypothalamic areas and is sometimes considered a part of the latter. SEE ALSO: hypothalamus, posterior hypothalamic region. SYN: a. hypothalamica posterior [TA] .
posterior intercondylar a. of tibia [TA] the deep notch between the tibial condyles posteriorly to which attaches the posterior cruciate ligament. SYN: a. intercondylaris posterior tibiae [TA] .
posterior palatal seal a. the soft tissues along the junction of the hard and soft palates on which pressure within the physiologic limits of the tissues can be applied by a denture to aid in the retention of the denture. SYN: post dam a., postpalatal seal a..
postpalatal seal a. SYN: posterior palatal seal a..
a. postrema (AP) [TA] a small, elevated a. in the lateral wall of the inferior recess of the fourth ventricle; one of the few loci in the brain where the blood-brain barrier is lacking; a chemoreceptor a. associated with vomiting.
precentral a. the cortex of the precentral gyrus.
precommissural septal a. SYN: subcallosal gyrus.
prefrontal a. frontal cortex.
premotor a. SYN: premotor cortex.
preoptic a. [TA] SYN: preoptic region.
a. preoptica [TA] SYN: preoptic region.
prestriate a. visual cortex.
pretectal a. [TA] a narrow, transversely oriented rostral zone of the mesencephalic tectum, bounded caudally by the superior colliculus, rostrally by the habenular trigone, and laterally by the pulvinar thalami; the pretectal a. contains several nuclei that receive fibers from the optic tract; it has bilateral efferent connections with the Edinger-Westphal nucleus of the oculomotor nuclear complex by way of which it mediates the pupillary light reflex. SYN: pretectal region, pretectum.
primary visual a. visual cortex.
pulmonary a. the region of the chest at the second left intercostal space, where sounds produced at the pulmonary valve of the right ventricle are heard most distinctly.
relief a. in dentistry, the portion of the denture-bearing a. over which the denture base is altered to reduce functional pressure.
rest a. the portion of a tooth structure or of a restoration in a tooth that is prepared to receive the positive seating of the metallic occlusal, incisal, lingual, or cingulum rest of a removable prosthesis. SYN: rest seat.
retention a. an a. of a tooth provided during its preparation for restoration that will aid in holding the restoration in place. SEE ALSO: retention groove, retention point.
retrochiasmatic a. [TA] See intermediate hypothalamic a.. SYN: a. retrochiasmatica [TA] .
a. retrochiasmatica [TA] SYN: retrochiasmatic a.. See intermediate hypothalamic a..
Rolando a. SYN: motor cortex.
secondary aortic a. region of the chest at the mid-left sternal bases where aortic diastolic murmurs are often best heard.
secondary visual a. visual cortex.
sensorial areas, sensory areas cerebral cortex.
sensorimotor a. the precentral gyrus [TA] and postcentral gyrus [TA] of the cerebral cortex.
septal a. [TA] the region of the cerebral hemisphere that stretches as a thin sheet of brain tissue between the fornix bundle and the ventral surface of the corpus callosum, forming the medial wall of the lateral ventricle's frontal horn; it extends ventrally through the narrow interval between the anterior commissure and the rostrum of corpus collosum as the precommissural septum or subcallosal gyrus, which is continuous caudally with the preoptic a. and hypothalamus, as well as more laterally with the innominate substance; its major functional connections are with the hippocampus and hypothalamus. It is composed of a dorsal septal nucleus [TA], lateral septal nucleus [TA], medial septal nucleus [TA], septofimbrial nucleus [TA], and triangular nucleus of septum [TA]. The subformical organ [TA] is also found in this a..
silent a. any a. of the cerebrum or cerebellum in which lesions cause no definite sensory or motor symptoms.
skip areas subsidiary segments of diseased intestine or colon in regional enteritis or Crohn colitis, separated from the region of major involvement.
somesthetic a. SYN: somatic sensory cortex.
stress-bearing a. 1. SYN: denture foundation a.. 2. surfaces of oral structures that resist forces, strains, or pressures brought upon them during function.
striate a. visual cortex.
a. subcallosa [TA] SYN: subcallosal gyrus.
subcallosal a. [TA] SYN: subcallosal gyrus.
superior vestibular a. [TA] the a. in the fundus of the internal acoustic meatus superior to the transverse crest through which the superior part of the vestibular (utriculoampullary) nerve passes to reach the macula utriculus and the ampullae of the anterior and lateral semicircular ducts. SYN: a. vestibularis superior [TA] .
supporting a. 1. those areas of the maxillary and mandibular edentulous ridges which are considered best suited to carry the forces of mastication when the dentures are in function; 2. SYN: denture foundation a..
tissue-bearing a. SYN: denture foundation a..
a. transitionis amygdalopiriformis [TA] SYN: amygdalopiriform transition a..
tricuspid a. the region of the chest wall over the lower part of the body of the sternum, where the sounds produced at the tricuspid valve are heard most distinctly.
trigger a. SYN: trigger point.
vagus a. a portion of the floor of the fourth ventricle overlying the vagoglossopharyngeal nuclei.
vestibular a. [TA] the a. in the floor of the fourth ventricle lateral to the sulcus limitans [TA] and medial to the restiform body [TA] that overlies the vestibular nuclei and portions of the cochlear nuclei. SEE ALSO: inferior vestibular a., superior vestibular a..
a. vestibularis [TA] SYN: acoustic a..
a. vestibularis inferior [TA] SYN: inferior vestibular a..
a. vestibularis superior [TA] SYN: superior vestibular a..
visual a. SYN: visual cortex.
V-shaped a. of esophagus SYN: a. of Laimer.
Wernicke a. SYN: Wernicke center.

areatus
areatus, areata (a-re-a′tus, -ta)

Occurring in patches or circumscribed areas. [L.]

Areca
Areca (ar′e-ka)

A genus of palms of India and the Malay Archipelago. A species, A. catechu, furnishes a. nuts, or betel nuts, which contain arecoline and 15% red tannin, are chewed in the East Indies, and have an anthelmintic and stimulant action. SEE ALSO: betel nut. [Malay]

arecaidine
arecaidine (a-rek′a-den)

A crystalline alkaloid resembling betaine, derived from the betel nut. SYN: arecaine.

arecaine
arecaine (ar′e-kan)

SYN: arecaidine.

arecoline
arecoline (a-rek′o-len)

A colorless oily alkaloid from the betel nut.

areflexia
areflexia (a-re-flek′se-a)

Absence of reflexes.
detrusor a. a failure of the detrusor muscle to have a reflex contraction even though the bladder has reached or exceeded its capacity.

arenaceous
arenaceous (ar-e-na′shus)

Sandy; of sandlike consistency. [L. arena, sand]

Arenaviridae
Arenaviridae (a-re-na-vir′i-de)

A family of over 15 RNA viruses, many of which are natural parasites of rodents, that includes lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, Lassa virus, and the Tacaribe virus complex. The virions are 50–300 nm (average 100 nm) in diameter, enveloped, ether-sensitive, and contain 2 single-stranded RNA molecules (molecular weight 3–5 × 10⁶); they also contain electron-dense, RNA-containing granules (20 to 30 nm in diameter) that resemble ribosomes, with an electron-microscopic appearance of sandiness. [L. arena (harena), sand]

Arenavirus
Arenavirus (a-re′na-vi′rus)

A genus in the family Arenaviridae that is associated with lymphocytic choriomeningitis and a number of hemorrhagic fevers.

areola
areola, pl .areolae (a-re′o-la, -le)

1. [NA] Any small area. 2. One of the spaces or interstices in areolar tissue. 3. SYN: a. of breast. 4. A pigmented, depigmented, or erythematous zone surrounding a papule, pustule, wheal, or cutaneous neoplasm. SYN: halo (3) . [L. dim. of area]
a. of breast [TA] a circular pigmented area surrounding the nipple (papilla mammae); its surface is dotted with little projections due to the presence of areolar glands beneath. SYN: a. mammae [TA] , a. of nipple, a. papillaris, a. (3) .
a. mammae [TA] SYN: a. of breast.
a. of nipple SYN: a. of breast.
a. papillaris SYN: a. of breast.
a. umbilicus a pigmented ring around the umbilicus in the pregnant woman.

areolar
areolar (a-re′o-lar)

Relating to an areola.

areometer
areometer (ar-e-om′e-ter)

SYN: hydrometer. [G. araios, thin, + G. metron, measure]

Arg
Arg

Symbol for arginine or its mono- or diradical.

Argas
Argas

A genus of soft ticks of the family Argasidae, some species of which usually infest birds but may attack humans.
A. reflexus the pigeon tick, a species that may cause a cutaneous inflammatory lesion in humans.

argasid
argasid (ar-gas′id)

Common name for members of the family Argasidae.

Argasidae
Argasidae (ar-gas′i-de)

Family of ticks (superfamily Ixodoidea, order Acarina), the soft ticks, so called because of their wrinkled, leathery, tuberculated appearance that fills out when the tick is engorged with blood. A. contains 4 genera: Argas, Ornithodoros, Otobius, and Antricola; argasid ticks, chiefly species of Ornithodoros, harbor and transmit spirochetes of the genus Borrelia that cause relapsing fever in birds and mammals.

argentaffin
argentaffin, argentaffine (ar-jen′ta-fin, -fen)

Pertaining to cells or tissue elements that reduce silver ions in solution, thereby becoming stained brown or black. [L. argentum, silver, + affinitas, affinity]

argentation
argentation (ar-jen-ta′shun)

Impregnation with a silver salt. SEE ALSO: argyria. [L. argentum, silver]

argentic
argentic (ar-jen′tik)

1. Relating to silver. SYN: argyric (1) . 2. Denoting a chemical compound containing silver as the rare dication (Ag²⁺).

argentine
argentine (ar′jen-ten)

Relating to, resembling, or containing silver.

argentophil
argentophil, argentophile (ar-jen′to-fil, -fil)

SYN: argyrophil.

argentous
argentous (ar-jen′tus)

Denoting a chemical compound containing silver as a singly charged (Ag⁺) ion. The vast majority of silver compounds contain the a. ion; where the ionic state of silver is not specifically stated, as in silver nitrate, the a. state is assumed.

argentum
argentum, gen. argenti (ar-jen′tum, -jen′ti)

SYN: silver. [L.]

arginase
arginase (ar′ji-nas)

An enzyme of the liver that catalyzes the hydrolysis of l-arginine to l-ornithine and urea; a key enzyme of the urea cycle. A deficiency of a. leads to arginemia. SYN: canavanase.

arginine
arginine (Arg) (ar′ji-nen)

2-Amino-5-guanidinopentanoic acid;one of the amino acids occurring among the hydrolysis products of proteins, particularly abundant in the basic proteins such as histones and protamines. A dibasic amino acid.
a. deiminase an enzyme catalyzing the hydrolytic deamination of l-a. to l-citrulline and ammonia. Cf.:nitric oxide synthase.
a. glutamate a compound composed of a. and glutamic acid, given intravenously to detoxify ammonia; used in the treatment of ammoniemia resulting from liver dysfunction.
a. hydrochloride a form of a. used for intravenous administration as an adjunct in the treatment of encephalopathies associated with liver diseases and ammoniacal azotemia.
a. phosphate SYN: phosphoarginine.

argininosuccinase
argininosuccinase (ar′ji-ni-no-suk′si-nas)

SYN: argininosuccinate lyase.

argininosuccinate lyase
argininosuccinate lyase (ar′ji-ni-no-suk′si-nat)

An enzyme cleaving l-argininosuccinate nonhydrolytically to l-arginine and fumarate; a deficiency of this enzyme leads to argininosuccinoaciduria; a key step in the urea cycle. SYN: argininosuccinase.

argininosuccinic acid
argininosuccinic acid (ar′ji-ni-no-suk-sin′ik)

Formed as an intermediate in the conversion of l-citrulline to l-arginine in the urea cycle.

argininosuccinicaciduria
argininosuccinicaciduria (ar-ji-nin′o-suk-sin′ik-as-i-doo′re-a) [MIM*207900]

A disorder of urea cycle due to a deficiency of argininosuccinate lyase; characterized by physical and mental retardation, epilepsy, ataxia, liver disease, friable, tufted hair, and excessive urinary excretion of argininosuccinic acid. Autosomal recessive inheritance, caused by mutation in argininosuccinate lyase gene (ASL) on chromosome 7q.

arginyl
arginyl (ar′jin-il)

The aminoacyl radical of arginine.

argipressin
argipressin (ar-ji-pres′in)

SYN: arginine vasopressin.

argon
argon (Ar) (ar′gon)

A gaseous element, atomic no. 18, atomic wt. 39.948, present in the dry atmosphere in the proportion of about 0.94%; one of the noble gases. [G. ntr. of argos, lazy, inactive, fr. a- priv. + ergon, work]

Argyll Robertson Argyll Robertson

Douglas, Scottish ophthalmologist, 1837–1909.

argyria
argyria (ar-jir′e-a, -ji′re-a)

A slate-gray or bluish discoloration of the skin and deep tissues, due to the deposit of insoluble albuminate of silver, occurring after the medicinal administration for a long period of a soluble silver salt; formerly fairly common from use of proprietary preparations of silver-containing materials in the nose and sinuses. SYN: argyrism, silver poisoning. [G. argyros, silver]

argyric
argyric (ar-jir′ik)

1. SYN: argentic (1) . 2. Relating to argyria.

argyrism
argyrism (ar′ji-rizm)

SYN: argyria.

argyrol
argyrol

SYN: mild silver protein.

argyrophil
argyrophil, argyrophile (ar-ji′ro-fil, -fil)

Pertaining to tissue elements that are capable of impregnation with silver ions and being made visible after an external reducing agent is used. SYN: argentophil, argentophile. [G. argyros, silver, + philos, fond]

arhinia
arhinia (a-rin′e-a)

Congenital absence of the nose. SYN: arrhinia.

Arias-Stella
Arias-Stella

Javier, Peruvian pathologist, *1924. See Arias-Stella effect, Arias-Stella phenomenon, Arias-Stella reaction.

ariboflavinosis
ariboflavinosis (a-ri′bo-fla-vi-no′sis)

Properly hyporiboflavinosis: a nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of riboflavin in the diet, characterized by cheilosis and magenta tongue and usually associated with other manifestations of B vitamin deficiency.

aristolochic acid
aristolochic acid (a-ris-to-lo′kik)

An aromatic bitter derived from plants of the genus Aristolochia.

aristotelian aristotelian (ar′is-to-te′le-an, ar′i-sto-tel′yan)

Attributed to or described by Aristotle.

Aristotle Aristotle

Of Stagira, Greek philosopher and scientist, 384–322 B.C. See A. anomaly, aristotelian method.

arithmomania
arithmomania (a-rith-mo-ma′ne-a)

A morbid impulse to count. [G. arithmeo, to count, fr. arithmos, number, + mania, madness]

Arizona
Arizona (ar′i-zo′na)

Former name for Salmonella enterica, subspecies arizonae.
A. hinshawii former name for Salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae.

Arlt
Arlt

Carl Ferdinand von, Austrian ophthalmologist, 1812–1887. See A. operation, A. sinus.

arm
arm [TA]

1. A., specifically the segment of the upper limb between the shoulder and the elbow; commonly used to mean the whole superior limb. SYN: brachium (1) [TA] , brachio-. 2. An anatomic extension resembling an a.. 3. A specifically shaped and positioned extension of a removable partial denture framework. 4. One set of cases or persons in an epidemiologic study, especially a randomized controlled trial, in which comparisons or contrasts are being made between sets. [L. armus, forequarter of an animal; G. harmos, a shoulder joint]
bar clasp a. a clasp a. which has its origin in the denture base or major connector; it consists of the a. which traverses but does not contact the gingival structures, and a terminal end which approaches its contact with the tooth in a gingivo-occlusal direction.
brawny a. a swollen a. caused by lymphedema, can be seen after ipsilateral radical mastectomy.
circumferential clasp a. a clasp a. which has its origin in a minor connector and which follows the contour of the tooth approximately in a plane perpendicular to the path of insertion of the partial denture.
clasp a. a portion of a clasp of a removable partial denture which projects from the clasp body and helps retain the partial denture in position in the mouth. See clasp (2) .
dynein a. a structure extending clockwise from one tubule of each of the 9 doublet microtubules toward the adjacent doublet seen in the axoneme of cilia or flagella (including human sperm tails); congenital absence of dynein, reflected structurally by absence of dynein arms, can account for symptoms seen in Kartagener syndrome, an immotile cilia syndrome.
nuchal a. situation in vaginal breech delivery during which one or both arms are found around the back of the neck, interfering with delivery.
reciprocal a. a clasp a. or other extension used on a removable partial denture to oppose the action of some other part or parts of the appliance.
retentive a., retention a. a flexible segment of a removable partial denture that engages an undercut on an abutment and is designed to retain the denture.
retentive circumferential clasp a. an a. that is flexible and engages the infrabulge at the terminal end of the a..
stabilizing circumferential clasp a. an a. that is relatively rigid and embraces the height of contour of the tooth.

armamentarium
armamentarium (ar′ma-men-tar′e-um)

All the therapeutic means available to the health practitioner for professional practice. [L. an arsenal, fr. armamenta, implements, tackle, fr. arma, armor, arms]

Armanni
Armanni

Luciano, Italian pathologist, 1839–1903. See A.-Ebstein kidney, A.-Ebstein change.

armarium
armarium (ar-mar′e-um)

Rarely used term for the physician's library, as part of her or his armamentarium. [L. a closet, chest, fr. arma, armor]

Armillifer
Armillifer (ar-mil′i-fer)

A genus of Pentastomida (order Porocephalida, family Porocephalidae); adults are found in the lungs of reptiles and the young in many mammals, including humans. [O. Fr. armille, fr. L. armilla, a bracelet]
A. armillatus species occurring in the python, the larva or nymph being occasionally found in humans. SYN: Porocephalus armillatus.

Armitage
Armitage

Peter, British statistician, (1924-). See A.-Doll model.

armpit
armpit

SYN: axilla.

Armstrong
Armstrong

Arthur Riley, Canadian physician, *1904. See King-A. unit.

Armstrong
Armstrong

Henry E., British physician.

ARN
ARN

Acronym for acute retinal necrosis.

Arndt
Arndt

Rudolph G., German psychiatrist, 1835–1900. See A. law.

Arneth
Arneth

Joseph, German physician, 1873–1956. See A. classification, A. count, A. formula, A. index, A. stages, under stage.

arnica
arnica (ar′ni-ka)

The dried flower heads of A. montana (family Compositae); Obsolete cardiac sedative seldom given internally; used externally for sprains and bruises; formerly widely used as a counterirritant liniment. SYN: leopard's bane. [Mod. L.]

Arnold
Arnold

Julius, German pathologist, 1835–1915. See A. bodies, under body, A.-Chiari deformity, A.-Chiari malformation, A.-Chiari syndrome.

Arnold
Arnold

Friedrich, German anatomist, 1803–1890. See A. bundle, A. canal, A. ganglion, A. nerve, A. tract, foramen of A..

aromatic
aromatic (ar-o-mat′ik)

1. Having an agreeable, somewhat pungent, spicy odor. 2. One of a group of vegetable drugs having a fragrant odor and slightly stimulant properties. 3. See a. compound. [G. aromatikos, fr. aroma, spice, sweet herb]

aromatic d-amino acid decarboxylase
aromatic d-amino acid decarboxylase

An enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of l-dopa to dopamine, of l-tryptophan to tryptamine, and of l-hydroxytryptophan to serotonin; important in the biosynthetic pathway of catecholamines and melanin. SYN: dopa decarboxylase, hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase, tryptophan decarboxylase.

arotinoid
arotinoid (a-rot′in-oyd)

A synthetic polyaromatic retinoid derivative of vitamin A. SEE ALSO: retinoid, retinoic acid. [aromatic + retinoid]

aroyl
aroyl (a′ro-il)

The radical of an aromatic acid ( e.g., benzoyl); analogous to acyl, the more general term.

arrack
arrack (a-rak′)

A strong alcoholic liquor distilled from dates, rice, sap of the coconut palm, and other substances. [Ar. sweet juice]

arrector
arrector, pl .arrectores (a-rek′tor, a-rek-to′rez)

SYN: erector. [L. that which raises, fr. ar-rigo, pp. -rectus, to raise up]

arrest
arrest (a-rest′)

1. To stop, check, or restrain. 2. A stoppage; interference with, or checking of, the regular course of a disease, a symptom, or the performance of a function. 3. Inhibition of a developmental process, usually at the ultimate stage of development; premature a. may lead to a congenital abnormality. [O. Fr. arester, fr. LL. adresto, to stop behind]
cardiac a. (CA) complete cessation of cardiac activity either electric, mechanical, or both; may be purposely induced for therapeutic reasons. SYN: heart a..
cardioplegic a. temporary intentional stoppage of electrical and mechanical cardiac activity, usually by potassium-containing solutions, used to protect heart muscle by decreasing its metabolic demand during open-heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.
cardiopulmonary a. an a. resulting in absence of cardiac and pulmonary activity.
circulatory a. 1. cessation of the circulation of blood as a result of ventricular standstill or fibrillation. 2. intentional cessation of circulation by temporarily stopping cardiopulmonary bypass flow during certain thoracic aortic operations; used with intentional profound total-body hypothermia to protect vital organs.
deep hypothermic a. stoppage of electrical and mechanical cardiac activity that occurs when the heart is cooled.
epiphysial a. early and premature fusion between epiphysis and diaphysis.
heart a. SYN: cardiac a..
a. of labor absence of progress of active labor (as defined by cervical dilation and descent of the presenting part) for 2 hr or longer.
maturation a. cessation of complete differentiation of cells at an immature stage; in spermatogenic maturation a., the seminiferous tubules contain spermatocytes, but no spermatozoa develop.
sinus a. cessation of sinus activity; the ventricles may continue to beat under ectopic atrial, A-V junctional, or idioventricular control. SEE ALSO: sinus standstill, atrial standstill.

arrhaphia
arrhaphia

SYN: status dysraphicus.

arrhenic
arrhenic (a-ren′ik)

Relating to arsenic. [G. arrhenikon (var.), arsenic]

Arrhenius
Arrhenius

Svante, Swedish chemist and Nobel laureate, 1859–1927. See A. doctrine, A. equation, A. law, A.-Madsen theory.

arrhenoblastoma
arrhenoblastoma (a-re′no-blas-to′ma)

SYN: Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor. [G. arrhen, male, + blastos, germ, + -oma, tumor]

arrhinencephaly
arrhinencephaly, arrhinencephalia, arhinencephaly (a-rin-en-sef′a-le, -se-fa′le-a)

Congenital absence or rudimentary state of the rhinencephalon, or olfactory lobe of the brain, on one or both sides, with a corresponding lack of development of the external olfactory organs. [G. a- priv. + rhis (rhin-), nose, + enkephalos, brain]

arrhinia
arrhinia (a-rin′e-a)

SYN: arhinia. [G. a- priv. + rhis (rhin-), nose]

arrhythmia
arrhythmia (a-rith′me-a)

Loss or abnormality of rhythm; denoting especially an irregularity of the heartbeat.rhythm. Cf.:dysrhythmia. [G. a- priv. + rhythmos, rhythm]
cardiac a. cardiac dysrhythmia.
continuous a. obsolete term for atrial fibrillation.
juvenile a. SYN: sinus a..
nonphasic sinus a. sinus a. in which variations in rhythm are not related to the phases of respiration.
phasic sinus a. sinus a. in which the irregularity is related to the phases of respiration, the rate being faster in inspiration and slower in expiration.
respiratory a. phasic sinus a. or any other rhythm fluctuation induced by respiratory fluctuation.
sinus a. rhythmic, repetitive irregularity of the heartbeat, the heart being under the control of its normal pacemaker, the sinoatrial node. SYN: juvenile a..

arrhythmic
arrhythmic (a-ridh′mik, a-)

Marked by loss of rhythm; pertaining to arrhythmia.

arrhythmogenic
arrhythmogenic (a-ridh-mo-jen′ik)

Capable of inducing cardiac arrhythmias. [G. a- priv. + rhythmos, rhythm, + -gen, production]

arrowroot
arrowroot (ar′o-root)

The rhizome of Maranta arundinacea, a plant of tropical America, which is the source of a form of starch formerly used as a dietary supplement.

Arruga
Arruga

Count Hermenegildo, Spanish ophthalmologist, 1886–1972. See A. forceps.

arsacetin
arsacetin (ar-sa-se′tin)

Formerly used as an antisyphilitic agent.

arsenamide
arsenamide (ar-sen′a-mid)

Used in the treatment of filariasis.

arsenate
arsenate (ar′se-nat)

A salt of arsenic acid.

arseniasis
arseniasis (ar-sen-i′a-sis)

Chronic arsenical poisoning. SYN: arsenicalism.

arsenic
arsenic₁ (ar-sen′ik)

Denoting the element a. or one of its compounds, especially a. acid.

arsenic
arsenic (As) (ar′se-nik)

A metallic element, atomic no. 33, atomic wt. 74.92159; forms a number of poisonous compounds, some of which are used in medicine. SYN: arsenium, ratsbane. [L. arsenicum, G. arsenikon, fr. Pers. zarnik]
a. acid the hydrate of a. oxide or a. pentoxide which forms arsenates with certain bases.
a. trihydride SYN: arsine.
a. trioxide As₂O₃;dissolves in water to give arsenous acid, H₃AsO₃; used in the treatment of skin diseases and malaria, and as a tonic; also used externally as a caustic. SYN: arsenous oxide, white a..
white a. SYN: a. trioxide.

arsenical
arsenical (ar-sen′i-kal)

1. A drug or agent, the effect of which depends on its arsenic content. 2. Denoting or containing arsenic.

arsenicalism
arsenicalism (ar-sen′i-kal-izm)

SYN: arseniasis.

arsenic-fast
arsenic-fast

Resistant to the poisonous action of arsenic; denoting especially spirochetes and other protozoan parasites, which acquire resistance after repeated administration of the drug.

arsenide
arsenide (ar′se-nid)

A compound of arsenic with a metal or other positively charged atoms or groups in which the arsenic is not bound to any atoms of oxygen. SYN: arseniuret.

arsenious
arsenious (ar-sen′e-us)

Arsenic (adj.).

arsenium
arsenium (ar-se′ne-um)

SYN: arsenic.

arseniuret
arseniuret (ar-se′nu-ret)

SYN: arsenide.

arsenotherapy
arsenotherapy (ar′sen-o-thar′a-pe)

Therapeutic treatment with arsenic.

arsenous
arsenous (ar′-sen-us)

1. Denoting a compound of arsenic with a valence of +3. 2. Arsenic (adj.).

arsenous acid
arsenous acid

See arsenic trioxide.

arsenous hydride
arsenous hydride

SYN: arsine.

arsenous oxide
arsenous oxide

SYN: arsenic trioxide.

arsenoxides
arsenoxides (ar-se-nok′i-des)

Oxidation products in the body of arsphenamines; believed to be the agents active against spirochetes.

arsine
arsine (ar′sen)

A cell and blood poison, many organic derivatives of which have been used in chemical warfare. SYN: arsenic trihydride, arseniureted hydrogen, arsenous hydride.

arsonic acid
arsonic acid (ar-son′ik)

A derivative of arsenic acid by replacement of a hydroxyl group by an organic radical.

arsonium
arsonium (ar-son′e-um)

The positively charged ion, AsH₄⁺; analogous to the ammonium ion, NH₄⁺.

arsphenamine
arsphenamine (ars-fen′a-min)

Formerly used in the treatment of syphilis, yaws, and some other diseases of protozoan origin, after neutralization with NaOH. The synthesis of a. in 1907 and the demonstration of its usefulness as a therapeutic agent by Paul Ehrlich and co-workers (1909) marked the beginning of chemotherapy. SYN: phenarsenamine.

arsthinol
arsthinol (ars′thi-nol)

An amebicide.

artefact
artefact (ar′te-fakt)

See artifact.

artemether
artemether (ar-tem′e-ther)

Semisynthetic derivative of artemisinin used in the treatment of cerebral malaria.

Artemisia annua
Artemisia annua

a plant in the family Compositae from which an antimalarial and antischistosomal drug is produced.

artemisinin
artemisinin (ar-te-mis′in-in)

A sesquiterpene antimalarial and antischistosomal drug derived from Artemisia annua; a. is a potent and rapidly acting blood schizontocide that has been reported to be very useful in the treatment of cerebral malaria; active against chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum and chloroquine-sensitive P. falciparum and P. vivax.

arterenol
arterenol (ar′ter-e-nol)

The hydrochloride salt of norepinephrine. See norepinephrine.

arteri- arteri-

See arterio-.

arteria
arteria (a) , gen. and pl. arteriae (aa) (ar-ter′e-a, ar-ter′i-e) [TA]

SYN: artery. SEE ALSO: branch. [L. from G. a., the windpipe, later an artery as distinct from a vein]
a. acetabuli SYN: acetabular branch.
arteriae alveolares superiores anteriores [TA] SYN: anterior superior alveolar arteries, under artery.
a. alveolaris inferior [TA] SYN: inferior alveolar artery.
a. alveolaris superior posterior [TA] SYN: posterior superior alveolar artery.
a. anastomotica auricularis magna SYN: atrial anastomotic branch of circumflex branch of left coronary artery.
a. anastomotica magna 1. SYN: inferior ulnar collateral artery. 2. SYN: descending genicular artery.
a. angularis [TA] SYN: branch to angular gyrus.
a. aorta SYN: aorta.
a. appendicularis [TA] SYN: appendicular artery.
arteriae arcuatae renis [TA] SYN: arcuate arteries of kidney, under artery.
a. arcuata (pedis) [TA] SYN: arcuate artery (of foot) (inconstant).
a. articularis azygos SYN: middle genicular artery.
a. ascendens [TA] 1. SYN: colic branch of ileocolic artery. 2. SYN: ascending artery (2) .
arteriae atriales SYN: atrial arteries, under artery.
a. auditiva interna SYN: labyrinthine artery.
a. auricularis posterior [TA] SYN: posterior auricular artery.
a. auricularis profunda [TA] SYN: deep auricular artery.
a. axillaris [TA] SYN: axillary artery.
a. basilaris [TA] SYN: basilar artery.
a. brachialis [TA] SYN: brachial artery.
a. brachialis superficialis [TA] SYN: superficial brachial artery.
a. buccalis [TA] SYN: buccal artery.
a. bulbi penis [TA] SYN: artery of bulb of penis.
a. bulbi urethrae SYN: artery of bulb of penis.
a. bulbi vaginae SYN: artery of bulb of vestibule.
a. bulbi vestibuli [TA] SYN: artery of bulb of vestibule.
a. calcarina SYN: calcarine branch of medial occipital artery.
a. callosa mediana [TA] SYN: median callosal artery.
a. callosomarginalis [TA] SYN: callosomarginal artery.
a. canalis pterygoidei [TA] SYN: artery of pterygoid canal.
arteriae caroticotympanicae (arteriae carotidis internae) [TA] SYN: caroticotympanic arteries (of internal carotid artery), under artery.
a. carotis communis [TA] SYN: common carotid artery.
a. carotis externa [TA] SYN: external carotid artery.
a. carotis interna [TA] SYN: internal carotid artery.
a. caudae pancreatis [TA] SYN: artery to tail of pancreas.
a. cecalis anterior [TA] SYN: anterior cecal artery.
a. cecalis posterior [TA] SYN: posterior cecal artery.
a. celiaca SYN: celiac (arterial) trunk.
arteriae centrales anterolaterales [TA] SYN: anterolateral central arteries, under artery.
arteriae centrales anteromediales [TA] SYN: anteromedial central arteries, under artery.
arteriae centrales posterolaterales [TA] SYN: posterolateral central arteries, under artery.
arteriae centrales posteromediales [TA] SYN: posteromedial central arteries, under artery.
a. centralis brevis SYN: proximal medial striate arteries, under artery.
a. centralis retinae [TA] SYN: central retinal artery.
a. cerebri anterior [TA] SYN: anterior cerebral artery.
a. cerebri media [TA] SYN: middle cerebral artery.
a. cerebri posterior [TA] SYN: posterior cerebral artery.
a. cervicalis ascendens [TA] SYN: ascending cervical artery.
a. cervicalis profunda [TA] SYN: deep cervical artery.
a. cervicalis superficialis SYN: superficial cervical artery. SEE ALSO: superficial branch of the transverse cervical artery.
a. cervicovaginalis SYN: cervicovaginal artery.
a. choroidea anterior [TA] SYN: anterior choroidal artery.
a. choroidea posterior SYN: posterior choroidal artery.
arteriae ciliares anteriores SYN: anterior ciliary arteries, under artery.
arteriae ciliares posteriores longae SYN: long posterior ciliary arteries, under artery.
a. ciliaris posterior brevis [TA] SYN: short posterior ciliary artery.
arteriae circumferentiales brevis [TA] SYN: short circumferential arteries, under artery.
a. circumflexa femoris lateralis [TA] SYN: lateral circumflex femoral artery.
a. circumflexa femoris medialis [TA] SYN: medial circumflex femoral artery.
a. circumflexa humeri anterior [TA] SYN: anterior circumflex humeral artery.
a. circumflexa humeri posterior [TA] SYN: posterior circumflex humeral artery.
a. circumflexa iliaca profunda [TA] SYN: deep circumflex iliac artery.
a. circumflexa iliaca superficialis [TA] SYN: superficial circumflex iliac artery.
a. circumflexa scapulae [TA] SYN: circumflex scapular artery.
a. cochlearis communis [TA] SYN: common cochlear artery.
a. cochlearis propria [TA] SYN: proper cochlear artery.
a. colica dextra [TA] SYN: right colic artery.
a. colica media [TA] SYN: middle colic artery.
a. colica sinistra [TA] SYN: left colic artery.
a. collateralis media [TA] SYN: middle collateral artery.
a. collateralis radialis [TA] SYN: radial collateral artery.
a. collateralis ulnaris inferior [TA] SYN: inferior ulnar collateral artery.
a. collateralis ulnaris superior [TA] SYN: superior ulnar collateral artery.
a. collicularis [TA] SYN: collicular artery.
a. comes nervi phrenici SYN: pericardiacophrenic artery.
a. comitans nervi ischiadici [TA] SYN: artery to sciatic nerve.
a. comitans nervi mediani [TA] SYN: median artery.
a. commissuralis mediana [TA] SYN: median commissural artery.
a. communicans anterior [TA] SYN: anterior communicating artery.
a. communicans posterior [TA] SYN: posterior communicating artery.
a. conjunctivalis anterior [TA] SYN: anterior conjunctival artery.
a. conjunctivalis posterior [TA] SYN: posterior conjunctival artery.
a. coronaria dextra [TA] SYN: right coronary artery.
a. coronaria sinistra [TA] SYN: left coronary artery.
arteriae corticales radiatae [TA] SYN: cortical radiate arteries, under artery.
a. cremasterica [TA] SYN: cremasteric artery.
a. cystica [TA] SYN: cystic artery.
a. deferentialis SYN: artery to ductus deferens.
a. descendens genus [TA] SYN: descending genicular artery.
arteriae digitales palmares propriae [TA] SYN: proper palmar digital arteries, under artery.
arteriae digitales plantares propriae SYN: proper plantar digital artery.
a. digitalis dorsalis [TA] SYN: dorsal digital artery.
a. digitalis palmaris communis [TA] SYN: common palmar digital artery.
a. digitalis palmaris propria SYN: proper palmar digital arteries, under artery.
a. digitalis plantaris communis [TA] SYN: common plantar digital artery.
a. digitalis plantaris propria [TA] SYN: proper plantar digital artery.
a. dorsalis clitoridis [TA] SYN: dorsal artery of clitoris.
a. dorsalis nasi [TA] SYN: dorsal nasal artery.
a. dorsalis pedis [TA] SYN: dorsalis pedis artery.
a. dorsalis penis [TA] SYN: dorsal artery of penis.
a. dorsalis scapulae [TA] SYN: dorsal scapular artery.
a. ductus deferentis SYN: artery to ductus deferens.
arteriae encephali [TA] SYN: arteries of brain, under artery.
a. epigastrica inferior [TA] SYN: inferior epigastric artery.
a. epigastrica superficialis [TA] SYN: superficial epigastric artery.
a. epigastrica superior [TA] SYN: superior epigastric artery.
a. episcleralis [TA] SYN: episcleral artery.
a. ethmoidalis anterior [TA] SYN: anterior ethmoidal artery.
a. ethmoidalis posterior [TA] SYN: posterior ethmoidal artery.
a. facialis [TA] SYN: facial artery.
a. femoralis [TA] SYN: femoral artery.
a. fibularis [TA] SYN: fibular artery.
a. flexurae dextrae [TA] SYN: right flexural artery.
a. frontalis SYN: supratrochlear artery.
a. frontobasalis lateralis [TA] SYN: lateral frontobasal artery.
a. frontobasalis medialis [TA] SYN: medial frontobasal artery.
a. gastrica dextra [TA] SYN: right gastric artery.
arteriae gastricae breves [TA] SYN: short gastric arteries, under artery.
a. gastrica posterior [TA] SYN: posterior gastric artery.
a. gastrica sinistra [TA] SYN: left gastric artery.
a. gastroduodenalis [TA] SYN: gastroduodenal artery.
a. gastroepiploica dextra SYN: right gastroomental artery.
arteriae gastroepiploicae gastroomental arteries, under artery.
a. gastroepiploica sinistra SYN: left gastroomental artery.
arteriae gastro-omentales [TA] SYN: gastroomental arteries, under artery.
a. gastroomentalis dextra [TA] SYN: right gastroomental artery.
a. gastroomentalis sinistra [TA] SYN: left gastroomental artery.
a. genus inferior lateralis SYN: inferior lateral genicular artery.
a. genus inferior medialis SYN: inferior medial genicular artery.
a. genus media SYN: middle genicular artery.
a. glutea inferior [TA] SYN: inferior gluteal artery.
a. glutea superior [TA] SYN: superior gluteal artery.
a. gyri angularis [TA] SYN: branch to angular gyrus.
arteriae helicinae penis [TA] SYN: helicine arteries of penis, under artery.
arteriae helicinae uteri [TA] SYN: helicine arteries of the uterus, under artery.
a. hepatica communis [TA] SYN: common hepatic artery.
a. hepatica propria SYN: hepatic artery proper.
a. hyaloidea [TA] SYN: hyaloid artery.
a. hypogastrica SYN: internal iliac artery.
a. hypophysialis inferior [TA] SYN: inferior hypophysial artery.
a. hypophysialis superior [TA] SYN: superior hypophysial artery.
arteriae ileales [TA] SYN: ileal arteries, under artery.
a. ileocolica [TA] SYN: ileocolic artery.
a. iliaca communis [TA] SYN: common iliac artery.
a. iliaca externa [TA] SYN: external iliac artery.
a. iliaca interna [TA] SYN: internal iliac artery.
a. iliolumbalis [TA] SYN: iliolumbar artery.
a. inferior anterior cerebelli [TA] SYN: anterior inferior cerebellar artery.
a. inferior lateralis genus [TA] SYN: inferior lateral genicular artery.
a. inferior medialis genus [TA] SYN: inferior medial genicular artery.
a. inferior posterior cerebelli [TA] SYN: posterior inferior cerebellar artery.
a. infraorbitalis [TA] SYN: infraorbital artery.
arteriae insulares [TA] SYN: insular arteries, under artery.
arteriae intercostales posteriores I et II SYN: first and second posterior intercostal arteries, under artery.
arteriae intercostales posteriores III-XI [TA] SYN: posterior intercostal arteries 3–11, under artery.
arteriae intercostales posteriores prima et secunda [TA]
a. intercostalis suprema [TA] SYN: supreme intercostal artery.
arteriae interlobares renis [TA] SYN: interlobar arteries of kidney, under artery.
arteriae interlobulares [TA] SYN: interlobular arteries, under artery.
a. interlobulares (hepatis) SYN: interlobular arteries of liver, under artery.
a. interlobulares (renis) SYN: cortical radiate arteries, under artery.
a. intermesenterica SYN: ascending artery (2) .
a. interossea anterior [TA] SYN: anterior interosseous artery.
a. interossea communis [TA] SYN: common interosseous artery.
a. interossea posterior [TA] SYN: posterior interosseous artery.
a. interossea recurrens [TA] SYN: recurrent interosseous artery.
a. interossea volaris SYN: anterior interosseous artery.
arteriae intestinales ileal arteries, under artery, jejunal arteries, under artery.
arteriae intrarenales [TA] SYN: intrarenal arteries, under artery.
a. ischiadica, a. ischiatica SYN: inferior gluteal artery.
arteriae jejunales [TA] SYN: jejunal arteries, under artery.
a. juxtacolica marginal artery of colon.
arteriae labiales anteriores SYN: anterior labial branches of deep external pudendal artery, under branch.
a. labialis inferior SYN: inferior labial branch of facial artery.
a. labialis superior [TA] SYN: superior labial branch of facial artery.
a. labyrinthi [TA] SYN: labyrinthine artery.
a. lacrimalis [TA] SYN: lacrimal artery.
a. laryngea inferior [TA] SYN: inferior laryngeal artery.
a. laryngea superior [TA] SYN: superior laryngeal artery.
a. lienalis splenic artery.
a. ligamenti teretis uteri SYN: artery of round ligament of uterus.
a. lingualis [TA] SYN: lingual artery.
a. lingularis [TA] left pulmonary artery.
a. lingularis inferior [TA] SYN: inferior lingular artery. See left pulmonary artery.
a. lingularis superior [TA] SYN: superior lingular artery. See left pulmonary artery.
arteriae lobares inferiores [TA] See left pulmonary artery, right pulmonary artery.
arteriae lobares inferior et superior [TA] left pulmonary artery, right pulmonary artery.
arteriae lobares superiores [TA] See left pulmonary artery, right pulmonary artery.
a. lobaris media [TA] See left pulmonary artery, right pulmonary artery.
a. lobaris media pulmonis dextri [TA] right pulmonary artery.
a. lobi caudati [TA] SYN: artery of caudate lobe.
arteriae lumbales [TA] SYN: lumbar arteries, under artery.
arteriae lumbales imae [TA] SYN: lowest lumbar arteries, under artery.
a. lusoria an aberrant right subclavian artery arising from the descending aorta; it passes posterior to the esophagus, often producing dysphagia.
arteriae malleolares posteriores laterales SYN: lateral malleolar branch (of fibular peroneal artery).
arteriae malleolares posteriores mediales SYN: medial malleolar branches (of posterior tibial artery), under branch.
a. malleolaris anterior lateralis [TA] SYN: anterior lateral malleolar artery.
a. malleolaris anterior medialis [TA] SYN: anterior medial malleolar artery.
a. mammaria interna SYN: internal thoracic artery.
arteriae mammillares [TA] SYN: mammillary arteries, under artery.
a. marginalis coli [TA] SYN: marginal artery of colon.
a. masseterica [TA] SYN: masseteric artery.
a. maxillaris [TA] SYN: maxillary artery.
a. maxillaris externa SYN: facial artery.
a. media genus [TA] SYN: middle genicular artery.
a. mediana SYN: median artery.
arteriae medullares segmentales [TA] SYN: segmental medullary arteries, under artery.
arteriae membri inferioris [TA] SYN: arteries of lower limb, under artery.
arteriae membri superioris [TA] SYN: arteries of upper limb, under artery.
a. meningea anterior [TA] SYN: anterior meningeal branch (of anterior ethmoidal artery).
a. meningea media [TA] SYN: middle meningeal artery.
a. meningea posterior [TA] SYN: posterior meningeal artery.
a. mentalis SYN: mental branch (of inferior alveolar artery).
a. mesenterica inferior [TA] SYN: inferior mesenteric artery.
a. mesenterica superior [TA] SYN: superior mesenteric artery.
a. metacarpalis dorsalis [TA] SYN: dorsal metacarpal artery.
a. metacarpalis palmaris [TA] SYN: palmar metacarpal artery.
a. metatarsalis [TA] SYN: metatarsal artery.
a. metatarsalis dorsalis [TA] SYN: dorsal metatarsal artery.
a. metatarsalis plantaris [TA] SYN: plantar metatarsal artery.
arteriae musculares (arteriae ophthalmicae) [TA] SYN: muscular arteries (of ophthalmic artery), under artery.
a. musculophrenica [TA] SYN: musculophrenic artery.
arteriae nasales posteriores laterales [TA] SYN: posterior lateral nasal arteries, under artery.
a. nasalis posterior septi SYN: posterior septal branch of nose.
a. nasi externa SYN: dorsal nasal artery.
arteriae nervorum arteries to nerves.
a. nutricia [TA] SYN: nutrient artery.
a. nutriciae femoris [TA] SYN: nutrient artery of femur.
arteriae nutriciae humeri [TA] SYN: humeral nutrient arteries, under artery.
a. nutricia tibiae [TA] SYN: tibial nutrient artery.
a. nutricia ulnae [TA] SYN: nutrient artery of ulna.
a. nutriens femoris nutrient artery of femur.
a. nutriens fibulae fibular nutrient artery.
a. nutriens humeri nutrient arteries of humerus, under artery.
a. nutriens radii nutrient artery of radius.
a. nutriens tibiae tibial nutrient artery.
a. nutriens tibialis SYN: tibial nutrient artery.
a. nutriens ulnae nutrient artery of ulna.
a. obturatoria [TA] SYN: obturator artery.
a. obturatoria accessoria [TA] SYN: accessory obturator artery.
a. occipitalis [TA] SYN: occipital artery.
a. occipitalis lateralis [TA] SYN: lateral occipital artery.
a. occipitalis medialis [TA] SYN: medial occipital artery.
a. ophthalmica [TA] SYN: ophthalmic artery.
a. orbitofrontalis lateralis lateral frontobasal artery.
a. orbitofrontalis medialis medial frontobasal artery.
a. ovarica [TA] SYN: ovarian artery.
a. palatina ascendens [TA] SYN: ascending palatine artery.
a. palatina descendens [TA] SYN: descending palatine artery.
a. palatina major [TA] SYN: greater palatine artery.
a. palatina minor [TA] SYN: lesser palatine artery.
arteriae palpebrales (laterales et mediales) [TA] SYN: (lateral and medial) palpebral arteries, under artery.
a. pancreatica dorsalis [TA] SYN: dorsal pancreatic artery.
a. pancreatica inferior [TA] SYN: inferior pancreatic artery.
a. pancreatica magna SYN: greater pancreatic artery.
a. pancreaticoduodenalis inferior [TA] SYN: inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery.
a. pancreaticoduodenalis superior (anterior et posterior) SYN: (anterior and posterior) superior pancreaticoduodenal artery.
a. paracentralis SYN: paracentral branches (of pericallosal artery), under branch.
a. parietalis anterior [TA] SYN: anterior parietal artery.
arteriae parietales (laterales et mediales) [TA] SYN: (lateral and medial) parietal arteries, under artery.
a. parietalis posterior [TA] SYN: posterior parietal artery.
arteriae parieto-occipitales SYN: parieto-occipital branches (of anterior cerebral artery), under branch.
arteriae perforantes anteriores [TA] SYN: anterior perforating arteries, under artery.
arteriae perforantes arteriae profundae femoris [TA] SYN: perforating arteries (of deep femoral artery), under artery.
arteriae perforantes penis [TA] SYN: perforating arteries of penis, under artery.
arteriae perforantes radiatae (renis) [TA] SYN: perforating radiate arteries (of kidney), under artery.
a. pericallosa [TA] SYN: pericallosal artery.
a. pericardiacophrenica [TA] SYN: pericardiacophrenic artery.
a. perinealis [TA] SYN: perineal artery.
a. peronea fibular artery.
a. pharyngea ascendens [TA] SYN: ascending pharyngeal artery.
a. phrenica inferior [TA] SYN: inferior phrenic artery.
a. phrenica superior [TA] SYN: superior phrenic artery.
a. plantaris lateralis [TA] SYN: lateral plantar artery.
a. plantaris medialis [TA] SYN: medial plantar artery.
a. plantaris profunda arteriae dorsalis pedis [TA] SYN: deep plantar artery.
a. plantaris profundus [TA] SYN: deep plantar branch of dorsalis pedis artery.
a. polaris frontalis [TA] SYN: polar frontal artery.
a. polaris temporalis [TA] SYN: polar temporal artery.
arteriae pontis [TA] SYN: pontine arteries, under artery.
a. poplitea [TA] SYN: popliteal artery.
a. precunealis SYN: precuneal branches (of anterior cerebral artery), under branch.
a. prepancreatica [TA] SYN: prepancreatic artery.
a. princeps pollicis [TA] SYN: princeps pollicis artery.
a. profunda brachii [TA] SYN: profunda brachii artery.
a. profunda clitoridis [TA] SYN: deep artery of clitoris.
a. profunda femoris SYN: deep artery of thigh.
a. profunda linguae [TA] SYN: deep lingual artery.
a. profunda penis [TA] SYN: deep artery of penis.
a. pterygomeningealis [TA] SYN: pterygomeningeal artery.
arteriae pudendae externae [TA] SYN: (superficial and deep) external pudendal arteries, under artery.
a. pudenda interna [TA] SYN: internal pudendal artery.
a. pulmonalis SYN: pulmonary trunk.
a. pulmonalis dextra [TA] SYN: right pulmonary artery.
a. pulmonalis sinistra [TA] SYN: left pulmonary artery.
a. quadrigeminalis collicular artery.
a. radialis [TA] SYN: radial artery.
a. radialis indicis [TA] SYN: radialis indicis artery.
arteriae radiculares (anterior et posterior) SYN: (anterior and posterior) radicular arteries, under artery.
a. radicularis magna SYN: great segmental medullary artery.
a. radii nutricia [TA] SYN: nutrient artery of radius.
a. ranina SYN: deep lingual artery.
a. rectalis inferior [TA] SYN: inferior rectal artery.
a. rectalis media [TA] SYN: middle rectal artery.
a. rectalis superior [TA] SYN: superior rectal artery.
a. recurrens SYN: medial striate artery.
a. recurrens radialis [TA] SYN: radial recurrent artery.
a. recurrens tibialis anterior [TA] SYN: anterior tibial recurrent artery.
a. recurrens tibialis posterior [TA] SYN: posterior tibial recurrent artery.
a. recurrens ulnaris [TA] SYN: ulnar recurrent artery.
a. renalis [TA] SYN: renal artery.
arteriae renis [TA] SYN: segmental arteries of kidney, under artery.
a. retinae centralis SYN: central retinal artery.
a. retroduodenalis [TA] SYN: retroduodenal artery.
arteriae sacrales laterales SYN: lateral sacral arteries, under artery.
a. sacralis mediana [TA] SYN: median sacral artery.
a. scapularis descendens SYN: dorsal scapular artery.
a. scapularis dorsalis SYN: dorsal scapular artery.
a. segmentalis anterior [TA] See left pulmonary artery, right pulmonary artery.
a. segmentalis apicalis [TA] See left pulmonary artery, right pulmonary artery.
a. segmentalis basalis anterior [TA] SYN: anterior basal segmental artery.
a. segmentalis basalis lateralis [TA] SYN: lateral basal segmental artery.
a. segmentalis basalis medialis [TA] SYN: medial basal segmental artery.
a. segmentalis lateralis [TA] SYN: lateral basal segmental artery. See left pulmonary artery, right pulmonary artery.
a. segmentalis medialis [TA] SYN: medial basal segmental artery. See left pulmonary artery, right pulmonary artery.
a. segmentalis posterior [TA] See left pulmonary artery, right pulmonary artery.
a. segmentalis superior [TA] See left pulmonary artery, right pulmonary artery.
a. segmenti anterioris inferioris renis [TA] See segmental arteries of kidney, under artery.
a. segmenti anterioris superioris renis [TA] See segmental arteries of kidney, under artery.
arteriae segmenti hepaticae SYN: segmental arteries of liver, under artery.
a. segmenti inferioris renis [TA] See segmental arteries of kidney, under artery.
a. segmenti posterioris renis [TA] See segmental arteries of kidney, under artery.
a. segmenti superioris renis [TA] See segmental arteries of kidney, under artery.
arteriae sigmoideae [TA] SYN: sigmoid arteries, under artery.
a. spermatica interna SYN: testicular artery.
a. sphenopalatina [TA] SYN: sphenopalatine artery.
a. spinalis anterior [TA] SYN: anterior spinal artery.
a. spinalis posterior [TA] SYN: posterior spinal artery.
a. splenica [TA] SYN: splenic artery.
a. striata medialis distalis [TA] SYN: medial striate artery.
a. stylomastoidea [TA] SYN: stylomastoid artery.
a. subclavia [TA] SYN: subclavian artery.
a. subcostalis [TA] SYN: subcostal artery.
a. sublingualis [TA] SYN: sublingual artery.
a. submentalis [TA] SYN: submental artery.
a. subscapularis [TA] SYN: subscapular artery.
a. sulci centralis [TA] SYN: artery of central sulcus.
a. sulci postcentralis [TA] SYN: artery of postcentral sulcus.
a. sulci precentralis [TA] SYN: artery of precentral sulcus.
a. superior cerebelli [TA] SYN: superior cerebellar artery.
a. superior lateralis genus [TA] SYN: superior lateral genicular artery.
a. superior medialis genus [TA] SYN: superior medial genicular artery.
a. suprachiasmatica [TA] SYN: suprachiasmatic artery.
a. supraduodenalis [TA] SYN: supraduodenal artery.
a. supraoptica [TA] SYN: supraoptic artery.
a. supraorbitalis [TA] SYN: supraorbital artery.
arteriae suprarenales superiores [TA] SYN: superior suprarenal arteries, under artery.
a. suprarenalis inferior [TA] SYN: inferior suprarenal artery.
a. suprarenalis media [TA] SYN: middle suprarenal artery.
a. suprascapularis [TA] SYN: suprascapular artery.
a. supratrochlearis [TA] SYN: supratrochlear artery.
arteriae surales [TA] SYN: sural arteries, under artery.
a. tarsea lateralis [TA] SYN: lateral tarsal artery.
a. tarsea medialis [TA] SYN: medial tarsal arteries, under artery.
a. temporalis anterior SYN: anterior temporal branch.
a. temporalis intermedia SYN: middle temporal branch of insular part of middle cerebral artery.
a. temporalis media [TA] SYN: middle temporal artery.
a. temporalis posterior SYN: posterior temporal branch of middle cerebral artery.
a. temporalis profunda [TA] SYN: deep temporal artery.
a. temporalis superficialis [TA] SYN: superficial temporal artery.
a. testicularis [TA] SYN: testicular artery.
arteriae thalamostriatae anterolaterales SYN: anterolateral central arteries, under artery.
arteriae thalamostriatae anteromediales SYN: anteromedial central arteries, under artery.
a. thoracica interna [TA] SYN: internal thoracic artery.
a. thoracica lateralis [TA] SYN: lateral thoracic artery.
a. thoracica superior [TA] SYN: superior thoracic artery.
a. thoracoacromialis [TA] SYN: thoracoacromial artery.
a. thoracodorsalis [TA] SYN: thoracodorsal artery.
a. thyroidea ima [TA] SYN: thyroid ima artery.
a. thyroidea inferior [TA] SYN: inferior thyroid artery.
a. thyroidea superior [TA] SYN: superior thyroid artery.
a. tibialis anterior [TA] SYN: anterior tibial artery.
a. tibialis posterior [TA] SYN: posterior tibial artery.
a. transversa cervicis transverse cervical artery.
a. transversa colli [TA] SYN: transverse cervical artery.
a. transversa faciei [TA] SYN: transverse facial artery.
a. tuberis cinerei [TA] SYN: artery of tuber cinereum.
a. tympanica anterior [TA] SYN: anterior tympanic artery.
a. tympanica inferior [TA] SYN: inferior tympanic artery.
a. tympanica posterior [TA] SYN: posterior tympanic artery.
a. tympanica superior [TA] SYN: superior tympanic artery.
a. ulnaris [TA] SYN: ulnar artery.
a. umbilicalis [TA] SYN: umbilical artery.
a. uncalis [TA] SYN: uncal artery.
a. urethralis [TA] SYN: urethral artery.
a. uterina [TA] SYN: uterine artery.
a. vaginalis [TA] SYN: vaginal artery.
arteriae ventriculares [TA] SYN: ventricular arteries, under artery.
a. vertebralis [TA] SYN: vertebral artery.
a. vesicalis inferior [TA] SYN: inferior vesical artery.
a. vesicalis superior [TA] SYN: superior vesical artery.
a. vestibularis anterior [TA] SYN: anterior vestibular artery.
a. vestibuli anterior vestibular artery.
a. vestibulocochlearis [TA] SYN: vestibulocochlear artery.
a. vitellina SYN: vitelline artery.
a. volaris indicis radialis SYN: radialis indicis artery.
a. zygomatico-orbitalis [TA] SYN: zygomatico-orbital artery.

arterial
arterial (ar-te′re-al)

Relating to one or more arteries or to the entire system of arteries.

arterialization
arterialization (ar-te′re-al-i-za′shun)

1. Making or becoming arterial. 2. Aeration or oxygenation of the blood whereby it is changed in character from venous to arterial. 3. SYN: vascularization. 4. Conversion of a venous structure to function as an artery.

arteriectasis
arteriectasis, arteriectasia (ar-ter-e-ek′ta-sis, -ek-ta′ze-a)

Obsolete term for vasodilation of the arteries. [L. arteria, artery, + G. ektasis, distention]

arteriectomy
arteriectomy (ar-ter-e-ek′to-me)

Excision of part of an artery. [L. arteria, artery, + G. ektome, excision]

arterio- arterio-, arteri-

Artery. [L. arteria, fr. G. arteria, a windpipe, an artery]

arterioatony
arterioatony (ar-ter′e-o-at′o-ne)

An abnormally relaxed state of the arterial walls. [arterio- + G. atonia, atony]

arteriocapillary
arteriocapillary (ar-ter′e-o-cap′i-lar-e)

Relating to both arteries and capillaries.

arteriogram
arteriogram (ar-ter′e-o-gram)

Radiographic demonstration of an artery after injection of contrast medium into it. [arterio- + G. gramma, something written]

arteriographic
arteriographic (ar-ter′e-o-graf′ik)

Relating to or utilizing arteriography.

arteriography
arteriography (ar-ter-e-og′ra-fe)

Demonstration of an artery or arteries by x-ray imaging after injection of a radiopaque contrast medium. [arterio- + G. grapho, to write]
bronchial a. radiography of bronchial arteries by selective injection of the intercostal arteries from which they arise.
cerebral a. SYN: cerebral angiography.

arteriola
arteriola, pl .arteriolae (ar-ter-e-o′la, -o′le) [TA]

SYN: arteriole. [Mod. L. dim. of arteria, artery]
a. glomerularis afferens [TA] SYN: afferent glomerular arteriole.
a. glomerularis efferens [TA] SYN: efferent glomerular arteriole.
a. maculae medius [TA]
a. macularis inferior [TA] SYN: inferior macular arteriole.
a. macularis superior [TA] SYN: superior macular arteriole.
a. medialis retinae [TA] SYN: middle macular arteriole.
a. nasalis retinae inferior [TA] SYN: inferior nasal arteriole of retina.
a. nasalis retinae superior [TA] SYN: superior nasal retinal arteriole.
arteriolae rectae [TA] SYN: vasa recta renis, under vas.
a. temporalis retinae inferior [TA] SYN: inferior temporal retinal arteriole.
a. temporalis retinae superior [TA] SYN: superior temporal retinal arteriole.

arteriolar
arteriolar (ar-ter-e-o′lar)

Of or pertaining to an arteriole or the arterioles collectively.

arteriole
arteriole (ar-ter′e-ol) [TA]

A minute artery with a tunica media comprising only one or two layers of smooth muscle cells; a terminal artery continuous with the capillary network. SYN: arteriola [TA] .
afferent glomerular a. [TA] a branch of an interlobular artery of the kidney that conveys blood to the glomerulus. SYN: arteriola glomerularis afferens [TA] , afferent vessel (2) , vas afferens.
capillary a. a minute artery that terminates in a capillary.
efferent glomerular a. [TA] the vessel that carries blood from the glomerular capillary network to the capillary bed of the proximal convoluted tubule; collectively, these vessels constitute the renal portal system. SYN: arteriola glomerularis efferens [TA] , efferent vessel, vas efferens (2) .
inferior macular a. [TA] origin, central artery of retina; distribution, inferior part of macula. SYN: arteriola macularis inferior [TA] .
inferior nasal a. of retina [TA] the branch of the central artery of the retina that supplies the lower medial, or nasal, part of the retina. SYN: arteriola nasalis retinae inferior [TA] .
inferior temporal retinal a. [TA] the branch of the central artery of the retina that passes laterally below the macula to supply the lower lateral or temporal part of the retina. SYN: arteriola temporalis retinae inferior [TA] .
medial a. of retina SYN: middle macular a..
middle macular a. [TA] an a. supplying the part of the retina between the optic disk and the macula. SYN: arteriola medialis retinae [TA] , medial a. of retina.
superior macular a. [TA] origin, central artery of retina; distribution, upper part of macula. SYN: arteriola macularis superior [TA] .
superior nasal retinal a. [TA] the branch of the central artery of the retina that passes to the upper medial, or nasal, part of the retina. SYN: arteriola nasalis retinae superior [TA] .
superior temporal retinal a. [TA] the branch of the central artery of the retina that passes laterally above the macula to supply the upper lateral or temporal part of the retina. SYN: arteriola temporalis retinae superior [TA] .

arteriolith
arteriolith (ar-ter′e-o-lith)

A calcareous deposit in an arterial wall or thrombus. [L. arteria, artery, + G. lithos, a stone]

arteriolitis
arteriolitis (ar-ter′e-o-li′tis)

Inflammation of the wall of the arterioles. [L. arteriola, arteriole, + G. -itis, inflammation]
necrotizing a. necrosis in the media of arterioles, characteristic of malignant hypertension. SYN: arteriolonecrosis.

arteriolo- arteriolo-

The arterioles. [Modern L. arteriola, arteriole]

arteriology
arteriology (ar-ter′e-ol′o-je)

The anatomy of the arteries: usually associated with the study of the other vessels under the name angiology. [L. arteria, artery, + G. logos, study]

arteriolonecrosis
arteriolonecrosis (ar-ter-e-o′lo-ne-kro′sis)

SYN: necrotizing arteriolitis. [L. arteriola, arteriole, + G. nekrosis, a killing]

arteriolonephrosclerosis
arteriolonephrosclerosis (ar-ter-e-o′lo-nef′ro-skler-o′sis)

SYN: arteriolar nephrosclerosis.

arteriolosclerosis
arteriolosclerosis (ar-ter-e-o′lo-skler-o′sis)

Arteriosclerosis affecting mainly the arterioles, seen especially in chronic hypertension. SYN: arteriolar sclerosis.

arteriolovenous
arteriolovenous (ar-ter-e-o′lo-ve′nus)

Involving both the arterioles and veins. SYN: arteriolovenular.

arteriolovenular
arteriolovenular (ar-ter-e-o′lo-ve′nu-lar)

SYN: arteriolovenous.

arteriomalacia
arteriomalacia (ar-ter′e-o-ma-la′she-a)

Softening of the arteries. [arterio- + G. malakia, softness]

arteriometer
arteriometer (ar-ter-e-om′e-ter)

An instrument for measuring the diameter of an artery, or its change in size during pulsation. [arterio- + G. metron, measure]

arteriomotor
arteriomotor (ar-ter′e-o-mo′ter)

Causing changes in the caliber of an artery; vasomotor with special reference to the arteries.

arteriomyomatosis
arteriomyomatosis (ar-ter′e-o-mi′o-ma-to′sis)

Thickening of the walls of an artery by an overgrowth of muscular fibers arranged irregularly, intersecting each other without any definite relation to the axis of the vessel. [arterio- + G. mys, muscle, + -oma, tumor, + -osis, condition]

arterionephrosclerosis
arterionephrosclerosis (ar-ter′e-o-nef′ro-skler-o′sis)

SYN: arterial nephrosclerosis.

arteriopalmus
arteriopalmus (ar-ter′e-o-pal′mus)

Subjective sensation of throbbing of an artery. [arterio- + G. palmos, throbbing]

arteriopathy
arteriopathy (ar-ter-e-op′a-the)

Any disease of the arteries. [arterio- + G. pathos, suffering]
hypertensive a. arterial degeneration resulting from hypertension.
plexogenic pulmonary a. SYN: Ayerza syndrome.

arterioplania
arterioplania (ar-ter′e-o-pla′ne-a)

Presence of an anomaly in the course of an artery. [arterio- + G. plane, a straying]

arterioplasty
arterioplasty (ar-ter′e-o-plas-te)

Any operation for the reconstruction of the wall of an artery. [arterio- + G. plastos, formed]

arteriopressor
arteriopressor (ar-ter′e-o-pres′ser)

Causing increased arterial blood pressure.

arteriorrhaphy
arteriorrhaphy (ar-ter-e-or′a-fe)

Suture of an artery. [arterio- + G. rhaphe, seam]

arteriorrhexis
arteriorrhexis (ar-ter′e-o-rek′sis)

Rupture of an artery. [arterio- + G. rhexis, rupture]

arteriosclerosis
arteriosclerosis (ar-ter′e-o-skler-o′sis)

Hardening of the arteries; types generally recognized are: atherosclerosis, Mönckeberg a., and arteriolosclerosis. SYN: arterial sclerosis, vascular sclerosis. [arterio- + G. sklerosis, hardness]
coronary a. degenerative and metabolic changes of the walls of the coronary arteries usually beginning with atheroma of the intima and preceding to involve the media; also, calcified lesions known as Mönckeberg a..
hyperplastic a. hyperplasia of the intima and internal elastic layer and hypertrophy of the media independent of atheromatous lesions.
hypertensive a. progressive increase in muscle and elastic tissue of arterial walls, resulting from hypertension; in longstanding hypertension, elastic tissue forms numerous concentric layers in the intima and there is replacement of muscle by collagen fibers and hyaline thickening of the intima of arterioles; such changes can develop with increasing age in the absence of hypertension and may then be referred to as senile a..
medial a. SYN: Mönckeberg a..
Mönckeberg a. arterial sclerosis involving the peripheral arteries, especially of the legs of older people, with deposition of calcium in the medial coat (pipestem arteries) but with little or no encroachment on the lumen. SYN: medial a., Mönckeberg calcification, Mönckeberg degeneration, Mönckeberg medial calcification, Mönckeberg sclerosis.
nodular a. atheromas occurring in the arterial intima as discrete tumors.
a. obliterans a. producing narrowing and occlusion of the arterial lumen.
peripheral a. a. in any of the vessels beyond the aorta; most often refers to the lower extremities.
senile a. a. similar to hypertensive a., but as a result of advanced age rather than hypertension.

arteriosclerotic
arteriosclerotic (ar-ter′e-o-skler-ot′ik)

Relating to or affected by arteriosclerosis.

arteriospasm
arteriospasm (ar-ter′e-o-spazm)

Spasm of an artery or arteries.

arteriostenosis
arteriostenosis (ar-ter′e-o-ste-no′sis)

Narrowing of the caliber of an artery, either temporary, through vasoconstriction, or permanent, through arteriosclerosis. [arterio- + G. stenosis, a narrowing]

arteriotomy
arteriotomy (ar-ter-e-ot′o-me)

Any surgical incision into the lumen of an artery, e.g., to remove an embolus. [arterio- + G. tome, incision]

arteriovenous
arteriovenous (AV) (ar-ter′e-o-ve′nus)

Relating to both an artery and a vein or to both arteries and veins in general; both arterial and venous, as an “AV anastomosis.”

arteritis
arteritis (ar-ter-i′tis)

Inflammation or infection involving an artery or arteries. [L. arteria, artery, + G. -itis, inflammation]
brachiocephalic a. giant-cell a. seen in older adults; characterized by inflammatory lesions in medium sized arteries, most commonly in the head, neck and/or shoulder girdle area; lesions include fragmented elastin, macrophages, and giant cells. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate is usually markedly elevated. Visual loss can occur.
coronary a. inflammation of any or all of the layers of coronary artery walls.
cranial a. SYN: temporal a..
extracranial a. SYN: temporal a..
giant cell a. SYN: temporal a..
granulomatous a. SYN: temporal a..
Heubner a. inflammation of arteries within the circle of Willis secondary to chronic basal meningitis from tubercle bacillus or particular fungi such as Cryptococcus, Histoplasma, or Coccidiodes.
Horton a. SYN: temporal a..
intracranial granulomatous a. a small vessel, giant cell a. that affects only intracranial blood vessels, of unknown etiology, and with diverse clinical manifestations, including those seen with an involving cerebral tumor, and with a low grade meningitis, leading to infarction of one portion of the cerebrum or cerebellum. SYN: neurocranial granulomatous a..
neurocranial granulomatous a. SYN: intracranial granulomatous a..
a. nodosa SYN: polyarteritis nodosa.
a. obliterans, obliterating a. SYN: endarteritis obliterans.
rheumatic a. a. due to rheumatic fever; Aschoff bodies are frequently found in the adventitia of small arteries, especially in the myocardium, and may lead to fibrosis and constriction of the lumens.
rheumatoid a. a. associated with rheumatoid arthritis; aortitis with aortic valve incompetence accompanying ankylosing spondylitis may be related.
Takayasu a. a progressive obliterative a. of unknown origin involving chronic inflammation of the aortic arch with fibrosis and marked luminal narrowing that affects the aorta and its branches, often with complete or near complete occlusion of segments of the aorta; more common in females. SEE ALSO: aortic arch syndrome. SYN: pulseless disease, Takayasu disease, Takayasu syndrome.
temporal a. a subacute, granulomatous a. involving the external carotid arteries, especially the temporal artery; occurs in elderly persons and may be manifested by constitutional symptoms, particularly severe headache, and sometimes sudden unilateral blindness. Shares many of the symptoms of polymyalgia rheumatica. SYN: cranial a., extracranial a., giant cell a., granulomatous a., Horton a..

artery
artery (a) (ar′ter-e) [TA]

A relatively thick-walled, muscular, pulsating blood vessel conveying blood away from the heart. With the exception of the pulmonary and umbilical arteries, the arteries contain red or oxygenated blood. At the major arteries, the arterial branches are listed separately following the designation branches. SYN: arteria [TA] . [L. arteria, fr. G. arteria]
Abbott a. an anomalous a. arising from the posteromedial proximal descending aorta, important during coarctation repair.
aberrant a. a. having an unusual origin or course.
aberrant obturator a. [TA] pubic branch of inferior epigastric a..
accessory meningeal a. SYN: pterygomeningeal a..
accessory obturator a. [TA] term applied to the anastomosis of the pubic branch of the inferior epigastric a. with the pubic branch of the obturator a. when it contributes a significant supply through the obturator canal. SYN: arteria obturatoria accessoria [TA] , ramus obturatorius arteriae epigastricae inferioris.
acetabular a. SYN: acetabular branch.
acromial a. SYN: acromial branch of thoracoacromial a..
acromiothoracic a. SYN: thoracoacromial a..
a. of Adamkiewicz SYN: great segmental medullary a..
alar a. of nose a branch of the angular a. that supplies the ala of the nose.
angular a. [TA] 1. the terminal branch of the facial a.; distribution, muscles and skin of side of nose; anastomoses, lateral nasal, and dorsal a. of nose and palpebrals from the ophthalmic a., thereby providing an external-internal carotid arterial anastomosis; 2. SYN: branch to angular gyrus.
a. of angular gyrus SYN: branch to angular gyrus.
anterior basal segmental a. [TA] anterior basal branch of superior basal veins of the lower right and left lobes of left and right lungs. SYN: arteria segmentalis basalis anterior [TA] , anterior basal branch, ramus basalis anterior.
anterior cecal a. [TA] origin, ileocolic a.; distribution, anterior region of cecum. SYN: arteria cecalis anterior [TA] .
anterior cerebral a. [TA] one of the two terminal branches (with middle cerebral a. of the internal carotid; it passes anteriorly, loops around the genu of the corpus callosum, then posteriorly in the interhemispheric fissure along with its fellow of the opposite side, the two being joined by the anterior communicating a. [TA]; for descriptive purposes, it is divided into two parts: the precommunicating part [TA] (A₁ segment of clinical terminology), which gives rise to the anteromedial central arteries [TA], which consist of proximal medial striate arteries [TA], the supraoptic a. [TA], anterior perforating arteries [TA] and preoptic arteries [TA] and a postcommunical part [TA], (A₂ segment), which gives rise to a distal medial striate a. [TA], medial frontobasal a. [TA], polar frontal a. [TA], and two large terminal branches: the pericallosal a. [TA] and the callosomarginal a. [TA]. The latter two have branches that serve specific regions of cortex. SYN: arteria cerebri anterior [TA] .
anterior choroidal a. [TA] origin, internal carotid or (rarely) middle cerebral a.; distribution, named branches [TA] to choroid plexus of lateral and third ventricles, optic chiasm and tract, internal capsule (genu, posterior limb, retrolentiform limb), lateral geniculate body, globus pallidus, tail of caudate nucleus, hippocampus, amygdaloid body, tuber cinereuum, hypothalamic nuclei, thalamic nuclei, substantia nigra, red nucleus, and crus cerebri. SYN: arteria choroidea anterior [TA] .
anterior ciliary arteries one of several arteries derived from muscular branches of the ophthalmic that perforate the anterior part of the sclera and anastomose with posterior ciliary arteries. SYN: arteriae ciliares anteriores.
anterior circumflex humeral a. [TA] origin, axillary; distribution, shoulder joint and biceps muscle; anastomoses, posterior circumflex humeral a.. SYN: arteria circumflexa humeri anterior [TA] , anterior humeral circumflex a..
anterior communicating a. [TA] a short vessel joining the two anterior cerebral arteries and completing the cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) anteriorly. SYN: arteria communicans anterior [TA] .
anterior conjunctival a. [TA] one of a number of small branches of the anterior ciliary arteries that supplies the conjunctiva. SYN: arteria conjunctivalis anterior [TA] , conjunctival arteries.
anterior ethmoidal a. [TA] origin, ophthalmic; distribution, cerebral membranes in anterior cranial fossa, anterior ethmoidal cells, frontal sinus, anterior upper part of nasal mucous membrane, skin of dorsum of nose. SYN: arteria ethmoidalis anterior [TA] .
anterior humeral circumflex a. SYN: anterior circumflex humeral a..
anterior inferior cerebellar a. [TA] origin, basilar; distribution, lower surface of lateral lobes of cerebellum, choroid plexus in cerebellopontine angle; anastomoses, posterior inferior cerebellar; usual source of labyrinthine a.. SYN: arteria inferior anterior cerebelli [TA] .
anterior inferior segmental a. of kidney [TA] origin, anterior branch of renal. See segmental arteries of kidney. SYN: a. of anterior inferior segment of kidney.
a. of anterior inferior segment of kidney SYN: anterior inferior segmental a. of kidney.
anterior intercostal arteries SYN: anterior intercostal branches of internal thoracic a., under branch.
anterior interosseous a. [TA] origin, common interosseous; distribution, deep parts of the forearm anteriorly; anastomoses, posterior interosseous. SYN: arteria interossea anterior [TA] , arteria interossea volaris, volar interosseous a..
anterior interventricular a. SYN: anterior interventricular branch of left coronary a..
anterior labial arteries SYN: anterior labial branches of deep external pudendal a., under branch.
anterior lateral malleolar a. [TA] origin, anterior tibial; distribution, ankle joint; anastomoses, peroneal, lateral tarsal. SYN: arteria malleolaris anterior lateralis [TA] .
anterior medial malleolar a. [TA] origin, anterior tibial; distribution, ankle joint and neighboring integument; anastomoses, branches of posterior tibial. SYN: arteria malleolaris anterior medialis [TA] .
anterior mediastinal arteries SYN: mediastinal branches of internal thoracic a., under branch.
anterior meningeal a. SYN: anterior meningeal branch (of anterior ethmoidal a.).
anterior parietal a. [TA] one of the terminal branches of the insular part of the middle cerebral a., distributed to the anterior part of the parietal lobe. SYN: arteria parietalis anterior [TA] .
anterior perforating arteries [TA] origin: as part of the anteromedial central arteries arising from the precommunicating part (A1 segment) of the anterior cerebral a.; enters the anterior perforated substance of the cranial base. SYN: arteriae perforantes anteriores [TA] .
anterior peroneal a. perforating branches, under branch.
(anterior and posterior) radicular arteries branches of spinal arteries distributed to the dorsal and ventral roots of spinal nerves and their coverings. See spinal arteries, segmental medullary arteries. SYN: arteriae radiculares (anterior et posterior).
(anterior and posterior) superior pancreaticoduodenal a. origin, gastroduodenal; one of two arteries, anterior and superior; distribution, head of pancreas, duodenum, common bile duct; anastomoses, inferior pancreaticoduodenal, splenic. SYN: arteria pancreaticoduodenalis superior (anterior et posterior).
anterior segmental a. See left pulmonary a., right pulmonary a..
anterior spinal a. [TA] origin, intracranial part of vertebral; distribution, anteromedial spinal cord and adjacent pia mater; anastomoses, spinal of intercostal and lumbar arteries. SYN: arteria spinalis anterior [TA] .
anterior superior alveolar arteries [TA] origin, infraorbital a. within intraorbital canal; distribution, via anterior alveolar canals to upper incisors and canine teeth, mucous membrane of maxillary sinus. SYN: arteriae alveolares superiores anteriores [TA] , anterior superior dental arteries.
anterior superior dental arteries SYN: anterior superior alveolar arteries.
anterior superior segmental a. of kidney [TA] origin, anterior branch of renal. See segmental arteries of kidney. SYN: a. of anterior superior segment of kidney.
a. of anterior superior segment of kidney SYN: anterior superior segmental a. of kidney.
anterior temporal a. SYN: anterior temporal branch.
anterior tibial a. origin, popliteal; branches, posterior and anterior tibial recurrent, lateral and medial anterior malleolar, dorsalis pedis, lateral tarsal, medial tarsal, arcuate, dorsal metatarsal, and dorsal digital. SYN: arteria tibialis anterior [TA] .
anterior tibial recurrent a. [TA] a branch of the anterior tibial a. that ascends to supply the front and sides of the knee joint, thus contributing to the articular network of the knee. SYN: arteria recurrens tibialis anterior [TA] .
anterior tympanic a. [TA] origin, first (retromandibular) part of the maxillary; distribution, middle ear; anastomoses, tympanic branches of internal carotid and ascending pharyngeal and stylomastoid. SYN: arteria tympanica anterior [TA] , glaserian a..
anterior vestibular a. origin: as a terminal branch, with the common cochlear a., of the labyrinthine a.; branch: vestibulocochlear a.; distribution: to vestibular ganglion, utricle and (especially the ampullae of the) lateral and posterior semicircular ducts. SYN: arteria vestibularis anterior [TA] , arteria vestibuli&star.
anterolateral central arteries [TA] numerous small branches from the sphenoidal part of the middle cerebral arteries supplying the lateral and anterior parts of the corpus striatum. SYN: arteriae centrales anterolaterales [TA] , lenticulostriate arteries (1) &star, anterolateral striate arteries, anterolateral thalamostriate arteries, arteriae thalamostriatae anterolaterales, arteries of cerebral hemorrhage, lateral striate arteries.
anterolateral striate arteries SYN: anterolateral central arteries.
anterolateral thalamostriate arteries SYN: anterolateral central arteries.
anteromedial central arteries [TA] several small branches of the precommunical part (A1 segment) of the anterior cerebral a. or of the anterior communicating a.; they are distributed to the anteromedial part of the corpus striatum part of the thalamus. SYN: arteriae centrales anteromediales [TA] , anteromedial thalamostriate arteries, arteriae thalamostriatae anteromediales.
anteromedial thalamostriate arteries SYN: anteromedial central arteries.
apical segmental a. [TA] See left pulmonary a., right pulmonary a..
apical segmental a. of superior lobar a. of right lung [TA] branch (of the inferior lobar branch) of the right pulmonary a. serving the apical segment of the inferior lobe of the right lung. SYN: apical branch of inferior lobar branch of right pulmonary a.&star, ramus apicalis lobi inferioris arteriae pulmonalis dextrae&star.
apicoposterior a. a pulmonary a. branch to the apicoposterior segment left of the upper lobe.
appendicular a. [TA] the branch of the ileocolic a. that descends posterior to the terminal ileum in the mesoappendix to supply the vermiform appendix. SYN: arteria appendicularis [TA] .
arciform arteries SYN: arcuate arteries of kidney.
arcuate arteries of kidney [TA] curved arteries at the corticomedullary border, arising from interlobar arteries and giving rise to interlobular arteries. SYN: arteriae arcuatae renis [TA] , arciform arteries.
arcuate a. (of foot) (inconstant) [TA] origin, dorsalis pedis; branches, passes laterally dorsal to the bases of the metatarsals, giving rise to the second, third, and fourth dorsal metatarsal arteries at the level of the medial cuneiform bone. SYN: arteria arcuata (pedis) [TA] .
ascending a. [TA] 1. SYN: colic branch of ileocolic a.. 2. branch of the left colic a. (from inferior mesenteric a.) that passes anteriorly to the left kidney into the transverse mesocolon, where it anastomoses with the middle colic a.. It thus forms an anastomosis between superior and inferior mesenteric arteries, and is a component of the marginal a. (Drummond) of the colon. SYN: arteria ascendens (2) [TA] , arteria intermesenterica, ascending branch of the inferior mesenteric a..
ascending cervical a. [TA] origin, usually a terminal branch of the thyrocervical trunk (along with interior thyroid a.); distribution, muscles of neck and spinal cord; anastomoses, branches of vertebral, occipital, ascending pharyngeal, and deep cervical. SYN: arteria cervicalis ascendens [TA] , cervicalis ascendens (2) .
ascending palatine a. [TA] origin, facial; distribution, lateral walls of pharynx, tonsils, auditory tubes, and soft palate; anastomoses, tonsillar branch of facial, dorsal lingual, and descending palatine. SYN: arteria palatina ascendens [TA] .
ascending pharyngeal a. [TA] origin, external carotid; distribution, wall of pharynx and soft palate, posterior cranial fossa. SYN: arteria pharyngea ascendens [TA] .
atrial arteries branches of the right and left coronary arteries distributed to the muscle of the atria. SYN: arteriae atriales.
a. to atrioventricular node SYN: atrioventricular nodal branch.
axillary a. [TA] the continuation of the subclavian a. after crossing the first rib to enter the axilla; becomes the brachial a. upon passing the inferior border of the teres major muscle. It is accompanied by the cords of the brachial plexus and is enclosed with them and the axillary vein in the axillary sheath as it traverses the axilla. The parts of the axillary a. are described: proximal, posterior, and distal to the pectoralis minor muscle. Branches: first part—superior thoracic a.; second part—thoracoacromial arterial trunk, lateral thoracic a.; third part—subscapular a., anterior and posterior humeral circumflex arteries. SYN: arteria axillaris [TA] .
azygos a. of vagina one of two arteries that run longitudinally in the midline on the anterior and posterior aspects of the vagina; they take origin from the uterine a..
basilar a. [TA] formed by union of the intracranial portions of the two vertebral arteries; runs along the clivus in the pontine cistern of the subarachnoid space from the lower to the upper border of the pons, where it bifurcates into the two posterior cerebral arteries; branches, anterior inferior cerebellar a. [TA], pontine arteries [TA], mesencephalic arteries [TA], superior cerebellar a. [TA], and posterior cerebral a. [TA]. SYN: arteria basilaris [TA] .
brachial a. [TA] origin, is a continuation of the axillary beginning at the inferior border of the teres major muscle; branches, deep brachial, superior ulnar collateral, inferior ulnar collateral, muscular, and nutrient; terminates in the cubital fossa (elbow level) by bifurcating into radial and ulnar arteries. SYN: arteria brachialis [TA] , humeral a..
arteries of brain [TA] arteries and arterial branches supplying the brain; they are derived from the cerebral arterial circle and the anterior choroidal a.. SYN: arteriae encephali [TA] .
bronchial arteries SYN: bronchial branches of thoracic aorta, under branch.
buccal a., buccinator a. [TA] origin, maxillary; distribution, buccinator muscle, skin, and mucous membrane of cheek; anastomoses, buccal branch of facial. SYN: arteria buccalis [TA] .
buckled innominate a. elongation of the innominate a. manifest as a pulsating mass in the right supraclavicular space and as a radiographic appearance mimicking an aneurysm or tumor of the apex of the right lung or superior mediastinum.
a. of bulb of penis [TA] a branch of the internal pudendal a. that supplies the bulb of the penis including the bulbar urethra. SYN: arteria bulbi penis [TA] , arteria bulbi urethrae.
a. of bulb of vestibule [TA] the branch of the internal pudendal a. in the female that supplies the bulb of the vestibule. SYN: arteria bulbi vestibuli [TA] , arteria bulbi vaginae.
calcaneal arteries SYN: calcaneal branches, under branch.
calcarine a. SYN: calcarine branch of medial occipital a..
a. of calf SYN: sural arteries.
callosomarginal a. [TA] the second branch of the pericallosal a. running in the cingulate sulcus and sending branches to supply part of the medial and superolateral surfaces of the cerebral hemisphere. SYN: arteria callosomarginalis [TA] .
caroticotympanic arteries (of internal carotid a.) [TA] small branches from the petrous part of the internal carotid a. supplying the tympanic cavity; anastomose with the anterior tympanic and maxillary arteries. SYN: arteriae caroticotympanicae (arteriae carotidis internae) [TA] , rami caroticotympanici.
carotid arteries common carotid a., external carotid a., internal carotid a..
carpal a. arteries related to and supplying the wrist joint. See dorsal carpal branch of radial a., dorsal carpal branch of ulnar a., palmar carpal branch of radial a., palmar carpal branch of ulnar a..
caudal pancreatic a. SYN: a. to tail of pancreas.
a. of caudate lobe [TA] origin, left branch of proper hepatic; distribution, caudate lobe of the liver. SYN: arteria lobi caudati [TA] .
cavernous arteries SYN: cavernous branch of cavernous part of internal carotid a..
cecal arteries anterior cecal a., posterior cecal a..
celiac a. SYN: celiac (arterial) trunk.
central a. SYN: a. of central sulcus.
central a. of retina SYN: central retinal a..
central retinal a. [TA] a branch of the ophthalmic a. that penetrates the optic nerve 1 cm behind the eye (extraocular part) to enter the eye (intraocular part) at the optic papilla in the retina; it divides into superior and inferior temporal and nasal branches. SYN: arteria centralis retinae [TA] , arteria retinae centralis, central a. of retina, Zinn a..
central sulcal a. SYN: a. of central sulcus.
a. of central sulcus [TA] a branch of the terminal part of the middle cerebral a. distributed to the cortex on either side of the central sulcus. SYN: arteria sulci centralis [TA] , central a., central sulcal a., Rolandic sulcal a..
cerebellar arteries an a. related to and supplying the cerebellum. See anterior inferior cerebellar a., posterior inferior cerebellar a., superior cerebellar a..
cerebral arteries arteries related to and supplying the cerebral cortex. See anterior cerebral a., middle cerebral a., posterior cerebral a..
arteries of cerebral hemorrhage SYN: anterolateral central arteries.
cervicovaginal a. an anastomotic communication between the uterine a. and the vaginal a.; it courses along the lateral aspect of the cervix and vagina. SYN: arteria cervicovaginalis.
Charcot arteries SYN: lenticulostriate arteries (2) .
chief a. of thumb SYN: princeps pollicis a..
circumflex femoral arteries lateral circumflex femoral a., medial circumflex femoral a..
circumflex fibular a. SYN: circumflex fibular branch (of posterior tibial a.).
circumflex humeral arteries anterior circumflex humeral a., posterior circumflex humeral a..
circumflex iliac arteries deep circumflex iliac a., superficial circumflex iliac a..
circumflex scapular a. [TA] origin, terminal branch (with thoracodorsal a.) of the subscapular; distribution, muscles of shoulder and scapular region; anastomoses, branches of suprascapular and transverse cervical. SYN: arteria circumflexa scapulae [TA] .
coiled a. of the uterus SYN: spiral a..
colic arteries arteries supplying the colon. See left colic a., middle colic a., right colic a..
collateral a. 1. one that runs parallel with a nerve or other structure; 2. one through which a collateral circulation is established. See articular vascular network.
collateral digital a. SYN: proper palmar digital arteries.
collicular a. [TA] origin: precommunicating part (P1 segment) of posterior cerebral a.; distribution: to superior and inferior colliculi (corpora quadrigemina) of tectum of midbrain. SYN: arteria collicularis [TA] , arteria quadrigeminalis&star, quadrigeminal a.&star.
comitant a. of median nerve SYN: median a..
common carotid a. [TA] origin, right from brachiocephalic, left from arch of aorta; runs upward in the neck and divides opposite upper border of thyroid cartilage (C-4 vertebral level) into terminal branches, external and internal carotid. SYN: arteria carotis communis [TA] .
common cochlear a. [TA] origin: as a terminal branch, with the anterior vestibular a., of the labyrinthine a.; distribution: runs in the cochlear axis of modiolus serving the spiral ganglia; sends the proper cochlear a. to the cochlear duct and supplies the apical two turns of the spiral modiolar a.. SYN: arteria cochlearis communis [TA] .
common hepatic a. [TA] origin, celiac; branches, right gastric, gastroduodenal, and proper hepatic. SYN: arteria hepatica communis [TA] .
common iliac a. [TA] one of two terminal branches of the abdominal aorta; anterior to the sacroiliac joint at the level of the sacral promontory, it bifurcates to form the internal iliac and the external iliac. SYN: arteria iliaca communis [TA] .
common interosseous a. [TA] origin, ulnar; branches, anterior and posterior interosseous. SYN: arteria interossea communis [TA] .
common palmar digital a. [TA] one of three arteries arising from the superficial palmar arch and running to the interdigital clefts where each divides into two proper palmar digital arteries. SYN: arteria digitalis palmaris communis [TA] .
common plantar digital a. [TA] one of four arteries arising from a superficial plantar arch, when present as a variation. They unite with the plantar metatarsal arteries distal to the perforating branches. SYN: arteria digitalis plantaris communis [TA] .
communicating a. an a. that connects two larger arteries. See anterior communicating a., posterior communicating a..
companion a. to sciatic nerve SYN: a. to sciatic nerve.
conjunctival arteries SYN: anterior conjunctival a., posterior conjunctival a..
coronary a. 1. See right coronary a., left coronary a.. 2. SYN: left gastric a..
cortical arteries branches of the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries that supply the cerebral cortex.
cortical radiate arteries [TA] the branches of the arcuate arteries of the kidney radiating outward through the renal columns and cortex and supplying the glomeruli. SYN: arteriae corticales radiatae [TA] , arteria interlobulares (renis), interlobular arteries of kidney.
costocervical a. SYN: costocervical (arterial) trunk.
cremasteric a. [TA] origin, inferior epigastric; distribution, coverings of spermatic cord; anastomoses, external pudendal, spermatic, and perineal arteria. SYN: arteria cremasterica [TA] , external spermatic a..
cricothyroid a. SYN: cricothyroid branch of superior thyroid a..
cystic a. [TA] origin, right branch of hepatic; distribution, gall bladder and visceral surface of the liver. SYN: arteria cystica [TA] .
deep a. of arm profunda brachii a..
deep auricular a. [TA] origin, first part of maxillary; distribution, articulation of jaw, parotid gland, and external acoustic meatus and external tympanic membrane; anastomoses, auricular branches of superficial temporal and posterior auricular. SYN: arteria auricularis profunda [TA] .
deep brachial a. SYN: profunda brachii a..
deep cervical a. [TA] origin, terminal branch of costocervical trunk (along with superior intercostal a.); distribution, posterior deep muscles of neck; anastomoses, branches of occipital, ascending cervical, and vertebral. SYN: arteria cervicalis profunda [TA] .
deep circumflex iliac a. [TA] origin, external iliac; distribution, muscles and skin of lower abdomen, sartorius and tensor fasciae latae; anastomoses, lumbar, inferior epigastric, superior gluteal, iliolumbar, and superficial circumflex iliac. SYN: arteria circumflexa iliaca profunda [TA] .
deep a. of clitoris [TA] the deep terminal branch of the internal pudendal a. in the female; it supplies the crus of the clitoris. SYN: arteria profunda clitoridis [TA] .
deep epigastric a. SYN: inferior epigastric a..
deep lingual a. [TA] termination of lingual a., distribution, muscles and mucous membrane of under surface of tongue. SYN: arteria profunda linguae [TA] , arteria ranina, deep a. of tongue, ranine a..
deep a. of penis [TA] origin, terminal branch (with dorsal a. of penis) of the internal pudendal a.; distribution, corpus cavernosum of the penis via capillary beds and via helicine arteries and arteriovenous anastomoses to produce erection. SYN: arteria profunda penis [TA] .
deep plantar a. [TA] deep plantar branch of arcuate a. or its first metatarsal a. branch that penetrates the foot between first and second metatarsal bones to anastomose with the termination of the plantar arterial arch. SYN: arteria plantaris profunda arteriae dorsalis pedis [TA] , deep plantar branch of dorsalis pedis a., ramus plantaris profundus arteriae dorsalis pedis.
deep temporal a. deep temporal a., two in number, anterior and posterior; origin, maxillary; distribution, temporal muscle and periosteum, bone and diploe of temporal fossa; anastomoses, branches of superficial temporal, lacrimal, and middle meningeal. SYN: arteria temporalis profunda [TA] .
deep a. of thigh [TA] origin, femoral; branches, lateral circumflex femoral, medial circumflex femoral, terminating in three or four perforating arteries. SYN: arteria profunda femoris, profunda femoris a..
deep a. of tongue SYN: deep lingual a..
deferential a. SYN: a. to ductus deferens.
descending genicular a. [TA] origin, femoral, in adductor canal; distribution, penetrates vastoadductor fascia to supply knee joint and adjacent parts; anastomoses, medial superior genicular, medial inferior genicular, lateral superior genicular, lateral inferior genicular and anterior tibial recurrent arteries, i.e., articular network of knee. SYN: arteria descendens genus [TA] , arteria anastomotica magna (2) , descending a. of knee, great anastomotic a. (2) .
descending a. of knee SYN: descending genicular a..
descending palatine a. [TA] origin, maxillary; distribution, soft palate, gums, and bones and mucous membrane of hard palate; anastomoses, sphenopalatine, ascending palatine, ascending pharyngeal, and tonsillar branches of facial. SYN: arteria palatina descendens [TA] .
descending scapular a. SYN: dorsal scapular a..
digital collateral a. SYN: proper palmar digital arteries.
distal medial striate a. [TA] SYN: medial striate a..
distributing a. SYN: muscular a..
dolichoectatic a. a distorted, dilated, and elongated a. that may compress adjacent neural structures.
dorsal a. of clitoris [TA] one of the two terminal branches of the internal pudendal a. in the female, the other being the deep a. of the clitoris. SYN: arteria dorsalis clitoridis [TA] .
dorsal digital a. [TA] one of the collateral digital branches of the dorsal metatarsal arteries in the foot, and/or of the dorsal metacarpal arteries in the hand. SYN: arteria digitalis dorsalis [TA] .
dorsal a. of foot SYN: dorsalis pedis a..
dorsal interosseous a. SYN: posterior interosseous a..
dorsalis pedis a. [TA] continuation of anterior tibial a. after crossing ankle; branches, lateral tarsal, arcuate, dorsal metatarsal; a continuation of the anterior tibial; anastomoses, with the lateral plantar to form the plantar arch. SYN: arteria dorsalis pedis [TA] , dorsal a. of foot.
dorsal metacarpal a. [TA] one of four arteries taking origin from the dorsal carpal arch and running on the posterior aspect of the interosseous muscles of the hand. SYN: arteria metacarpalis dorsalis [TA] .
dorsal metatarsal a. [TA] one of four arteries arising from the dorsalis pedis (I) and arcuate (II–IV) arteries and running on the dorsum of the interosseous muscles of the foot. SYN: arteria metatarsalis dorsalis [TA] .
dorsal nasal a. [TA] origin, ophthalmic; external a. of the nose; distribution, skin of side of root of nose; anastomoses, angular a.. SYN: arteria dorsalis nasi [TA] , external nasal a.&star, arteria nasi externa, dorsal a. of nose, external a. of nose.
dorsal a. of nose SYN: dorsal nasal a..
dorsal pancreatic a. [TA] origin, splenic; distribution, head and body of pancreas; anastomoses, superior pancreaticoduodenal. SYN: arteria pancreatica dorsalis [TA] , great superior pancreatic a..
dorsal a. of penis [TA] the dorsal terminal branch of the internal pudendal a. in the male. SYN: arteria dorsalis penis [TA] .
dorsal scapular a. [TA] origin, inconstant: subclavian (when this term is preferred) or as the deep branch of the transverse cervical; distribution, passes deep to the rhomboid muscles, supplying them and other muscles and skin along the vertebral border of the scapula; anastomoses, suprascapular and scapular circumflex. SYN: arteria dorsalis scapulae [TA] , rami profundi arteriae transversae cervicis [TA] , ramus profundus arteriae transversae colli [TA] , arteria scapularis descendens, arteria scapularis dorsalis, deep branch of the transverse cervical a., descending scapular a., ramus profundus arteriae scapularis descendentis.
dorsal thoracic a. SYN: thoracodorsal a..
a. of Drummond SYN: marginal a. of colon.
a. to ductus deferens [TA] origin, anterior division of internal iliac, or sometimes superior vesical; distribution, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, testicle, ureter; anastomoses, testicular, cremasteric arteries. SYN: a. to vas deferens&star, arteria deferentialis, arteria ductus deferentis, deferential a..
elastic a. a large a., such as the aorta or pulmonary a., which has many elastic lamella in its tunica media.
end a. an a. with insufficient anastomoses to maintain viability of the tissue supplied if occlusion of the a. occurs. SYN: terminal a..
episcleral a. [TA] one of many small branches of the anterior ciliary arteries that arise as they perforate the sclera near the corneoscleral junction, and course on the sclera. SYN: arteria episcleralis [TA] .
esophageal arteries esophageal branches of the following: 1) inferior thyroid a.; 2) left gastric a.; 3) thoracic aorta.
external carotid a. [TA] origin, common carotid at C-4 vertebral level; branches, superior thyroid, lingual, facial, occipital, posterior auricular, ascending pharyngeal, and terminal branches, maxillary and superficial temporal at level of neck of mandible. SYN: arteria carotis externa [TA] .
external iliac a. [TA] origin, common iliac; branches, inferior epigastric, deep circumflex iliac; becomes the femoral at the inguinal ligament. SYN: arteria iliaca externa [TA] .
external mammary a. SYN: lateral thoracic a..
external maxillary a. SYN: facial a..
external nasal a. dorsal nasal a..
external a. of nose SYN: dorsal nasal a..
external spermatic a. SYN: cremasteric a..
facial a. [TA] origin, external carotid; branches, ascending palatine, tonsillar and glandular branches, submental, inferior labial, superior labial, masseteric, buccal, lateral nasal branches, and angular. SYN: arteria facialis [TA] , arteria maxillaris externa, external maxillary a..
femoral a. [TA] origin, continuation of external iliac, beginning at inguinal ligament; branches, external pudendal, superficial epigastric, superficial circumflex iliac, profunda femoris, descending genicular, terminating as the popliteal a. as it passes through the adductor hiatus to enter the popliteal space. SYN: arteria femoralis [TA] .
femoral nutrient a. [TA] one of two arteries, superior and inferior, arising from the first and third perforating arteries, respectively (sometimes second and fourth). SYN: nutrient a. of femur.
fibular a. [TA] origin, posterior tibial; distribution, soleus, tibialis posterior, flexor longus hallucis, peroneal muscles, inferior tibiofibular articulation, and ankle joint; anastomoses, anterior lateral malleolar, lateral tarsal, lateral plantar, dorsalis pedis. SYN: arteria fibularis [TA] , arteria peronea&star, peroneal a.&star.
fibular nutrient a. [TA] origin, fibular (peroneal); distribution, fibula. SYN: arteria nutriens fibulae&star, nutrient a. of fibula.
first and second posterior intercostal arteries [TA] terminal branches of the superior intercostal a. (from costocervical trunk) supplying upper two intercostal spaces. SYN: arteriae intercostales posteriores I et II, posterior intercostal arteries 1–2.
frontal a. SYN: supratrochlear a..
frontopolar a. [TA] SYN: polar frontal a..
gastric arteries arteries supplying the stomach along the lesser curvature. See left gastric a., right gastric a..
gastroduodenal a. [TA] origin, hepatic; terminal branches, right gastroepiploic, superior pancreaticoduodenal. SYN: arteria gastroduodenalis [TA] .
gastroepiploic arteries gastroomental arteries. See left gastroomental a., right gastroomental a..
gastroomental arteries [TA] arteries that supply the stomach and greater omentum as they course along the greater curvature of the stomach. SYN: arteriae gastro-omentales [TA] , arteriae gastroepiploicae&star, gastroepiploic arteries&star.
genicular arteries arteries contributing to the articular network of the knee. See descending genicular a., inferior lateral genicular a., inferior medial genicular a., middle genicular a., superior lateral genicular a., superior medial genicular a..
glaserian a. SYN: anterior tympanic a..
great anastomotic a. 1. SYN: inferior ulnar collateral a.. 2. SYN: descending genicular a.. 3. SYN: great segmental medullary a..
greater palatine a. [TA] anterior branch of descending palatine a., supplying the gums and mucous membrane of the hard palate. SYN: arteria palatina major [TA] .
greater pancreatic a. [TA] origin, splenic; distribution, tail of pancreas; anastomoses, inferior pancreatic a. and arteries of pancreatic tail. SYN: arteria pancreatica magna.
great radicular a. SYN: great segmental medullary a..
great segmental medullary a. largest of the medullary arteries that supply the spinal cord by anastomosing with the anterior (longitudinal) spinal a.; it arises from a lower intercostal or upper lumbar a. (on the left side about 65% of the time) supplying most of the blood to the lower two-thirds of the anterior spinal a.. See medullary arteries of brain. SYN: arteria radicularis magna, a. of Adamkiewicz, great anastomotic a. (3) , great radicular a..
great superior pancreatic a. SYN: dorsal pancreatic a..
helicine arteries of penis [TA] the coiled terminal branches of the deep and dorsal arteries of the penis. Parasympathetic stimulation causes them to uncoil, allowing blood at arterial pressure to fill the cavernous tissue causing erection. SYN: arteriae helicinae penis [TA] .
helicine arteries of the uterus [TA] the coiled terminal branches of the uterine a. in the uterine musculature (myometrium). SYN: arteriae helicinae uteri [TA] .
hepatic arteries arteries involved in supplying blood to the liver. See common hepatic a., hepatic a. proper, left branch of hepatic a. proper, right branch of hepatic a. proper.
hepatic a. proper [TA] origin, common hepatic; branches, right and left hepatic. SYN: arteria hepatica propria.
Heubner a. SYN: medial striate a..
a. of Heubner SYN: medial striate a..
highest intercostal a. SYN: supreme intercostal a..
highest thoracic a. SYN: superior thoracic a..
humeral a. SYN: brachial a..
humeral nutrient arteries [TA] origin, deep brachial; distribution, the medullary cavity of the humerus. SYN: arteriae nutriciae humeri [TA] , nutrient arteries of humerus.
hyaloid a. the terminal branch of the primitive ophthalmic a., which forms in the embryo an extensive ramification in the primary vitreous and a vascular tunic around the lens; by 812 months, these vessels have atrophied almost completely, but a few persistent remnants are evident entoptically as muscae volitantes. SYN: arteria hyaloidea [TA] .
hypogastric a. SYN: internal iliac a..
ileal arteries [TA] origin, superior mesenteric; distribution, ileum; anastomoses, other branches of superior mesenteric. SYN: arteriae ileales [TA] .
ileocolic a. [TA] origin, superior mesenteric, often by a common trunk with the right colic; distribution, terminal part of ileum, cecum, vermiform appendix, and ascending colon; anastomoses, right colic and ileal. SYN: arteria ileocolica [TA] .
iliac arteries arteries related to the ilium. See common iliac a., deep circumflex iliac a., external iliac a., internal iliac a., superficial circumflex iliac a..
iliolumbar a. [TA] origin, internal iliac; distribution, pelvic muscles and bones; anastomoses, deep circumflex iliac, lumbar. SYN: arteria iliolumbalis [TA] .
inferior alveolar a. [TA] origin, 1st part of maxillary a.; distribution, through mandibular foramen/canal to lower teeth and chin; branches, a. to mylohyoid, mental a., dental arteries. SYN: arteria alveolaris inferior [TA] , inferior dental a..
inferior dental a. SYN: inferior alveolar a..
inferior epigastric a. [TA] origin, external iliac; branches, cremasteric, muscular and pubic; anastomoses, superior epigastric, obturator. With overlying peritoneum, forms lateral umbilical ligament and forms a basis for distinguishing types of inguinal herniae: direct hernias pass medial to the a.; indirect hernias pass laterally. SYN: arteria epigastrica inferior [TA] , deep epigastric a..
inferior gluteal a. [TA] origin, internal iliac; distribution, hip joint and gluteal region; anastomoses, branches of internal pudendal, lateral sacral, superior gluteal, obturator, medial and lateral circumflex femoral. SYN: arteria glutea inferior [TA] , arteria ischiadica, arteria ischiatica.
inferior hemorrhoidal a. SYN: inferior rectal a..
inferior hypophysial a. [TA] a small branch of the cavernous part of the internal carotid to the hypophysis. SYN: arteria hypophysialis inferior [TA] .
inferior internal parietal a. SYN: precuneal branches (of anterior cerebral a.), under branch.
inferior labial a. SYN: inferior labial branch of facial a..
inferior laryngeal a. [TA] origin, inferior thyroid; distribution, muscles and mucous membrane of larynx; anastomoses, superior laryngeal. SYN: arteria laryngea inferior [TA] .
inferior lateral genicular a. [TA] origin, popliteal; distribution, knee joint; anastomoses, lateral superior genicular and anterior tibial recurrent (and posterior); i.e., articular vascular network of knee. SYN: arteria inferior lateralis genus [TA] , arteria genus inferior lateralis, lateral inferior genicular a..
inferior lingular a. [TA] branch (of the lingular branch) of the left pulmonary a. serving the inferior lingular segment of the superior lobe of the left lung. See left pulmonary a.. SYN: arteria lingularis inferior [TA] , inferior lingular branch of lingular branch of left pulmonary a., ramus lingularis inferior.
inferior lobar arteries [TA] See left pulmonary a., right pulmonary a..
inferior medial genicular a. [TA] origin, popliteal; distribution, knee joint; anastomoses, anterior and posterior tibial recurrent and medial superior genicular, i.e., articular vascular network of knee. SYN: arteria inferior medialis genus [TA] , arteria genus inferior medialis, medial inferior genicular a..
inferior mesenteric a. [TA] origin, abdominal aorta; branches, left colic, sigmoid, superior rectal; anastomoses, middle colic and middle rectal. SYN: arteria mesenterica inferior [TA] .
inferior pancreatic a. [TA] origin, dorsal pancreatic; distribution, body and tail of pancreas; anastomoses, great pancreatic a.. SYN: arteria pancreatica inferior [TA] , transverse pancreatic a..
inferior pancreaticoduodenal a. [TA] origin, superior mesenteric; one of two arteries, anterior and posterior; distribution, head of pancreas, duodenum; anastomoses, superior pancreaticoduodenal. SYN: arteria pancreaticoduodenalis inferior [TA] .
inferior phrenic a. [TA] origin, the first paired branch from the abdominal aorta inferior to the diaphragm; distribution, diaphragm; anastomoses, superior phrenic, internal thoracic, and musculophrenic. SYN: arteria phrenica inferior [TA] .
inferior rectal a. [TA] origin, internal pudendal; distribution, anal canal, muscles and skin of the anal region, and skin of the buttock; anastomoses, middle rectal, perineal, and gluteal. SYN: arteria rectalis inferior [TA] , inferior hemorrhoidal a..
inferior segmental a. of kidney [TA] origin, anterior branch of renal. See segmental arteries of kidney. SYN: a. of inferior segment of kidney.
a. of inferior segment of kidney SYN: inferior segmental a. of kidney.
inferior and superior lobar arteries [TA] left pulmonary a., right pulmonary a..
inferior suprarenal a. [TA] origin, renal; distribution, suprarenal gland. SYN: arteria suprarenalis inferior [TA] .
inferior thyroid a. [TA] origin, terminal branch of thyrocervical trunk (with ascending cervical a.); branches, inferior laryngeal, and muscular, esophageal, and tracheal. SYN: arteria thyroidea inferior [TA] .
inferior tympanic a. [TA] origin, ascending pharyngeal; distribution, middle ear; anastomoses, tympanic branches of other arteries. SYN: arteria tympanica inferior [TA] .
inferior ulnar collateral a. [TA] origin, brachial; distribution, arm muscles at back of elbow; anastomoses, anterior and posterior ulnar recurrent, superior ulnar collateral, profunda brachii, and recurrent interosseous, as part of the articular network of the elbow. SYN: arteria collateralis ulnaris inferior [TA] , arteria anastomotica magna (1) , great anastomotic a. (1) .
inferior vesical a. [TA] origin, internal iliac; distribution, base of bladder, ureter, and (in the male) seminal vesicles, ductus deferens, and prostate; anastomoses, middle rectal, and other vesical branches. SYN: arteria vesicalis inferior [TA] .
infraorbital a. [TA] origin, third part of maxillary; distribution, upper canine and incisor teeth, inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles, lower eyelid, lacrimal sac, maxillary sinus, and upper lip; anastomoses, branches of ophthalmic, facial, superior labial, transverse facial, and buccal. SYN: arteria infraorbitalis [TA] .
infrascapular a. a small branch of the circumflex scapular a..
innominate a. obsolete term for brachiocephalic (arterial) trunk.
insular arteries [TA] branches from the insular part (M2 segment) of the middle cerebral a. distributed to the cortex of the insula. SYN: arteriae insulares [TA] .
intercostal arteries arteries that course in the thoracic wall between ribs. See anterior intercostal branches of internal thoracic a., under branch, first and second posterior intercostal arteries, posterior intercostal arteries 3–11, supreme intercostal a..
interlobar a. the right descending pulmonary a., which is contiguous with and perfuses the right middle and lower lobes.
interlobar arteries of kidney [TA] the branches of the segmental arteries of the kidney; they run between the renal lobes and give rise to the arcuate arteries. SYN: arteriae interlobares renis [TA] .
interlobular arteries [TA] arteries that pass between lobules of an organ. See interlobular arteries of liver, cortical radiate arteries. SYN: arteriae interlobulares [TA] .
interlobular arteries of kidney SYN: cortical radiate arteries.
interlobular arteries of liver the many terminal branches of the hepatic a. passing between hepatic lobules. SYN: arteria interlobulares (hepatis).
intermediate temporal a. SYN: middle temporal branch of insular part of middle cerebral a..
internal auditory a. SYN: labyrinthine a..
internal carotid a. [TA] arises from the common carotid opposite upper border of thyroid cartilage (C-4 vertebral level) and terminates in the middle cranial fossa by dividing into the anterior and middle cerebral arteries; for descriptive purposes it is divided into four parts: cervical, petrous, cavernous, and cerebral. SYN: arteria carotis interna [TA] .
internal iliac a. [TA] origin, common iliac; branches, iliolumbar, lateral sacral, obturator, superior gluteal, inferior gluteal, umbilical, superior vesical, inferior vesical, middle rectal, and internal pudendal. SYN: arteria iliaca interna [TA] , arteria hypogastrica, hypogastric a..
internal mammary a. SYN: internal thoracic a..
internal maxillary a. SYN: maxillary a..
internal pudendal a. [TA] origin, internal iliac; branches, inferior rectal, perineal, posterior scrotal (or labial), urethral, a. of bulb of penis (or of vestibule), deep a. of penis (or clitoris), dorsal a. of penis (or clitoris). SYN: arteria pudenda interna [TA] .
internal spermatic a. SYN: testicular a..
internal thoracic a. [TA] origin, subclavian; branches, pericardiacophrenic, anterior intercostal, sternal, mediastinal, thymic, bronchial, muscular, and perforating branches, and bifurcates into the musculophrenic and superior epigastric. SYN: arteria thoracica interna [TA] , arteria mammaria interna, internal mammary a..
intestinal arteries See ileal arteries, jejunal arteries.
intrarenal arteries [TA] arteries and arterial branches distributed within the kidney; arise as branches and derivatives of the segmental arteries of kidney. SYN: arteriae intrarenales [TA] .
jejunal arteries [TA] origin, superior mesenteric; distribution, jejunum; anastomoses, by a series of arches with each other and with ileal arteries. SYN: arteriae jejunales [TA] .
juxtacolic a. marginal a. of colon.
arteries of kidney SYN: segmental arteries of kidney.
Kugel anastomotic a. SYN: atrial anastomotic branch of circumflex branch of left coronary a..
a. of labyrinth SYN: labyrinthine a..
labyrinthine a. [TA] internal acoustic meatal branch; a branch of the basilar a. that enters the labyrinth through the internal acoustic meatus. SYN: arteria labyrinthi [TA] , arteria auditiva interna, a. of labyrinth, internal auditory a., ramus meatus acustici interni.
lacrimal a. [TA] origin, ophthalmic; distribution, lacrimal gland, lateral and superior rectus muscles, superior eyelid, forehead, and temporal fossa. SYN: arteria lacrimalis [TA] .
lateral basal segmental a. [TA] lateral basal branch of the following: 1) basal part of inferior lobar branch of right pulmonary a.; 2) basal part of inferior lobar branch of left pulmonary a.. SYN: arteria segmentalis basalis lateralis [TA] , arteria segmentalis lateralis [TA] , lateral basal branch, ramus basalis lateralis.
lateral circumflex femoral a. [TA] origin, profunda femoris; distribution, hip joint, thigh muscles; anastomoses, medial circumflex femoral, inferior gluteal, superior gluteal. SYN: arteria circumflexa femoris lateralis [TA] , lateral circumflex a. of thigh, lateral femoral circumflex a..
lateral circumflex a. of thigh SYN: lateral circumflex femoral a..
lateral femoral circumflex a. SYN: lateral circumflex femoral a..
lateral frontobasal a. [TA] a branch of the insular part of the middle cerebral a. distributed to the cortex of the lateral, inferior part of the frontal lobe. SYN: arteria frontobasalis lateralis [TA] , arteria orbitofrontalis lateralis&star, lateral orbitofrontal a.&star.
lateral inferior genicular a. SYN: inferior lateral genicular a..
lateral malleolar arteries SYN: lateral malleolar branch (of fibular peroneal a.).
(lateral and medial) palpebral arteries [TA] branches of the ophthalmic supplying the upper and lower eyelids, consisting of two sets, lateral and medial. SYN: arteriae palpebrales (laterales et mediales) [TA] .
(lateral and medial) parietal arteries [TA] branches of the terminal part of the middle cerebral a., divided into two branches: anterior parietal a. and posterior parietal a.. SYN: arteriae parietales (laterales et mediales) [TA] .
lateral nasal a. SYN: lateral nasal branch of facial a..
lateral occipital a. [TA] one of the terminal branches of the posterior cerebral a.; it supplies medial and ventral portions of the temporal lobe via anterior, intermediate, medial, and posterior temporal branches; can be called the P3 segment of the posterior cerebral a.. SYN: arteria occipitalis lateralis [TA] , P3 segment of posterior cerebral a. [TA] , segmentum P3 arteriae cerebri posterioris [TA] .
lateral orbitofrontal a. lateral frontobasal a..
lateral plantar a. [TA] larger of the two terminal branches of the posterior tibial a.; distribution, forms the plantar arch and through it supplies the sole of the foot and plantar surfaces of the toes; anastomoses, medial plantar, dorsalis pedis. SYN: arteria plantaris lateralis [TA] .
lateral sacral arteries [TA] usually one of two arteries that arise from the internal iliac a. or its branches; they supply muscles and skin in the neighborhood and send branches into the sacral canal, supplying radicular and spinal arteries, and continuing on to the skin and subcutaneous tissues overlying the sacrum. SYN: arteriae sacrales laterales.
lateral segmental a. [TA] See left pulmonary a., right pulmonary a..
lateral splanchnic arteries arteries that arise in the embryo from the dorsal aorta to supply the mesonephros, testis or ovary, and adrenal gland.
lateral striate arteries SYN: anterolateral central arteries.
lateral superior genicular a. SYN: superior lateral genicular a..
lateral tarsal a. [TA] origin, dorsalis pedis a.; distribution, tarsal joints and extensor digitorum brevis muscle; anastomoses, arcuate, peroneal, lateral plantar, anterior lateral malleolar. SYN: arteria tarsea lateralis [TA] .
lateral thoracic a. [TA] origin, third part of axillary; distribution, passes around lateral border of pectoral muscles, supplying them and other muscles of chest and mammary gland. SYN: arteria thoracica lateralis [TA] , external mammary a., long thoracic a..
left anterior descending a. SYN: anterior interventricular branch of left coronary a..
left colic a. [TA] origin, inferior mesenteric; distribution, descending colon and splenic flexure; anastomoses, middle colic, sigmoid. SYN: arteria colica sinistra [TA] .
left coronary a. [TA] origin, left aortic sinus; distribution, it divides into two major branches, an anterior interventricular which descends in the anterior interventricular sulcus, and a circumflex branch which passes to the diaphragmatic surface of the left ventricle; gives atrial, ventricular, and atrioventricular branches. SYN: arteria coronaria sinistra [TA] .
left gastric a. [TA] origin, celiac; distribution, cardia of stomach at lesser curvature, abdominal part of the esophagus, and, frequently, a portion of the left lobe of the liver via an aberrant left hepatic branch; anastomoses, esophageal, right gastric. SYN: arteria gastrica sinistra [TA] , coronary a. (2) .
left gastroepiploic a. SYN: left gastroomental a..
left gastroomental a. [TA] origin, splenic; distribution, greater curvature of stomach and greater omentum; anastomoses, right gastroepiploic and short gastric arteries. SYN: arteria gastroomentalis sinistra [TA] , arteria gastroepiploica sinistra, left gastroepiploic a..
left hepatic a. SYN: left branch of hepatic a. proper.
left marginal a. [TA] a large ventricular branch of the circumflex branch of the left coronary a. that courses along the center of the left pulmonary surface (obtuse margin) of the heart, usually to the apex. SYN: ramus marginalis sinister arteriae coronariae sinistrae [TA] .
left pulmonary a. [TA] the shorter of the two terminal branches of the pulmonary trunk, it pierces the pericardium to enter the hilum of the left lung. Branches ramify and are distributed with the segmental and subsegmental bronchi; frequent variations occur. Typical branches: of the superior lobar arteries [TA] (arteriae lobares superiores, under arteria [TA]) are the apical segmental a. [TA] (arteria segmentalis apicalis [TA]), anterior segmental a. [TA] (arteria segmentalis anterior [TA]), and posterior segmental a. [TA] (arteria segmentalis posterior [TA]), with the latter two having ascending and descending branches [TA] (rami ascendens et descendens [TA]); of the lingular a. [TA] (arteria lingularis [TA]) are the superior lingular a. [TA] (arteria lingularis superior [TA]) and inferior lingular a. [TA] (arteria lingularis inferior [TA]); and of the inferior lobar arteries [TA] (arteriae lobares inferiores, under arteria [TA]) are the superior segmental a. [TA] (arteria segmentalis superior [TA]) and a basal part [TA] (pars basalis [TA]) giving rise to anterior, posterior, lateral, and medial basal segmental arteries [TA] (arteriae segmentales basales anterior, posterior, lateralis et medialis [TA]). SYN: arteria pulmonalis sinistra [TA] .
lenticulostriate arteries 1. anterolateral central arteries. 2. any one of a variety of small arteries entering the base of the brain through the anterior perforated substance and supplying the striatum, globus pallidus, and internal capsule; most of these perforating arteries are branches of the M₁ segment (clinical terminology) of the middle cerebral and (rarely) of the anterior choroidal a.. SYN: Charcot arteries.
lesser palatine a. [TA] one of several posterior branches of the descending palatine in the greater palatine canal, distributed to the soft palate and tonsil. SYN: arteria palatina minor [TA] .
lienal a. SYN: splenic a..
lingual a. [TA] origin, external carotid; distribution, runs along under surface of tongue, terminates as deep lingual a.; branches, suprahyoid and dorsal lingual branches and sublingual a.. SYN: arteria lingualis [TA] .
lingular a. [TA] left pulmonary a..
long central a. SYN: medial striate a..
long posterior ciliary arteries [TA] one of two branches of the ophthalmic running forward between the sclerotic and choroid coats to the iris, at the outer and inner margins of which they form by anastomosis two circles. SYN: arteriae ciliares posteriores longae.
long thoracic a. SYN: lateral thoracic a..
arteries of lower limb [TA] arteries that supply the lower limb, all of which are derivatives of the external iliac a.. SYN: arteriae membri inferioris [TA] .
lowest lumbar arteries [TA] origin, middle sacral; distribution, sacrum and iliac muscle; anastomosis, deep circumflex iliac a.. SYN: arteriae lumbales imae [TA] .
lowest thyroid a. SYN: thyroid ima a..
lumbar arteries [TA] origin, abdominal aorta; one of four or five pairs; distribution, lumbar vertebrae, muscles of back, abdominal wall; anastomoses, intercostal, subcostal, superior and inferior epigastric, deep circumflex iliac, and iliolumbar. SYN: arteriae lumbales [TA] .
macular arteries See inferior macular arteriole, superior macular arteriole.
mammillary arteries [TA] origin: posterior communicating a.; distribution: to mammillary bodies of hypothalamus. SYN: arteriae mammillares [TA] .
marginal a. of colon [TA] a. formed by anastomoses between the right and left colic arteries; it passes downward from the left colic flexure to the aboral end of the pelvic colon. SYN: arteria marginalis coli [TA] , arcus marginalis coli&star, arteria juxtacolica&star, juxtacolic a.&star, marginal arcade&star, a. of Drummond, Riolan arc (2) .
masseteric a. [TA] origin, second (infratemporal) part of maxillary; distribution, masseter muscle via mandibular notch, temporomandibular joint; anastomoses, branches of transverse facial and masseteric branches of facial. SYN: arteria masseterica [TA] .
mastoid a. SYN: mastoid branch of occipital a..
maxillary a. [TA] origin, external carotid; branches, first (retromandibular) part: deep auricular, anterior tympanic; second (infratemporal part: middle meningeal, inferior alveolar, masseteric, deep temporal, buccal; third (pterygopalatine) part: posterior superior alveolar, infraorbital, descending palatine, a. of pterygoid canal, sphenopalatine. SYN: arteria maxillaris [TA] , internal maxillary a..
medial basal segmental a. [TA] arises from the basal part of inferior lobar arteries of the left and right lungs. SYN: arteria segmentalis basalis medialis [TA] , arteria segmentalis medialis [TA] , medial basal branch of pulmonary a., ramus basalis medialis.
medial circumflex femoral a. [TA] origin, profunda femoris; distribution, hip joint, muscles of thigh; anastomoses, inferior gluteal, superior gluteal, lateral circumflex femoral. SYN: arteria circumflexa femoris medialis [TA] , medial circumflex a. of thigh, medial femoral circumflex a..
medial circumflex a. of thigh SYN: medial circumflex femoral a..
medial collateral a. [TA] SYN: middle collateral a..
medial commisural a. [TA] origin: anterior communicating a.; distribution: to supraoptic commissure, optic chiasm.
medial femoral circumflex a. SYN: medial circumflex femoral a..
medial frontobasal a. [TA] the first branch of the postcommunicating part (A2 segment) of the anterior cerebral a. (pericallosal a.); it supplies the medial half of the inferior surface of the frontal cortex. SYN: arteria frontobasalis medialis [TA] , arteria orbitofrontalis medialis&star, medial orbitofrontal a.&star, orbital a..
medial inferior genicular a. SYN: inferior medial genicular a..
medial malleolar arteries SYN: medial malleolar branches (of posterior tibial a.), under branch.
medial occipital a. [TA] one of the terminal branches of the posterior cerebral a.; it is distributed to the corpus callosum, medial aspects of the caudal aspect of the parietal lobe, and medial occipital lobe including the visual cortex by named branches that include the dorsal branch to the corpus callosum, parietal branch, parietooccipital branch, occipitotemporal branch, and calcarine branch; can be called the P4 segment of the posterior cerebral a.. SYN: arteria occipitalis medialis [TA] , P4 segment of posterior cerebral a.&star, segmentum P1 arteriae cerebri posterioris&star, segmentum P4 arteriae cerebri posterioris&star.
medial orbitofrontal a. medial frontobasal a..
medial plantar a. [TA] one of the terminal branches of the posterior tibial; distribution, medial side of the sole of the foot; anastomoses, dorsalis pedis, lateral plantar. SYN: arteria plantaris medialis [TA] .
medial segmental a. [TA] See left pulmonary a., right pulmonary a..
medial striate a. arises at or just distal to the anterior communicating a. [TA]; distribution: anterior caudate and putamen and anterior limb of internal capsule. See distal medial striate a., proximal medial striate arteries. SYN: arteria striata medialis distalis [TA] , distal medial striate a. [TA] , arteria recurrens, a. of Heubner, Heubner a., long central a., recurrent a. of Heubner, recurrent a. (2) .
medial superior genicular a. SYN: superior medial genicular a..
medial tarsal arteries [TA] two small branches of the dorsalis pedis a.; distribution, to inner margin of foot. SYN: arteria tarsea medialis [TA] .
median a. [TA] origin, anterior interosseous; distribution, accompanies median nerve to palm; anastomoses, branches of superficial palmar arch. SYN: arteria comitans nervi mediani [TA] , arteria mediana, comitant a. of median nerve.
median callosal a. [TA] origin: anterior communicating a.; distribution: terminal lamina and rostrum of corpus callosum. SYN: arteria callosa mediana [TA] .
median commissural a. [TA] origin: anterior communicating a.; distribution: to supraoptic commissure and optic chiasm. SYN: arteria commissuralis mediana [TA] .
median sacral a. [TA] origin, posterior aspect of abdominal aorta just above the bifurcation; distribution, lower lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx; anastomoses, lateral sacral, superior and middle rectal. SYN: arteria sacralis mediana [TA] , middle sacral a..
mediastinal arteries SYN: mediastinal branches, under branch.
medium a. SYN: muscular a..
medullary arteries of brain branches of the cortical arteries which penetrate to and supply the white matter of the cerebrum.
medullary spinal arteries SYN: segmental medullary arteries.
mental a. SYN: mental branch (of inferior alveolar a.).
metatarsal a. [TA] one of four dorsal or four plantar arteries coursing in relation to the metatarsal bones, each dividing distally into a medial and a lateral digital a., serving the dorsal or plantar aspects of adjacent sides of two toes. See dorsal metatarsal a., plantar metatarsal a.. SYN: arteria metatarsalis [TA] .
middle cerebral a. [TA] one of the two large terminal branches (with anterior cerebral a.) of the internal carotid a.; it passes laterally around the pole of the temporal lobe, then posteriorly in the depth of the lateral cerebral fissure; for descriptive purposes it is divided into three parts: 1) the sphenoidal part (M₁ segment of clinical terminology), supplying perforating branches to the internal capsule, thalamus, and striate body; 2) the insular part, supplying branches to the insula and adjacent cortical areas; and 3) the terminal part or cortical part, supplying a large part of the central cortical convexity (the latter two collectively forming M₂ segment). SYN: arteria cerebri media [TA] .
middle colic a. [TA] origin, superior mesenteric; distribution, transverse colon; anastomoses, right and left colic. SYN: arteria colica media [TA] .
middle collateral a. the posterior terminal branch of the profunda brachii, anastomosing with the arteries which form the articular network of the elbow. SYN: arteria collateralis media [TA] , medial collateral a. [TA] .
middle genicular a. [TA] origin, popliteal; distribution, synovial membrane and cruciate ligaments of knee joint. SYN: arteria media genus [TA] , arteria articularis azygos, arteria genus media.
middle hemorrhoidal a. SYN: middle rectal a..
middle lobar a. [TA] See left pulmonary a., right pulmonary a..
middle lobar a. of right lung [TA] right pulmonary a..
middle meningeal a. [TA] origin, maxillary; branches, petrosal, superior tympanic, frontal and parietal; distribution, to parts mentioned and through terminal branches to anterior and middle cranial fossae; anastomoses, meningeal branches of occipital, ascending pharyngeal, ophthalmic and lacrimal, stylomastoid, accessory meningeal branch of maxillary, and deep temporal. SYN: arteria meningea media [TA] .
middle rectal a. [TA] origin, internal iliac; distribution, middle portion of rectum; anastomoses, inferior rectal and superior rectal. Because the latter is a tributary of the portal system, this is a portosystemic or portocaval anastomosis. SYN: arteria rectalis media [TA] , middle hemorrhoidal a..
middle sacral a. SYN: median sacral a..
middle suprarenal a. [TA] origin, aorta; distribution, suprarenal gland. SYN: arteria suprarenalis media [TA] .
middle temporal a. [TA] origin, superficial temporal; distribution, temporal fascia and muscle; anastomoses, branches of maxillary. SEE ALSO: middle temporal branch of insular part of middle cerebral a., posterior temporal branch of middle cerebral a.. SYN: arteria temporalis media [TA] .
muscular a. an a. with a tunica media composed principally of circularly arranged smooth muscle. SYN: distributing a., medium a..
muscular arteries (of ophthalmic a.) [TA] direct or indirect branches of the ophthalmic a. supplying the extraocular muscles. SYN: arteriae musculares (arteriae ophthalmicae) [TA] .
musculophrenic a. [TA] origin, the lateral terminal branch of internal thoracic; distribution, diaphragm and intercostal muscles; anastomoses, branches of pericardiacophrenic, inferior phrenic, and posterior intercostal arteries. SYN: arteria musculophrenica [TA] .
mylohyoid a. SYN: mylohyoid branch (of inferior alveolar a.).
myometrial arcuate arteries branches of the uterine and ovarian arteries.
myometrial radial arteries continuations of the myometrial arcuate arteries.
Neubauer a. SYN: thyroid ima a..
nutrient a. [TA] an a. of variable origin that supplies the medullary cavity of a long bone. SYN: arteria nutricia [TA] , nutrient vessel.
nutrient a. of femur SYN: femoral nutrient a.. SYN: arteria nutriciae femoris [TA] , arteria nutriens femoris&star.
nutrient a. of fibula SYN: fibular nutrient a..
nutrient arteries of humerus SYN: humeral nutrient arteries. SYN: arteria nutriens humeri&star.
nutrient a. of radius [TA] origin: radial a.; distribution: medullary cavity of radius. SYN: arteria radii nutricia [TA] , arteria nutriens radii&star.
nutrient a. of the tibia SYN: tibial nutrient a..
nutrient a. of ulna [TA] origin: ulnar a.; distribution: medullary cavity of ulna. SYN: arteria nutricia ulnae [TA] , arteria nutriens ulnae&star.
obturator a. [TA] anastomoses, iliolumbar, inferior epigastric, medial circumflex femoral; origin, anterior division of the internal iliac; distribution, ilium, pubis, obturator and adductor muscles; branches, pubic, acetabular, anterior, and posterior. SYN: arteria obturatoria [TA] .
occipital a. [TA] origin, external carotid; branches, sternocleidomastoid, meningeal, auricular, occipital, mastoid, and descending. SYN: arteria occipitalis [TA] .
omphalomesenteric a. obsolete term for vitelline a..
ophthalmic a. [TA] origin, internal carotid; branches, ciliary, central a. of retina, anterior meningeal, lacrimal, conjunctival, episcleral, supraorbital, ethmoidal, palpebral, dorsal nasal, and supratrochlear. SYN: arteria ophthalmica [TA] .
orbital a. SYN: medial frontobasal a..
orbitofrontal a. See lateral frontobasal a., medial frontobasal a..
ovarian a. [TA] origin, aorta; distribution, ureter, ovary, ovarian ligament and uterine tube; anastomoses, uterine. SYN: arteria ovarica [TA] .
palmar interosseous a. SYN: palmar metacarpal a..
palmar metacarpal a. [TA] one of the three arteries springing from the deep palmar arch and running in the three medial interosseous metacarpal spaces; they anastomose with the common palmar and, via perforating branches, with the dorsal metacarpal arteries. SYN: arteria metacarpalis palmaris [TA] , palmar interosseous a..
paracentral a. SYN: paracentral branches (of pericallosal a.), under branch.
paramedian arteries posteromedial central arteries.
parent a. the a. directly giving origin to a given a.; the a. of which a given a. is a branch.
parietooccipital a. SYN: parieto-occipital branches (of anterior cerebral a.), under branch.
arteries of penis dorsal a. of penis, deep a. of penis.
perforating arteries of hand SYN: perforating branches of deep palmar arch.
perforating arteries (of deep femoral a.) [TA] origin, arteria profunda femoris; distribution, as three or four vessels that pass through the aponeurosis of the adductor magnus to the posterior and anterior compartments of the thigh. SYN: arteriae perforantes arteriae profundae femoris [TA] .
perforating arteries (of foot) SYN: perforating branches (of plantar metatarsal arteries), under branch.
perforating arteries (of internal thoracic a.) SYN: perforating branches of internal thoracic a., under branch.
perforating arteries of penis [TA] branches of the dorsal a. of the penis that perforate the tunica albuginea along the dorsum of the penis, especially near the glans, to supply the glans and to supplement the deep a. of the penis in supplying the cavernous spaces of the corpora cavernosa. SYN: arteriae perforantes penis [TA] .
perforating radiate arteries (of kidney) [TA] continuations of the cortical radiate arteries that perforate the capsule of the kidney and contribute to the capsular vascular plexus. SEE ALSO: cortical radiate arteries. SYN: arteriae perforantes radiatae (renis) [TA] .
pericallosal a. [TA] the continuation of the anterior cerebral a. after the anterior communicating a.; it supplies branches to the cerebral cortex as it passes along the corpus callosum. SYN: arteria pericallosa [TA] .
pericardiacophrenic a. [TA] origin, internal thoracic; distribution, pericardium, diaphragm, and pleura; anastomoses, musculophrenic, inferior phrenic, mediastinal and pericardial branches of the internal thoracic. SYN: arteria pericardiacophrenica [TA] , arteria comes nervi phrenici.
perineal a. [TA] origin, internal pudendal; distribution, superficial structures of the perineum; anastomoses, external pudendal arteries. SYN: arteria perinealis [TA] .
peroneal a. fibular a..
pipestem arteries arteries hardened by calcification as seen in Mönckeberg arteriosclerosis; descriptive of the characteristic feeling to the finger of an examiner.
plantar metatarsal a. [TA] one of four branches of the plantar arterial arch that divide into plantar digital arteries to supply the toes. SYN: arteria metatarsalis plantaris [TA] .
polar frontal a. [TA] origin: as second major branch of postcommunicating part (A2 segment) of anterior cerebral a. (pericallosal a.); distribition: medial aspect of frontal lobe, approaching frontal pole, of cerebrum. SYN: arteria polaris frontalis [TA] , frontopolar a. [TA] .
polar temporal a. [TA] origin: anterior temporal branch of middle cerebral a.; distribution: superomedial aspect of temporal lobe, extending to the temporal pole, of cerebrum. SYN: arteria polaris temporalis [TA] .
pontine arteries, arteries of pons [TA] branches of the basilar a. that serve the pons; divided into medial branches [TA] (rami mediales [TA]) or paramedian pontine branches [TAalt] and lateral branches [TA] (rami laterales [TA] or circumferential pontine branches [TAalt]); the circumferential pontine arteries are sometimes designated as short circumferential and long circumferential branches. SYN: arteriae pontis [TA] , rami ad pontem.
popliteal a. [TA] continuation of femoral a. in the popliteal space, bifurcating (at the lower border of the popliteus muscle as it passes deep to the arcus tendineus of the soleus muscle) into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries; branches, lateral and medial superior genicular, middle genicular, lateral and medial inferior genicular, and sural arteries. SYN: arteria poplitea [TA] .
postcentral a. SYN: a. of postcentral sulcus.
postcentral sulcal a. SYN: a. of postcentral sulcus.
a. of postcentral sulcus [TA] a branch of the terminal part of the middle cerebral a. distributing to the cortex on either side of the postcentral sulcus. SYN: arteria sulci postcentralis [TA] , postcentral a., postcentral sulcal a..
posterior alveolar a. SYN: posterior superior alveolar a..
posterior auricular a. [TA] origin: posterior aspect of external carotid just above the digastric muscle; course: ascends first between parotid gland and styloid process then between cartilage of auricle and the mastoid process; branches: muscular (digastric, stylohyoid and sternocleidomastoid), glandular (parotid), stylomastoid a., occipital and auricular; anastomoses: anterior tympanic a. (via the stylomastoid a.) and occipital a.. SYN: arteria auricularis posterior [TA] .
posterior basal segmental a. of left / right lung SYN: posterior basal branch, ramus basalis posterior.
posterior cecal a. [TA] origin, ileocolic a.; distribution, posterior region of cecum. SYN: arteria cecalis posterior [TA] .
posterior cerebral a. [TA] formed by the bifurcation of the basilar a.; it passes around the cerebral peduncle to reach the medial aspect of the hemisphere; for descriptive purposes it is divided into three parts: 1) precommunicating part (P₁ segment of clinical terminology), which gives rise to posteromedial central arteries [TA], short circumferential arteries [TA], the thalamoperforating a. [TA], and the collicular a. [TA]; 2) the postcommunicating part (P₂), which gives rise to posterolateral central arteries [TA], posterior medial choroidal branches [TA], posterior lateral choroidal branches [TA], peduncular branches [TA] the thalamogeniculate a. [TA]; and 3) the terminal or cortical part consisting of the lateral occipital a. [TA] (P₃) whose branches serve the medial aspect of the temporal lobe and the medial occipital a. [TA] (P₄), whose branches serve the medial surface of the occipital lobe; the latter includes calcarine and parietooccipital arteries. SYN: arteria cerebri posterior [TA] .
posterior choroidal a. usually seen as two branches of the P₂ segment of the posterior cerebral a. [TA] that supply the choroid plexus of the third ventricle (posterior medial choroidal a. [TA]) and parts of the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle (posterior lateral choroidal a. [TA]). SYN: arteria choroidea posterior.
posterior circumflex humeral a. [TA] origin, axillary; distribution, muscles and structures of shoulder joint; anastomoses, anterior circumflex humeral, suprascapular, thoracoacromial, and profunda brachii. SYN: arteria circumflexa humeri posterior [TA] , posterior humeral circumflex a..
posterior communicating a. [TA] origin, internal carotid; distribution, optic tract, crus cerebri, interpeduncular region, and hippocampal gyrus; anastomoses, with posterior cerebral to form the cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis). SYN: arteria communicans posterior [TA] .
posterior conjunctival a. [TA] one of a series of branches from the arterial arches of the upper and lower eyelids that supplies the conjunctiva. SYN: arteria conjunctivalis posterior [TA] , conjunctival arteries.
posterior dental a. SYN: posterior superior alveolar a..
posterior descending coronary a. SYN: posterior interventricular branch of right coronary a..
posterior ethmoidal a. [TA] origin, ophthalmic; distribution, posterior ethmoidal cells and upper posterior part of lateral wall of nasal cavity. SYN: arteria ethmoidalis posterior [TA] .
posterior gastric a. [TA] origin: splenic a.; distribution: ascends retroperitoneally in posterior wall of omental bursa toward gastric fundus to reach (and supply) the gastric wall via the gastrophrenic fold. Omitted from many accounts of the blood supply of the stomach, its unexpected presence may complicate surgery involving the cardia of the stomach. SYN: arteria gastrica posterior [TA] .
posterior humeral circumflex a. SYN: posterior circumflex humeral a..
posterior inferior cerebellar a. [TA] origin, intracranial part of vertebral; distribution, lateral medulla, choroid plexus of fourth ventricle, and cerebellum; anastomoses, superior cerebellar and anterior inferior cerebellar; gives rise to posterior spinal a. [TA], cerebellar tonsillar branch [TA], and choroidal branch to fourth ventricle [TA]. SYN: arteria inferior posterior cerebelli [TA] .
posterior intercostal arteries 1–2 SYN: first and second posterior intercostal arteries.
posterior intercostal arteries 3–11 [TA] one of nine pairs of arteries arising from the thoracic aorta and distributed to the nine lower intercostal spaces, vertebral column, spinal cord, and muscles and integument of the back; they anastomose with branches of the musculophrenic, internal thoracic, superior epigastric, subcostal and lumbar. SYN: arteriae intercostales posteriores III-XI [TA] .
posterior interosseous a. [TA] origin, common interosseous a.; distribution, posterior compartment of forearm. SYN: arteria interossea posterior [TA] , dorsal interosseous a..
posterior interventricular a. SYN: posterior interventricular branch of right coronary a..
posterior interventricular branch of right coronary a. [TA] continuation of right coronary a. in posterior interventricular sulcus; descends to apex to anastomose with anterior interventricular a.; supplies most of diaphragmatic aspect of ventricles and posterior third of interventricular septum. SYN: ramus interventricularis posterior arteriae coronariae dextrae [TA] , posterior descending coronary a., posterior interventricular a..
posterior labial arteries SYN: posterior labial branches of internal perineal a..
posterior lateral nasal arteries [TA] branches of the sphenopalatine a. that supply the posterior parts of the conchae and lateral nasal wall. SYN: arteriae nasales posteriores laterales [TA] .
posterior mediastinal arteries SYN: mediastinal branches of thoracic aorta, under branch.
posterior meningeal a. [TA] origin, ascending pharyngeal; distribution, dura mater of posterior cranial fossa; anastomoses, branches of middle meningeal and vertebral. SYN: arteria meningea posterior [TA] .
posterior pancreaticoduodenal a. SYN: retroduodenal a..
posterior parietal a. [TA] the branch of the M2 segment of the middle cerebral a. distributed to the posterior part of the parietal lobe. SYN: arteria parietalis posterior [TA] .
posterior peroneal arteries SYN: lateral malleolar branch (of fibular peroneal a.).
posterior segmental a. [TA] See left pulmonary a., right pulmonary a., segmental arteries of kidney.
posterior segmental a. (of kidney) [TA] origin, continuation of the posterior branch of renal. SEE ALSO: segmental arteries of kidney. SYN: a. of posterior segment of kidney.
a. of posterior segment of kidney SYN: posterior segmental a. (of kidney).
posterior septal a. of nose SYN: posterior septal branch of nose.
posterior spinal a. [TA] origin, intracranial part of vertebral; distribution, medulla, spinal cord, and pia mater; anastomoses, spinal branches of intercostal arteries. SYN: arteria spinalis posterior [TA] .
posterior superior alveolar a. [TA] origin, third part of maxillary a. within pterygopalatine fossa; distribution, molar and premolar teeth, gingiva, and mucous membrane of maxillary sinus. SYN: arteria alveolaris superior posterior [TA] , posterior alveolar a., posterior dental a..
posterior temporal a. SYN: posterior temporal branch of middle cerebral a..
posterior tibial a. [TA] the larger and more directly continuous of the two terminal branches of the popliteal; branches, fibular (peroneal), nutrient of fibula, lateral and medial posterior malleolar, tibial nutrient a., medial and lateral plantar. SYN: arteria tibialis posterior [TA] .
posterior tibial recurrent a. [TA] an inconstant branch of the posterior tibial a. (or occasionally of the anterior tibial a.), which ascends anterior to the popliteus muscle, anastomoses with branches of the popliteal a., and sends a twig to the tibiofibular joint. SYN: arteria recurrens tibialis posterior [TA] .
posterior tympanic a. [TA] origin, stylomastoid; distribution, middle ear; anastomoses, other tympanic arteries. SYN: arteria tympanica posterior [TA] .
posterolateral central arteries [TA] the circumflex mesencephalic branches, several small branches of the postcommunical part (P2 segment) of the posterior cerebral a. distributed to the lateral posterior part of the midbrain. SYN: arteriae centrales posterolaterales [TA] .
posteromedial central arteries [TA] the interpeduncular perforating branches, several small branches from the precommunical part (P1 segment) of the posterior cerebral a. and the posterior communicating a. supplying the posterior medial part of the midbrain. SYN: arteriae centrales posteromediales [TA] , paramedian arteries&star.
precentral a. SYN: a. of precentral sulcus.
precentral sulcal a. SYN: a. of precentral sulcus.
a. of precentral sulcus [TA] a branch of the terminal part of the middle cerebral a. distributed to the cortex on either side of the precentral sulcus. SYN: arteria sulci precentralis [TA] , pre-Rolandic a., precentral a., precentral sulcal a..
precuneal a. SYN: precuneal branches (of anterior cerebral a.), under branch.
prepancreatic a. [TA] origin: arises from dorsal pancreatic a. as its left terminal branch; distribution: often double, it runs between the neck and uncinate process of the pancreas to form an arterial arch (arcade) with the anterior superior pancreaticodoudenal a.. SYN: arteria prepancreatica [TA] .
pre-Rolandic a. SYN: a. of precentral sulcus.
princeps cervicis a. SYN: descending branch of occipital a..
princeps pollicis a. [TA] origin, radial (deep palmar (arterial) arch); distribution, palmar surface and sides of thumb; anastomoses, arteries on dorsum of thumb. SYN: arteria princeps pollicis [TA] , chief a. of thumb, princeps pollicis, principal a. of thumb.
principal a. of thumb SYN: princeps pollicis a..
profunda brachii a. [TA] origin, brachial; distribution, humerus and muscles and integument of arm; anastomoses, posterior circumflex humeral, radial recurrent, recurrent interosseous, ulnar collateral, i.e., articular vascular network of elbow. SYN: arteria profunda brachii [TA] , ramus deltoideus arteriae profundae brachii [TA] , deep a. of arm&star, deep brachial a..
profunda femoris a. SYN: deep a. of thigh.
proper cochlear a. [TA] origin: common cochlear a. in modiolus; distribution: to cochlear duct. SYN: arteria cochlearis propria [TA] .
proper palmar digital arteries [TA] terminal branches of the common palmar digital a. that pass to the side of each finger. SYN: arteriae digitales palmares propriae [TA] , arteria digitalis palmaris propria, collateral digital a., digital collateral a..
proper plantar digital a. [TA] one of the digital branches of the plantar metatarsal arteries. SYN: arteria digitalis plantaris propria [TA] , arteriae digitales plantares propriae.
proximal medial striate arteries [TA] origin: precommunicating part (A1 segment) of anterior cerebral a.; distribution: inferior surface of frontal lobe of cerebrum, extending into thalamus and corpus striatum. SYN: arteria centralis brevis, short central a..
a. of pterygoid canal [TA] origin: usually arises from the third part of the maxillary a., but frequently from the greater palatine a., within the pterygopalatine fossa. Passes posteriorly to run through the pterygoid canal with the corresponding nerve, supplying the contents and wall of the canal, the mucous membrane of the upper pharynx, the auditory tube, and the tympanic cavity. SYN: arteria canalis pterygoidei [TA] , vidian a..
pterygomeningeal a. [TA] origin: maxillary or middle meningeal a.; distribution: traverses foramen ovale to enter cranial cavity, where it supplies the trigeminal ganglion, dura mater, and bone of the floor of the middle cranial fossa; however, its main distribution is extracranially to the pterygoid and tensor tympani muscles, the sphenoid bone, and the mandibular nerves and its otic gangion. SYN: arteria pterygomeningealis [TA] , accessory meningeal a., accessory meningeal branch, ramus meningeus accessorius.
pubic arteries pubic branch of inferior epigastric vein, pubic branch of obturator a..
pulmonary a. SYN: pulmonary trunk. SEE ALSO: right pulmonary a., left pulmonary a..
a. of pulp the first section of a penicillus of the spleen.
pyloric a. SYN: right gastric a..
quadrigeminal a. collicular a..
radial a. [TA] origin, brachial; branches, radial recurrent, dorsa and palmar carpal and metacarpal, dorsal digital, princeps pollicis, radialis indicis, palmar and muscular, and perforating; usually terminates as deep palmar arch. SYN: arteria radialis [TA] .
radial collateral a. [TA] the anterior terminal branch of the profunda brachii, anastomosing with the radial recurrent a., forming part of the articular vascular plexus of the elbow. SYN: arteria collateralis radialis [TA] .
radial index a. SYN: radialis indicis a..
radialis indicis a. [TA] origin, radial; distribution, radial side of index finger. SYN: arteria radialis indicis [TA] , arteria volaris indicis radialis, radial index a..
radial recurrent a. [TA] origin, radial; distribution, ascends around lateral side of elbow joint; anastomoses, radial collateral, interosseous recurrent. SYN: arteria recurrens radialis [TA] , recurrent radial a..
ranine a. SYN: deep lingual a..
recurrent a. 1. an a. which, upon or soon after originating, reflects or turns sharply to course in the general opposite direction to that of its parent a.; 2. SYN: medial striate a..
recurrent a. of Heubner SYN: medial striate a..
recurrent interosseous a. [TA] origin, posterior interosseous; distribution, elbow joint; anastomoses, branches of profunda brachii and inferior ulnar collateral, i.e., articular vascular network of elbow. SYN: arteria interossea recurrens [TA] .
recurrent radial a. SYN: radial recurrent a..
recurrent ulnar a. SYN: ulnar recurrent a..
renal a. [TA] origin, aorta; branches, segmental, ureteral, and inferior suprarenal; distribution, kidney. SYN: arteria renalis [TA] .
retroduodenal a. [TA] origin, one of several small branches from the gastroduodenal a. posterior to the duodenum; distribution, first part of duodenum. SYN: arteria retroduodenalis [TA] , posterior pancreaticoduodenal a..
right colic a. [TA] origin, superior mesenteric, sometimes by a common trunk with the ileocolic; distribution, ascending colon; anastomoses, middle colic, ileocolic. SYN: arteria colica dextra [TA] .
right coronary a. [TA] origin, right aortic sinus; distribution, it passes around the right side of the heart in the coronary sulcus, giving branches to the right atrium and ventricle, including the atrioventricular branches and the posterior interventricular branch. SYN: arteria coronaria dextra [TA] .
right descending pulmonary a. (RDPA) a. supplying the right middle and lower lobes and comprises most of the right hilar shadow on the frontal chest radiograph.
right flexural a. [TA] origin: superior mesenteric a.; variant branch arising between the right and middle colic arteries, or in the place of either, passing directly to the right colic flexure. SYN: arteria flexurae dextrae [TA] .
right gastric a. [TA] origin, hepatic; distribution, pyloric portion of stomach on the lesser curvature; anastomoses, left gastric. SYN: arteria gastrica dextra [TA] , pyloric a..
right gastroepiploic a. right gastroomental a..
right gastroomental a. [TA] origin, gastroduodenal; distribution, greater curvature and walls of stomach and greater omentum; anastomoses, frequently unites with left gastroepiploic, and branches from this arch anastomose with branches of right and left gastric. SYN: arteria gastroomentalis dextra [TA] , right gastroepiploic a.&star, arteria gastroepiploica dextra.
right hepatic a. SYN: right branch of hepatic a. proper.
right pulmonary a. [TA] the longer of the two terminal branches of the pulmonary trunk, it passes transversely across the midline in the superior mediastinum, passing inferior to the aortic arch to enter the hilum of the right lung as part of its root. Branches divide and are distributed with the segmental and subsegmental bronchi; frequent variations occur. Typical branches: of the superior lobar arteries [TA] (arteriae lobares superiores [TA]) are the apical segmental a. [TA] (arteria segmentalis apicalis [TA]), anterior segmental a. (arteria segmentalis anterior [TA]) and posterior segmental a. [TA] (arteria segmentalis posterior [TA]), with the latter two having ascending and descending branches [TA] (rami ascendens et descendens [TA]); of the middle lobar a. [TA] (arteria lobaris media [TA]) are the medial segmental a. [TA] (arteria lobaris media [TA]) and lateral segmental a. [TA] (arteria segmentalis lateralis [TA]); and of the inferior lobar arteries [TA] (arteriae lobares inferiores [TA]) are the superior segmental a. [TA] (arteria segmentalis superior [TA]) and a basal part [TA] (pars basalis [TA]) giving rise to anterior, posterior, lateral, and medial basal segmental arteries [TA] (arteriae segmentales basales anterior, posterior, lateralis et medialis [TA]). SYN: arteria pulmonalis dextra [TA] .
Rolandic sulcal a. SYN: a. of central sulcus.
a. of round ligament of uterus origin, inferior epigastric; distribution, round ligament of uterus. SYN: arteria ligamenti teretis uteri.
a. to sciatic nerve [TA] origin, inferior gluteal; distribution, sciatic nerve; anastomoses, branches of profunda femoris. SYN: arteria comitans nervi ischiadici [TA] , companion a. to sciatic nerve.
screw arteries coiled arteries into the uterine mucosa or in the macular region of the retina.
scrotal arteries anterior scrotal branch of deep external pudendal a., posterior scrotal branch of internal pudendal a., under branch.
segmental arteries of kidney [TA] the branches of the renal a. that supply the anatomical segments of kidney. Usually five in number, they are end arteries and give off interlobar, arcuate, and interlobular arteries in sequence. The latter send afferent arterioles to the glomeruli as well as branches to the kidney capsule. The segmental arteries of the kidney are identified as: (1) anterior inferior (arteriae segmenti anterioris inferioris renis [NA]); (2) anterior superior (arteriae segmenti anterioris superioris renis [NA]); (3) inferior (arteriae segmenti inferioris renis [NA]); (4) posterior (arteriae segmenti posterioris renis [NA]); and (5) superior (arteriae segmenti superioris renis [NA]). SYN: arteriae renis [TA] , arteries of kidney.
segmental arteries of liver [TA] anterior and posterior segmental arteries arising from the right branch of the hepatic a., and medial and lateral segmental arteries arising from the left branch of the hepatic a.; the segmental arteries serve four of the five major divisions of the liver, and then branch in turn so that each hepatic segment receives an independent blood supply. SYN: arteriae segmenti hepaticae.
segmental medullary arteries [TA] a large caliber spinal or radicular a. that courses centrally along a dorsal or ventral root, perhaps supplying it and the surrounding meninges in the fashion of any spinal/radicular a., but that continues on to reach and anastomose with the anterior or posterior (longitudinal) spinal a.. Only 4–9 of the spinal arteries are medullary spinal arteries, found mainly in the lower cervical, lower thoracic, and upper lumbar levels, the largest of which is the segmental medullary a.. SEE ALSO: great segmental medullary a., spinal arteries, (anterior and posterior) radicular arteries. SYN: arteriae medullares segmentales [TA] , medullary spinal arteries.
septal a. a branch of the superior labial a. that supplies the lower part of the nasal septum.
sheathed a. a subdivision of the penicillus of the spleen surrounded by macrophages and a reticular stroma.
short central a. SYN: proximal medial striate arteries.
short circumferential arteries [TA] short branches of the precommunicating part (P1 segment) of the posterior cerebral a.. SYN: arteriae circumferentiales brevis [TA] .
short gastric arteries [TA] four or five small arteries given off from the splenic, passing via the gastrosplenic ligament to the fundus of the stomach along the greater curvature, and anastomosing with the other arteries in that region. SYN: arteriae gastricae breves [TA] , vasa brevia.
short posterior ciliary a. [TA] one of approximately seven branches of the ophthalmic a. that pass around the optic nerve to supply the eyeball. Dividing into some 15–20 branches, they penetrate the sclera adjacent to the optic nerve, supplying the choroid and ciliary processes. Anastomoses: with central retinal a. and long and anterior ciliary arteries (at the ora serrata). SYN: arteria ciliaris posterior brevis [TA] .
sigmoid arteries [TA] origin, inferior mesenteric; distribution, descending colon and sigmoid flexure; anastomoses, left colic, superior rectal. SYN: arteriae sigmoideae [TA] .
sinuatrial nodal a. SYN: sinuatrial (S-A) nodal branch of right coronary a..
a. to the sinoatrial (S-A) node SYN: sinuatrial (S-A) nodal branch of right coronary a..
sinuatrial node a. SYN: sinuatrial (S-A) nodal branch of right coronary a..
sinus node a. SYN: sinuatrial (S-A) nodal branch of right coronary a..
small arteries unnamed muscular arteries, usually with fewer than six or seven layers of muscle.
somatic arteries arteries that arise in the embryo from the dorsal aorta and supply the body wall; they persist almost unchanged as the posterior intercostal, subcostal, and lumbar arteries.
sphenopalatine a. [TA] origin, third part of maxillary; distribution, posterior portion of lateral nasal wall and septum; anastomoses, branches of descending palatine, superior labial, and infraorbital. SYN: arteria sphenopalatina [TA] .
spinal arteries SYN: rami radiculares. SYN: spinal branches, under branch.
spiral a. one of the corkscrew-like arteries in premenstrual or progestational endometrium. SYN: coiled a. of the uterus.
spiral modiolar a. [TA] a. paralleling the spiral ganglion in the root of the spiral lamina of the modiolus, serving the ganglion and the cochlear ducts and its contents; the a. forms by contributions from the common cochlear a. (serving the apical two turns of the cochlea) and the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear a. (serving the basal turn).
splenic a. [TA] origin, celiac trunk; branches, pancreatic, left gastroepiploic, short gastric, and (proper) splenic. See great segmental medullary a.. SYN: arteria splenica [TA] , arteria lienalis&star, lienal a..
stapedial a. a small a. in the embryo that passes through the ring of the stapes and is later obliterated; in most humans it is a second aortic arch derivative.
sternal arteries SYN: sternal branches of internal thoracic a., under branch.
sternomastoid a. See sternocleidomastoid branch of superior thyroid a., sternocleidomastoid branches of occipital a., under branch.
straight arteries vasa recta renis, under vas.
stylomastoid a. [TA] origin, posterior auricular; distribution, external acoustic meatus, mastoid cells, semicircular canals, stapedius muscle, and vestibule; anastomoses, tympanic branches of internal carotid and ascending pharyngeal, and labyrinthine arteries. SYN: arteria stylomastoidea [TA] .
subclavian a. [TA] origin, right from brachiocephalic, left from arch of aorta; branches, vertebral, thyrocervical trunk, internal thoracic; costocervical trunk, descending scapular; it continues as the axillary a. after crossing the first rib. SYN: arteria subclavia [TA] .
subcostal a. [TA] origin, thoracic aorta; distribution, inferior to twelfth rib in a manner similar to posterior intercostal arteries. SYN: arteria subcostalis [TA] .
sublingual a. [TA] origin, lingual; distribution, extrinsic muscles of tongue, sublingual gland, mucosa of region; anastomoses, the a. of opposite side and submental. SYN: arteria sublingualis [TA] .
submental a. [TA] origin, facial; distribution, mylohyoid muscle, submandibular and sublingual glands, and structures of lower lip; anastomoses, inferior labial, mental branch of inferior dental and sublingual. SYN: arteria submentalis [TA] .
subscapular a. [TA] origin, axillary; branches, circumflex scapular, thoracodorsal; distribution, muscles of shoulder and scapular region; anastomoses, branches of transverse cervical, suprascapular, lateral thoracic, and intercostals. SYN: arteria subscapularis [TA] .
sulcal a. a small branch of the anterior spinal a. running in the anterior median fissure of the spinal cord.
superficial brachial a. [TA] an occasional variation in which the brachial a. lies superficial to the median nerve in the arm. SYN: arteria brachialis superficialis [TA] .
superficial cervical a. [TA] origin, branch of thyrocervical trunk, running with spinal accessory nerve deep to trapezius muscle. SEE ALSO: superficial branch of the transverse cervical a.. SYN: ramus superficialis arteriae transversae cervicis [TA] , arteria cervicalis superficialis.
superficial circumflex iliac a. [TA] origin, femoral; distribution, inguinal lymph nodes and integument of that region; sartorius and tensor fasciae latae muscles; anastomoses, deep circumflex iliac. SYN: arteria circumflexa iliaca superficialis [TA] .
(superficial and deep) external pudendal arteries [TA] origin, from the femoral as two arteries that pass superficial and deep to the femoral vein; distribution, skin over pubis, skin over penis, and skin of scrotum or labium majus via anterior scrotal (labial) arteries; anastomoses, dorsal a. of penis or clitoris, posterior scrotal or labial arteries. SYN: arteriae pudendae externae [TA] .
superficial epigastric a. [TA] origin, femoral; distribution, inguinal nodes and integument of lower abdomen; anastomoses, inferior epigastric, superficial circumflex iliac and external pudendal. SYN: arteria epigastrica superficialis [TA] .
superficial palmar a. SYN: superficial palmar branch of radial a..
superficial temporal a. [TA] origin, a terminal branch of the external carotid (with maxillary a.); branches, transverse facial, middle temporal, orbital, parotid, anterior auricular, frontal, and parietal. SYN: arteria temporalis superficialis [TA] .
superficial volar a. SYN: superficial palmar branch of radial a..
superior cerebellar a. [TA] origin, basilar; distribution, upper surface of cerebellum, colliculi, and most of the cerebellar nuclei; anastomoses, posterior inferior cerebellar; gives rise to medial branches [TA] and lateral branches [TA]. SYN: arteria superior cerebelli [TA] .
superior epigastric a. [TA] origin, the medial terminal branch of internal thoracic; distribution, abdominal muscles and integument, falciform ligament; anastomoses, inferior epigastric. SYN: arteria epigastrica superior [TA] .
superior gluteal a. [TA] origin, internal iliac; distribution, gluteal region; anastomoses, lateral sacral, inferior gluteal, internal pudendal, deep circumflex iliac, lateral circumflex femoral. SYN: arteria glutea superior [TA] .
superior hemorrhoidal a. SYN: superior rectal a..
superior hypophysial a. [TA] a small branch of the cerebral part of the internal carotid a. supplying the hypophysis. SYN: arteria hypophysialis superior [TA] .
superior intercostal a. SYN: supreme intercostal a..
superior internal parietal a. SYN: parieto-occipital branches (of anterior cerebral a.), under branch.
superior labial a. SYN: superior labial branch of facial a..
superior laryngeal a. [TA] origin, superior thyroid; distribution, muscles and mucous membrane of larynx; anastomoses, cricothyroid branch of superior thyroid and terminal branches of inferior laryngeal. SYN: arteria laryngea superior [TA] .
superior lateral genicular a. [TA] origin, popliteal; distribution, knee joint; anastomoses, lateral circumflex femoral, third perforating, anterior tibial recurrent, lateral inferior genicular, i.e., the articular vascular network of the knee. SYN: arteria superior lateralis genus [TA] , lateral superior genicular a..
superior lingular a. [TA] branch (of the lingular branch) of the left pulmonary a. serving the superior lingular segment of the superior lobe of the left lung. See left pulmonary a.. SYN: arteria lingularis superior [TA] , ramus lingularis superior, superior lingular branch of lingular branch of superior lobar left pulmonary a..
superior lobar arteries [TA] See left pulmonary a., right pulmonary a..
superior medial genicular a. [TA] origin, popliteal; distribution, knee joint; anastomoses, descending genicular, lateral superior genicular, i.e., the articular vascular network of the knee. SYN: arteria superior medialis genus [TA] , medial superior genicular a..
superior mesenteric a. [TA] origin, abdominal aorta; branches, inferior pancreaticoduodenal, jejunal, ileal, ileocolic, appendicular, right colic, middle colic; anastomoses, superior pancreaticoduodenal and left colic. SYN: arteria mesenterica superior [TA] .
superior phrenic a. [TA] one of a pair of small arteries given off from the thoracic aorta just superior to the diaphragm; distribution, diaphragm; anastomoses, musculophrenic, pericardiacophrenic, and inferior phrenic. SYN: arteria phrenica superior [TA] .
superior rectal a. [TA] origin, inferior mesenteric; distribution, upper part of rectum; anastomoses, middle and inferior rectal. As a tributary of the portal vein, its anastomosis with these arteries forms a portosystemic or portocaval anastomosis. SYN: arteria rectalis superior [TA] , superior hemorrhoidal a..
superior segmental a. [TA] See left pulmonary a., right pulmonary a., segmental arteries of kidney.
superior segmental a. of kidney [TA] origin, anterior branch of renal. See segmental arteries of kidney. SYN: a. of superior segment of kidney.
a. of superior segment of kidney SYN: superior segmental a. of kidney.
superior suprarenal arteries [TA] origin, inferior phrenic a.; distribution, suprarenal gland. SYN: arteriae suprarenales superiores [TA] .
superior thoracic a. [TA] origin, axillary; distribution, muscles of superior chest; anastomoses, branches of suprascapular, internal thoracic, and thoracoacromial. SYN: arteria thoracica superior [TA] , highest thoracic a..
superior thyroid a. [TA] origin, external carotid; branches, infrahyoid, superior laryngeal, sternocleidomastoid, cricothyroid, and two terminal branches. SYN: arteria thyroidea superior [TA] .
superior tympanic a. [TA] origin, middle meningeal; distribution, middle ear; anastomoses, other tympanic arteries. SYN: arteria tympanica superior [TA] .
superior ulnar collateral a. [TA] origin, brachial; distribution, elbow joint; anastomoses, posterior ulnar recurrent and inferior ulnar collateral, as part of the articular vascular network of the elbow. SYN: arteria collateralis ulnaris superior [TA] .
superior vesical a. [TA] origin, umbilical; distribution, bladder, urachus, ureter; anastomoses, other vesical branches. SYN: arteria vesicalis superior [TA] .
suprachiasmatic a. [TA] origin: anterior communicating a.; passes superior to optic chiasm to supply region of optic recess, hypothalamic area. SYN: arteria suprachiasmatica [TA] .
supraduodenal a. [TA] origin, gastroduodenal; distribution, first part of duodenum. SYN: arteria supraduodenalis [TA] .
supraoptic a. [TA] origin: precommunicating part (A1 segment) of anterior cerebral a.; distribution: passes superior to optic nerve to orbital surface of frontal lobe of cerebrum. SYN: arteria supraoptica [TA] .
supraorbital a. [TA] origin, ophthalmic; distribution, frontalis muscle and scalp; anastomoses, branches of the superficial temporal and supratrochlear. SYN: arteria supraorbitalis [TA] .
suprascapular a. [TA] origin, thyrocervical trunk; distribution, clavicle, scapula, muscles of shoulder, and shoulder joint; anastomoses, transverse cervical circumflex scapular. SYN: arteria suprascapularis [TA] , transverse scapular a..
supratrochlear a. [TA] origin, ophthalmic; distribution, anterior portion of scalp; anastomoses, branches of supraorbital. SYN: arteria supratrochlearis [TA] , arteria frontalis, frontal a..
supreme intercostal a. [TA] origin, costocervical trunk; distribution, structures of first and second intercostal spaces via its terminal branches, posterior intercostal arteries 1 and 2; anastomoses, anterior intercostal branches of internal thoracic. SYN: arteria intercostalis suprema [TA] , highest intercostal a., superior intercostal a..
sural arteries [TA] one of four or five arteries arising (sometimes by a common trunk) from the popliteal; distribution, muscles and integument of the calf; anastomoses, posterior tibial, medial, and lateral inferior genicular. SYN: arteriae surales [TA] , a. of calf.
a. to tail of pancreas [TA] origin, splenic a. near the left gastroepiploic; distribution, the tail of the pancreas; anastomoses, with other pancreatic arteries. SYN: arteria caudae pancreatis [TA] , caudal pancreatic a..
terminal a. SYN: end a..
testicular a. [TA] origin, aorta; branches, ureteral, cremasteric, epididymal; distribution, testicle and parts designated by names of branches; anastomoses, branches of renal, inferior epigastric, deferential. SYN: arteria testicularis [TA] , arteria spermatica interna, internal spermatic a..
thoracoacromial a. [TA] origin, axillary; distribution, muscles and skin of shoulder and upper chest; anastomoses, branches of superior thoracic, internal thoracic, lateral thoracic, posterior and anterior circumflex humeral, and suprascapular. SYN: arteria thoracoacromialis [TA] , ramus deltoideus arteriae thoracoacromialis [TA] , acromiothoracic a., thoracic axis (1) , thoracoacromial trunk.
thoracodorsal a. [TA] origin, subscapular; distribution, muscles of upper part of back; anastomoses, branches of lateral thoracic. SYN: arteria thoracodorsalis [TA] , dorsal thoracic a..
thyroid ima a. [TA] an inconstant a.; origin, arch of aorta or brachiocephalic a.; distribution, thyroid gland. SYN: arteria thyroidea ima [TA] , lowest thyroid a., Neubauer a..
tibial nutrient a. [TA] a. derived from the upper part of the posterior tibial a.; it enters through the nutrient foramen on the posterior surface of the tibia. SYN: arteria nutricia tibiae [TA] , arteria nutriens tibiae&star, arteria nutriens tibialis, nutrient a. of the tibia.
transverse cervical a. [TA] origin, thyrocervical trunk; branches, superficial (superficial cervical) and deep (descending scapular). SYN: arteria transversa colli [TA] , arteria transversa cervicis&star, transverse a. of neck.
transverse facial a. [TA] origin, superficial temporal; distribution, parotid gland, parotid duct, masseter muscle, and overlying skin; anastomoses, infraorbital and buccal branches of maxillary, and buccal and masseteric branches of facial. SYN: arteria transversa faciei [TA] .
transverse a. of neck SYN: transverse cervical a..
transverse pancreatic a. SYN: inferior pancreatic a..
transverse scapular a. SYN: suprascapular a..
a. of tuber cinereum [TA] small a. arising from the posterior communicating a. giving rise to lateral and medial branches supplying the tuber cinereum. SYN: arteria tuberis cinerei [TA] .
ulnar a. [TA] origin, brachial; branches, ulnar recurrent, common interosseous, dorsal and palmar carpal, deep palmar, and superficial palmar arch with its digital branches. SYN: arteria ulnaris [TA] .
ulnar recurrent a. [TA] origin, ulnar a.; distribution, two branches, anterior and posterior, pass medially in front of and behind the elbow joint; anastomoses, superior and inferior ulnar collateral, i.e., with articular vascular plexus of elbow. SYN: arteria recurrens ulnaris [TA] , recurrent ulnar a..
umbilical a. [TA] before birth this arteria is a continuation of the internal iliac; after birth it is obliterated between the bladder and umbilicus, forming the medial umbilical ligament, the remaining portion, between the internal iliac a. and bladder, being reduced in size and giving off the superior vesical arteries. SYN: arteria umbilicalis [TA] .
uncal a. [TA] origin: cerebral part of internal carotid a. or occasionally from the sphenoidal part (M1 segment) of the middle cerebral a.; distrubution: to uncus. SYN: arteria uncalis [TA] .
arteries of upper limb [TA] arteries that supply the upper limb; all are derivatives of the axillary a.. SYN: arteriae membri superioris [TA] .
urethral a. [TA] origin, perineal a.; distribution, membranous urethra. SYN: arteria urethralis [TA] .
uterine a. [TA] origin, internal iliac; distribution, uterus, upper part of vagina, round ligament, and medial part of uterine (fallopian) tube; anastomoses, ovarian, vaginal, inferior epigastric. Supplies maternal circulation to placenta during pregnancy. SYN: arteria uterina [TA] .
vaginal a. [TA] origin, internal iliac; distribution, vagina, base of bladder, rectum; anastomoses, uterine, internal pudendal. SYN: arteria vaginalis [TA] .
a. to vas deferens a. to ductus deferens.
venous a. SYN: pulmonary trunk.
ventral splanchnic arteries arteries that arise in the embryo from the dorsal aorta and are distributed to the digestive tube.
ventricular arteries branches of the right and left coronary arteries distributed to the muscle of the ventricles. SYN: arteriae ventriculares [TA] .
vertebral a. [TA] the first branch of the subclavian a.; for descriptive purposes, divided into four parts: 1) prevertebral part, the portion before it enters the foramen of the transverse process of the sixth cervical vertebra; 2) cervical part, the portion in the transverse foramina of the first six cervical vertebrae; 3) atlantic (suboccipital) part, the portion running along the posterior arch of the atlas; and 4) intracranial part, the portion within the cranial cavity to its union with the a. from the other side to form the basilar a.. SYN: arteria vertebralis [TA] .
vestibulocochlear a. [TA] origin: anterior vestibular a.; branches: saccular, cochlear, and posterior vestibular. SYN: arteria vestibulocochlearis [TA] .
vidian a. SYN: a. of pterygoid canal.
vitelline a. an a. carrying blood to the yolk sac from the embryo. SYN: arteria vitellina.
volar interosseous a. SYN: anterior interosseous a..
Zinn a. SYN: central retinal a..
zygomatico-orbital a. [TA] origin, superficial temporal, sometimes middle temporal; distribution, orbicularis oculi muscle and portions of the orbit; anastomoses, lacrimal and palpebral branches of ophthalmic. SYN: arteria zygomatico-orbitalis [TA] .

arthr- arthr-

See arthro-.

arthral
arthral (ar′thral)

SYN: articular.

arthralgia
arthralgia (ar-thral′je-a)

Pain in a joint, especially one not inflammatory in character. SYN: arthrodynia. [G. arthron, joint, + algos, pain]
intermittent a. SYN: periodic a..
periodic a. [MIM*112270] a condition in which there is pain and swelling, thought originally to involve the joints, but now known to localize to the shafts of long bones, occurring at regular intervals; there is sometimes abdominal pain, purpura, or edema. SYN: intermittent a., periodic bone pain.
a. saturnina severe pain, chiefly on flexion of the joints of the lower extremities, in lead poisoning.

arthralgic
arthralgic (ar-thral′jik)

Relating to or affected with arthralgia. SYN: arthrodynic.

arthrectomy
arthrectomy (ar-threk′to-me)

Excision of a joint. [G. arthron, joint, + ektome, excision]

arthresthesia
arthresthesia (ar-thres-the′ze-a)

SYN: articular sensibility. [G. arthron, joint, + aisthesis, sensation]

arthritic
arthritic (ar-thrit′ik)

Relating to arthritis.

arthritides
arthritides (ar-thrit′i-dez)

Plural of arthritis.

arthritis
arthritis, pl .arthritides (ar-thri′tis, ar-thrit′i-dez)

Inflammation of a joint or a state characterized by inflammation of joints. SYN: articular rheumatism. [G. fr. arthron, joint, + -itis, inflammation]
acute rheumatic a. a. due to rheumatic fever.
chronic absorptive a. SYN: a. mutilans.
chylous a. a. with a high lymph content in synovial fluid, usually due to filariasis.
a. deformans SYN: rheumatoid a..
degenerative a. SYN: osteoarthritis.
enteropathic a. a form of a. sometimes resembling rheumatoid a. which may complicate the course of ulcerative colitis, Crohn disease, or other intestinal disease.
filarial a. a. occurring in filariasis, probably due to extravasation of lipid-rich lymph resembling chyle into the joint space.
gonococcal a. joint space infection in humans caused by disseminated Neisseria gonorrhoeae; characteristically monarticular, but may be polyarticular. SYN: gonorrheal a..
gonorrheal a. SYN: gonococcal a..
gouty a. inflammation of the joints in gout.
hemophilic a. joint disease resulting from hemophilic bleeding into a joint.
hypertrophic a. variant of osteoarthritis characterized by afferent periarticular osteophyte formation.
Jaccoud a. a rare form of chronic a., reported to occur after attacks of acute rheumatic fever, characterized by an unusual form of bone erosion of the metacarpal heads and by ulnar deviation of the fingers; it resembles rheumatoid a., but with less overt inflammation, and rheumatoid factor is absent. SYN: Jaccoud arthropathy.
juvenile a., juvenile rheumatoid a. chronic a. beginning in childhood, most cases of which are pauciarticular, i.e., affecting few joints. Several patterns of illness have been identified: in one subset, primarily affecting girls, iritis is common and antinuclear antibody is usually present; another subset, primarily affecting boys, frequently includes spinal a. resembling ankylosing spondylitis; some cases are true rheumatoid a. beginning in childhood and characterized by the presence of rheumatoid factor and destructive deforming joint changes, often undergoing remission at puberty. SEE ALSO: Still disease. SYN: juvenile chronic a..
juvenile chronic a. SYN: juvenile a..
Lyme a. the arthritic manifestation of Lyme disease.
a. mutilans a form of chronic rheumatoid a. in which osteolysis occurs with extensive destruction of the joint cartilages and bony surfaces with pronounced deformities, chiefly of the hands and feet; similar changes occur in some cases of psoriatic a.. SYN: chronic absorptive a..
neuropathic a. a. associated with an underlying neurologic disorder, e.g., syringomyelia, tabes dorsalis, diabetes mellitus.
a. nodosa obsolete term for rheumatoid a..
ochronotic a. osteoarthritis occurring as a complication of ochronosis.
proliferative a. term for rheumatoid a., based on the characteristic proliferation of the synovial membrane seen in joints affected by the disease.
psoriatic a. the concurrence of psoriasis and polyarthritis, resembling rheumatoid a. but thought to be a specific disease entity, seronegative for rheumatoid factor and often involving the digits. SEE ALSO: a. mutilans. SYN: arthropathia psoriatica.
pyogenic a. SYN: suppurative a..
reactive a. sterile, usually transient polyarthropathy following various infectious diseases.
rheumatoid a. a generalized disease, occurring more often in women, which primarily affects connective tissue; a. is the dominant clinical manifestation, involving many joints, especially those of the hands and feet, accompanied by thickening of articular soft tissue, with extension of synovial tissue over articular cartilages, which become eroded; the course is variable but often is chronic and progressive, leading to deformities and disability. SYN: a. deformans, nodose rheumatism (1) .
septic a. SYN: suppurative a..
suppurative a. acute inflammation of synovial membranes, with purulent effusion into a joint, due to bacterial infection; the usual route of infection is hemic to the synovial tissue, causing destruction of the articular cartilage, and may become chronic, with sinus formation, osteomyelitis, deformity, and disability. SYN: purulent synovitis, pyarthrosis, pyogenic a., septic a., suppurative synovitis.

arthro- arthro-, arthr-

A joint, an articulation; corresponds to L. articul-. [G. arthron, a joint, fr. ararisko, to join, to fit together]

Arthrobacter
Arthrobacter (ar-thro-bak′ter)

A genus of strictly aerobic, Gram-positive bacteria (family Corynebacteriaceae) whose cells undergo a change from a coccoid form to a rod shape following transfer to fresh complex growth medium. Although primarily found in soil, species identified as belonging to this genus have been found in the advancing front of lesions of dental caries. The type species is A. globiformis. [G. arthron, joint, + baktron, staff or rod]

arthrocentesis
arthrocentesis (ar′thro-sen-te′sis)

Aspiration of fluid from a joint performed by needle puncture. [arthro- + G. kentesis, puncture]

arthrochondritis
arthrochondritis (ar′thro-kon-dri′tis)

Inflammation of an articular cartilage. [arthro- + G. chondros, cartilage, + -itis, inflammation]

arthroclasia
arthroclasia (ar-thro-kla′ze-a)

The forcible breaking up of the adhesions in ankylosis. [arthro- + G. klasis, a breaking]

arthroconidium
arthroconidium (ar′thro-ko-nid′e-um)

A conidium released by fragmentation or separation at the septum of cells of the hypha. SYN: arthrospore. [G. arthron, joint, + conidium]

Arthroderma
Arthroderma (ar′thro-der′ma)

A genus of ascomycetous fungi composed of the anamorph genera Microsporium and Trichophyton species.

arthrodesis
arthrodesis (ar-throd′e-sis, ar-thro-de′sis)

The stiffening of a joint by operative means. SYN: artificial ankylosis. [arthro- + G. desis, a binding together]
triple a. surgical fusion of the talonavicular, talocalcaneal, and calcaneocuboid joints.

arthrodia
arthrodia (ar-thro′de-a)

SYN: plane joint. [G. a., a gliding joint, fr. arthron, joint, + eidos, form]

arthrodial
arthrodial (ar-thro′de-al)

Relating to arthrodia.

arthrodynia
arthrodynia (ar-thro-din′e-a)

SYN: arthralgia. [arthro- + G. odyne, pain]

arthrodynic
arthrodynic (ar-thro-din′ik)

SYN: arthralgic.

arthrodysplasia
arthrodysplasia (ar′thro-dis-pla′ze-a)

Hereditary congenital defect of joint development. [arthro- + G. dys, bad, + plasis, a molding]

arthroendoscopy
arthroendoscopy (ar′thro-en-dos′ko-pe)

SYN: arthroscopy.

arthroereisis
arthroereisis (ar-thro-e-ri′sis)

SYN: arthrorisis.

arthrogenous
arthrogenous (ar-throj′e-nus)

1. Of articular origin; starting from a joint. 2. Forming an articulation.

arthrogram
arthrogram (ar′thro-gram)

Imaging of a joint following the introduction of a contrast agent into the joint capsule to enhance visualization of the intraarticular structures. [arthro- + G. gramma, a writing]

arthrography
arthrography (ar-throg′ra-fe)

Act of making an arthrogram. [arthro- + G. grapho, to describe]

arthrogryposis
arthrogryposis (ar′thro-gri-po′sis)

Congenital defect of the limbs characterized by severe contractures of multiple joints. [arthro- + G. gryphosis, a crooking]
a. multiplex congenita limitation of range of joint motion and contractures present at birth, usually involving multiple joints; a syndrome probably of diverse etiology that may result from changes in spinal cord, muscle, or connective tissue. Several forms exist, autosomal dominant [MIM*108110, 108120, 108130, 108140, 108145, 108200], recessive [MIM*208080, 208081, 208085, 208100, 208150, 208155, 208200], and X-linked [MIM*301830] SYN: amyoplasia congenita.

arthrokatadysis
arthrokatadysis (ar′thro-ka-tad′i-sis)

a condition of a joint with significant erosion of the concave surface, resulting in migration of the convex surface medially. SEE ALSO: Otto disease. [arthro- + G. katadysis, a dipping under, a setting, fr. dyo, to make sink]

arthrolith
arthrolith (ar′thro-lith)

A loose body in a joint. [arthro- + G. lithos, stone]

arthrolithiasis
arthrolithiasis (ar′thro-li-thi′a-sis)

Rarely used term for articular gout.

arthrologia
arthrologia (ar-thro-lo′je-a)

SYN: arthrology, arthrology.

arthrology
arthrology (ar-throl′o-je)

The branch of anatomy concerned with the joints. SYN: arthrologia, syndesmologia, syndesmology, synosteology. [arthro- + G. logos, study]

arthrolysis
arthrolysis (ar-throl′i-sis)

Restoration of mobility in stiff and ankylosed joints through the process of disrupting intraarticular and extraarticular adhesions. [arthro- + G. lysis, a loosening]

arthrometer
arthrometer (ar-throm′e-ter)

SYN: goniometer (3) .

arthrometry
arthrometry (ar-throm′e-tre)

Measurement of the range of movement in a joint. [arthro- + G. metron, measure]

arthroophthalmopathy
arthroophthalmopathy (ar′thro-of′thal-mop′a-the)

Disease affecting joints and eyes. [arthro- + ophthalmo- + G. pathos, suffering]
hereditary progressive a. [MIM*108300] a skeletal dysplasia associated with multiple dysplasia of the epiphyses, overtubulation of long bones with metaphyseal widening, flattened vertebral bodies, pelvic bone abnormalities, hypermobility of joints, cleft palate, progressive myopia, retinal detachment, and deafness. Autosomal dominant inheritance caused by mutation in either the COL2A1 gene on 12q, COL11A1 gene on 1p or COL11A2 gene on 6p. SYN: Stickler syndrome.

arthropathia psoriatica
arthropathia psoriatica

SYN: psoriatic arthritis.

arthropathology
arthropathology (ar′thro-pa-thol′o-je)

The study of diseases of joints.

arthropathy
arthropathy (ar-throp′a-the)

Any disease affecting a joint. [arthro- + G. pathos, suffering]
diabetic a. a neuropathic a. occurring in diabetes.
Jaccoud a. SYN: Jaccoud arthritis.
long-leg a. a degenerative joint disease that develops, after many years, in the hip and/or knee of the longer leg of a person with unequal leg lengths.
neuropathic a. SYN: neuropathic joint.
static a. secondary involvement of a joint following disease in a joint of the same extremity; e.g., knee or ankle involvement in hip disease.
tabetic a. a neuropathic a. that occurs with tabes dorsalis (tabetic neurosyphilis). SEE ALSO: neuropathic joint.

arthroplasty
arthroplasty (ar′thro-plas-te)

1. Creation of an artificial joint to correct advanced degenerative arthritis, 2. An operation to restore as far as possible the integrity and functional power of a joint. [arthro- + G. plastos, formed]
Charnley hip a. a form of total hip replacement consisting of the application of an acetabular cup and a femoral head prosthesis; it bears the name of John Charnley who is regarded as the pioneer in the development of this procedure.
gap a. the surgical correction of ankylosis by creating a space between the ankylosed part of a joint and the portion for which movement is desired.
interposition a. surgical correction of ankylosis by separation of the immobile part of a joint from the mobilized part and interposition of a substance ( e.g., fascia, cartilage, metal, or plastic) between them.
intracapsular temporomandibular joint a. operative recontouring of the articular surface of the mandibular condyle without the removal of the articular disk.
total joint a. a. in which both joint surfaces are replaced with artificial materials, usually composed of metal and high-density plastic; currently being performed for hip, knee, shoulder, and elbow.

arthropneumoradiography
arthropneumoradiography (ar′thro-noo′mo-ra-de-og′ra-fe)

Radiographic examination of a joint after it has been injected with air. [arthro- + pneumo- + radiography]

arthropod
arthropod (ar′thro-pod)

A member of the phylum Arthropoda. [arthro- + G. pous, foot]

Arthropoda
Arthropoda (ar-throp′o-da)

A phylum of the Metazoa that includes the classes Crustacea (crabs, shrimps, crayfish, lobsters), Insecta, Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks), Chilopoda (centipedes), Diplopoda (millipedes), Merostomata (horseshoe crabs), and various other extinct or lesser known groups. A. forms the largest assemblage of living organisms, 75% insects, of which over a million species are known. [arthro- + G. pous, foot]

arthropodiasis
arthropodiasis (ar′thro-po-di′a-sis)

Direct effects of arthropods upon vertebrates including acariasis, allergy, dermatosis, entomophobia, and actions of contact toxins.

arthropodic
arthropodic, arthropodous (ar-thro-po′dik, ar-throp′o-dus)

Pertaining to arthropods.

arthropyosis
arthropyosis (ar′thro-pi-o′sis)

Suppuration in a joint. [arthro- + G. pyosis, suppuration]

arthrorisis
arthrorisis (ar′thro-ri′sis)

An operation for limiting motion in a joint in cases of undue mobility from paralysis, usually by means of a bone block. SYN: arthroereisis. [arthro- + G. ereisis, a propping up]

arthrosclerosis
arthrosclerosis (ar′thro-skler-o′sis)

Stiffness of the joints, especially in the aged. [arthro- + G. sklerosis, hardening]

arthroscope
arthroscope (ar′thro-skop)

An endoscope for examining the internal anatomy of a joint.

arthroscopy
arthroscopy (ar-thros′ko-pe)

Endoscopic examination of the interior of a joint. SYN: arthroendoscopy. [arthro- + G. skopeo, to view]

arthrosis
arthrosis (ar-thro′sis)

1. SYN: joint. [G. a., a jointing] 2. SYN: osteoarthritis. [arthro- + G. -osis, condition]
temporomandibular a. a noninfectious degenerative dysfunction of the temporomandibular joint characterized by pain, cracking, and limited mandibular opening. SEE ALSO: myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome.

arthrospore
arthrospore (ar′thro-spor)

SYN: arthroconidium. [arthro- + G. sporos, seed]

arthrostomy
arthrostomy (ar-thros′to-me)

Establishment of a temporary opening into a joint cavity. [arthro- + G. stoma, mouth]

arthrosynovitis
arthrosynovitis (ar′thro-sin-o-vi′tis)

Inflammation of the synovial membrane of a joint.

arthrotome
arthrotome (ar′thro-tom)

A large, strong scalpel used in cutting cartilaginous and other tough joint structures.

arthrotomy
arthrotomy (ar-throt′o-me)

Cutting into a joint to expose its interior. [arthro- + G. tome, a cutting]

arthrotropic
arthrotropic (ar-thro-trop′ik)

Tending to affect joints. [arthro- + G. tropos, a turning]

arthrotyphoid
arthrotyphoid (ar-thro-ti′foyd)

Obsolete term for typhoid fever with joint involvement due to metastatic infection.

Arthus
Arthus

Maurice, French bacteriologist, 1862–1945. See A. phenomenon, A. reaction.

articular
articular (ar-tik′u-lar)

Relating to a joint. SYN: arthral.

articulare
articulare (ar-tik-u-la′re)

In cephalometrics, the point of intersection of the external dorsal contour of the mandibular condyle and the temporal bone; the midpoint is used when a profile radiograph shows double projections of the rami.

articulate
articulate (ar-tik′u-lit)

1. SYN: articulated. 2. Capable of distinct and connected meaningful speech. (ar-tik′yu-lat). 3. To join or connect together loosely to allow motion between the parts. 4. To speak distinctly and connectedly. [L. articulo, pp. -atus, to a.]

articulated
articulated (ar-tik′u-la-ted)

Jointed. SYN: articulate (1) .

articulatio
articulatio, pl .articulationes (ar-tik-u-la′she-o, -la-she-o′nez)

synovial joint. [L. a forming of vines]
a. acromioclavicularis [TA] SYN: acromioclavicular joint.
a. atlantoaxialis lateralis [TA] SYN: lateral atlantoaxial joint.
a. atlantoaxialis mediana [TA] SYN: median atlantoaxial joint.
a. atlanto-occipitalis [TA] SYN: atlanto-occipital joint.
a. bicondylaris [TA] SYN: bicondylar joint.
a. calcaneocuboidea [TA] SYN: calcaneocuboid joint.
a. capitis costae [TA] SYN: joint of head of rib.
articulationes carpi [TA] SYN: carpal joints, under joint.
a. carpi [TA] SYN: carpal joints, under joint.
articulationes carpometacarpales [TA] SYN: carpometacarpal joints, under joint.
a. carpometacarpalis pollicis SYN: carpometacarpal joint of thumb.
a. cartilaginis SYN: cartilaginous joint.
articulationes cinguli membri inferioris SYN: joints of pelvic girdle, under joint.
articulationes cinguli pectoralis joints of pectoral girdle, under joint.
articulationes cinguli pelvici [TA] SYN: joints of pelvic girdle, under joint.
articulationes cinguli membri superioris SYN: joints of pectoral girdle, under joint.
a. complexa SYN: complex joint.
a. composita [TA] SYN: complex joint.
a. condylaris SYN: condylar joint.
articulationes costochondrales [TA] SYN: costochondral joints, under joint.
a. costotransversaria SYN: costotransverse joint.
articulationes costovertebrales [TA] SYN: costovertebral joints, under joint.
a. cotylica SYN: ball and socket joint.
a. coxae [TA] SYN: hip joint.
a. coxofemoralis hip joint.
articulationes cranii [TA] SYN: cranial synovial joints, under joint.
a. cricoarytenoidea [TA] SYN: cricoarytenoid joint.
a. cricothyroidea [TA] SYN: cricothyroid joint.
a. cubiti [TA] SYN: elbow joint.
a. cuneonavicularis [TA] SYN: cuneonavicular joint.
a. cylindrica [TA] SYN: cylindrical joint.
a. dentoalveolaris SYN: gomphosis.
a. ellipsoidea [TA] SYN: condylar joint.
a. fibrosa SYN: fibrous joint.
a. genus [TA] SYN: knee joint.
a. glenohumeralis glenohumeral joint.
a. humeri [TA] SYN: glenohumeral joint.
a. humeroradialis [TA] SYN: humeroradial joint.
a. humeroulnaris [TA] SYN: humeroulnar joint.
a. incudomallearis [TA] SYN: incudomalleolar joint.
a. incudostapedia [TA] SYN: incudostapedial joint.
articulationes intercarpales carpal joints, under joint.
articulationes interchondrales [TA] SYN: interchondral joints, under joint.
articulationes intercuneiformes [TA] SYN: intercuneiform joints, under joint.
articulationes intermetacarpales [TA] SYN: intermetacarpal joints, under joint.
articulationes intermetatarsales [TA] SYN: intermetatarsal joints, under joint.
articulationes interphalangeae manus [TA] SYN: interphalangeal joints of hand, under joint.
articulationes interphalangeae pedis [TA] SYN: interphalangeal joints of foot, under joint.
articulationes intertarseae SYN: intertarsal joints, under joint.
a. lumbosacralis [TA] SYN: lumbosacral joint.
a. mandibularis SYN: temporomandibular joint.
articulationes manus [TA] SYN: joints of hand, under joint.
a. mediocarpalis [TA] SYN: midcarpal joint.
articulationes membri inferioris liberi [TA] SYN: synovial joints of free lower limb, under joint.
articulationes membri superioris liberi [TA] SYN: synovial joints of free upper limb, under joint.
articulationes metacarpophalangeae [TA] SYN: metacarpophalangeal joints, under joint.
articulationes metatarsophalangeae [TA] SYN: metatarsophalangeal joints, under joint.
articulationes ossiculorum auditoriorum joints of auditory ossicles, under joint.
articulationes ossiculorum auditus [TA] SYN: joints of auditory ossicles, under joint.
a. ossis pisiformis [TA] SYN: pisiform joint.
a. ovoidalis SYN: saddle joint.
articulationes pedis [TA] SYN: joints of foot, under joint.
a. plana [TA] SYN: plane joint.
a. radiocarpalis [TA] SYN: wrist joint.
a. radioulnaris distalis [TA] SYN: distal radioulnar joint.
a. radioulnaris proximalis [TA] SYN: proximal radioulnar joint.
a. sacrococcygea [TA] SYN: sacrococcygeal joint.
a. sacroiliaca [TA] SYN: sacroiliac joint.
a. sellaris [TA] SYN: saddle joint.
a. simplex [TA] SYN: simple joint.
a. spheroidea [TA] SYN: ball and socket joint.
a. sternoclavicularis [TA] SYN: sternoclavicular joint.
articulationes sternocostales [TA] SYN: sternocostal joints, under joint.
a. subtalaris [TA] SYN: subtalar joint.
a. synovialis SYN: synovial joint.
a. talocalcanea subtalar joint.
a. talocalcaneonavicularis [TA] SYN: talocalcaneonavicular joint.
a. talocruralis [TA] SYN: ankle joint.
a. tarsi transversa [TA] SYN: transverse tarsal joint.
articulationes tarsometatarsales [TA] SYN: tarsometatarsal joints, under joint.
a. temporomandibularis [TA] SYN: temporomandibular joint.
articulationes thoracis [TA] SYN: synovial joints of thorax, under joint.
a. tibiofibularis [TA] SYN: tibiofibular joint.
a. trochoidea [TA] SYN: pivot joint.
articulationes zygapophysiales [TA] SYN: zygapophysial joints, under joint.

articulation
articulation (ar-tik-u-la′shun)

1. SYN: joint. 2. A joining or connecting together loosely so as to allow motion between the parts. 3. Distinct connected speech or enunciation. 4. In dentistry, the contact relationship of the occlusal surfaces of the teeth during jaw movement. [see articulatio]
arthrodial a. SYN: plane joint.
atlanto-occipital a. SYN: atlanto-occipital joint.
balanced a. SYN: balanced occlusion.
bicondylar a. SYN: bicondylar joint.
cartilaginous a. SYN: cartilaginous joint.
compound a. SYN: complex joint.
condylar a. SYN: condylar joint.
confluent a. a tendency to run the syllables together in speech.
cricoarytenoid a. SYN: cricoarytenoid joint.
cricothyroid a. SYN: cricothyroid joint.
cuneonavicular a. SYN: cuneonavicular joint.
dental a. the contact relationship of the occlusal surfaces of the upper and lower teeth when moving into and away from centric occlusion. SYN: gliding occlusion.
distal radioulnar a. SYN: distal radioulnar joint.
articulations of foot SYN: joints of foot, under joint.
glenohumeral a. SYN: glenohumeral joint.
articulations of hand SYN: joints of hand, under joint.
humeral a. SYN: glenohumeral joint.
humeroradial a. SYN: humeroradial joint.
incudomalleolar a. SYN: incudomalleolar joint.
incudostapedial a. SYN: incudostapedial joint.
interchondral articulations SYN: interchondral joints, under joint.
intermetatarsal articulations SYN: intermetatarsal joints, under joint.
interphalangeal articulations SYN: interphalangeal joints of hand, under joint.
intertarsal articulations SYN: intertarsal joints, under joint.
metacarpophalangeal articulations SYN: metacarpophalangeal joints, under joint.
metatarsophalangeal articulations SYN: metatarsophalangeal joints, under joint.
peg-and-socket a. SYN: gomphosis.
a. of pisiform bone SYN: pisiform joint.
proximal radioulnar a. SYN: proximal radioulnar joint.
radiocarpal a. SYN: wrist joint.
sacroiliac a. SYN: sacroiliac joint.
spheroid a. SYN: ball and socket joint.
sternocostal articulations SYN: sternocostal joints, under joint.
superior tibial a. SYN: tibiofibular joint.
talocrural a. SYN: ankle joint.
temporomandibular a. SYN: temporomandibular joint.
tibiofibular a. 1. SYN: tibiofibular joint. 2. SYN: tibiofibular syndesmosis.
transverse tarsal a. SYN: transverse tarsal joint.
trochoid a. SYN: pivot joint.

articulator
articulator (ar-tik′u-la-tor)

A mechanical device which represents the temporomandibular joints and jaw members to which maxillary and mandibular casts may be attached. SYN: occluding frame.
adjustable a. 1. an a. which may be adjusted to permit movement of the casts into recorded eccentric relationships; 2. an a. capable of adjustment to more than one eccentric position.
arcon a. 1. an a. with the equivalent condylar guides fixed to the upper member and the hinge axis to the lower member; 2. an instrument that maintains a constant relationship between the occlusal plane and the arcon guides at any position of the upper member, thereby making possible more accurate reproductions of mandibular movements.
non-arcon a. an a. with the equivalent condylar guides attached to the lower member and the hinge axis to the upper member.

articulatory
articulatory (ar-tik′u-la-to-re)

Relating to articulate speech.

articulostat
articulostat (ar-tik′u-lo-stat)

A research instrument that positions the dentition of a subject and the head of an x-ray machine in such a manner that films made at separate times may be accurately superimposed. [articulo- + G. stasis, a standing still]

articulus
articulus (ar-tik′u-lus)

SYN: joint. [L. joint]

artifact
artifact (ar′ti-fakt)

1. Anything, especially in a histologic specimen or a graphic record, that is caused by the technique used and not reflecting the original specimen or experiment. 2. A skin lesion produced or perpetuated by self-inflicted action, as in dermatitis artefacta. [L. ars, art, + facio, pp. factus, to make]
chemical shift a. in magnetic resonance imaging, a dark band caused by a biochemical difference in resonant frequency of adjacent regions rather than a true anatomic separation.
thermal a. distortion of microscopic structure in a tissue specimen, because of heat generated by the instrument ( e.g., loop electrocautery) used to obtain the specimen.

artifactitious
artifactitious (ar′ti-fak-tish′us)

SYN: artifactual.

artifactual
artifactual (ar-ti-fak′chu-al)

Produced or caused by an artifact. SYN: artifactitious.

Artiodactyla
Artiodactyla (ar′ti-o-dak′ti-la)

An order of even-toed ungulates having either two or four digits, with the axis between the third and fourth; e.g., pig and hippopotamus with four; camel, deer, giraffe, antelope, and cow with two. [G. artios, even in number, + daktylos, finger]

aryepiglottic
aryepiglottic (ar′e-ep-i-glot′ik)

Relating to the arytenoid cartilage and the epiglottis; denoting a fold of mucous membrane (a. fold) and a muscle contained in it (a. muscle). SYN: arytenoepiglottidean.

aryl
aryl (ar′il)

An organic radical derived from an aromatic compound by removing a hydrogen atom.
a. acylamidase an amidohydrolase cleaving the acyl group from an anilide by hydrolysis, producing aniline and an acid anion. SYN: arylamidase.

arylamidase
arylamidase (ar-il-am′i-das)

SYN: aryl acylamidase.

arylarsonic acid
arylarsonic acid (ar′il-ar-son′ik)

An arsonic acid containing an aryl radical; e.g., arsenilic acid.

arylsulfatase
arylsulfatase (ar-il-sul′fa-tas)

An enzyme that cleaves phenol sulfates, including cerebroside sulfates ( i.e., a phenol sulfate + H₂O → a phenol + sulfate anion). Some arylsulfatases are inhibited by sulfate (type II) and some are not (type I). SYN: sulfatase (2) .

arytenoepiglottidean
arytenoepiglottidean (a-rit′e-no-ep′i-glo-tid′e-an)

SYN: aryepiglottic.

arytenoid
arytenoid (ar-i-te′noyd) [TA]

Denoting a cartilage (a. cartilage) and muscles (oblique and transverse a. muscles) of the larynx. [see arytenoideus]

arytenoidectomy
arytenoidectomy (ar′i-te-noy-dek′to-me)

Excision of an arytenoid cartilage, usually in bilateral vocal fold paralysis, to improve breathing. [arytenoid + G. ektome, excision]

arytenoideus
arytenoideus (ar-i-te-noy′de-us)

SYN: oblique arytenoid muscle, transverse arytenoid (muscle). [G. arytainoeides, ladle-shaped, applied to cartilage of the larynx, fr. arytaina, a ladle, + eidos, resemblance]

arytenoiditis
arytenoiditis (a-rit′e-noy-di′tis)

Inflammation of a cricoarytenoid joint, arytenoid cartilage, or its mucosal cover.

arytenoidopexy
arytenoidopexy (ar′i-te-noy′do-pek′se)

Fixation by surgery of an arytenoid cartilage. [arytenoid + G. pexis, fixation]

A.S.
A.S.

Abbreviation for auris sinistra [L.], left ear.

As
As

Symbol for arsenic.

asafetida
asafetida (as-a-fet′i-da)

A gum resin, the inspissated exudate from the root of Ferula foetida (family Umbelliferae); malodorous material used as a repellent against dogs, cats, and rabbits, and formerly used as an antispasmodic; in Asia, used as a condiment and flavoring agent. [Pers. aza, mastic, + L. fetidus, fetid]

Asarum
Asarum (as′ar-um)

A genus of plants of the family Aristolochiaceae. [L., fr. G. asaron, hazelwort]
A. canadense an aromatic stimulant and diaphoretic. SYN: Canada snakeroot, Indian ginger, wild ginger.
A. europaeum an emetic and cathartic. SYN: European snakeroot, hazelwort.

asbestoid
asbestoid (as-bes′toyd)

SYN: amianthoid.

asbestos
asbestos (as-bes′tos)

The commercial product, after mining and processing, obtained from a family of fibrous hydrated silicates divided mineralogically into amphiboles (amosite, anthrophyllite, and crocidolite) and serpentines (chrysotile); it is virtually insoluble and is used to provide tensile strength and moldability, thermal insulation, and resistance to fire, heat, and corrosion; inhalation of a. particles can cause asbestosis, pleural plaques, pleural fibrosis, pleural effusion, mesothelioma, and lung cancer. [G. unquenchable; so called in the erroneous belief that when heated, it could not be quenched]

asbestosis
asbestosis (as-bes-to′sis)

Pneumoconiosis due to inhalation of asbestos fibers suspended in the ambient air; sometimes complicated by pleural mesothelioma or bronchogenic carcinoma; ferruginous bodies are the histologic hallmark of exposure to asbestos.

ascariasis
ascariasis (as-ka-ri′a-sis)

Disease caused by infection with Ascaris or related ascarid nematodes. [G. askaris, an intestinal worm, + -iasis, condition]

ascaricide
ascaricide (as-kar′i-sid)

1. Causing the death of ascarid nematodes. 2. An agent having such properties. [ascarid + L. caedo, to kill]

ascarid
ascarid (as′ka-rid)

1. A general name for any nematode of the family Ascarididae. 2. Pertaining to such nematodes.

Ascaridae
Ascaridae (as-kar′i-de)

Former spelling for Ascarididae.

Ascaridata
Ascaridata (as-ka-rid′a-ta)

SYN: Ascaridida.

Ascaridida
Ascaridida (as-ka-rid′i-da)

An order of nematode worms that includes many important human, domestic animal, and fowl parasites such as Ascaris, Ascaridia, Subuluris, Heterakis, and Anisakis. SYN: Ascaridata, Ascarididea, Ascaridorida.

Ascarididae
Ascarididae (as-ka-rid′i-de)

A family of large intestinal roundworms that includes the important nematode of humans, Ascaris lumbricoides, the abundant roundworm of swine, Ascaris suum, and the common ascarids of dogs and cats, Toxocara and Toxascaris species. [G. askaris, an intestinal worm]

Ascarididea
Ascarididea (as-kar-i-did′e-a)

SYN: Ascaridida.

Ascaridoidea
Ascaridoidea (as-ka-ri-doy′de-a)

Superfamily of stout, 3-lipped intestinal roundworms that includes the family Ascarididae.

ascaridole
ascaridole (as-kar′i-dol)

A major constituent of oil of chenopodium; an anthelmintic.

Ascaridorida
Ascaridorida (as-kari-dor′i-da)

SYN: Ascaridida.

Ascaris
Ascaris (as′ka-ris)

A genus of large, heavy-bodied roundworms parasitic in the small intestine; abundant in humans and many other vertebrates. [G. askaris, an intestinal worm]
A. equorum SYN: Parascaris equorum.
A. lumbricoides a large roundworm of humans, one of the commonest human parasites (8–12 inches in length); various symptoms such as restlessness, fever, and sometimes diarrhea are attributed to its presence, but usually it causes no definite symptoms; the similar species, A. suum (or A. lumbricoides suum) is very common in swine, but is not readily transmitted to humans, and vice versa; the types are morphologically and immunologically similar but apparently are host-adapted types, considered distinct species or races.

Ascaroidea
Ascaroidea (as-ka-roy′de-a)

Former spelling for Ascaridoidea.

ascaron
ascaron (as-ka-ron)

A toxic peptone present in helminths, especially the ascaridids; symptoms of a. poisoning are similar to those of anaphylactic shock. [G. askaris, an intestinal worm, + hormon, pres. part. of hormao, to excite]

Ascarops strongylina
Ascarops strongylina (as′ka-rops stron-ji-li′na)

A small bloodsucking worm found in the stomach of pigs and wild boars in many parts of the world. Larvae of this species develop in coprophagous beetles; worms adhere to the gastric mucosa of the pig, and may cause inflammation and ulceration in heavy infections. [G. askaris, an intestinal worm; strongylos, round]

ascendens
ascendens (as-sen′denz)

Ascending. Going upward, ascending, toward a higher position. [L.]

ascensus
ascensus (a-sen′sus)

A moving upward; having an abnormally high position. [L. ascent]

ascertainment
ascertainment (as-ser-tan′ment)

In epidemiological and genetic research, the method by which a person, pedigree, or cluster is brought to the attention of an investigator; has a bearing on the interpretation of segregation ratios, concordance rates, linkage analysis, and other probability features.
complete a. method by which all families with at least one affected individual in a population are certain or have an equal chance of being identified by survey or an appropriate random sampling technique.
incomplete a. method of locating affected individuals in which probability of locating any specific patient has a known value between 0 and 1. SYN: truncate a..
single a. method of a. of locating affected individuals by hospital or clinic admission or another way in which probability of encountering the same family twice approaches zero; thus, the probability that a family will be ascertained is proportional to the number of affected members.
total a. method by which all members of a population at risk of a trait are discerned or equally likely to be contained in a sample thereof.
truncate a. SYN: incomplete a..

Aschelminthes
Aschelminthes (ask-hel-min′thez)

A former phylum of the Metazoa that included the class Nematoda and a disparate assortment of other pseudocelomates, each now accorded separate phylum status; they are nonsegmented, bilaterally symmetric, and cylindric or filiform, with a pseudocele body cavity and rounded or pointed ends; they vary considerably in size, and the male is usually smaller than the female.

Ascher
Ascher

Karl W., U.S. ophthalmologist, 1887–1971. See A. aqueous influx phenomenon, A. syndrome.

Aschner
Aschner

Bernhard, Austrian gynecologist, 1883–1960. See A. phenomenon, A. reflex, A.-Dagnini reflex.

Aschoff
Aschoff

Karl Ludwig, German pathologist, 1866–1942. See A. bodies, under body, A. nodules, under nodule, node of A. and Tawara, Rokitansky-A. sinuses, under sinus, A. cell.

ascites
ascites (a-si′tez)

Accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity. SYN: abdominal dropsy, hydroperitoneum, hydroperitonia. [L. fr. G. askos, a bag, + -ites]
a. adiposus SYN: chylous a..
chyliform a. SYN: chylous a..
chylous a., a. chylosus presence in the peritoneal cavity of a milky fluid containing suspended fat, ordinarily caused by an obstruction or injury of the thoracic duct or cisterna. SYN: a. adiposus, chyliform a., chyloperitoneum, fatty a., milky a..
fatty a. SYN: chylous a..
gelatinous a. SYN: pseudomyxoma peritonei.
hemorrhagic a. bloody or blood-stained serous fluid, frequently resulting from metastatic carcinoma, in the peritoneal cavity.
milky a. SYN: chylous a..
pseudochylous a. presence in the peritoneum of an opalescent or cloudy fluid that does not contain fat.

ascitic
ascitic (a-sit′ik)

Of or relating to ascites.

ascitogenous
ascitogenous (as-i-toj′e-nus)

Producing ascites.

ascocarp
ascocarp (as′ko-karp)

A fungus structure, of varying complexity, which bears asci and ascospores. [G. askos, bag, + karpos, fruit]

ascogenous
ascogenous (as-koj′e-nus)

Denoting ascus-bearing fungus hypha or cell.

ascogonium
ascogonium (as-ko-go′ne-um)

The female cell in an ascomycete that is fertilized by the male cell.

Ascoli
Ascoli

Alberto, Italian serologist, 1877–1957. See A. reaction, A. test.

Ascomycetes
Ascomycetes (as′ko-mi-se′tez)

A class of fungi characterized by the presence of asci and ascospores. Such fungi have generally two distinct reproductive phases, the sexual or perfect stage and the asexual or imperfect stage. Ajellomyces capsulatum and Ajellomyces dermatitidis are pathogenic members of this class. [G. askos, a bag, + mykes, mushroom]

ascomycetous
ascomycetous (as′ko-mi′se-tus)

Fungi related to the Ascomycota.

Ascomycota
Ascomycota (as′ko-mi-ko-ta)

A phylum of fungi characterized by the presence of asci and ascospores. Some mycologists have moved the class Ascomycetes to the phylum or division level.

ascorbase
ascorbase (as-kor′bas)

SYN: ascorbate oxidase.

ascorbate
ascorbate (as-kor′bat)

A salt or ester of ascorbic acid.
a. oxidase a copper-containing enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of l-ascorbic acid with O₂ to l-dehydroascorbic acid. Some forms of a. oxidase use NADP⁺ as well. Used as an antitumor enzyme. SYN: ascorbase.

ascorbic acid
ascorbic acid (as-kor′bik)

Used in preventing scurvy, as a strong reducing agent, and as an antioxidant. SYN: antiscorbutic vitamin, cevitamic acid, vitamin C. [G. a- priv. + Mod.L. scorbutus, scurvy, fr. Germanic]

ascorbyl palmitate
ascorbyl palmitate (as-kor′bil pal′mi-tat)

Used as a preservative in pharmaceutical preparations.

ascospore
ascospore (as′ko-spor)

A spore formed within an ascus; the sexual spore of Ascomycetes. [G. askos, bag, + sporos, seed]

ASCUS
ASCUS

In the Bethesda system, acronym for atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, under cell. SEE ALSO: Bethesda system.

ascus
ascus, pl .asci (as′kus, as′i)

The saclike cell of Ascomycetes in which ascospores develop following nuclear fusion and meiosis. [G. askos, bag]

-ase -ase

A termination denoting an enzyme, suffixed to the name of the substance (substrate) upon which the enzyme acts; e.g., phosphatase, lipase, proteinase. May also indicate the reaction catalyzed, e.g., decarboxylase, oxidase. Enzymes named before the convention was established generally have an -in ending; e.g., pepsin, ptyalin, trypsin. [Fr. (diast)ase, an amylase that converts starch to maltose, fr. G. diastasis, separation, fr. dia-, through, apart, + stasis, a standing]

asecretory
asecretory (a-se-kre′to-re)

Without secretion.

Aselli
Aselli, Asellius, Asellio

Gasparo, Italian anatomist at Cremona, 1581–1626. See A. pancreas.

asepsis
asepsis (a-sep′sis, a-)

A condition in which living pathogenic organisms are absent; a state of sterility (2). [G. a- priv. + sepsis, putrefaction]

aseptate
aseptate (a-sep′tat, a-)

In fungi, a term describing absence of cross walls in a hyphal filament or a spore. [G. a- priv. + L. saeptum, a partition]

aseptic
aseptic (a-sep′tik, a-)

Marked by or relating to asepsis.

asepticism
asepticism (a-sep′ti-sizm, a-)

The practice of aseptic surgery.

asequence
asequence (a-se′kwens)

Lack of normal sequence, specifically, between atrial and ventricular contractions.

asexual
asexual (a-seks′u-al)

1. Referring to reproduction without nuclear fusion in an organism. 2. Having no sexual desire or interest. [G. a- priv. + sexual]

Ashby
Ashby

Winifred, 20th century hematologist. See A. method.

Asherman
Asherman

Joseph G., Czechoslovakian gynecologist, *1889. See A. syndrome.

Ashman
Ashman

R., 20th century U.S. physiologist. See A. phenomenon.

asialism
asialism (a′syal-izm)

Absence of saliva. [G. a- priv. + sialon saliva + -ism]

asialoglycoprotein
asialoglycoprotein (a-si-al′o-gli-ko-pro-ten)

A glycoprotein without a sialic acid moiety; such proteins are recognized by a. receptors and are targeted for degradation.

asitia
asitia (a-sish′e-a)

Disgust at the sight or thought of food. [G. a- priv. + sitos, food]

Askanazy
Askanazy

Max, German pathologist, 1865–1940. See A. cell.

Ask-Upmark
Ask-Upmark

Erik., 20th century Swedish pathologist. See Ask-Upmark kidney.

ASL
ASL

Abbreviation for American Sign Language.

Asn
Asn (Asx)

Symbol for asparagine or its mono- or diradical.

asocial
asocial (a-so′shul)

Not social; withdrawn from society; indifferent to social rules or customs; e.g., a recluse, a regressed schizophrenic person, a schizoid personality. Cf.:antisocial.

asoma
asoma, pl .asomata (a-so′ma, -so′ma-ta)

A fetus with only a rudimentary body. [G. a- priv. + soma, body]

Asp
Asp (Asx)

Symbol for aspartic acid or its radical forms.

aspalasoma
aspalasoma (as-pal-a-so′ma)

Obsolete term for a malformed fetus with eventration at the lower part of the abdomen, presenting separate openings for intestine, bladder, and sexual organs. [G. aspalax, a mole + soma, body]

asparaginase
asparaginase (as-par′a-ji-nas)

1. An enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of l-asparagine to l-aspartic acid and ammonia. 2. The enzyme from Escherichia coli, used in the treatment of acute leukemia and other neoplastic diseases.
Erwinia L-a. L-a. from Erwinia bacteria, used in patients who are allergic to Escherichia coli L-a.. SEE ALSO: a..

asparagine
asparagine (N, Asn) (as-par′a-jin)

NH₂COCH₂CH(NH₃⁺COO⁻;the β-amide of aspartic acid, the l-isomer is a nutritionally nonessential amino acid occurring in proteins; a diuretic.
a. ligase an acid:ammonia ligase (amide synthetase) forming l-a. and l-glutamate from l-aspartate and l-glutamine, with the concomitant cleavage of ATP to AMP and pyrophosphate. Under nonphysiological conditions, the mammalian enzyme can use ammonia as the nitrogen donor. A. ligase also displays a glutaminase-like activity. SYN: a. synthetase.
a. synthetase SYN: a. ligase.

asparaginyl
asparaginyl (as-par′a-jin-il)

The aminoacyl radical of asparagine.

Asparagus
Asparagus (as-par′a-gus)

A genus of plants of the family Liliaceae. A. officinalis is an edible vegetable, the rhizome and roots of which, together with the young edible shoots, were used as a diuretic. [L. fr. G. asparagos]

aspartame
aspartame (as′par-tam)

A low-calorie sweetening agent about 200 times as sweet as sucrose used by persons who must restrict sugar and caloric intake.

aspartase
aspartase (as-par′tas)

SYN: aspartate ammonia-lyase.

aspartate
aspartate (as-par′tat)

A salt or ester of aspartic acid.
a. aminotransferase (AST) an enzyme catalyzing the reversible transfer of an amine group from l-glutamic acid to oxaloacetic acid, forming α-ketoglutaric acid and l-aspartic acid; a diagnostic aid in viral hepatitis and in myocardial infarction. SYN: a. transaminase, glutamic-aspartic transaminase, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase.
a. ammonia-lyase a nonmammalian enzyme catalyzing the conversion of l-aspartic acid to fumaric acid, splitting out ammonia. SYN: aspartase, fumaric aminase.
a. carbamoyltransferase an enzyme catalyzing formation of ureidosuccinate (N-carbamoyl-l-a.) and orthophosphate by the transfer of a carbamoyl moiety from carbamoylphosphate to the amino group of l-a.; participates in pyrimidine biosynthesis.
a. kinase an enzyme catalyzing the phosphorylation by ATP of l-a. to form 4-phospho-l-a. (β-aspartyl phosphate) and ADP.
a. transaminase SYN: a. aminotransferase.

aspartate 1-decarboxylase
aspartate 1-decarboxylase

SYN: glutamate decarboxylase.

aspartate 4-decarboxylase
aspartate 4-decarboxylase

Aspartate β-decarboxylase;a carboxy-lyase converting l-aspartate to l-alanine (releasing CO₂); it decarboxylates aminomalonate and (in bacteria) removes SO₂ from cysteinesulfinate. SEE ALSO: desulfinase.

aspartic acid
aspartic acid (Asp) (as-par′tik)

HOOC&cbond;CH₂&cbond;CH(NH₂)&cbond;COOH;the l-isomer is one of the amino acids occurring naturally in proteins. The d-isomer is found in cell walls of many bacteria.

aspartyl
aspartyl (as-par′til)

The aminoacyl radical of aspartic acid.

aspartylglycosamine
aspartylglycosamine (as-par′til-gli′ko-sa-men)

Generic term for compounds of asparagine and a 2-amino sugar; e.g., β-aspartyl(acetylglucosamine).

aspartylglycosaminidase
aspartylglycosaminidase (as-par′til-gli′ko-sa-mi-ni-das)

A hydrolytic enzyme that cleaves off l-aspartate from aspartylglycosamines. A deficiency of a. can result in aspartylglycosaminuria.

aspartylglycosaminuria
aspartylglycosaminuria (as-par′til-gli′ko-sa-mi-noor′e-a) [MIM*208400]

A lysosomal disorder due to deficiency of aspartoglucosaminidase, resulting in accumulation of aspartlyglycosamine in the urine and spinal fluid; characterized by symptoms usually in the first few months of life, with recurrent infections and diarrhea; mental retardation, seizures, coarse facial features, and skeletal abnormalities are evident by adolescence. Autosomal recessive inheritance, caused by mutation in the aspartoglucosaminidase gene (AGA) on 4q.

aspect
aspect (as′pekt)

1. The manner of appearance; looks. 2. The side of an object that is directed in any designated direction. SYN: norma (1) . [L. aspectus, fr. a-spicio, pp. -spectus, to look at]
facial a. [TA] the outline of the skull viewed from in front. SYN: norma facialis [TA] , frontal a.&star, norma frontalis&star, norma anterior.
frontal a. facial a..
lateral a. [TA] the profile of the skull; the outline of the skull viewed from either side. SYN: norma lateralis [TA] , norma temporalis.
occipital a. [TA] the outline of the skull viewed from behind. SYN: norma occipitalis [TA] , norma posterior.
superior a. the outline of the surface of the skull viewed from above. SYN: norma superior [TA] , norma verticalis&star, vertical a.&star.
vertical a. superior a..

Asperger
Asperger

Hans, 20th century Austrian psychiatrist. See A. disorder.

aspergillic acid
aspergillic acid (as-per-jil′ik)

Produced by Aspergillus flavus; an antibiotic agent moderately active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but toxic to animal tissues.

aspergillin
aspergillin (as-per-jil′in)

A black pigment obtained from various species of Aspergillus; improperly used to designate various antibiotics obtained from Aspergillus.

aspergilloma
aspergilloma (as′per-ji-lo′ma)

A ball-like mass of Aspergillis hyphae colonizing an existing cavity in the lung. [aspergillus + -oma, tumor]

aspergillosis
aspergillosis (as′per-ji-lo′sis)

The presence of the fungus Aspergillus in the tissues or invading tissue (invasive a.) or colonizing air-containing body cavities. SEE ALSO: aspergilloma.
acute invasive a. an aggressive infection, particularly in severely immunocompromised people, which consists of invasion of blood vessels and tissue infarction by Aspergillus fumigatus. The disease often mimics the signs and symptoms of acute bacterial pneumonia.
allergic bronchopulmonary a. a disease in which the fungus grows in mucus (evoked by inflammation), which may be expectorated as yellow bronchial casts and cause intermittent bronchial obstruction, with transient infiltrates seen radiographically; asthma is often present, and bronchial wall destruction may eventually result in a proximal form of bronchiectasis.
chronic necrotizing a. an indolent but slowly progressive infection of the lungs in patients with underlying lung disease, caused by aspergillus. Most affected patients have a modest depression of the immune system, caused by diseases such as diabetes.
disseminated a. a variety of bronchopulmonary a., characterized by a generalized infection of the lung with Aspergillus occurring usually in subjects with defective immune response.

Aspergillus
Aspergillus (as-per-jil′us)

A genus of fungi (class Ascomycetes) that contains many species, a number of them with black, brown, or green spores. A few species are pathogenic for humans, avians, and other animals. There are about 300 species in this genus. [Med. L. a sprinkler, fr. L. aspergo, to sprinkle]
A. clavatus a fungal species isolated from soil and feces; it yields a carcinogenic mycotoxin known as patulin.
A. flavus a fungal species with yellow-green conidia that is found growing on grains; may produce aflatoxin, which is the cause of aflatoxicosis in poultry and cattle, and is carcinogenic for rats and possibly humans; causes invasive aspergillosis in humans and animals.
A. fumigatus a fungal species that yields the antibiotics fumigacin and fumigatin, and is the common cause of aspergillosis in humans and birds.
A. nidulans a species that causes one form of mycetoma, and occasionally causes aspergillosis in humans and other animals.
A. niger a species with black spores, often present in the external auditory meatus but rarely pathogenic; used in the commercial manufacturing of citric and gluconic acids.
A. terreus a species that produces the antibiotic citrinin; it has been isolated from otomycosis, especially in Japan and Taiwan, and occasionally causes aspergillosis in humans and animals.

aspermatogenic
aspermatogenic (a-sper′ma-to-jen′ik, a-sper′)

Failing in the production of spermatozoa. [G. a- priv. + sperma, seed, + -gen, production]

aspermia
aspermia (a-sper′me-a, a-sper′)

Lack of secretion or expulsion of semen following ejaculation.

aspersion
aspersion (as-per′zhun)

A form of hydrotherapy in which water of a given temperature is sprinkled on the body. [L. aspersio, a sprinkling]

aspheric
aspheric (a-sfer′ik)

Denoting a paraboloidal surface, especially of a lens or mirror, that eliminates spherical aberration. [G. a- priv. + sphaira, sphere]

asphygmia
asphygmia (as-fig′me-a)

Temporary absence of pulse. [G. a- priv. + sphygmos, pulse]

asphyxia
asphyxia (as-fik′se-a)

Impaired or absent exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide on a ventilatory basis; combined hypercapnia and hypoxia or anoxia. [G. a- priv. + sphyzo, to throb]
cyanotic a. a. to the point of sufficient destruction of hemoglobin to produce cyanosis.
local a. stagnation of the circulation, sometimes resulting in local gangrene, especially of the fingers; one of the symptoms usually associated with Raynaud disease.
symmetric a. SYN: Raynaud syndrome.
traumatic a. cyanotic a. due to trauma; the extravasation of blood into the skin and conjunctivae, produced by a sudden mechanical increase in venous pressure, analogous to the Rumpel-Leede test; it is common in those who have been hanged, and is seen occasionally in crush injuries. SYN: pressure stasis.

asphyxial
asphyxial (as-fik′se-al)

Relating to asphyxia.

asphyxiant
asphyxiant (as-fik′se-ant)

1. Producing asphyxia. SYN: asphyxiating. 2. Anything, especially a gas, that produces asphyxia.

asphyxiate
asphyxiate (as-fik′se-at)

To induce asphyxia.

asphyxiating
asphyxiating (as-fik′se-at-ing)

SYN: asphyxiant (1) .

asphyxiation
asphyxiation (as-fik-se-a′shun)

The production of, or the state of, asphyxia.

Aspiculuris tetraptera
Aspiculuris tetraptera (as-pik-u-loo′ris tet-rap′ter-a)

The mouse pinworm, an abundant oxyurid nematode of the mouse cecum or large intestine, along with another common oxyurid pinworm of mice, Syphacia obvelata; it is also found in other rodents, including Rattus. [Pers. espic, fr. L. spica, ear, spike; tetra- + pteron, feather, wing]

aspidin
aspidin (as-pid′in)

A toxic active principle, C₂₅H₃₂O₈, contained in aspidium.

aspidinol
aspidinol (as-pid′i-nol)

An alcohol, C₁₂H₁₆O₄, occurring in aspidium.

aspidium
aspidium (as-pid′e-um)

The rhizomes and stipes of Dryopteris filix-mus (European a. or male fern), or of Dryopteris marginalis (American a. or marginal fern, family Polypodiaceae); used in the treatment of tapeworm infestation, usually in the form of the oleoresin or extract, but because of its potential toxicity, its use is restricted to patients who do not respond to treatment with safer drugs such as dichlorophen, niclosamide, or quinacrine. [G. aspidion, a little shield, dim. of aspis, shield]

aspidosamine
aspidosamine (as′pi-do-sam′en)

A strong base, C₂₂H₂₈N₂O₂, derived from quebracho; a toxic irritant.

aspidospermine
aspidospermine (as′pi-do-sper′men)

An alkaloid, C₂₂H₃₀N₂O₂, obtained from quebracho, an irritant.

aspirate
aspirate

1. (as′pi-rat′)To remove by aspiration. 2. (as′pi-rat′)To inhale into the airways foreign particulate material, such as vomitus. 3. (as&prime pi-rit)Foreign body, food, gastric contents, or fluid, including saliva that is inhaled. [L. a-spiro, pp. -atus, to breathe on, give the H sound]

aspiration
aspiration (as-pi-ra′shun)

1. Removal, by suction, of a gas, fluid, or tissue from a body cavity or organ from unusual accumulations, or from a container. 2. The inspiratory sucking into the airways of fluid or any foreign material, especially gastric contents or food. 3. A surgical technique for cataract, requiring a small corneal incision, severance of the lens capsule, fragmentation of the lens material, and removal with a needle. [L. aspiratio, fr. aspiro, to breathe on]
meconium a. intrauterine a. by the fetus of amniotic fluid contaminated by meconium resulting from fetal hypoxic distress.

aspirator
aspirator (as′pi-ra-ter, -tor)

An apparatus for removing fluid, air, or tissue by aspiration from any of the body cavities; it consists usually of a hollow needle or trocar and cannula, connected by tubing with a container vacuumized by a syringe or reversed air (suction) pump.
vacuum a. an instrument for removing the products of conception by suction after cervical dilation.
water a. a jet ejector pump operated by water and commonly used as a laboratory suction pump.

aspirin
aspirin (as′pi-rin)

A widely used analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory agent; also used as an antiplatelet agent. SYN: acetylsalicylic acid.

asplenia
asplenia (a-sple′ne-a)

Congenital or acquired absence of the spleen ( e.g., after surgical removal).
functional a. absence of splenic function due to spontaneous infarction of the spleen, as occurs in sickle cell anemia.
a. with cardiovascular anomalies SYN: polysplenia.

asplenic
asplenic (a-splen′ik)

Having no spleen.

asporogenous
asporogenous (as-po-roj′e-nus)

Not producing spores. [G. a- priv. + sporos, seed, + -gen, production]

asporous
asporous (as-por′us)

Incapable of producing spores. [G. a- priv. + sporos, seed]

asporulate
asporulate (as-por′u-lat)

Nonsporeforming.

assay
assay (as′sa, a-sa′)

1. The quantitative or qualitative evaluation of a substance for impurities, toxicity, etc; the results of such an evaluation. 2. To examine; to subject to analysis. 3. Test of purity; trial. [M.E., fr. O.Fr. essaier, fr. L.L. exagium, a weighing]
Ames a. SYN: Ames test.
biologic a. SYN: biotest.
clonogenic a. in vitro culturing of neoplastic cells to test their radiosensitivity or chemosensitivity, and probable clinical efficacy of a therapeutic agent.
competitive binding a. general term for an a. in which a substance competes for labeled versus unlabeled ligand; following separation of free and bound ligand, the concentration of unlabeled ligand is inversely proportional to the amount of labeled bound ligand. Values are compared to known standards. SEE ALSO: enzyme-linked immunosorbent a., radioreceptor a., immunoassay, enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique, radioimmunoassay. SYN: displacement analysis, saturation analysis.
complement binding a. SYN: complement fixation.
double antibody sandwich a. for antigen; an application of the ELISA method in which material being tested for antigen is added to wells coated with known antibody; the presence of antigen fixed to the antibody coat can be determined either directly, by adding antibody linked to the enzyme of the indicator system, or indirectly, by first adding unlabeled known antibody, the attachment of which to the antigen can be demonstrated by addition of immunoglobulin-specific antibody linked to the enzyme.
EAC rosette a. (ro-zet′ as′sa) EAC rosette.
enzyme-linked immunosorbent a. (ELISA) an in vitro binding a. in which an enzyme and its substrate (rather than a radioactive substance) serve as the indicator system; in positive tests, the two yield a colored or other easily recognizable substance; tests are made in wells in polystyrene or other material to which immunoglobulins or antigenic preparations readily adsorb; the enzyme is linked to known immunoglobulin (or antigen) and in positive tests remains in the well as part of the antigen-antibody complex available to react with its substrate when added.
Grunstein-Hogness a. a procedure for identifying plasmid clones by colony hybridization.
hemizona a. (hem′e-zo-na) diagnostic test evaluating the binding capacity of sperm to the zona pellucida.
hemolytic plaque a. SYN: Jerne plaque a..
immunochemical a. SYN: immunoassay.
immunoradiometric a. an a. that differs from conventional radioimmunoassay in that the compound to be measured combines directly with radioactively labeled antibodies.
indirect a. for antibody; an application of the ELISA method in which serum being tested for antibody is added to wells coated with known antigen; presence of antibody bound to the antigen coat can be determined by addition of immunoglobulin-specific antibody to which is linked the enzyme of the indicator system, followed by addition of substrate to the washed aggregate.
Jerne plaque a. an a. that enumerates individual antibody-forming cells. SYN: hemolytic plaque a..
Lowry-Folin a. SYN: Lowry protein a..
Lowry protein a. a method for determining protein concentrations using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. SYN: Lowry-Folin a..
radioreceptor a. a competitive binding a. in which the binder is a membrane or tissue receptor rather than an antibody.
Raji cell radioimmune a. for immune complexes; a procedure by which immune complexes adsorbed from a test serum by a standard preparation of lymphoblastoid (Raji) cells are assayed by the capacity to bind ¹²⁵I-labeled antibody to immunoglobulin.

assessment assessment

Appraisal.
health risk a. (h.r.a.) method of describing an individual's chance of falling ill or dying of a specified condition, based on actuarial calculations that compare chance of acquiring condition with that of general population expressed as expected age at which death or disease will occur, and intended as a way of drawing an individual's attention to the probable health consequences of risk behavior.

Assézat
Assézat

Jules, French anthropologist, 1832–1876. See A. triangle.

assimilable
assimilable (a-sim′i-la-bl)

Capable of undergoing assimilation. See assimilation.

assimilation
assimilation (a-sim-i-la′shun)

1. Incorporation of digested materials from food into the tissues. 2. Amalgamation and modification of newly perceived information and experiences into the existing cognitive structure. [L. as-similo, pp. -atus, to make alike]
ammonia a. the utilization of ammonia (or ammonium ions) in the net synthesis of nitrogen-containing molecules, e.g., glutamine synthetase. SYN: ammonia fixation.
reproductive a. in sensorimotor theory, an active cognitive process by which past experience is applied to novel situations.

Assmann
Assmann

Herbert, German internist, 1882–1950. See A. tuberculous infiltrate.

associate
associate

1. (a-so′shi-at)Any item or individual grouped with others by some common factor. 2. (a-so′she-at)To accomplish association.
paired associates words, syllables, digits, or other items learned in pairs, so that when one is given, its a. is to be recalled.

association
association (a-so-se-a′shun)

1. A connection of persons, things, or ideas by some common factor. 2. A functional connection of two ideas, events, or psychologic phenomena established through learning or experience. SEE ALSO: conditioning. 3. Statistical dependence between two or more events, characteristics, or other variables. 4. In medical genetics, a grouping of congenital anomalies found together more frequently than otherwise expected; the use of this term implies that the cause is unknown. [L. as-socio, pp. -sociatus, to join to; ad + socius, companion]
CHARGE a. a particular grouping of congenital anomalies found together more frequently than otherwise expected. Affected patients have coloboma of the eye, heart defects (typically tetralogy of Fallot, patent ductus arteriosus, or ventricular or atrial septal defect), atresia of the choanae, renal anomalies and retardation of growth and/or development, genital anomalies in males such as small penis or cryptorchidism, and ear abnormalities or deafness. SYN: CHARGE syndrome.
clang a. psychic associations resulting from sounds; often encountered in the manic phase of manic-depressive psychosis.
dream associations the memories and emotions mentioned by a patient trying to understand a dream at the request of a psychoanalyst.
free a. an investigative psychoanalytic technique in which the patient verbalizes, without reservation or censor, the passing contents of his or her mind; the verbalized conflicts that emerge constitute resistances that are the basis of the psychoanalyst's interpretations.
genetic a. the occurrence together in a population, more often than can be readily explained by chance, of two or more traits of which at least one is known to be genetic.
independent practice a. (IPA) an a. of independent physicians or small groups of physicians formed for the purpose of contracting with one or more managed health care organizations. Member physicians provide medical services for HMO patients in their own offices and are allowed to maintain private practices. SEE ALSO: managed care, health maintenance organization.
loose associations a manifestation of a thought disorder whereby the patient's responses do not relate to the interviewer's questions or one paragraph, sentence, or phrase is not logically connected to those that occur before or after.

associationism
associationism (a-so-se-a′shun-izm)

In psychology, the theory that man's understanding of the world occurs through ideas associated with sensory experience rather than through innate ideas.

assortment
assortment (a-sort′ment)

In genetics, the relationship between nonallelic genetic traits that are transmitted from parent to child more or less independently in accordance with the degree of linkage between the respective loci.
independent a. the pattern of transmission of unlinked loci.

assumption
assumption

Belief posited at the outset of an argument as a basis for deduction and inference. Commonly confused with a hypothesis, a conclusion at the end of the argument or an inference based on empirical data.

AST
AST

Abbreviation for aspartate aminotransferase.

astasia
astasia (a-sta′ze-a)

Inability, through muscular incoordination, to stand. [G. unsteadiness, from a-priv. + stasis, standing]

astasia-abasia
astasia-abasia (a-sta′ze-a-a-ba′ze-a)

The inability to either stand or walk in a normal manner; the gait is bizarre and is not suggestive of a specific organic lesion; often the patient sways wildly and nearly falls, but recovers at the last moment; a symptom of hysteria-conversion reaction. SYN: Blocq disease.

astatic
astatic (a-stat′ik)

Pertaining to astasia.

astatine
astatine (At) (as′ta-ten)

An artificial radioactive element of the halogen series; atomic no. 85, atomic wt. 211. [G. astatos, unstable]

asteatosis
asteatosis (a-ste-a-to′sis)

Diminished or arrested secretion of the sebaceous glands. [G. a- priv. + stear (steat-), fat]
a. cutis dry, scaly integument with decrease in sebaceous secretion.

astemizole
astemizole

An H-1 type histamine-blocking drug with low sedating tendency.

aster
aster (as′ter)

SYN: astrosphere. [Mod. L. fr. G. a., a star]
sperm a. sperm-a..

astereognosis
astereognosis (a-ster-og-no′sis)

SYN: tactile agnosia. [G. a- priv. + stereos, solid + gnosis, knowledge]

asterion
asterion (as-te′re-on) [TA]

A craniometric point in the region of the posterolateral, or mastoid, fontanel, at the junction of the lambdoid, occipitomastoid and parietomastoid sutures. [G. asterios, starry]

asteriosaponins
asteriosaponins (a-ster′e-o-sap′o-ninz)

SYN: asteriotoxins.

asteriotoxins
asteriotoxins (a-ster′e-o-tok′sinz)

Toxic steroids produced by starfish (Asteroidea). SYN: asteriosaponins.

asterixis
asterixis (as-ter-ik′sis)

Involuntary jerking movements, especially in the hands, best elicited by having the patient extend the arms, dorsiflex the wrists, and spread the fingers; due to arrhythmic lapses of sustained posture; seen primarily with various metabolic and toxic encephalopathies, especially hepatic encephalopathy. SYN: flapping tremor. [G. a- priv. + sterixis, fixed position]

asternal
asternal (a-ster′nal)

1. Not related to or connected with the sternum, e.g., a. rib. 2. Without a sternum. [G. a- priv. + sternon, chest]

asternia
asternia (a-ster′ne-a)

Congenital absence of the sternum.

Asterococcus
Asterococcus

SYN: Mycoplasma. [Mod. L. fr. G. aster, a star, + kokkos, a berry]

asteroid
asteroid (as′te-royd)

Resembling a star. [G. aster, star, + eidos, resemblance]

asthenia
asthenia (as-the′ne-a)

Weakness or debility. SYN: adynamia (1) . [G. astheneia, weakness, fr. a- priv. + sthenos, strength]
neurocirculatory a. an obsolete term for a type of anxiety neurosis formerly encountered often among military personnel during times of war, in which cardiorespiratory symptoms, such as palpitation, rapid pulse, and precordial pain, were prominent.

asthenic
asthenic (as-then′ik)

1. Relating to asthenia. 2. Denoting a thin, delicate body habitus.

asthenopia
asthenopia (as-the-no′pe-a)

Subjective symptoms of ocular fatigue, discomfort, lacrimation, and headaches arising from use of the eyes. SYN: eyestrain. [G. astheneia, weakness, + ops, eye]
accommodative a. a. due to errors of refraction and excessive contraction of the ciliary muscle.
muscular a. a. due to imbalance of the extrinsic ocular muscles.
nervous a. a. due to functional or organic nervous disease.

asthenopic
asthenopic (as-the-nop′ik)

Relating to or suffering from asthenopia.

asthenospermia
asthenospermia (as-the-no-sper′me-a)

SYN: asthenozoospermia. [G. astheneia, weakness, + sperma, seed, semen]

asthenozoospermia
asthenozoospermia (as′the-no-zo-o-sperm′e-a)

Loss or reduction of mobility of the spermatozoa, frequently associated with infertility. SYN: asthenospermia. [G. astheneia, weakness + zoos, living, + sperma, seed, semen, + -ia]

asthma
asthma (az′ma)

An inflammatory disease of the lungs characterized by reversible (in most cases) airway obstruction. Originally, a term used to mean “difficult breathing”; now used to denote bronchial a.. SYN: reactive airway disease. [G.]
atopic a. bronchial a. due to atopy.
bronchial a. an acute or chronic disorder characterized by widespread and largely reversible reduction in the caliber of bronchi and bronchioles, due in varying degrees to smooth muscle spasm, mucosal edema, and excessive mucus in the lumens of airways; cardinal symptoms are dyspnea, wheezing, and cough; attacks or exacerbations may be induced by airborne allergens ( e.g., molds, pollens, animal dander, dust mite and cockroach antigens), inhaled irritants ( e.g., cold air, cigarette smoke, ozone), physical exercise, respiratory infection, psychological stress, or other factors; the signs and symptoms of bronchial a. are caused by the local release of spasmogens and inflammatory mediators (histamines, leukotrienes, prostaglandins) and other substances from mast cells, eosinophils, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and epithelial cells; airway caliber may be abruptly and drastically reduced during a paroxysm or after diagnostic challenge with methacholine or histamine, and may quickly return to normal after administration of a bronchodilator (inhaled β-adrenergic agonist or subcutaneous epinephrine).A. is a common disease, with an incidence of about 5% in the U.S., and a leading cause of disease and disability in persons between 2 and 17 years of age. It is responsible for 14.5 million outpatient visits and 5000 deaths yearly in this country. From 1980 to 1994 the prevalence of a. increased 75%; the greatest increase (160%) occurred in children under age 5. A. first occurring in childhood is more likely to be allergic in origin and to show seasonal variation. Chronic sinusitis and gastroesophageal reflux disease are statistically correlated with a.. A subset of people with allergic a. also have nasal polyps and sensitivity to aspirin and most other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Occupational exposure to airborne irritants or allergens is increasingly recognized as a cause of chronic a. in adults. Current views of the pathophysiology of a. emphasize its inflammatory component and the risk of gradual, irreversible airway remodeling due to subepithelial fibrosis in poorly controlled a.. Current recommendations for treatment of chronic or severe a. call for use of antiinflammatory drugs (particularly inhaled corticosteroids). Other treatments include β₂-adrenergic bronchodilators (albuterol, terbutaline, salmeterol), xanthines (theophylline, oxtriphylline, dyphylline), mast cell stabilizers (cromolyn, nedocromil), and antileukotrienes (montelukast, zafirlukast, zileuton). Self-monitoring of peak respiratory flow rate with a simple portable device helps patients adjust drug doses for optimum effect. Avoidance of allergens, irritants, and other known triggers is essential to good control.
bronchitic a. a. precipitated by bronchitis. SYN: catarrhal a..
cardiac a. an asthmatic attack, the bronchoconstriction being secondary to the pulmonary congestion and edema of left ventricular failure.
catarrhal a. SYN: bronchitic a..
cotton-dust a. SYN: byssinosis.
dust a. a. aggravated by inhalation of dust, especially seen as occupational disease resulting from cotton dust.
extrinsic a. bronchial a. resulting from an allergic reaction to foreign substances, such as inhaled particles, vapors, or gases, or ingested foods, beverages, or drugs.
food a. a. caused by allergic reaction to a dietary item.
hay a. an asthmatic stage of hay fever.
intrinsic a. bronchial a. in which no extrinsic causes can be identified, and which is assumed to be due to an endogenous process, possibly allergic.
miller a. a. caused by flour or grain allergens.
miner's a. the dyspnea of anthracosis or other pneumoconioses in miners.
nervous a. a. precipitated by psychic stress.
reflex a. a. occurring as a reflex in disease of the viscera, the nose, or other parts.
spasmodic a. a. due to spasm of the bronchioles.
steam-fitter's a. a. associated with asbestosis acquired by exposure to asbestos-insulated heating and plumbing components.
stripper's a. a. associated with byssinosis.
summer a. a. associated with hay fever or allergy to summer vegetation.
triad a. syndrome comprising nasal polyps, a., and intolerance to aspirin.

asthmatic
asthmatic (az-mat′ik)

Relating to or suffering from asthma.

asthma-weed
asthma-weed

1. SYN: lobelia. 2. SYN: Euphorbia pilulifera.

asthmogenic
asthmogenic (az′mo-jen′ik)

Causing asthma.

astigmatic
astigmatic (as′tig-mat′ik)

Relating to or suffering from astigmatism.

astigmatism
astigmatism (a-stig′ma-tizm)

1. A lens or optical system having different refractivity in different meridians. 2. A condition of unequal curvatures along the different meridians in one or more of the refractive surfaces (cornea, anterior or posterior surface of the lens) of the eye, in consequence of which the rays from a luminous point are not focused at a single point on the retina. SYN: astigmia. [G. a- priv. + stigma ( stigmat-), a point]
a. against the rule a. when the greater curvature or refractive power is in the horizontal meridian.
compound hyperopic a. a. in which all meridians are hyperopic but to different degrees.
compound myopic a. a. in which all meridians are myopic but to different degrees.
corneal a. a. due to a defect in the curvature of the corneal surface.
hyperopic a. that form of a. in which one meridian is hyperopic and the one at a right angle to it is without a refractive error. SYN: simple hyperopic a..
irregular a. a. in which different parts of the same meridian have different degrees of curvature.
lenticular a. a. due to defect in the curvature, position, or index of refraction of the lens.
mixed a. a. in which one meridian is hyperopic while the one at right angle to it is myopic.
myopic a. that form of a. in which one meridian is myopic and the one at right angle to it is without refractive error. SYN: simple myopic a..
a. of oblique pencils an aberration occurring when a bundle of light rays strikes a refracting medium in some other direction than parallel to the axis of the lens.
regular a. a. in which the curvature in each meridian is equal throughout its course, and the meridians of greatest and least curvature are at right angles to each other.
simple hyperopic a. SYN: hyperopic a..
simple myopic a. SYN: myopic a..
a. with the rule a. when the greater curvature or refractive power is in the vertical meridian.

astigmatometry
astigmatometry, astigmometry (a-stig-ma-tom′e-tre, as-tig-mom′e-tre)

Determination of the form and measurement of the degree of astigmatism.

astigmia
astigmia (a-stig′me-a)

SYN: astigmatism.

astomatous
astomatous (a-sto′ma-tus)

Without a mouth. SYN: astomous.

astomia
astomia (a-sto′me-a)

Congenital absence of a mouth. [G. a- priv. + stoma, mouth]

astomous
astomous (a-sto′mus)

SYN: astomatous.

astragalar
astragalar (as-trag′a-lar)

Relating to the astragalus or talus.

astragalectomy
astragalectomy (as-trag-a-lek′to-me)

Removal of the astragalus, or talus. [astragalus, + G. ektome, excision]

astragalocalcanean
astragalocalcanean (as-trag′a-lo-kal-ka′ne-an)

Relating to both the talus (astragalus) and the calcaneus (os calcis).

astragalofibular
astragalofibular (as-trag′a-lo-fib′u-lar)

Relating to both the talus (astragalus) and the fibula.

astragaloscaphoid
astragaloscaphoid (as-trag′a-lo-scaf′oyd)

SYN: talonavicular.

astragalotibial
astragalotibial (as-trag′a-lo-tib′e-al)

Relating to both the talus (astragalus) and the tibia.

Astragalus
Astragalus (as-trag′a-lus)

A genus of plants (family Leguminosae), notably A. mollissimus (locoweed) on the range lands of western North America, capable of taking selenium from the soil and causing poisoning in sheep, cattle, and horses. A. gummifer is a source of tragacanth.

astral
astral (as′tral)

Relating to an astrosphere.

astrapophobia
astrapophobia (as′tra-po-fo′be-a)

Morbid fear of lightning. [G. astrape, lightning, + phobos, fear]

astriction
astriction (as-trik′shun)

1. Astringent action. 2. Compression to arrest hemorrhage.

astringent
astringent (as-trin′jent)

1. Causing contraction or shrinkage of the tissues, arrest of secretion, or control of bleeding. 2. An agent having these effects. [L. astringens]

astroblast
astroblast (as′tro-blast)

A primitive cell developing into an astrocyte. [G. astron, star, + blastos, germ]

astroblastoma
astroblastoma (as′tro-blas-to′ma)

A relatively poorly differentiated glioma composed of young, immature, neoplastic cells of the astrocytic series, frequently arranged radially with short fibrils terminating on small blood vessels. [astro- + G. blastos, germ, + -oma, tumor]

astrocele
astrocele (as′tro-sel)

SYN: centrosphere. [G. astron, star, + koilia, hollow]

astrocyte
astrocyte (as′tro-sit)

One of the large neuroglia cells of nervous tissue. SEE ALSO: neuroglia. SYN: astroglia cell, astroglia, Cajal cell (2) , Deiters cells (2) , macroglia cell, macroglia, spider cell (1) . [G. astron, star, + kytos, hollow (cell)]
Alzheimer type I a. enlarged frequently multinucleated astrocytes, seen in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.
Alzheimer type II a. enlarged astrocytes with vesicular nuclei and one or more small basophilic nucleoli, seen in hepatocerebral disease and Wilson disease.
fibrillary a., fibrous a. stellate astrocytic cell with long processes found mainly in the white matter of the brain and spinal cord and characterized by having bundles of glial filaments in its cytoplasm; origin of most astrocytomas.
gemistocytic a. a round to oval a. cell with abundant cytoplasm containing glial filaments and an eccentric nucleus; may contain two nuclei in the cell; hypertrophy of astrocytes. SYN: gemistocyte, gemistocytic cell, reactive a., reactive cell.
protoplasmic a. one form of a., found mainly in gray matter, having few fibrils and numerous branching processes.
reactive a. SYN: gemistocytic a..

astrocytoma
astrocytoma (as′tro-si-to′ma)

A glioma derived from astrocytes. [G. astron, star, + kytos, cell, + -oma, tumor]
anaplastic a. intermediate grade a. characterized by increased cellularity, nuclear pleomorphism, mitoses, and variable vascular endothelial proliferation.
cerebellar a. a variant of a. located in the cerebellum occurring mostly in children, consists of two architectural patterns on microscopy including a loose reticular pattern and a more compact often spindled cell pattern. SYN: juvenile cerebellar a..
desmoplastic cerebral a. a rare variant of a. most frequently occurring in infancy, the tumor has a spindled cell appearance.
fibrillary a. a. derived from fibrillary astrocytes.
gemistocytic a. an a. composed primarily of gemistocytic-type astrocytes. SYN: gemistocytoma.
grade I a. solid or cystic a. of low grade; World Health Organization (WHO) designation including pilocytic a. and other low-grade a. variants.
grade II a. a. of low grade; World Health Organization (WHO) designation including well-differentiated fibrillary a..
grade III a. a. of intermediate grade; World Health Organization (WHO) designation. SEE ALSO: anaplastic a..
grade IV a. a. of high grade; World Health Organization (WHO) designation. SEE ALSO: glioblastoma multiforme.
juvenile cerebellar a. SYN: cerebellar a..
low grade a. a. characterized by an increased cellularity of uneven distribution and mild nuclear pleomorphism.
pilocytic a. a slowly growing a. composed histologically of elongated astrocytes; often located in the optic chiasm region of the third ventricle, hypothalamus, or cerebellum, predominantly in younger individuals. SYN: piloid a..
piloid a. SYN: pilocytic a..
protoplasmic a. a neoplasm composed primarily of protoplasmic-type astrocytes.
subependymal giant cell a. a rare a., frequently located in the wall of the lateral ventricle, comprised of large glial cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and intermixed elongated astrocytes, associated with tuberous sclerosis.

astrocytosis
astrocytosis (as′tro-si-to′sis)

An increase in the number of astrocytes, frequently observed in an irregular, poorly or moderately well-defined zone adjacent to degenerative lesions ( e.g., encephalomalacia), focal inflammations ( e.g., abscesses), or certain neoplasms in the brain; in some instances, a. may be diffuse in a relatively large region; a. represents a reparative mechanism.
a. cerebri SYN: gliomatosis cerebri.

astroependymoma
astroependymoma (as′tro-e-pen′di-mo′ma)

A glial neoplasm composed of a mixed population of astrocytic and ependymal cells.

astroglia
astroglia (as-trog′le-a)

SYN: astrocyte. [G. astron, star, + neuroglia]

astroid
astroid (as′troyd)

Star-shaped. [G. astroeides, fr. astron, star, + eidos, resemblance]

astrokinetic
astrokinetic (as′tro-ki-net′ik)

Relating to movement of the centrosome and astrosphere of a dividing cell. [G. astron, star, + kinesis, movement]

astrosphere
astrosphere (as′tro-sfer)

A set of radiating microtubules extending outward from the cytocentrum and centrosphere of a dividing cell. SYN: aster, attraction sphere, Lavdovsky nucleoid, paranuclear body. [G. astron, star, + sphaira, ball]

Astrovirus
Astrovirus (as-′ro-vi′rus)

A small RNA virus and the only genus in the family Astroviridae; it is associated with diarrhea and is detected in the feces of numerous animals.

Astrup
Astrup

Poul, Danish clinical chemist, *1915. See micro-A. method.

Astwood
Astwood

Edwin B., U.S. endocrinologist, 1909–1976. See A. test.

asverin
asverin (as′ver-in)

An antitussive.

Asx
Asx

Symbol meaning Asp or Asn.

asyllabia
asyllabia (a-si-la′be-a)

Form of alexia in which one recognizes individual letters, but cannot comprehend them when arranged collectively in syllables or words. [G. a- priv. + syllable, syllable]

asylum
asylum (a-si′lum)

Old term for an institution for the housing and care of those who by reason of age or mental or bodily infirmities are unable to care for themselves. [L. fr. G. asylon, a sanctuary, fr. a- priv. + syle, right of seizure]

asymbolia
asymbolia (a-sim-bo′le-a)

A form of aphasia in which the significance of signs and symbols is not appreciated. SYN: sight blindness. [G. a- priv. + symbolon, an outward sign]

asymmetric
asymmetric (a) (a-sim-et′rik)

Not symmetric; denoting a lack of symmetry between two or more like parts.

asymmetry
asymmetry (a-sim′e-tre)

1. Lack of symmetry; disproportion between two normally alike parts. 2. Significant difference in amplitude or frequency of EEG activity recorded simultaneously from the two sides of the brain under identical conditions. SYN: dissymmetry.

asymptomatic
asymptomatic (a′simp-to-mat′ik)

Without symptoms, or producing no symptoms.

asymptotic
asymptotic (a′simp-tot′ik)

Pertaining to a limiting value, for example of a dependent variable, when the independent variable approaches zero or infinity.

asynclitism
asynclitism (a-sin′kli-tizm)

Absence of synclitism or parallelism; may be used, e.g., to refer to the axis of the presenting part of the child and the pelvic planes in childbirth, to the dental arches, or to the planes of the skull. SYN: obliquity. [G. a- priv. + syn-klino, to incline together]
anterior a. SYN: Nägele obliquity.
posterior a. SYN: Litzmann obliquity.
a. of the skull SYN: plagiocephaly.

asynechia
asynechia (a-si-nek′e-a)

Discontinuity of structure. [G. a- priv. + synecheia, continuity]

asynergia
asynergia (a-sin-er′je-a)

SYN: asynergy. [G. a- priv. + syn, with, + ergon, work]

asynergic
asynergic (a′sin-er′jik)

Characterized by asynergy.

asynergy
asynergy (a-sin′er-je)

Lack of coordination among various muscle groups during the performance of complex movements, resulting in loss of skill and speed. When severe, results in decomposition of movement, wherein complex motor acts are performed in a series of isolated movements; caused by cerebellar disorders. SYN: asynergia.

asynesia
asynesia, asynesis (a-si-ne′ze-a, -ne′sis)

Lack of easy comprehension and practical intelligence. [G. a- priv. + synesis, union, understanding]

asystematic
asystematic (a′sis-te-mat′ik)

Not systematic; not relating to one system or set of organs.

asystole
asystole (a-sis′to-le)

Absence of contractions of the heart. SYN: asystolia, cardiac standstill. [G. a- priv, + systole, a contracting]

asystolia
asystolia (a-sis-to′le-a)

SYN: asystole.

asystolic
asystolic (a-sis-tol′ik)

1. Relating to asystole. 2. Not systolic.

AT
AT

Abbreviation for the adenine-thymine hydrogen-bonded base pair observed in double-stranded polynucleotides.

At
At

Symbol for astatine.

ata
ata

Abbreviation for atmosphere absolute.

atabrine hydrochloride
atabrine hydrochloride (a′te-brin)

SYN: quinacrine hydrochloride.

atactilia
atactilia (a-tak-til′e-a)

Loss of the sense of touch. [G. a- priv. + L. tactilis, relating to touch, fr. tango, pp. tactus, to touch]

ataractic
ataractic (at-a-rak′tik)

1. Having a calming or tranquilizing effect. 2. A tranquilizer. SYN: ataraxic. [G. ataraktos, calm]

ataraxia
ataraxia (at-a-rak′se-a)

Calmness and peace of mind; tranquility. [G. a- priv. + taraktos, disturbed, + -ia]

ataraxic
ataraxic (at-a-rak′sik)

SYN: ataractic.

atavism
atavism (at′a-vizm)

The appearance in an individual of characteristics presumed to have been present in some remote ancestor; reversion to an earlier biologic type, a throwback. [L. atavus, a remote ancestor]

atavistic
atavistic (at-a-vis′tik)

Relating to atavism.

ataxia
ataxia (a-tak′se-a)

An inability to coordinate muscle activity during voluntary movement; most often due to disorders of the cerebellum or the posterior columns of the spinal cord; may involve the limbs, head, or trunk. SYN: ataxy, incoordination. [G. a-prov. + taxis, order]
acute a. generalized a. of abrupt onset, most often caused by drug intoxications, poisonings, or vestibular neuronitis.
Briquet a. weakening of the muscle sense and increased sensibility of the skin, in hysteria. SYN: hysterical a..
Bruns a. difficulty in initiation of movement of the feet when they are in contact with the ground; a condition related to a frontal lobe lesion.
cerebellar a. loss of muscle coordination caused by disorders of the cerebellum.
chronic a. persistent a., most often caused by hereditary cerebellar or metabolic disorders.
a. cordis SYN: atrial fibrillation.
Friedreich a. [MIM*229300] a neurologic disorder characterized by a., dysarthria, scoliosis, high-arched foot or pes cavus and paralysis of the muscles, especially of the lower extremities; onset usually in childhood or youth with sclerosis of the posterior and lateral columns of the spinal cord; autosomal recessive inheritance, caused by mutation involving trinucleotide repeat expansion in Friedreich a. gene (FRDA) on chromosome 9q. SYN: hereditary spinal a., heredotaxia.
gluten a. a. resultant from immunologic damage to cerebellulm, posterior spinal columns, and periperal nerves in gluten-senstive individuals
hereditary cerebellar a. 1. a disease of later childhood and early adult life, marked by ataxic gait, hesitating and explosive speech, nystagmus, and sometimes optic neuritis. It probably comprises several distinct conditions with diverse patterns of inheritance. 2. collective term for a number of hereditary disorders in which cerebellar signs are the most prominent finding.
hereditary spinal a. [MIM*229300] SYN: Friedreich a..
hysterical a. SYN: Briquet a..
kinetic a. SYN: motor a..
Leyden a. SYN: pseudotabes.
locomotor a. the severe gait a. seen with tabetic neurosyphylis. Patients walk with the feet wide apart, slapping them clumsily to the floor with each step, and depend on visual cues to maintain balance. SEE ALSO: tabetic neurosyphilis.
Marie a. obsolete term for a variety of non-Friedreich hereditary ataxias.
motor a. a. developing upon attempting to perform coordinated muscular movements. SYN: kinetic a..
optic a. an inability to guide the hand toward an object using visual information; seen in Balint syndrome.
respiratory a. SYN: Biot respiration.
sensory a. an a. due to impairment of position sense caused by lesions located at some point along the central or peripheral sensory pathways.
spinal a. a. due to spinal cord disease, as in tabes dorsalis.
spinocerebellar a. the most common hereditary a., with onset in middle to late childhood, manifested as limb a., nystagmus, kyphoscoliosis, and pes cavus; the major pathologic changes are found in the posterior columns of the spinal cord; most often autosomal recessive inheritance.
static a. inability to preserve equilibrium while standing, due to loss of myesthesia; present during the resting state.
a. telangiectasia, a.-telangiectasia a slowly progressive multisystem disorder with the following manifestations: a. appearing with the onset of walking; telangiectases of the conjunctiva and skin of the face, neck, and ears; athetosis and nystagmus; and recurrent infections of the respiratory system caused by immunoglobulin deficiencies. Due to an autosomal recessive trait, with major pathologic changes involving the cerebellar cortex, posterior columns, spinocerebellar tracks, anterior horn cells, dorsal roots, and peripheral nerves. A high percentage of the patients have an IgA deficiency concomitant with decreased T-helper cell function. There are numerous chromosome breaks and α-fetoprotein levels in the sera are usually elevated; caused by several mutations in PI3′kinase gene. SYN: a. telangiectasia syndrome, Louis-Bar syndrome.
vasomotor a. a form of autonomic a. causing irregularity in the peripheral circulation, marked by alternations of pallor and suffusion, due to spasm of the smaller blood vessels.
vestibulocerebellar a. a. due to disease of the central vestibular system or its cerebellar components, manifested clinically by an unsteady gait, nystagmus, and incoordination of arm and leg movements.

ataxiadynamia
ataxiadynamia (a-tak′se-a-di-nam′e-a)

Muscular weakness combined with incoordination.

ataxiagram
ataxiagram (a-tak′se-a-gram)

The recording made by an ataxiagraph.

ataxiagraph
ataxiagraph (a-tak′se-a-graf)

An instrument for measuring the degree and direction of the swaying of the body and head in static ataxia, with the individual's eyes closed. SYN: ataxiameter.

ataxiameter
ataxiameter (a-tak′se-a-me′ter)

SYN: ataxiagraph.

ataxiaphasia
ataxiaphasia (a-tak′se-a-fa′ze-a)

Inability to form connected sentences, although single words may perhaps be used intelligibly. [G. a- priv. + taxis, order, + phasis, an affirmation, speech]

ataxia-telangiectasia
ataxia-telangiectasia

See ataxia telangiectasia.

ataxic
ataxic (a-tak′sik)

Relating to, marked by, or suffering from ataxia.

ataxiophobia
ataxiophobia (a-tak′se-o-fo′be-a)

Morbid dread of disorder or untidiness. [G. a- priv. + taxis, order, + phobos, fear]

ataxy
ataxy (a-tak′se)

SYN: ataxia.

-ate -ate

Termination used as a replacement for “-ic acid” when the acid is neutralized ( e.g., sodium acetate) or esterified ( e.g., ethyl acetate).

atelectasis
atelectasis (at-e-lek′ta-sis)

Decreased or absent air in the entire or part of a lung, with resulting loss of lung volume. Loss of lung volume itself. SEE ALSO: pulmonary collapse. [G. ateles, incomplete, + ektasis, extension]
adhesive a. alveolar collapse in the presence of patent airways, especially when surfactant is inactivated or absent, especially in respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn, acute radiation pneumonitis, or viral pneumonia. SYN: microatelectasis, nonobstructive a..
cicatrization a. 1. the decrease in air per unit lung volume due to fibrosis, causing decreased lung compliance, and increased tissue. 2. a. due to scarring or pulmonary fibrosis.
a. of the middle ear reduction in the volume of the middle ear because of eustachian tube obstruction followed by absorption of the oxygen in the middle ear and subsequent retraction of the tympanic membrane medially.
nonobstructive a. SYN: adhesive a..
passive a. the pulmonary collapse that occurs due to a space-occupying intrathoracic process such as pneumothorax or hydrothorax. SYN: relaxation a..
patchy a. decreased aeration and collapse of multiple small areas of lung.
platelike a. SYN: subsegmental a..
primary a. nonexpansion of the lungs after birth, found in all stillborn infants and in liveborn infants who die before respiration is established.
relaxation a. SYN: passive a..
resorption a. the slow partial collapse of a lobe that occurs when communication between alveoli and trachea is obstructed.
rounded a. an area of atelectatic lung caused by parenchymal infolding due to pleural fibrosis, most often from asbestos exposure; appears as a masslike opacity and can be mistaken for lung cancer; may be associated with a comet tail sign; high level of contrast enhancement on dynamic computed tomography aids diagnosis. SYN: folded-lung syndrome.
secondary a. pulmonary collapse at any age, but particularly of infants, due to hyaline membrane disease or elastic recoil of the lungs while dying from other causes.
segmental a. partial collapse of one or more individual pulmonary segments.
subsegmental a. collapse of the portion of the lung distal to an obstructed subsegmental bronchus, manifested as a linear opacity on a chest radiograph. See Fleischner lines, under line. SYN: platelike a..

atelectatic
atelectatic (at-e-lek-tat′ik)

Relating to atelectasis.

atelia
atelia (a-te′le-a)

SYN: ateliosis.

ateliosis
ateliosis (a-te′le-o′sis)

Incomplete development of the body or any of its parts, as in infantilism and dwarfism. SYN: atelia. [G. ateles, incomplete, + -osis, condition]

ateliotic
ateliotic (a-te-le-ot′ik)

Marked by ateliosis.

atelopidtoxin
atelopidtoxin (a-tel-op′id-tok′sin)

A potent poison from the skin of the golden arrow frog (Atelopus zeteki) of Central and South America.

atenolol
atenolol (a-ten′o-lol)

A relatively cardioselective β-adrenergic blocking agent used primarily in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension; it possesses lower lipid solubility than other members of this class and hence apparently less central nervous system side effects.

athelia
athelia (a-the-le-a)

Congenital absence of the nipples. [G. a- priv. + thele, nipple]

atherectomy
atherectomy (ath-e-rek′to-me)

Any removal by surgery or specialized catheterization of an atheroma in the coronary or any other artery.
coronary a. instrumental removal, via catheter, of atheromas in coronary arteries.
directional a. removal of coronary atherometer with instrumented catheter.

athermancy
athermancy (a-ther′man-se)

Impermeability to heat. [G. athermantos, not heated, fr. a- priv. + thermaino, to heat, fr. therme, heat]

athermanous
athermanous (a-ther′ma-nus)

Absorbing radiant heat; not permeable to heat rays.

athermosystaltic
athermosystaltic (a-ther′mo-sis-tal′tik)

Not contracted or constricted by ordinary variations of temperature; said of certain tissues. [G. a- priv. + thermos, hot, + systaltikos, constringent]

athero- athero-

Gruel-like, soft, pasty materials; atheroma, atheromatous. [G. athere, gruel, porridge]

atheroembolism
atheroembolism (ath′er-o-em′bo-lizm)

Cholesterol embolism, with or without calcific matter, originating from an atheroma of the aorta or other diseased artery.

atherogenesis
atherogenesis (ath′er-o-jen′e-sis)

Formation of atheroma, important in the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis.

atherogenic
atherogenic (ath-er-o-jen′ik)

Having the capacity to initiate, increase, or accelerate the process of atherogenesis.

atheroma
atheroma (ath-er-o′ma)

The lipid deposits in the intima of arteries, producing a yellow swelling on the endothelial surface; a characteristic of atherosclerosis. SYN: atherosis. [G. athere, gruel, + -oma, tumor]

atheromatous
atheromatous (ath-er-o′ma-tus)

Relating to or affected by atheroma.

atherosclerosis
atherosclerosis (ath′er-o-skler-o′sis)

Arteriosclerosis characterized by irregularly distributed lipid deposits in the intima of large and medium-sized arteries, causing narrowing of arterial lumens and proceeding eventually to fibrosis and calcification; lesions are usually focal and progress slowly and intermittently. Limitation of blood flow accounts for most clinical manifestations, which vary with the distribution and severity of lesions. In lower animals, a. of swine and fowl closely resemble human a.. SYN: nodular sclerosis. [G. athere, gruel, + sclerosis] A., the most common form of arteriosclerosis, is a complex process that begins with the appearance of cholesterol-laden macrophages (foam cells) in the intima of an artery. Smooth muscle cells respond to the presence of lipid by proliferating, under the influence of platelet factors. A plaque forms at the site, consisting of smooth muscle cells, leukocytes, and further deposition of lipid; in time the plaque becomes fibrotic and may calcify. Expansion of an atherosclerotic plaque leads to gradually increasing obstruction of the artery and ischemia of tissues supplied by it. Ulceration, thrombosis, or embolization of a plaque, or intimal hemorrhage and dissection, can cause more acute and severe impairment of blood flow, with the risk of infarction. These are the principal mechanisms of coronary artery disease (arteriosclerotic heart disease with or without heart failure, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction), peripheral vascular disease (particularly occlusive disease of the lower extremity causing intermittent claudication or gangrene), and stroke (cerebral infarction due to occlusion of carotid or intracranial arteries). Independent risk factors for a. are male sex, advancing age, the postmenopausal state, a family history of a., cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, elevated plasma LDL cholesterol, elevated plasma homocysteine, overweight, and a sedentary life-style. Mounting evidence suggests that elevation of plasma levels of triglycerides, fasting insulin, fibrinogen, apolipoproteins A and B, and lipoprotein (a) are also independent risk factors. The diagnosis of a. is usually based on history and physical examination and confirmed by angiography, Doppler ultrasonography, and other imaging techniques. Treatment is largely mechanical: balloon stretching, laser ablation, or surgical removal of plaques, and various bypass and grafting procedures. The prevention of a. is a major objective of modern medicine. Preventive measures include regular vigorous exercise, a diet low in fat and cholesterol, maintenance of a healthful weight, avoidance of tobacco, and use of pharmacologic agents as indicated (e.g., rigorous control of hypertension and diabetes mellitus, reduction of elevated cholesterol, estrogen replacement therapy after menopause). See free radical; low-fat diet.

atherosclerotic
atherosclerotic (ath′er-o-skler-ot′ik)

Relating to or characterized by atherosclerosis.

atherosis
atherosis (ath-er-o′sis)

SYN: atheroma.

atherothrombosis
atherothrombosis (ath′er-o-throm-bo′sis)

Thrombus formation in an atheromatous vessel.

atherothrombotic
atherothrombotic (ath′er-o-throm-bot′ik)

Denoting, characteristic of, or caused by atherothrombosis.

athetoid
athetoid (ath′e-toyd)

Resembling athetosis.

athetosic
athetosic, athetotic (ath-e-to′sik, -tot′ik)

Pertaining to, or marked by, athetosis.

athetosis
athetosis (ath-e-to′sis)

A condition in which there is a constant succession of slow, writhing, involuntary movements of flexion, extension, pronation, and supination of the fingers and hands, and sometimes of the toes and feet. Usually caused by an extrapyramidal lesion. SYN: extrapyramidal cerebral palsy, Hammond disease. [G. athetos, without position or place]
double a. a type of cerebral palsy manifested predominantly as bilateral involuntary movements, beginning at about the age of 3 years, and preceded by generalized hypotonia and delayed motor development. Due to various causes, including kernicterus and birth hypoxia. SYN: congenital choreoathetosis, double congenital a., Vogt syndrome.
double congenital a. SYN: double a..
posthemiplegic a. a unilateral a. involving hemiplegic limbs, usually seen in children. SYN: posthemiplegic chorea.

aThr
aThr

Abbreviation for allothreonines. See allothreonines.

athrepsia
athrepsia, athrepsy (a-threp′se-a, ath′rep-se)

1. Obsolete term for marasmus. 2. As used by Ehrlich, immunity to transplanted neoplastic cells due to a lack of nourishment in the sense of a deficiency of supposed substances required for the development of such cells. SYN: atrepsy. [G. a- priv. + threpsis, nourishment]

athrocytosis
athrocytosis (ath′ro-si-to′sis)

The capacity of cells to absorb and retain electronegative colloids, as shown by macrophages and at the apical surface of proximal convoluted tubule cells of the kidney. [G. athro, gathered together, + kytos, cell, + -osis, condition]

athrombia
athrombia (a-throm′be-a) [MIM*209050]

A hereditary bleeding disorder characterized by prolonged bleeding time, decreased platelet adhesion and aggregation but normal plasma clotting and clot retraction, normal platelet count with platelet factor 3 availability; probably autosomal recessive inheritance. [G. a- priv. + thrombin]

athymia
athymia (a-thi′me-a)

1. Absence of affect or emotivity; morbid impassivity. 2. Congenital absence of the thymus gland, often with associated immunodeficiency. SYN: athymism. [G. a- priv. + thymos, mind, also thymus]

athymism
athymism (a-thi′mizm)

SYN: athymia (2) .

athyrea
athyrea (a-thi′re-a)

1. SYN: hypothyroidism. 2. SYN: athyroidism.

athyroidism
athyroidism (a-thi′royd-izm)

Congenital absence of the thyroid gland or suppression or absence of its hormonal secretion. See hypothyroidism. SYN: athyrea (2) , athyrosis.

athyrosis
athyrosis (a-thi-ro′sis)

SYN: athyroidism.

athyrotic
athyrotic (a-thi-rot′ik)

Relating to athyroidism.

ATL
ATL

Abbreviation for adult T-cell leukemia or adult T-cell lymphoma.

atlantad
atlantad (at-lan′tad)

In a direction toward the atlas.

atlantal
atlantal (at-lan′tal)

Relating to the atlas. SYN: atloid.

atlanto- atlanto-, atlo-

The atlas (the vertebra that supports the skull). [G. Atlas, Atlantos, Atlas, the mythical Titan who supported the dome of the sky on his shoulders]

atlantoaxial
atlantoaxial (at-lan′to-ak′se-al)

Pertaining to the atlas and the axis; denoting the joint between the first two cervical vertebrae. SYN: atlantoepistrophic, atloaxoid.

atlantodidymus
atlantodidymus (at-lan′to-did′e-mus)

Conjoined twins with two heads on one neck and a single body. SYN: atlodidymus. [atlanto- + G. didymos, twin]

atlantoepistrophic
atlantoepistrophic (at-lan′to-ep′i-strof′ik)

SYN: atlantoaxial.

atlanto-occipital
atlanto-occipital (at-lan′to-ok-sip′i-tal)

Relating to the atlas and the occipital bone. SYN: atlo-occipital.

atlanto-odontoid
atlanto-odontoid (at-lan′to-o-don′toyd)

Relating to the atlas and the dens of the axis.

atlas
atlas (at′las) [TA]

First cervical vertebra, articulating with the occipital bone and rotating around the dens of the axis. SYN: vertebra C1&star, first cervical vertebra. [G. A., in Greek mythology a Titan who supported the heavens on his shoulders]

atlo- atlo-

See atlanto-.

atloaxoid
atloaxoid (at-lo-ak′soyd)

SYN: atlantoaxial.

atlodidymus
atlodidymus (at-lo-did′e-mus)

SYN: atlantodidymus.

atloid
atloid (at′loyd)

SYN: atlantal.

atlo-occipital
atlo-occipital (at′lo-ok-sip′i-tal)

SYN: atlanto-occipital.

atm
atm

Symbol for standard atmosphere.

atmo- atmo-

Prefix denoting steam or vapor; or derived by action of steam or vapor. [G. atmos, steam, vapor]

atmolysis
atmolysis (at-mol′i-sis)

Separation of mixed gases by passing them through a porous diaphragm, the lighter gases diffusing through at a faster rate. [atmo- + G. lysis, dissolution]

atmometer
atmometer (at-mom′e-ter)

An instrument for measuring the rate of evaporation. [atmo- + G. metron, measure]

atmos
atmos

Obsolete abbreviation for a unit of pressure; replaced by atm. [abbreviation of atmosphere]

atmosphere
atmosphere (at′mos-fer)

1. Any gas surrounding a given body; a gaseous medium. 2. A unit of air pressure equal to 101.325 kPa. SEE ALSO: standard a., torr. [atmo- + G. sphaira, sphere]
a. absolute (ata) a unit of absolute pressure (also known as barometric pressure) expressed in atm.
ICAO standard a. the standard a. adopted by the International Civil Aviation Organization, used for calibrating altimeters and for expressing hypobaric chamber pressures in terms of equivalent altitude; it ignores many deviations found in nature.
standard a. (atm) 1. the pressure of the a. at mean sea level at 273.15 K, equivalent to 1,013,250 dynes/cm² or 101,325 Pa (N/m² in the SI system); 2. a standardized expression of the relation of barometric pressure, temperature, and other atmospheric variables as a function of altitude above sea level.

atmospherization
atmospherization (at′mo-sfer-i-za′shun)

Conversion of venous into arterial blood.

Atmungsferment
Atmungsferment (aht′mungz-fer-ment)

1. A system of cytochromes and their oxidases that participate in respiratory processes. 2. Often, specifically, cytochrome oxidase. SYN: Warburg respiratory enzyme. [Ger.]

atom
atom (at′om)

Once considered the ultimate particle of an element, believed to be as indivisible as its name indicates. Discovery of radioactivity demonstrated the existence of subatomic particles, notably protons, neutrons, and electrons, the first two comprising most of the mass of the atomic nucleus. We now know that subatomic particles are further classified into hadrons, leptons, and quarks. [G. atomos, indivisible, uncut]
activated a. an a. possessing more than normal energy as a result of input of energy. SEE ALSO: excited state. SYN: excited a..
Bohr a. a concept or model of the a. in which the negatively charged electrons move in circular or elliptical orbits around the positively charged nucleus, energy being emitted or absorbed when electrons change from one orbit to another.
excited a. SYN: activated a..
ionized a. an a. that possesses an electrostatic charge as a result of loss or gain of electrons; e.g., H⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl⁻, O²⁻.
labeled a. a radioactive a., or a stable but rare one, which by its presence in a molecule helps localization or measurement of that molecule. SYN: tagged a..
nuclear a. a concept or model of the a. characterized by the presence of a small, massive nucleus at its center.
quaternary carbon a. an a. of carbon to which four other carbon atoms are attached.
radioactive a. an a. with an unstable nucleus, which emits particulate or electromagnetic radiation (radioactive emission) to achieve greater stability. See radionuclide, half-life, Becquerel.
recoil a. the remainder of an a. from which a nuclear particle has been emitted or ejected at high velocity; the remainder recoils with a velocity inversely proportional to its mass.
stripped a. an a. minus all its electrons; a nucleus.
tagged a. SYN: labeled a..

atomic
atomic (a-tom′ik)

Relating to an atom.

atomism
atomism (at′om-izm)

The approach to the study of a psychological phenomenon through analysis of the elementary parts of which it is assumed to be composed. Cf.:holism.

atomistic
atomistic (at-om-is′tik)

Pertaining to atomism or a. psychology.

atomization
atomization (at-om-i-za′-shun)

Spray production; reduction of a fluid to small droplets.

atomizer
atomizer (at′om-i-zer)

A device used to reduce liquid medication to fine particles in the form of a spray or aerosol; useful in delivering medication to the lungs, nose, and throat. SEE ALSO: nebulizer, vaporizer. [G. atomos, indivisible particle]

atonia
atonia (a-to′ne-a)

SYN: atony. [G. languor]

atonic
atonic (a-ton′ik)

Relaxed; without normal tone or tension.

atonicity
atonicity (at-o-nis′i-te)

SYN: atony.

atony
atony (at′o-ne)

Relaxation, flaccidity, or lack of tone or tension. SYN: atonia, atonicity. [G. atonia, languor]
postpartum a. a. of the uterine walls after childbirth. SYN: metratonia.
uterine a. failure of the myometrium to contract after delivery of the placenta; associated with excessive bleeding from the placental implantation site.

atopen
atopen (at′o-pen)

An old term to denote the excitant causing any form of atopy.

atopic
atopic (a-top′ik)

1. Relating to or marked by atopy. 2. Allergic. [G. atopos, out of place; strange]

Atopobium
Atopobium (at-o-po′be-um)

An obligatorily anaerobic genus of Gram-positive, non–spore-bearing bacteria that appear as cocci and coccobacilli, sometimes in short chains. The type species is A. parvulus, a slow-growing organism forming tiny colonies on standard media formerly called Peptostreptococcus parvulus and Streptococcus parvulus.

atopognosia
atopognosia, atopognosis (a-top-og-no′ze-a, -og-no′sis)

Sensory inattention; inability to locate a sensation properly. Usually caused by a contralateral parietal lobe lesion. [G. a- priv. + topos, place, + gnosis, knowledge]

atopy
atopy (at′o-pe)

A genetically determined state of hypersensitivity to environmental allergens. Type I allergic reaction is associated with the IgE antibody and a group of diseases, principally asthma, hay fever, and atopic dermatitis. [G. atopia, strangeness, fr. a- priv. + topos, a place]

atoxic
atoxic (a-tok′sik)

Not toxic.

ATP
ATP

Abbreviation for adenosine 5′-triphosphate.

ATPase
ATPase

Abbreviation for adenosine triphosphatase.

ATP citrate lyase
ATP citrate lyase

See ATP citrate (pro-3S)-lyase.

ATPD
ATPD

Symbol indicating that a gas volume has been expressed as if it had been dried at the ambient temperature and pressure.

ATP-diphosphatase
ATP-diphosphatase

SYN: apyrase.

ATPS
ATPS

Symbol indicating that a gas volume has been expressed as if it were saturated with water vapor at the ambient temperature and barometric pressure; the condition of an expired gas equilibrated in a spirometer.

ATP sulfurylase
ATP sulfurylase

SYN: sulfate adenylyltransferase.

atractosylidic acid
atractosylidic acid (a-trak′to-sil-id′ik)

SYN: atractyligenin.

atractylic acid
atractylic acid (a-trak′til-ik)

A highly poisonous steroid glycoside from Atractylis gummifera L. (Compositae), having a strychnine-like action that produces convulsions of a hypoglycemic nature; the aglycon, atractyliginin, is combined with glucose and isovaleric acid, and is the toxic principle. A. interferes with oxidative reactions, the citric acid cycle, and nerve conduction.

atractyligenin
atractyligenin (a-trak′til-i-jen′in)

The steroid aglycon and toxic principle of atractylic acid. SYN: atractosylidic acid, atractylin.

atractylin
atractylin (a-trak′til-in)

SYN: atractyligenin.

atracurium besylate
atracurium besylate (a-tra-kur′e-um)

A nondepolarizing neuromuscular relaxant of intermediate duration of action; used as an adjunct to general anesthesia; a curare-like agent.

atrepsy
atrepsy (a-trep′se)

SYN: athrepsia (2) . [G. a- priv. + trepho, to nourish]

atresia
atresia (a-tre′ze-a)

Congenital absence of a normal opening or normally patent lumen. SYN: clausura. [G. a- priv. + tresis, a hole]
anal a., a. ani congenital absence of an anal opening due to the presence of a membranous septum (persistence of the cloacal membrane) or to complete absence of the anal canal. SYN: imperforate anus, proctatresia.
aortic a. congenital absence of the valvular orifice into the aorta.
biliary a. a. of the major bile ducts, causing cholestasis and jaundice, which does not become apparent until several days after birth; periportal fibrosis develops and leads to cirrhosis, with proliferation of small bile ducts unless these are also atretic; giant cell transformation of hepatic cells also occurs. Cf.:neonatal hepatitis.
bronchial a. severe focal narrowing or obliteration of a segmental, subsegmental, or lobar bronchus, usually associated with distal air trapping and bronchial mucoid impaction distal to the obstruction.
choanal a. a. due to congenital failure of one or both choanae to open owing to the failure of the bucconasal membrane to involute. It results in nasal obstruction and creates an emergency in newborns since they are obligatory nasal breathers.
esophageal a. congenital failure of the full esophageal lumen to develop; often associated with tracheoesophageal fistula.
a. folliculi a normal process affecting the primordial ovarian follicles in which death of the ovum results in cystic degeneration followed by cicatricial closure.
intestinal a. an obliteration of the lumen of the small intestine, with the ileum involved in 50% of cases and the jejunum and duodenum next in frequency; most frequent cause of intestinal obstruction in the newborn; etiology may be related to a failure of recanalization during early development or to some impairment of blood supply during intrauterine life.
a. iridis congenital absence of the pupillary opening. SYN: atretopsia.
laryngeal a. congenital failure of the laryngeal opening to develop, resulting in partial or total obstruction at or just above or below the glottis.
pulmonary a. congenital absence of the pulmonary valve orifice.
pulmonary artery a. absence of one, usually the right, pulmonary artery.
tricuspid a. congenital lack of the tricuspid orifice.
vaginal a. congenital or acquired imperforation or occlusion of the vagina, or adhesion of the walls of the vagina. SYN: colpatresia.

atresic
atresic (a-tre′zik)

SYN: atretic.

atretic
atretic (a-tret′ik)

Relating to atresia. SYN: atresic, imperforate.

atreto- atreto-

Lack of an opening. [G. atretos, imperforate fr. a-, not + tretos, perforated, fr. tetraino, titremi, to bore through, to pierce.]

atretoblepharia
atretoblepharia (a-tre′to-ble-far′e-a)

SYN: symblepharon. [atreto- + G. blepharon, eyelid]

atretocystia
atretocystia (a-tre′to-sis′te-a)

Obsolete term for congenital or acquired absence of an opening of a bladder. [atreto- + G. kystis, bladder]

atretogastria
atretogastria (a-tre′to-gas′tre-a)

Congenital absence of an opening of the stomach. [atreto- + G. gaster, stomach]

atretopsia
atretopsia (a-tre-top′se-a)

SYN: atresia iridis. [atreto- + G. ops, eye]

atria
atria (a′tre-a) [TA]

Plural of atrium.

atrial
atrial (a′tre-al)

Relating to an atrium.

atrichia
atrichia (a-trik′e-a)

Absence of hair, congenital or acquired. SYN: atrichosis. [G. a- priv. + thrix (trich-), hair]

atrichosis
atrichosis (at-ri-ko′sis)

SYN: atrichia.

atrio- atrio-

The atrium; atrial. [L. atrium, an entrance hall]

atriomegaly
atriomegaly (a′tre-o-meg′a-le)

Enlargement of the atrium. [atrio- + G. megas, great]

atrionector
atrionector (a-tre-o-nek′ter, -tor)

SYN: sinuatrial node. [atrio- + L. necto, to join]

atriopeptin
atriopeptin (a′tre-o-pep′tin)

SYN: atrial natriuretic peptide. [atrio- + peptide + suffix -in, material]

atrioseptoplasty
atrioseptoplasty (a′tre-o-sep′to-plas-te)

Surgical repair of an atrial septal defect. [atrio- + L. septum, partition, + G. plastos, formed]

atrioseptostomy
atrioseptostomy (a′tre-o-sep-tos′to-me)

SYN: atrial septostomy. [atrio- + L. septum, partition, + G. stoma, mouth]
balloon a. tearing or enlarging the foramen ovale by pulling a balloon-bearing catheter across the atrial septum for the purpose of augmenting interatrial mixing of blood in the treatment of cyanotic congenital heart disease.

atriotomy
atriotomy (a-tre-ot′o-me)

Surgical opening of an atrium. [atrio- + G. tome, incision]

atrioventricular
atrioventricular (AV) (a′tre-o-ven-trik′u-lar)

Relating to both the atria and the ventricles of the heart, especially to the ordinary, orthograde transmission of conduction or blood flow.

atriplicism
atriplicism (a-trip′li-sizm)

An intoxication caused by the ingestion of certain species of Atriplex, eaten as greens in China; it is marked by pain and swelling of the fingers, spreading to the forearm; bullae and ulcers form, and the fingers may become gangrenous. [L. atriplex (-plic-), the orach, a vegetable]

atrium
atrium, pl .atria (a′tre-um, a′tre-a)

1. [TA] A chamber or cavity to which are connected several chambers or passageways. 2. SYN: a. of heart. 3. That part of the tympanic cavity that lies immediately deep to the eardrum. 4. SYN: a. of middle nasal meatus. 5. In the lung, a subdivision of the alveolar duct from which alveolar sacs open. [L. entrance hall]
accessory a. SYN: cor triatriatum.
a. cordis [TA] SYN: a. of heart.
a. cordis dextrum [TA] SYN: right a. of heart.
a. cordis sinistrum [TA] SYN: left a. of heart.
a. dextrum cordis SYN: right a. of heart.
a. glottidis SYN: vestibule of larynx.
a. of heart [TA] the upper chamber of each half of the heart. SYN: a. cordis [TA] , a. (2) .
a. of lateral ventricle [TA] portion of lateral ventricle of brain common to the frontal, occipital, and temporal horns. SYN: a. ventriculi lateralis [TA] , a. ventriculus lateralis [TA] .
a. of lateral ventricle [TA] that portion of the lateral ventricle where the body (or central part), posterior horn, and temporal horn converge; it contains the choroid enlargement.
left a. of heart [TA] a. of the left side of the heart which receives the blood from the pulmonary veins. SYN: a. cordis sinistrum [TA] , a. pulmonale, a. sinistrum cordis.
a. meatus medii SYN: a. of middle nasal meatus.
a. meatus medii nasalis [TA] SYN: a. of middle nasal meatus.
a. of middle nasal meatus [TA] the anterior expanded portion of the middle meatus of the nose, just above the vestibule. SYN: a. meatus medii nasalis [TA] , a. meatus medii, a. (4) , nasal a..
nasal a. SYN: a. of middle nasal meatus.
a. pulmonale SYN: left a. of heart.
right a. of heart [TA] right a., the a. of the right side of the heart that receives the blood from the venae cavae and coronary sinus. SYN: a. cordis dextrum [TA] , a. dextrum cordis.
a. sinistrum cordis SYN: left a. of heart.
a. ventriculi lateralis [TA] SYN: a. of lateral ventricle.
a. ventriculus lateralis [TA] SYN: a. of lateral ventricle.

Atropa
Atropa (at′ro-pa)

A genus of plants (family Solanaceae) of which A. belladonna is typical. See belladonna. [G. Atropos, one of the Fates cutting the thread of life, because of the lethal effects of the plant]

atrophia
atrophia (a-tro′fe-a)

SYN: atrophy. [G. fr. a- priv. + trophe, nourishment]
a. cutis SYN: atrophoderma.
a. maculosa varioliformis cutis SYN: anetoderma.
a. pilorum propria a general term that includes fragilitas crinium, trichorrhexis nodosa, monilethrix, and atrophy of the hair.

atrophic
atrophic (a-trof′ik)

Denoting atrophy.

atrophie blanche
atrophie blanche (a′tro-fi blahnsh′)

Small smooth ivory-white areas with hyperpigmented borders and telangiectasis, developing into atrophic stellate scars; seen especially on the legs and ankles of middle-aged women, and associated with livedo reticularis and dermal hyalinizing vasculitis. [Fr.]

atrophied
atrophied (at′ro-fed)

Characterized by atrophy.

atrophoderma
atrophoderma (at′ro-fo-der′ma)

Atrophy of the skin that may occur either in discrete localized areas or in widespread areas. SEE ALSO: anetoderma. SYN: atrophia cutis.
a. albidum stocking-like type of atrophy affecting the extremities, probably congenital; first noted in early childhood on the lower limbs as a symmetric thinning that renders the parts sensitive.
a. diffusum diffuse idiopathic cutaneous atrophy.
a. maculatum SYN: anetoderma.
a. neuriticum SYN: glossy skin.
a. of Pasini and Pierini a form of slate-colored atrophy of the skin occurring in discrete, 2-cm or larger lesions, either singly or multiply, and occasionally confluent, increasing in number and size over a period of years and then remaining constant; thought by some to be of two types: one preceded by morphea, and the other appearing with no preceding identifiable pathology.
senile a., a. senilis the loss of collagen, with thinning and decreased elasticity of the skin associated with old age.
a. striatum SYN: striae cutis distensae, under stria.

atrophodermatosis
atrophodermatosis (at′ro-fo-der-ma-to′sis)

Any cutaneous affection in which a prominent symptom is skin atrophy.

atrophy
atrophy (at′ro-fe)

A wasting of tissues, organs, or the entire body, as from death and reabsorption of cells, diminished cellular proliferation, decreased cellular volume, pressure, ischemia, malnutrition, lessened function, or hormonal changes. SYN: atrophia. [G. atrophia, fr. a- priv. + trophe, nourishment]
acute reflex bone a. SYN: Sudeck a..
acute yellow a. of the liver SYN: acute massive liver necrosis.
alveolar a. diminution in size of the supportive tissues of the teeth due to lack of function, reduced blood supply, or unknown causes.
arthritic a. a. of muscles rendered inactive by a chronically inflamed or fixed joint.
blue a. depressed blue atrophic scars due to injections in the skin of impure substances, as seen in narcotics addicts.
brown a. a. of the heart wall, especially in the elderly, in which the muscle is dark reddish brown and reduced in volume; the muscle fibers become pigmented especially about the nuclei, by lipochrome granules.
Buchwald a. a progressive form of cutaneous a..
central areolar choroidal a. SYN: areolar choroidopathy.
cerebellar a. a degeneration of the cerebellum, particularly the Purkinje cells, as the result of abiotrophy or of toxic agents, as in alcoholism.
choroidal vascular a. a. affecting either all choroidal vessels or only the choriocapillaris, occurring either diffusely or confined to the posterior pole of the eye.
congenital cerebellar a. familial disorder that causes degeneration of various cells in the cerebellum. Two types are recognized, one in which the granular layer cells degenerate, the other in which the Purkinje cells degenerate.
congenital microvillus a. SYN: microvillus inclusion disease.
cyanotic a. a. due to destruction of the parenchymatous cells of an organ as a consequence of chronic venous congestion. SYN: red a..
cyanotic a. of the liver a sequela of longstanding hepatic congestion due to high pressure in the right atrium as in chronic constrictive pericarditis and severe, protracted right ventricular failure.
dentatorubral cerebellar a. with polymyoclonus SYN: dyssynergia cerebellaris myoclonica.
disuse a. muscle wasting caused by immobilization, such as casting.
dominant optic a. an autosomal dominant bilateral optic neuropathy characterized by insidious preschool vision loss. SYN: Kjer optic a..
essential progressive a. of iris progressive a. of the iris without inflammatory signs, characterized by patchy loss of all layers of the iris with hole formation, migration of the pupil, degeneration of the corneal endothelium, peripheral anterior synechiae, and secondary glaucoma; usually unilateral, predominantly affecting women in their middle years. SEE ALSO: iridocorneal syndrome.
facioscapulohumeral a. SYN: facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy.
familial spinal muscular a. SYN: spinal muscular a., type I.
fatty a. fatty infiltration secondary to an a. of the essential elements of an organ or tissue.
geographic retinal a. a pattern of well-demarcated retinal pigment epithelial a. associated with choriocapillary layer and photoreceptor a. leading to vision loss.
gingival a. SYN: gingival recession.
gyrate a. of choroid and retina [MIM*258870] a slowly progressive a. of the choriocapillaris, pigmentary epithelium, and sensory retina, with irregular confluent atrophic areas and an associated ornithinuria; autosomal recessive inheritance; due to a deficiency of ornithine δ-aminotransferase, caused by mutation in the ornithine δ-aminotransferase gene (OAT) on chromosome 10q.
Hoffmann muscular a. SYN: spinal muscular a., type I.
horizontal a. a progressive loss of alveolar and supporting bone surrounding the teeth, beginning at the most coronal level of the bone. SYN: horizontal resorption.
infantile muscular a. SYN: spinal muscular a., type I.
infantile progressive spinal muscular a. SYN: spinal muscular a., type I.
ischemic muscular a. Volkmann contracture.
juvenile muscular a. SYN: spinal muscular a., type III.
juvenile spinal muscular a. SYN: spinal muscular a., type III.
Kjer optic a. SYN: dominant optic a..
Leber hereditary optic a. [MIM*535000] degeneration of the optic nerve and papillomacular bundle with resulting loss of central vision and blindness, progressive for several weeks, then usually becoming stationary with permanent central scotoma; the age of onset is variable, most often in the third decade; more males than females are affected. Mitochondrial or cytoplasmic inheritance via the maternal lineage, caused by mutation in the mitochondrial gene(s) acting autonomously or in association with each other.
linear a. SYN: striae cutis distensae, under stria.
macular a. SYN: anetoderma.
marantic a. SYN: marasmus.
multiple system a. nonhereditary, neurodegenerative disease of unknown cause, characterized clinically by the development of parkinsonism, ataxia, autonomic failure, or pyramidal track signs, in various combinations. Pathologically there are nerve cell loss, gliosis, and the accumulation of abnormal tubular structures in the cytoplasm and nucleus of oligodendrocytes and neurons in the basal ganglion, cerebellum, and intermediolateral columns of the spinal cord; can present as predominantly parkinsonism, as predominantly ataxia, or as a combination of parkinsonism, ataxia, and autonomic failure; it is a relatively rapidly progressive and fatal disorder.
muscular a. wasting of muscular tissue. Cf.:myopathic a.. SYN: myatrophy, myoatrophy.
myopathic a. muscular a. caused by a primary disorder of muscle.
neurogenic a. SYN: neurotrophic a..
neurotrophic a. abnormalities of the skin, hair, nails, subcutaneous tissues, and bone, caused by peripheral nerve lesions. SYN: neurogenic a., trophoneurotic a..
nutritional type cerebellar a. a restricted type of cerebellar cortical degeneration, affecting particularly the Purkinje cells of the anterior and superior vermis; probably caused by thiamin deficiency; most frequently seen in chronic alcoholics and then called alcoholic cerebellar degeneration.
olivopontocerebellar a. a group of genetically distinct, mostly autosomal dominant progressive neurologic diseases characterized by loss of neurons in the cerebellar cortex, basis pontis, and inferior olivary nuclei; results in ataxia, tremor, involuntary movement, and dysarthria; five clinical types (four with dominant, one with recessive inheritance) have been described, each type characterized by additional findings, such as sensory loss, retinal degeneration, ophthalmoplegia, and extrapyramidal signs. Several loci are involved, autosomal dominant [MIM*164400 to *164600] and recessive [MIM*258300]. SEE ALSO: spinocerebellar ataxia. SYN: olivopontocerebellar degeneration.
periodontal a. decrease in size and/or cellular elements of the periodontium after it has reached normal maturity.
peroneal muscular a. a group of peripheral neuromuscular disorders, sharing the common feature of marked wasting of the distal parts of the extremities, particularly the peroneal muscle groups, resulting in long, thin legs; it usually involves the legs before the arms with pes cavus often the first sign. There are two forms of hereditary sensorimotor polyneuropathies, i.e., a demyelinating type and an axonal loss type. Autosomal dominant [MIM*118200 and MIM*118220], autosomal recessive [MIM*214400], and X-linked recessive [MIM*302800, MIM*302801 and MIM*302802] forms exist. SYN: Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.
Pick a. circumscribed a. of the cerebral cortex. SYN: lobar sclerosis, progressive circumscribed cerebral a..
postmenopausal a. a. following menopause, as of the genital organs.
pressure a. the wasting of hard or soft tissue resulting from excessive pressure applied to tissue by a denture base.
primary idiopathic macular a. SYN: anetoderma.
primary macular a. of skin SYN: anetoderma.
progressive choroidal a. SYN: choroideremia.
progressive circumscribed cerebral a. SYN: Pick a..
progressive infantile spinal muscular a. SYN: spinal muscular a., type I.
progressive muscular a. SYN: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
progressive spinal muscular a. one of the subgroups of motor neuron disease; a progressive degenerative disorder of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, manifested as progressive, often symmetrical, weakness and wasting, typically beginning in the distal portions of the limbs, particularly in the upper extremities, and spreading proximally; fasciculation potentials are often present, but evidence of corticospinal tract disease ( e.g., increased deep tendon reflexes, Babinski sign) is not.
pulp a. diminution in size and/or cellular elements of the dental pulp due to interference with the blood supply.
red a. SYN: cyanotic a..
scapulohumeral a. SYN: Vulpian a..
senile a. wasting of tissues and organs with advancing age from decreased catabolic or anabolic processes, at times due to endocrine changes, decreased use, or ischemia. SYN: geromarasmus.
spinal muscular a. (SMA) a heterogeneous group of degenerative diseases of the anterior horn cells in the spinal cord and motor nuclei of the brainstem; all are characterized by weakness. Upper motor neurons remain normal. These diseases include Werdnig-Hoffmann disease (SMA type 1), SMA type 2, and Kugelberg-Welander disease (SMA type 3). SEE ALSO: Fazio-Londe disease.
spinal muscular a., type I [MIM*253300] the early infantile form, characterized by profound muscle weakness and wasting with onset at or shortly after birth; death occurs usually before 2 years of age. Autosomal recessive inheritance, caused by mutation in the survival motor neuron gene (SMN1) on 5q. About one-half of patients are also missing both homologs of a neighboring gene that encodes neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP), the loss of which is thought to influence the severity of the disease. SYN: familial spinal muscular a., Hoffmann muscular a., infantile muscular a., infantile progressive spinal muscular a., progressive infantile spinal muscular a., Werdnig-Hoffmann disease, Werdnig-Hoffmann muscular a..
spinal muscular a., type II [MIM*253550] a form intermediate in severity between the infantile form (SMA type I) and the juvenile form (SMA type III); characterized by proximal muscle weakness with onset usually between 3 and 15 months and survival until adolescence; autosomal recessive inheritance, caused by mutation in the SMN1 gene on 5q.
spinal muscular a., type III [MIM*253400] the juvenile form with onset in childhood or adolescence, characterized by progressive proximal muscular weakness and wasting, primarily in the legs, followed by distal muscle involvement, caused by degeneration of motor neurons in the anterior horns of the spinal cord; autosomal recessive inheritance, caused by mutation in the SMN1 gene on 5q. SYN: juvenile muscular a., juvenile spinal muscular a., Kugelberg-Welander disease, Wohlfart-Kugelberg-Welander disease.
striate a. of skin SYN: striae cutis distensae, under stria.
Sudeck a. a. of bones, commonly of the carpal or tarsal bones, following a slight injury such as a sprain. SEE ALSO: causalgia, reflex sympathetic dystrophy. SYN: acute reflex bone a., posttraumatic osteoporosis, Sudeck syndrome.
traction a. SYN: striae cutis distensae, under stria.
transneuronal a. SYN: transsynaptic degeneration.
trophoneurotic a. SYN: neurotrophic a..
villous a. abnormality of the small intestinal mucosa with crypt hyperplasia, resulting in flattening of the mucosa and the appearance of a. of villi; clinically seen in malabsorption syndromes such as sprue.
Vulpian a. progressive spinal muscular a. beginning in the shoulder. SYN: scapulohumeral a..
Werdnig-Hoffmann muscular a. SYN: spinal muscular a., type I.
yellow a. of the liver acute yellow a. of the liver.
Zimmerlin a. a variety of hereditary progressive muscular a. in which the a. begins in the upper half of the body.

atropine
atropine (at′ro-pen)

A racemic mixture of d- and l-hyoscyamine, alkaloids obtained from the leaves and roots of Atropa belladonna; an anticholinergic, with diverse effects (tachycardia, mydriasis, cycloplegia, constipation, urinary retention, antisudorific) attributable to reversible competitive blockade of acetylcholine at muscarinic type cholinergic receptors; used in the treatment of poisoning with organophosphate insecticides or nerve gases. The (–) form is by far the more active. SYN: dl-hyoscyamine, tropine tropate.
a. methonitrate the methylnitrate of a., with the same actions and uses as a., but less lipid-soluble (due to the presence of a quaternary nitrogen atom that limits penetration of the blood-brain barrier) and hence with fewer central nervous system effects; a quaternary compound.
a. methylbromide SYN: methylatropine bromide.
a. sulfate an anticholinergic; a widely used soluble salt of a..

atropinic
atropinic (at′ro-pin-ik)

Term used to indicate a sharing of pharmacologic properties with atropine. This means blocking parasympathetic neuroeffector junctions leading to a constellation of effects including tachycardia, urinary retention, dry mouth, constipation, mydriasis, cycloplegia, and other anticholinergic effects.

atropinism
atropinism (at′ro-pin-izm)

Symptoms of poisoning by atropine or belladonna.

atropinization
atropinization (at-ro′pin-i-za′shun)

Administration of atropine or belladonna to the point of achieving the pharmacologic effect.

atroscine
atroscine

dl-Scopolamine. See scopolamine. [atropine + hyoscine]

atrotoxin
atrotoxin (at-ro-toks′in)

A component of diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) venom that specifically and reversibly increases voltage-dependent calcium ion currents in isolated myocytes.

attachment
attachment (a-tach′ment)

1. A connection of one part with another. 2. In dentistry, a mechanical device for the fixation and stabilization of a dental prosthesis.
bar clip attachments SYN: bar-sleeve attachments.
bar-sleeve attachments fixed bar joints or rigid bar units used for splinting abutments with removable sleeves or clips within the partial denture for supporting and/or retaining the prosthesis. SYN: bar clip attachments.
epithelial a. SYN: junctional epithelium.
epithelial a. of Gottlieb SYN: junctional epithelium.
frictional a. SYN: precision a..
internal a. SYN: precision a..
key a. SYN: precision a..
keyway a. SYN: precision a..
muscle-tendon a. the union of a muscle and tendon fiber in which sarcolemma intervenes between the two; the end of the muscle fiber may be rounded, conical, or tapered. SYN: muscle-tendon junction.
parallel a. SYN: precision a..
pericemental a. the tissues surrounding the cementum of the tooth, i.e., the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone.
precision a. 1. a frictional or mechanically retained unit used in fixed or removable prosthodontics, consisting of closely fitting male and female parts; 2. an a. that may be rigid in function or may incorporate a movable stress control unit to reduce the torque on the abutment. SYN: frictional a., internal a., key a., keyway a., parallel a., slotted a..
slotted a. SYN: precision a..

attack
attack (a-tak′)

A sudden illness or an episode or exacerbation of chronic or recurrent illness.
brain a. SYN: stroke (1) .
drop a. an episode of sudden falling that occurs during standing or walking, without warning and without loss of consciousness, vertigo, or postictal behavior. The patients are usually elderly and have normal electroencephalograms; of unknown cause.
heart a. SYN: myocardial infarction.
panic a. sudden onset of intense apprehension, fear, terror, or impending doom accompanied by increased autonomic nervous system activity and by various constitutional disturbances, depersonalization, and derealization.
salaam a. SYN: nodding spasm.
transient ischemic a. (TIA) a sudden focal loss of neurological function with complete recovery usually within 24 hours; caused by a brief period of inadequate perfusion in a portion of the territory of the carotid or vertebral basilar arteries.
uncinate a. SYN: uncinate epilepsy.
vagal a. SYN: Gowers syndrome.
vasovagal a. SYN: Gowers syndrome.

attar of rose
attar of rose (at′ar)

SYN: rose oil, oil of rose. [Pers. attara, to smell sweet]

attending
attending (a-tend′ing)

In psychology, an aroused readiness to perceive, as in listening or looking; focusing of sense organs is sometimes involved. [L. attendo, to bend to, notice]

attenuant
attenuant (a-ten′u-ant)

1. Denoting that which attenuates. 2. An agent, means, or method that attenuates.

attenuate
attenuate (a-ten′u-at)

To dilute, thin, reduce, weaken, diminish. [L. at-tenuo, pp. -tenuatus, to make thin or weak, fr. tenuis, thin]

attenuation
attenuation (a-ten-u-a′shun)

1. The act of attenuating. 2. Diminution of virulence in a strain of an organism, obtained through selection of variants that occur naturally or through experimental means. 3. Loss of energy of a beam of radiant energy due to absorption, scattering, beam divergence, and other causes as the beam propagates through a medium. 4. Regulation of termination of transcription; involved in control of gene expression in specific tissues.
interaural a. the reduction in intensity the head provides sound presented to one ear canal before it gets to the other ear; for air conduction, the reduction approximates 35 dB, but for bone conduction, it is only about 10 dB.

attenuator
attenuator (a-ten′u-a-tor, -tor)

1. An electrical system of resistors and capacitors used to reduce the strength of electrical signals as in ultrasonography. 2. The terminator sequence in DNA at which attenuation occurs.

attic
attic (at′ik)

SYN: epitympanic recess.
tympanic a. SYN: epitympanic recess.

atticomastoid
atticomastoid (at′i-ko-mas′toyd)

Relating to the attic of the tympanic cavity and the mastoid antrum or cells.

atticotomy
atticotomy (at-i-kot′o-me)

Operative opening into the tympanic attic. [attic + G. tome, incision]

attitude
attitude (at′i-tood)

1. Position of the body and limbs. 2. Manner of acting. 3. In social or clinical psychology, a relatively stable and enduring predisposition or set to behave or react in a certain way toward persons, objects, institutions, or issues. [Mediev. L. aptitudo, fr. L. aptus, fit]
emotional attitudes SYN: passional attitudes.
fetal a. SYN: fetal habitus.
passional attitudes attitudes expressive of any of the great passions; e.g., anger, lust. SYN: emotional attitudes.

attitudinal
attitudinal (at-i-too′di-nal)

Relating to a posture of the body; e.g., a. (statotonic) reflex.

atto- atto- (a)

Prefix used in the SI and metric systems to signify one quintillionth (10⁻¹⁸). [Danish atten, eighteen]

attollens
attollens (a-tol′ens)

Raising up; in anatomy, muscle action that lifts. [L. at- tollo, pres. p. -tollens, to lift up]
a. aurem, a. auriculam SYN: auricularis superior (muscle).
a. oculi SYN: superior rectus (muscle).

attractin
attractin (a-trak′tin)

A glycoprotein of T cell origin involved in T cell clustering and monocyte movement.

attraction
attraction (a-trak′shun)

The tendency of two bodies to approach each other. [L. at-traho, pp. -tractus, to draw toward]
capillary a. the force that causes fluids to rise up very fine tubes or pass through the pores of a loose material.
chemical a. the force impelling atoms of different elements or molecules to unite to form new substances or compounds.
magnetic a. the force that draws iron or steel toward a magnet.
neurotropic a. the pull of a regenerating axon toward the motor end-plate.

attrahens
attrahens (at′ra-henz)

Drawing toward, denoting a muscle (a. aurem or auriculam) rudimentary in man, that tends to draw the pinna of the ear forward. See auricularis anterior (muscle). [see attraction]

attrition
attrition (a-trish′un)

1. Wearing away by friction or rubbing. 2. In dentistry, physiological loss of tooth structure caused by the abrasive character of food or from bruxism. Cf.:abrasion. [L. at-tero, pp. -tritus, to rub against, rub away]

at. wt.
at. wt.

Abbreviation for atomic weight.

atypia
atypia (a-tip′e-a)

State of being not typical. SYN: atypism.

atypical
atypical (a-tip′i-kal)

Not typical; not corresponding to the normal form or type. [G. a- priv. + typikos, conformed to a type]

atypism
atypism (a-tip′izm)

SYN: atypia.

A.U.
A.U.

Abbreviation for auris uterque [L.], each ear or both ears.

Au
Au

Symbol for gold (aurum).

Aub
Aub

Joseph C., U.S. physician, 1890–1973. See A.-DuBois table.

Auberger blood group
Auberger blood group, Au blood group

See Blood Groups appendix.

Aubert
Aubert

Hermann, German physiologist, 1826–1892. See A. phenomenon.

AUC
AUC

Area under the plasma drug concentration vs. time curve; a measure of drug exposure. [abbr. area under the curve]

Auchmeromyia
Auchmeromyia (awk′mer-o-mi′ya)

A genus of bloodsucking botflies (family Calliphoridae, order Diptera). [G. auchmeros, without rain, hence unwashed, squalid, + myia, a fly]
A. luteola the Congo floor maggot; the bloodsucking larva of this botfly species is found in Africa south of the Sahara, usually in or near human habitations; the resistant larvae or maggots crawl to sleeping humans and suck blood for 15 to 20 minutes, detach, and hide, repeating these nightly attacks during their developmental period; no disease transmission is known from this insect.

198Au colloid
¹⁹⁸Au colloid

SYN: radiogold colloid.

audile
audile (aw′dil)

1. Relating to audition. 2. Denoting the type of mental imagery in which one recalls most readily that which has been heard rather than seen or read ( i.e., having an auditory representational system). Cf.:motile. 3. SYN: auditive.

audio- audio-

The sense of hearing. [L. audio, to hear]

audioanalgesia
audioanalgesia (aw′de-o-an-al-je′ze-a)

Use of music or sound delivered through earphones to mask pain during dental or surgical procedures.

audiogenic
audiogenic (awd′e-o-jen′ik)

Caused by sound, especially a loud noise. [audio- + G. genesis, production]

audiogram
audiogram (aw′de-o-gram)

The graphic record drawn from the results of hearing tests with an audiometer, which charts the threshold of hearing at various frequencies against sound intensity in decibels. [audio- + G. gramma, a drawing]
pure tone a. a chart of the threshold for hearing at various frequencies usually expressed in decibels relative to normal threshold and usually covering frequencies from 250–8000 Hz.
speech a. the record of thresholds for spondaic word lists and scores for phonetically balanced word lists.

audiologist
audiologist (aw-de-ol′ojist)

A specialist in evaluation and rehabilitation of those whose communication disorders stem in whole or in part from hearing impairment.

audiology
audiology (aw-de-ol′o-je)

The study of hearing disorders through the identification and measurement of hearing impairment as well as the rehabilitation of persons with hearing impairments.

audiometer
audiometer (aw-de-om′e-ter)

An electronic device used in measuring the threshold of hearing for pure tones of frequencies generally varying from 125–8000 Hz and speech (recorded in terms of decibels). [audio- + G. metron, measure]
automatic a. SYN: Békésy a..
Békésy a. an automatic a. in which the tone sweeps the audiometric scale while the patient controls intensity by pressing a button when the tone is heard and releases when tone cannot be heard; may be operated either at a fixed frequency or at steadily changing frequencies. SYN: automatic a..
pure-tone a. an a. that generates pure tones of selected frequencies with varying intensity. The stimuli are delivered by air conduction and bone conduction to differentiate conductive, sensorineural, or mixed hearing loss.
speech a. an a. that provides spoken material at controlled sound pressure levels to obtain speech reception thresholds, tolerance for loud speech, and discrimination ability, using either a live voice with a microphone or a recorded voice. It provides a measurement of overall performance in hearing, understanding, and responding to speech and an estimate of the degree of hearing disability.

audiometric
audiometric (aw′de-o-met′rik)

Related to measurement of hearing levels or to an audiometer.

audiometrist
audiometrist (aw-de-om′e-trist)

A person trained in the use of an audiometer in testing hearing.

audiometry
audiometry (aw-de-om′e-tre)

1. The measurement of hearing. 2. The use of an audiometer. 3. Rapid measurement of the hearing of an individual or a group against a predetermined limit of normalcy; auditory responses to different frequencies presented at a constant intensity level are tested. SYN: screening a..
automatic a. a. in which the subject controls increases and decreases in intensity at a fixed frequency or more usually as the frequency of the stimulus is gradually changed so that the subject traces back and forth across the threshold of hearing. SYN: Békésy a..
behavioral observation a. a method of observing the motor responses of young children to test sound intensities to determine the hearing threshold.
Békésy a. SYN: automatic a..
cortical a. measurement of the potentials that arise in the auditory system above the level of the brainstem.
diagnostic a. measurement of hearing threshold levels to determine the nature and degree of hearing impairment ( i.e., conductive, sensorineural, or mixed).
screening a. SYN: a. (3) .

audiovisual
audiovisual (aw′de-o-vizh′u-al)

Pertaining to a communication or teaching technique that combines both audible and visible symbols.

audit
audit

An examination or review that establishes the extent to which a condition, process, or performance conforms to predetermined standards or criteria. [L. auditus, a hearing, fr. audio, to hear]

audition
audition (aw-dish′un)

SYN: hearing. [L. auditio, a hearing, fr. audio, to hear]
chromatic a. SYN: color hearing.

auditive
auditive (aw′di-tiv)

One who recalls most readily that which has been heard. SYN: audile (3) .

auditory
auditory (aw′di-tor-e)

1. Pertaining to the sense of hearing or to the system serving hearing. 2. Used to describe a person who preferentially uses verbal mental imagery. SEE ALSO: internal representation. [L. audio, pp. auditus, to hear]

Auenbrugger
Auenbrugger

Leopold, Austrian physician, 1722–1809. See A. sign.

Auer
Auer

John, U.S. physician, 1875–1948. See A. bodies, under body, A. rods, under rod.

Auerbach
Auerbach

Leopold, German anatomist, 1828–1897. See A. ganglia, under ganglion, A. plexus.

Aufrecht
Aufrecht

Emanuel, German physician, 1844–1933. See A. sign.

Auger
Auger (aw′ger)

Pierre-Victor, French physicist, 1899–1993. See A. electron.

augnathus
augnathus (awg-na′thus)

SYN: dignathus. [G. au, again, + gnathos, jaw]

Aujeszky
Aujeszky

Aládar, Hungarian pathologist, 1869–1933. See A. disease virus.

aur
aur

Abbreviation for auris.

aura
aura, pl .aurae (aw′ra, -re)

1. Epileptic ictal phenomenon/phenomena perceived only by the patient. 2. Subjective symptoms at the onset of a migraine headache. [L. breeze, odor, gleam of light]
abdominal a. epileptic a. characterized by abdominal discomfort, including nausea, malaise, pain, and hunger; some phenomena reflect ictal autonomic dysfunction. SEE ALSO: a. (1) .
auditory a. epileptic a. characterized by illusions or hallucinations of sounds. SEE ALSO: a. (1) .
experiential a. epileptic a. characterized by altered perception of one's internal and/or external environment; may involve auditory, visual, olfactory, gustatory, somatosensory, or emotional altered perceptions. When one of the altered perceptions is clearly predominant, the specific a. classification should be used. SEE ALSO: a. (1) .
gustatory a. epileptic a. characterized by illusions or hallucinations of taste. SEE ALSO: a. (1) .
intellectual a. a dreamy, detached, or reminiscent a.. SYN: reminiscent a..
kinesthetic a. an a. consisting of a subjective feeling of movement of a part of the body.
olfactory a. epileptic a. characterized by illusions or hallucinations of smell. SEE ALSO: a. (1) .
reminiscent a. SYN: intellectual a..
somatosensory a. epileptic a. characterized by paresthesias or abdominal somatognosia of a clearly defined regional distribution. SEE ALSO: a. (1) .
visual a. epileptic a. characterized by visual illusions or hallucinations, formed or unformed, including scintillations, teichopsia. SEE ALSO: a. (1) .

aural
aural (aw′ral)

1. Relating to the ear (auris). 2. Relating to an aura.

auramine O
auramine O (aw′ra-men) [C.I. 41000]

A yellow fluorescent dye, used as a stain for the tubercle bacillus and as a stain for DNA in Kasten fluorescent Feulgen stain.

auranofin
auranofin (aw-ran′o-fin)

An oral form of gold complex used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

aureolic acid
aureolic acid (aw-re-o′lik)

SYN: mithramycin.

auri- auri-

Combining form denoting the ear. SEE ALSO: ot-, oto-. [L. auris, an ear.]

auriasis
auriasis (aw-ri′a-sis)

SYN: chrysiasis.

auric
auric (aw′rik)

Relating to gold (aurum).

auricle
auricle (aw′ri-kl) [TA]

1. The projecting shell-like structure on the side of the head, constituting, with the external acoustic meatus, the external ear. SYN: auricula (1) [TA] , ala auris, pinna (1) . 2. SYN: auricles (of atria).
accessory auricles small, fleshy nodules or folds, sometimes with supporting cartilage, occasionally found along the margins of the embryonic branchial clefts.
atrial a. SYN: auricles (of atria). SEE ALSO: left atrium of heart, right atrium of heart.
cervical a. accessory a. on the neck.
left a. [TA] the small conical projection from the left atrium of the heart. SYN: auricula atrii sinistra [TA] , a. of left atrium, left auricular appendage.
a. of left atrium SYN: left a..
auricles (of atria) [TA] a small conical (“ear-shaped”) pouch projecting from the upper anterior portion of each atrium of the heart, increasing slightly the atrial volume. See left a., right a.. SYN: a. (2) [TA] , auricula (2) [TA] , auriculae atrii [TA] , atrial appendage, atrial a., atrial auricula, auricular appendix.
right a. [TA] the small conical projection from the right atrium of the heart. SYN: auricula atrii dextra [TA] , a. of right atrium, auricular appendage (1) , right auricular appendage.
a. of right atrium SYN: right a..

auricula
auricula, pl .auriculae (aw-rik′u-la, -le) [TA]

1. SYN: auricle (1) . 2. SYN: auricles (of atria), under auricle. [L. the external ear, dim. of auris, ear]
atrial a. SYN: auricles (of atria), under auricle. SEE ALSO: left atrium of heart, right atrium of heart.
auriculae atrii [TA] SYN: auricles (of atria), under auricle. See left atrium of heart, right atrium of heart.
a. atrii dextra [TA] SYN: right auricle.
a. atrii sinistra [TA] SYN: left auricle.

auricular
auricular (aw-rik′u-lar)

Relating to the ear, or to an auricle in any sense.

auriculare
auriculare, pl .auricularia (aw-rik-u-la′re, -re-a)

A craniometric point at the center of the opening of the external acoustic meatus; or, in certain cases, the middle of the upper edge of this opening. SYN: auricular point. [L. auricularis, pertaining to the ear]

auriculocranial
auriculocranial (aw-rik′u-lo-kra′ne-al)

Relating to the auricle or pinna of the ear and the cranium.

auriculotemporal
auriculotemporal (aw-rik′u-lo-tem′po-ral)

Relating to the auricle or pinna of the ear and the temporal region.

auriculoventricular
auriculoventricular (aw-rik′u-lo-ven-trik′u-lar)

Obsolete synonym for atrioventricular.

aurid
aurid, pl .aurides (aw′rid, aw′ri-dez)

A skin lesion due to injection of gold salts. [L. aurum, gold, + -id (1)]

auriform
auriform (aw′ri-form)

Ear-shaped.

aurin
aurin (aw′rin) [C.I. 43800]

A triphenylmethane derivative used as an indicator (changes from yellow to red at pH 6.8 to 8.2) and as a dye intermediate; also used to help differentiate tubercle bacilli from other acid-fast microorganisms. SYN: corallin, p-rosolic acid.

aurintricarboxylic acid
aurintricarboxylic acid (aw′rin-tri′kar-boks-il′ik)

A chelating agent that has a special affinity for beryllium and certain other materials, and may therefore be of use in combating beryllium poisoning; the ammonium salt is known as aluminon.

auris
auris (a, a, aur) , pl .aures (aw′ris, aw′rez) [TA]

SYN: ear. [L.]
a. externa SYN: external ear.
a. interna SYN: internal ear.
a. media SYN: middle ear.

aurochromoderma
aurochromoderma (aw′ro-kro-mo-der′ma)

SYN: chrysiasis. [L. aurum, gold, + chroma, color, + derma, skin]

auromercaptoacetanilid
auromercaptoacetanilid (aw′ro-mer-kap′to-as-e-tan′i-lid)

An organic gold compound, insoluble in water; used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, and administered by intramuscular injection; more slowly absorbed than the water-soluble gold salts. SYN: aurothioglycanide.

aurone
aurone (aw′ron)

1. The parent compound of a series of plant pigments; they are substituted coumaranones, and may be formed from chalcones. They are often found as glycosides. 2. A class of compounds based on a. (1). SYN: benzalcoumaran-3-one.

aurotherapy
aurotherapy (aw-ro-thar′a-pe)

SYN: chrysotherapy. [L. aurum, gold]

aurothioglucose
aurothioglucose (aw′ro-thi-o-gloo′kos)

Organic gold preparation with –SAu group in place of 1-OH group of glucose; used in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and discoid lupus erythematosus. It is thought to arrest the progression of disease. SYN: gold thioglucose.

aurothioglycanide
aurothioglycanide (aw′-ro-thi-o-gli′ka-nid)

SYN: auromercaptoacetanilid.

aurum
aurum (aw′rum)

SYN: gold. [L.]

auscultate
auscultate, auscult (aws′kul-tat, aws-kult′)

To perform auscultation.

auscultation
auscultation (aws-kul-ta′shun)

Listening to the sounds made by the various body structures as a diagnostic method. [L. ausculto, pp. -atus, to listen to]
immediate a., direct a. a. by application of the ear to the surface of the body.
mediate a. a. performed with the use of a stethoscope.

auscultatory
auscultatory (aws-kul′ta-to-re)

Relating to auscultation.

Auspitz
Auspitz

Heinrich, Austrian physician, 1835–1886. See A. sign.

Austin Flint
Austin Flint

See Flint.

aut- aut-

See auto-.

autacoid
autacoid (aw-ta′-koyd)

SYN: autocoid. [aut- + G. akos, relief, resource]

autecic
autecic, autecious (aw-te′sik, aw-te′shus)

Denoting a parasite that infects, throughout its entire existence, the same host. [G. autos, same, + oikion, house]

autemesia
autemesia (aw-te-me′ze-a)

Rarely used term for: 1. Idiopathic or functional vomiting. 2. Vomiting induced by provoking the gag reflex. [G. autos, self, + emesis, vomiting]

authenticity
authenticity (aw-then-tis′i-te)

1. The quality of being authentic, genuine, and valid. 2. In psychological functioning and personality, applied to the conscious feelings, perceptions, and thoughts that one expresses and communicates honestly and genuinely. [G. authentikos, original, primary]

autism
autism (aw′tizm)

A mental disorder characterized by severely abnormal development of social interaction and verbal and nonverbal communication skills. Affected individuals may adhere to inflexible, nonfunctional rituals or routine. They may become upset with even trivial changes in their environment. They often have a limited range of interests but may become preoccupied with a narrow range of subjects or activities. They appear unable to understand others' feelings and often have poor eye contact with others. Unpredictable mood swings may occur. Many demonstrate stereotypical motor mannerisms such as hand or finger flapping, body rocking, or dipping. The disorder is probably caused by organically based central nervous system dysfunction, especially in the ability to process social or emotional information or language. [G. autos, self]
early infantile a. SYN: infantile a..
infantile a. a severe emotional disturbance of childhood characterized by qualitative impairment in reciprocal social interaction and in communication, language, and social development. SYN: childhood schizophrenia, early infantile a., Kanner syndrome.

autistic
autistic (aw-tis′tik)

Pertaining to or characterized by autism.

auto- auto-, aut-

Prefixes meaning self, same. [G. autos, self]

autoactivation
autoactivation (aw′to-ak-ti-va′shun)

SYN: autocatalysis.

autoagglutination
autoagglutination (aw′to-a-gloo-ti-na′shun)

1. Nonspecific agglutination or clumping together of cells ( e.g., bacteria, erythrocytes) due to physical and/or chemical factors. 2. The agglutination of red blood cells by specific autoantibody present in one's own serum.

autoagglutinin
autoagglutinin (aw′to-a-gloo′ti-nin)

An agglutinating autoantibody.
anti-Pr cold a. a cold a. specific for the Pr (protease-sensitive) antigen of erythrocytes.
cold a. an antibody that agglutinates particulate antigens ( i.e., bacteria) at temperatures below 37°C, often most actively at 4°C; most are the IgM class of immunoglobulins with affinity for the Ii system of erythrocyte antigens, but some are anti-Pr cold autoagglutinins; cold autoagglutinins may be associated with infection ( e.g., primary atypical pneumonia, infectious mononucleosis and other virus infections, certain protozoan infections) and in such instances usually are not active in vivo.

autoallergic
autoallergic (aw′to-a-ler′jik)

Pertaining to autoallergy.

autoallergization
autoallergization (aw′to-al′er-ji-za′shun)

Induction of autoallergy.

autoallergy
autoallergy (aw-to-al′er-je)

An altered reactivity in which antibodies (autoantibodies) are produced against an individual's own tissues, causing a destructive rather than a protective effect. SYN: autoimmunity (1) .

autoanalysis
autoanalysis (aw′to-a-nal′i-sis)

Attempted analysis, or psychoanalysis, of one's self. SYN: self-analysis.

autoanalyzer
autoanalyzer (aw-to-an′a-liz-er)

An instrument capable of conducting analyses automatically; commonly used in chemical analyses.
sequential multichannel a. (SMA) an automated instrument capable of performing multiple (usually chemical) analyses simultaneously by propelling samples and reagents in continuous flow fashion along tubes to the detector mechanisms.

autoanaphylaxis
autoanaphylaxis (aw′to-an′a-fi-lak′sis)

Obsolete term for certain kinds of autoimmunity.

autoantibody
autoantibody (aw-to-an′ti-bod-e)

Antibody occurring in response to antigenic constituents of the host's tissue against self antigen, and which reacts with the inciting tissue component.
antiidiotype a. SYN: idiotype a..antiidiotype antibody.
cold a. an a. that reacts at temperatures below 37°C.
Donath-Landsteiner cold a. an a. of the IgG class responsible for paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria; it is adsorbed to red cells only at temperatures of 20°C or lower, causing the red cells to lyse in the presence of complement at higher temperatures; it has a specificity within the blood group P; it is also occasionally present for short periods of time following measles and other infections, and formerly was frequently associated with syphilis. SYN: cold hemolysin.
hemagglutinating cold a. a cold autoagglutinin.
idiotype a. SYN: antiidiotype a..
warm a. an a. that reacts optimally at 37°C.

autoanticomplement
autoanticomplement (aw′to-an-ti-com′ple-ment)

An anticomplement that is formed in the body of an animal and inhibits or destroys the complement of the same animal.

autoantigen
autoantigen (aw-to-an′ti-jen)

A “self” antigen; any tissue constituent that evokes an immune response by the host.

autoassay
autoassay (aw′to-as-a)

Detection or estimation of the amount of a substance produced in an organism by means of a test object in that organism, as, for example, use of the denervated heart in situ of a cat to assay for epinephrine or sympathin liberated into its bloodstream.

autoaugmentation
autoaugmentation (aw′-to-awg′men-ta-shun)

Augmentation of the bladder by incision and excision of detrusor muscle leaving only bladder epithelium. SYN: autocystoplasty.

autoblast
autoblast (aw′to-blast)

1. An independent cell. 2. A single, independent microbe, protozoon, or single-celled (acellular) organism. [auto- + G. blastos, germ]

autocatalysis
autocatalysis (aw′to-ka-tal′i-sis)

A reaction in which one or more of the products formed acts to catalyze the reaction; beginning slowly, the rate of such a reaction rapidly increases. Cf.:chain reaction. SYN: autoactivation.

autocatalytic
autocatalytic (aw′to-kat-a-lit′ik)

Relating to autocatalysis.

autocatheterization
autocatheterization, autocatheterism (aw′to-kath-e-ter-i-za′shun, -kath′e-ter-izm)

Passage of a catheter by the patient.

autochthonous
autochthonous (aw-tok′thon-us)

1. Native to the place inhabited; aboriginal. 2. Originating in the place where found; said of a disease originating in the part of the body where found, or of a disease acquired in the place where the patient is. [auto- + G. chthon, land, ground, country]

autoclasis
autoclasis, autoclasia (aw-tok′la-sis, aw-to-kla′ze-a)

1. A breaking up or rupturing from intrinsic or internal causes. 2. Progressive immunologically induced tissue destruction. [auto- + G. klasis, breaking]

autoclave
autoclave (aw′to-klav)

1. An apparatus for sterilization by steam under pressure; it consists of a strong closed boiler containing a small quantity of water and, in a wire basket, the articles to be sterilized. 2. To sterilize in an a.. [auto- + L. clavis, a key, in the sense of self-locking]

autocoid
autocoid (aw′to-koyd)

A chemical substance produced by one type of cell that affects the function of different types of cells in the same region, thus functioning as a local hormone or messenger. SYN: autacoid substance, autacoid. [G. autos, self, + eidos, form]

autocrine
autocrine (aw′to-krin)

Denoting self-stimulation through cellular production of a factor and a specific receptor for it. [auto- + G. krino, to separate]

autocystoplasty
autocystoplasty (aw-to-sis′to-plas-te)

SYN: autoaugmentation. [auto- + G. kystis, bladder, + plastos, formed]

autocytolysin
autocytolysin (aw′to-si-tol′i-sin)

SYN: autolysin.

autocytolysis
autocytolysis (aw′to-si-tol′i-sis)

SYN: autolysis.

autocytotoxin
autocytotoxin (aw′to-si-to-toks′in)

A cytotoxic autoantibody.

autodermic
autodermic (aw-to-der′mik)

Relating to one's own skin; denoting especially an a. graft or dermatoautoplasty. [auto- + G. derma, skin]

autodigestion
autodigestion (aw′to-di-jes′chun)

SYN: autolysis.

autodiploid
autodiploid (aw-to-dip′loyd)

See autoploid.

autodrainage
autodrainage (aw-to-dran′ij)

Drainage into contiguous tissues.

autoecholalia
autoecholalia (aw′to-ek-o-la′le-a)

A morbid repetition of another person's or one's own words. [auto- + echolalia]

autoerotic
autoerotic (aw′to-e-rot′ik)

Pertaining to autoerotism.

autoeroticism
autoeroticism (aw′to-e-rot′i-sizm)

Sexual arousal or gratification using one's own body, as in masturbation. SYN: autoerotism. [auto- + G. erotikos, relating to love]

autoerotism
autoerotism (aw-to-ar′o-tizm)

SYN: autoeroticism. [auto- + G. erotikos, relating to love]

autofluoroscope
autofluoroscope (aw-to-flor′o-skop)

A type of scintillation camera consisting of a matrix of individual sodium iodide crystals, each with its separate light pipe and photomultiplier tube; used for radioisotope imaging procedures.

autogamous
autogamous (aw-tog′a-mus)

Relating to or characterized by autogamy.

autogamy
autogamy (aw-tog′a-me)

A form of self-fertilization in which fission of the cell nucleus occurs without division of the cell, the two pronuclei so formed reuniting to form the synkaryon; in other cases, the cell body also divides, but the two daughter cells immediately conjugate. SYN: automixis. [auto- + G. gamos, marriage]

autogenesis
autogenesis (aw-to-jen′e-sis)

1. The origin of living matter within the organism itself. 2. In bacteriology, the process by which vaccine is made from bacteria obtained from the patient's own body. [auto- + G. genesis, production]

autogenetic
autogenetic, autogenic (aw′to-je-net′ik, jen′ik)

Relating to autogenesis. SYN: autogenous (1) .

autogenous
autogenous (aw-toj′e-nus)

1. SYN: autogenetic, autologous. 2. Originating within the body, applied to vaccines prepared from bacteria or other cells obtained from the affected person. Cf.:endogenous. [G. autogenes, self-produced]

autognosis
autognosis (aw-tog-no′sis)

Recognition of one's own character, tendencies, and peculiarities. SYN: self-knowledge. [auto- + G. gnosis, knowledge]

autograft
autograft (aw′to-graft)

Tissue or organ transferred into a new position in the body of the same individual. SYN: autogeneic graft, autologous graft, autoplastic graft, autotransplant. [auto- + A.S. graef]

autografting
autografting (aw-to-graft′ing)

SYN: autotransplantation.

autogram
autogram (aw′to-gram)

A wheal-like lesion on the skin following pressure by a blunt instrument or by stroking. [auto- + G. gramma, something written]

autographism
autographism (aw-tog′ra-fizm)

SYN: dermatographism.

autohemagglutination
autohemagglutination (aw′to-he′ma-gloo-ti-na′shun)

Autoagglutination of autologous erythrocytes.

autohemolysin
autohemolysin (aw′to-he-mol′i-sin)

An autoantibody that causes lysis of erythrocytes in the presence of complement.

autohemolysis
autohemolysis (aw′to-he-mol′i-sis)

Hemolysis occurring in certain diseases as a result of an autohemolysin.

autohexaploid
autohexaploid (aw-to-heks′a-ployd)

See autoploid.

autohypnosis
autohypnosis (aw′to-hip-no′sis)

Self-induced hypnosis, accomplished by concentrating on self-absorbing thought or on the idea of being hypnotized. SYN: autohypnotism, idiohypnotism.

autohypnotic
autohypnotic (aw′to-hip-not′ik)

Relating to autohypnosis.

autohypnotism
autohypnotism (aw-to-hip′no-tizm)

SYN: autohypnosis.

autoimmune
autoimmune (aw-to-i-mun′)

Cells and/or antibodies arising from and directed against the individual's own tissues, as in a. disease.

autoimmunity
autoimmunity (aw′to-i-mu′ni-te)

1. In immunology, the condition in which one's own tissues are subject to deleterious effects of the immune system, as in autoallergy and in autoimmune disease; specific humoral or cell-mediated immune response against the body's own tissues. SYN: autoallergy. 2. Literally, the condition in which “self” is exempt.

autoimmunization
autoimmunization (aw′to-im′u-ni-za′shun)

Induction of autoimmunity.

autoimmunocytopenia
autoimmunocytopenia (aw-to-im′oo-no-si-to-pe′ne-a)

Anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia resulting from cytotoxic autoimmune reactions.

autoinfection
autoinfection (aw′to-in-fek′shun)

1. Reinfection by microbes or parasitic organisms that have already passed through an infective cycle. 2. Self-infection by direct contagion as with pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis) eggs passed in the infectious state and transmitted by fingernails (anal-oral route). SYN: autoreinfection, self-infection.

autoinfusion
autoinfusion (aw′to-in-fu′shun)

Forcing the blood from the extremities or other areas such as the spleen, as by the application of a bandage or pressure device, to raise the blood pressure and fill the vessels in the vital centers; resorted to after excessive loss of blood or other body fluids. Cf.:autotransfusion.

autoinoculable
autoinoculable (aw′to-in-ok′u-la-bl)

Susceptible to autoinoculation.

autoinoculation
autoinoculation (aw′to-in-ok-u-la′shun)

A secondary infection originating from a focus of infection already present in the body.

autointoxicant
autointoxicant (aw′to-in-toks′i-kant)

An endogenous toxic agent that causes autointoxication. SYN: autotoxin.

autointoxication
autointoxication (aw′to-in-toks-i-ka′shun)

A disorder resulting from absorption of the waste products of metabolism, decomposed matter from the intestine, or the products of dead and infected tissue as in gangrene. SYN: autotoxicosis, endogenic toxicosis, enterotoxication, enterotoxism, intestinal intoxication, self-poisoning.

autoisolysin
autoisolysin (aw′to-i-sol′i-sin)

An antibody that in the presence of complement causes lysis of cells in the individual in whose body the lysin is formed, as well as in others of the same species.

autokeratoplasty
autokeratoplasty (aw-to-ker′a-to-plas-te)

Grafting of corneal tissue from one eye of a patient to the fellow eye. [auto- + G. keras, horn, + plastos, formed]

autokinesia
autokinesia, autokinesis (aw-to-ki-ne′se-a, aw-to-ki-ne′sis)

Voluntary movement. [auto- + G. kinesis, movement]

autokinetic
autokinetic (aw-to-ki-net′ik)

Relating to autokinesis.

autolesion
autolesion (aw-to-le′zhun)

A self-inflicted injury.

autologous
autologous (aw-tol′o-gus)

1. Occurring naturally and normally in a certain type of tissue or in a specific structure of the body. 2. In transplantation, referring to a graft in which the donor and recipient areas are in the same individual, or to blood that the donor has previously donated and then receives back, usually during surgery. 3. Sometimes used to denote a neoplasm derived from cells that occur normally at that sight, e.g., a squamous cell carcinoma in the upper esophagus. SYN: autogenous (1) . [auto- + G. logos, relation]

autolysate
autolysate (aw-tol′i-sat)

The mixture of substances resulting from autolysis.

autolyse
autolyse (aw′to-lis)

SYN: autolyze.

autolysin
autolysin (aw-tol′i-sin)

An antibody that in the presence of complement causes lysis of the cells and tissues in the body of the individual in whom the lysin is formed. SYN: autocytolysin.

autolysis
autolysis (aw-tol′i-sis)

1. Enzymatic digestion of cells (especially dead or degenerate) by enzymes present within them (autogenous). 2. Destruction of cells as a result of a lysin formed in those cells or others in the same organism. SYN: autocytolysis, autodigestion, isophagy. [auto- + G. lysis, dissolution]

autolytic
autolytic (aw-to-lit′ik)

Pertaining to or causing autolysis.

autolyze
autolyze (aw′to-liz)

To undergo autolysis. SYN: autolyse.

automallet
automallet (aw′to-mal-et)

Obsolete term for automatic plugger or condenser.

automatism
automatism (aw-tom′a-tizm)

1. The state of being independent of the will or of central innervation; applicable, for example, to the heart's action. 2. An epileptic attack consisting of stereotyped psychic, sensory, or motor phenomena carried out in a state of impaired consciousness and of which the individual usually has no knowledge. 3. A condition in which an individual is consciously or unconsciously, but involuntarily, compelled to the performance of certain motor or verbal acts, often purposeless and sometimes foolish or harmful. SYN: telergy. [G. automatos, self-moving, + -in]
ambulatory a. a person's automatic performance of an action or series of actions without being consciously aware of the processes involved in the performance.
immediate posttraumatic a. a posttraumatic state in which the patient performs automatically without immediate or later memory of that behavior.

automatograph
automatograph (aw-to-mat′o-graf)

An instrument for recording automatic movements.

automixis
automixis (aw-to-miks′is)

SYN: autogamy. [auto- + G. mixis, intercourse]

automnesia
automnesia (aw-tom-ne′ze-a)

Spontaneous revival of memories of an earlier condition of life. [auto- + G. mnesis, a remembering]

automysophobia
automysophobia (aw′to-mis-o-fo′be-a)

Morbid dread of personal uncleanliness. [auto- + G. mysos, dirt, + phobos, fear]

autonomic
autonomic (aw-to-nom′ik)

Relating to the a. nervous system.

autonomotropic
autonomotropic (aw′to-nom-o-trop′ik)

Acting on the autonomic nervous system. [autonomic + G. trepo, to turn]

autonomous
autonomous (aw-ton′o-mus)

Having independence or freedom from control by external forces or, in a narrow sense, by the cerebrospinal nerve centers.

autonomy
autonomy (aw-ton′o-me)

The condition or state of being autonomous, able to make decisions unaided by others. [auto- + G. nomos, law]
functional a. in social psychology, the tendency of a developed motive system ( e.g., motive of acquisition) to become independent of the primary or innate drive from which it originated ( e.g., need for food).

auto-oxidation
auto-oxidation (aw′to-oks-i-da′shun)

The direct combination of a substance with molecular oxygen at ordinary temperatures. SYN: autoxidation.

auto-oxidizable
auto-oxidizable (aw′to-oks-i-diz′a-bl)

Denoting substances that react directly with oxygen ( e.g., b hemochromogen in cytochrome) and do not require the action of dehydrogenases.

autopathic
autopathic (aw-to-path′ik)

Rarely used synonym for idiopathic.

autopentaploid
autopentaploid (aw-to-pen′ta-ployd)

See autoploid.

autopepsia
autopepsia (aw-to-pep′se-a)

Rarely used term for self-digestion, said of ulceration of the gastric mucous membrane by its own secretion, or the digestion of the skin surrounding a gastrostomy or colostomy opening. [auto- + G. pepsis, digestion]

autophagia
autophagia (aw-to-fa′je-a)

1. Biting one's own flesh; e.g., as a symptom of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. 2. Maintenance of the nutrition of the whole body by metabolic consumption of some of the body tissues. 3. SYN: autophagy. [auto- + G. phago, to eat]

autophagic
autophagic (aw-to-fa′jik)

Relating to or characterized by autophagia.

autophagolysosome
autophagolysosome (aw′to-fa-go-li′so-som)

The digestive vacuole of autophagy that results from the fusion of a primary lysosome with an autophagic vacuole.

autophagy
autophagy (aw-tof′a-je)

Segregation and disposal of damaged organelles within a cell. SYN: autophagia (3) . [auto- + G. phago, to eat]

autophobia
autophobia (aw-to-fo′be-a)

Morbid fear of solitude or of self. [auto- + G. phobos, fear]

autophony
autophony (aw-tof′o-ne)

Increased hearing of one's own voice, breath sounds, arterial murmurs, etc., noted especially in disease of the middle ear or of the nasal fossae. SYN: tympanophonia, tympanophony. [auto- + G. phone, sound]

autoploid
autoploid (aw′to-ployd)

Relating to an individual or cell with two or more copies of a single haploid set; depending on the number of multiples of the haploid set, autoploids are referred to as autodiploids, autotriploids, autotetraploids, autopentaploids, autohexaploids, etc. [auto- + -ploid]

autoploidy
autoploidy (aw′to-ploy-de)

The condition of being autoploid.

autoplugger
autoplugger (aw′to-plug-er)

Obsolete term for automatic plugger.

autopod
autopod (aw′to-pod)

SYN: autopodium.

autopodium
autopodium, pl .autopodia (aw′to-po′de-um, de-a)

The distal major subdivision of a limb (hand or foot). SYN: autopod. [auto- + G. pous (pod-), foot]

autopoisonous
autopoisonous (aw-to-poy′zun-us)

SYN: autotoxic.

autopolymer
autopolymer (aw-to-pol′i-mer)

See a. resin.

autopolymerization
autopolymerization (aw-to-pol′i-mer-i-za′shun)

Polymerization without the use of external heat, as a result of the addition of an activator and a catalyst.

autopolyploid
autopolyploid (aw-to-pol′i-ployd)

An autoploid having two or more multiples of the haploid sets of chromosomes.

autopolyploidy
autopolyploidy (aw-to-pol′i-ploy-de)

The condition of being allopolyploid.

autopsy
autopsy (aw′top-se)

1. An examination of the organs of a dead body to determine the cause of death or to study the pathologic changes present. SYN: necropsy. 2. In the terminology of the ancient Greek school of empirics, the intentional reproduction of an effect, event, or circumstance that occurred in the course of a disease and observation of its influence in ameliorating or aggravating the patient's symptoms. SYN: postmortem examination. [G. autopsia, seeing with one's own eyes]
verbal a. method of obtaining as much information as possible about a deceased person by asking questions of family and others who can describe the mode of death and circumstances preceding death; used especially in developing countries and in settings and situations in which postmortem pathological examination is not feasible.

autoradiogram
autoradiogram (aw-to-ra′de-o-gram)

SYN: autoradiograph. [auto- + radiogram]

autoradiograph
autoradiograph (aw-to-ra′de-o-graf)

Image of the distribution and concentration of radioactivity in a tissue or other substance made by placing a photographic emulsion on the surface of, or in close proximity to, the substance. SYN: autoradiogram.

autoradiography
autoradiography (aw′to-ra-de-og′ra-fe)

The process of producing an autoradiograph. SYN: radioautography.
paper a. a. in which compounds are separated by paper chromatography.

autoreceptor
autoreceptor (au′to-re-sep-tor, tor)

A site on a neuron that binds the neurotransmitter released by that neuron, which then regulates the neuron's activity. [auto- + receptor]

autoregulation
autoregulation (aw′to-reg-u-la′shun)

1. The tendency of the blood flow to an organ or part to remain at or return to the same level despite changes in the pressure in the artery which conveys blood to it. 2. In general, any biologic system equipped with inhibitory feedback systems such that a given change tends to be largely or completely counteracted; e.g., baroreceptor reflexes form a basis for a. of the systemic arterial blood pressure.
heterometric a. intrinsic regulation of the strength of cardiac contraction as a function of diastolic fiber length (volume), independent of afterload, autonomic nerves and other extrinsic influences. Heterometric a. is also known as the length-tension relationship, the relationship of end diastolic volume to end diastolic pressure, Starling law of the heart, and the Frank-Starling curve.
homeometric a. intrinsic regulation of strength of cardiac contraction in response to influences that do not depend on change in fiber length, i.e., the Frank-Starling curve, ( e.g., the Anrep effect in which strength increases in response to increased afterload, and the Bowditch effect (treppe) in which strength increases in response to increased heart rate) and do not depend on extrinsic regulation ( e.g., in which strength increases in response to sympathetic nerve stimulation or norepinephrine).

autoreinfection
autoreinfection (aw′to-re-in-fek′shun)

SYN: autoinfection.

autoreproduction
autoreproduction (aw′to-re-pro-duk′shun)

The ability of a gene or virus, or nucleoprotein molecule generally, to bring about the synthesis of another molecule like itself from smaller molecules within the cell.

autorrhaphy
autorrhaphy (aw-tor′a-fe)

Wound closure using strands of fascia from the edges of the wound. [auto- + G. rhaphe, sewing]

autosensitize
autosensitize (aw-to-sen′si-tiz)

To sensitize against one's own body cells. SYN: isosensitize.

autosepticemia
autosepticemia (aw′to-sep-ti-se′me-a)

Septicemia apparently originating from microorganisms existing within the individual and not introduced from without. [auto- + G. sepsis, decay, + haima, blood]

autoserotherapy
autoserotherapy (aw′to-se-ro-thar′a-pe)

The treatment of certain conditions, such as dermatoses, by injection of the patient's own blood serum.

autoserum
autoserum (aw-to-se′rum)

Serum obtained from the patient's own blood and used in autoserotherapy.

autosite
autosite (aw′to-sit)

That member of abnormal, unequal conjoined twins that is able to live independently and nourish the other member (parasite) of the pair. [auto- + G. sitos, food]

autosmia
autosmia (aw-toz′me-a)

The smelling of one's own body odor. [auto- + G. osme, smell]

autosomal
autosomal (aw-to-so′mal)

Pertaining to an autosome.

autosomatognosis
autosomatognosis (aw-to-so′ma-tog-no′sis)

The sensation that an amputated portion of the body is still present. See phantom limb. [auto- + G. soma, body, + gnosis, recognition]

autosomatognostic
autosomatognostic (aw-to-so′ma-tog-nos′tik)

Pertaining to autosomatognosis.

autosome
autosome (aw′to-som)

Any chromosome other than a sex chromosome; autosomes normally occur in pairs in somatic cells and singly in gametes. SYN: euchromosome. [auto- + G. soma, body]

autosuggestibility
autosuggestibility (aw′to-sug-jes-ti-bil′i-te)

A mental state in which autosuggestion (1) readily occurs.

autosuggestion
autosuggestion (aw′to-sug-jes′chun)

1. Constant dwelling upon an idea or concept, thereby inducing some change in the mental or bodily functions. SEE ALSO: autohypnosis. 2. Reproduction in the brain of impressions previously received which become then the starting point of new acts or ideas.

autosynnoia
autosynnoia (aw′to-sin-noy′a)

A mental disorder in which one never has a thought not connected with oneself. SYN: self-centeredness. [auto- + G. synnoia, deep thought, fr. syn, with + noeo, to think]

autosynthesis
autosynthesis (aw-to-sin′the-sis)

Self-reproduction or -replication.

autotelic
autotelic (aw-to-tel′ik)

Denoting those traits closely associated with the central purposes of an individual. [auto- + G. telos, end, completeness, purpose]

autotemnous
autotemnous (aw-to-tem′nus)

Denoting a cell that propagates itself by fission without previous conjugation. [auto- + G. temno, to cut]

autotetraploid
autotetraploid (aw-to-tet′ra-ployd)

See autoploid.

autotherapy
autotherapy (aw-to-thar′a-pe)

1. Self-treatment. 2. Spontaneous cure.

autotomy
autotomy (aw-tot′o-me)

The act of casting off a body part as a means of escape; e.g., the limb of a crab or the tail of a lizard. [auto- + G. tome, a cutting]

autotopagnosia
autotopagnosia (aw′to-top′ag-no′ze-a)

Inability to recognize or to orient any part of one's own body; caused by a parietal lobe lesion. Cf.:somatotopagnosis. [auto- + G. topos, place, + G. a- priv. + gnosis]

autotoxemia
autotoxemia (aw′to-tok-se′me-a)

Autointoxicants present in the blood, usually resulting in autointoxication.

autotoxic
autotoxic (aw-to-toks′ik)

Relating to autointoxication. SYN: autopoisonous.

autotoxicosis
autotoxicosis (aw′to-tok-si-ko′sis)

SYN: autointoxication.

autotoxin
autotoxin (aw-to-tok′sin)

SYN: autointoxicant.

autotransfusion
autotransfusion (aw′to-tranz-fu′zhun)

Withdrawal and reinjection/transfusion of the patient's own blood; commonly the patient's own blood is collected on several occasions over time to be reinfused during an operative procedure in which substantial blood loss is anticipated. Cf.:autoinfusion.

autotransplant
autotransplant (aw-to-tranz′plant)

SYN: autograft.

autotransplantation
autotransplantation (aw′to-tranz-plan-ta′shun)

The performance of an autograft. SYN: autografting.

autotriploid
autotriploid (aw-to-trip′loyd)

See autoploid.

autotroph
autotroph (aw′to-trof)

A microorganism that uses only inorganic materials as its source of nutrients; carbon dioxide serves as the sole carbon source. [auto- + G. trophe, nourishment]

autotrophic
autotrophic (aw-to-trof′ik)

1. Self-nourishing. The ability of an organism to produce food from inorganic compounds. 2. Pertaining to an autotroph.

autotrophy
autotrophy (aw′to-trof-e)

The state of being self-sustaining and able to produce food from inorganic compounds, with carbon dioxide serving as the sole source of carbon.
carbon a. ability to assimilate CO₂ from the air.
nitrogen a. ability to assimilate nitrate or to do nitrogen fixation.
sulfur a. ability to assimilate sulfate.

autovaccination
autovaccination (aw′to-vak-si-na′shun)

A second vaccination with virus from a vaccine sore or liberation of antigenic products from invading microorganisms on the same individual.

autoxidation
autoxidation (aw-tok-si-da′shun)

SYN: auto-oxidation.

autozygous
autozygous (aw-to-zi′gus)

Denoting genes in a homozygote that are copies of the identical ancestral gene as a result of a consanguineous mating. [auto- + G. zygotos, yoked]

auxano- auxano-, auxo-, aux-

Increase, e.g., in size, intensity, speed. [G. auxano, to increase]

auxanogram
auxanogram (awk-san′o-gram)

A plate culture of bacteria in which variable conditions are provided in order to determine the effect of these conditions on the growth of the bacteria. [auxano- + G. gramma, something written]

auxanographic
auxanographic (awk′san-o-graf′ik)

Pertaining to auxanogram or auxanography.

auxanography
auxanography (awk-sa-nog′ra-fe)

The study, using auxanograms, of the effects of different conditions on the growth of bacteria.

auxanology
auxanology (awk-sa-nol′o-je)

The study of growth. [auxano- + G. logos, study]

auxesis
auxesis (awk-se′sis)

Increase in size, especially as in hypertrophy. [G. increase]

auxiliary
auxiliary (og-zil′ya-re)

1. Functioning in an augmenting capacity; supplementary. 2. Functioning as a subordinate; secondary.

auxiliomotor
auxiliomotor (awg-zil′e-o-mo-tor)

Aiding motion.

auxilytic
auxilytic (awk′si-lit′ik)

Increasing the destructive power of a lysin, or favoring lysis. [G. auxo, to increase, + lysis, dissolution]

auxo- auxo-

See auxano-.

auxocardia
auxocardia (awk-so-kar′de-a)

1. Enlargement of the heart, either by hypertrophy or dilation. 2. Diastole of the heart. [auxo- + G. kardia, heart]

auxochrome
auxochrome (awk′so-krom)

The chemical group within a dye molecule by which the dye is bound to reactive end groups in tissues. The a. enhances the intensity of absorption. [auxo- + G. chroma, color]

auxodrome
auxodrome (awk′so-drom)

A course of growth as plotted on a Wetzel grid. [auxo- + G. dromos, course]

auxoflore
auxoflore (awk′so-flor)

An atom or group of atoms that, by its presence in a molecule, shifts the latter's fluorescent radiation in the direction of the shorter wavelength, or increases the fluorescence. Cf.:bathoflore.

auxogluc
auxogluc (awk′so-gluk)

An atomic grouping that, when present in a molecule, intensifies its sweetness. [G. auxano, to increase, + glykys, sweet]

auxotonic
auxotonic (awk-so-ton′ik)

Denoting the condition in which a contracting muscle shortens against an increasing load. Cf.:isometric (2) , isotonic (3) .

auxotox
auxotox (awk′so-toks)

An atomic grouping that, when present in a molecule, intensifies its poisonous characteristics. [G. auxano, to increase, + toxikon, poison]

auxotroph
auxotroph (awk′so-trof)

A mutant microorganism that requires some nutrient that is not required by the organism (prototroph) from which the mutant was derived. Cf.:polyauxotroph, monoauxotroph. [auxo- + G. trophe, nourishment]

auxotrophic
auxotrophic (awk-so-trof′ik, -tro′fik)

Pertaining to an auxotroph.

AV
AV

Abbreviation for arteriovenous; atrioventricular.

ava
ava

Abbreviation for arteriovenous anastomosis.

avalvular
avalvular (a-val′vu-lar)

Nonvalvular; without valves.

avascular
avascular (a-vas′ku-ler, -a)

Without blood or lymphatic vessels; may be a normal state as in certain forms of cartilage, or the result of disease. SYN: nonvascular.

avascularization
avascularization (a-vas′ku-lar-i-za′shun, a-)

1. Expulsion of blood from a part, as by means of a tourniquet or other means of arterial compression. 2. Loss of vascularity, as by scarring.

AVC
AVC

Abbreviation for atrioventricular conduction.

AVD
AVD

Abbreviation for atrioventricular dissociation.

Avellis
Avellis

Georg, German laryngologist, 1864–1916. See A. syndrome.

avenin
avenin (a-ve′nin)

A prolamine, containing about 25% glutamyl residues, found in oats (Avena) and in various legumes; considered highly nutritious. SYN: legumin, plant casein.

average
average

A value that represents or summarizes the relevant features of a set of values; it is usually computed by a mathematical manipulation of the individual values in a set. [M.E. averays, loss from damage to ship or cargo, fr. It. avaris, fr. Ar. 'awariya, damaged goods, + damage]
pure-tone a. a. in decibels of the thresholds for pure tones at 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz.

avermectins
avermectins

A group of endectocidal drugs that includes ivermectin.

aVF
aVF, aVL, aVR

Abbreviation for augmented electrocardiographic leads from the foot (left), left arm, and right arm, respectively.

Aviadenovirus
Aviadenovirus (a′ve-ad′e-no-vi′rus)

A genus of viruses (family Adenoviridae) that includes types of viruses found in birds. [L. avis, bird, + G. aden, gland, + virus]

avian
avian (a′ve-an)

Pertaining to birds. [L. avis, bird]

avidin
avidin (av′i-din)

A glycoprotein, obtained from egg whites, which possesses a high affinity for biotin. Labeled a. is allowed to bind to biotin-tagged antibodies in order to amplify antigen-antibody reactions that may be difficult to visualize. Ingestion of a. can cause a biotin deficiency. SYN: antibiotin. [L. avidus, eager fr. aveo, to crave + -in]

avidity
avidity (a-vid′i-te)

The binding strength of an antibody for an antigen. [L. avidus, greedy, eager fr. aveo, to crave]

Avipoxvirus
Avipoxvirus (a′ve-poks-vi′rus)

The genus of viruses (family Poxviridae) that includes the poxviruses of birds, including canarypox and fowlpox viruses. [L. avis, bird, + pox + virus]

avirulent
avirulent (a-vir′u-lent)

Not virulent.

avitaminosis
avitaminosis (a-vi′ta-min-o′sis)

Properly, hypovitaminosis.
conditioned a. a. caused by any number of pathologic states or dysfunctions in which the supply of a vitamin absorbed by the body is inadequate for the needs under particular circumstances; e.g., the reduced bacterial synthesis of the vitamins in the alimentary canal produced by antibiotic agents.

avivement
avivement (ah-vev-maw′)

Obsolete term for the excision of the edges of a wound to assist the healing process. [Fr. aviver, to quicken, revive]

AV node
AV node

Abbreviation for atrioventricular node.

Avogadro
Avogadro

Amadeo, Italian physicist, 1776–1856. See A. constant, A. hypothesis, A. law, A. number, A. postulate.

avoirdupois
avoirdupois (av′er-du-poyz′)

A system of weights in which 16 ounces make a pound, equivalent to 453.59237 g. See Weights and Measures appendix. [Fr. to have weight, corrupted fr. O. Fr. avoir, property, + de, of, + pois, weight]

AVP
AVP

Abbreviation for antiviral protein; arginine vasopressin.

A-V shunt
A-V shunt

Abbreviation for arteriovenous shunt.

avulsion
avulsion (a-vul′shun)

A tearing away or forcible separation. Cf.:evulsion. [L. a-vello, pp. -vulsus, to tear away]
nerve a. the tearing away of a peripheral nerve at its point of origin from its parent nerve due to traction.
root a. the tearing away of the anterior and posterior primary nerve roots from the spinal cord, due to severe traction; most often the C5 through T1 roots are affected.
tooth a. the traumatic separation of a tooth from its alveolus.

AW
AW

Abbreviation for atomic weight.

ax
ax

Abbreviation for axis.

axenic
axenic (a-zen′ik)

Sterile, denoting especially a pure culture. Also used to denote “germ-free” animals born and raised in a sterile environment. SEE ALSO: gnotobiote. [G. a- priv. + xenos, foreign]

axerophthol
axerophthol (ak′ser-of′thol)

SYN: vitamin A. [antixerophthalmic + -ol]

axes
axes (ak′sez)

Plural of axis.

axial
axial (ak′se-al)

1. [TA] Relating to an axis. SYN: axialis [TA] , axile. 2. Relating to or situated in the central part of the body, in the head and trunk as distinguished from the limbs, e.g., a. skeleton. 3. In dentistry, relating to or parallel with the long axis of a tooth. 4. In radiology, an a. image is one obtained by rotating around the axis of the body, producing a transverse planar image, i.e., a section transverse to the axis.

axialis
axialis [TA]

SYN: axial (1) .

axifugal
axifugal (ak-sif′u-gal)

Extending away from an axis or axon. SYN: axofugal. [L. axis + fugio, to flee from]

axil
axil (ak′sil)

SYN: axilla.

axile
axile (ak′sil)

SYN: axial (1) .

axilla
axilla, gen. and pl. axillae (ak′sil′a, ak-sil′e) [TA]

The space below the shoulder joint, bounded by the pectoralis major anteriorly, the latissimus dorsi posteriorly, the serratus anterior medially, and the humerus laterally; it has a superior opening between the clavicle, scapula, and first rib (cervicoaxillary canal), and an inferior opening or floor covered by the axillary fascia and skin; it contains the axillary artery and vein, the infraclavicular part of the brachial plexus, axillary lymph nodes and vessels, and areolar tissue. SYN: armpit, axil, axillary cavity, axillary fossa, axillary space, fossa axillaris, maschale. [L.]

axillary
axillary (ak′sil-ar-e)

Relating to the axilla. SYN: alar (2) .

axio- axio-

An axis. SEE ALSO: axo-. [L. axis]

axiobuccal
axiobuccal (ak′se-o-buk′al)

Referring to the junction of the axial and buccal planes of a tooth, usually a line.

axiobuccogingival
axiobuccogingival (ak′se-o-buk-o-jin′ji-val)

Referring to the junction of the axial, buccal and gingival planes of teeth; usually a point.

axioincisal
axioincisal (ak′se-o-in-si′sal)

Referring to the line angle formed by the junction of the incisal edge and axial walls of a tooth.

axiolabial
axiolabial (ak′se-o-la′be-al)

Referring to the line angle of a cavity formed by the junction of the axial and the labial walls of a tooth.

axiolabiolingual
axiolabiolingual (ak′se-o-la′be-o-ling′gwal)

Referring to a section from labial to lingual along the longitudinal axis of a tooth.

axiolingual
axiolingual (ak′se-o-ling′gwal)

Referring to the line angle of a cavity formed by the junction of an axial and a lingual wall of a tooth.

axiolinguocervical
axiolinguocervical (ak′se-o-ling′gwo-ser′vi-kal)

Referring to the point angle formed by the junction of an axial, lingual, and cervical (gingival) wall of a tooth cavity.

axiolinguoclusal
axiolinguoclusal (ak′se-o-ling′gwo-kloo′sal)

Referring to the point angle formed by the junction of an axial, lingual, and occlusal wall of a tooth cavity.

axiolinguogingival
axiolinguogingival (ak′se-o-ling′gwo-jin′ji-val)

Referring to the point angle formed by the junction of an axial, lingual, and gingival (cervical) wall of a tooth cavity.

axiomesial
axiomesial (ak′se-o-me′ze-al)

Referring to the line angle of a tooth cavity formed by the junction of an axial and a mesial wall.

axiomesiocervical
axiomesiocervical (ak′se-o-me′ze-o-ser′vi-kal)

Referring to the point angle formed by the junction of an axial, mesial, and cervical (gingival) wall of a tooth cavity.

axiomesiodistal
axiomesiodistal

See a. plane.

axiomesiogingival
axiomesiogingival (ak′se-o-me′ze-o-jin′ji-val)

Referring to the point angle formed by an axial, mesial, and gingival (cervical) wall of a tooth cavity.

axiomesioincisal
axiomesioincisal (ak′se-o-me′ze-o-in-si′sal)

Referring to the point angle formed by the junction of an axial, mesial, and incisal wall of a tooth cavity.

axion
axion (ak′se-on)

The brain and spinal cord (cerebrospinal axis).

axio-occlusal
axio-occlusal (ak′se-o-o-kloo′sal)

Pertaining to the line angle formed by the junction of the axial and occlusal walls of a tooth.

axioplasm
axioplasm (ak′se-o-plazm)

SYN: axoplasm.

axiopodium
axiopodium, pl .axiopodia (ak′se-o-po′de-um, -de-a)

SYN: axopodium.

axiopulpal
axiopulpal (ak′se-o-pul′pal)

Referring to the line angle formed by the junction of an axial and pulpal wall of a tooth cavity.

axioversion
axioversion (ak′se-o-ver′zhun)

Abnormal inclination of the long axis of a tooth.

axipetal
axipetal (ak-sip′e-tal)

SYN: centripetal (2) . [L. axis + peto, to seek]

axiramificate
axiramificate (ak′se-ram-if′i-kat)

Denoting a nerve cell whose axon, usually short, breaks up into many branches, e.g., Golgi type II cells. [G. axon, axis + grapho, to write]

axis
axis (ax) , pl .axes (ak′sis, ak′sez)

1. [TA] A straight line joining two opposing poles of a spherical body, about which the body may revolve. 2. [TA] The central line of the body or any of its parts. 3. The vertebral column. 4. The central nervous system. 5. [TA] The second cervical vertebra. SYN: vertebra C2&star, epistropheus, odontoid vertebra, second cervical vertebra, toothed vertebra, vertebra dentata. 6. An artery that divides, immediately upon its origin, into a number of branches, e.g., celiac a.. See trunk. [L. axle, a.]
basibregmatic a. a line extending from the basion to the bregma.
basicranial a. a line drawn from the basion to the midpoint of the sphenoethmoidal suture.
basifacial a. a line drawn from the subnasal point to the midpoint of the sphenoethmoidal suture. SYN: facial a..
biauricular a. a straight line joining the two auricles. Cf.:auriculare.
celiac a. SYN: celiac (arterial) trunk.
cephalocaudal a. SYN: long a. of body.
cerebrospinal a. the central nervous system; the brain and spinal cord. SYN: encephalomyelonic a., neural a..
condylar a. a line through the two mandibular condyles around which the mandible may rotate during a part of the opening movement. SYN: condyle cord.
conjugate a. SYN: median conjugate.
craniofacial a. a straight line passing through the mesethmoid, presphenoid, basisphenoid, and basioccipital bones.
electrical a. the net direction of the electromotive forces developed in the heart during its activation, usually represented in the frontal plane. See triaxial reference system.
embryonic a. the cephalocaudal a. established in the embryo by the primitive streak.
encephalomyelonic a. SYN: cerebrospinal a..
external a. of eye [TA] that part of the optic a. from the midpoint of anterior surface of the cornea to the posterior surface of the posterior pole of the external surface of the sclera. SYN: a. externus bulbi oculi [TA] .
a. externus bulbi oculi [TA] SYN: external a. of eye.
facial a. SYN: basifacial a..
axes of Fick three axes that pass through the center of the eye vertically (Z), horizontally in the coronal plane (X), and horizontally in the sagittal plane (Y). All ocular rotations can be described by rotation along one of these axes.
hinge a. SYN: transverse horizontal a..
instantaneous electrical a. the resultant a. of the electromotive forces developing in the heart at any given moment.
internal a. of eye [TA] that part of the optic a. from the midpoint of the posterior surface of the cornea to the anterior surface of the retina opposite the posterior pole. SYN: a. internus bulbi oculi [TA] .
a. internus bulbi oculi [TA] SYN: internal a. of eye.
a. of lens a line connecting the anterior and posterior poles of the lens of the eye. SYN: a. lentis.
a. lentis SYN: a. of lens.
long a. a line extending through the center of an object lengthwise; in dentistry, the line extending inciso- (occluso-) cervically parallel to axial surfaces of a tooth.
long a. of body the imaginary straight line in the median plane which nearly intersects the center of all transverse planes through the body, running from the apex of the skull through the center of the perineum and continuing between the lower limbs, parallel to and equidistant from the long axes of the limbs; in theory, this is the line about which the body's mass is equally distributed. SEE ALSO: embryonic a.. SYN: cephalocaudal a..
mandibular a. SYN: transverse horizontal a..
mean electrical a. the average magnitude and direction of all the electromotive forces developed during the cardiac event under consideration; e.g., atrial or ventricular depolarization, or ventricular repolarization. SEE ALSO: a. deviation.
neural a. SYN: cerebrospinal a..
neutral a. of straight beam the a. perpendicular to the plane of loading of a beam at stresses within the proportional limit; it lies at the gravity a. of the cross-section of the beam.
normal electrical a. a mean electrical a. of the heart situated between minus 30° and +90°. See hexaxial reference system.
opening a. an imaginary line around which the mandibular condyles may rotate during opening and closing movements. Cf.:fulcrum line.
optic a. [TA] the a. of the eye connecting the anterior and posterior poles; it usually diverges from the visual a. by five degrees or more. SYN: a. opticus [TA] .
a. opticus [TA] SYN: optic a..
orbital a. the line from the center of the optic foramen (apex of orbit) extending anteriorly, laterally, and inferiorly to the middle of the orbital opening.
pelvic a. SYN: a. of pelvis.
a. pelvis [TA] SYN: a. of pelvis.
a. of pelvis [TA] a hypothetical curved line joining the center point of each of the four planes of the pelvis, marking the center of the pelvic cavity at every level. SYN: a. pelvis [TA] , pelvic a., plane of pelvic canal.
principal optic a. a line passing through the center of the lens of a refracting system at right angles to its surface.
pupillary a. a line perpendicular to the surface of the cornea, passing through the center of the pupil; the “direction of gaze.”
rotational a. SYN: fulcrum line.
sagittal a. in dentistry, the line in the frontal plane around which the working side condyle rotates during mandibular movement.
secondary a. any ray passing through the optical center of a lens.
a. of symmetry an a. through a particle ( e.g., a virus) on such a plane that, if the particle is rotated on the a., there are two or more positions at which the particle appears identical.
thoracic a. 1. SYN: thoracoacromial artery. 2. SYN: thoracoacromial vein.
thyroid a. SYN: thyrocervical (arterial) trunk.
transporionic a. an imaginary line connecting the upper central points of the external auditory meatuses; used in radiographic cephalometry. See porion.
transverse horizontal a. an imaginary line around which the mandible may rotate through the horizontal plane. SYN: hinge a., mandibular a..
vertical a. in dentistry, the line around which the working side condyle rotates in the horizontal plane during mandibular movement.
visual a. the straight line extending from the object seen, through the center of the pupil, to the macula lutea of the retina. SYN: line of vision.
Y-a. a cephalometric indicator of the vertical and horizontal coordinates of mandibular growth expressed in degrees of the inferior facial angle formed by the intersection of the sella-gnathion plane with the Frankfort horizontal plane.

axo- axo-

Axis; axion. [G. axon, axis]

axoaxonic
axoaxonic (ak′so-ak-son′ik)

Relating to synaptic contact between the axon of one nerve cell and that of another. See synapse.

axodendritic
axodendritic (ak′so-den-drit′ik)

Pertaining to the synaptic relationship of an axon with a dendrite of another neuron. See synapse.

axofugal
axofugal (ak-sof′u-gal)

SYN: axifugal. [axo- + L. fugio, to flee]

axograph
axograph (ak′so-graf)

A device for recording scales or axes of predetermined magnitude on kymographic records. [axo- + G. grapho, to write]

axolemma
axolemma (ak′so-lem′a)

The plasma membrane of the axon. SYN: Mauthner sheath. [axo- + G. lemma, husk]

axolysis
axolysis (ak-sol′i-sis)

Destruction or dissolution of a nerve axon. [axo- + G. lysis, dissolution]

axon
axon (ak′son)

The single process of a nerve cell that under normal conditions conducts nervous impulses away from the cell body and its remaining processes (dendrites). It is a relatively even filamentous process varying in thickness from about 0.25 to more than 10 μm. In contrast to dendrites, which rarely exceed 1.5 mm in length, Axons can extend great distances from the parent cell body (some axons of the pyramidal tract are 40–50 cm long). Axons 0.5 μm thick or over are generally enveloped by a segmented myelin sheath provided by oligodendroglia cells (in brain and spinal cord) or Schwann cells (in peripheral nerves). Like dendrites and nerve cell bodies, Axons contain a large number of neurofibrils. With some exceptions, nerve cells synaptically transmit impulses to other nerve cells or to effector cells (muscle cells, gland cells) exclusively by way of the synaptic terminals of their a.. [G. a., axis]

axonal
axonal (ak′so-nal)

Pertaining to an axon.

axoneme
axoneme (ak′so-nem)

1. The central thread running in the axis of the chromosome. 2. SYN: axial filament. 3. The distinctive array of microtubules in the core of eukaryotic cilia and flagella comprising a central pair surrounded by a sheaf of nine doublet microtubules. [axo- + G. nema, a thread]

axonography
axonography (ak-so-nog′ra-fe)

The recording of electrical changes in axons. SYN: electroaxonography.

axonopathy
axonopathy (aks′on-op′a-the)

A disorder affecting primarily the axons of peripheral nerve fibers (although secondary demyelination occurs), in contrast to one that affects only myelin (myelinopathy).

axonotmesis
axonotmesis (ak′son-ot-me′sis)

Interruption of the axons of a nerve followed by complete degeneration of the peripheral segment, without severance of the supporting structures of the nerve; such a lesion may result from pinching, crushing, or prolonged pressure. SEE ALSO: neurapraxia, neurotmesis. [axon + G. tmesis, a cutting]

axopetal
axopetal (ak-sop′e-tal)

Extending in a direction toward an axon. [axo- + L. peto, to seek]

axoplasm
axoplasm (ak′so-plazm)

Neuroplasm of the axon. SYN: axioplasm.

axopodium
axopodium, pl .axopodia (ak-so-po′de-um, -a)

A permanent pseudopodium containing a stiff axial filament of differentiated protoplasm. SYN: axiopodium. [Mod. L., fr. L. axis + G. podion, dim. of pous (pod-), foot]

axosomatic
axosomatic (ak-so-so-mat′ik)

Relating to the synaptic relationship of an axon with a nerve cell body. See synapse. [axo- + G. soma, body]

axostyle
axostyle (ak′so-stil)

An elongate supporting rod or tubule that runs the length of certain flagellate protozoans, frequently projecting out of the posterior end. Single or multiple, filamentous or rigid, they vary with the species but serve as an endoskeletal framework and may function in locomotion as well. [axo- + G. stylos, pillar]

axotomy
axotomy (ak-sot′o-me)

Incision or transection of an axon. [axo- + G. tome, to cut]

ayahuasca
ayahuasca (i′a-wa-ska)

SYN: caapi.

Ayala
Ayala

G., Italian neurologist, 1878–1943. See A. index, A. quotient.

Ayerza
Ayerza

L., Argentinian physician, 1861–1918. See A. disease, A. syndrome.

Ayre
Ayre

James Ernest, U.S. gynecologist, *1910. See A. brush.

azacrine
azacrine (a′za-kren)

An antimalarial; an effective schizontocide in acute falciparum infection.

azacyclonol hydrochloride
azacyclonol hydrochloride (a′za-si′klo-nol)

A structural isomer of pipradol hydrochloride partially antagonistic to its actions, used with varying results in the treatment of hallucinations and confusion.

9-azafluorene
9-azafluorene (a-za-flor′en)

SYN: carbazole.

8-azaguanine
8-azaguanine (a-za-gwah′nen)

Guanine with N for C in position 8; a guanine antagonist that has been used in the treatment of acute leukemia. SYN: guanazolo, triazologuanine.

azamethonium bromide
azamethonium bromide (a′za-me-tho′ne-um)

A ganglionic blocking agent.

azaperone
azaperone (a′za-per-on)

A tranquilizing agent.

azapetine phosphate
azapetine phosphate (a-zap′e-ten)

A potent adrenergic (α-receptor) blocking agent similar in action and uses to those of tolazoline; used in the treatment of peripheral vascular diseases.

azapirones
azapirones (a-za-pi′ronz)

Anxiolytics acting through agonist action at serotonin 1-A receptors.

azaribine
azaribine (a-zar′i-ben)

An antipsoriatic agent no longer used because of a high incidence of severe adverse reactions.

azaserine
azaserine (a-za-ser′en)

O-Diazoacetyl-lserine;an antibiotic inhibitor of purine synthesis; a glutamine analog; mutagenic and antitumorogenic. It retards the growth of transplantable animal neoplasms.

azaspirodecanedione
azaspirodecanedione (a-za-spi′ro-dek-an-di′on)

A class of antianxiety agents not chemically or pharmacologically related to other classes of sedative and anxiolytic drugs; e.g., buspirone hydrochloride.

azatadine maleate
azatadine maleate (a-zat′a-den)

An antihistamine with anticholinergic and antiserotonin properties.

azathioprine
azathioprine (a-za-thi′o-pren)

A derivative of 6-mercaptopurine, used as a cytotoxic and immunosuppressive agent in organ transplantation and in the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as hemolytic anemias, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and leukemias.

6-azathymine
6-azathymine (a-za-thi′men)

Thymine with N for C in position 6; an antimetabolite of thymine.

6-azauridine
6-azauridine (AZUR) (az-aw′ri-den)

Uridine with N for C in position 6; a triazine analogue of uridine and an antimetabolite with selectivity for human neoplastic leukocytes; produces partial remissions in certain acute leukemias of adults.

azeotrope
azeotrope (a-ze′o-trop)

A mixture of two or more liquids that boils without a change in proportion of the substances either in the liquid or the vapor phase; e.g., 95% ethanol (actually 94.9% by volume, the rest being water). [G. a- priv. + zeo, to boil, + tropos, a turning]
halothane-ether a. an azeotropic mixture in the proportions halothane 68 to diethyl ether 32, by volume, that combines the advantages of each anesthetic yet is non-flammable.

azeotropic
azeotropic (a-ze-o-trop′ik)

Denoting or characteristic of an azeotrope.

azide
azide (az′id)

A compound that contains the monovalent &cbond;N₃ group.

azidothymidine
azidothymidine (AZT) (az′i-do-thi′mi-den)

SYN: zidovudine.

azlocillin sodium
azlocillin sodium (az-lo-sil′in)

An extended spectrum penicillin used in treatment of infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Haemophilus influenzae.

azo- azo-

Prefix denoting the presence in a molecule of the group &tbond;C–N&dbond;N–C&tbond;. Cf.:diazo-. [Fr. azote, name for nitrogen proposed by AL Lavoisier (1743–1794)]

azobilirubin
azobilirubin (az′o-bil-i-roo′bin)

The red-violet pigment formed by the condensation of diazotized sulfanilic acid with bilirubin in the van den Bergh reaction.

azocarmine
azocarmine (a′zo-kar′min)

A series of azo dyes used in preparing tissue stains.

azocarmine B
azocarmine B, azocarmine G (az-o-kar′min) [C.I. 50090, C.I. 50085]

Red acid dyes, the former more soluble in water, useful in Heidenhain azan stain.

azoic
azoic (a-zo′ik, a-)

Containing no living things; without organic life. [G. a- priv. + zoikos, relating to an animal]

azole
azole (az′ol)

SYN: pyrrole.

azolitmin
azolitmin (az-o-lit′min) [old C.I. 1242]

A purplish red coloring matter obtained from natural litmus or synthesized by oxidizing orcinol in the presence of ammonia, lime, and potash; used as a broad indicator of pH (red at 4.5, blue at 8.3).

azoospermia
azoospermia (a-zo-o-sper′me-a)

Absence of living spermatozoa in the semen; failure of spermatogenesis. SEE ALSO: aspermia. [G. a- priv. + zoon, animal, + sperma, seed]

azophloxin
azophloxin (az-o-flok′sin)

SYN: amidonaphthol red.

azoprotein
azoprotein (az-o-pro′ten)

Any of the modified proteins produced by treatment with diazonium derivatives of various aromatic amines; used to elicit antibody formation and demonstrate antibody specificity.

azosulfamide
azosulfamide (az-o-sul′fa-mid)

A reddish derivative, soluble in water, less toxic but less effective than sulfanilamide; it owes its antibacterial activity to the sulfanilamide released.

azotemia
azotemia (az-o-te′me-a)

An abnormal increase in concentration of urea and other nitrogenous substances in the blood plasma. SEE ALSO: uremia. [azo- (azote) + G. haima, blood]
nonrenal a., prerenal a. nitrogen retention resulting from something other than primary renal disease.

azotemic
azotemic (az-o-tem′ik)

Relating to azotemia.

azothermia
azothermia (az-o-ther′me-a)

Rarely used term for fever resulting from uremia. [azote + G. therme, heat]

azoturia
azoturia (az-o-toor′e-a)

An increased elimination of urea in the urine. [azo- (azote) + G. ouron, urine]

azovan blue
azovan blue (az′o-van)

SYN: Evans blue.

AZT
AZT

Abbreviation for azidothymidine.

aztreonam
aztreonam (az-tre′o-nam)

A synthetic bactericidal monolactam antibiotic with a wide spectrum of activity against Gram-negative aerobic pathogens.

azul
azul (azh′ul)

SYN: pinta. [Sp. blue]

AZUR
AZUR

Abbreviation for 6-azauridine.

azure
azure (azh′ur)

A term for a group of metachromatic basic blue methylthionine or phenothiazine dyes; used as biologic stains, especially in blood and nuclear stains.
a. A [C.I. 52005] asymmetric dimethylthionine chloride;a blue dye used as a component of MacNeal tetrachrome blood stain and of Romanowsky-type blood stains; also used as a stain for mucins, nucleic acids, and mast cell granules; gives a metachromatic violet to red color to highly acidic substances in tissues.
a. B [C.I. 52010] trimethylthionine chloride;a blue dye used like a. A; also as a. B bromide to give metachromatic staining of RNA and DNA.
a. C [C.I. 52002] monomethylthione chloride;a blue-violet thiazin dye used in the metachromatic staining of mucins and cartilage.
a. I a mixture of a. A and B. SYN: methylene a..
a. II a mixture of a. I and methylene blue; the eosinate, a. II-eosin, is the principal ingredient of Giemsa stain.

azuresin
azuresin (azh′u-res′in)

A complex of azure A and carbacrylic resin; used as an indicator for the detection of gastric achlorhydria without intubation. SYN: quinine carbacrylic resin.

azurophil
azurophil, azurophile (azh′u-ro-fil, -fil)

Staining readily with an azure dye, denoting especially the hyperchromatin and reddish purple granules of certain blood cells. [azure + G. philos, fond]

azurophilia
azurophilia (az′u-ro-fil′e-a)

A condition in which the blood contains cells having azurophil granulations.

azygogram
azygogram (az′i-go-gram)

Radiographic demonstration of the azygos venous system after injection of contrast medium. [azygos + G. gramma, a writing]

azygography
azygography (az′i-gog′ra-fe)

Radiography of the azygos venous system after injection of contrast medium.

azygos
azygos (az′i-gos)

1. An unpaired (azygous) anatomical structure. 2. SYN: a. vein. [G. a- priv. + zygon, a yoke]
a. continuation (of the inferior vena cava) a congenital anomaly in which the infrahepatic portion of the vena cava fails to form, and venous drainage of the lower body is maintained through a persistent right supracardinal vein, which becomes a large a. vein.

azygous
azygous (az′i-gus, a-zi′gus)

Unpaired;single. [G. azygos]

α-chloralose
α-chloralose (klor′a-los)

A conjugate of chloral and glucose used as an anesthetic in laboratory animals; it does not depress cardiovascular reflexes as much as most other anesthetic agents.

α-cortol
α-cortol (kor′tol)

The 5β enantiomer of α-allocortol;a reduction product of cortisone, present in the urine, differing from cortisone in that the three keto groups are reduced to hydroxyls.

α-cortolone
α-cortolone (kor′to-lon)

The 5β enantiomer of α-allocortolone; a reduction product of cortisone, present in the urine, differing from cortisone in that two of the keto groups (at positions 3 and 20) are reduced to hydroxyls.

α-dextrin endo-1,6-α-glucosidase
α-dextrin endo-1,6-α-glucosidase

An enzyme with action similar to that of isoamylase; it cleaves 1,6-α-glucosidic linkages in pullalan, amylopectin, and glycogen, and in α- and β-amylase limit-dextrins of amylopectin and glycogen. Cf.:isoamylase. SYN: limit dextrinase (1) , pullulanase, R enzyme.

4,5α-dihydrocortisol
4,5α-dihydrocortisol (di-hi-dro-kor′ti-sol)

SYN: hydrallostane.

1α,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
1α,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (di-hi-drok′se-ko′le-kal-si′fer-ol)

An active form of vitamin D formed in the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney. A deficiency of the receptor for a. results in all of the features of a vitamin D₃ deficiency.

α-farnesene
α-farnesene (far′ne-sen)

A straight open-chain hydrocarbon built up of three isoprene units; one of the four isomeric forms occurs in the natural coating of apples.

9α-fluorocortisol
9α-fluorocortisol (flor-o-kor′ti-sol)

SYN: fludrocortisone acetate.

9α-fluorohydrocortisone acetate
9α-fluorohydrocortisone acetate (flor′o-hi-dro-kor′ti-son)

SYN: fludrocortisone acetate.

α-fucosidase
α-fucosidase (fu-kos′i-das)

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of an an α-l-fucoside, producing an alcohol and l-fucose; a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme will result in fucosidosis.

α-d-galactosidase
α-d-galactosidase (ga-lak-to-sid′as)

An enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of α-d-galactosides to release free d-galactose. A deficiency of type A α-d-galactosidase is associated with Fabry disease. SYN: melibiase.

1,4-α-d-glucan-branching enzyme
1,4-α-d-glucan-branching enzyme

Amylo-(1,4→1,6)-transglucosylase or transglucosidase;an enzyme in muscle and in plants (Q enzyme) that cleaves α-1,4 linkages in glycogen or starch, transferring the fragments into α-1,6 linkages, creating branches in the polysaccharide molecules; in plants, it converts amylose to amylopectin; this enzyme is deficient in individuals with glycogen storage disease type IV. SYN: α-glucan-branching glycosyltransferase, amylo-1,4:1,6-glucantransferase, amylo-(1,4→1,6)-transglucosidase, amylo-(1,4→1,6)-transglucosylase, branching enzyme.

α-glucan-branching glycosyltransferase
α-glucan-branching glycosyltransferase

SYN: 1,4-α-d-glucan-branching enzyme.

1,4-α-d-glucan 6-α-d-glucosyltransferase
1,4-α-d-glucan 6-α-d-glucosyltransferase

A glucosyltransferase that transfers an α-glucosyl residue in a 1,4-α-glucan to the primary hydroxyl group of glucose in a 1,4-α-glucan. SEE ALSO: 1,4-α-d-glucan-branching enzyme. SYN: oligoglucan-branching glycosyltransferase.

4-α-d-glucanotransferase
4-α-d-glucanotransferase

Dextrin transglycosylase or glycosyltransferase;a 4-glycosyltransferase converting maltodextrins into amylose and glucose by transferring parts of 1,4-glucan chains to new 4-positions on glucose or other 1,4-glucans. SYN: amylomaltase, D enzyme, dextrin glycosyltransferase, dextrin transglycosylase, disproportionating enzyme.

α-glucan phosphorylase
α-glucan phosphorylase

SYN: phosphorylase.

α-d-glucosidase
α-d-glucosidase (gloo′ko-si-das)

Maltase; a glucohydrolase removing terminal nonreducing 1,4-linked α-glucose residues by hydrolysis, yielding α-glucose; a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme is associated with glycogen storage disease type II. There are at least five isozymes of maltase. SYN: glucoinvertase.

7α-hydroxycholesterol
7α-hydroxycholesterol (hi-droks′e-kol-es-ter-ol)

First intermediate in the conversion of cholesterol to the bile acids; formed in the principal rate-limiting step of bile acid biosynthesis.

α-hydroxyethylthiamin pyrophosphate
α-hydroxyethylthiamin pyrophosphate

SYN: activated acetaldehyde.

3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one
3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one

A catabolite of progesterone; found in the urine of pregnant women.

17α-hydroxyprogesterone
17α-hydroxyprogesterone (hi-drok′se-pro-jes′ter-on)

A steroid hormone with medical use similar to that of progesterone. The acetate is an orally effective derivative, useful in conditions in which parenterally administered progesterone or the caproate is indicated; it possesses some androgenic potency and may cause virilizing changes in a female fetus. The caproate or hexanoate has essentially the same actions and uses as progesterone, but is more potent and has a longer duration of action. A precursor of the androgens, estrogens, and adrenocortical hormones.

α-l-iduronidase
α-l-iduronidase (i-door-on′i-das)

An enzyme that hydrolyzes terminal desulfated α-l-iduronic acid residues of dermatan sulfate and of heparan sulfate; a deficiency of this enzyme is associated with Hurler syndrome and Scheie syndrome.

α-ketodecarboxylase
α-ketodecarboxylase (ke′to-de-kar-boks′i-las)

Formerly, the enzyme system converting pyruvate (a 2-oxoacid) to acetyl-CoA and CO₂, with reduction of NAD⁺ to NADH and the participation of lipoamide and thiamin pyrophosphate; now known to involve at least three enzymes in succession: pyruvate dehydrogenase, dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase, and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase. Cf.:pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide).

α-ketoglutaramic acid
α-ketoglutaramic acid (ke′to-gloo-tar-ik)

A metabolite of glutamine formed by the action of glutamine aminotransferase; elevated in certain cases of hepatocoma. SYN: 2-oxoglutaric acid.

α-ketoglutarate
α-ketoglutarate

A salt or ester of α-ketoglutaric acid.
α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of 2-ketoglutaric acid to succinyldihydrolipoate; the succinyl group is later transferred to CoA and the reduced lipoate is oxidized by NAD⁺; a complex that is a part of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. SYN: 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex.

α-ketosuccinamic acid
α-ketosuccinamic acid (ke′to-suk-si-nam′ik)

The transamination product of asparagine; acted upon by ω-amidase.

α-lactyl-thiamin pyrophosphate
α-lactyl-thiamin pyrophosphate

SYN: active pyruvate.

17α-methyltestosterone
17α-methyltestosterone

SYN: methyltestosterone.

α-naphthylthiourea
α-naphthylthiourea (ANTU) (naf′thil-thi′o-u-re′a)

A derivative of thiourea; a highly toxic antithyroid agent, especially to small mammals, causing pulmonary edema, fatty degeneration of the liver, and low body temperature; used as a rat poison.

α2-neuraminoglycoprotein
α₂-neuraminoglycoprotein (noor-a-min′o-gli-ko-pro′ten)

A glycoprotein that contains neuraminic acid and that during electrophoresis migrates with the α₂ portion of serum proteins. SEE ALSO: C1 esterase inhibitor.

α-phenoxyethylpenicillin potassium
α-phenoxyethylpenicillin potassium (fe-nok′se-eth′il-pen-i-sil′in)

SYN: phenethicillin potassium.

α-phenoxypropylpenicillin potassium
α-phenoxypropylpenicillin potassium (fe′nok-se-pro′pil-pen-i-sil′in)

SYN: propicillin.

α-prodine hydrochloride
α-prodine hydrochloride

See alphaprodine.

α-ribazole
α-ribazole (ri′ba-zol)

The benzimidazole nucleoside in vitamin B₁₂.

α-sarcin
α-sarcin (sar′sin)

A fungal toxin that acts on the large subunit of rRNA and inactivates the ribosome.

α-T
α-T

Symbol for α-tocopherol.

α-tocopherol
α-tocopherol (α-T)

5,7,8-Trimethyltocol;a light yellow, viscous, odorless, oily liquid that deteriorates on exposure to light, is obtained from wheat germ oil or by synthesis, biologically exhibits the most vitamin E activity of the α-tocopherols, and is an antioxidant retarding rancidity by interfering with the autoxidation of fats. Prepared from natural phytol, it is called 2-ambo-α-tocopherol; from synthetic phytol, all-rac-α-tocopherol or synt-α-tocopherol; also available are d-α-tocopheryl acetate, dl-α-tocopheryl acetate, d-α-tocopheryl acid succinate, and d-α-tocopheryl acetate concentrate. One of several forms of vitamin E. SYN: vitamin E (1) .