β-alanine

β-alanine

3-Aminopropionic acid or β-aminopropionic acid;a decarboxylation production of aspartic acid. Found in brain, in carnosine, and in coenzyme A.

β-alanine-pyruvate aminotransferase
β-alanine-pyruvate aminotransferase

An enzyme that reversibly transfers the amino group of β-alanine to pyruvate, thus producing l-alanine and malonate semialdehyde. A deficiency of this enzyme is believed to be the cause of hyper-β-alaninemia.

β-allocortol
β-allocortol

The 20β isomer of α-allocortol and 5α enantiomer of β-cortol; a metabolite of hydrocortisone found in urine.

β-allocortolone
β-allocortolone

The 20β isomer of α-allocortolone and 5α enantiomer of β-cortolone; a metabolite of hydrocortisone found in urine.

β-allopregnanediol
β-allopregnanediol

The 5α-pregnane-3β,20α(and β)-diols; both are metabolites of progesterone and adrenocortical hormones; found in urine.

β-aminoisobutyrate:pyruvate aminotransferase
β-aminoisobutyrate:pyruvate aminotransferase

β-Aminosiobutyrate:pyruvate transaminase;an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible transfer of an amino group from β-aminoisobutyrate to pyruvate, producing l-alanine and methylmalonate semialdehyde; a step in valine degradation. A deficiency of this enzyme results in hyper-β-aminoisobutyric aciduria.

β-aminoisobutyric acid
β-aminoisobutyric acid

3-Amino-2-methylpropionic acid;an end product of thymine catabolism; high urinary levels (200–300 mg/day) have been noted in some individuals, either from some disease process or following a genetic pattern.

β-amylase
β-amylase

A glucanohydrolase yielding β-maltose units from the nonreducing ends of 1,4-α-glucans. An exoamylase. SYN: glycogenase, saccharogen amylase.

β-aspartyl(acetylglucosamine)
β-aspartyl(acetylglucosamine) (as-par′til-as′e-til-gloo′ko-sa-men)

Misnomer for 1-(β-asparagino)-N-acetylglucosamine or 1-(β-aspartamido)-N-acetylglucosamine, or, formally, 1-(β-l-aspartamido)-N-2-acetamido-1,2-dideoxy-β-d-glucose; a compound of N-acetylglucosamine and asparagine, linked via the amide nitrogen of the latter and carbon-1 of the former. An important structural linkage in many glycoproteins. Elevated levels are found in certain cases of progressive mental retardation.

β
β

1. Second letter of the Greek alphabet, beta. 2. In chemistry, denotes the second in a series, the second carbon from a functional ( e.g., carboxylic) group, or the direction of a chemical bond toward the viewer. For terms having this prefix, see the specific term.

β−
β−

Symbol for electron.

β+
β⁺

Symbol for positron.

B
B

1. Symbol for boron; for aspartic acid or asparagine when it is unclear which of the two amino acids is present; for bromouridine; second substrate in a multisubstrate enzyme-catalyzed reaction. 2. As a subscript, refers to barometric pressure.

b
b

1. As a subscript, refers to blood. 2. Abbreviation for bis [L.], twice; barn.

Ba
Ba

Symbol for barium.

Babbitt
Babbitt

Isaac, U.S. inventor, 1799–1862. See B. metal.

Babcock
Babcock

Stephen M., U.S. chemist, 1843–1931. See B. tube.

Babès
Babès

Victor, Roumanian bacteriologist, 1854–1926. See Babesia, B. nodes, under node.

Babesia
Babesia (ba-be′ze-a)

The economically most important genus of the protozoan family Babesiidae; characterized by multiplication in host red blood cells to form pairs and tetrads; it causes babesiosis (piroplasmosis) in most types of domestic animals, and two species cause disease in splenectomized or normal people; vectors are ixodid or argasid ticks. [V. Babès]
B. divergens the cause of bovine babesiosis in western and central Europe; vector tick is Ixodes ricinus; it has caused human babesiosis in splenectomized individuals in Europe; also found in reindeer.
B. microti a malarialike protozoan naturally parasitizing certain rodents (Peromyscus and Microtus spp.) in North America; a number of human cases have been reported in the U.S. The local tick vector is Ixodes scapularis, whose numbers and infection levels have greatly increased in recent years with the increase in the deer population, which serves as an abundant blood source for I. scapularis. SEE ALSO: Borrelia burgdorferi.

Babesiella
Babesiella (ba-be-ze-el′a)

See Babesia.

Babesiidae
Babesiidae (ba′be-zi′i-de, -ze′i-de)

A family of protozoan parasites (class Sporozoea, order Piroplasmida) occurring in the red blood cells of various mammals. The organisms are piriform, round, or oval and reproduce by schizogony to form tetrads or by binary fission to form pairs in the red blood cells; transmission is effected by ticks. The family includes the genera Babesia, Echinozoon, and Entopolypoides; Aegyptianella, formerly included, is now thought to be a rickettsia. SEE ALSO: Theileriidae.

babesiosis
babesiosis (ba-be′ze-o′sis)

A disease caused by infection with a species of the protozoan Babesia, transmitted by ticks. In animals, the disease is characterized by fever, malaise, listlessness, severe anemia, and hemoglobulinuria; the death rate frequently is higher in adult than in young animals. SYN: piroplasmosis.
human b. a rare human disease caused by infection with Babesia species (most frequently B. divergens in Europe and B. microti in the U.S.) that has been fatal in some splenectomized individuals.

Babinski
Babinski

Joseph F., French neurologist, 1857–1932. See B. phenomenon, B. sign, B. reflex, B. syndrome.

baby
baby (ba′be)

An infant; a newborn child.
blue b. a child born cyanotic because of a congenital cardiac or pulmonary defect causing incomplete oxygenation of the blood.
blueberry muffin b. an infant with purple skin lesions the appearance of which has been compared to that of a blueberry muffin. Lesions are caused by dermal erythropoiesis and are seen in congenital infections such as cytomegalovirus infection, toxoplasmosis, or rubella. The infection interferes with the normal production of blood cells in the bone marrow.
collodion b. [MIM*146600] a newborn child with lamellar ichthyosis; at birth, the skin is bright red, shiny, translucent, and drawn tight, giving a distorted appearance (as if having been painted with collodion) of immobilization of the face; contraction of the skin causes ectropion, a pressed down appearance of the nose, and a gaping of the mouth and the labia; autosomal dominant inheritance.
test-tube b. popular term for a b. born after uterine implantation of a maternal ovum fertilized in vitro.

bacampicillin hydrochloride
bacampicillin hydrochloride (bak′am-pi-sil′in)

A semisynthetic penicillin with the same activity and uses as ampicillin, but better absorbed on oral administration.

baccate
baccate (bak′at)

Berrylike. [L. bacca, berry]

Baccelli
Baccelli

Guido, Italian physician, 1832–1916. See B. sign.

bacciform
bacciform (bak′si-form)

Berry-shaped. [L. bacca, berry]

Bachman
Bachman

George W., U.S. parasitologist, *1890. See B.-Pettit test.

Bachmann
Bachmann

See Rivinus.

Bachmann
Bachmann

Jean George, U.S. physiologist, 1877–1959. See B. bundle.

Bacillaceae
Bacillaceae (ba-si-la′se-e)

A family of aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, sporeforming, ordinarily motile bacteria (order Eubacteriales) containing Gram-positive rods. These organisms are chemoheterotrophic. Some species are pathogenic. Ordinarily two genera, Bacillus and Clostridium, are included. The type genus is Bacillus.

bacillar
bacillar, bacillary (bas′i-lar, bas′i-la-re)

Shaped like a rod; consisting of rods or rodlike elements.

bacille Calmette-Guérin
bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) (bah-sel′)

An attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis used in the preparation of BCG vaccine that is used for immunization against tuberculosis and in cancer chemotherapy. SYN: Calmette-Guérin bacillus. [Fr.]

bacillemia
bacillemia (bas-i-le′me-a)

The presence of bacilli in the circulating blood. [bacillus + G. haima, blood]

bacilli
bacilli (ba-sil′i)

Plural of bacillus.

bacilliform
bacilliform (ba-sil′i-form)

Rod-shaped. [L. bacillus, a rod, + forma, form]

bacillin
bacillin (ba-sil′in)

An antibiotic substance produced by Bacillus subtilis.

bacillomyxin
bacillomyxin (ba-sil-o-mik′sin)

An antibiotic active against certain pathogenic fungi obtained from cultures of Bacillus subtilis. [Bacillus + G. mykes, fungus, + -in]

bacillosis
bacillosis (bas-i-lo′sis)

A general infection with bacilli.

bacilluria
bacilluria (bas-i-loo′re-a)

The presence of bacilli in the urine. [bacillus + G. ouron, urine]

Bacillus
Bacillus (ba-sil′us)

A genus of aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, sporeforming, ordinarily motile bacteria (family Bacillaceae) containing Gram-positive rods. Motile cells are peritrichous; spores are thick-walled and stain poorly with Gram stain; these organisms are chemoheterotrophic and are found primarily in soil. A few species are animal pathogens; some species evoke antibody production. The type species is B. subtilis. [L. dim. of baculus, rod, staff]
B. anthracis a bacterial species that causes anthrax in humans, cattle, swine, sheep, rabbits, guinea pigs, and mice; contains virulence plasmids associated with capsule and toxin production.
B. brevis a bacterial species found in soil, air, dust, milk, and cheese; some strains produce the antibiotic gramicidin or tyrocidin.
B. cereus a bacterial species that causes an emetic type and a diarrheal type of food poisoning in humans, and can cause infections in humans and other mammals. It can cause a highly destructive infection of the traumatized eye.
B. circulans a bacterial species found in soil that has been incriminated in human infections including septicemia, mixed abscess infections, and wound infections.
B. hemolyticus former name for Clostridium haemolyticum.
B. histolyticus former name for Clostridium histolyticum.
B. megaterium a saprophytic bacterial species of experimental interest; strains produce bacteriocins (megacins).
B. polymyxa a bacterial species found in soil, water, milk, feces, and decaying vegetables; some strains produce the antibiotic polymyxin.
B. pumilis a usually saprophytic species of bacteria that has been associated with food poisoning and rarely with abscess or bowel fistula formation.
B. sphaericus a bacterial species that is an insect pathogen and that has been associated with occasional human and other mammalian infections, especially in immunocompromised hosts; human infections have included meningitis, endocarditis, and food poisoning.
B. subtilis a bacterial species found in soil and decomposing organic matter; some strains produce the antibiotic subtilin, subtenolin, or bacillomycin; it has been associated with human infections primarily of immunocompromised patients, and with food poisoning. It is the type species of the genus B.. SYN: grass b., hay b..
B. thuringiensis a bacterial species that is an insect pathogen used for vector control that has been implicated in human and mammalian infections. In the laboratory it may be misdiagnosed as a strain of B. cereus.

bacillus
bacillus, pl .bacilli (ba-sil′us, -i)

1. A vernacular term used to refer to any member of the bacterial genus B.. 2. Term used to refer to any rod-shaped bacterium. [L. dim. of baculus, a rod, staff]
abortus b. SYN: Brucella abortus.
Battey b. SYN: Mycobacterium intracellulare. [Battey hospital in Rome, GA]
blue pus b. SYN: Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Bordet-Gengou b. SYN: Bordetella pertussis.
Calmette-Guérin b. SYN: bacille Calmette-Guérin.
cholera b. SYN: Vibrio cholerae.
coliform bacilli (ko′li-form, kol′i-form) common name for Escherichia coli that is used as an indicator of fecal contamination of water, measured in terms of coliform count; occasionally used to refer to all lactose-fermenting enteric bacteria.
colon b. SYN: Escherichia coli.
comma b. SYN: Vibrio cholerae.
Döderlein b. a large, Gram-positive bacterium occurring in normal vaginal secretions; although thought by some to be identical with Lactobacillus acidophilus, the identity of Döderlein b. is still doubtful.
Ducrey b. SYN: Haemophilus ducreyi.
dysentery b. an organism of the genus Shigella which causes dysentery.
Eberth b. SYN: Salmonella typhi.
Flexner b. SYN: Shigella flexneri.
Friedländer b. SYN: Klebsiella pneumoniae.
gas b. SYN: Clostridium perfringens.
grass b. SYN: B. subtilis.
Hansen b. SYN: Mycobacterium leprae.
hay b. SYN: B. subtilis.
Hofmann b. SYN: Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum.
influenza b. SYN: Haemophilus influenzae.
Kitasato b. SYN: Yersinia pestis.
Klebs-Loeffler b. SYN: Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
Koch b. SYN: Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Koch-Weeks b. SYN: Haemophilus aegyptius.
lactic acid b. a member of the genus Lactobacillus.
leprosy b. SYN: Mycobacterium leprae.
Loeffler b. SYN: Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
Moeller grass b. SYN: Mycobacterium phlei.
Morgan b. SYN: Morganella morganii.
Much b. an alleged non–acid-fast granular form of the tubercle b.; not demonstrable by the Ziehl stain, but takes a modified Gram stain; it is said to be the form present in the tuberculous skin lesion.
necrosis b. SYN: Fusobacterium necrophorum.
paracolon b. any one of a number of diverse enteric bacteria that fail to ferment lactose promptly.
paradysentery b. SYN: Shigella flexneri.
paratyphoid b. one of the three organisms causing the three forms, A, B, and C, of paratyphoid fever. SEE ALSO: paratyphoid fever.
plague b. SYN: Yersinia pestis.
Shiga b. SYN: Shigella dysenteriae.
Shiga-Kruse b. SYN: Shigella dysenteriae.
tubercle b. 1. SYN: Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 2. SYN: Mycobacterium bovis.
typhoid b. SYN: Salmonella typhi.
Vincent b. probably Fusobacterium nucleatum.
Weeks b. SYN: Haemophilus influenzae.
Welch b. SYN: Clostridium perfringens.
Whitmore b. SYN: Pseudomonas pseudomallei.

bacitracin
bacitracin (bas-i-tra′sin)

An antibacterial antibiotic polypeptide of known chemical structure isolated from cultures of an aerobic, Gram-positive, spore-bearing bacillus (member of the Bacillus subtilis group); active against hemolytic streptococci, staphylococci, and several types of Gram-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped organisms; usually applied locally. Zinc b. is also available. [Bacillus + Margaret Tracy, source of orig. culture]

back
back (bak)

1. Posterior aspect of trunk, below neck and above buttocks; 2. Vertebral column with associated muscles (erector spinae and transversospinalis) and overlying integument. See dorsum.
adolescent round b. SYN: Scheuermann disease.
hollow b. SYN: lordosis.
poker b. SYN: spondylitis deformans.
saddle b. SYN: lordosis.

backache
backache (bak′ak)

Nonspecific term used to describe back pain; generally refers to pain below the cervical level.

backbone
backbone (bak′bon)

SYN: vertebral column.

backcross
backcross (bak′kros)

1. Mating of an individual heterozygous at one or more loci to an individual homozygous at the same loci. 2. SYN: testcross.

backflow
backflow

The reversal of the normal flow of a fluid or current. SEE ALSO: regurgitation.
pyelovenous b. retrograde movement of fluid (urine or injected contrast materials) from renal pelvis into renal venous system. This occurs under conditions of distal obstruction or injection of solutions into renal collecting system.

background
background (bak′grownd)

Instrument response in the absence of a sample.

backing
backing (bak′ing)

In dentistry, a metal support which serves to attach a facing to a prosthesis.

back-knee
back-knee (bak′ne′)

SYN: genu recurvatum.

backprojection
backprojection (bak′pro-jek′shun)

In computed tomography or other imaging techniques requiring reconstruction from multiple projections, an algorithm for calculating the contribution of each voxel of the structure to the measured ray data, in order to generate an image; the oldest and simplest method of image reconstruction. Cf.:Fourier analysis. SYN: apical lordotic projection. Cf.:Fourier analysis.

backscatter
backscatter (bak′skat-er)

Secondary radiation deflected more than 90° from the primary beam. See scattered radiation.

backtracking
backtracking

The backwards movement of RNA polymerase along the DNA template to a state more stable than that encountered when some base pairs disrupt the attachment of the 3′ end from the active transcription site.

baclofen
baclofen (bak′lo-fen)

A muscle relaxant used in the symptomatic treatment of spinal cord injuries and multiple sclerosis; an agonist at GABA_b receptors.

Bacon
Bacon

Harry E., U.S. proctologist, *1900. See B. anoscope.

bacteremia
bacteremia (bak-ter-e′me-a)

The presence of viable bacteria in the circulating blood; may be transient following trauma such as dental or other iatrogenic manipulation or may be persistent or recurrent as a result of infection. SYN: bacteriemia. [bacteria + G. haima, blood]

bacteri- bacteri-

See bacterio-.

bacteria
bacteria (bak-ter′e-a)

Plural of bacterium.
blue-green b. Cyanobacteria.
cell wall–defective b. b. with absent or damaged cell walls; morphologically, they may become spheroplasts, round structures with little or no cell wall, or they may develop filamentous forms, with or without bulbous, extruded portions.
coryneform b. common name for nondiphtheria corynebacterium, usually a nonpathogenic component of skin and oropharyngeal flora in humans and animals can cause opportunistic infections in the immunocompromised host.

bacterial
bacterial (bak-ter′e-al)

Relating to bacteria.

bactericholia
bactericholia (bak′ter-i-ko′le-a)

Bacteria in bile.

bactericidal
bactericidal (bak-ter′i-si′dal)

Causing the death of bacteria. Cf.:bacteriostatic. SYN: bacteriocidal.

bactericide
bactericide (bak-ter′i-sid)

An agent that destroys bacteria. Cf.:bacteriostat. SYN: bacteriocide. [bacteria + L. caedo, to kill]
specific b. a bacteriolytic substance i.e., immune serum destructive to one bacterial species or genus only.

bacterid
bacterid (bak′ter-id)

1. A recurrent or persistent eruption of discrete sterile pustules of the palms and soles, thought to be an allergic response to bacterial infection at a remote site. 2. A dissemination of a previously localized bacterial skin infection. [bacteria + -id (1)]

bacteriemia
bacteriemia (bak-ter-e-e′me-a)

SYN: bacteremia.

bacterio- bacterio-, bacteri-

Bacteria. [see bacterium]

bacterioagglutinin
bacterioagglutinin (bak-ter′e-o-a-gloo′ti-nin)

An antibody that agglutinates bacteria.

bacteriochlorin
bacteriochlorin (bak-ter′-e-o-klor′in)

7,8,17,18-Tetrahydroporphyrin;the basic structure of the bacteriochlorophylls.

bacteriochlorophyll
bacteriochlorophyll (bak-ter-e-o-klor′o-fil)

Any form of chlorophyll in photosynthetic bacteria: 1) b. a, &cbond;CH&dbond;CH₂ replaced by &cbond;CO&cbond;CH₃ in the chlorophyll α structure, two hydrogens also being added; the photosynthetic pigments of purple bacteria; 2) b. b, &cbond;CH&dbond;CH₂ replaced by &cbond;CO&cbond;CH₃ and &cbond;CH₂&cbond;CH₃ replaced by &cbond;C&tbond;CH in the chlorophyll β structure, two hydrogens also being added.

bacteriocidal
bacteriocidal (bak-ter′e-o-si′dal)

SYN: bactericidal.

bacteriocide
bacteriocide (bak-ter′e-o-sid)

SYN: bactericide.

bacteriocidin
bacteriocidin (bak-ter′e-o-si′din)

Antibody having bactericidal activity.

bacteriocinogens
bacteriocinogens (bak-ter′e-o-sin′o-jenz)

SYN: bacteriocinogenic plasmids, under plasmid.

bacteriocins
bacteriocins (bak-ter′e-o-sinz)

Proteins produced by certain bacteria that have bacteriocinogenic plasmids and that exert a lethal effect on closely related bacteria; in general, b. have a narrower range of activity than antibiotics and are more potent.

bacteriofluorescin
bacteriofluorescin (bak-ter′e-o-flor-es′in)

A fluorescent material produced by bacteria.

bacteriogenic
bacteriogenic (bak-ter′e-o-jen′ik)

Caused by bacteria.

bacteriogenous
bacteriogenous (bak-ter-e-oj′e-nus)

1. Producing bacteria. 2. Of bacterial origin or causation.

bacterioid
bacterioid (bak-ter′e-oyd)

1. Resembling bacteria. 2. Intracellular forms of Rhizobium spp. in the root nodules of leguminous plants. [bacterio- + G. eidos, resemblance]

bacteriologic
bacteriologic, bacteriological (bak′ter-e-o-loj′ik, -i-kal)

Relating to bacteria or to bacteriology.

bacteriologist
bacteriologist (bak′ter-e-ol′o-jist)

One who primarily studies or works with bacteria.

bacteriology
bacteriology (bak-ter-e-ol′o-je)

The branch of science concerned with the study of bacteria. [bacterio- + G. logos, study]
systematic b. that branch of b. concerned with nomenclature and classification (taxonomy).

bacteriolysin
bacteriolysin (bak-ter-e-ol′i-sin)

Specific antibody that combines with bacterial cells ( i.e., antigen) and, in the presence of complement, causes lysis or dissolution of the cells.

bacteriolysis
bacteriolysis (bak-ter-e-ol′i-sis)

The dissolution of bacteria, e.g., by means of enzymes, hypotonic solutions, or specific antibody and complement. [bacterio- + G. lysis, dissolution]

bacteriolytic
bacteriolytic (bak-ter-e-o-lit′ik)

Pertaining to lytic destruction of bacteria; manifesting the ability to cause dissolution of bacterial cells.

bacteriolyze
bacteriolyze (bak-ter′e-o-liz)

To cause the digestion or solution of bacterial cells.

bacteriopexy
bacteriopexy (bak-ter′e-o-pek-se)

Immobilization of bacteria by phagocytic cells. [bacterio- + G. pexis, fixation]

bacteriophage
bacteriophage (bak-ter′e-o-faj)

A virus with specific affinity for bacteria. Bacteriophages have been found in association with essentially all groups of bacteria, including the Cyanobacteria; like other viruses they contain either (but never both) RNA or DNA and vary in structure from the seemingly simple filamentous bacterial virus to relatively complex forms with contractile “tails”; their relationships to the host bacteria are highly specific and, as in the case of temperate b., may be genetically intimate. Bacteriophages are named after the bacterial species, group, or strain for which they are specific, e.g., corynebacteriophage, coliphage; a number of families are recognized and have been assigned provisional names: Corticoviridae, Cystoviridae, Fuselloviridae, Inoviridae, Leviviridae, Lipothrixviridae, Microviridae, Myoviridae, Plasmaviridae, Podoviridae, Styloviridae, and Tectiviridae. SEE ALSO: coliphage. SYN: phage. [bacterio- + G. phago, to eat]
defective b. a temperate b. mutant whose genome does not contain all of the normal components and cannot become a fully infectious virus, yet can replicate indefinitely in the bacterial genome as defective probacteriophage; many defective bacteriophages are mediators of transduction. SYN: defective phage.
filamentous b. a b. that is rod-shaped and elongated lacking the head-and-tail structure characteristic of many bacteriophages.
mature b. the complete, infective form of b..
temperate b. b. whose genome incorporates with, and replicates with, that of the host bacterium; dissociation (and resultant development of vegetative b.) occurs at a slow rate resulting occasionally in lysis of a bacterium and release of mature b., thus rendering the bacterial culture capable of inducing general lysis if transferred to a culture of a susceptible bacterial strain.
typhoid b. b. specific for Salmonella typhi.
vegetative b. the form of b. in which the b. nucleic acid (lacking its coat) multiplies freely within the host bacterium, independently of bacterial multiplication.
virulent b. a b. that regularly causes lysis of the bacteria that it infects; it may exist in one or the other of only two forms, vegetative or mature; it does not have a probacteriophage form ( i.e., its genome does not incorporate with that of the host bacterium), therefore it does not effect lysogenization.

bacteriophagia
bacteriophagia (bak-ter′e-o-fa′je-a)

Lysis of bacteria by a bacteriophage.

bacteriophagology
bacteriophagology (bak-ter′e-o-fa-gol′o-je)

The study of bacteriophages. SYN: protobiology.

bacteriopheophorbin
bacteriopheophorbin (bak-ter′e-o-fe-o-for′bin)

De-esterified bacteriopheophorbide, derived from bacteriochlorin.

bacteriophytoma
bacteriophytoma (bak-ter′e-o-fi-to′ma)

A growth in plant tissues produced by bacteria. [bacterio- + G. phytos, plant, + -oma, growth]

bacterioprotein
bacterioprotein (bak-ter′e-o-pro′ten)

One of the proteins within the cells of bacteria; these substances vary in their character and properties.

bacteriopsonin
bacteriopsonin (bak-ter-e-op′so-nin)

An opsonin that may be an antibody acting upon bacteria rendering them susceptible to phagocytic cells.

bacteriosis
bacteriosis (bak-ter-e-o′sis)

A localized or generalized bacterial infection.

bacteriospermia
bacteriospermia (bak′ter-e-o-sper-me-a)

Bacteria in the semen or ejaculate.

bacteriostasis
bacteriostasis (bak-ter-e-os′ta-sis)

An arrest or retardation of growth of bacteria. [bacterio- + G. stasis, a standing still]

bacteriostat
bacteriostat (bak-ter′e-o-stat)

Any agent that inhibits or retards bacterial growth. SYN: bacteriostatic agent.

bacteriostatic
bacteriostatic (bak-ter′e-o-stat′ik)

Inhibiting or retarding the multiplication of bacteria.

bacteriotoxic
bacteriotoxic (bak-ter′e-o-tok′sik)

Poisonous or toxic to bacteria.

bacteriotropic
bacteriotropic (bak-ter′e-o-trop′ik)

Turning toward or moving in the direction of bacteria; having an affinity for bacteria. [bacterio- + G. trope, a turning]

bacteriotropin
bacteriotropin (bak-ter-e-ot′ro-pin)

A constituent of the blood, usually a specific antibody, i.e., opsonin, that combines with bacterial cells and renders them more susceptible to phagocytes.

bacteriotrypsin
bacteriotrypsin (bak-ter′e-o-trip′sin)

A trypsinlike enzyme produced by bacteria, particularly Vibrio cholerae.

Bacterium
Bacterium (bak-ter′e-um)

A bacterial generic name placed on the list of rejected names by the Judicial Commission and the International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology of the International Association of Microbiological Societies. As a consequence, B. is no longer used in bacteriology. Identifiable organisms formerly placed in the genus B. have all been transferred to other genera. Specifically, B. anitratum is now known as Acinetobacter calcoaceticus; B. coli is now called Escherichia coli. [Mod. L. fr. G. bakterion, dim. of baktron, a staff or club]

bacterium
bacterium (bak-ter′e-um)

A unicellular prokaryotic microorganism that usually multiplies by cell division and has a cell wall that provides a constancy of form; they may be aerobic or anaerobic, motile or nonmotile, and free-living, saprophytic, commensal, parasitic, or pathogenic. SEE ALSO: Cyanobacteria. [Mod. L. fr. G. bakterion, dim. of baktron, a staff]
blue-green b. Cyanobacteria.
endoteric b. a b. that forms an endotoxin.
exoteric b. a b. that secretes an exotoxin.
lysogenic b. a b. genome includes the genome (probacteriophage) of a temperate bacteriophage; in occasional instances the probacteriophage dissociates from the bacterial genome, develops into vegetative bacteriophage, and then matures, causing lysis of the respective host b. and release into the culture medium of infective temperate bacteriophage;
pyogenic b. a b. that causes a pyogenic infection usually associated with purulent exudate containing polymorphonuclear leukocytes such as the pyogenic cocci (staphylococci, streptococci, pneumococci, meningococci) and Haemophilus influenzae.

bacteriuria
bacteriuria (bak-ter-e-oo′re-a)

The presence of bacteria in the urine.

bacteroid
bacteroid (bak′ter-oyd)

Resembling bacteria.

Bacteroidaceae
Bacteroidaceae (bak′ter-oy-da′se-e)

A family of obligate anaerobic (microaerophilic species may occur), nonsporeforming bacteria (order Eubacteriales) containing Gram-negative rods which vary in size from minute, filterable forms to long, filamentous, branching forms; pronounced pleomorphism may occur. Motile and nonmotile species occur; motile cells are peritrichous. Body fluids are frequently required for growth. Most species ferment carbohydrates, often with the production of acid; gas may be produced in glucose or peptone media. These organisms occur primarily in the lower intestinal tracts and mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals. They may be pathogenic. The type genus is Bacteroides.

Bacteroides
Bacteroides (bak-ter-oy′dez)

A genus that includes many species of obligate anaerobic, nonsporeforming bacteria (family Bacteroidaceae) containing Gram-negative rods. Both motile and nonmotile species occur; motile cells are peritrichous. Some species ferment carbohydrates and produce combinations of succinic, lactic, acetic, formic, or propionic acids, sometimes with short-chained alcohols; butyric acid is not a major product. Those species which do not ferment carbohydrates produce from peptone either trace to moderate amounts of succinic, formic, acetic, and lactic acids or major amounts of acetic and butyric acids with moderate amounts of alcohols and isovaleric, propionic, and isobutyric acids. They are part of the normal flora of the intestinal tract and to a lesser degree, the respiratory, and urogenital cavities of humans and animals; many species formerly classified as B. have been reclassified as belonging to the genus Prevotella. Many species can be pathogenic. The type species is B. fragilis. [G. bacterion + eidos, form]
B. bivius a species usually isolated from urogenital and abdominal infections and linked to pelvic inflammatory disease.
B. capillosus a bacterial species isolated from human cysts and wounds, the mouth, and feces, and from the intestinal tracts of some animals. Its properties differ from those of most B. species; future reclassification is likely.
B. corrodens former name for Eikenella corrodens.
B. disiens SYN: Prevotella disiens.
B. distasonis bacterial species that is part of the normal human fecal flora; an occasional cause of intraabdominal infections.
B. fragilis a bacterial species found in human and animal intestinal tracts. Although it represents only about 10–20% of B. species found in the colon, it is the primary species associated with intraabdominal abscesses and other subdiaphragmatic infections in humans, including peritonitis, rectal abscess, abdominal surgical wounds, and urogenital tract infection. Its capsule is capable of inducing abscess formation independently; characteristically, this species produces a β-lactamase that inactivates β-lactam antibiotics such as the penicillin and cephalosporin groups; it is the type species of the genus, B..
B. furcosus former name of Anaerohabdus furcosis.
B. melaninogenicus SYN: Prevotella melaninogenica.
B. nodosus a bacterial species that causes foot rot in sheep and goats; it can be found in the human intestinal tract and has been associated with human infections; this organism has many properties different from other species of B., and its final classification is uncertain. SYN: Dichelobacter nodosus.
B. oralis former name of Prevotella oralis.
B. oris former name of Prevotella oris.
B. pneumosintes former name for Dialister pneumosintes.
B. praeacutus a species isolated from the intestinal tracts of infants and adults, gangrenous lesions, lung abscesses, and blood. SYN: Tissierella praeacuta.
B. putredinis a species isolated from feces, cases of acute appendicitis, and abdominal and rectal abscesses; also from foot rot of sheep and from farm soil. Its properties are divergent from most B. species.
B. splanchnicus a species in the indole positive group, found in normal human colonic flora, and occasionally in human specimens with unique metabolic properties that include production of large amounts of n-butyric acid; it appears to be closely related to the genus Porphyromonas.
B. thetaiotamicron a bacterial species found in the intestinal tract; second only in its genus to B. fragilis as a cause of human subdiaphragmatic infections.
B. ureolyticus a species isolated from infections of the respiratory and intestinal tracts, and from the buccal cavity, intestinal tract, urogenital tract, and blood after a dental extraction. It is closely related to Campylobacter species.

bacteroidosis
bacteroidosis (bak′ter-oy-do′sis)

Rarely used term for an infection with Bacteroides.

baculiform
baculiform (ba-ku′li-form)

Rod-shaped. [L. baculum, a rod, + forma, form]

Baculoviridae
Baculoviridae (bak-u-lo-vir′i-de)

A family of viruses that multiply only in arthropods; virions are rod-shaped and measure 30–35 nm by 250–400 nm; genomes are of double-stranded, supercoiled DNA (90–160 kb). Baculovirus-derived vectors are frequently used to express foreign genes in insect cells. [L. baculum, rod]

baculovirus
baculovirus (bak′oo-lo-vi-rus)

A virus that infects insect cells; used extensively in expression systems for recombinant proteins that require eucaryotic processing systems. [L. baculum, rod, + virus]

Baehr
Baehr

George, U.S. physician, 1887–1978. See B.-Lohlein lesion, Lohlein-B. lesion.

Baelz
Baelz

Erwin O., German physician in Tokyo, 1849–1913. See B. disease.

BAER
BAER

Abbreviation for brainstem auditory evoked response. See evoked response.

Baer
Baer

Karl E. von, German-Russian embryologist, 1792–1876. See B. law.

Baeyer
Baeyer

Johann F.W.A. von, German chemist and Nobel laureate, 1835–1917. See B. theory.

bag
bag

A pouch, sac, or receptacle. [A.S. baelg]
Ambu b. proprietary name for a self-reinflating b. with nonrebreathing valves to provide positive pressure ventilation during resuscitation with oxygen or air.
breathing b. a collapsible reservoir from which gases are inhaled and into which gases may be exhaled during general anesthesia or artificial ventilation. SYN: reservoir b..
colostomy b. a b. worn over a surgically produced connection between the colon and the skin to collect feces.
Douglas b. a large b. in which expired gas is collected for several minutes to determine oxygen consumption in humans under conditions of actual work. [C.G. Douglas]
nuclear b. the aggregation of nuclei occurring in the nonstriated center of an intrafusal muscle fiber of a neuromuscular spindle.
Politzer b. a pear-shaped rubber b. used for forcing air through the auditory tube by the Politzer method.
reservoir b. SYN: breathing b..
b. of waters colloquialism for the amniotic sac and contained amniotic fluid.

bagassosis
bagassosis (bag-a-so′sis)

Extrinsic allergic alveolitis following exposure to sugar-cane fiber dust (bagasse); has been attributed to inhalation of spores of soil fungi and, particularly, thermophilic actinomycetes.

Baggenstoss
Baggenstoss

Archie H., U.S. pathologist, *1908. See B. change.

Bagolini
Bagolini

20th century Italian ophthalmologist. See B. test.

Baillarger
Baillarger

Jules G.F., French neurologist, 1809–1891. See B. bands, under band, B. lines, under line.

Bailliart
Bailliart

Paul, French ophthalmologist, 1877–1969. See B. ophthalmodynamometer.

Bainbridge
Bainbridge

Francis A., English physiologist, 1874–1921. See B. reflex.

Baker
Baker

William M., English surgeon, 1839–1896. See B. cyst.

Baker
Baker

James Porter, U.S. physician, *1902. See Charcot-Weiss-B. syndrome.

Baker
Baker

John Randal, English zoologist, *1900. See B. pyridine extraction, B. acid hematein.

BAL
BAL

Abbreviation for British anti-Lewisite.

BAL
BAL

Abbreviation for bronchoalveolar lavage.

Balamuthia
Balamuthia (bal-a-moo′the-a)

A genus of free-living ameba that causes granulomatous amebic encephalitis.

balan- balan-

See balano-.

balance
balance (bal′ans)

1. An apparatus for weighing; e.g., scales. 2. The normal state of action and reaction between two or more parts or organs of the body. 3. Quantities, concentrations, and proportionate amounts of bodily constituents. 4. The difference between intake and utilization, storage, or excretion of a substance by the body. SEE ALSO: equilibrium. [L. bi-, twice, + lanx, dish, scale]
acid-base b. the normal b. between acid and base in the blood plasma, expressed in the hydrogen ion concentration or pH, resulting from the relative amounts of acidic and basic materials ingested and produced by body metabolism, compared to the relative amounts of acidic and basic materials excreted from the body and consumed by body metabolism; the normal state of acid-base b. is not one of neutrality, with equal concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, but a more alkaline state with a certain excess of hydroxyl ions. SYN: acid-base equilibrium.
nitrogen b. the difference between the total nitrogen intake by an organism and its total nitrogen loss. A zero nitrogen b. is seen in normal, healthy adults; N_in > N_out is a positive nitrogen b. and N_in < N_out is a negative nitrogen b..
occlusal b. a condition in which there are simultaneous contacts of the occluding units of the opposing dental arches in centric and eccentric positions within the functional range.
phonetic b. that property by which a group of words used in the measurement of hearing has the various phonemes occurring at approximately the same frequency at which they occur in ordinary conversation in that language; phonetically balanced word lists are used in determining the discrimination score.
Wilhelmy b. a device for measuring surface tension in terms of the pull exerted on a thin plate of platinum or other material suspended vertically through the surface; used in a Langmuir trough to study pulmonary surfactant.

balanic
balanic (ba-lan′ik)

Relating to the glans penis or glans clitoridis. [G. balanos, acorn, glans]

Balanites aegyptiaca
Balanites aegyptiaca (bal-a-ni′tez e-jip-ti′a-ka)

A genus of trees growing in the Near East, whose berries contain an active principle that is deadly to mollusks, miracidia, cercariae, tadpoles, and fish and that is used as a prophylactic against schistosomiasis by adding it to drinking water. [L. balanos, acorn]

balanitis
balanitis (bal-a-ni′tis)

Inflammation of the glans penis or clitoris. [G. balanos, acorn, glans, + -itis, inflammation]
b. circumscripta plasmacellularis SYN: plasma cell b..
b. diabetica glanular inflammation in diabetics related to urinary infection or concomitant posthitis.
plasma cell b. benign circumscribed b. characterized microscopically by subepithelial plasma cell infiltration and clinically by small erythematous papular lesions. SYN: b. circumscripta plasmacellularis.
b. xerotica obliterans lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of the glans penis, which may result in meatal stenosis.

balano- balano-, balan-

Glans penis. [G. balanos, acorn, glans]

balanoplasty
balanoplasty (bal′an-o-plas-te)

Surgical reconstruction of the glans penis. [balano- + G. plastos, formed]

balanoposthitis
balanoposthitis (bal′an-o-pos-thi′tis)

Inflammation of the glans penis and overlying prepuce. [balano- + G. posthe, prepuce, + -itis, inflammation]

balantidiasis
balantidiasis (bal′an-ti-di′a-sis)

A disease caused by the presence of Balantidium coli in the large intestine; characterized by diarrhea, dysentery, and occasionally ulceration. SYN: balantidosis.

Balantidium
Balantidium (bal-an-tid′e-um)

A genus of ciliates (family Balantidiidae) found in the digestive tract of vertebrates and invertebrates. [G. balantidion, dim of ballantion, a bag]
B. coli a very large parasitic ciliate species, usually 50–80 μm in length, reaching up to 200 μm in pigs, found in the cecum or large intestine, swimming actively in the lumen; usually harmless in humans but may invade and ulcerate the intestinal wall, producing a colitis resembling amebic dysentery.
B. suis a species originally considered distinct from the ciliate parasite of man, B. coli, but now considered synonymous with it; nonpathogenic in swine.

balantidosis
balantidosis (bal′an-ti-do′sis)

SYN: balantidiasis.

balanus
balanus (bal′a-nus)

SYN: glans penis. [G. balanos, acorn, glans penis]

bald
bald (bawld)

Having no hair, or a decrease in the amount of hair of the scalp. [M.E. balled]

baldness
baldness (bawld′nes)

SYN: alopecia.
common b. SYN: androgenic alopecia.
congenital b. SYN: alopecia congenitalis.
male pattern b. SYN: male pattern alopecia.

Balint
Balint

Rudolph, Hungarian neurologist and psychiatrist, 1874–1930. See B. syndrome.

Ball
Ball

Sir Charles B., Irish surgeon, 1851–1916. See B. operation.

ball
ball

1. A round mass. See bezoar. 2. In veterinary medicine, a large pill or bolus.
chondrin b. one of the globular masses formed by a group of cells enclosed in a capsule, in hyaline cartilage.
food b. SYN: phytobezoar.
b. of the foot the padded portion of the sole, at the anterior extremity of the heads of the metatarsals, upon which the weight rests when the heel is raised.
fungus b. a compact mass of fungal mycelium and cellular debris, 1 to 5 cm in diameter, residing within a lung cavity, paranasal sinus, or urinary tract; aspergilloma is a type of fungus b. of the lung.

Ballance
Ballance

Sir Charles A., English surgeon, 1856–1936. See B. sign, Koerte-B. operation.

ballism
ballism (bal′izm)

SYN: ballismus.

ballismus
ballismus (bal-iz′mus)

A type of involuntary movement affecting the proximal limb musculature, manifested as jerking, flinging movements of the extremity; caused by a lesion of or near the contralateral subthalamic nucleus. Usually only one side of the body is involved, resulting in hemiballismus. SYN: ballism. [G. ballismos, a jumping about]

ballistocardiogram
ballistocardiogram (bal-is-to-kar′de-o-gram)

A record of the body's recoil caused by cardiac contraction, the ejection of blood into the aorta, and ventricular filling forces; has been used as a basis for calculating the cardiac output in man, but its lack of accuracy and reproducibility has caused it to be discarded. [G. ballo, to throw, + kardia, heart, + gramma, something written]

ballistocardiograph
ballistocardiograph (BCG) (bal-is-to-kar′de-o-graf)

Instrument for taking a ballistocardiogram, consisting either of a moving table suspended from the ceiling, or of an apparatus that rests upon the patient's body, usually on the shins, together with a graphic recording system.

ballistocardiography
ballistocardiography (bal-is-to-kar-de-og′ra-fe)

1. The graphic recording of movements of the body imparted by ballistic forces (cardiac contraction and ejection of blood, ventricular filling, acceleration, and deceleration of blood flow through the great vessels); these minute movements are amplified and recorded on moving chart paper after being translated into an electrical potential by a pickup device. 2. The study and interpretation of ballistocardiograms.

ballistophobia
ballistophobia (bal-is-to-fo′be-a)

Morbid fear of a projectile or missile. [G. ballista, catapult, fr. G. ballistes fr. ballo, + phobos, fear]

balloon
balloon (ba-loon)

1. An inflatable spherical or ovoid device used to retain tubes or catheters in, or provide support to, various body structures. 2. A distensible device used to stretch or occlude a viscus or blood vessel. 3. To distend a body cavity with a gas or fluid to facilitate its examination, dilate a structure, or occlude its lumen. [Fr. ballon, fr. It. ballone, fr. balla, ball, fr. Germanic]
angioplasty b. a b. near the tip of an angiographic catheter, designed to distend narrowed vessels. See b.-tip catheter.
detachable b. a small b., attached to the tip of a catheter, which can be released to occlude a vessel.
intraaortic b. See intraaortic b. pump.

ballottable
ballottable (bal-ot′a-bl)

Capable of exhibiting the phenomenon of ballottement.

ballottement
ballottement (bal-ot-maw′)

1. Maneuver used in physical examination to estimate the size of an organ not near the surface, particularly when there is ascites, by a flicking motion of the hand or fingers similar to that involved in dribbling a basketball. 2. An obsolete method of diagnosis of pregnancy: with the tip of the forefinger in the vagina, a sharp tap is made against the lower segment of the uterus; the fetus, if present, is tossed upward and (if the finger is retained in place) will be felt to strike against the wall of the uterus as it falls back. [Fr. balloter, to toss up]
abdominal b. examination of the abdomen by palpation to detect excessive amounts of fluid (ascites) by causing organs to bob up and down in the fluid milieu.
renal b. a maneuver in which the kidney is moved by pressure from behind, allowing it to be felt between the hands and its size, shape, and mobility determined.

balm
balm (bawlm)

1. SYN: balsam. 2. An ointment, especially a fragrant one. 3. A soothing application. [L. balsamum, fr. G. balsamon, the balsam tree]
b. of Gilead an oleoresin from Commiphora opobalsamum (family Burseraceae), probably the myrrh of the Bible; used in perfumery. SYN: Mecca balsam, opobalsamum.
mountain b. SYN: eriodictyon.
sweet b. SYN: melissa.

balneotherapeutics
balneotherapeutics, balneotherapy (bal′ne-o-thar-a-pu′tiks, -thar′a-pe)

Immersion of part or all of the body in a mineral water bath as a form of therapy. [L. balneum, bath]

Baló
Baló

Jozsef, Hungarian physician, *1896. See Baló disease.

balsam
balsam (bawl′sam)

A fragrant, resinous or thick, oily exudate from various trees and plants. SYN: balm (1) , oleoresin (3) . [G. balsamon; L. balsamum]
Canada b. a yellowish liquid resin from the b. fir, Abies balsamea (family Pinaceae); contains kinene and bornyl acetate; used for mounting histologic specimens and as a cement for lenses. SYN: Canada turpentine.
b. of copaiba SYN: copaiba.
Mecca b. SYN: balm of Gilead.
b. of Peru a thick, dark brown liquid b. obtained from Toluifera pereirae (family Leguminosae), containing 60% cinnamein; used as a healing application to wounds.
Tolu b. a yellowish brown soft mass obtained from Toluifera balsamum (family Leguminosae), containing cinnamic and benzoic acids and esters; used as a stimulant expectorant.

balsamic
balsamic (bawl-sam′ik)

1. Relating to balsam. 2. Fragrant.

BALT
BALT

Abbreviation for bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue.

Bamberger
Bamberger

Heinrich von, Austrian physician, 1822–1888. See B. albuminuria, B. disease, B. sign.

Bamberger
Bamberger

Eugen, Austrian physician, 1858–1921. See B.-Marie disease, B.-Marie syndrome.

bamifylline hydrochloride
bamifylline hydrochloride (ba-mif′i-lin)

A vasodilator and smooth muscle relaxant.

bamipine
bamipine (bam-i-pen)

An antihistaminic.

bancroftiasis
bancroftiasis, bancroftosis (ban-krof-ti′a-sis, -to′sis)

Infection with Wuchereria bancrofti.

band
band

1. Any appliance or part of an apparatus that encircles or binds a part of the body. SEE ALSO: zone. 2. Any ribbon-shaped or cordlike anatomic structure that encircles or binds another structure or that connects two or more parts. See fascia, line, linea, stripe, stria, tenia. 3. A narrow strip containing one or more macromolecules (on occasions, small molecules) detected in electrophoresis or certain types of chromatography.
A bands the dark-staining anisotropic cross striations in the myofibrils of muscle fibers, comprising regions of overlapping thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments. SYN: A disks, anisotropic disks, Q bands (1) , Q disks.
absorption b. the range of wavelengths or frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum where radiant energy is absorbed by passage through a gaseous, liquid, or dissolved substance; it is exploited for analytical purposes in colorimetry or spectrophotometry, and is usually described in terms of the wavelength where maximum absorbance occurs ( i.e., λ_max).
amnionic b. [MIM*217100] strands of amnion following its rupture, which can wrap around limbs, digits, face, and internal organs, causing constriction and amputation; the genetics of which is unclear. SEE ALSO: congenital amputation. SYN: amnionic adhesions, amnionic b. syndrome, anular b., constriction ring (2) , Simonart bands (1) , Simonart ligaments.
anogenital b. the first indication of the perineum in the embryo.
anular b. SYN: amnionic b..
atrioventricular b. SYN: atrioventricular bundle.
Baillarger bands SYN: Baillarger lines, under line.
Bechterew b. SYN: b. of Kaes-Bechterew.
Broca diagonal b. a white fiber bundle descending in the precommissural septum toward the base of the forebrain, immediately rostral to the lamina terminalis; this b. consists of a horizontal limb [TA] (crus horizontale [TA]), a vertical limb [TA] (crus verticale [TA]) and the cells associated with the b. form the nucleus of diagonal b. [TA] (nucleus striae diagonalis [TA]); at the base, the bundle turns in the caudolateral direction; traveling through a ventral stratum of the innominate substance alongside the optic tract, it fades before reaching the amygdala. SYN: diagonal b. [TA] , stria diagonalis [TA] .
chromosome b. a region of darker or contrasting staining across the width of a chromosome; the pattern of bands is characteristic for most chromosomes. See banding.
Clado b. SYN: suspensory ligament of ovary.
bands of colon SYN: teniae coli, under tenia.
contraction b. a microscopic change in myocardial cells in which excessive contraction, associated with elevated intracellular calcium and serum norepinephrine, causes the formation of transverse amorphous b.'s in the fibers which are then incapable of contracting again. SYN: contraction b. necrosis.
diagonal b. [TA] SYN: Broca diagonal b..
Essick cell bands groups of cells in the developing rhombencephalon which migrate in two bands, one of which eventually forms the inferior olivary nucleus and the arcuate nucleus, and the other the pontine nuclei.
Gennari b. SYN: line of Gennari.
b. of Giacomini SYN: uncus b. of Giacomini.
H b. the paler area in the center of the A b. of a striated muscle fiber, comprising the central portion of thick (myosin) filaments that are not overlapped by thin (actin) filaments. SYN: H disk, Hensen disk, Hensen line.
His b. SYN: atrioventricular bundle.
Hunter-Schreger bands alternating light and dark lines seen in dental enamel that begin at the dentoenamel junction and end before they reach the enamel surface; they represent areas of enamel rods cut in cross-sections dispersed between areas of rods cut longitudinally. SYN: Hunter-Schreger lines, Schreger lines.
I b. a light b. on each side of the Z line of striated muscle fibers, comprising a region of the sarcomere where thin (actin) filaments are not overlapped by thick (myosin) filaments. SYN: I disk, isotropic disk.
iliotibial b. SYN: iliotibial tract.
b. of Kaes-Bechterew b. of horizontal myelinated fibers in the most superficial part of the third layer of the isocortex. SYN: stria laminae molecularis [TA] , stria of molecular layer [TA] , Bechterew b., layer of Bechterew, line of Bechterew, line of Kaes.
Ladd b. a peritoneal attachment of an incompletely rotated cecum, found in malrotation of the intestine; may cause obstruction of the duodenum.
Lane b. a congenital b. on the distal ileum that may extend into the right iliac fossa causing stasis. SYN: Lane kink.
longitudinal bands of cruciform ligament of atlas [TA] ligamentous slips forming the “upright” or vertical beam of the cruciform ligament of the atlas. SYN: fasciculi longitudinales ligamenti cruciformis atlantis [TA] .
M b. SYN: M line.
Mach b. a relatively bright or dark b. perceived in a zone where the luminance increases or decreases rapidly.
Maissiat b. SYN: iliotibial tract.
matrix b. a metal or plastic b. secured around the crown of a tooth to confine restorative material to be adapted into a prepared cavity.
Meckel b. the portion of the anterior ligament of the malleus that extends from the base of the anterior process through the petrotympanic fissure, to attach to the spine of the sphenoid. See anterior ligament of malleus. SYN: Meckel ligament.
moderator b. SYN: septomarginal trabecula.
Muehrcke bands apparent leukonychia with white bands parallel to lanula of the nails, seen in hypoalbuminemia. SYN: Muehrcke sign.
oligoclonal b. small discrete bands in the gamma globulin region of the spinal fluid electrophoresis, indicating local central nervous system production of IgG; bands are frequently seen in patients with multiple sclerosis but can also be found in other diseases of the central nervous system including syphilis, sarcoidosis, and chronic infection or inflammation.
orthodontic b. a thin strip of metal closely adapted to the crown of a tooth to which wires may be attached for tooth movement.
pecten b. a fibrous induration of the anal pecten resulting from passive congestion or a chronic form of inflammation in this region.
Q bands 1. SYN: A bands. 2. See Q-banding stain.
Reil b. 1. SYN: septomarginal trabecula. 2. SYN: medial lemniscus.
silastic b. (si′las-tik) a small silastic ring placed around each fallopian tube to achieve permanent sterilization.
Simonart bands 1. SYN: amnionic b.. 2. weblike b. of tissue partially filling the gap between the medial and lateral portions of a cleft lip.
Soret b. the absorption b. of all porphyrins at about 400 nm.
uncus b. of Giacomini a slender whitish b., the attenuated anterior continuation of the dentate gyrus (fascia dentata), crossing transversally the surface of the recurved part of the uncus gyri parahippocampalis. SYN: b. of Giacomini, cauda fasciae dentatae, frenulum of Giacomini, tail of dentate gyrus.
ventricular b. of larynx SYN: vestibular fold.
Z b. SYN: Z line.
zonular b. SYN: zona orbicularis (articulationis coxae).

bandage
bandage (ban′dij)

1. A piece of cloth or other material, of varying shape and size, applied to a body part to provide compression, protect from external contamination, prevent drying, absorb drainage, prevent motion, and retain surgical dressings. 2. To cover a body part by application of a b..
adhesive b. a dressing of plain absorbent gauze affixed to plastic or fabric coated with a pressure-sensitive adhesive.
Barton b. a figure-of-8 b. supporting the mandible below and anteriorly; used in mandibular fracture.
capeline b. a b. covering the head or an amputation stump like a cap. [L. capella, a cap]
circular b. one encircling an extremity, or a portion of it, or the trunk.
cravat b. a b. made by bringing the point of a triangular b. to the middle of the base and then folding lengthwise to the desired width.
crucial b. a b. in the shape of a cross; e.g., a T-b..
demigauntlet b. a gauntlet b. that covers only the hand, leaving the fingers exposed.
Desault b. a b. for fracture of the clavicle; the elbow is bound to the side, with a pad placed in the axilla.
elastic b. a b. containing stretchable material; used to provide local compression.
Esmarch b. SYN: Esmarch tourniquet.
figure-of-8 b. a b. applied alternately to two parts, usually two segments of a limb above and below the joint, in such a way that the turns describe the figure 8; a specific b. used for treatment of fractures of the clavicle.
four-tailed b. a strip of cloth split in two except for a central portion placed under the chin, with four tails tied over the head; used to limit motion of the mandible.
gauntlet b. a figure-of-8 b. covering the hand and fingers.
gauze b. gauze.
Gibney fixation b. herring-bone strapping of the foot and leg for sprain of the ankle.
Gibson b. a b., resembling Barton b., for stabilizing a fracture of the mandible.
hammock b. a b. for retaining dressings on the head: the dressings are covered by a wide gauze strip, the ends of which are brought down over the ears and held while a narrow circular b. is passed around the head; the ends of the gauze strip are then turned up over the circular b. and other turns are made securing them firmly.
immovable b. a b. of cloth impregnated with plaster of Paris, liquid glass, or the like, which hardens soon after its application.
Martin b. a roller b. of soft rubber used to provide compression to a limb in the treatment of varicose veins or ulcers.
oblique b. a b. in which the successive turns proceed obliquely up or down the limb.
plaster b. a roller b. impregnated with plaster of Paris and applied moist; used to make a rigid dressing for a fracture or diseased joint.
roller b. a strip of material, of variable width, rolled into a compact cylinder to facilitate its application.
scarf b. SYN: triangular b..
Scultetus b. a large oblong cloth, the ends of which are cut into narrow strips, which is applied to the thorax or abdomen, the strips being tied or overlapped and pinned.
spica b. successive strips of material applied to the body and the first part of a limb, or to the hand and a finger, which overlap slightly in a V to resemble an ear of grain. [L. spica, ear of grain]
spiral b. an oblique b. encircling a limb, the successive turns overlapping those preceding.
suspensory b. a bag of expansile fabric for supporting the scrotum and its contents.
T-b. SYN: T-binder.
triangular b. a piece of cloth cut in the shape of a right-angled triangle, used as a sling. SYN: scarf b..
Velpeau b. a b. that serves to immobilize arm to chest wall, with the forearm positioned obliquely across and upward on front of chest.

banding
banding

The process of differential staining of (usually) metaphase chromosomes of cells to reveal the characteristic patterns of bands that permit identification of individual chromosomes and recognition of missing segments; each of the 22 pairs of human chromosomes and the X and Y chromosomes has an identifying b. pattern.
BrDu-b. labeling of chromosomes in proliferating tissue by adding an excess of bromodeoxyuridine, which replaces the uridine incorporated in RNA and fluoresces in ultraviolet light; the bands result from sister chromatid exchanges.
high-resolution b. b., especially in prophase, which increases the clarity and number of discernible chromosome bands.
NOR-b. a procedure which utilizes a silver stain that preferentially accumulates in the nucleoli-organizing regions, i.e., the satellite regions of the acrocentric chromosomes.
prometaphase b. b. done in the stage of mitosis intermediate between prophase and metaphase.
pulmonary artery b. a surgical method of decreasing pulmonary blood flow and thereby volume overload of the left ventricle, alleviating CHF in certain congenital heart defects.
reverse b. See R-b. stain.

bandwidth
bandwidth

The range of frequency or wavelengths over which a device is intended to operate.

bandy-leg
bandy-leg (ban′de-leg)

SYN: genu varum.

bane
bane (ban)

A poison or blight. [O.E. bana]

Bang
Bang

Bernhard L.F., Danish veterinarian and physician, 1848–1932. See B. disease.

banisterine
banisterine (ba-nis′te-ren)

SYN: harmine.

Banti
Banti

Guido, Italian physician, 1852–1925. See B. disease, B. syndrome.

Banting
Banting

Sir Frederick G., Canadian physician, 1891–1941, co-winner of the 1923 Nobel Prize for isolating insulin from the pancreas.

baptitoxine
baptitoxine

SYN: cytisine.

bar
bar

1. A unit of pressure equal to 1 megadyne (10⁶ dyne) per cm² in the CGS system, 0.9869233 atmosphere, or 10⁵ Pa (N/m²) in the SI system. 2. A metal segment of greater length than width that serves to connect two or more parts of a removable partial denture. SEE ALSO: major connector. 3. A segment of tissue or bone that unites two or more similar structures.
arch b. any one of several types of wires, b.'s, or splints conforming to the arch of the teeth, extending from one side of the arch to the other and located labially, or lingually; used for the treatment of jaw fractures and/or stabilization of injured teeth.
b. of bladder SYN: interureteric crest.
clasp b. clasp.
connector b. See major connector, minor connector.
labial b. a major connector located labial to the dental arch joining two or more bilateral parts of a mandibular removable partial denture.
lingual b. a major connector located lingual to the dental arch joining two or more bilateral parts of a mandibular removable partial denture.
median b. of Mercier a prominent band of fibromuscular tissue involving the interureteric ridge or neck of the urinary bladder, occasionally resulting in urinary obstruction.
Mercier b. SYN: interureteric crest.
occlusal rest b. a minor connector used to attach an occlusal rest to a major part of a removable partial denture.
palatal b. a major connector which crosses the palate and unites two or more parts of a maxillary removable partial denture.
Passavant b. SYN: Passavant ridge.
sternal b. one of the transverse units of the developing sternum formed by the union of paired primordia.
terminal b. dark spots or b.'s (depending on the plane of section) in the lateral boundary between the apical ends of columnar epithelial cells; this region corresponds with the area of the junctional complex and the thin filaments that anchor on the zonula adherens.

baragnosis
baragnosis (bar-ag-no′sis)

Loss of ability to appreciate the weight of objects held in the hand, or to differentiate objects of different weights. When the primary senses are intact, caused by a lesion of the contralateral parietal lobe. [G. baros, weight + a- priv., + gnosis, a knowing]

Bárány
Bárány

Robert, Austrian-Hungarian otologist and Nobel laureate, 1876–1936. See B. sign, B. caloric test, positional vertigo of B..

barba
barba (bar′ba) [TA]

1. [NA] The beard. 2. A hair of the beard. SYN: beard [TA] . [L.]

barbaloin
barbaloin (bar-bal′o-in)

SYN: aloin.

Barber
Barber

Glenn, 20th century U.S. orthopedic surgeon. See Blount-B. disease.

barbiero
barbiero (bar-be-a′ro)

Brazilian term for the bloodsucking hemipteran triatomid bug, Panstrongylus megistus, an important vector of Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. [Pg. the barber]

barbital
barbital (bar′bi-tawl)

An obsolescent hypnotic and sedative; available as b. sodium (soluble b.), with the same uses; often used as a buffer. SYN: 5,5-diethylbarbituric acid, Veronal.

barbiturate
barbiturate (bar-bich′ur-at)

A derivative of barbituric acid, including phenobarbital and others, that act as CNS depressants and are used for their tranquilizing, hypnotic, and anti-seizure effects; most barbiturates have the potential for abuse.

barbituric acid
barbituric acid (bar-bi-chur′ik)

A crystalline dibasic acid from which barbital and other barbiturates are derived; has no sedative action. SYN: malonylurea.

barbiturism
barbiturism (bar′bi-chur-izm)

Chronic poisoning by any of the derivatives of barbituric acid; symptoms, which are not very distinctive, include cutaneous eruption accompanied by chills, fever, and headache.

barbotage
barbotage (bar-bo-tahzh′)

A method of spinal anesthesia in which a portion of the anesthetic solution is injected into the cerebrospinal fluid, which is then aspirated back into the syringe and reinjected. [Fr. barboter, to dabble]

barbula hirci
barbula hirci (bar′bu-la hir′si)

The hairs growing from the tragus, antitragus, and incisura intertragica of the auricle of men after age 27 years. [L. dim. of barba, beard, + gen. sing. of hircus, goat]

Barclay
Barclay

Alfred E., English physician, 1877–1949. See B.-Baron disease.

Barcroft
Barcroft

Sir Joseph F., English physiologist, 1872–1947. See B.-Warburg apparatus, B.-Warburg technique.

Bard
Bard

Philip, U.S. physiologist, 1898–1945. See Cannon-B. theory.

Bardet
Bardet

Georges, French physician, *1885. See B.-Biedl syndrome.

Bardinet
Bardinet

Barthélemy A., French physician, 1809–1874. See B. ligament.

baresthesia
baresthesia (bar-es-the′ze-a)

SYN: pressure sense. [G. baros, weight, + aisthesis, sensation]

baresthesiometer
baresthesiometer (bar′es-the′ze-om′e-ter)

An instrument for measuring the pressure sense. [G. baros, weight, + aisthesis, sensation, + metron, measure]

bariatric
bariatric (bar-e-at′rik)

Relating to bariatrics.

bariatrics
bariatrics (bar-e-at′riks)

That branch of medicine concerned with the management (prevention or control) of obesity and allied diseases. [G. baros, weight, + iatreia, medical treatment]

baric
baric (ba′rik)

Relating to barometric pressure (as in isobar) or to weight generally.

baricity
baricity (ba-ris′i-te)

The weight of one substance compared to the weight of an equal volume of another substance at the same temperature. [G. baros, weight]

barilla
barilla (ba-ril′a)

Commercial, usually impure, sodium carbonate and sulfate.

baritosis
baritosis (bar-i-to′sis)

A form of pneumoconiosis caused by barite or barium dust.

barium
barium (Ba) (ba′re-um, ba′re-um)

A metallic, alkaline, divalent earth element; atomic no. 56, atomic wt. 137.327. Insoluble salts are often used in radiology as contrast media. [G. barys, heavy]
b. chloride formerly used as a heart tonic and for varicose veins; extremely toxic.
b. hydroxide a caustic compound combined with calcium hydroxide in a carbon dioxide absorbent; used in anesthetic circuits. SEE ALSO: absorbent (3) .
b. meal oral administration of b. sulfate suspension for radiographic study of the upper gastrointestinal tract (British usage).
b. oxide, b. monoxide it is caustic, forming the strong base, Ba(OH)₂, in water; used as a dehydrating agent. SYN: baryta.
b. sulfate given as a suspension orally, rectally, or through a tube, for radiographic demonstration of a part of the gastrointestinal tract. See enteroclysis, b. enema.
b. sulfide a poisonous grayish yellow powder, used as a depilatory.
b. swallow oral administration of b. sulfate suspension for radiographic investigation of the hypopharynx and esophagus.

bark
bark

1. The envelope or covering of the roots, trunk, and branches of plants. Barks of pharmacological significance not listed below are alphabetized under specific names. 2. SYN: cinchona.
cinchona b. SYN: cinchona.
cotton-root b. dried root b. of Gossypium herbaceum and other species of Gossypium (family Malvaceae). Has been used as an abortifacient and oxytocic.

Barkan
Barkan

Otto, U.S. ophthalmologist, 1887–1958. See B. membrane, B. operation.

Barkman
Barkman

Åke, 20th century Swedish internist. See B. reflex.

Barkow
Barkow

Hans K.L., German anatomist, 1798–1873. See B. ligaments, under ligament.

Barlow
Barlow

John B., South African cardiologist, *1924. See B. syndrome.

Barlow
Barlow

Sir Thomas, British physician, 1845–1945. See B. disease.

barn
barn (b)

A unit of area for effective cross-section of atomic nuclei with respect to atomic projectiles; equal to 10⁻²⁴ cm². [fr. “big as the side of a b.” by humorous comparison with much smaller areas]

Barnard
Barnard

Christiaan, South African surgeon, *1922, performed the first successful heart transplant in 1967.

Barnes
Barnes

Robert, British obstetrician, 1817–1907. See B. curve, B. zone.

Barnes
Barnes

Stanley, British physician, 1875–1955.

baro- baro-

Weight, pressure. [G. baros, weight]

baroceptor
baroceptor (bar′o-sep-ter, -tor)

SYN: baroreceptor.

barognosis
barognosis (bar′og-no′sis)

Ability to appreciate the weight of objects, or to differentiate objects of different weights. [G. baros, weight, + gnosis, knowledge]

barograph
barograph (bar′o-graf)

A device that gives a continuous record of barometric pressure. SYN: barometrograph.

barometrograph
barometrograph (bar-o-met′ro-graf)

SYN: barograph.

Baron Baron

See Barclay-B. disease.

barophilic
barophilic (bar′o-fil′ik)

Thriving under high environmental pressure; applied to microorganisms. [G. baros, weight, + phileo, to love]

baroreceptor
baroreceptor (bar′o-re-sep′ter, -tor)

1. In general, any sensor of pressure changes. 2. Sensory nerve ending in the wall of the auricles of the heart, vena cava, aortic arch, and carotid sinus, sensitive to stretching of the wall resulting from increased pressure from within, and functioning as the receptor of central reflex mechanisms that tend to reduce that pressure. SYN: baroceptor, pressoreceptor. [G. baros, weight, + receptor]

baroreflex
baroreflex (bar-o-re′fleks)

A reflex triggered by stimulation of a baroreceptor.

baroscope
baroscope (bar′o-skop)

An instrument measuring changes in atmospheric pressure.

barosinusitis
barosinusitis (bar′o-si-nus-i′tis)

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the paranasal sinuses caused by pressure difference within the sinus relative to ambient pressure, secondary to obstruction of the sinus ostium and occurring during descent in altitude. SYN: aerosinusitis. [G. baros, weight, pressure, + sinusitis]

barostat
barostat (bar′o-stat)

A pressure-regulating device or structure, such as the baroreceptors of the carotid sinus and aortic arch, when connected to effectors providing negative feedback. [G., baros, weight, pressure, + statos, made to stand]

barotaxis
barotaxis (bar-o-tak′sis)

Reaction of living tissue to changes in pressure. SYN: barotropism. [G. baros, weight, + taxis, order]

barotitis media
barotitis media (bar-o-ti′tis me′de-a)

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the middle ear caused by pressure difference within the middle ear relative to ambient pressure, secondary to obstruction of the auditory tube or its failure to open; often occurs on descent in altitude. SYN: aerotitis media.

barotrauma
barotrauma (bar′o-traw′ma)

A term previously used to describe injury to the middle ear or paranasal sinuses, resulting from imbalance between ambient pressure and that within the affected cavity. Now mostly used to refer to lung injury due to pressure such as occurs when a patient is on a ventilator and is subjected to high airway pressure (pulmonary b.). [G. baros, weight, + trauma]
otic b. injury caused to the ear by imbalance in pressure between ambient air and the air in the middle ear. SEE ALSO: barotitis media.
sinus b. injury to paranasal sinuses, resulting from imbalance in pressure between ambient air and air in the paranasal sinuses. SEE ALSO: barosinusitis.

barotropism
barotropism (bar-ot′ro-pizm)

SYN: barotaxis. [G. baros, weight, + trope, a turning]

Barr
Barr

Yvonne M., English virologist, *1932. See Epstein-B. virus.

Barr
Barr

Murray L., Canadian microanatomist, *1908. See B. chromatin body.

Barraquer
Barraquer

Ignacio, Spanish ophthalmologist, 1884–1965. See B. method.

Barraquer Roviralta
Barraquer Roviralta

Luis, Spanish physician, 1855–1928. See Barraquer disease.

Barré
Barré

Jean A., French neurologist, *1880. See Barré sign, Guillain-Barré reflex, Guillain-Barré syndrome, Landry-Guillain-Barré syndrome.

barren
barren (bar′en)

Unable to produce a pregnancy. [M.E. bareyne]

Barrett
Barrett

Norman R., British physician, *1903. See adenocarcinoma in B. esophagus, B. esophagus, B. epithelium, B. syndrome, B. metaplasia.

barrier
barrier (bar′e-er)

1. An obstacle or impediment. 2. In psychiatry, a conflictual agent that blocks behavior that could help resolve a personal struggle. [M.E., fr. O.Fr. barriere, fr. L.L. barraria]
blood-air b. the material intervening between alveolar air and the blood; it consists of a nonstructural film or surfactant, alveolar epithelium, basement lamina, and endothelium.
blood-aqueous b. a selectively permeable b. between the capillary bed in the processes of the ciliary body and the aqueous humor in the anterior chamber of the eye; consists of two layers of simple cuboidal epithelium joined at their apical surfaces with junctional complexes.
blood-brain b. (BBB) a selective mechanism opposing the passage of most ions and large–molecular weight compounds from the blood to brain tissue located in a continuous layer of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions; similar capillaries are found in the retina, iris, inner ear, and within the endoneurium of peripheral nerves.
blood-cerebrospinal fluid b., blood-CSF b. a b. located at the tight junctions which surround and connect the cuboidal epithelial cells on the surface of the choroid plexus; capillaries and connective tissue stroma of the choroid do not represent a b. to protein tracers or dyes.
blood-testis b. an occluding b. formed by Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testis, which separates the more mature cells of spermatogenesis in the adlumenal compartment of the tubule from blood-derived products in the basal compartment.
blood-thymus b. a sheath of pericytes and epithelial reticular cells around thymic capillaries that prevents the developing T lymphocytes of the thymus from being exposed to circulating antigens.
incest b. in psychoanalysis, the learning or internalization of parental and social prohibitions against incest.
placental b. SYN: placental membrane.

Bart
Bart

Bruce J., U.S. dermatologist, *1936. See B. syndrome.

Bartels
Bartels

Peter H., German scientist in U.S., specializing in optics and computer science, *1929.

Barth
Barth

Jean B.P., Strasburg physician, 1806–1877. See B. hernia.

Bartholin
Bartholin

Casper, Danish anatomist, 1655–1738. See B. abscess, B. cyst, B. cystectomy, B. duct, B. gland.

Bartholin
Bartholin

Thomas, Danish anatomist, 1616–1680. See B. anus.

bartholinitis
bartholinitis (bar-to-lin-i′tis)

Inflammation of a vulvovaginal (Bartholin) gland.

Bartley
Bartley

Samuel H., U.S. psychologist, *1901. See Brücke-B. phenomenon.

Barton
Barton

John Rhea, U.S. surgeon, 1794–1871. See B. bandage, B. forceps, B. fracture.

Bartonella
Bartonella (bar-to-nel′a)

A genus of bacteria found in humans and in arthropod vectors; grows slowly in artificial media and may be recovered from blood cultures from infected patients; may be seen intracellularly in tissues and erythrocytes. B. is a minute, Gram-negative, coccobacillary organism, which may appear curved; it can cause an indolent, poorly defined, progressive disease in immunocompromised patients, including those with HIV infections. [A. L. Barton]
B. bacilliformis a species found in the blood and epithelial cells of lymph nodes, spleen, and liver in Oroya fever (it is the cause of Oroya fever) and in blood and eruptive elements in verruga peruana; probably also found in sandflies (Phlebotomus verrucarum); known to be established only on the South American continent and perhaps in Central America; it is the type species of the genus B..
B. henselae a bacterial species that causes catscratch disease in persons with normal immunity and bacillary angiomatosis in persons with AIDS. SEE ALSO: catscratch disease.
B. quintana formerly the type species of the genus Rochalimaea, this organism causes trench fever and in AIDS patients is associated with septicemia and endocarditis; arthropod vector is Pediculus humanus, the body louse.

Bartonellaceae
Bartonellaceae (bar-ton-el-a′se-e)

A family of bacteria that currently includes the genus Bartonella. Based upon S16 rRNA studies, the former genera of Rochalimaea and Grahamella have been merged with the genus Bartonella, retaining their species names.

bartonellosis
bartonellosis (bar-to-nel-o′sis)

A disease caused by infection with a species of bacteria belonging to the genus Bartonella,

Bart's Bart's

Nickname of St. Bartholomew's Hospital in London, where hemoglobin Bart was first isolated from a patient.

Bartter
Bartter

Frederic C., U.S. physician, 1914–1983. See B. syndrome.

Baruch
Baruch

Simon, U.S. physician, 1840–1921. See B. law.

baruria
baruria (bar-u′re-a)

Rarely used term for excretion of urine that has an unusually high specific gravity, e.g., greater than 1.025 to 1.030. [G. barys, heavy, + ouron, urine]

bary- bary-

Heavy. [G. barys]

barye
barye (ba′re)

The CGS unit of pressure, equal to 1 dyne/cm² or 10⁻⁶ bar. See bar (1) . [G. barys, heavy]

baryta
baryta (ba-ri′ta)

SYN: barium oxide. [G. barytes, weight]

baryto- baryto-

Prefix indicating the presence of barium in a mineral.

basad
basad (ba′sad)

In a direction toward the base of any object or structure.

basal
basal (ba′sal) [TA]

1. Situated nearer the base of a pyramid-shaped organ in relation to a specific reference point; opposite of apical. SYN: basalis [TA] . 2. In dentistry, denoting the floor of a cavity in the grinding surface of a tooth. 3. Denoting a standard or reference state of a function, as a basis for comparison. More specifically, denoting the exact conditions for measurement of b. metabolic rate (q.v.); b. conditions do not always denote a minimum value, e.g., metabolic rate in sleep is usually less than the b. rate, but is inconvenient for standard measurement.

basalis
basalis (ba-sa′lis) [TA]

SYN: basal (1) . [L.]

basaloid
basaloid (ba′sa-loyd)

Resembling that which is basal, but not necessarily basal in origin or position.

basal ration
basal ration

Minimal diet containing only essential components.

base
base (bas) [TA]

1. The lower part or bottom; the part of a pyramidal or conical structure opposite the apex; the foundation. SYN: basis [TA] , basement (1) . 2. In pharmacy, the chief ingredient of a mixture. 3. In chemistry, an electropositive element (cation) that unites with an anion to form a salt; a compound ionizing to yield hydroxyl ion. SYN: alkali (2) . SEE ALSO: Br&slash;onsted b., Lewis b.. 4. Nitrogen-containing organic compounds ( e.g., purines, pyrimidines, amines, alkaloids, ptomaines) that act as Br&slash;onsted bases. 5. Cations, or substances forming cations. [L. and G. basis]
acrylic resin b. a form made of acrylic resin molded to conform to the tissues of the alveolar process and used to support the teeth of a prosthesis.
anterior cranial b. SYN: anterior cranial fossa.
b. of arytenoid cartilage [TA] the part of the arytenoid cartilage that articulates with the cricoid cartilage and from which the muscular process extends laterally and the vocal process projects anteriorly. SYN: basis cartilaginis arytenoideae [TA] .
b. of bladder SYN: fundus of bladder.
b. of brain the inferior surface of the brain, primarily the brainstem, when seen from below; commonly extended to include the inferior surface of the adjacent parts of the cerebral hemisphere. SYN: basis cerebri, inferior cerebral surface.
Br&slash;onsted b. any molecule or ion that combines with a proton; e.g., OH⁻, CN⁻, NH₃; this definition replaces the older and more limited concepts of b. (3).
cavity preparation b. SYN: cement b..
cement b. in dentistry, a layer of dental cement, sometimes medicated, that is placed in the deep portion of a cavity preparation to protect the pulp, reduce the bulk of a metallic restoration, or eliminate undercuts. SYN: cavity preparation b..
b. of cochlea [TA] the enlarged part of the cochlea that is directed posteriorly and medially and lies close to the internal acoustic meatus. SYN: basis cochleae [TA] .
cranial b. [TA] the sloping floor of the cranial cavity. It comprises both the external b. of skull (external view) and the internal b. of skull (internal view). SYN: basis cranii [TA] , basicranium&star, b. of skull.
denture b. 1. that part of a denture which rests on the oral mucosa and to which teeth are attached; 2. that part of a complete or partial denture which rests upon the basal seat and to which teeth are attached. SYN: saddle (2) .
external b. of skull SYN: external surface of cranial b..
b. of heart [TA] that part of the heart that lies opposite the apex, formed mainly by the left atrium but to a small extent by the posterior part of the right atrium; it is directed backward and to the right and is separated from the vertebral column by the esophagus and aorta. SYN: basis cordis [TA] .
hexone bases, histone bases the α-amino acids arginine, histidine, and lysine, which are basic by virtue of the presence in the side chains of a guanidine, imidazole, and amine group, respectively; the term “hexone” is a misnomer since histidine does not have six carbons.
b. of hyoid bone SYN: body of hyoid bone.
internal b. of skull SYN: internal surface of cranial b.. SEE ALSO: cranial b..
Lewis b. a b. that is an electron-pair donor.
b. of lung [TA] the lower concave part of the lung that rests upon the convexity of the diaphragm. SYN: basis pulmonis [TA] .
b. of mandible [TA] the rounded inferior border of the body of the mandible. SYN: basis mandibulae [TA] .
b. of metacarpal [TA] the expanded proximal extremity of each metacarpal that articulates with one or more of the distal row of carpal bones. SYN: basis ossis metacarpalis [TA] .
metal b. a metallic portion of a denture b. forming a part of the wall of the basal surface of the denture; it serves as a b. for the attachment of the plastic (resin) part of the denture and the teeth.
b. of metatarsal [TA] the expanded proximal extremity of each metatarsal bone; it articulates with one or more of the distal row of tarsal bones. SYN: basis ossis metatarsalis [TA] .
methamphetamine b. a form of methamphetamine that can be readily volatilized.
b. of modiolus of cochlea [TA] the part of the modiolus enclosed by the basal turn of the cochlea; it faces the lateral end of the internal acoustic meatus. See cochlear area. SYN: basis modioli cochleae [TA] .
nucleic acid b. a purine or pyrimidine; found in naturally occurring nucleic acids such as DNA.
ointment b. the vehicle into which active ingredients may be incorporated. Petrolatum (which may be stiffened with wax) is the most widely used greasy ointment b. and is suitable for the incorporation of oleaginous materials. Lanolin-containing bases will absorb water (and dissolved materials) and form water-in-oil type emulsions. Water soluble (washable) bases are often derived from polymers of ethylene glycol (PEGS); these will absorb water and ingredients dissolved in the water. Ointment bases are usually pharmacologically inert but may entrap water and serve to keep the skin from dying or to provide an emollient protective film.
b. of patella [TA] the superior border of the patella to which the tendon of the rectus femoris attaches. SYN: basis patellae [TA] .
b. of phalanx the expanded proximal end of each phalanx in the hand or foot that articulates with the head of the next proximal bone in the digit. SYN: basis phalangis.
b. of phalanx of foot [TA] proximal, concave, articulating end of the bones of the toes. SYN: basis phalangis pedis [TA] .
b. of phalanx of hand [TA] proximal, concave, articulating end of the bones of the fingers. SYN: basis phalangis manus [TA] .
pressor b. 1. one of several products of intestinal putrefaction believed to cause functional hypertension when absorbed; 2. any alkaline substance that raises blood pressure. SYN: pressor amine, pressor substance.
b. of prostate [TA] the broad upper surface of the prostate contiguous with the bladder wall. SYN: basis prostatae [TA] .
purine b. a purine.
pyrimidine b. a pyrimidine.
record b. SYN: baseplate.
b. of renal pyramid the outer broad part of a renal pyramid that lies next to the cortex. SYN: basis pyramidis renis.
b. of sacrum [TA] the upper end of the sacrum that articulates with the body of the fifth lumbar vertebra in the midline and the alae on either side. SYN: basis ossis sacri [TA] .
Schiff b. condensation products of aldehydes and ketones with primary amine; the compounds are stable if there is at least one aryl group on the nitrogen or carbon. Cf.:ketimine. SYN: aldimine.
shellac b. a resinous wafer adapted to maxillary or mandibular casts to form baseplates.
b. of skull SYN: cranial b.. SEE ALSO: internal surface of cranial b..
b. of stapes [TA] the flat portion of the stapes that fits in the oval window. SYN: basis stapedis [TA] , footplate (1) , foot-plate&star.
temporary b. SYN: baseplate.
tinted denture b. a denture b. that simulates the coloring and shading of natural oral tissues.
b. of tongue SYN: root of tongue.
tooth-borne b. the denture b. restoring an edentulous area which has abutment teeth at each end for support; the tissue which it covers is not used for support.
trial b. SYN: baseplate.
vegetable b. SYN: alkaloid.
wobble b. the 3′ codon b. that is less strictly specified in the genetic code. SEE ALSO: wobble, wobble hypothesis.

basedoid
basedoid (bahz′e-doyd)

Rarely used term denoting a condition resembling Graves disease (Basedow disease), but without toxic symptoms.

Basedow
Basedow

Karl A. von, German physician, 1799–1854. See B. disease, B. pseudoparaplegia, Jod-B. phenomenon, B. goiter.

basedowian
basedowian (bahz-e-do′e-an)

Rarely used to denote terms described by or attributed to K. Basedow.

basement
basement (bas′ment)

1. SYN: base (1) . 2. A cavity or space partly or completely separated from a larger space above it.

baseplate
baseplate (bas′plat)

A temporary form representing the base of a denture; used for making maxillomandibular (jaw) relation records and for the arrangement of teeth. SYN: record base, temporary base, trial base.
stabilized b. a b. lined with plastic material to improve its fit and stability.

base-stacking
base-stacking

An arrangement of DNA or RNA bases in which the bases lie on top of each other.

bas-fond
bas-fond (bah-fawn′)

SYN: fundus of bladder.

Basham mixture
Basham mixture

SYN: ferric and ammonium acetate solution.

basi- basi-, basio-, baso-

Base; basis. [G. and L. basis]

basialis
basialis (ba-se-a′lis)

Relating to a basis or the basion.

basialveolar
basialveolar (ba′se-al-ve′o-lar)

Relating to both basion and alveolar points; denoting especially the b. length, or the shortest distance between these two points.

basic
basic (ba′sik)

Relating to a base.

basicity
basicity (ba-sis′i-te)

1. The valence or combining power of an acid, or the number of replaceable atoms of hydrogen in its molecule. 2. The characteristic(s) of being a chemical base.

basic life support
basic life support

Emergency cardiopulmonary resuscitation, control of bleeding, treatment of shock, acidosis, and poisoning, stabilization of injuries and wounds, and basic first aid.

basicranial
basicranial (ba′si-kra′ne-al)

Relating to the base of the skull.

basicranium
basicranium

cranial base.

Basidiobolus
Basidiobolus (ba-sid′e-ob′o-lus)

A genus of fungi belonging to the class Zygomycetes. B. haptosporus has been isolated from cases of zygomycosis (entomophthoramycosis basidiobolae) in humans, especially in Indonesia, tropical Africa, and Southeast Asia. [Mod. L. basidium, dim. of G. basis, base, + L. bolus, fr. G. bolos, lump or clod]

Basidiomycetes
Basidiomycetes (ba-sid′e-o-mi-set′ez)

One of the four major classes of fungi, characterized by a spore-bearing organ (basidium), usually a single clavate cell, which bears basidiospores after karyogamy and meiosis. The class comprises the smuts, rusts, mushrooms, and puffballs. Excluding mycotoxins, there is only one human pathogen, the basidiomycetous stage of Cryptococcus neoformans. [Mod. L. basidium, dim. of G. basis, base, + mykes (myket), fungus]

Basidiomycota
Basidiomycota (ba-sid′e-o-mi-ko-ta)

A phylum of fungi characterized by a spore-bearing organ, the basidium, that is usually a clavate cell that bears basidiospores after karyogamy and meiosis. Some mycologists have raised the class Basidiomycetes to the phylum or division level.

basidiospore
basidiospore (ba-sid′e-o-spor)

A fungal spore borne on a basidium, characteristic of the class Basidiomycetes. [G. basidon, small base, + sporos, seed]

basidium
basidium, pl .basidia (ba-sid′e-um, -a)

A cell or spore-bearing organ usually club-shaped that is characteristic of the Basidiomycota. It bears basidiospores externally after karyogamy and meiosis. It is composed of a swollen terminal cell situated on a slender stalk, and gives rise to slender filaments (sterigmata), usually four in number, from the ends of which the basidiospores are developed. [L., fr G. basis, base]

basifacial
basifacial (ba′si-fa′shal)

Relating to the lower portion of the face.

basihyal
basihyal (ba′si-hi′al)

SYN: body of hyoid bone.

basihyoid
basihyoid (ba-ze-hi′oyd)

SYN: body of hyoid bone.

basilar
basilar, basilaris (bas′i-lar, bas-i-la′ris) [TA]

Relating to the base of a pyramidal or broad structure.

basilateral
basilateral (ba′si-lat′er-al)

Relating to the base and one or more sides of any part.

basilemma
basilemma (ba-si-lem′a)

SYN: basement membrane. [basi- + G. lemma, rind]

basilicus
basilicus (ba-sil′i-kus)

Denoting a prominent or important part or structure. [L. fr. G. basilikos, royal]

basin
basin (ba′sin)

A receptacle for fluids.
emesis b., kidney b. a shallow b. of curved, kidney-shaped design, used to collect body fluids or as a container for various other liquids.
pus b. a receptacle curved so as to fit closely the surface to which it is applied, used to receive the pus from a wound during drainage, cleansing, and/or redressing.

basinasal
basinasal (ba′si-na′sal)

Relating to the basion and the nasion; denoting especially the b. length, or the shortest distance between the two points.

basio- basio-

See basi-.

basioccipital
basioccipital (ba′se-ok-sip′i-tal)

Relating to the basilar process of the occipital bone.

basiocciput
basiocciput (ba-ze-ok′se-put)

SYN: basilar part of occipital bone.

basioglossus
basioglossus (ba-se-o-glos′us)

The portion of the hyoglossus muscle that originates from the body of the hyoid bone.

basion
basion (ba′se-on) [TA]

The middle point on the anterior margin of the foramen magnum, opposite the opisthion. [G. basis, a base]

basipetal
basipetal (ba-sip′e-tal)

1. In a direction toward the base. 2. Pertaining to asexual conidial production in fungi, in which successive budding of the basal conidium forms in an unbranched chain with the youngest at the base. [basi- + L. peto, to seek]

basiphobia
basiphobia (bas-i-fo′be-a)

Morbid fear of walking. [G. basis, a stepping, + phobos, fear]

basis
basis (ba′sis) [TA]

SYN: base (1) . [L. and G.]
b. cartilaginis arytenoideae [TA] SYN: base of arytenoid cartilage.
b. cerebri SYN: base of brain.
b. cochleae [TA] SYN: base of cochlea.
b. cordis [TA] SYN: base of heart.
b. cranii [TA] SYN: cranial base.
b. cranii externa [TA] SYN: external surface of cranial base.
b. cranii interna [TA] SYN: internal surface of cranial base.
b. mandibulae [TA] SYN: base of mandible.
b. modioli cochleae [TA] SYN: base of modiolus of cochlea.
b. ossis metacarpalis [TA] SYN: base of metacarpal.
b. ossis metatarsalis [TA] SYN: base of metatarsal.
b. ossis sacri [TA] SYN: base of sacrum.
b. patellae [TA] SYN: base of patella.
b. pedunculi [TA] the base of the midbrain consisting of the crus cerebri and substantia nigra. SEE ALSO: cerebral peduncle.
b. phalangis SYN: base of phalanx.
b. phalangis manus [TA] SYN: base of phalanx of hand.
b. phalangis pedis [TA] SYN: base of phalanx of foot.
b. pontis See basilar part of pons.
b. prostatae [TA] SYN: base of prostate.
b. pulmonis [TA] SYN: base of lung.
b. pyramidis renis SYN: base of renal pyramid.
b. stapedis [TA] SYN: base of stapes.

basisphenoid
basisphenoid (ba′si-sfe′noyd)

Relating to the base or body of the sphenoid bone; denoting the independent center of ossification in the embryo that forms the posterior portion of the body of the sphenoid bone.

basitemporal
basitemporal (ba′si-tem′po-ral)

Relating to the lower part of the temporal region.

basivertebral
basivertebral (ba′si-ver′te-bral)

Relating to the body of a vertebra.

basket
basket

1. A basketlike arborization of the axon of cells in the cerebellar cortex, surrounding the cell body of Purkinje cells. 2. Any basketlike device or structure. [M.E., from Celtic]
fibrillar baskets the scleral end of neuroglia fibers of Müller that as fine, tapering, needlelike fibrillae ascend the proximal parts of rods and cones, giving them a fibrillar appearance.
Stokes b. a metal-mesh rescue stretcher.
stone b. an instrument passed through an endoscope to capture and extract urinary calculi.

Basle Nomina Anatomica
Basle Nomina Anatomica (BNA)

The name adopted in 1895 in Basel, Switzerland (French spelling, Basle) by members of the German Anatomical Society that met to compile a Latin nomenclature of anatomic terms. Revisions of the resulting nomenclature were published at intervals until, in 1955 in Paris, France, the international membership of the Congress of Anatomists adopted a modification of the B. terminology. That modification dropped the reference to the original meeting place. See Nomina Anatomica, Terminologia Anatomica.

baso- baso-

See basi-.

basocyte
basocyte (ba′so-sit)

SYN: basophilic leukocyte. [G. basis, base, + kytos, cell]

basocytopenia
basocytopenia (ba′so-si-to-pe′ne-a)

SYN: basophilic leukopenia.

basocytosis
basocytosis (ba′so-si-to′sis)

SYN: basophilic leukocytosis.

basoerythrocyte
basoerythrocyte (ba′so-e-rith′ro-sit)

A red blood cell that manifests changes of basophilic degeneration, such as basophilic stippling, punctate basophilia, or basophilic granules.

basoerythrocytosis
basoerythrocytosis (ba′so-e-rith′ro-si-to′sis)

An increase of red blood cells with basophilic degenerative changes, frequently observed in diseases characterized by prolonged hypochromic anemia.

basolateral
basolateral (ba-so-lat′er-al)

Basal and lateral; specifically used to refer to one of the two major cytological divisions of the amygdaloid complex. See amygdaloid body.

basometachromophil
basometachromophil, basometachromophile (ba′so-met-a-kro′mo-fil, -fil)

Staining metachromatically with a basic dye. See metachromasia.

basopenia
basopenia (ba-so-pe′ne-a)

SYN: basophilic leukopenia. [baso- + G. penia, poverty]

basophil
basophil, basophile (ba′so-fil, -fil)

1. A cell with granules that stain specifically with basic dyes. 2. SYN: basophilic. 3. A phagocytic leukocyte of the blood characterized by numerous basophilic granules containing heparin and histamine and leukotrines; except for its segmented nucleus, it is morphologically and physiologically similar to the mast cell though they originate from different stem cells in the bone marrow. [baso- + G. phileo, to love]
tissue b. SYN: mast cell.

basophilia
basophilia (ba-so-fil′e-a)

1. A condition in which there are more than the usual number of basophilic leukocytes in the circulating blood (basophilic leukocytosis) or an increase in the proportion of parenchymatous basophilic cells in an organ (in the bone marrow, basophilic hyperplasia). 2. A condition in which basophilic erythrocytes are found in circulating blood, as in certain instances of leukemia, advanced anemia, malaria, and plumbism. SYN: Grawitz b.. 3. The reaction of immature erythrocytes to basic dyes whereby the cells appear blue or contain bluish granules. SYN: basophilism.
Grawitz b. SYN: b. (2) .
punctate b. SYN: stippling (1) .

basophilic
basophilic (ba′so-fil′ik)

Denoting tissue components having an affinity for basic dyes. SYN: basophil (2) , basophile.

basophilism
basophilism (ba-sof′i-lizm)

SYN: basophilia.
Cushing b. SYN: Cushing syndrome.
Cushing pituitary b. SYN: Cushing disease.

basophilocyte
basophilocyte (ba-so-fil′o-sit)

SYN: basophilic leukocyte.

basoplasm
basoplasm (ba′so-plazm)

That part of the cytoplasm that stains readily with basic dyes.

Bassen
Bassen

Frank A., U.S. physician, *1903. See B.-Kornzweig syndrome.

Bassini
Bassini

Edoardo, Italian surgeon, 1844–1924. See B. operation, B. herniorrhaphy.

Bassler
Bassler

Anthony, U.S. physician, 1874–1959. See B. sign.

bassorin
bassorin (bas′or-in)

The insoluble portion (60 to 70%) of tragacanth that swells to form a gel; it contains complex methoxylated acids, particularly bassoric acid.

Bastedo
Bastedo

Walter A., U.S. physician, 1873–1952. See B. sign.

bastokinin
bastokinin

SYN: uteroglobin.

bat
bat

A member of the mammalian order Chiroptera. [M.E. bakke]
vampire b. a member of the genus Desmodus; an important reservoir host of rabies virus in Central and South America.

bath
bath

1. Immersion of the body or any of its parts in water or any other yielding or fluid medium, or application of such medium in any form to the body or any of its parts. 2. Apparatus used in giving a b. of any form, qualified according to the medium used, the temperature of the medium, the form in which the medium is applied, the medicament added to the medium, or according to the part bathed. 3. Fluid used for maintenance of metabolic activities or growth of living organisms, e.g., cells derived from body tissue. [A.S. baeth]
colloid b. a b. prepared by adding soothing agents such as sodium bicarbonate or oatmeal to the b. water to relieve skin irritation and pruritus.
contrast b. a b. in which a part is immersed in hot water for a period of a few minutes and then in cold, the hot and cold periods alternated regularly at intervals, usually half-hours; used to increase the blood flow to the part.
douche b. the local application of water in the form of a large jet or stream.
dousing b. a luminous electric hot air b. given at a very high temperature.
electric b., electrotherapeutic b. 1. a b. in which the medium is charged with electricity; SYN: hydroelectric b.. 2. therapeutic application of static electricity, with the patient placed on an insulated platform.
Greville b. an obsolete treatment with nonluminous electric hot air given at a very high temperature.
hafussi b. a modification of the Nauheim treatment, with only the hands and feet of the patient being immersed in hot water through which carbon dioxide gas is made to pass. [Ger. hand, hand, + fuss, foot]
hydroelectric b. SYN: electric b. (1) .
immersion b. a therapeutic b. in which the whole person or a body part is totally immersed in the therapeutic substance.
light b. therapeutic exposure of the skin to radiant light.
Nauheim b. SYN: Nauheim treatment.
needle b. a b. in which water is projected forcibly against the body in many very fine jets.
oil b. in chemistry, a vessel containing oil, in which a container holding a substance to be heated or evaporated can be immersed.
sand b. in chemistry, an arrangement whereby a substance to be treated is in a vessel protected from the direct action of fire by a layer of sand.
sitz b. immersion of only the perineum and buttocks, with the legs being outside the tub. [Ger. sitzen, to sit]
water b. in chemistry, a vessel containing water, in which a container holding a substance to be heated or evaporated can be immersed.

batho- batho-

Depth. SEE ALSO: bathy-. [G. bathos, depth]

bathochromic
bathochromic (bath-o-kro′mik)

Denoting the shift of an absorption spectrum maximum to a longer wavelength. Opposite of hypsochromic. [batho- + G. chroma, color]

bathoflore
bathoflore (bath′o-flor)

An atom or group of atoms that, by its presence in a molecule, shifts the latter's fluorescent radiation in the direction of longer wavelength, or reduces the fluorescence. Cf.:auxoflore.

bathophobia
bathophobia (bath-o-fo′be-a)

Morbid fear of deep places or of looking into them. [G. bathos, depth, + phobos, fear]

bathy- bathy-

Depth. SEE ALSO: batho-. [G. bathys, deep]

bathyanesthesia
bathyanesthesia (bath′e-an-es-the′ze-a)

Loss of deep sensibility, i.e., from muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, and joints. [G. bathys, deep, + an- priv. + aisthesis, sensation]

bathycardia
bathycardia (bath-e-kar′de-a)

A condition in which the heart occupies a lower position than normal but is fixed there, as distinguished from cardioptosia. [G. bathys, deep, + kardia, heart]

bathyesthesia
bathyesthesia (bath′e-es-the′ze-a)

General term for all sensation from the tissues beneath the skin, i.e., muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones and joints. SEE ALSO: myesthesia. SYN: deep sensibility. [G. bathys, deep, + aisthesis, sensation]

bathygastry
bathygastry (bath-e-gas′tre)

SYN: gastroptosis. [G. bathys, deep, + gaster, stomach]

bathyhyperesthesia
bathyhyperesthesia (bath-e-hi′per-es-the′ze-a)

Exaggerated sensitiveness of deep structures, e.g., muscular tissue. [G. bathys, deep, + hyper, above, + aisthesis, sensation]

bathyhypesthesia
bathyhypesthesia (bath-e-hip′es-the′ze-a)

Impairment of sensation in the structures beneath the skin, e.g., muscle tissue. [G. bathys, deep, + hypo, under, + aisthesis, sensation]

Batista
Batista

Randas, 20th century Brazilian cardiac surgeon. See B. procedure.

batrachotoxin
batrachotoxin (ba-tra-ko-tok′sin)

A neurotoxin from the Colombian arrow poison frogs (Phyllobates spp.). It is nontoxic when ingested. If it is injected or if there are ulcers present, it will cause an irreversible increase in permeability of sodium ions in nerve membrane, producing paralysis; used in experimental pharmacologic studies of neuromuscular transmission. [G. batrachos, frog, + toxin]

Batson
Batson

Oscar V., U.S. otolaryngologist, 1894–1979. See B. plexus, Carmody-B. operation.

Batten
Batten

Frederick E., British ophthalmologist, 1865–1918. See B.-Mayou disease, B. disease.

battery
battery (bat′er-e)

A group or series of tests administered for analytic or diagnostic purposes. [M.E. batri, beaten metal, fr. O.Fr. batre, to beat]
Halstead-Reitan b. a b. of neuropsychological tests (category test, tactual performance test, Seashore test, speech sounds perception test, finger oscillation test, trail-making test, dynamometer to measure strength of grip) used to study brain-behavior functions including determining the effects of brain damage on behavior. SYN: Tactual Performance Test.

Battle
Battle

William H., English surgeon, 1855–1936. See B. sign.

Bauer
Bauer

Hans, 20th century German anatomist. See B. chromic acid leucofuchsin stain.

Bauer
Bauer

Walter, U.S. internist, *1898. See B. syndrome.

Bauhin
Bauhin

Gaspard, Swiss anatomist, 1560–1624. See B. gland, B. valve.

Baumé
Baumé

Antoine, French chemist and pharmacist, 1728–1804. See Baumé scale.

Baumès symptom
Baumès symptom

See under symptom.

Baumgarten
Baumgarten

Paul Clemens von, German pathologist, 1848–1928. See B. veins, under vein, Cruveilhier-B. disease, Cruveilhier-B. murmur, Cruveilhier-B. sign, Cruveilhier-B. syndrome.

bay
bay (ba)

1. In anatomy, a recess containing fluid. 2. Especially, the lacrimal b..
celomic b. 1. medial and lateral recesses at either side of the urogenital mesentery of the embryo; 2. superior recess of the vestibule of the lesser peritoneal space; with the formation of the diaphragm, a portion of the right recess is cut off and becomes the infracardiac bursa; the portion below the diaphragm becomes the superior recess of the lesser peritoneal sac; the left recess is lost. SYN: pneumatoenteric.
lacrimal b. SYN: lacrimal lake.

bayberry bark
bayberry bark (ba′ber-e)

SYN: myrica.

Bayes
Bayes

Thomas, British mathematician, 1702–1761. See B. theorem.

Bayle
Bayle

Antoine L.J., French physician, 1799-1858.

Bayley
Bayley

Nancy, U.S. psychologist, *1899. See B. Scales of Infant Development, under scale.

baylisascariasis
baylisascariasis (ba-le-sas′kar-i-a-sis)

The disease caused by nematode parasites of the genus Baylisascaris; migrating larvae of the raccoon parasite B. procyonis can cause a severe disease of the central nervous system in a variety of wild and domestic animal species and, rarely, in humans; human disease has been manifested as either a fatal eosinophilic meningoencephalitis or a diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis.

Baylisascaris
Baylisascaris (Bay-lis-as′ka-ris)

A genus of ascarid nematodes found in the intestine of mammals.
B. procyonis a large roundworm commonly found in raccoons; has been the cause of human visceral larva migrans and ocular larva migrans, following accidental ingestion of embryonated B. procyonis eggs in feces of infected raccoons. SEE ALSO: visceral larva migrans.

bayonet
bayonet (ba-o-net′)

An instrument having a blade or nib that is offset and parallel to the shaft. [Fr. bayonette, fr. Bayonne, France, where first made]

Bazett
Bazett

Henry C., English cardiologist, *1885. See B. formula.

Bazex
Bazex

A., 20th century French physician. See B. syndrome.

Bazin
Bazin

Antoine P.E., French dermatologist, 1807–1878. See B. disease.

BBB
BBB

Abbreviation for blood-brain barrier.

BBC
BBC

Abbreviation for bromobenzylcyanide.

BBOT
BBOT

Abbreviation for 2,5-bis(5-t-butylbenzoxazol-2-yl)thiophene, a liquid scintillator.

BCG
BCG

Abbreviation for bacille Calmette-Guérin; ballistocardiograph.

BCL-2
BCL-2

An oncogene that inhibits apoptosis.

BCNU
BCNU

SYN: carmustine.

bdellin
bdellin (del′in)

One of a group of protease inhibitors from the leech. [G. bdella, leech, + -in]

Bdellovibrio
Bdellovibrio

B.D.S.
B.D.S.

Abbreviation for Bachelor of Dental Surgery.

B.D.Sc.
B.D.Sc.

Abbreviation for Bachelor of Dental Science.

Be
Be

Symbol for beryllium.

beaded
beaded (bed′ed)

1. Marked by numerous small rounded projections, often arranged in a row like a string of beads. 2. Applied to a series of noncontinuous bacterial colonies along the line of inoculation in a stab culture. 3. Denoting stained bacteria in which more deeply stained granules occur at regular intervals in the organism.

beading
beading (be′ding)

1. Numerous small rounded projections, often in a row like a string of beads. 2. The rounded elevation along the border of the tissue surface of the major connectors of a maxillary dental prosthesis. 3. Protection of the formed borders of final impressions for a dental prosthesis done by placement of wax sticks or a plaster-pumice combination adjacent to the borders prior to forming the master cast.
b. of the ribs SYN: rachitic rosary.

beak
beak (bek)

1. The nose of pliers used in dentistry for contouring and adjusting wrought or cast metal dental appliances. 2. Sometimes used to describe a b.-shaped anatomic structure. See rostrum. [L. beccus]

beaker
beaker (be′ker)

A thin glass vessel, with a lip (beak) for pouring, used as containers for liquids.

Beale
Beale

Lionel S., British physician, 1828–1906. See B. cell.

beam
beam (bem)

1. Any bar whose curvature changes under load; in dentistry, frequently used instead of “bar.” 2. A collimated emission of light or other radiation, such as an x-ray b.. [O.H.G. Boum]
Balkan b. SYN: Balkan frame.
cantilever b. in dentistry, a b. that is supported by only one fixed support at only one of its ends.
continuous b. in dentistry, a b. that continues over three or more supports, those supports not at the b. ends being equally free supports.
electron b. a form of radiation used principally in superficial radiotherapy. See betatron.
restrained b. in dentistry, a b. that has two or more supports, at least one of which permits some freedom of rotation to the point of support but not as much as if the support were a free support.
simple b. in dentistry, a straight b. that has only two supports, one at either end.

bean
bean (ben)

The flattened seed, contained in a pod, of various leguminous plants. Beans of pharmacological significance are alphabetized by specific name. [O.E. b.]

beard
beard [TA]

SYN: barba.

bearing
bearing (bar′ing)

A supporting point or surface.
central b. in dentistry, application of forces between the maxillae and mandible at a single point located as near as possible to the center of the supporting areas of the upper and lower jaws; used for the purpose of distributing closing forces evenly throughout the areas of the supporting structures during the recording of maxillomandibular (jaw) relations and during the correction of occlusal errors.

bearing down
bearing down

Expulsive effort of a parturient woman in the second stage of labor.

beat
beat (bet)

1. To strike; to throb or pulsate. 2. A stroke, impulse, or pulsation, as of the heart or pulse. 3. Activity of a cardiac chamber produced by catching a stimulus generated elsewhere in the heart. 4. The perception of a third tone when two tones of slightly different frequencies are presented. 5. One of a series of regularly pulsating tones created by the periodic mutual reinforcement of two simultaneously sounding tones that differ slightly in frequency. [A.S. beatan]
apex b. the visible and/or palpable pulsation made by the apex of the left ventricle as it strikes the chest wall in systole; normally in the fifth intercostal space, about 10 cm to the left of the median line.
atrial capture b. the cardiac cycle resulting when, after a period of A-V dissociation, the atria regain control of the ventricles; atrial depolarization due to retrograde transmission from a ventricular ectopic b. or an electronically paced ventricular impulse.
atrial fusion b. a b. that occurs when the atria are activated in part by the sinus impulse and in part by an ectopic or retrograde impulse from A-V junction or ventricle.
automatic b. in contrast to forced b., an ectopic b. that arises de novo and is not precipitated by the preceding b.; thus escaped and parasystolic beats are automatic. SYN: automatic contraction.
combination b. SYN: fusion b..
coupled beats beats (usually premature) that recur at a fixed interval from a preceding (usually normal) b..
dependent b. SYN: forced b..
Dressler b. fusion b. interrupting a ventricular tachycardia and producing a normally narrow QRS complex as a result of the fusion of two impulses, one impulse from the ventricular tachycardia and the other from a supraventricular focus; Dressler beats strongly support the diagnosis of ventricular tachycardia by interruption of it.
dropped b. a heart b. that fails to appear.
echo b. extrasystole produced by the return of an impulse in the heart retrograde to a focus near its origin which then returns antegradely to produce a second depolarization.
ectopic b. a cardiac b. originating elsewhere than at the sinoatrial node.
escape b. an automatic b., usually arising from the AV junction or ventricle, occurring after the next expected normal b. has defaulted; it is therefore always a late b., terminating a longer cycle than the normal. SYN: escape contraction.
forced b. 1. an extrasystole supposedly precipitated in some way by the preceding normal b. to which it is coupled; 2. an extrasystole caused by artificial stimulation of the heart. SYN: dependent b..
fusion b. a b. triggered by more than a single electrical impulse, when the wave fronts coincide to act together on a single final pathway of activity; in the electrocardiogram, the atrial or ventricular complex when either atria or ventricles are activated jointly by two simultaneous or nearly simultaneous invading impulses. SYN: combination b., mixed b., summation b..
heart b. a complete cardiac cycle, including spread of the electrical impulse and the consequent mechanical contraction. SYN: ictus cordis.
interference b. ventricular capture in forms of AV dissociation due to interference.
mixed b. SYN: fusion b..
paired beats bigeminy.
parasystolic b. SYN: parasystole.
premature b. SYN: extrasystole.
pseudofusion b. an electrocardiographic representation of a cardiac depolarization produced by superimposition of an ineffectual electronic pacemaker spike upon a QRS-complex originating from a spontaneous focus within the heart; the pacemaker spike is ineffectual because the electronic discharge, which it represents graphically, occurred within the absolute refractory period of the spontaneous b. and is therefore not indicative of pacemaker malfunction.
reciprocal b. reciprocal rhythm.
retrograde b. a b. occurring as an electrical activation of a portion of a heart chamber cephalad to the chamber of origin, e.g., an atrial b. triggered by an impulse originating in the ventricle.
summation b. SYN: fusion b..
ventricular fusion b. a fusion b. that occurs when the ventricles are activated partly by the descending sinus or AV junctional impulse and partly by an ectopic ventricular impulse.

Beau
Beau

Joseph H.S., French physician, 1806–1865. See B. lines, under line.

Beauvaria
Beauvaria (bo-va′re-a)

A genus of fungi (class Hyphomycetes). B. bassiana is pathogenic for insects, holds promise in the biologic control of insects, and has produced infection in humans.

becanthone hydrochloride
becanthone hydrochloride (be-can′thon)

A schistosomicide.

Bechterew
Bechterew

Vladimir M. von, Russian neurologist, 1857–1927. See B. band, B. disease, layer of B., B. nucleus, B. sign, line of B., band of Kaes-B., B.-Mendel reflex, Mendel-B. reflex.

Beck
Beck

Claude S., U.S. surgeon, 1894–1971. See B. triad.

Beck
Beck

E.V.V., Russian physician. See Bek.

Beck
Beck

Emil G., U.S. surgeon, 1866–1932. See B. method.

Becker
Becker

Samuel W., U.S. dermatologist, 1894–1964. See B. nevus.

Becker
Becker

Peter Emil, German geneticist, *1908. See B.-type tardive muscular dystrophy, B. muscular dystrophy.

Becker
Becker

J.P. See B. disease.

Becker stain for spirochetes
Becker stain for spirochetes

See under stain.

Beckmann
Beckmann

Ernst O., German chemist, 1853–1923. See B. apparatus.

Beckwith
Beckwith

John Bruce, U.S. pathologist, *1933. See B.-Wiedemann syndrome.

Béclard
Béclard

Pierre A., French anatomist, 1785–1825. See ranine anastomosis, B. hernia, B. triangle.

beclomethasone dipropionate
beclomethasone dipropionate (be-klo-meth′a-son)

A topical anti-inflammatory agent; often used by inhalation in asthma.

Becquerel
Becquerel

Antoine H., French physicist and Nobel laureate, 1852–1908. See b., B. rays, under ray.

becquerel
becquerel (Bq) (bek-a-rel′)

The SI unit of measurement of radioactivity, equal to 1 disintegration per second; 1 Bq = 0.027 × 10⁻⁹ Ci. [AH B.]

bed
bed

1. In anatomy, a base or structure that supports another structure. 2. A piece of furniture used for rest, recuperation, or treatment.
b. of breast structures against which the posterior surface of the breast lies; includes mainly the pectoralis major muscle, but also some serratus anterior and external abdominal oblique muscle; extends from second to sixth rib, and from parasternal to anterior axillary lines.
capillary b. the capillaries considered collectively and their volume capacity for blood.
fracture b. a narrow, extra-firm b. for treatment of fractures; usually incorporates an overhead frame for traction apparatus.
Gatch b. a b. with divided sections for independent elevation of a patient's head and knees.
mud b. a b. in which the mattress consists of semiliquid mud made from special clays, covered with a sheet of plastic material; used to widely distribute the pressure of the body weight over the dependent surface, for patients with burns or large anesthetic areas.
nail b. SYN: nail matrix.
parotid b. the structures which surround and contact the parotid, forming the boundaries of the parotid space: anteriorly, the ramus of the mandible flanked by the masseter and medial pterygoid muscles; medially, the pharyngeal wall, carotid sheath and structures originating from the styloid process; posteriorly, the mastoid process, sternocleidomastoid muscle, and posterior belly of the digastric muscle; superiorly, the temporomandibular joint and the tympanic bone and cartilaginous portion of the external acoustic meatus.
b. of parotid gland SYN: parotid space.
b. of stomach the structures against which the posteroinferior surface of the stomach lies, and from which it is separated, for the main part, by the omental bursa; includes diaphragm, left suprarenal gland, upper part of left kidney, splenic artery, anterior aspect of pancreatic body and tail, left colic flexure, and transverse mesocolon.
water b. a mattress in the form of a closed rubber bag filled with water; used to prevent or treat pressure sores by equalizing the distribution of the patient's weight against the support.

bedbug
bedbug

See entries under Cimex.

bedlam
bedlam (bed′lam)

1. Pejorative colloquialism for a mental hospital or institution. 2. A place or scene of wild or riotous behavior. 3. A disturbing uproar. [corruption or contraction of St. Mary of Bethlehem Hospital in London]

Bednar
Bednar

Blahoslav, 20th century Czech pathologist. See B. tumor.

Bednar
Bednar

Alois, Austrian physician, 1816–1888. See B. aphthae, under aphtha.

bedsore
bedsore (bed′sor)

SYN: decubitus ulcer.

bed-wetting
bed-wetting

SYN: nocturnal enuresis.

bee
bee

An insect of the genus Apis; the honeybee, A. mellifica, is the source of honey and wax. [A.S. beó, bi]

beech oil
beech oil

SYN: beechwood tar.

beechwood tar
beechwood tar (bech′wud)

A thick, oily, dark brown liquid with the odor of creosote; largely used as a source of creosote. SYN: beech oil.

Beer
Beer

August, German physicist, 1825–1863. See B.-Lambert law, B. law.

Beer
Beer

Georg J., Austrian ophthalmologist, 1763–1821. See B. knife.

beeswax
beeswax (bez′waks)

SYN: wax (1) .
white b. SYN: white wax.

beeturia
beeturia (be-too′re-a)

Urinary excretion of betacyanin after ingestion of beets, found in most iron-deficient individuals and in some normal persons. SYN: betacyaninuria.

Beevor
Beevor

Charles E., English neurologist, 1854–1908. See B. sign.

Begbie
Begbie

James, Scottish physician, 1798–1869.

Begg
Begg

P. Raymond, Australian orthodontist, *1898. See B. light wire differential force technique.

Béguez César
Béguez César

Antonio, Cuban pediatrician. See B. disease.

behavior
behavior (be-hav′yer)

1. Any response emitted by or elicited from an organism. 2. Any mental or motor act or activity. 3. Specifically, parts of a total response pattern. [M.E., fr. O. Fr. avoir, to have]
adaptive b. any b. that enables an organism to adjust to a particular situation or environment.
appetitive b. movement of an organism toward a certain type of stimulus, such as food. Cf.:aversive b..
aversive b. movement of an organism away from a certain type of stimulus, such as electric shock. Cf.:appetitive b..
coronary-prone b. hostile b. that increases the risk of heart disease.
health b. combination of knowledge, practices, and attitudes that together contribute to motivate the actions we take regarding health.
hookean b. the b. of a perfectly elastic body; i.e., the strain is directly proportional to the stress. SEE ALSO: Hooke law.
hostile b. b. that increases the risk of heart disease.
molar b. in psychology, b. described in large response units rather than smaller ones. Cf.:molecular b..
molecular b. in psychology, b. described in small response units rather than larger ones; a specific response. Cf.:molar b..
obsessive b. the repetitive stylized b. seen in obsessive-compulsive neurosis.
operant b. b. whose continuation and frequency is determined by its consequences on the doer; central element of behavioral conditioning theory. See conditioning.
passive-aggressive b. apparently compliant b., with intrinsic obstructive or stubborn qualities, to cover deeply felt aggressive feelings that cannot be more directly expressed.
respondent b. b. in response to a specific stimulus; usually associated with classical conditioning. See conditioning.
ritualistic b. automatic b. of psychogenic or cultural origin.
target b. 1. SYN: operant. 2. in b. modification therapy, the prescribed b..
type A b. a b. pattern characterized by aggressiveness, ambitiousness, restlessness, and a strong sense of time urgency. New research has revealed that it is hostility, which can be commingled with other type A traits, that is associated with increased risk for coronary heart disease.
type B b. a b. pattern characterized by the absence or obverse of type A b. characteristics.

behavioral
behavioral (be-hav′yer-al)

Pertaining to behavior.

behavioral sciences
behavioral sciences

A collective term for those disciplines or branches of science, such as psychology, sociology, and anthropology, and which derive their theories, concepts, and approaches from the observation and study of the behavior of living organisms.

behaviorism
behaviorism (be-hav′yer-izm)

A branch of psychology that formulates, through systematic observation and experimentation, the laws and principles that underlie the behavior of humans and animals; its major contributions have been made in the areas of conditioning and learning. SYN: behavioral psychology.

behaviorist
behaviorist (be-hav′yer-ist)

An adherent of behaviorism.

Behçet
Behçet

Hulusi, Turkish dermatologist, 1889–1948. See B. disease, B. syndrome.

behenic acid
behenic acid (be-hen′ik)

CH₃(CH₂)₂₀COOH;a constituent of most fats and fish oils; large amounts are found in jamba, mustard seed, rapeseed oils, and cerebrosides. SYN: n-docosanoic acid.

Behr
Behr

Carl J.P., German ophthalmologist, 1874–1943. See B. disease, B. syndrome.

Behring
Behring

Emil A. von, German bacteriologist and Nobel laureate, 1854–1917. See B. law.

BEI
BEI

Abbreviation for butanol-extractable iodine.

bejel
bejel

Nonvenereal endemic syphilis now found chiefly among Arab children; apparently due to Treponema pallidum. SEE ALSO: nonvenereal syphilis. [Ar. bajlah]

Bek
Bek (or Beck)

E.V., Russian physician. See Kashin-B. disease.

Békésy
Békésy

Georg von, Hungarian biophysicist in U.S. and Nobel laureate, 1899–1972. See B. audiometer, B. audiometry.

bel
bel

Unit expressing the relative intensity of a sound. The intensity in bels is the logarithm (to the base 10) of the ratio of the power of the sound to that of a reference sound. Ordinarily, the reference sound is assumed to be one with a power of 10⁻¹⁶ watts per sq cm, approximately the threshold of a normal human ear at 1000 Hz. [A.G. Bell, Scottish-U.S. scientist, 1847–1922]

belching
belching

SYN: eructation. [A.S. baelcian]

belemnoid
belemnoid (be-lem′noyd)

Dart-shaped. [G. belemnon, a dart, + eidos, resemblance]

Bell
Bell

John, Scottish surgeon and anatomist, 1763–1820. See B. muscle.

Bell
Bell

Sir Charles, Scottish surgeon, anatomist, and physiologist, 1774–1842. See B. law, B.-Magendie law, B. respiratory nerve, B. palsy, B. spasm, external respiratory nerve of B..

belladonna
belladonna (bel-a-don′a)

Atropa b. (family Solanaceae); a perennial herb with dark purple flowers and shining purplish-black berries; the leaves (0.3% b. alkaloids) and root (0.5% b. alkaloids) orginally were source of atropine and related alkaloids, which are anticholinergic. B. is used as a powder (0.3% b. alkaloids, calculated as hyoscyamine) and tincture in diarrhea, asthma, colic, and hyperacidity. SYN: deadly nightshade. [It. bella, beautiful, + donna, lady]

belladonnine
belladonnine (bel-a-don′en)

An artificial alkaloid derived from atropine by warming with hydrochloric acid.

bell-crowned
bell-crowned (bel′krownd)

Denoting a tooth the crown of which has a cross-sectional diameter much greater than that of the neck.

belle indifférence
belle indifférence

See la b..

Bellini
Bellini

Lorenzo, Italian physician and anatomist, 1643–1704. See B. ducts, under duct, B. ligament.

belly
belly (bel′e)

1. The abdomen. 2. The wide swelling part of a muscle. SYN: venter (2) [TA] . 3. Popularly, the stomach or womb. [O.E. belig, bag]
anterior b. of digastric muscle [TA] the portion of the digastric muscle that extends anteriorly from the intermediate tendon, and attaches to the posterior aspect of the mandible. SYN: venter anterior musculi digastrici [TA] .
bellies of digastric muscle anterior b. of digastric muscle, posterior b. of digastric muscle.
frontal b. of occipitofrontalis muscle [TA] the anterior b. of the occipitofrontalis muscle. See occipitofrontalis (muscle). SYN: venter frontalis musculi occipitofrontalis [TA] , frontalis muscle.
inferior b. of omohyoid muscle [TA] the inferior b. of the omohyoid muscle, attached to the superior border of the scapula. SYN: venter inferior musculi omohyoidei [TA] .
occipital b. of occipitofrontalis muscle [TA] the posterior b. of the occipitofrontalis muscle. See occipitofrontalis (muscle). SYN: venter occipitalis musculi occipitofrontalis [TA] , occipitalis muscle.
bellies of omohyoid muscle inferior b. of omohyoid muscle, superior b. of omohyoid muscle.
posterior b. of digastric muscle [TA] portion of digastric muscle posterior to the intermediate tendon, attaching to the digastric groove of the temporal bone. SYN: venter posterior musculi digastrici [TA] .
prune b. SYN: abdominal muscle deficiency syndrome.
superior b. of omohyoid muscle [TA] the superior b. of the omohyoid muscle, attached to the hyoid bone. SYN: venter superior musculi omohyoidei [TA] .

bellyache
bellyache (bel′e-ak)

Colloquialism for abdominal pain, usually colicky.

belly button
belly button (bel′e but′on)

SYN: umbilicus.

belonephobia
belonephobia (bel′o-ne-fo′be-a)

Morbid fear of needles, pins, and other sharp-pointed objects. [G. belone, needle, + phobos, fear]

Belsey
Belsey

Ronald, 20th century British surgeon. See B. fundoplication, B. Mark operation, B. procedure, Collis-B. fundoplication, Collis-B. procedure.

bemegride
bemegride (bem′e-grid)

A central nervous system stimulant formerly used as an analeptic in intoxications due to barbiturates and other central nervous system depressant drugs.

ben
ben

Abbreviation for L. bene, well.

benactyzine hydrochloride
benactyzine hydrochloride (ben-ak′ti-zen)

An anticholinergic drug with the same actions but with approximately only one-fifth the activity of atropine; it is thought to raise the threshold of emotional reaction to external stimuli; now rarely used as a psychotherapeutic and tranquilizing agent.

Bence Jones
Bence Jones

Henry, British physician, 1814–1873. See B. albumin, B. cylinders, under cylinder, B. myeloma, B. proteins, under protein, B. reaction.

bendazac
bendazac (ben′da-zak)

A topical anti-inflammatory agent.

Bender
Bender

Lauretta, U.S. psychiatrist, 1897–1987. See B. gestalt test, B. Visual Motor Gestalt test.

bendrofluazide
bendrofluazide (ben-dro-floo′a-zid)

SYN: bendroflumethiazide.

bendroflumethiazide
bendroflumethiazide (ben′dro-floo′me-thi′a-zid)

A thiazide diuretic and antihypertensive agent. SYN: bendrofluazide.

bends
bends (bendz)

Colloquialism for caisson sickness; decompression sickness. [fr. convulsive posture of those so afflicted]

beneceptor
beneceptor (ben′e-sep′ter, tor)

A nerve organ or mechanism (ceptor) for the appreciation and transmission of stimuli of a beneficial character. Cf.:nociceptor. [L. bene, well, + capio, to take]

Benedek
Benedek

Ladislaus (László), Austrian neurologist, 1887–1945. See B. reflex.

Benedict
Benedict

Stanley R., U.S. chemist, 1884–1936. See B. solution, B. test for glucose, B.-Hopkins-Cole reagent.

Benedict
Benedict

Francis G., U.S. metabolist, 1870–1957. See B.-Roth apparatus, B.-Roth calorimeter.

Benedikt
Benedikt

Moritz, Austrian physician, 1835–1920. See B. syndrome.

beneficence
beneficence (be-nef′i-sens)

The ethical principle of doing good. [L. beneficentia, fr. bene, well, + facio, to do]

benign
benign (be-nin′)

Denoting the mild character of an illness or the nonmalignant character of a neoplasm. [through O.Fr., fr. L. benignus, kind]

benne oil
benne oil (ben′ne)

SYN: sesame oil.

Bennett
Bennett

Edward H., Irish surgeon, 1837–1907. See B. fracture.

Bennett
Bennett

Norman G., British dentist, 1870–1947. See B. angle, B. movement.

Bennhold
Bennhold

H., German physician, *1893. See B. Congo red stain.

benoxaprofen
benoxaprofen (ben-oks-a-pro′fen)

A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent, no longer clinically used.

benperidol
benperidol (ben-per′i-dol)

A tranquilizer. SYN: benzperidol.

benserazide
benserazide (ben-ser′a-zid)

An l-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (dopa decarboxylase) inhibitor resembling carbidopa in action; given in combination with levodopa as an antiparkinsonian regimen. The b. prevents peripheral destruction of levodopa and thus reduces cardiovascular side effects of treatment.

Bensley
Bensley

Robert R., U.S.-Canadian anatomist, 1867–1956. See B. specific granules, under granule.

bentiromide
bentiromide (ben-tir′o-mid)

A peptide used in a screening test for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and to monitor the adequacy of supplemental pancreatic therapy.

bentonite
bentonite (ben′ton-it)

Native colloidal hydrated aluminum silicate; an absorbent clay found in the western U.S.; it is sometimes used in the treatment of diarrhea and skin disorders and was used as a suspending agent in lotions. [Fort Benton, Montana, + -ite]

benz- benz-

Combining form denoting association with benzene.

benzalacetophenone
benzalacetophenone (ben′zal-as-e-to-fe′non)

SYN: chalcone.

benzalcoumaran-3-one
benzalcoumaran-3-one (ben-zal-koo′mar-an-thre′on)

SYN: aurone.

benzaldehyde
benzaldehyde (ben-zal′de-hid)

An aldehyde produced artificially or obtained from oil of bitter almond, containing not less than 80% of b.; a flavoring agent used in orally administered medicines. SYN: benzoic aldehyde.

benzalkonium chloride
benzalkonium chloride (ben-zal-ko′ne-um)

A mixture of alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides in which the alkyls are long-chain compounds (C₈ to C₁₈); a surface-active germicide for many pathogenic nonsporulating bacteria and fungi. Aqueous solutions of this agent have a low surface tension, and possess detergent, keratolytic, and emulsifying properties that aid the penetration and wetting of tissue surfaces.

benz[a]anthracene
benz[a]anthracene (ben-zan′thra-sen)

1,2-Benzanthracene;a carcinogenic hydrocarbon. SYN: benzanthrene.

benzanthrene
benzanthrene (ben-zan′thren)

SYN: benz[a]anthracene.

benzene
benzene (ben′zen)

The basic structure in most aromatic compounds; a highly toxic hydrocarbon from light coal tar oil; used as a solvent. SYN: benzol, coal tar naphtha. [benzoin, + -ene]
b. bromide a lacrimator or tear gas.

benzeneamine
benzeneamine (ben-zen′a-men)

SYN: aniline.

benzestrol
benzestrol (ben-zes′trol)

A synthetic estrogenic substance.

benzethonium chloride
benzethonium chloride (benz-e-tho′ne-um)

A synthetic quaternary ammonium compound, one of the cationic class of detergents; germicidal and bacteriostatic.

benzidine
benzidine (ben′zi-den)

A colorless, crystalline compound used to detect sulfates in water analysis, for the identification of blood, and as a reagent in special stains; because it has been identified as a carcinogen, its current use is limited.

benzimidazole
benzimidazole (benz-im-id-a′z-ol)

1. A ring system comprised of a benzene ring fused with an imidazole ring; occurs in nature as part of the vitamin B₁₂ molecule. 2. A class of antihelmintic, often used to treat nematodes and cestodes.

benzin
benzin, benzine (ben′zin, ben-zen)

SYN: petroleum b..

benzindamine hydrochloride
benzindamine hydrochloride (ben-zin′da-men)

SYN: benzydamine hydrochloride.

benziodarone
benziodarone (ben-ze′o-da-ron)

A coronary vasodilator.

benzoate
benzoate (ben′zo-at)

A salt or ester of benzoic acid. The salts are often used as pharmaceutical or food preservatives.

benzoated
benzoated (ben′zo-at-ed)

Containing benzoic acid or a benzoate, usually sodium benzoate.

benzocaine
benzocaine (ben′zo-kan)

The ethyl ester of p-aminobenzoic acid; a topical anesthetic agent. SYN: ethyl aminobenzoate.

benzodiazepine
benzodiazepine (ben′zo-di-az′e-pen)

1. Parent compound for the synthesis of a number of psychoactive compounds ( e.g., diazepam, chlordiazepoxide). 2. A class of compounds with antianxiety, hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and skeletal muscle relaxant properties.

benzoic
benzoic (ben-zo′ik)

Relating to or derived from benzoin.

benzoic acid
benzoic acid

Occurs naturally in gum benzoin; it is used as a food preservative, locally as a fungistatic, and orally as an antiseptic. It is excreted rapidly as hippuric acid. SYN: benzoyl hydrate, flowers of benzoin.

benzoic aldehyde
benzoic aldehyde

SYN: benzaldehyde.

benzoin
benzoin (ben′zo-in, ben′zoyn)

A balsamic resin obtained from Styrax b. (family Styracaceae), used as a stimulant expectorant, but usually by inhalation in laryngitis and bronchitis; it retards rancidification of fats and is used for this purpose in the official benzoinated lard. SYN: gum benjamin, gum b.. [It. benzoino, fr. Ar. luban jawiy, Javan incense]

benzol
benzol (ben′zol)

SYN: benzene.

benzomorphan
benzomorphan (ben-zo-mor′fan)

The parent compound of a series of analgesics including pentazocine and phenazocine; it does not possess analgesic properties itself.

benzonatate
benzonatate (ben-zo′na-tat)

An antitussive agent related chemically to tetracaine; thought to act by depressing mechanoreceptors in the lungs.

benzopurpurin 4B
benzopurpurin 4B (ben-zo-per′pu-rin) [C.I. 23500]

A red acid dye, formerly used as a stain and as an indicator (changes from violet to red in the pH range 1.2 to 4.0).

1,4-benzoquinone
1,4-benzoquinone (ben-zo-kwin′on)

1. An essential part of coenzyme Q and vitamin E, reducible to hydroquinone. SYN: quinone (2) . 2. One of a class of benzoquinone derivatives.

benzoquinonium chloride
benzoquinonium chloride (ben′zo-kwi-no′ne-um)

A skeletal muscle relaxant.

benzoresinol
benzoresinol (ben-zo-res′i-nol)

A resinous constituent of benzoin.

benzosulfimide
benzosulfimide (ben-zo-sul′fi-mid)

SYN: saccharin.

benzothiadiazides
benzothiadiazides (ben′zo-thi-a-di′a-zidz)

A class of diuretics that increase the excretion of sodium and chloride and an accompanying volume of water, independent of alterations in acid-base balance; most of the compounds in this group are analogues of 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide. SEE ALSO: benzthiazide.

benzoxiquine
benzoxiquine (ben-zoks′i-kwin)

A disinfectant. SYN: benzoxyline.

benzoxyline
benzoxyline (ben-zoks′i-len)

SYN: benzoxiquine.

benzoyl
benzoyl (ben′zo-il)

The benzoic acid radical, C₆H₅CO&cbond;, forming b. compounds.
b. chloride a colorless liquid of pungent odor; a reagent for acylation reactions.
b. hydrate SYN: benzoic acid.
b. peroxide made by the interaction of sodium peroxide and b. chloride; used in oil as an application to ulcers and to burns and scalds, in promoting the polymerization of dental resins, and as a keratolytic in the treatment of acne.

benzoylecgonine
benzoylecgonine (ben′zo-il-ek′go-nen)

A metabolite of cocaine produced by hydrolysis; it can be found in the urine. SYN: ecgonine benzoate.

benzoylpas calcium
benzoylpas calcium (ben-zo′il-pas)

An antituberculous agent.

benzperidol
benzperidol (benz-per′i-dol)

SYN: benperidol.

benzphetamine hydrochloride
benzphetamine hydrochloride (benz-fet′a-men)

A sympathomimetic agent used as an anorexiant.

benzpyrene
benzpyrene (benz-pi′ren)

An environmental carcinogen found in jet fuel exhaust, cigarette smoke, and charcoal broiled meats; a powerful enzyme inducer.

benzpyrinium bromide
benzpyrinium bromide (benz-pi-rin′e-um)

A cholinergic drug with action and uses similar to those of neostigmine. SYN: benzstigminum bromidum.

benzquinamide
benzquinamide (benz-kwin′a-mid)

A benzoquinoline amide used as an antiemetic agent.

benzstigminum bromidum
benzstigminum bromidum (benz-stig′mi-num)

SYN: benzpyrinium bromide.

benzthiazide
benzthiazide (benz-thi′a-zid)

A diuretic and antihypertensive agent.

benztropine mesylate
benztropine mesylate (benz-tro′pen)

A parasympatholytic agent with atropinelike and antihistaminic actions.

benzydamine hydrochloride
benzydamine hydrochloride (ben-zid′a-men)

An analgesic and antipyretic. SYN: benzindamine hydrochloride.

benzyl
benzyl (ben′zil)

The hydrocarbon radical, C₆H₅CH₂&cbond;.
b. alcohol C₆H₅CH₂OH;possesses local anesthetic and bacteriostatic properties. SYN: phenmethylol, phenylcarbinol.
b. benzoate an agent that reduces the contractility of smooth muscular tissue, possessing marked antispasmodic properties; used now as a pediculicide and scabicide.
b. benzoate-chlorophenothane-ethyl aminobenzoate a mixture of three components used in emulsions or ointments.
b. carbinol SYN: phenylethyl alcohol.
b. cinnamate a constituent of balsams of Peru, Tolu, and styrax. SYN: cinnamein.
b. fumarate used for the same purposes as b. benzoate.
b. mandelate the b. ester of mandelic acid, having an antispasmodic action similar to that of b. benzoate.
b. succinate action and dosage are the same as those of b. benzoate.

benzylic
benzylic (ben-zil′ik)

Relating to or containing benzyl.

benzylidene
benzylidene (ben-zil′i-den)

The hydrocarbon radical, C₆H₅CH&dbond;.

benzylisoquinolines
benzylisoquinolines (ben′zil-i-so-kwin-o-linz)

A group of alkaloids found primarily in poppy plants (Papaveraceae). Curare alkaloids are bisbenzylisoquinolines.

benzyloxycarbonyl
benzyloxycarbonyl (Z, Cbz) (ben′zil-ok-se-kar′bon-il)

Amino-protecting radical used (as the chloride) in peptide synthesis, yielding PhCH₂OCO&cbond;NHR. SYN: carbobenzoxy-.

benzylpenicillin
benzylpenicillin (ben′zil-pen-i-sil′in)

SYN: penicillin G.

bephenium hydroxynaphthoate
bephenium hydroxynaphthoate (be-fen′e-um hi-droks′e-naf′tho-at)

A drug used against Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus (hookworms of man); now largely replaced by mebendazole.

BER
BER

Abbreviation for basic electrical rhythm.

Beradinelli
Beradinelli

Waldemar, Argentinian physician, 1903–1956. See B. syndrome.

Bérard
Bérard

Auguste, French surgeon, 1802–1846. See B. aneurysm.

Béraud
Béraud

Bruno J., French surgeon, 1825–1865. See B. valve.

berberine
berberine (ber′ber-en)

An alkaloid from Hydrastis canadensis (family Berberidaceae); has been used as an antimalarial, antipyretic, and carminative, and externally for indolent ulcers.

bereavement
bereavement (be-rev-ment)

An acute state of intense psychological sadness and suffering experienced after the tragic loss of a loved one or some priceless possession. [M.E., bireven, to deprive, + -ment]

Berger
Berger

Jean, 20th century French nephrologist. See B. disease, B. focal glomerulonephritis.

Berger
Berger

Hans, German neurologist, 1873–1941. See B. rhythm.

Berger
Berger

Emil, Austrian ophthalmologist, 1855–1926. See B. space.

Berger cells
Berger cells

See under cell.

Bergman
Bergman

Harry, U.S. urologist, 1912–1998. See B. sign.

Bergmann
Bergmann

Gottlieb H., German neurologist and anatomist, 1781–1861. See B. cords, under cord, B. fibers, under fiber.

Bergmeister
Bergmeister

O., Austrian ophthalmologist, 1845–1918. See B. papilla.

Berg stain
Berg stain

See under stain.

beriberi
beriberi, beri beri (ber′e-ber′e)

A specific nutritional deficiency syndrome occurring in endemic form in eastern and southern Asia, sporadically in other parts of the world without reference to climate, and sometimes in alcoholics, resulting mainly from a dietary deficiency of thiamine; the “dry” form is characterized by painful polyneuritis; sensory nerves are more likely to be affected than motor nerves, with symptoms beginning in the feet and working upward with the hands affected late in the course of the disease; the “wet” form is characterized by edema resulting from a high-output form of heart failure. SEE ALSO: nutritional polyneuropathy. SYN: endemic neuritis. [Singhalese, extreme weakness]
dry b. paraplegic b., affecting chiefly the peripheral nerves; its clinical pattern is predominantly that of a polyneuropathy without associated congestive failure.
infantile b. b. appearing in a breast-fed infants whose mother has b. due to thiamin deficiency. It is mainly the &dquor;wet&dquor; form of b., characterized by heart failure with marked peripheral edema (which is otherwise unusual in heart failure in infancy). An often fatal disease, acute in onset, which was formerly common in the Far Eastern countries where rice is consumed; reversible with thiamin.
ship b. a form of thiamine deficiency seen among sailors.
wet b. edematous b., in which congestive heart failure occurs in addition to polyneuropathy.

berkelium
berkelium (Bk) (berk′le-um)

An artificial transuranium radioactive element; atomic no. 97, atomic wt. 247.07. [Berkeley, CA, city where first prepared]

Berlin
Berlin

Rudolf, German ophthalmologist, 1833–1897. See B. edema.

Berlin blue
Berlin blue [C.I. 77510]

Ferric ferrocyanide;a dye used for injection studies of blood vessels and lymphatics, and in staining of siderocytes. SYN: Prussian blue.

Bernard
Bernard

Jean, French physician, *1907. See B.-Soulier disease, B.-Soulier syndrome.

Bernard
Bernard

Claude, French physiologist, 1813–1878. See B. canal, B. duct, B. puncture, B.-Cannon homeostasis, B.-Horner syndrome, B.-Sergent syndrome.

Bernays
Bernays

Augustus C., U.S. surgeon, 1854–1907. See B. sponge.

Bernhardt
Bernhardt

Martin, German neurologist, 1844–1915. See B. disease, B.-Roth syndrome.

Bernhardt formula
Bernhardt formula

See under formula.

Bernheim
Bernheim

P., early 20th century French physician. See B. syndrome.

Bernoulli
Bernoulli

Daniel, Swiss mathematician, 1700–1782. See B. effect, B. law, B. principle, B. theorem.

Bernoulli trial
Bernoulli trial

A single random event for which there are two and only two possible outcomes that are mutually exclusive and have a priori fixed (and complementary) probabilities of resulting. The trial is the realization of this process. Conventionally one outcome is termed a success and is assigned the score 1, the other is a failure and has the score zero. Thus the outcome might be 0 (no heads, one tail) or 1 (1 head, no tails).

Bernstein
Bernstein

Lionel M., U.S. internist, *1923. See B. test.

Berry
Berry

Sir James, Canadian surgeon, 1860–1946. See B. ligaments, under ligament.

Berson
Berson

Solomon A., U.S. internist, 1918–1972.. See B. test.

Berthelot
Berthelot

Pierre Eugene Marcellin, French chemist, 1827–1907. See B. reaction.

Berthollet
Berthollet

Claude L., French chemist, 1748–1822. See B. law.

Bertiella studeri
Bertiella studeri (ber-te-el′a stood-er′e)

Common tapeworm found in primates; incidental zoonotic infections in humans in the tropics have been reported.

bertiellosis
bertiellosis (ber′te-e-lo′sis)

Infection of primates, including humans, with cestodes of the genus Bertiella.

Bertin
Bertin

Exupère Joseph, French anatomist, 1712–1781. See B. bones, under bone, B. columns, under column, B. ligament, B. ossicles, under ossicle.

Bertrand
Bertrand

Ivan Georges, 20th century French neurologist. See Canavan-van Bogaert-B. disease.

berylliosis
berylliosis (be-ril-e-o′sis)

Beryllium poisoning characterized by the occurrence of acute pneumonia or chronic interstitial granulomatous fibrosis, especially of the lungs, from inhalation of beryllium.

beryllium
beryllium (Be) (be-ril′e-um)

A white metal element belonging to the alkaline earths; atomic no. 4., atomic wt. 9.012182. [G. beryllos, beryl]

Berzelius
Berzelius

J.J., Swedish chemist, 1779–1848.

Besnier
Besnier

Ernest H., French dermatologist, 1831–1909. See B. prurigo, B.-Boeck-Schaumann syndrome.

Besnoitiidae
Besnoitiidae (bes-noy′te-i-de)

A family of protozoan parasites, similar to those of the family Toxoplasmatidae, to which the genus Besnoitia belong.

Best
Best

Franz, German pathologist, 1878–1920. See B. disease, B. carmine stain.

bestiality
bestiality (bes-te-al′i-te)

SYN: zoophilia. [L. bestia, beast]

besylate
besylate (bes′il-at)

USAN-approved contraction for benzenesulfonate.

beta
beta (β) (ba′ta)

Second letter of the Greek alphabet, &b.; (see entry at start of letter “B's.” [G.]

beta-blocker
beta-blocker (ba′ta-blok′er)

SYN: β-adrenergic blocking agent.

betacism
betacism (ba′ta-sizm)

A defect in speech in which the sound of b is given to other consonants. [G. beta, the second letter of the alphabet]

betacyanin
betacyanin (ba′ta-si-a-nin)

One of several red plant pigments; a betalain. An example is betanin. Elevated in urine of individuals with beeturia. [L. beta, beet, + G. kyanos, dark blue substance, + -in]

betacyaninuria
betacyaninuria (ba-ta-si′a-ni-noo′re-a)

SYN: beeturia. [betacyanin + G. ouron, urine]

Betaherpesvirinae
Betaherpesvirinae (ba′ta-her′pez-vir′i-ne)

A subfamily of Herpesviridae containing Cytomegalovirus and Roseolovirus.

betahistine hydrochloride
betahistine hydrochloride (ba-ta-his′ten)

An inhibitor of diamine oxidase used as a histaminelike agent for treatment of Ménière disease.

betaine
betaine (be′ta-en)

1. An oxidation product of choline and a transmethylating intermediate in metabolism. 2. A class of compounds related to b.. (1) ( i.e., R₃N⁼&cbond;CHR′&cbond;COO⁻), e.g., glycine b.. SYN: glycine b..
b. aldehyde an intermediate in the interconversion of b. and choline.
b. hydrochloride an acidifying agent used in the treatment of achlorhydria and hypochlorhydria.

betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase
betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase

An oxidizing enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of betaine aldehyde with NAD⁺ and water to betaine and NADH; part of the choline oxidase system and of choline metabolism.

betalains
betalains (ba′ta-lans)

A group of plant pigments found almost exclusively in the family Centrospermae, e.g., betanin. There are two groups: betacyanines (in plants with a red-violet color) and betaxanthins (in plants with a yellow color).

betamethasone
betamethasone (ba-ta-meth′a-son)

A semisynthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory effects and toxicity similar to those of cortisol; not useful in the treatment of adrenal insufficiency because it causes little sodium retention. For systemic and topical therapy, its actions are similar to those of prednisone, but more potent. Also available as b. sodium phosphate, b. acetate, and b. valerate.

betanidine sulfate
betanidine sulfate (be-tan′i-den)

SYN: bethanidine sulfate.

betanin
betanin (ba′ta-nin)

The red pigment in beets (Beta vulgaris); elevated in urine of individuals with beeturia. [fr. betacyanin]

beta sheets
beta sheets

A structure of proteins where the peptide is extended and stabilized by hydrogen bonding between NH and CO groups of different polypeptide chain backbones or separate regions of the same chain.

betatron
betatron (ba′ta-tron)

A circular electron accelerator that is a source of either high energy electrons or x-rays.

betaxolol hydrochloride
betaxolol hydrochloride (be-taks′o-lol)

A β-adrenergic blocking agent used primarily in the treatment of ocular hypertension and chronic open-angle glaucoma.

betazole hydrochloride
betazole hydrochloride (ba′ta-zol)

An analogue of histamine that stimulates gastric secretion by an action on H₂ receptors with less tendency to produce the side effects seen with histamine; used, in place of histamine, to measure the gastric secretory response.

betel
betel (be′tl)

The dried leaves of Piper betle (family Piperaceae), a climbing East Indian plant; used as a stimulant and narcotic. [Pg. b., betle, fr. Malayalam or Tamil vetilla]

betel nut
betel nut

Areca nut, the nut of the areca palm, Areca catechu (family Palmae), of the East Indies, chewed by the natives; contains arecoline; produces central nervous system stimulation; stains teeth and gums red.

bethanechol chloride
bethanechol chloride (be-than′e-kol)

A parasympathomimetic agent, used to relieve constipation, paralytic ileus, and urinary retention.

bethanidine sulfate
bethanidine sulfate (be-than′i-den)

An adrenergic blocking agent used for palliative treatment of hypertension. SYN: betanidine sulfate.

Bethesda-Ballerup Group
Bethesda-Ballerup Group

A group of citrate-utilizing, slow lactose-fermenting bacteria (family Enterobacteriaceae) which share a similar series of antigens with the lactose-fermenting citrobacters; these organisms are now included in the genus Citrobacter without a distinction between prompt and slow lactose fermentation.

Betke-Kleihauer test
Betke-Kleihauer test

See under test.

Bettendorff
Bettendorff

Anton J., German chemist, 1839–1902. See B. test.

betula
betula (bet′u-la)

European white birch, bark and leaves of B. alba (family Betulaceae); native to Europe, northern Asia, and North America, north of Pennsylvania. It contains betulin (b. camphor), betuloresinic acid, volatile oil, saponins, betulol (sesquiterpine alcohol), apigenin, dimethyl ether, betuloside, gaultherin, methyl salicylate, and ascorbic acid; has odor of wintergreen and is used as a pharmaceutic aid (flavor/aromatic).

Betz
Betz

Vladimir A., Russian anatomist, 1834–1894. See B. cells, under cell.

Beuren
Beuren

Alois J., 20th century German cardiologist. See B. syndrome.

Bevan-Lewis
Bevan-Lewis

William, English physician and physiologist, 1847–1929. See Bevan-Lewis cells, under cell.

bevel
bevel (bev′el)

1. A surface having a sloped or slanting edge. 2. The incline that one surface or line makes with another when not at right angles. 3. The edge of a cutting instrument. 4. To create a slanting edge on a body structure.
cavosurface b. the incline of the cavosurface angle of a prepared cavity wall in relation to the plane of the enamel wall.
reverse b. the sloping edge of a cutting instrument.

bevonium methyl sulfate
bevonium methyl sulfate (be-vo′ne-um)

An anticholinergic agent. SYN: pyribenzyl methyl sulfate.

bezoar
bezoar (be′zor)

A concretion formed in the alimentary canal of animals, and occasionally humans; formerly considered to be a useful medicine with magical properties and apparently still used for this purpose in some countries; according to the substance forming the ball, may be termed trichobezoar (hairball), trichophytobezoar (hair and vegetable fiber mixed), or phytobezoar (foodball). [Pers. padzahr, antidote]

Bezold
Bezold

Friedrich, German otologist, 1842–1908. See B. abscess.

Bezold
Bezold

Albert von, German physiologist, 1836–1868. See B. ganglion, B.-Jarisch reflex.

BGP
BGP

Abbreviation for bone Gla protein.

BHA
BHA

Abbreviation for butylated hydroxyanisole.

bhang
bhang (bang)

Name given in the East to powdered preparation of Cannabis sativa that is chewed or smoked by the local residents. SEE ALSO: cannabis. [Hind.]

BHN
BHN

Abbreviation for Brinell hardness number.

BHT
BHT

Abbreviation for butylated hydroxytoluene.

Bi
Bi

Symbol for bismuth.

bi- bi-

1. Prefix meaning twice or double, referring to double structures or dual actions. 2. In chemistry, used to denote a partially neutralized acid (an acid salt); e.g., bisulfate. Cf.:bis-, di-. [L.]

Bial
Bial

Manfred, German physician, 1869–1908. See B. test.

Bianchi
Bianchi

Giovanni B., Italian anatomist, 1681–1761. See B. nodule.

biarticular
biarticular (bi′ar-tik′u-lar)

SYN: diarthric.

bias bias (bi′-as)

1. Systematic discrepancy between a measurement and the true value; may be constant or proportionate and may adversely affect test results. 2. Any trend in the collection, analysis, interpretation, publication, or review of data that can lead to conclusions that differ systematically from the truth; deviation of results or inferences from the truth, or processes leading to deviation. [Fr. biais, obliquity, perh. fr. L. bifax, two-faced] There is no imputation of prejudice, partisanship, or other subjective or emotional factor such as an investigator's desire to achieve a particular outcome. More than 100 varieties of b. have been described but all fall into one of a rather small number of distinct categories: 1. Systematic one-sided variation of measurements from the true value (syn systematic error, instrumental error, or b.). 2. Variation of statistical summary measures (means, rates, measures of association, etc.) from their true values as a result of systematic variation of measurements, other flaws in data collection, or flaws in study design or analysis. 3. Deviation of inferences from the truth as a result of flaws in study design, data collection, or the analysis or interpretation of results. 4. A tendency of procedures in study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation, review or publication, to yield results or conclusions that depart from the truth. 5. Prejudice leading to the conscious or subconscious selection of study procedures that depart from the truth in a particular direction, or to one-sidedness in interpretation of results. This form of b. can arise as a result of shoddy scientific methods, or deliberately when investigators behave fraudulently in order to misrepresent the truth.
ascertainment b. systematic failure to represent equally all classes of cases or persons supposed to be represented in a sample.
cross-level b. a b. due to aggregation at the population level of causes and/or effects that are unlike at the individual level; can occur in ecologic studies.
recall b. systematic error due to differences in accuracy or completeness of recall to memory of past events or experiences.
reporting b. selective revealing or suppression of information about past medical history, e.g., details of exposure to sexually transmitted diseases.
response b. systematic error due to differences in characteristics between those who choose or volunteer to take part in a study, and those who do not.
sampling b. systematic error due to study of a nonrandom sample of a population.

biasterionic
biasterionic (bi-as-ter-e-on′ik)

Relating to both asterions, especially the b. diameter, or b. width, the shortest distance from one asterion to the other.

biauricular
biauricular (bi-aw-rik′u-lar)

Relating to both auricles, in any sense.

bib.
bib.

Abbreviation for L. b., drink.

bibliomania
bibliomania (bib′le-o-ma′ne-a)

Morbidly intense desire to collect and possess books, especially rare books. [G. biblion, book, + mania, frenzy]

bibulous
bibulous (bib′u-lus)

SYN: absorbent (1) . [L. bibulus, drinking freely, absorbent]

bicameral
bicameral (bi-kam′er-al)

Having two chambers; denoting especially an abscess divided by a more or less complete septum. [bi- + L. camera, chamber]

bicapsular
bicapsular (bi-kap′soo-lar)

Having a double capsule.

bicarbonate
bicarbonate (bi-kar′bon-at)

HCO₃⁻;the ion remaining after the first dissociation of carbonic acid; a central buffering agent in blood.
standard b. the plasma b. concentration of a sample of whole blood that has been equilibrated at 37°C with a carbon dioxide pressure of 40 mm Hg and an oxygen pressure greater than 100 mm Hg; abnormally high or low values indicate metabolic alkalosis or acidosis, respectively.

bicardiogram
bicardiogram (bi-kar′de-o-gram)

The composite curve of an electrocardiogram representing the combined effects of the right and left ventricles.

bicellular
bicellular (bi-sel′u-lar)

Having two cells or subdivisions.

bicephalus
bicephalus (bi-sef′a-lus)

SYN: dicephalus.

biceps
biceps (bi′seps)

A muscle with two origins or heads. Commonly used to refer to the b. brachii (muscle). [bi- + L. caput, head]

Bichat
Bichat

Marie F.X., French anatomist, physician, and biologist, 1771–1802. See B. canal, B. fat-pad, B. fissure, B. fossa, B. ligament, B. membrane, B. protuberance, B. tunic.

bicho
bicho (be′cho)

SYN: epidemic gangrenous proctitis.

biciliate
biciliate (bi-sil′e-at)

Having two cilia.

bicipital
bicipital (bi-sip′i-tal)

1. Two-headed. 2. Relating to a biceps muscle. [bi- + L. caput, head]

Bickel
Bickel

Gustav, 19th century German physician. See B. ring.

biclonal
biclonal (bi-klo′nal)

Pertaining to or characterized by biclonality.

biclonality
biclonality (bi-klon-al′i-te)

A condition in which some cells have markers of one cell line and other cells have markers of another cell line, as in biclonal leukemias.

biconcave
biconcave (bi-kon′kav)

Concave on two sides; denoting especially a form of lens. SYN: concavoconcave.

biconvex
biconvex (bi-kon′veks)

Convex on two sides; denoting especially a form of lens. SYN: convexoconvex.

bicornous
bicornous, bicornuate, bicornate (bi-kor′nus, -noo-at, -nat)

Two-horned; having two processes or projections. [bi- + L. cornu, horn]

bicro- bicro-

SYN: pico- (2) .

bicron
bicron (bi′kron)

SYN: picometer.

bicuculline
bicuculline (bi′coo-cu-len)

An alkaloid naturally occurring in the d-form; found in Dicentra cucullaria and Adlumia fungosa (family Fumariaceae) and several Corydalis species; a powerful convulsant that acts by antagonizing γ-aminobutyric acid, an inhibitory neurotransmitter.

bicuspid
bicuspid (bi-kus′pid)

1. Having two points, prongs, or cusps. 2. Teeth having two cusps. Humans have eight b. or premolar teeth: two in front of each group of molars. See b. tooth. [bi- + L. cuspis, point]
b. aortic valve See familial aortic ectasia syndrome.

bicuspidization
bicuspidization (bi-kus′pi-di-za′shun)

Surgical change of a normally tricuspid valve into a functioning bicuspid valve; performed in correction of tricuspid valvar disease.

b.i.d.
b.i.d.

Abbreviation for L. bis in die, twice a day.

bidactyly
bidactyly (bi-dak′ti-le)

Abnormality in which the medial digits are lacking, with only the first and fifth represented. SEE ALSO: lobster-claw deformity, ectrodactyly. [bi- + G. daktylos, finger]

bidet
bidet (be-da′)

A tub for a sitz bath, having also an attachment for giving vaginal or rectal infusions. [Fr. a small horse]

bidiscoidal
bidiscoidal (bi′dis-koy′dal)

Resembling, or consisting of, two disks.

BIDS
BIDS [MIM*234050]

Acronym for brittle hair, impaired intelligence, decreased fertility, and short stature; the brittle hair may be due to an inherited deficiency of a high-sulfur protein; autosomal recessive inheritance.

biduous
biduous (bid′u-us)

Rarely used term denoting of two days' duration. [L. biduus, lasting two days, fr. bi- + dies, day]

Biebl
Biebl

M. See B. loop.

Biebrich scarlet red
Biebrich scarlet red [C.I. 26905]

SYN: scarlet red. [Biebrich, Germany]

Biederman
Biederman

Joseph, U.S. physician, *1907. See B. sign.

Biedl
Biedl

Artur, Austrian physician, 1869–1933. See Bardet-B. syndrome.

Bielschowsky
Bielschowsky

Max, German neuropathologist, 1869–1940. See B. disease, B. stain, Jansky-B. disease.

Bielschowsky
Bielschowsky

Alfred, German ophthalmologist, 1871–1940. See B. sign.

Biemond
Biemond

Avic, French neurologist, *1902. See B. syndrome.

Bier
Bier

August K.G., German surgeon, 1861–1949. See B. amputation, B. hyperemia, B. method.

Biermer
Biermer

Anton, German physician, 1827–1892. See B. anemia, B. disease, Addison-B. disease.

Biesiadecki
Biesiadecki

Alfred von, Polish physician, 1839–1888. See B. fossa.

bifascicular
bifascicular (bi′fa-sik′u-lar)

Involving two of the presumed three major fascicles of the ventricular conduction system of the heart.

bifid
bifid (bi′fid)

Split or cleft; separated into two parts. [L. bifidus, cleft in two parts]

Bifidobacterium
Bifidobacterium (bi′fi-do-bak-ter′e-um)

A genus of anaerobic bacteria (family Actinomycetaceae) containing Gram-positive rods of highly variable appearance; freshly isolated strains characteristically show true and false branching, with bifurcated V and Y forms, uniform or branched, and club or spatulate forms. They frequently stain irregularly; two or more granules may stain with methylene blue, while the remainder of the cell is unstained. They are not acid fast, are nonmotile, and do not produce spores; acetic and lactic acids are produced from glucose. Pathogenicity for humans is rare, although they have been found in the feces and alimentary tract of infants, older people, and animals. The type species is B. bifidum. [L. bifidus, cleft in two parts, + bacterium]
B. bifidum type species of the genus B.; it is found in the feces and alimentary tract of breast- and bottle-fed infants and of older persons, rats, turkeys, and chickens; also found in the rumen of cattle; pathogenicity for humans and other animals is rare. Associated with a growth factor belonging to a group of N-containing polysaccharides with a high hexosamine content and known as bifidus factor.
B. dentium a bacterial species recovered in association with dental caries and periodontal disease. It is also an opportunistic pathogen, recovered in mixed infections associated with abscess formation.

bifocal
bifocal (bi-fo′kal)

Having two foci.

biforate
biforate (bi-fo′rat)

Having two openings. [bi- + L. foro, pp. -atus, to bore, pierce]

bifunctional
bifunctional (bi-func′shun-al)

Referring to a molecule containing two reactive functional groups; cross-linking reagents are b. compounds.

bifurcate
bifurcate, bifurcated (bi-fer′kat, -ka-ted)

Forked; two-pronged; having two branches. [bi- + L. furca, fork]

bifurcatio
bifurcatio (bi′fer-ka′she-o) [TA]

SYN: bifurcation.
b. aortae [TA] SYN: aortic bifurcation.
b. tracheae [TA] SYN: tracheal bifurcation.
b. trunci pulmonalis [TA] SYN: bifurcation of pulmonary trunk.

bifurcation
bifurcation (bi-fer-ka′shun) [TA]

A forking; a division into two branches. SYN: bifurcatio [TA] .
b. of aorta SYN: aortic b..
aortic b. [TA] the division of the aorta into right and left common iliac arteries; it occurs at the level of the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebral body. SYN: bifurcatio aortae [TA] , b. of aorta.
b. of pulmonary trunk [TA] the division of the pulmonary trunk into right and left pulmonary arteries. SYN: bifurcatio trunci pulmonalis [TA] .
b. of trachea SYN: tracheal b..
tracheal b. [TA] the division of the trachea into the right and left main bronchi; it occurs at the level of the fifth or sixth thoracic vertebral body and is marked internally by the presence of a carina or keellike ridge between the diverging bronchi. SYN: bifurcatio tracheae [TA] , b. of trachea.

Bigelow
Bigelow

Henry J., U.S. surgeon, 1818–1890. See B. ligament, B. septum.

bigemina
bigemina (bi-jem′i-na)

SYN: bigeminal pulse.

bigeminal
bigeminal (bi-jem′i-nal)

Paired; double; twin.

bigemini
bigemini (bi-jem′i-ni)

SYN: bigeminy.

bigeminum
bigeminum (bi-jem′i-num)

One of the corpora bigemina. [L. ntr. of bigeminus, doubled]

bigeminy
bigeminy (bi-jem′i-ne)

Pairing; especially, the occurrence of heart beats in pairs. SYN: bigemini. [bi- + L. geminus, twin]
atrial b. pairing of atrial beats, as when an atrial extrasystole is coupled to each sinus beat.
atrioventricular junctional b. paired beats, each pair consisting of an AV nodal extrasystole coupled to a beat of the dominant, usually sinus, rhythm. SYN: nodal b..
escape-capture b. paired beats, each couplet consisting of an escape beat followed by a conducted sinus beat or an escape beat followed by a conducted ectopic beat (usually atrial with retrograde P wave).
nodal b. SYN: atrioventricular junctional b..
reciprocal b. paired beats, each pair consisting of an AV nodal beat followed by a reciprocal beat.
ventricular b. paired ventricular beats, the common form consisting of ventricular extrasystoles coupled to sinus beats.

bigerminal
bigerminal (bi-jer′min-al)

Relating to two germs or ova.

bigitalin
bigitalin (bi-jit′a-lin)

SYN: gitoxin.

biglycan
biglycan (bi′gli-kan)

A small interstitial proteoglycan that contains two glycosaminoglycan chains. SYN: proteoglycan I.

Bignami
Bignami

Amico, Italian physician, 1862–1929. See Marchiafava-B. disease.

bikunin
bikunin (bik′oo-nin)

A plasma glycoprotein that is found in both the free state and covalently bound to the heavy chains of certain protease inhibitors. It may participate in cell growth, oocyte cumulus expansion and stabilization.

bilabe
bilabe (bi′lab)

A forceps for seizing and removing urethral or small vesical calculi. [bi- + L. labium, lip]

bilateral
bilateral (bi-lat′er-al)

Relating to, or having, two sides. [bi- + L. latus, side]

bilateralism
bilateralism (bi-lat′er-al-izm)

A condition in which the two sides are symmetrical.

bile
bile (bil)

The yellowish brown or green fluid secreted by the liver and discharged into the duodenum where it aids in the emulsification of fats, increases peristalsis, and retards putrefaction; contains sodium glycocholate and sodium taurocholate, cholesterol, biliverdin and bilirubin, mucus, fat, lecithin, and cells and cellular debris. SYN: gall (1) . [L. bilis]
A b. b. from the common duct.
B b. b. from the gallbladder.
C b. b. from the hepatic duct.
white b. designating the relatively clear, almost colorless, clear viscid fluid that occurs in the gallbladder, intestines, or both as a result of obstruction of the b. ducts in various sites; actually the secretion of the mucous membrane, without the usual color resulting from b. pigments. SYN: leukobilin.

Bilharz
Bilharz

Theodor M., German tropical disease specialist, 1829–1862. See Bilharzia, bilharzial appendicitis, bilharzial dysentery, bilharzial granuloma.

Bilharzia
Bilharzia (bil-har′ze-a)

An early name for Schistosoma. [T. Bilharz]

bilharziasis
bilharziasis (bil-har-zi′a-sis)

SYN: schistosomiasis.

bilharzioma
bilharzioma (bil-har-ze-o′ma)

A tumor-like inflammatory and fibrous swelling of the intestinal serosa, mesentery, or skin, caused by schistosomiasis.

bilharziosis
bilharziosis (bil-har-ze-o′sis)

SYN: schistosomiasis.

bili- bili-

Bile. [L. bilis, bile]

biliary
biliary (bil′e-ar-e)

Relating to bile or the b. tract. SYN: bilious (1) .

bilifaction
bilifaction, bilification (bil-i-fak′shun, -fi-ka′shun)

Rarely used terms for bile formation. [bili- + L. facio, pp. factus, to make]

biliferous
biliferous (bil-if′er-us)

Rarely used term for containing or carrying bile.

biligenesis
biligenesis (bil-i-jen′e-sis)

Bile production. [bili- + G. genesis, production]

biligenic
biligenic (bil-i-jen′ik)

Bile-producing.

bilin
bilin, biline (bi′lin)

The chain of four pyrrole residues resulting from the cleavage of one bond of one of the four methylidene residues of the porphin part of a porphyrin; specifically, the unsubstituted tetrapyrrole; bilirubin and biliverdin are bilins.

bilious
bilious (bil′yus)

1. SYN: biliary. 2. Relating to or characteristic of biliousness. 3. Formerly, denoting a temperament characterized by a quick, irritable temper. SYN: choleric.

biliousness
biliousness (bil′yus-nes)

An imprecisely delineated congestive disturbance with anorexia, coated tongue, constipation, headache, dizziness, pasty complexion, and, rarely, slight jaundice; assumed to result from hepatic dysfunction.

bilirachia
bilirachia (bil-i-ra′ke-a)

Occurrence of bile pigments in the spinal fluid. [bili- + G. rhachis, spine]

bilirubin
bilirubin (bil-i-roo′bin)

A yellow bile pigment found as sodium bilirubinate (soluble), or as an insoluble calcium salt in gallstones; formed from hemoglobin during normal and abnormal destruction of erythrocytes by the reticuloendothelial system; a bilin with substituents on the 2, 3, 7, 8, 12, 13, 17, and 18 carbon atoms and with oxygens on carbons 1 and 19. Excess b. is associated with jaundice. [bili- + L. ruber, red]
conjugated b. SYN: direct reacting b..
delta b. the fraction of b. covalently bound to albumin; in conventional methods it is measured as part of conjugated b.. Because of its covalent bond during the recovery phase of hepatocellular jaundice it may persist in the blood for a week or more after urine clears.
direct reacting b. the fraction of serum b. which has been conjugated with glucuronic acid in the liver cell to form b. diglucuronide; so called because it reacts directly with the Ehrlich diazo reagent; increased levels are found in hepatobiliary diseases, especially of the obstructive variety. SYN: conjugated b..
indirect reacting b. the fraction of serum b. which has not been conjugated with glucuronic acid in the liver cell; so called because it reacts with the Ehrlich diazo reagent only when alcohol is added; increased levels are found in hepatic disease and hemolytic conditions. SYN: unconjugated b..
b. UDPglucuronyltransferase (gloo-koo′ron-il-trans′fer-as) an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of UDPglucuronate and b. forming UDP and b.-glucuronoside; a deficiency of this enzyme is associated with Crigler-Najjar syndrome.
unconjugated b. SYN: indirect reacting b..

bilirubinemia
bilirubinemia (bil′i-roo-bin-e′me-a)

The presence of bilirubin in the blood, where it is normally present in relatively small amounts; the term is usually used in relation to increased concentrations observed in various pathologic conditions where there is excessive destruction of erythrocytes or interference with the mechanism of excretion in the bile. Determination of the quantity of bilirubin in the blood serum reveals two fractions, namely direct reacting (conjugated) and indirect reacting (nonconjugated) bilirubin; determination of conjugated and total bilirubin in serum is an important and frequently used clinical laboratory test. [bilirubin + G. haima, blood]

bilirubinglobulin
bilirubinglobulin (bil-i-roo′bin-glob′u-lin)

A bilirubin-globulin complex; a transport form of bilirubin to the liver where bilirubin is converted to a diglucuronic acid derivative and passes into the bile.

bilirubin-glucuronoside glucuronosyltransferase
bilirubin-glucuronoside glucuronosyltransferase

Bilirubin monoglucuronide transglucuronidase;a transferase that transfers a glucuronoside from one molecule of bilirubin glucuronoside to another, forming bilirubin bisglucuronoside and unconjugated bilirubin (a step in heme catabolism).

bilirubinoids
bilirubinoids (bil-i-roo′bin-oydz)

Generic term denoting intermediates in the conversion of bilirubin to stercobilin by reductive enzymes in intestinal bacteria. Included are mesobilirubin, mesobilane, mesobilene-b, urobilinogen, urobilin, reduction products of mesobilane (stercobilinogen) and mesobilene (stercobilin), and mesobiliviolin; most are found in normal urine and feces. Products related to these intermediates and found in pathological conditions ( e.g., jaundice, liver disease) are the structurally indefinite probilifuscins and propentdyopents found in gallstones.

bilirubinuria
bilirubinuria (bil′i-roo-bi-noo′re-a)

The presence of bilirubin in the urine. [bilirubin + G. ouron, urine]

bilitherapy
bilitherapy (bil-i-thar′a-pe)

Treatment with bile or bile salts.

biliuria
biliuria (bil-e-u′re-a)

The presence of various bile salts, or bile, in the urine. SYN: choleuria, choluria. [bili- + G. ouron, urine]

biliverdin
biliverdin, biliverdine (bil-i-ver′din)

A green bile pigment formed from the oxidation of heme; a bilin with a structure almost identical to that of bilirubin. SYN: dehydrobilirubin, verdine.

Bill
Bill

Arthur H., U.S. obstetrician, 1877–1961. See B. maneuver.

Billings
Billings

J.J., 20th century Australian gynecologist. See B. method.

Billroth
Billroth

Christian A.T., Austrian surgeon, 1829–1894. See B. cords, under cord, B. operation I, B. operation II, B. venae cavernosae, under vena, B. I anastomosis, B. II anastomosis.

bilobate
bilobate, bilobed (bi-lo′bat, bi′lobd)

Having two lobes.

bilobectomy
bilobectomy (bi′lob-ek′to-me)

Surgical excision of two lobes of the right lung, either right upper and middle or right lower and middle.

bilobular
bilobular (bi-lob′u-lar)

Having two lobules.

bilocular
bilocular, biloculate (bi-lok′u-lar, -u-lat)

Having two compartments or spaces. [bi- + L. loculus, dim. of locus, a place]

bimanual
bimanual (bi-man′u-al)

Relating to, or performed by, both hands. [bi- + L. manus, hand]

bimastoid
bimastoid (bi-mas′toyd)

Relating to both mastoid processes.

bimaxillary
bimaxillary (bi-mak′si-lar-e)

Relating to both the right and left maxillae; sometimes used when describing something affecting both halves of the upper jaw.

bimodal
bimodal (bi-mo′dal)

Denoting a frequency curve characterized by two peaks.

bimolecular
bimolecular (bi-mo-lek′u-lar)

Involving two molecules, as in a b. reaction.

binangle
binangle (bin-ang′-ul)

1. The second angle given the shank of an angled instrument to bring its working end close to the axis of the handle in order to prevent it from turning about the axis. 2. A dental instrument possessing the above characteristics. [L. bini, pair, + angulus, angle]

binary
binary (bi′nar-e)

1. Comprising two components, elements, molecules, etc. 2. Denoting a choice of two mutually exclusive outcomes for one event ( e.g., male or female, heads or tails, affected or unaffected). [L. binarius, consisting of two, fr. bini, two at a time]

binaural
binaural (bin-aw′ral)

Relating to both ears. SYN: binotic. [L. bini, a pair, + auris, ear]

bind
bind (bind)

1. To confine or encircle with a band or bandage. 2. To join together with a band or ligature. 3. To combine or unite molecules by means of reactive groups, either in the molecules per se or in a chemical added for that purpose; frequently used in relation to chemical bonds that may be fairly easily broken ( i.e., noncovalent), as in the binding of a toxin with antitoxin, or a heavy metal with a chelating agent, etc. 4. A close interpersonal relationship in which one person feels compelled to act in a certain way to obtain the approval of the other person. [A.S. bindan]
double b. a type of personal interaction in which one receives two mutually conflicting verbal or nonverbal instructions or demands from the same person or different individuals, resulting in a situation in which either compliance or noncompliance with either alternative threatens one of the needed relationships.

binder
binder (bind′er)

1. A broad bandage, especially one encircling the abdomen. 2. Anything that binds. See bind (3) .
obstetrical b. a supporting garment covering the abdomen from the ribs to the trochanters, tightly pinned at the back, affording support after childbirth or, rarely, during childbirth.
T-b. two strips of cloth at right angles; used for retaining a dressing, as on the perineum. SYN: T-bandage.

Binet
Binet

Alfred, French psychologist, 1857–1911. See B. age, B. scale, B. test, B.-Simon scale, Stanford-B. intelligence scale.

Bing
Bing

Paul Robert, German neurologist, 1878–1956. See B. reflex.

Bing
Bing

Richard J., U.S. physician, *1909. See Taussig-B. disease, Taussig-B. syndrome.

Bingham
Bingham

Eugene C., U.S. chemist, 1878–1945. See B. flow, B. model, B. plastic.

binocular
binocular (bin-ok′u-lar)

Adapted to the use of both eyes; said of an optical instrument. [L. bini, paired, + oculus, eye]

binomial
binomial (bi-no′me-al)

A set of two terms or names; in the probabilistic or statistical sense it corresponds to a Bernoulli trial. SEE ALSO: binary combination. [bi- + G. nomos, name]

binotic
binotic (bin-ot′ik)

SYN: binaural. [L. bini, a pair, + G. ous (ot-), ear]

Binswanger
Binswanger

Otto Ludwig, German neurologist, 1852–1929. See B. disease, B. encephalopathy.

binuclear
binuclear, binucleate (bi-noo′kle-ar, -kle-at)

Having two nuclei.

binucleolate
binucleolate (bi-noo′kle-o-lat)

Having two nucleoli.

bio- bio-

Combining form denoting life. [G. bios, life]

bioacoustics
bioacoustics (bi′o-a-koos′tiks)

The science dealing with the effects of sound fields or mechanical vibrations on living organisms.

bioactive
bioactive (bi′o-ak′tiv)

Referring to a substance that can be acted upon by a living organism or by an extract from a living organism.

bioassay
bioassay (bi-o-as′a)

Determination of the potency or concentration of a compound by its effect upon animals, isolated tissues, or microorganisms, as compared with an analysis of its chemical or physical properties.

bioastronautics
bioastronautics (bi′o-as-tro-naw′tiks)

The study of the effects of space travel and space habitation on living organisms.

bioavailability
bioavailability (bi′o-a-val′a-bil′i-te)

The physiological availability of a given amount of a drug, as distinct from its chemical potency; proportion of the administered dose which is absorbed into the bloodstream.

bioburden
bioburden (bi′o-ber′den)

Degree of microbial contamination or microbial load; the number of microorganisms contaminating an object.

biocatalyst
biocatalyst (bi′o-kat-a-list)

A substance of biologic origin that can catalyze a reaction; e.g., an enzyme.

biocenosis
biocenosis (bi-o-se-no′sis)

An assemblage of species living in a particular biotope. SYN: biotic community. [bio- + G. koinos, common]

biochemical
biochemical (bi-o-kem′i-kal)

Relating to biochemistry.

biochemistry
biochemistry (bi-o-kem′is-tre)

The chemistry of living organisms and of the chemical, molecular, and physical changes occurring therein. SYN: biologic chemistry, physiologic chemistry.

biochemorphic
biochemorphic (bi′o-kem-or′fik)

Denoting the relationship between biologic action and chemical structure, as in food and drugs.

biochrome
biochrome (bi′o-krom)

SYN: natural pigment. [bio- + G. chroma, color]

biocidal
biocidal (bi-o-si′dal)

Destructive of life; particularly pertaining to microorganisms. [bio- + L. caedo, to kill]

bioclimatology
bioclimatology (bi′o-kli-ma-tol′o-je)

The science of the relationship of climatic factors to the distribution, numbers, and types of living organisms; an aspect of ecology.

biocompatibility
biocompatibility (bi′o-kom-pat-i-bil′i-te)

The relative ability of a material to interact favorably with a biological system. [bio- + compatibility]

biocybernetics
biocybernetics (bi′o-si-ber-net′iks)

The science of communication and control within a living organism, particularly on a molecular basis.

biocytin
biocytin (bi-o-si′tin)

ε-N-Biotinyl-l-lysine;biotin condensed through its carboxyl group with the ε-amino group of a lysyl residue in the apoenzymes to which biotin is the coenzyme; the predominant linkage in which biotin is found. SYN: biotinyllysine.

biocytinase
biocytinase (bi-o-si′tin-as)

An enzyme in blood that catalyzes the hydrolysis of biocytin to biotin and lysine (or, lysyl residue if the lysine is in a protein).

biodegradable
biodegradable (bi′o-de-grad′a-bl)

Denoting a substance that can be chemically degraded or decomposed by natural effectors ( e.g., weather, soil bacteria, plants, animals).

biodegradation
biodegradation

SYN: biotransformation.

biodynamic
biodynamic (bi′o-di-nam′ik)

Relating to biodynamics.

biodynamics
biodynamics (bi′o-di-nam′iks)

The science dealing with the force or energy of living matter. [bio- + G. dynamis, force]

bioecology
bioecology (bi-o-e-kol′o-je)

SYN: ecology.

bioelement
bioelement (bi′o-el′e-ment)

An element required by a living organism.

bioenergetics
bioenergetics (bi′o-en-er-jet′iks)

1. The study of energy changes involved in the chemical reactions within living tissue. 2. The study of energy exchanges between living organisms and their environments.

bioengineering
bioengineering (bi′o-en-jin-er′ing)

See biomedical engineering.

biofeedback
biofeedback (bi-o-fed′bak)

A training technique that enables an individual to gain some element of voluntary control over autonomic body functions; based on the learning principle that a desired response is learned when received information such as a recorded increase in skin temperature (feedback) indicates that a specific thought complex or action has produced the desired physiological response.
EMG b. a form of b. that uses an electromyographic measure of muscle tension as the physical symptom to be deconditioned, such as tension in the frontalis muscle in the head which can cause headaches.

bioflavonoids
bioflavonoids (bi-o-flav′on-oydz)

Naturally occurring flavone or coumarin derivatives commonly found in citrus fruits having the activity of the so-called vitamin P, notably rutin and esculin.

biogenesis
biogenesis (bi-o-jen′e-sis)

1. Term given by Huxley to the principle that life originates from preexisting life only and never from nonliving material. See spontaneous generation, recapitulation theory. 2. SYN: biosynthesis. [bio- + G. genesis, origin]
mitochondrial b. the process by which mitochondria increase their ability to make adenosine triphosphate by synthesizing additional respiratory enzyme complexes.

biogenetic
biogenetic (bi′o-je-net′ik)

Relating to biogenesis.

biogenic
biogenic (bi′o-jen-ik)

Produced by a living organism.

biogeochemistry
biogeochemistry (bi′o-je-o-kem′is-tre)

The study of the influence of living organisms and life processes on the chemical structure and history of the earth.

biogravics
biogravics (bi-o-grav′iks)

That field of study dealing with the effect on living organisms (particularly humans) of abnormal gravitational effects produced, e.g., by acceleration or by free fall; in the former case, heavier than normal weight is induced, and in the latter weightlessness. [bio- + L. gravis, weight]

bioinformatics
bioinformatics

A scientific discipline encompassing all aspects of biologic information acquisition, processing, storage, distribution, analysis, and interpretation that combines the tools and techniques of mathematics, computer science, and biology with the aim of understanding the biologic significance of a variety of data.

bioinstrument
bioinstrument (bi′o-in′stroo-ment)

A sensor or device usually attached to or embedded in the human body or other living animal to record and to transmit physiologic data to a receiving and monitoring station.

biokinetics
biokinetics (bi′o-ki-net′iks)

The study of the growth changes and movements that developing organisms undergo. [bio- + G. kinesis, motion]

biologic
biologic, biological (bi′o-loj′ik, -loj′i-kal)

Relating to biology.

biologist
biologist (bi-ol′o-jist)

A specialist or expert in biology.

biology
biology (bi-ol′o-je)

The science concerned with the phenomena of life and living organisms. [bio- + G. logos, study]
cellular b. SYN: cytology.
molecular b. study of phenomena in terms of b. molecular (or chemical) interactions; traditionally, the focus of molecular b. is more specific than biochemistry in that it has an emphasis on chemical interactions involved in the replication of DNA, its “transcription” into RNA, and its “translation” into or expression in protein, i.e., in the chemical reactions connecting genotype and phenotype.
oral b. that aspect of b. devoted to the study of biological phenomena associated with the oral cavity in health and disease ( e.g., dental caries, mastication, periodontal disease).
pharmaceutical b. SYN: pharmacognosy.
radiation b. field of science that studies the biological effects of ionizing radiation.

bioluminescence
bioluminescence (bi′o-loo-min-es′ens)

1. Light produced by certain organisms from the oxidation of luciferins through the action of luciferases and with negligible production of heat, chemical energy being converted directly into light energy. SYN: cold light (1) . 2. Any light produced by a living organism. [bio- + L. lumen (-inis), light]

biolysis
biolysis (bi-ol′i-sis)

Disintegration of organic matter through the chemical action of living organisms. [bio- + G. lysis, dissolution]

biolytic
biolytic (bi-o-lit′ik)

1. Relating to biolysis. 2. Capable of destroying life.

biomacromolecule
biomacromolecule (bi′o-mak-ro-mol′e-kul)

A naturally occurring substance of large molecular weight ( E.G., protein, DNA).

biomass
biomass (bi′o-mas)

The total weight of all living things in a given area, biotic community, species population, or habitat; a measure of total biotic productivity.

biomaterial
biomaterial (bi′o-ma-te′re-al)

A synthetic or semisynthetic material used in a biological system to construct an implantable prosthesis and chosen for its biocompatibility. [bio- + material]

biome
biome (bi′om)

The total complex of biotic communities occupying and characterizing a particular geographic area or zone. [bio- + -ome]

biomechanics
biomechanics (bi-o-me-kan′iks)

The science concerned with the action of forces, internal or external, on the living body.
dental b. SYN: dental biophysics.

biomedical
biomedical (bi-o-med′i-kal)

1. Pertaining to those aspects of the natural sciences, especially the biologic and physiologic sciences, that relate to or underlie medicine. 2. Biological and medical, i.e., encompassing both the science(s) and the art of medicine.

biomembrane
biomembrane (bi-o-mem′bran)

A structure bounding a cell or cell organelle; it contains lipids, proteins, glycolipids, steroids, etc. SYN: membrane (2) .

biometer
biometer (bi-om′e-ter)

A device for measuring carbon dioxide given off by organisms and, hence, for determining the quantity of living matter present. [bio- + G. metron, measure]

biometrician
biometrician (bi-o-me-trish′an)

One who specializes in the science of biometry.

biometry
biometry (bi-om′e-tre)

The application of statistical methods to the study of numeric data based on biologic observations and phenomena. [bio- + G. metron, measure]
b. fetal ultrasound measurement of fetal dimensions to evaluate gestational age of fetal size.

biomicroscope
biomicroscope (bi-o-mi′kro-skop)

SYN: slitlamp.

biomicroscopy
biomicroscopy (bi′o-mi-kros′ko-pe)

1. Microscopic examination of living tissue in the body. 2. Examination of the cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, and retina by use of a slitlamp combined with a binocular microscope.

Biomphalaria
Biomphalaria (bi-om-fa-la′re-a)

An important genus of freshwater snails (family Planorbidae, subfamily Planorbinae), several species of which serve as intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni in Africa, Saudi Arabia and Yemen, South America, and the Caribbean. Host snails formerly were placed in the genera Australorbis, Tropicorbis, and Taphius but are no longer considered generically distinct.

bion
bion (bi′on)

A living thing. [G. pres. p. ntr. of bioo, to live]

Biondi
Biondi

Aldolpho, Italian pathologist, 1846–1917. See B.-Heidenhain stain.

bionecrosis
bionecrosis (bi-o-ne-kro′sis)

bionic
bionic (bi-on′ik)

Relating to or developed from bionics.

bionics
bionics (bi-on′iks)

1. The science of biologic functions and mechanisms as applied to electronic chemistry; such as computers, employing various aspects of physics, mathematics, and chemistry; e.g., improving cybernetic engineering by reference to the organization of the vertebrate nervous system. 2. The science of applying the knowledge gained by studying the characteristics of living organisms to the formulation of nonorganic devices and techniques. [bio- + electronics]

bionomics
bionomics (bi-o-nom′iks)

1. SYN: bionomy. 2. SYN: ecology.

bionomy
bionomy (bi-on′o-me)

The laws of life; the science concerned with the laws regulating the vital functions. SYN: bionomics (1) . [bio- + G. nomos, law]

biophage
biophage (bi′o-faj)

An organism that derives the nourishment for its existence from another living organism.

biophagism
biophagism (bi-of′a-jizm)

The deriving of nourishment from living organisms. SYN: biophagy. [bio- + G. phago, to eat]

biophagous
biophagous (bi-of′a-gus)

Feeding on living organisms; denoting certain parasites.

biophagy
biophagy (bi-of′a-je)

SYN: biophagism.

biopharmaceutics
biopharmaceutics (bi′o-far-ma-soo′tiks)

The study of the physical and chemical properties of a drug, and its dosage form, as related to the onset, duration, and intensity of drug action, incluidng co-constituents and mode of manufacture.

biophylactic
biophylactic (bi′o-fi-lak′tik)

Relating to biophylaxis.

biophylaxis
biophylaxis (bi′o-fi-lak′sis)

Nonspecific defense reactions of the body, e.g., phagocytosis, vascular and other reactions of inflammatory processes. [bio- + G. phylaxis, protection]

biophysics
biophysics (bi-o-phyz′iks)

1. The study of biologic processes and materials by means of the theories and tools of physics; the application of physical methods to analyze biologic problems and processes. 2. The study of physical processes ( e.g., electricity, luminescence) occurring in organisms.
cellular b. b. concerned with cellular processes.
dental b. the relationship between the biologic behavior of oral structures and the physical influence of a dental restoration. SYN: dental biomechanics.
medical b. b. related to diagnosis and therapy.
molecular b. b. concerned with membrane processes, conformational and configurational properties of macromolecules, bioelectrical phenomena, etc.
radiation b. the study of the effects of radiation on cells, tissues, biomolecules, and living organisms.

bioplasm
bioplasm (bi′o-plazm)

Protoplasm, especially in its relation to living processes and development. [bio- + G. plasma, thing formed]

bioplasmic
bioplasmic (bi-o-plas′mik)

Relating to bioplasm.

biopolymer
biopolymer (bi′o-pol′e-mer)

A naturally occurring compound that is a polymer containing identical or similar subunits.
aperiodic b. a b. consisting of nonidentical subunits present in a nonperiodic sequence.
periodic b. a b. in which there are identical, repeating subunits.

biopsy
biopsy (bi′op-se)

1. Process of removing tissue from patients for diagnostic examination. 2. A specimen obtained by b.. [bio- + G. opsis, vision]
aspiration b. SYN: needle b..
brush b. obtained by abrading the surface of a lesion with a brush to obtain cells and tissue for microscopic examination.
chorionic villus b. transcervical or transabdominal sampling of the chorionic villi for genetic analysis.
endoscopic b. b. obtained by instruments passed through an endoscope or obtained by a needle introduced under endoscopic guidance.
excision b. excision of tissue for gross and microscopic examination in such a manner that the entire lesion is removed.
fine needle b. the aspiration and removal of tissue or suspensions of cells through a small needle.
incision b. removal of only a part of a lesion by incising into it.
needle b. any method in which the specimen for b. is removed by aspirating it through an appropriate needle or trocar that pierces the skin, or the external surface of an organ, and into the underlying tissue to be examined. SYN: aspiration b..
open b. surgical incision or excision of the region from which the b. is taken.
punch b. any method that removes a small cylindrical specimen for b. by means of a special instrument that pierces the organ directly or through the skin or a small incision in the skin. SYN: trephine b..
sentinal node b. b. preceded by injection of a dye or radioisotope proximal to a tumor to identify for excision the primary node draining the area; used to determine the extent of spread of a malignancy.
shave b. a b. technique performed with a surgical blade or a razor blade; used for lesions that are elevated above the skin level or confined to the epidermis and upper dermis, or to protrusions of lesions from internal sites.
sponge b. abrasion of a lesion with a suitable sponge.
trephine b. SYN: punch b..
wedge b. excision of a cuneiform specimen.

biopsychology
biopsychology (bi′o-si-kol′o-je)

An interdisciplinary area of study involving psychology, biology, physiology, biochemistry, the neural sciences, and related fields.

biopsychosocial
biopsychosocial (bi-o-si′ko-so-shal)

Involving interplay of biologic, psychological, and social influences.

biopterin
biopterin (bi-op′ter-in)

A pterin found in yeast, the fruit fly, and in normal human urine. The reduced form of b. serves as a coenzyme for a number of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.

bioptome
bioptome (bi-op′tom)

A biopsy instrument passed through a catheter into the heart to obtain pieces of tissue for diagnosis. [biopsy + G. tome, a cutting]

biorbital
biorbital (bi-or′bi-tal)

Relating to both orbits. [bi- + G. orbita, orbit]

biorheology
biorheology (bi′o-re-ol′o-je)

The science concerned with deformation and flow in biological systems. [bio- + G. rheo, to flow, + logos, study]

biorhythm
biorhythm (bi′o-rith-m)

A biologically inherent cyclic variation or recurrence of an event or state, such as the sleep cycle, circadian rhythms, or periodic diseases. [bio- + G. rhythmos, rhythm]

biosafety
biosafety (b-i′o-saf′te)

Safety measures applied to the handling of biologic materials or organisms with a known potential to cause disease in humans. Current recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are to follow universal precautions, that is to treat all human samples of blood and body fluid as though they were infectious.

biosis
biosis (bi-o′sis)

Life, in a general sense. [G. b., way of living]

biosocial
biosocial (bi-o-so′shul)

Involving the interplay of biologic and social influences.

biospectrometry
biospectrometry (bi′o-spek-trom′e-tre)

Spectroscopic determination of the types and amounts of various substances in living tissue or fluid from a living body. SYN: clinical spectrometry. [bio- + L. spectrum, an image, + G. metron, measure]

biospectroscopy
biospectroscopy (bi′o-spek-tros′ko-pe)

Spectroscopic examination of specimens of living tissue, including fluids removed therefrom. SYN: clinical spectroscopy. [bio- + L. spectrum, image, + G. skopeo, to examine]

biospeleology
biospeleology (bi′o-spe′le-ol′o-je)

The study of organisms whose natural habitat is wholly or partly subterranean. [bio- + G. speliaion, cave]

biosphere
biosphere (bi′o-sfer)

All the regions in the world where living organisms are found. [bio- + G. sphaira, sphere]

biostatics
biostatics (bi-o-stat′iks)

The science of the relation between structure and function in organisms. [bio- + G. statikos, causing to stand]

biostatistics
biostatistics (bi′o-sta-tis′tiks)

The science of statistics applied to biologic or medical data.

biosynthesis
biosynthesis (bi-o-sin′the-sis)

Formation of a chemical compound by enzymes, either in the organism (in vivo) or by fragments or extracts of cells (in vitro). SYN: biogenesis (2) .

biosynthetic
biosynthetic (bi′o-sin-thet′ik)

Relating to or produced by biosynthesis.

biosystem
biosystem (bi′o-sis-tem)

A living organism or any complete system of living things that can, directly or indirectly, interact with others.

Biot
Biot

Camille, 19th century French physician. See B. breathing, B. respiration, B. breathing sign, B. sign.

biota
biota (bi-o′ta)

The collective flora and fauna of a region. [Mod. L., fr. G. bios, life]

biotaxis
biotaxis (bi-o-tak′sis)

1. The classification of living beings according to their anatomic characteristics. 2. SYN: cytoclesis. [bio- + G. taxis, arrangement]

biotechnology
biotechnology (bi′o-tek-nol′o-je)

1. The field devoted to applying the techniques of biochemistry, cellular biology, biophysics, and molecular biology to addressing practical issues related to human beings, agriculture, and the environment. 2. The use of recombinant DNA or hybridoma technologies for production of useful molecules, or for the alteration of biologic processes to enhance some desired property.

biotelemetry
biotelemetry (bi-o-tel-em′e-tre)

The technique of monitoring vital processes and transmitting data without wires to a point remote from the subject.

biotest
biotest (bi′o-test)

A method for assessing the effect of a compound, technique, or procedure on an organism. SYN: biologic assay.

biotic
biotic (bi-ot′ik)

Pertaining to life.

biotics
biotics (bi-ot′iks)

The science concerned with the functions of life, or vital activity and force. [G. biotikos, relating to life]

biotin
biotin (bi′o-tin)

The d-isomer component of the vitamin B₂ complex occurring in or required by most organisms and inactivated by avidin; participates in biologic carboxylations. It is a small molecule with a high affinity for avidin that can be readily coupled to a previously labeled antibody in order to allow visualization by enzymatic or histochemical means. SEE ALSO: avidin. SYN: coenzyme R, vitamin H, W factor.
b. carboxylase a subunit of a number of enzymes ( E.G., acetyl-CoA carboxylase). It catalyzes the formation of carboxybiotin (on a b. carrier protein), ADP, and P_i from ATP, CO₂ and b..
b. oxidase an enzyme (probably nonspecific) catalyzing the beta-oxidation of the b. side chain.

biotinidase
biotinidase (bi-o-tin′i-das)

An enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of biotin amide (forming biotin and ammonia), biocytin (forming biotin and lysine), and other biotinides. A deficiency of b. can lead to organic acidemia.

biotinides
biotinides (bi-ot′i-nidz)

Compounds of biotin; e.g., biocytin.

biotinyllysine
biotinyllysine (bi′o-tin-il-li′sin)

SYN: biocytin.

biotope
biotope (bi′o-top)

The smallest geographic area providing uniform conditions for life; the physical part of an ecosystem. [G. bios, life, + topos, place]

biotoxicology
biotoxicology (bi′o-tok-si-kol′o-je)

The study of poisons produced by living organisms.

biotoxin
biotoxin (bi-o-tok′sin)

Any toxic substance formed in an animal body, and demonstrable in its tissues or body fluids, or both.

biotransformation
biotransformation (bi′o-trans-for-ma′shun)

The conversion of molecules from one form to another within an organism, often associated with change (increase, decrease, or little change) in pharmacologic activity; refers especially to drugs and other xenobiotics. SYN: biodegradation.

biotype
biotype (bi′o-tip)

1. A population or group of individuals composed of the same genotype. 2. In bacteriology, former name for biovar, referring to a variant strain of bacteria. [bio- + G. typos, model]

biovar
biovar (bi′o-var)

A group (infrasubspecific) of bacterial strains distinguishable from other strains of the same species on the basis of physiologic characters. Formerly called biotype. [bio- + variant]

biovular
biovular (bi′ov-u-lar)

SYN: diovular.

bipalatinoid
bipalatinoid (bi-pal′a-ti-noyd)

A capsule with two compartments, used for making remedies in nascent form; the reaction between the two substances takes place as the capsule dissolves in the stomach, thus activating the remedy.

biparasitism
biparasitism (bi-par′a-sit-izm)

SYN: hyperparasitism.

biparental
biparental (bi-pa-ren′tal)

Having two parents, male and female.

biparietal
biparietal (bi-pa-ri′e-tal)

Relating to both parietal bones of the skull. [bi- + L. paries, wall]

biparous
biparous (bip′a-rus)

Bearing two young. [bi- + L. pario, to give birth]

bipartite
bipartite (bi-par′tit)

Consisting of two parts or divisions.

biped
biped (bi′ped)

1. Two-footed. 2. Any animal with only two feet. [bi- + L. pes, foot]

bipedal
bipedal (bi′ped-al)

1. Relating to a biped. 2. Capable of locomotion on two feet; e.g., an iguana and some other lizards have this capability.

bipennate
bipennate, bipenniform (bi-pen′at, pen′i-form)

Pertaining to a muscle with a central tendon toward which the fibers converge on either side like the barbs of a feather. [bi- + L. penna, feather]

biperforate
biperforate (bi-per′fo-rat)

Having two foramina or perforations.

biperiden
biperiden (bi-per′i-den)

An anticholinergic agent with sedative and central effects on the basal ganglia; used in the symptomatic treatment of parkinsonism and drug-induced parkinsonism. Also available as b. hydrochloride.

biphenamine hydrochloride
biphenamine hydrochloride (bi-fen′a-men)

An antiseborrheic agent.

biphenotypic
biphenotypic (bi′fe-no-tip′ik)

Pertaining to or characterized by biphenotypy.

biphenotypy
biphenotypy (bi-fe′no-ti′pe)

The expression of markers of more than one cell type by the same cell, as in certain leukemias.

biphenyl
biphenyl (bi-fen′il)

SYN: diphenyl.
polychlorinated b. (PCB) b. in which some or all of the hydrogen atoms attached to ring carbons are replaced by chlorine atoms; a probable human carcingogen and teratogen.

bipolar
bipolar (bi-po′ler)

Having two poles, ends, or extremes.

Bipolaris
Bipolaris (bi-po-la′ris)

Genus of dematiaceous fungi that are among the causes of phaeohyphomycosis; some Drechslera and Helminthosporium species are now classified as B. species.
B. australiensis species of dematiaceous fungi that is among the causes of phaeohyphomycosis.
B. hawaiiensis species of dematiaceous fungi that is among the causes of phaeohyphomycosis.
B. spicifera species of dematiaceous fungi that is among the causes of phaeohyphomycosis.

bipotentiality
bipotentiality (bi′po-ten-she-al′i-te)

Capability of differentiating along two developmental pathways. An example is the capacity of the gonad to develop into either an ovary or a testis.

biramous
biramous (bi-ra′mus)

Having two branches. [bi- + L. ramus, branch]

Birbeck
Birbeck

Michael S., contemporary British cancer researcher. See B. granule.

Birch-Hirschfeld
Birch-Hirschfeld

Felix V., German pathologist, 1842–1899. See Birch-Hirschfeld stain.

birch tar
birch tar (berch)

SYN: b. oil.

birch tar oil
birch tar oil

Pyroligneous oil obtained by the dry distillation of the wood of Betula alba and rectified by steam distillation; used externally in the treatment of skin diseases. SYN: birch tar.

Bird
Bird

Samuel D., Australian physician, 1833–1904. See B. sign.

birefringence
birefringence (bi-re-frin′jens)

SYN: double refraction.

birefringent
birefringent (bi-re-frin′-jent)

Refracting twice; splitting a ray of light in two.

Birnaviridae
Birnaviridae (bir′na-vi′ra-da)

A family of icosahedral nonenveloped viruses, 60 nm in diameter whose genome consists of two segments of linear double-stranded RNA.

Birnavirus
Birnavirus (bir′na-vi-rus)

A virus in the family Birnaviridae that includes infectious bursal disease virus of chickens, ducks, and turkeys and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus of fish. [bi- + RNA + virus]

birotation
birotation (bi-ro-ta′shun)

SYN: mutarotation.

birth
birth (berth)

1. Passage of the offspring from the uterus to the outside world; the act of being born. 2. Specifically, in the human, complete expulsion or extraction from its mother of a fetus, irrespective of gestational age, and regardless of whether or not the umbilical cord has been cut or whether or not the placenta is attached.
b. certificate official, legal document recording details of a live b., usually comprising name, date, place, identity of parents, and sometimes additional information such as b. weight.
premature b. b. of an infant that has achieved a gestation of at least 20 weeks or b. weight of at least 500 g, but before 37 weeks.

birthing
birthing (bir′thing)

Parturition; the act of giving birth.

birthmark
birthmark (berth′mark)

A persistent visible lesion, usually on the skin, identified at or near birth; commonly a nevus or hemangioma. See nevus (1) .
strawberry b. SYN: strawberry nevus.

bis- bis-

1. Prefix signifying two or twice. 2. In chemistry, used to denote the presence of two identical but separated complex groups in one molecule. Cf.:bi-, di-. [L.]

bisacodyl
bisacodyl (bis-ak′o-dil)

A laxative used orally or rectally for constipation. Same class as phenolphthalein.

bisacromial
bisacromial (bis′a-kro′me-al)

Relating to both acromion processes.

bisalbuminemia
bisalbuminemia (bis′al-bu′mi-ne′me-a)

The concurrence of having two kinds of serum albumin that differ in mobility on electrophoresis: normal albumin (albumin A) and any one of several variant types that migrate at other speeds; individuals are heterozygous for the gene for albumin A and the gene for the variant albumin type. SEE ALSO: inherited albumin variants, under variant.

bisaxillary
bisaxillary (bis-ak′si-lar-e)

Relating to both axillae.

bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids
bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids (bis-ben′zil-i-so-kwin′o-lin al-ka-loids)

A group of alkaloids whose base structure is two fused isoquinoline rings, e.g., curare alkaloids.

2,5-bis(5-t-butylbenzoxazol-2-yl)thiophene
2,5-bis(5-t-butylbenzoxazol-2-yl)thiophene (BBOT)

A scintillator used in radioactivity measurements by scintillation counting.

Bischof
Bischof

W., 20th century German neurosurgeon. See B. myelotomy.

biscuit
biscuit (bis′kit)

A term associated with the firing of porcelain, and applied to the fired article before glazing. May be any stage after the fluxes have flowed enough to provide rigidity to the structure up to the stage where shrinkage is complete. Referred to as low, medium or high b., depending on the completeness of vitrification, also as hard or soft b..

biscuit-bake
biscuit-bake

The initial bake(s) given fusing porcelain at lower than glazing temperature to control shrinkage during the process of building up the dental restoration. SYN: biscuit-firing.

biscuit-firing
biscuit-firing

SYN: biscuit-bake.

bisdequalinium chloride
bisdequalinium chloride (bis′de-kwa-lin′e-um)

An antiseptic.

bis in die
bis in die (b.i.d.) (bis in de′a)

Twice a day. [L.]

bisexual
bisexual (bi-seks′u-al)

1. Having gonads of both sexes. SEE ALSO: hermaphroditism. 2. Denoting an individual who engages in both heterosexual and homosexual relations.

bisferient
bisferient (bis-fer′e-ent)

SYN: bisferious.

bisferious
bisferious (bis-fer′e-us)

Striking twice; said of the pulse. SYN: bisferient. [L. bis, twice, + ferio, to strike]

Bishop
Bishop

Louis F., U.S. physician, 1864–1941. See B. sphygmoscope.

bishydroxycoumarin
bishydroxycoumarin (bis-hi-drox′e-koo′ma-rin)

SYN: dicumarol.

bisiliac
bisiliac (bis-il′e-ak)

Relating to any two corresponding iliac parts or structures, as the iliac bones or iliac fossae.

Bismarck brown R
Bismarck brown R [C.I. 21010]

A diazo dye similar to Bismarck brown Y.

Bismarck brown Y
Bismarck brown Y [C.I. 21000]

A diazo dye used for staining mucin and cartilage in histologic sections, in the Papanicolaou technique for vaginal smears, and as one of Kasten Schiff-type reagents in the PAS and Feulgen stains. SYN: vesuvin. [Ger. bismarckbraun, after Otto von Bismarck, Ger. chancellor]

bismuth
bismuth (Bi) (biz′muth)

A trivalent metallic element; atomic no. 83, atomic wt. 20.98037. Several of its salts are used in medicine; some contain BiO⁺, rather than Bi³⁺, and are called subsalts. [Ger. Wismut, weisse Masse, white mass]
b. aluminate a gastric antacid. SYN: aluminum b. oxide.
b. ammonium citrate ammoniocitrate of b.; an intestinal astringent.
b. carbonate SYN: b. subcarbonate.
b. chloride oxide SYN: b. oxychloride.
b. citrate used in the making of b. and ammonium citrate.
b. hydroxide used in detecting reducing sugars.
b. iodide BiI₃;used in electron microscopy to reveal synapses. SYN: b. triiodide.
b. oxide used for the same purposes as the subnitrate.
b. oxycarbonate SYN: b. subcarbonate.
b. oxychloride basic b. chloride, used for the same purposes as the subnitrate. SYN: b. chloride oxide, bismuthyl chloride.
b. oxynitrate SYN: b. subnitrate.
b. salicylate b. subsalicylate.
b. sodium tartrate a basic sodium b. tartrate; an antisyphilitic agent.
b. sodium triglycollamate sodium b. complex of nitrilotriacetic acid.
b. subcarbonate used for the same purposes as b. subnitrate, but has lower toxicity. SYN: b. carbonate, b. oxycarbonate, bismuthyl carbonate.
b. subgallate used internally in diarrhea and externally as an astringent and protective dusting powder.
b. subnitrate a basic salt, the composition of which varies with the conditions of preparation; used internally as an intestinal astringent and externally as a mild astringent and antiseptic; the metal is used as an electron microscope stain for nucleic acids. SYN: b. oxynitrate.
b. subsalicylate used as an intestinal antiseptic.
b. tribromophenate, b. tribromophenol used externally as an antiseptic.
b. trichloride BiCl₃;addition of water results in formation of b. oxychloride. SYN: butter of b..
b. triiodide SYN: b. iodide.

bismuthosis
bismuthosis (bis-mu-tho′sis)

Chronic bismuth poisoning.

bismuthyl
bismuthyl (biz′mu-thil)

The group, BiO⁺, that behaves chemically as the ion of a univalent metal; its salts are subsalts of bismuth.
b. carbonate SYN: bismuth subcarbonate.
b. chloride SYN: bismuth oxychloride.

bisoxatin acetate
bisoxatin acetate (bis-ok′sa-tin)

A laxative.

1,4-bis(5-phenyloxazol-2-yl)benzene
1,4-bis(5-phenyloxazol-2-yl)benzene

A liquid scintillation agent used in radioisotope measurement.

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-P₂Gri) (di-fos′fo-glis′er-at)

An intermediate in glycolysis which enzymatically reacts with ADP to generate ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate.

2,3-bisphosphoglycerate
2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-P₂Gri)

An intermediate in the Rapoport-Luebering shunt, formed between 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate and 3-phosphoglycerate; an important regulator of the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen; an intermediate of phosphoglycerate mutase.
b. mutase an enzyme of the Rapoport-Luebering shunt; it catalyzes the reversible interconversion of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to b.; it also has a phosphatase activity, converting b. to orthophosphate and 3-phosphoglycerate; a deficiency of b. mutase can result in mild erythrocytosis.

bisphosphonates
bisphosphonates (bis-fos′fo-nats)

Synthetic pyrophosphate analogs that inhibit osteoclast resorption of bone.

bistephanic
bistephanic (bi′ste-fan′ik)

Relating to both stephanions; denoting particularly the b. width of the cranium, or b. diameter, the shortest distance from one stephanion to the other.

bisteroid
bisteroid (bi-ster′oyd)

A molecule composed of two molecules of a given steroid joined together by a carbon-to-carbon bond.

bistoury
bistoury (bis′too-re)

A long, narrow-bladed knife, with a straight or curved edge and sharp or blunt point (probe-point); used for opening or slitting cavities or hollow structures. [Fr. bistouri, fr. It. dialect bistori, perh. fr. Pistoia, Italy]

bistratal
bistratal (bi-stra′tal)

Having two strata or layers.

bisulfate
bisulfate (bi-sul′fat)

A salt containing HSO₄⁻. SYN: acid sulfate.

bisulfide
bisulfide (bi-sul′fid)

A compound of the anion HS⁻; an acid sulfide.

bisulfite
bisulfite (bi-sul′fit)

A salt or ion of HSO₃⁻.

bit
bit

1. The smallest unit of digital information expressed in the binary system of notation (either 0 or 1). 2. The electrical signal used in electronic computers. SYN: binary digit.

bitartrate
bitartrate (bi-tar′trat)

A salt or anion resulting from the neutralization of one of tartaric acid's two acid groups.

bitch
bitch

A female dog of breeding age. [O.E. bicche]

bite
bite (bit)

1. To incise or seize with the teeth. 2. The act of incision or seizure with the teeth. 3. A morsel of food held between the teeth. 4. Term used to denote the amount of pressure developed in closing the jaws. 5. Undesirable jargon for terms such as interocclusal record, maxillomandibular registration, denture space, and interarch distance. 6. A wound or puncture of the skin made by animal or insect. [A.S. bitan]
balanced b. SYN: balanced occlusion.
biscuit b. SYN: maxillomandibular record.
close b. SYN: small interarch distance.
closed b. reduced vertical interarch distance with excessive vertical overlap of the anterior teeth.
deep b. an abnormally large vertical overlap of anterior teeth in centric occlusion.
edge-to-edge b. SYN: edge-to-edge occlusion.
end-to-end b. SYN: edge-to-edge occlusion.
jumping the b. an orthodontic technique for correcting a crossbite, usually anterior.
locked b. an occlusion in which the cusp arrangement restricts lateral excursions.
normal b. SYN: normal occlusion (1) .
open b. 1. SYN: large interarch distance. 2. SYN: apertognathia.
rest b. a misnomer for physiologic rest position of the mandible.
working b. SYN: working contacts, under contact.

bitemporal
bitemporal (bi-tem′po-ral)

Relating to both temples or temporal bones.

biteplate
biteplate, biteplane (bit′plat, bit′plan)

A removable appliance that incorporates a plane of acrylic designed to occlude with the opposing teeth.

bitewing
bitewing (bit′wing)

See b. radiograph.

bithionol
bithionol (bi-thi′o-nol)

An antiparasitic agent used for treatment of the human lungworm, Paragonimus westermani, and the Oriental liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis; also used as a bacteriostat in soaps and detergents; sodium bithionate is used as a topical bactericide and fungicide.

bitolterol mesylate
bitolterol mesylate (bi-tol′ter-ol)

A sympathomimetic bronchodilator used in the prophylaxis and treatment of bronchial asthma and reversible bronchospasm.

Bitot
Bitot

Pierre A., French physician, 1822–1888. See B. spots, under spot.

bitrochanteric
bitrochanteric (bi-tro-kan-ter′ik)

Relating to two trochanters, either to the two trochanters of one femur or to both greater trochanters.

bitropic
bitropic (bi-trop′ik)

Having a dual affinity, as in tissues or organisms. [bi- + G. trope, a turning]

bitter apple
bitter apple

SYN: colocynth.

bitters
bitters

1. An alcoholic liquor in which bitter vegetable substances ( e.g., quinine, gentian) have been steeped. 2. Bitter vegetable drugs ( e.g., quassia, gentian, cinchona), usually used as tonics. SYN: amara.
aromatic b. b. with a pleasant aromatic flavor.

Bittner
Bittner

John J., U.S. oncologist, 1904–1961. See B. agent, B. milk factor.

Bittorf
Bittorf

Alexander, German physician, 1876–1949. See B. reaction.

biuret
biuret (bi-oo-ret′)

A derivative of urea obtained by heating, eliminating one NH₃ between two ureas. Used in protein determinations. SYN: carbamoylurea.

bivalence
bivalence, bivalency (bi-va′lens, bi-va′len-se)

A combining power (valence) of 2. SYN: divalence, divalency.

bivalent
bivalent (bi-va′lent, biv′a-lent)

1. Having a combining power (valence) of 2. SYN: divalent. 2. In cytology, a structure consisting of two paired homologous chromosomes, each split into two sister chromatids, as seen during the pachytene stage of prophase in meiosis. SEE ALSO: tetrad.

biventer
biventer (bi-ven′ter)

Two-bellied; denoting two-bellied muscles. [bi- + L. venter, belly]
b. cervicis SYN: spinalis capitis (muscle).
b. mandibulae SYN: digastric (muscle) (1) .

biventral
biventral (bi-ven′tral)

SYN: digastric (1) .

biventricular
biventricular (bi′ven-trik′oo-lar)

Pertaining to both right and left ventricles.

bixin
bixin (bik′sin)

A monomethyl ester of a 24-carbon branched unsaturated dicarboxylic acid; a carotenoid (a carotene-dioic acid); the orange-red coloring matter from seeds of Bixa orellana; the ethyl ester is used as a food and drug colorant. SEE ALSO: annotto.

bizygomatic
bizygomatic (bi′zi-go-mat′ik)

Relating to both zygomatic bones or arches.

Bizzozero
Bizzozero

Giulio, Italian physician, 1846–1901. See B. corpuscle.

Bjerrum
Bjerrum

Jannik P., Danish ophthalmologist, 1851–1920. See B. scotoma, B. screen, B. sign.

Björk
Björk

V. O., 20th century Swedish cardiothoracic surgeon. See B.-Shiley valve.

Björnstad
Björnstad

R., 20th century Scandinavian dermatologist. See B. syndrome.

Bk
Bk

Symbol for berkelium.

Black
Black

Douglas A.K., Scottish physician, *1909. See B. formula.

Black
Black

Greene V., U.S. dentist, 1836–1915. See B. classification.

Blackfan
Blackfan

Kenneth D., U.S. physician, 1883–1941. See Diamond-B. anemia, Diamond-B. syndrome.

blackout
blackout (blak′owt)

1. Temporary loss of consciousness due to decreased blood flow to the brain. 2. Momentary loss of consciousness, as in absence. 3. Temporary loss of vision, without alteration of consciousness, due to positive g (gravity) forces; caused by temporary decreased blood flow in the central retinal artery, and seen mostly in aviators. 4. A transient episode that occurs during a state of intense intoxication (alcoholic b.) for which the person has no recall, although not unconscious (as observed by others).
visual b. amaurosis fugax.

black root
black root

SYN: leptandra.

bladder
bladder (blad′er) [TA]

1. A distensible musculomembranous organ serving as a receptacle for fluid, as the urinary or gallbladder or urinary b.. See detrusor. 2. SYN: urinary b.. [A.S. blaedre]
air b. a two-chambered gas-filled sac that is present in most fish and functions as a hydrostatic organ; it is located beneath the vertebral column, and is connected with the esophagus in some fish. SYN: swim b..
allantoic b. a type of b. formed as an outgrowth of the cloaca.
atonic b. a large, dilated, and nonemptying urinary b.; usually due to disturbance of innervation or to chronic obstruction.
autonomic neurogenic b. malfunctioning urinary b., secondary to low spinal cord lesions.
gall b. SYN: gallbladder.
hyperreflexic b. a b. exhibiting detrusor instability.
hypertonic b. a b. with poor compliance.
ileal b. SYN: ileal conduit.
neurogenic b. SYN: neuropathic b..
neuropathic b. any defective functioning of b. due to impaired innervation, e.g., cord b., neuropathic b.. SYN: neurogenic b..
nonneurogenic neurogenic b. detrusor-sphincter incoordination with urinary incontinence, constipation, UTI, upper tract changes. SYN: Hinman syndrome, pseudoneurogenic b..
poorly compliant b. a b. that has high pressure at low volumes in the absence of detrusor activity.
pseudoneurogenic b. SYN: nonneurogenic neurogenic b..
reflex neurogenic b. an abnormal condition of urinary b. function whereby the b. is cut off from upper motor neuron control, but the lower motor neuron arc is still intact.
swim b. SYN: air b..
trabeculated b. characterized by thick wall and hypertrophied muscle bundles. Typically seen in instances of chronic obstruction.
uninhibited neurogenic b. a condition, either congenital or acquired, of abnormal urinary b. function whereby normal inhibitory control of detrusor function by the central nervous system is impaired or underdeveloped, resulting in urgency or enuresis.
unstable b. characterized by uninhibited detrusor contractions.
urinary b. [TA] a musculomembranous elastic bag serving as a storage place for the urine. SYN: b. (2) [TA] , vesica urinaria [TA] , vesica (1) [TA] , cystis urinaria, urocyst, urocystis.

bladderworm
bladderworm (blad′er-werm)

SYN: Cysticercus.

bladevent
bladevent (blad′vent)

A thin, wedge-shaped endosteal implant of metal that is inserted into a surgically prepared groove in the maxilla or mandible.

Blagden
Blagden

Sir Charles, British physician, 1748–1820. See B. law.

Blainville
Blainville

Henri Marie Ducrotay de, French zoologist and anthropologist, 1777–1850. See B. ears, under ear.

Blair
Blair

Vilray P., U.S. surgeon, 1871–1955.

Blakemore
Blakemore

Arthur H., U.S. surgeon, 1897–1970. See Sengstaken-B. tube.

Blalock
Blalock

Alfred, U.S. surgeon, 1899–1964. See B. shunt, B.-Hanlon operation, B.-Taussig operation, B.-Taussig shunt.

Blandin
Blandin

Philippe Frédéric, French anatomist and surgeon, 1798–1849. See B. gland.

blank
blank

A solution consisting of all of the analytical components except the compound to be measured; this is used to establish a baseline of measurement intensity against which the compound of interest is compared. [M.E. white, fr. O.Fr. blanc, fr. Germanic]

blanket
blanket

A covering.
mucus b. the mucous covering of respiratory epithelium.

blas blas

Term invented by van Helmont to denote a mystical spirit or vital force which presided over and governed the various processes of the body. Each bodily function was supposed to have its own special b.; b. appears to be the counterpart of the archaeus of Paracelsus. [a Middle E. variant of blast]

Blaschko
Blaschko

Alfred, Austrian dermatologist, 1858–1922. See lines of B., under line.

Blasius
Blasius

Gerhard (Blaes), Dutch anatomist, 1626(?)–1692. See B. duct.

blast
blast (blast)

General term for immature or precursor cell. [G. blastos, germ]

-blast -blast

An immature precursor cell of the type indicated by the preceding word. [G. blastos, germ]

blastema
blastema (blas-te′ma)

1. The primordial cellular mass (precursor) from which an organ or part is formed. 2. A cluster of cells competent to initiate the regeneration of a damaged or ablated structure. [G. a sprout]
metanephric b. SYN: metanephric cap.
nephric b. the extension of nephrogenic cord tissue, caudal to the mesonephros, into which the ureteric buds grow to initiate development of the definitive mammalian kidney. SYN: nephroblastema.

blastemic
blastemic (blas-tem′ik)

Relating to the blastema.

blastic
blastic (blas′tik)

1. Describing the formation of a conidium by the blowing out process of a fertile hypha before being limited by a septum. 2. Colloquial term for osteoblastic. [G. blastos, germ + -ic]

blasto- blasto-

Pertaining to the process of budding (and the formation of buds) by cells or tissue. [G. blastos, germ]

blastocele
blastocele (blas′to-sel)

The cavity in the blastula of a developing embryo. SYN: blastocoele, cleavage cavity, segmentation cavity. [blasto- + G. koilos, hollow]

blastocelic
blastocelic (blas-to-se′lik)

Relating to the blastocele. SYN: blastocoelic.

blastocoele
blastocoele (blas′to-sel)

SYN: blastocele.

blastocoelic
blastocoelic (blas′to-se′lik)

SYN: blastocelic.

Blastoconidium
Blastoconidium (blas′to-co-nid′e-um)

A holoblastic conidium that is produced singly or in chains, and detached at maturity leaving a bud scar, as in the budding of a yeast cell. SYN: blastospore. [blasto- + conidium]

blastocyst
blastocyst (blas′to-sist)

The modified blastula stage of mammalian embryos, consisting of the inner cell mass and a thin trophoblast layer enclosing the blastocele. SYN: blastodermic vesicle. [blasto- + G. kystis, bladder]

Blastocystis
Blastocystis (blas′to-sis′tis)

A genus of yeastlike parasites in the digestive tract of mammals; generally considered nonpathogenic. Its relationship to fungi is now being questioned owing to protozoan characteristics, such as lack of cell walls, a membrane-bound central body, pseudopod activity, protozoan type of Golgi apparatus and mitochondria, and reproduction by sporulation or binary fission rather than by budding.
B. hominis a species of B. widespread among humans, formerly considered harmless, now recognized as a cause of diarrhea and other intestinal symptoms and eosinophilia when found in heavy infections.

blastocyte
blastocyte (blas′to-sit)

An undifferentiated blastomere of the morula or blastula stage of an embryo. [blasto- + G. kytos, cell]

blastoderm
blastoderm, blastoderma (blas′to-derm, -to-der′ma)

The thin, disk-shaped cell mass of a young embryo and its extraembryonic extensions over the surface of the yolk; when fully formed, all three primary germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm) are present. SYN: germ membrane, germinal membrane, membrana germinativa. [blasto- + G. derma, skin]
bilaminar b. the b. of a young embryo when it consists of only two of the three primary germ layers it will ultimately have.
embryonic b. that part of the b. that takes part in the formation of the embryonic body.
extraembryonic b. that part of the b. which is not incorporated in the embryo but forms membranes concerned in its nourishment and protection.
trilaminar b. the b. after all three of the primary germ layers have been established.

blastodermal
blastodermal, blastodermic (blas-to-der′mal, -der′mik)

Relating to the blastoderm.

blastodisk
blastodisk (blas′to-disk)

1. The disk of active cytoplasm at the animal pole of a telolecithal egg. 2. The blastoderm, especially in very young stages when its extent is small.

blastogenesis
blastogenesis (blas-to-jen′e-sis)

1. Reproduction of unicellular organisms by budding. 2. Development of an embryo during cleavage and germ layer formation. 3. Transformation of small lymphocytes of human peripheral blood in tissue culture into large, morphologically primitive blastlike cells capable of undergoing mitosis; can be induced by a variety of agents including phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, certain antigens to which the cell donor has been previously immunized, and leukocytes from an unrelated individual. [blasto- + G. genesis, origin]

blastogenetic
blastogenetic, blastogenic (blas′to-je-net′ik, -to-jen′ik)

Relating to blastogenesis.

blastolysis
blastolysis (blas-tol′i-sis)

Dissolution or destruction of the blastocyst or blast cells and subsequent death. [blasto- + G. lysis, loosening]

blastolytic
blastolytic (blas-to-lit′ik)

Relating to blastolysis.

blastoma
blastoma (blas-to′ma)

A neoplasm composed chiefly or entirely of immature undifferentiated cells resembling those that form the blastema or primordium of the organ in which the tumor arose. [blasto- + G. -oma, tumor]

blastomere
blastomere (blas′to-mer)

One of the cells into which the egg divides after its fertilization. SYN: cleavage cell, embryonic cell. [blasto- + G. meros, part]

blastomerotomy
blastomerotomy (blas′to-mer-ot′o-me)

SYN: blastotomy. [blastomere + G. tome, incision]

blastomogenic
blastomogenic (blas′to-mo-jen′ik)

Causing or producing a blastoma.

Blastomyces dermatitidis
Blastomyces dermatitidis (blas-to-mi′sez der-ma-tit′i-dis)

A dimorphic soil fungus that causes blastomycosis. It grows in mammalian tissues as budding cells and in culture as a white to buff-colored filamentous fungus bearing spherical or ovoid conidia on terminal or lateral short, slender conidiophores. In its perfect (teleomorph) state it is known as Ajellomyces dermatitidis. [blasto- + G. mykes, fungus]

blastomycin
blastomycin (blas-to-mi′sin)

An antigen for intradermal testing prepared from sterile filtrates of cultures of the filamentous form of Blastomyces dermatitidis.

blastomycosis
blastomycosis (blas′to-mi-ko′sis)

A chronic granulomatous and suppurative disease caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis; originates as a respiratory infection and disseminates, usually with pulmonary, osseous, and/or cutaneous involvement predominating. Formerly called North American b., the disease now has been found in African states as well as in Canada and the U.S. SYN: Gilchrist disease.
Brazilian b. obsolete term for paracoccidioidomycosis.
cutaneous b. verrucous or ulcerative skin lesions seen with infection with Blastomyces dermatitidis.
North American b. b..
South American b. SYN: paracoccidioidomycosis.
systemic b. infection with Blastomyces dermatitidis extending beyond the skin or the lung, the usual portals of entry; involvement of bone and genitourinary tract (esp. prostate and epididymis) are most frequent.

blastoneuropore
blastoneuropore (blas′to-noo′ro-por)

A temporary opening formed in some embryos by the union of the blastopore and neuropore. [blasto- + neuropore]

blastophore
blastophore (blas′to-for)

An early stage of division of a coccidial schizont in which spheroid or ellipsoid structures are formed with a single peripheral layer of nuclei; merozoites form at the surface of the b. over each nucleus, grow out radially, and separate from the residual body (remnant of the b.); in a first-generation schizont such as Eimeria bovis, about 120,000 merozoites are produced. [blasto- + G. phoros, bearing]

blastopore
blastopore (blas′to-por)

The opening into the archenteron formed by invagination of the blastula to form a gastrula. SYN: protostoma, protostome. [blasto- + G. poros, opening]

Blastoschizomyces
Blastoschizomyces (blas′to-skiz-o-mi′sez)

A genus of yeastlike fungi.
B. capitatus fungal species that causes severe disseminated infection in immunosuppressed patients; formerly classified as a species of Geotrichum.

blastospore
blastospore (blas′to-spor)

SYN: Blastoconidium. [blasto- + G. sporos, seed]

blastotomy
blastotomy (blas-tot′o-me)

Experimental destruction of one or more blastomeres. SYN: blastomerotomy. [blasto- + G. tome, incision]

blastula
blastula (blas′tu-la)

An early stage of an embryo formed by the rearrangement of the blastomeres of the morula to form a hollow sphere. [G. blastos, germ]

blastular
blastular (blas′tu-lar)

Pertaining to the blastula.

blastulation
blastulation (blas-tu-la′shun)

Formation of the blastula or blastocyst from the morula.

Blatin
Blatin

Marc, French physician, *1878. See B. syndrome.

Blatta
Blatta (blat′a)

A genus of insects (family Blattidae) that includes the abundant oriental cockroach, B. orientalis. The dried insect yields antihydropin, a diuretic principle. [L. cockroach]

Blattella
Blattella (bla-tel′a)

A genus of cockroaches, (family Blattidae) that includes B. germanica, the German cockroach or croton bug, probably the most familiar and widespread of the cockroaches. [L. blatta, cockroach]

Blattidae
Blattidae (blat′i-de)

A family of insects (order Blattaria) consisting of over 4000 species of cockroaches, largely tropical but worldwide in distribution, including a number of abundant pests of households, kitchens, and institutions or facilities, wherever food is present; noxious wherever found, yet not positively incriminated in natural transmission of pathogenic organisms to man. Common household pests include the German cockroach, Blattella germanica, the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana, and the oriental cockroach, Blatta orientalis. [L. blatta, cockroach]

bleb
bleb (bleb)

1. A large flaccid vesicle. 2. An acquired lung cyst, usually less than 1 cm in diameter, similar to but smaller than a bulla, which is thought to be the most common cause of spontaneous pneumothorax. Blebs occur mainly in the apex of the lung.
filtering b. a blister of conjunctiva resulting from glaucoma surgery by which a flap of sclera is created in the eye wall, allowing aqueous humor to percolate out of the eye and underneath the conjunctiva, thus lowering intraocular pressure. SYN: filtering cicatrix.
pulmonary b. air-filled alveolar dilation less than 1 cm in diameter on the edge of the lung at the apex of upper lobe or superior segment of lower lobe; usually occurs in young people and can rupture, producing primary pneumothorax. Cf.:pulmonary bulla.

bleed
bleed (bled)

To lose blood as a result of rupture or severance of blood vessels.

bleeder
bleeder (bled′er)

1. Colloquialism for a person suffering from hemophilia, Christmas disease, Osler disease, or other clotting disorder. 2. A blood vessel cut during a surgical procedure.

bleeding
bleeding (bled′ing)

1. Losing blood as a result of the rupture or severance of blood vessels. 2. Phlebotomy; the letting of blood.
dysfunctional uterine b. uterine b. due to a benign endocrine abnormality rather than to any organic disease.
occult b. occult blood.

blemish
blemish

1. A small circumscribed alteration of the skin considered to be unesthetic but insignificant. 2. To alter the skin, rendering an unesthetic appearance.

blennadenitis
blennadenitis (blen-ad-e-ni′tis)

Inflammation of the mucous glands. [G. blennos, mucus, + aden, gland, + -itis, inflammation]

blennemesis
blennemesis (blen-em′e-sis)

Rarely used term for vomiting of mucus. [G. blennos, mucus, + emesis, vomiting]

blenno- blenno-, blenn-

Mucus. [G. blenna, blennos]

blennogenic
blennogenic (blen-o-jen′ik)

SYN: muciparous. [blenno- + G. -gen, to produce]

blennogenous
blennogenous (ble-noj′e-nus)

SYN: muciparous.

blennoid
blennoid (blen′oyd)

SYN: muciform. [blenno- + G. eidos, resemblance]

blennophthalmia
blennophthalmia (blen-of-thal′me-a)

1. SYN: conjunctivitis. 2. SYN: gonorrheal ophthalmia.

blennorrhagic
blennorrhagic (blen-o-raj′ik)

SYN: blennorrheal.

blennorrhea
blennorrhea (blen-o-re′a)

1. Rarely used term for any mucous discharge, especially from the urethra or vagina. 2. In ophthalmic usage, was synonymous with conjunctivitis, but is now obsolete. [blenno- + G. rhoia, a flow]
b. conjunctivalis SYN: gonorrheal ophthalmia.
inclusion b. a neonatal conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis.
b. neonatorum SYN: ophthalmia neonatorum.

blennorrheal
blennorrheal (blen-o-re′al)

Rarely used term relating to blennorrhea. SYN: blennorrhagic.

blennostasis
blennostasis (blen-os′ta-sis)

Rarely used term for diminution or suppression of secretion from the mucous membranes. [blenno- + G. stasis, standing]

blennostatic
blennostatic (blen-o-stat′ik)

Rarely used term for diminishing mucous secretion.

blennuria
blennuria (ble-noo′re-a)

The excretion of an excess of mucus in the urine. [blenno- + G. ouron, urine]

bleomycin sulfate
bleomycin sulfate (ble-o-mi′sin)

An antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces verticillus. Often produces pulmonary fibrosis.

blephar- blephar-

See blepharo-.

blepharadenitis
blepharadenitis (blef′ar-ad-e-ni′tis)

Inflammation of the meibomian glands or the marginal glands of Moll or Zeis. SYN: blepharoadenitis. [blephar- + G. aden, gland, + -itis, inflammation]

blepharal
blepharal (blef′a-ral)

Referring to the eyelids.

blepharectomy
blepharectomy (blef′a-rek′to-me)

Excision of all or part of an eyelid. [blepharo- + G. ektome, excision]

blepharedema
blepharedema (blef′ar-e-de′ma)

Edema of the eyelids, causing swelling and often a baggy appearance.

blepharitis
blepharitis (blef′a-ri′tis)

Inflammation of the eyelids. [blepharo- + G. -itis, inflammation]
b. acarica SYN: demodectic b..
b. angularis inflammation of the lid margins at the angles of the commissure.
ciliary b. SYN: b. marginalis.
demodectic b. inflammation of the eyelid associated with Demodex folliculorum. SYN: b. acarica.
b. follicularis a deep-seated suppurative inflammation of ciliary follicles and the glands of Zeis and Moll of the eyelid. SYN: pustular b..
marginal b. SYN: b. marginalis.
b. marginalis inflammation of the margins of the eyelids. SYN: ciliary b., marginal b..
meibomian b. inflammation of the eyelid margin and the meibomian glands.
b. parasitica marginal b. due to the presence of lice. SYN: b. phthiriatica, pediculous b..
pediculous b. SYN: b. parasitica.
b. phthiriatica SYN: b. parasitica.
posterior b. inflammation of eyelid margins characterized by inspissation and occlusion of tarsal glands orifices.
pustular b. SYN: b. follicularis.
b. rosacea inflammation of the margins of the eyelids in association with acne rosacea.
seborrheic b. a common type of chronic inflammation of the margins of the eyelids with erythema and white scales; often with an associated seborrheic dermatitis of scalp and face.
b. sicca inflammation of the margins of the eyelids in which the lashes are powdered with dry scales.
staphylococcal b. inflammation of the eyelids characterized by brittle hard scales along the base of the eyelashes.
b. ulcerosa marginal b. with ulceration.

blepharo- blepharo-, blephar-

Eyelid. [G. blepharon, an eyelid]

blepharoadenitis
blepharoadenitis (blef′a-ro-ad-e-ni′tis)

SYN: blepharadenitis.

blepharoadenoma
blepharoadenoma (blef′a-ro-ad-e-no′ma)

A tumor or adenoma of a gland of the eyelid. [blepharo- + G. aden, gland, + -oma, tumor]

blepharochalasis
blepharochalasis (blef′a-ro-kal′a-sis)

A condition in which there is a redundancy of the skin of the upper eyelids so that a fold of skin hangs down, often concealing the tarsal margin when the eye is open. SYN: ptosis adiposa. [blepharo- + G. chalasis, a slackening]

blepharoclonus
blepharoclonus (blef-ar-ok′lo-nus)

Clonic spasm of the eyelids. [blepharo- + G. klonos, a tumult]

blepharocoloboma
blepharocoloboma (blef′a-ro-kol-o-bo′ma)

SYN: ankyloblepharon. [blepharo- + coloboma]

blepharoconjunctivitis
blepharoconjunctivitis (blef′a-ro-kon-junk-ti-vi′tis)

Inflammation of the palpebral conjunctiva.

blepharodiastasis
blepharodiastasis (blef′a-ro-di-as′ta-sis)

Abnormal separation or inability to completely close the eyelids. [blepharo- + G. diastasis, separation]

blepharokeratoconjunctivitis
blepharokeratoconjunctivitis (blef′a-ro-ker′a-to-kon-junk′ti-vi′tis)

An inflammation involving the eyelids, cornea, and conjunctiva.

blepharon
blepharon (blef′a-ron)

SYN: eyelid. [G. b., eyelid]

blepharophimosis
blepharophimosis (blef′a-ro-fi-mo′sis)

Decrease in the width of the palpebral aperture without fusion of lid margins. SYN: blepharostenosis. [blepharo- + G. phimosis, an obstruction]

blepharoplast
blepharoplast (blef′a-ro-plast)

SYN: basal body. [blepharo- + G. plastos, formed]

blepharoplastic
blepharoplastic (blef′a-ro-plas′tik)

Relating to blepharoplasty.

blepharoplasty
blepharoplasty (blef′a-ro-plast-te)

Any operation for the correction of a defect in the eyelids. [blepharo- + G. plasso, to form]

blepharoplegia
blepharoplegia (blef′a-ro-ple′je-a)

Paralysis of an eyelid. [blepharo- + G. plege, stroke]

blepharoptosis
blepharoptosis, blepharoptosia (blef′a-rop′to-sis, -rop-to′se-a)

Drooping of the upper eyelid. SYN: ptosis (2) . [blepharo- + G. ptosis, a falling]
b. adiposa b. with accumulation of subcutaneous fat causing skin to hang over the free border of the eyelid.
false b. SYN: pseudoptosis.

blepharospasm
blepharospasm, blepharospasmus (blef′a-ro-spazm, -spaz′mus)

Involuntary spasmodic contraction of the orbicularis oculi muscle; may occur in isolation or be associated with other dystonic contractions of facial, jaw, or neck muscles; usually initiated or aggravated by emotion, fatigue, or drugs.

blepharostat
blepharostat (blef′a-ro-stat)

SYN: eye speculum. [blepharo- + G. statos, fixed]

blepharostenosis
blepharostenosis (blef′a-ro-ste-no′sis)

SYN: blepharophimosis. [blepharo- + G. stenosis, a narrowing]

blepharosynechia
blepharosynechia (blef′a-ro-sin-ek′e-a)

Adhesion of the eyelids to each other or to the eyeball. [blepharo- + G. synecheia, continuity, fr. syn- echo, to hold together]

blepharotomy
blepharotomy (blef-a-rot′o-me)

A cutting operation on an eyelid. [blepharo- + G. tome, incision]

blind
blind (blind)

Unable to see; without useful sight. See blindness.

blindness
blindness (blind′nes)

1. Loss of the sense of sight; absolute b. connotes no light perception. SEE ALSO: amblyopia, amaurosis. 2. Loss of visual appreciation of objects although visual acuity is normal. 3. Absence of the appreciation of sensation, e.g., taste b.. SYN: typhlosis.
change b. failure to observe large changes in the vision field that occur simultaneously with brief disturbances.
color b. misleading term for anomalous or deficient color vision; complete color b. is the absence of one of the primary cone pigments of the retina. See protanopia, deuteranopia, tritanopia.
cortical b. loss of sight due to an organic lesion in the visual cortex.
day b. SYN: hemeralopia.
eclipse b. SYN: solar maculopathy.
flash b. a temporary loss of vision produced when retinal light-sensitive pigments are bleached by light more intense than that to which the retina is physiologically adapted at that moment.
flight b. visual blackout in aviators. SEE ALSO: amaurosis fugax.
functional b. apparent loss of vision related to suggestibility.
hysterical b. loss of vision or blurring of vision following a psychologically traumatic event such as seeing one's child being killed in an accident.
legal b. generally, visual acuity of less than 6/60 or 20/200 using Snellen test types, or visual field restriction to 20° or less in the better eye; the criteria used to define legal b. vary among different groups.
letter b. visual agnosia for letters, in which letters are seen but not identified; caused by a lesion in the occipital cortex.
mind b. visual agnosia for objects, in which objects are seen but not identified; caused by a lesion in area 18 of the occipital cortex. SYN: object b., psychanopsia, psychic b..
music b. SYN: musical alexia.
night b. SYN: nyctalopia.
note b. SYN: musical alexia.
object b. SYN: mind b..
psychic b. SYN: mind b..
river b. SYN: ocular onchocerciasis.
sight b. SYN: asymbolia.
sign b. visual agnosia for signs.
snow b. severe photophobia secondary to ultraviolet keratoconjunctivitis.
solar b. SYN: solar maculopathy.
taste b. inability to appreciate gustatory stimuli.
text b., word b. SYN: alexia.

blink
blink (blink)

To close and open the eyes rapidly; an involuntary act by which the tears are spread over the conjunctiva, keeping it moist. SYN: wink.

blister
blister

1. A fluid-filled thin-walled structure under the epidermis or within the epidermis (subepidermal or intradermal). 2. To form a b. with heat or some other vesiculating agent.
blood b. a b. containing blood; resulting from a pinch or crushing injury.
fever b. colloquialism for herpes simplex of the lips.
fly b. a cantharidal b. caused by discharge of a vesicating body fluid by certain beetles, particularly members of the family Meloidae which produce cantharidin, e.g., Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria, the notorious “Spanish fly”; noncantharidin vesicating fluid is produced by other beetles, such as rove beetles (family Staphylinidae), especially the genus Paederus, whose fluid, on contact with the skin, produces an intensely painful b..
fracture b. superficial epidermolysis that occurs in association, most commonly, with fractures of the leg and ankle and forearm and wrist; etiology represents a combination of excessive swelling and torsional injury to the overlying soft tissues.
sucking b. superficial bullous skin lesion on neonate arm probably resultant from vigorous prenatal sucking.

blistering
blistering

SYN: vesiculation (1) .

bloat
bloat, bloating (blot, blot′ing)

1. Abdominal distention from swallowed air or intestinal gas from fermentation. 2. Distention of the rumen of cattle, caused by the accumulation of gases of fermentation, particularly likely to occur when the animals are pastured on rich legume grasses; if unrelieved, the condition may quickly lead to death.

Bloch
Bloch

Marcel, French physician, 1885–1925. See B. reaction.

Bloch
Bloch

Bruno, Swiss dermatologist, 1878–1933. See B.-Sulzberger disease, B.-Sulzberger syndrome.

block
block (block)

1. To obstruct; to arrest passage through. 2. A condition in which the passage of an electrical impulse is arrested, wholly or in part, temporarily or permanently. 3. SYN: atrioventricular b.. [Fr. bloquer]
alveolocapillary b. the presence of material that impairs the diffusion of gases between the air in the alveolar spaces and the blood in alveolar capillaries; b. can be caused by edema, cellular infiltration, fibrosis, or tumor, and results in undersaturation of peripheral arterial blood with oxygen.
antegrade b. SYN: anterograde b..
anterograde b. conduction b. of an impulse traveling anywhere in its ordinary direction, for example, from the sinoatrial node toward the ventricular myocardium. SYN: antegrade b..
arborization b. intraventricular b. supposedly due to widespread blockage in the Purkinje ramifications and manifested in the electrocardiogram by a pattern similar to bundle-branch b. but with complexes of low amplitude.
atrioventricular b., AV b. partial or complete b. of electric impulses originating in the atrium or sinus node preventing them from reaching the atrioventricular node and ventricles. In first degree AV b., there is prolongation of AV conduction time (PR interval); in second degree AV b., some but not all atrial impulses fail to reach the ventricles, thus some ventricular beats are dropped; in complete AV b. (third degree), complete atrioventricular dissociation (2) occurs; no impulses can reach the ventricles despite even a slow ventricular rate (under 45/min); atria and ventricles beat independently. SYN: b. (3) , heart b..
bone b. surgical procedure in which a bone graft is placed adjacent to a joint to limit motion of the joint mechanically or to improve the stability of the joint, e.g., at the ankle joint to correct foot-drop by preventing plantarflexion past 0°, but allowing dorsiflexion beyond 0°, e.g., at the glenohumeral joint to prevent posterior instability.
bundle-branch b. intraventricular b. due to interruption of conduction in one of the two main branches of the bundle of His and manifested in the electrocardiogram by marked prolongation of the QRS complex; b. of each branch has distinctive QRS morphology.
complete AV b. 1. See atrioventricular b.. 2. SYN: complete atrioventricular dissociation. See atrioventricular b..
conduction b. failure of impulse transmission at some point along a nerve, although conduction along the segments proximal and distal to it are unaffected; clinically, most often the result of an area of focal demyelination; when caused by focal trauma, called neurapraxia.
congenital heart b. atrioventricular b. present in utero or at birth and usually of advanced or complete degree.
depolarizing b. skeletal muscle paralysis associated with loss of polarity of the motor endplate, as occurs following administration of succinylcholine.
divisional b. arrest of the impulse in one of the assumed two main divisions of the left branch of the bundle of His; i.e., in either the anterior (superior)_ division or the posterior (inferior) division. SYN: hemiblock.
entrance b. SYN: protective b..
epidural b. an obstruction in the epidural space; used inaccurately to refer to epidural anesthesia.
exit b. inability of an impulse to leave its point of origin, the mechanism for which is conceived as an encircling zone of refractory tissue denying passage to the emerging impulse.
fascicular b. a condition based on the disputed concept that the left branch of the bundle of His provides two of three major fascicles of a system of conduction, of which the right bundle branch constitutes the third, for the transmission of the cardiac impulse from the atrium above to the ventricles below the AV node; b. may occur in any or all fascicles, all three together producing complete AV b.. SEE ALSO: hemiblock.
field b. regional anesthesia produced by infiltration of local anesthetic solution into tissues surrounding an operative field.
first degree AV b. atrioventricular b..
heart b. SYN: atrioventricular b..
incomplete atrioventricular b. SYN: partial heart b..
interatrial b. SYN: intraatrial b..
intraatrial b. impaired conduction through the atria, manifested by widened and often notched P waves in the electrocardiogram. SYN: interatrial b..
intraventricular b. (IVB) , IV b. delayed conduction within the ventricular conducting system or myocardium, including bundle-branch, periinfarction blocks, fascicular blocks, nonspecific IV b.and Wolff-Parkinson-White (preexcitation) syndrome.
Mobitz b. second degree atrioventricular b. in which there is a ratio of two or more atrial deflections (P waves) to ventricular responses.
Mobitz types of atrioventricular b. type I, the dropped beat of the Wenckebach phenomenon; type II, a dropped cardiac cycle that occurs without alteration in the conduction of the preceding intervals.
nerve b. interruption of conduction of impulses in peripheral nerves or nerve trunks by injection of local anesthetic solution.
nondepolarizing b. skeletal muscle paralysis unaccompanied by changes in polarity of the motor endplate, as occurs following administration of tubocurarine.
partial heart b. impulses penetrate the atrioventricular junction in some relation to the ventricular rate. SYN: incomplete atrioventricular b..
periinfarction b. an electrocardiographic abnormality associated with a myocardial infarct and caused by delayed activation of the myocardium in the region of the infarct; characterized by an initial vector directed away from the infarcted region with the terminal vector directed toward it.
phase I b. inhibition of nerve impulse transmission across the myoneural junction associated with depolarization of the motor endplate, as in the muscle paralysis produced by succinylcholine.
phase II b. inhibition of nerve impulse transmission across the myoneural junction unaccompanied by depolarization of the motor endplate, as in the muscle paralysis produced by tubocurarine.
protective b. an incompletely understood mechanism whereby a pacemaker is protected from being discharged by the impulse from another center; the mechanism, usually conceived as an encircling zone of unidirectionally refractory tissue permitting egress of impulses from the center but preventing access to the center, is seen in operation in ventricular parasystole where the parasystolic center is protected from discharge by the sinus pacemaker and so is able to maintain its intrinsic rhythm undisturbed. SYN: entrance b., protection.
pupillary b. increased resistance to flow of aqueous humor through the pupil from the posterior chamber to the anterior chamber, leading to anterior bowing of the peripheral iris over the trabecular meshwork and to angle-closure glaucoma.
retrograde b. impaired conduction backward from the ventricles or AV node into the atria.
reverse pupillary b. increased resistance to flow of aqueous humor through the pupil from the anterior chamber to the posterior chamber, leading to posterior bowing of the peripheral iris against the zonules; a possible mechanism for pigmentary glaucoma.
second degree AV b. atrioventricular b..
sinoatrial b., S-A b., sinus b. blockade of the impulse leaving the sinus node before it can activate atrial muscle. SYN: sinoauricular b..
sinoauricular b. SYN: sinoatrial b..
spinal b. an obstruction to the flow of cerebrospinal fluid in the spinal subarachnoid space; used inaccurately to refer to spinal anesthesia.
stellate b. injection of local anesthetic solution in the vicinity of the stellate ganglion.
suprahisian b. atrioventricular conduction delay occurring above, or cephalad to, the bundle of His.
third degree AV b. SYN: complete atrioventricular dissociation. See atrioventricular b..
unidirectional b. b. that prevents passage of an impulse when it approaches from one direction but not from the other, as when b. in the AV node prevents anterograde conduction to the ventricles while retrograde conduction to the atria remains intact.
Wenckebach b. a form of b. in any cardiac tissue (most often the atrioventricular junction) in which there is progressive lengthening of conduction (decremental conduction) until the beat is dropped.
Wolff-Chaikoff b. blocking of the organic binding of iodine and its incorporation into hormone caused by large doses of iodine; usually a transient effect, but in large doses in susceptible individuals it can be prolonged and cause iodine myxedema. SYN: Wolff-Chaikoff effect.

blockade
blockade (blok′ad)

1. Intravenous injection of large amounts of colloidal dyes or other substances in order to block reticuloendothelial cells ( e.g., phagocytosis is temporarily prevented). 2. Receptor b., blocking the effect of a hormone at the cell surface. 3. Arrest of peripheral nerve conduction or transmission at autonomic synaptic junctions, autonomic receptor sites, or myoneural junctions by a drug. 4. The occupation of receptors by an antagonist so that usual agonists are relatively ineffective.
adrenergic b. selective inhibition by a drug of the responses of effector cells to adrenergic sympathetic nerve impulses (sympatholytic) and to epinephrine and related amines (adrenolytic).
cholinergic b. 1. inhibition by a drug of nerve impulse transmission at autonomic ganglionic synapses (ganglionic b.), at postganglionic parasympathetic effector cells ( e.g., by atropine), and at myoneural junctions (myoneural b.); 2. the inhibition of a cholinergic agent.
ganglionic b. inhibition of nerve impulse transmission at autonomic ganglionic synapses by drugs such as nicotine or hexamethonium.
myoneural b. inhibition of nerve impulse transmission at myoneural junctions by a drug such as curare.
narcotic b. the use of drugs to inhibit the effects of narcotic substances, as with naloxone.
sympathetic b. interruption of transmission in sympathetic ganglia or conduction of impulses in pre- or postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers.
virus b. the interference of one virus by another, either attenuated or unrelated.

blocker
blocker (blok′er)

1. An instrument used to obstruct a passage. 2. See blocking agent.
angiotensin receptor blockers agents, such as losartan, that bind with angiotensin receptors, thus preventing access of angiotensin II to the receptor and consequently reducing the vasoconstriction produced by this agonist; used in the treatment of hypertension.
calcium channel b. a class of drugs with the capacity to prevent calcium ions from passing through biologic membranes. These agents are used to treat hypertension, angina pectoris, and cardiac arrhythmias; examples include nifedipine, diltiazem, verapamil, amlodipene.

blocking
blocking (blok′ing)

1. Obstructing; arresting of passage, conduction, or transmission. 2. In psychoanalysis, a sudden break in free association occurring when a painful subject or repressed complex is touched. 3. Sudden cessation of thoughts and speech, which may indicate the presence of a severe thought disorder or a psychosis.
alpha b. the attenuation of the occipital alpha rhythm (8–14 Hz brain waves as seen on an electroencephalogram), produced by opening the eyes or by intense mental concentration.

block-out
block-out (blok′owt)

Elimination of undercuts by filling such areas with a medium such as wax or wet pumice.

Blocq
Blocq

Paul O., French physician, 1860–1896. See B. disease.

Blom
Blom

Eric D., 20th century U.S. speech-language pathologist. See B.-Singer valve.

blood
blood (blud)

The “circulating tissue” of the body; the fluid and its suspended formed elements that are circulated through the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins; b. is the means by which 1) oxygen and nutritive materials are transported to the tissues, and 2) carbon dioxide and various metabolic products are removed for excretion. The b. consists of a pale yellow or gray-yellow fluid, plasma, in which are suspended red b. cells (erythrocytes), white b. cells (leukocytes), and platelets. SEE ALSO: arterial b., venous b.. [A.S. blod]
arterial b. b. that is oxygenated in the lungs, found in the left chambers of the heart and in the arteries, and relatively bright red.
cord b. b. present in the umbilical vessels at the time of delivery. It is of fetal origin.
laky b. b. that is undergoing or has undergone laking. See lake (2) , laky.
occult b. b. in the feces in amounts too small to be seen but detectable by chemical tests.
sludged b. b. in which the corpuscles, as a result of some general abnormal state, e.g., burns, traumatic shock, and similar stresses, become massed together in the capillaries, and thereby block the vessels or move slowly through them.
venous b. b. which has passed through the capillaries of various tissues, except the lungs, and is found in the veins, the right chambers of the heart, and the pulmonary arteries; it is usually dark red as a result of a lower content of oxygen.
whole b. b. drawn from a selected donor under rigid aseptic precautions; contains citrate ion or heparin as an anticoagulant; used as a b. replenisher.

blood bank
blood bank

A place, usually a separate part or division of a hospital laboratory or a separtate free-standing facility, in which blood is collected from donors, typed, separated into several components, stored, and/or prepared for transfusion to recipients.

blood count
blood count

Calculation of the number of red (RBC) or white (WBC) blood cells in a cubic millimeter of blood, by means of counting the cells in an accurate volume of diluted blood.
complete b. (CBC) a combination of the following determinations: red blood cell count, white blood cell count, erythrocyte indices, hematocrit, differential b., and sometimes platelet count.
differential white b. an estimate of the percentage of each white blood cell type making up the total white blood cell count.
Schilling b. a method of counting blood in which the polymorphonuclear neutrophils are separated into four groups according to the number and arrangement of the nuclear masses in these cells. SYN: Schilling index.

blood dust
blood dust

SYN: hemoconia.

blood group
blood group

1. A system of antigens under the control of closely linked allelic loci on the surface of the erythrocyte. Because of the antigenic differences existing between individuals, blood groups are significant in blood transfusions, maternal-fetal incompatibilities (hemolytic disease of the newborn), tissue and organ transplantation, disputed paternity cases, and in genetic and anthropologic studies; certain blood groups may be related to susceptibility or resistance to certain diseases. Often used as synonymous with blood type. See Blood Groups appendix for individual groups: ABO, Auberger, Diego, Duffy, I, Kell, Kidd, Lewis, Lutheran, MNSs, P, Rh, Sutter, Xg, and the low-frequency and high-frequency blood groups. 2. The classification of blood samples by means of laboratory tests of their agglutination reactions with respect to one or more blood groups. In general, a suspension of erythrocytes to be tested is exposed to a known specific antiserum; agglutination of the erythrocytes indicates that they possess the antigen for which the antiserum is specific. Certain antisera require special testing conditions.
private b. a b. that is known to have occurred in only one family and is traceable to one single person.

bloodless
bloodless (blud′les)

Without blood.

bloodletting
bloodletting (blud′let-ing)

Removing blood, usually from a vein; formerly used as a general remedial measure, but used now in congestive heart failure and polycythemia. See phlebotomy.
general b. removing blood by arteriotomy or phlebotomy.
local b. removing blood from the smaller vessels, formerly by a cupping glass or by leeching.

blood relative
blood relative

A popular term describing a relative of a person sharing a common ancestor. No special importance attaches to the blood as a vehicle of inheritance. Spouses are not ordinarily blood relatives and when they are, the marriage is consanguineous and carries a higher risk than average of progeny homozygous by descent from ancestors in common. Such marriages are discouraged and within certain degrees of kindred may be illegal.

bloodshot
bloodshot (blud′shot)

Denoting locally congested smaller blood vessels of a part ( e.g., the conjunctiva) which are dilated and visible.

bloodstream
bloodstream (blud′strem)

The flowing blood as it is encountered in the circulatory system as distinguished from blood that has been removed from the circulatory system or sequestered in a part; thus, something added to the b. may be expected to become distributed to all parts of the body through which blood is flowing.

blood type
blood type

The specific agglutination pattern of erythrocytes of an individual to the antisera of one blood group; e.g., the ABO blood group consists of four major blood types: O, A, B, and AB. This classification depends on the presence or absence of two major antigens: A or B. Type O occurs when neither is present and type AB when both are present. The b. is the genetic phenotype of the individual for one blood group system and may be determined using different antisera available for testing. See Blood Groups appendix.

blood vessel
blood vessel [TA]

Any vessel conveying blood: arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins. conveying blood. SYN: vas sanguineum [TA] .
choroid blood vessels [TA] the arteries and veins that, with the loose connective tissue and pigmented cells which form their matrix, comprise the vascular lamina of the choroid. SYN: vasa sanguinea choroideae [TA] .
intrapulmonary blood vessels [TA] the intrasegmental branches of the pulmonary artery and vein that course within the parenchyma of the lungs. SYN: vasa sanguinea intrapulmonalia [TA] .
retinal blood vessels [TA] the blood vasculature of the retina, including the branches and tributaries of the central retinal artery and vein, respectively, and the vascular circle of the optic nerve. SYN: vasa sanguinea retinae [TA] .

bloodworm
bloodworm (blud′werm)

1. The filarial parasite of sheep, Elaeophora schneideri. 2. Red aquatic larvae of certain dipterous gnats and midges. 3. Marine annelids in the family Terebellidae with soft bodies and red blood. 4. Blood-inhabiting worms, such as the human blood flukes in the genus Schistosoma.

Bloom
Bloom

David, U.S. dermatologist, *1892. See B. syndrome.

blot
blot

See Northern b. analysis, Southern b. analysis, Western b. analysis, zoo b. analysis.

blotch
blotch

Commonly used term to denote a pigmented or erythematous lesion.

Blount
Blount

Walter P., U.S. orthopedic surgeon, *1900. See B. disease, B.-Barber disease.

blowfly
blowfly

See Calliphora, Lucilia, Phormia regina.

blue
blue (bloo)

A color between green and violet on the spectrum. For individual b. dyes, see the specific name. SYN: cerulean.

blues
blues (blooz)

State of depression or sadness. [slang, fr. blue devils]
postpartum b. mood disturbance (including insomnia, weepiness, depression, anxiety, and irritability) experienced by up to 50% of women the first week postpartum; apparently precipitated by progesterone withdrawal.

Blum
Blum

Paul, French physician, 1878–1933. See Gougerot and B. disease.

Blumberg
Blumberg

Jacob M., German surgeon and gynecologist, 1873–1955. See B. sign.

Blumenau
Blumenau

Leonid W., Russian neurologist, 1862–1932. See B. nucleus.

Blumenbach
Blumenbach

Johann F., German physiologist, 1752–1840. See B. clivus.

Blumer
Blumer

George A., U.S. physician, 1858–1940. See B. shelf.

blunt-end
blunt-end (blunt-end)

Refers to double-stranded DNA in which there are no unpaired bases at the end of the polynucleotide.

blush
blush (blush)

1. A sudden and brief redness of the face and neck due to emotion. 2. In angiography, used metaphorically to describe neovascularity or, in some cases, extravasation. [M.E., fr. O.E. blyscan,]
tumor b. enhancement of tumor on radiologic exams by administration of contrast agents.

BLV
BLV

Abbreviation for bovine leukemia virus.

B-mode
B-mode

A two-dimensional diagnostic ultrasound presentation of echo-producing interfaces; the intensity of the echo is represented by modulation of the brightness of the spot, and the position of the echo is determined from the angular position of the transducer and the transit time of the acoustical pulse and its echo.

BMR
BMR

Abbreviation for basal metabolic rate.

BNA
BNA

Abbreviation for Basle Nomina Anatomica.

board
board

institutional review b. (IRB) the standing committee in a hospital or other facility that is charged with responsibility for ensuring the safety and well-being of human subjects involved in research.

bobbing
bobbing (bob′ing)

An up-and-down movement.
inverse ocular b. slow downward eye movement followed by delayed quick upward return.
ocular b. sudden conjugate downward deviation of the eyes with a slow return to the normal position; seen in some comatose patients who have bilateral hemisphere lesions.

bobierrite
bobierrite (bob′-e-er-it)

The octahydrate of magnesium phosphate; sometimes found in renal calculi. Cf.:newberyite, struvite. [Pierre A. Bobierre, Fr. chemist, + -ite]

BOC
BOC, t-BOC

Abbreviations formerly used for t-butoxycarbonyl; current usage is Boc.

Boc
Boc

Abbreviation for t-butoxycarbonyl.

Bochdalek
Bochdalek

Vincent A., Czechoslovakian anatomist, 1801–1883. See B. foramen, B. ganglion, B. gap, foramen of B. hernia, B. muscle, B. valve, flower basket of B..

Bock
Bock

August C., German anatomist, 1782–1833. See B. ganglion.

Bockhart
Bockhart

Max, German physician, 1883–1921. See B. impetigo.

BOD
BOD

Abbreviation for biochemical oxygen demand.

Bodansky
Bodansky

Aaron, U.S. biochemist, 1887–1961. See B. unit.

Bödecker
Bödecker

Charles F., U.S. oral histologist, embryologist, and pathologist, *1880. See B. index.

Bodian
Bodian

David, U.S. anatomist, *1910. See B. copper-protargol stain.

Bodo
Bodo (bo′do)

A genus of free-living, ovoid or slightly pyriform protozoa with two flagella, one projecting anteriorly and the other posteriorly; may be ingested as encysted forms in food or drink, or possibly deposited in feces or urine after excretion; in either instance, cysts frequently develop into trophozoites if the specimen is permitted to remain at room temperature for a few hours prior to examination; the organisms are not pathogenic in humans.
B. caudatus a species that is found in specimens of human feces (especially in tropical regions); the organisms are frequently termed coprozoic flagellates.
B. saltans a species of the intestinal tract sometimes observed in ulcers.
B. urinarius a species found occasionally in the urine.

body
body (bod′e)

1. The head, neck, trunk, and extremities. The human b., consisting of head (caput), neck (collum), trunk (truncus), and limbs (membra). 2. The material part of a human, as distinguished from the mind and spirit. 3. The principal mass of any structure. 4. A thing; a substance. SEE ALSO: corpus, soma. SYN: corpus (1) [TA] . [A.S. bodig]
acetone b. SYN: ketone b..
adrenal b. SYN: suprarenal gland.
alcoholic hyaline bodies SYN: Mallory bodies.
Alder bodies granular inclusions in polymorphonuclear leukocytes; they take on a dark color with Giemsa-Wright stain and react metachromatically with toluidine blue. SEE ALSO: Alder anomaly.
alveolar b. SYN: alveolar process of maxilla.
amygdaloid b. [TA] a rounded mass of gray matter in the temporal lobe internal to the cortex of the uncus and immediately anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle; its major afferents are olfactory and its efferent connections are with the hypothalamus and mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus and it is also reciprocally associated with the cortex of the temporal lobe; it is subdivided into two major nuclear groups; basolateral and corticormedial. The individual nuclei of the amygdaloid b. (or complex) are the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus [TA] (nucleus anygdalae basilis lateralis [TA]), basomedial amygdaloid nucleus [TA] (nucleus amygdalae basalis medialis [TA]), central amygdaloid nucleus [TA] (nucleus amygdalae centralis [TA]), cortical amygdaloid nucleus [TA] (nucleus amygdalae corticalis [TA]), interstitial amygdaloid nucleus [TA] (nucleus amygdalae interstitialis [TA]), lateral amygdaloid nucleus [TA] (nucleus amygdalae lateralis [TA]), medial amygdaloid nucleus [TA] (nucleus amygdalae medialis [TA]), and the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract [TA] (nucleus tractus olfactorii lateralis [TA]). SYN: amygdaloid complex [TA] , corpus amygdaloideum [TA] , amygdaloid nucleus, nucleus amygdalae.
amylogenic b. SYN: amyloplast.
anococcygeal b. SYN: anococcygeal ligament.
anterior quadrigeminal b. SYN: superior colliculus.
aortic bodies SYN: paraaortic bodies.
Arnold bodies small portions or minute fragments of erythrocytes (sometimes mistaken for blood platelets), or small “ghosts” of erythrocytes.
asbestos bodies ferruginous bodies with asbestos fibers as a core; a histologic hallmark of exposure to asbestos.
Aschoff bodies a form of granulomatous inflammation characteristically observed in acute rheumatic carditis; fully developed Aschoff bodies consist of fibrinoid change in connective tissue, lymphocytes, occasional plasma cells, and abnormal characteristic histiocytes. SYN: Aschoff nodules.
asteroid b. 1. an eosinophilic inclusion resembling a star with delicate radiating lines, occurring in a vacuolated area of cytoplasm of a multinucleated giant cell; especially frequent in sarcoidosis, but also seen in other granulomas; 2. a structure that is characteristic of sporotrichosis when found in the skin or secondary lesions of this mycosis; in tissue, it surrounds the 3- to 5-μm in diameter ovoid yeast of Sporothrix schenckii.
Auer bodies rod-shaped structures of uncertain nature in the cytoplasm of immature myeloid cells, especially myeloblasts, in acute myelocytic leukemia; may be an abnormal form of lysosomes; they contain peroxidase and acid phosphatase, and stain red by azure-eosin stains. SYN: Auer rods.
Barr chromatin b. SYN: sex chromatin.
basal b. an elongated centriolar structure situated at the base of each cilium at the apical margin of a cell. SYN: basal corpuscle, basal granule, blepharoplast, kinetosome.
bigeminal bodies a bilateral single swelling of the roofplate of the embryonic midbrain that later in development becomes subdivided into a superior and an inferior colliculus. See quadrigeminal bodies. SYN: corpora bigemina.
b. of bladder [TA] the portion of the bladder between the apex and fundus. SYN: corpus vesicae [TA] .
brassy b. a dark-colored, usually shrunken erythrocyte in which there is a malarial parasite.
b. of breast [TA] the principal part of the breast, consisting of glandular tissue and its supporting fibrous tissue. It forms a conical mass converging toward the nipple and is surrounded by adipose tissue. SYN: corpus mammae [TA] , b. of mammary gland.
Cabot ring bodies ring-shaped or figure-of-eight structures that stain red with Wright stain, found in red blood cells in severe anemias, possibly a remnant of the nuclear membrane; a form of basophilic degenerative process.
Call-Exner bodies small fluid-filled spaces between granulosal cells in ovarian follicles and in ovarian granulosa cell tumors; they may form a rosettelike structure.
carotid b. [TA] a small epithelioid structure located just above the bifurcation of the common carotid artery on each side. It consists of granular principal cells and nongranular supporting cells, a sinusoidal vascular bed, and a rich network of sensory fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve. It serves as a chemoreceptor organ responsive to oxygen lack, carbon dioxide excess, and increased hydrogen ion concentration. SYN: glomus caroticum [TA] , intercarotid b., nodulus caroticus.
b. of caudate nucleus [TA] the suprathalamic part of the caudate nucleus lying in the floor of the central part (the b.) of the lateral ventricle. SYN: corpus nuclei caudati [TA] .
cavernous bodies of anal canal SYN: anal cushions, under cushion.
cavernous b. of clitoris SYN: corpus cavernosum of clitoris.
cavernous b. of penis SYN: corpus cavernosum penis.
cell b. the part of the cell containing the nucleus.
central b. SYN: cytocentrum.
central fibrous b. the fibrous area where the leaflets of the aortic, mitral, and tricuspid valves meet in the heart.
chromaffin b. SYN: paraganglion.
chromatin b. the genetic apparatus of bacteria. See nucleus (2) .
ciliary b. [TA] a thickened portion of the vascular tunic of the eye between the choroid and the iris; it consists of three parts or zones; orbiculus ciliaris, corona ciliaris, and ciliary muscle. SYN: corpus ciliare [TA] , anulus ciliaris.
Civatte bodies eosinophilic hyaline spherical bodies seen in the epidermis, in lichen planus and other skin disorders; formed by apoptosis of individual basal cells. SYN: colloid bodies.
b. of clavicle shaft of clavicle.
b. of clitoris [TA] the shaft or pendulous portion of the clitoris, composed of two fused corpora cavernosa clitoridae, the distal end of which is the glans clitoris. SYN: corpus clitoridis [TA] .
coccygeal b. [TA] an arteriovenous (arteriolovenular) anastomosis supplied by the middle sacral artery and located on the pelvic surface of the coccyx. It was formerly called a gland (of Luschka) or a glomus and included with the paraganglia. SYN: corpus coccygeum [TA] , arteriococcygeal gland, coccygeal gland, glomus coccygeum.
colloid bodies SYN: Civatte bodies.
compressible cavernous bodies submucous venous plexuses found at the level of the pharyngoesophageal junction and anal canal, which assist in reducing or obliterating the lumen.
conchoidal bodies SYN: Schaumann bodies.
b. of corpus callosum trunk of corpus callosum.
Councilman b., Councilman hyaline b. an eosinophilic globule, seen in the liver in yellow fever, derived from apoptosis of a single hepatic cell.
Cowdry type A inclusion bodies dropletlike masses of acidophilic material surrounded by clear halos within nuclei, with margination of chromatin on the nuclear membrane as seen in human herpesvirus–infected cells.
Cowdry type B inclusion bodies obsolete term for dropletlike masses of acidophilic material surrounded by clear halos within nuclei, without other nuclear changes during early stages of development of the inclusion as seen in poliomyelitis.
creola bodies large compact clusters of ciliated columnar cells found in the sputum of some asthmatic patients.
cyanobacteriumlike bodies SYN: Cyclospora.
cytoid bodies swollen retinal nerve fibers that on light microscopy look like cells when cut transversely; histopathologic correlative of retinal cotton-wool patches.
cytoplasmic inclusion bodies inclusion bodies.
Deetjen bodies obsolete term for platelet.
demilune b. a circular b. of extreme transparency except for a crescentic punctate substance on one edge which contains hemoglobin. The b. is much larger than a red blood cell, but is thought possibly to be a degenerated red blood cell swollen by imbibition; it has been found in malaria and in convalescence from typhoid fever; the transparent portion is called the glass b..
dense bodies granules in the central granulomere of blood platelets that take up and store serotonin from plasma. Electron-dense bodies containing α-actinin in the cytoplasm of smooth muscle cells associated with the cell membrane are believed to be homologous to the Z-lines of striated muscle.
Döhle bodies discrete round or oval bodies ranging in diameter from just visible to 2 μm, which stain sky blue to gray blue with Romanowsky stains, found in neutrophils of patients with infections, burns, trauma, pregnancy, or cancer. SYN: Döhle inclusions, leukocyte inclusions.
Donovan bodies clusters of blue or black staining, bipolar chromatin condensations in large mononuclear cells in granulation tissue infected with Calymmatobacterium granulomatis.
Ehrlich inner b. a round oxyphil b. found in the red blood cell in case of hemocytolysis due to a specific blood poison. SYN: Heinz-Ehrlich b..
elementary bodies 1. (E.B., EB) old term for virions, especially the largest virus particles, visible by light microscopy when stained; as in lesions of smallpox, vaccinia; 2. SYN: platelet.
b. of epididymis [TA] the middle part that extends downward from the head to the tail of the epididymis on the posterior surface of the testis. SYN: corpus epididymidis [TA] .
epithelial b. SYN: parathyroid gland.
fat b. fat-pad.
fat b. of cheek SYN: buccal fat-pad.
fat b. of ischioanal fossa [TA] the fat within the ischiorectal fossa. SYN: corpus adiposum fossae ischiorectalis, fat b. of ischiorectal fossa, ischiorectal fat-pad.
fat b. of ischiorectal fossa SYN: fat b. of ischioanal fossa.
fat b. of orbit SYN: retrobulbar fat.
b. of femur shaft of femur.
ferruginous bodies in the lungs, foreign inorganic or organic fibers coated by complexes of hemosiderin and glycoproteins, and believed to be formed by macrophages that have phagocytized the fibers. SEE ALSO: asbestos bodies.
b. of fibula shaft of fibula.
foreign b. anything of material substance in the tissues or cavities of the b. that has been introduced there from without, and that is not rapidly absorbable.
b. of fornix [TA] the middle part of the fornix situated ventral to the corpus callosum. SYN: corpus fornicis [TA] .
fruiting b. any fungal structure that bears spores.
fuchsin bodies 1. SYN: Russell bodies. 2. SYN: hyaline bodies.
b. of gallbladder [TA] the main part of the gallbladder terminating in the rounded fundus below and continuing into the neck of the gallbladder above. SYN: corpus vesicae biliaris [TA] , corpus vesicae felleae&star.
Gamna-Favre bodies characteristic, relatively large, intracytoplasmic basophilic inclusion bodies observed in endothelial cells in lymphogranuloma venereum; probably composed of degenerated nuclear material. SEE ALSO: Miyagawa bodies.
Gamna-Gandy bodies small firm spheroidal or irregular foci that are yellow-brown, brown, or rusted color, occurring chiefly in the spleen in such conditions as congestive splenomegaly and sickle cell disease, and consisting of relatively dense fibrous tissue or collagenous fibers impregnated with iron pigment and calcium salts; probably result from organization and scarring of sites where small perivascular hemorrhages occurred. SYN: Gamna-Gandy nodules, Gandy-Gamna bodies, siderotic nodules.
Gandy-Gamna bodies SYN: Gamna-Gandy bodies.
geniculate b. lateral geniculate b., medial geniculate b..
glass b. demilune b..
glomus b. SYN: glomus (2) .
Golgi b. SYN: Golgi apparatus.
Guarnieri bodies intracytoplasmic acidophilic inclusion bodies observed in epithelial cells in variola (smallpox) and vaccinia infections, and which include aggregations of Paschen bodies or virus particles.
Halberstaedter-Prowazek bodies SYN: trachoma bodies.
Hassall bodies SYN: thymic corpuscle.
Hassall-Henle bodies hyaline bodies on the posterior surface of Descemet membrane at the periphery of the cornea. SYN: Henle warts.
Heinz bodies intracellular inclusions usually attached to the red cell membrane, composed of denatured hemoglobin; they occur in thalassemia, enzymopathies, hemoglobinopathies, and after splenectomy. Visualization of these usually requires examination of red cells using supravital stains or by phase microscopy.
Heinz-Ehrlich b. SYN: Ehrlich inner b..
hematoxylin bodies, hematoxyphil bodies poorly defined, homogeneous basophilic remnants of whole nuclei, an occasional finding in the fixed tissues of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, but observed more frequently in the renal glomeruli and the walls of blood vessels, and probably related to the LE phenomenon; so named because of their affinity for hematoxylin stain.
Herring bodies accumulations of neurosecretory granules in dilated terminal endings of axons in the neurohypophysis.
Highmore b. SYN: mediastinum of testis.
Howell-Jolly bodies spherical or ovoid eccentrically located granules, approximately 1 μm in diameter, occasionally observed in the stroma of circulating erythrocytes, especially in stained preparations (as compared with wet unstained films); probably represent nuclear remnants, inasmuch as they can be stained with dyes that are rather specific for chromatin; the significance of the bodies is not exactly known; they occur most frequently after splenectomy or in megaloblastic or severe hemolytic anemia. SYN: Jolly bodies.
b. of humerus shaft of humerus.
hyaline bodies homogeneous eosinophilic inclusions in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells; in renal tubules, hyaline bodies represent droplets of protein reabsorbed from the lumen. SEE ALSO: Mallory bodies, drusen. SYN: fuchsin bodies (2) .
hyaline bodies of pituitary accumulations of a gelatinous neurosecretory substance in the axons of the hypothalamohypophyseal tract in the posterior lobe of the hypophysis.
hyaloid b. SYN: vitreous b..
b. of hyoid bone [TA] the b. of the hyoid bone, from which the greater and lesser horns extend. SYN: corpus ossis hyoidei [TA] , base of hyoid bone, basihyal, basihyoid.
b. of ilium [TA] it forms the upper two-fifths of the acetabulum and joins the pubis and ischium in the acetabulum. It continues above into the ala or wing of the ilium. SYN: corpus ossis ilii [TA] .
inclusion bodies distinctive structures frequently formed in the nucleus or cytoplasm (occasionally in both locations) in cells infected with certain filtrable viruses; may be demonstrated by means of various stains, especially Mann eosin methylene blue or Giemsa techniques and visible by light microscopy. Nuclear inclusion bodies are usually acidophilic and are of two morphologic types: 1) granular, hyaline, or amorphous bodies of various sizes, i.e., Cowdry type A inclusion bodies, occurring in such diseases as herpes simplex infection or yellow fever; 2) more circumscribed bodies, frequently with several in the same nucleus (and no reaction in adjacent tissue), i.e., the type B bodies, occurring in such diseases as Rift Valley fever and poliomyelitis. Cytoplasmic inclusion bodies may be: 1) acidophilic, relatively large, spherical or ovoid, and somewhat granular, as in variola or vaccinia, rabies, and molluscum contagiosum; 2) basophilic, relatively large, complex combinations of viral and cellular material, as in trachoma, psittacosis, and lymphogranuloma venereum. In some instances, inclusion bodies are known to be infective and probably represent aggregates of virus particles in combination with cellular material, whereas others are apparently not infective and may represent only abnormal products formed by the cell in response to injury.
b. of incus [TA] the main part of the incus that articulates with the malleus and from which the short and long limbs arise. SYN: corpus incudis [TA] .
infrapatellar fat b. SYN: infrapatellar fat-pad.
intercarotid b. SYN: carotid b..
intermediate b. of Flemming SYN: midbody.
b. of ischium [TA] the entire ischium with the exception of the ramus. SYN: corpus ossis ischii [TA] .
Jaworski bodies mucous shreds in the gastric contents in hyperchlorhydria.
Jolly bodies SYN: Howell-Jolly bodies.
juxtaglomerular b. a collection of modified smooth muscle cells around the renal glomerular arterioles that contain cytoplasmic granules, probably composed of renin. SYN: periarterial pad.
juxtarestiform b. [TA] a medial (smaller) subdivision of the inferior cerebellar peduncle composed of fibers reciprocally connecting the vestibular nuclei with the cerebellum, in particular the latter's nodulus, flocculus, and uvula vermis. It also carries primary sensory fibers from the vestibular ganglia to the cerebellum, as well as cerebellar projections to the rhombencephalic reticular formation and vestibular nuclei. SYN: corpus juxtarestiforme.
ketone b. one of a group of ketones that includes acetoacetic acid, its reduction product, β-hydroxybutyric acid, and its decarboxylation product, acetone; high levels are found in tissues and b. fluids in ketosis. SYN: acetone b., acetone compound.
Lafora b. [MIM*254780] an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by intraneural intracytoplasmic inclusion b. composed of acid mucopolysaccharides, seen in familial myoclonic epilepsy.
Lallemand bodies 1. old term for small gelatinoid concretions sometimes observed in seminal fluid; 2. old term for Bence Jones cylinders, under cylinder. SYN: Trousseau-Lallemand bodies.
lateral geniculate b. the lateral of a pair of small oval masses that protrude slightly from the posteroinferior aspect of the thalamus; commonly considered a part of the metathalamus. SYN: corpus geniculatum laterale [TA] , corpus geniculatum externum.
b. of lateral ventricle SYN: pars centralis ventriculi lateralis.
L-D b. SYN: Leishman-Donovan b..
LE b. the amorphous round b. in the cytoplasm of an LE cell.
Leishman-Donovan b. the intracytoplasmic, nonflagellated leishmanial form of certain intracellular parasites, such as species of Leishmania or the intracellular form of Trypanosoma cruzi; originally used for Leishmania donovani parasites in infected spleen or liver cells in kala azar. SYN: amastigote, L-D b..
Lewy bodies intracytoplasmic neuronal inclusion; bodies especially noted in pigmented brainstem neurons and seen in Parkinson disease.
Lieutaud b. SYN: trigone of bladder.
Lindner bodies initial bodies resembling inclusion bodies found in scrapings of epithelial cells infected with trachoma.
loose b. a solid tissue fragment lying free in a b. cavity, especially in a joint or the peritoneal cavity; e.g., joint mice, melon-seed b., rice b..
Luse bodies collagen fibers with abnormally long spacing (exceeding 1000 Å) between electron-dense bands.
Luys b. SYN: subthalamic nucleus.
Mallory bodies large, poorly defined accumulations of eosinophilic material in the cytoplasm of damaged hepatic cells in certain forms of cirrhosis especially those due to alcoholism. SYN: alcoholic hyalin, alcoholic hyaline bodies.
malpighian bodies SYN: splenic lymph follicles, under follicle.
b. of mammary gland SYN: b. of breast.
mammillary b. [TA] a small, round, paired cell group that protrudes into the interpeduncular fossa from the inferior aspect of the hypothalamus. It receives hippocampal fibers through the fornix and projects fibers to the anterior thalamic nuclei and into the brainstem tegmentum. SYN: corpus mammillare [TA] , mammillary tubercle of hypothalamus.
b. of mandible [TA] the heavy, U-shaped, horizontal portion of the mandible extending posteriorly to the angle where it is continuous with the ramus; it supports the lower teeth. SYN: corpus mandibulae [TA] .
b. of maxilla [TA] the central portion of the maxilla hollowed out by the maxillary sinus; it presents orbital, nasal, anterior, and infratemporal surfaces and supports four processes, frontal, zygomatic, palatine, and alveolar. SYN: corpus maxillae [TA] .
medial geniculate b. the medial one of a pair of small masses that protrude from the posteroinferior part of the thalamus; commonly considered a part of the metathalamus. SYN: corpus geniculatum mediale [TA] , corpus geniculatum internum.
melon-seed b. a small fibrous loose b. in a joint or tendon sheath.
b. of metacarpal shaft of metacarpal.
metachromatic bodies concentrated deposits consisting primarily of polymetaphosphate and occurring in many bacteria as well as in algae, fungi, and protozoa; m. bodies differ in staining properties from the surrounding protoplasm. See metachromasia.
b. of metatarsal shaft of metatarsal.
Michaelis-Gutmann b. a rounded homogeneous or concentrically laminated b., 1 to 10 μ in diameter, containing calcium and iron; found within macrophages in malakoplakia.
Miyagawa bodies an obsolete term for Chlamydia trachomatis (Miyagawanella lymphogranulomatosis), the elementary bodies that develop in the intracytoplasmic microcolonies of lymphogranuloma venereum.
molluscum b. a distinctive cytoplasmic spherical b. in the lesions of molluscum contagiosum caused by a member of the family Poxviridae; it consists of degenerated cytoplasm and the virus. SYN: molluscum corpuscle.
Mooser bodies a term used to refer to the rickettsiae found in the exudate (and in tissue) from the tunica vaginalis in endemic typhus fever (caused by Rickettsia typhi).
multilamellar b. SYN: cytosome (2) .
multivesicular bodies membrane-bound bodies, 0.5 to 1.0 μm wide, that occur in the cytoplasm of cells and contain a number of small vesicles; hydrolases (especially acid phosphatase) occur in the matrix.
myelin b. SYN: myelin figure.
b. of nail [TA] the exposed portion of the nail distal to its root. SYN: corpus unguis [TA] .
Negri bodies eosinophilic, sharply outlined, pathognomonic inclusion bodies (2 to 10 μm in diameter) found in the cytoplasm of certain nerve cells containing the virus of rabies, especially in Ammon horn of the hippocampus.
nerve cell b. the part of the neuron that includes the nucleus but excludes the processes.
neuroepithelial b. a corpuscular aggregate of highly innervated nonciliated cells containing neurosecretory substance found in normal intrapulmonary epithelium primarily at the bifurcations of bronchi.
Nissl bodies SYN: Nissl substance.
nodular b. in fungi, a compact, roughly spherical or squarish structure formed by coiling and twisting of the end of a hypha; considered to be abortive growths toward sexual reproduction.
nu b. SYN: nucleosome.
nuclear inclusion bodies inclusion bodies.
Odland b. SYN: keratinosome.
olivary b. SYN: oliva.
orbital fat b. retrobulbar fat.
pacchionian bodies SYN: arachnoid granulations, under granulation.
pampiniform b. SYN: epoophoron.
b. of pancreas [TA] the part of the pancreas from the point where it crosses the portal vein to the point where it enters the lienorenal ligament. SYN: corpus pancreatis [TA] .
Pappenheimer bodies phagosomes, containing ferruginous granules, found in red blood cells in diseases such as sideroblastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, and sickle cell disease; may contribute to spurious platelet counts by electro-optical counters.
paraaortic bodies [TA] small masses of chromaffin tissue found near the sympathetic ganglia along the aorta; they are more prominent during fetal life. The chromaffin cells secrete noradrenalin; chemoreceptive endings monitor levels of blood gases. SYN: corpora para-aortica [TA] , glomus aorticum [TA] , aortic glomera&star, glomera aortica&star, aortic bodies, corpus aorticum, organs of Zuckerkandl, Zuckerkandl bodies.
parabasal b. a term formerly equivalent to the DNA kinetoplast, part of the giant mitochondrion of certain parasitic flagellates. The parabasal b. plus the basal b. were previously thought to comprise a kinetoplast, or locomotory apparatus, but kinetoplast is now restricted to part of the DNA giant mitochondrion and parabasal b. is a distinct structure near the nucleus, probably equivalent to the metazoan Golgi apparatus.
paranephric b. a mass of fat lying behind the renal fascia.
paranuclear b. SYN: astrosphere.
paraphysial b. SYN: paraphysis.
paraterminal b. SYN: subcallosal gyrus.
Paschen bodies particles of virus observed in relatively large numbers in squamous cells of the skin (or the cornea of experimental animals) in variola (smallpox) or vaccinia.
b. of penis [TA] the free pendulous portion of the penis, consisting of shaft and glans penis. SYN: corpus penis [TA] , scapus penis.
perineal b. SYN: central tendon of perineum.
b. of phalanx shaft of phalanx.
Pick bodies intracytoplasmic argentophilic neuronal inclusion bodies seen in Pick disease.
pineal b. [TA] a small, unpaired, flattened b., shaped somewhat like a pine cone, attached at its anterior pole to the region of the posterior and habenular commissures, and lying in the depression between the two superior colliculi below the splenium of the corpus callosum; it is a glandular structure, composed of follicles containing epithelioid cells and lime concretions called brain sand; despite its attachment to the brain, it appears to receive nerve fibers exclusively from the peripheral autonomic nervous system. It produces melatonin. SYN: corpus pineale [TA] , glandula pinealis [TA] , pineal gland [TA] , conarium, epiphysis cerebri, pinus.
polar b. one of two small cells formed by the first and second meiotic division of oocytes; the first is usually released just prior to ovulation, the second not until discharge of the ovum from the ovary; in mammals, the second polar b. may fail to form unless the ovum has been penetrated by a sperm cell. SYN: polar cell, polar globule, polocyte.
polyhedral b. an inclusion b. associated with replication of certain insect viruses.
pontobulbar b. a collection of nerve cells in the lower part of the medulla oblongata forming a ridge which crosses the restiform b. obliquely. SYN: corpus pontobulbare.
posterior quadrigeminal b. SYN: inferior colliculus.
Prowazek bodies historic term for either of two types of inclusion bodies associated with certain diseases: 1) trachoma bodies; 2) tiny, ovoid, granular forms, frequently in pairs, observed in the cytoplasm and in Guarnieri bodies in the cutaneous squamous cells of humans and animals infected with variola (smallpox) or vaccinia virus; probably the same as Paschen bodies.
Prowazek-Greeff bodies SYN: trachoma bodies.
psammoma bodies 1. mineralized bodies occurring in the meninges, choroid plexus, and in certain meningiomas; composed usually of a central capillary surrounded by concentric whorls of meningocytes in various stages of hyaline change and mineralization; can also occur in benign and malignant epithelial tumors (such as papillary ovarian or thyroid carcinoma); SYN: sand bodies. 2. SYN: corpora arenacea, under corpus. 3. SYN: calcospherite.
psittacosis inclusion bodies intracytoplasmic chlamydial microcolonies observed in bronchial epithelial cells infected with Chlamydia psittaci.
pubic b., b. of pubic bone SYN: b. of pubis.
b. of pubis [TA] the flattened medial portion of the pubic bone entering into the pubic symphysis. From it extend the superior and inferior rami. SYN: corpus ossis pubis [TA] , pubic b., b. of pubic bone.
purine bodies any purine.
quadrigeminal bodies See inferior colliculus, superior colliculus. SYN: corpora quadrigemina.
b. of radius shaft of radius.
Renaut b. subperineurial structure comprised of loosely arranged and randomly oriented collagen fibers in a fine fibrillary material, seen in normal nerve as well as in certain pathologic states.
residual b. a cytoplasmic vacuole (lysosome) containing accumulated particulate products of metabolism, e.g., lipofuscin.
residual b. of Regaud the excess cytoplasm that separates from the spermatozoon during spermiogenesis.
rest b. a small mass of cytoplasm remaining after the nucleus and cytoplasm of the schizont of certain sporozoan protozoa have divided into asexual spores or merozoites.
restiform b. [TA] a lateral (larger) subdivision of the inferior cerebellar peduncle located on the dorsolateral aspect of the medulla oblongata and composed of a variety of fibers including, but not limited to, olivo-, reticulo-, cuneo-, trigemino-, and dorsal spinocerebellar. SEE ALSO: inferior cerebellar peduncle. SYN: corpus restiforme [TA] , eminentia restiformis, restiform eminence.
b. of rib [TA] the shaft of a rib; the portion that extends laterally, anteriorly, and then medially from the tubercle. SYN: corpus costae [TA] .
rice b. one of the small, loose bodies found in hygromas, tendon sheaths, and joints; usually one of many small loose bodies.
Rushton bodies linear or curved hyaline bodies, presumably of hematogenous origin, found within the epithelial lining of odontogenic cysts.
Russell bodies small, discrete, variably sized, spherical, intracytoplasmic, acidophilic, hyaline bodies that stain deeply with fuchsin; they occur in plasma cells in chronic inflammation and malignant disorders, and consist of immunoglobulin. SYN: fuchsin bodies (1) .
sand bodies SYN: psammoma bodies (1) .
Sandström bodies parathyroid gland.
Savage perineal b. SYN: central tendon of perineum.
Schaumann bodies concentrically laminated calcified bodies found in granulomas, particularly in sarcoidosis. SYN: conchoidal bodies.
sclerotic bodies vegetative rounded muriform cells of dematiaceous fungi, characteristic of the causal agents of chromoblastomycosis in tissue. SYN: copper pennies.
segmenting b. SYN: schizont.
b. of sphenoid [TA] the central portion of the sphenoid bone from which the greater and lesser wings and the pterygoid processes arise. The sphenoidal sinuses lie within it. SYN: corpus ossis sphenoidalis.
spongy b. of penis SYN: corpus spongiosum penis.
b. of sternum [TA] the middle and largest portion of the sternum, lying between the manubrium superiorly and the xiphoid process inferiorly. SYN: corpus sterni [TA] , gladiolus, mesosternum, midsternum.
b. of stomach [TA] the part of the stomach that lies between the fundus above and the pyloric antrum below; its boundaries are poorly defined. SYN: corpus gastricum [TA] .
striate b. the caudate and lentiform (lenticular) nuclei; the striate appearance on section is caused by slender fascicles of myelinated fibers. Histologically, the striate b. can be subdivided into the generally small-celled striatum, consisting of the caudate nucleus and the outer segment of the lentiform nucleus (the putamen), and a large-celled globus pallidus composed of the two segments. SYN: corpus striatum [TA] .
suprarenal b. SYN: suprarenal gland.
b. of sweat gland the coiled tubular secretory portion of a sweat gland located in the subcutaneous tissue or deep in the corium and connected to the surface of the skin by a long duct. SYN: corpus glandulae sudoriferae.
Symington anococcygeal b. SYN: anococcygeal ligament.
b. of talus [TA] the large posterior part of the talus forming the trochlea above for articulation with the tibia and fibula and articulating below with the calcaneus. SYN: corpus tali [TA] .
b. of thigh bone SYN: shaft of femur.
threshold b. SYN: threshold substance.
thyroid b. SYN: thyroid gland.
b. of tibia shaft of tibia.
tigroid bodies SYN: Nissl substance.
b. of tongue [TA] the oral part of the tongue anterior to the terminal sulcus. SYN: corpus linguae [TA] .
trachoma bodies distinctive, complex, intracytoplasmic forms found in the conjunctival epithelial cells of persons in the acute phase of trachoma, less frequently in later stages, varying from 1) discrete acidophilic granules (approximately 250 nm in diameter), to 2) irregular clumps of such material embedded in a basophilic matrix, to 3) relatively large basophilic bodies (approximately 700–1000 nm in diameter), to 4) large basophilic bodies that include discrete, tiny, acidophilic granules. SYN: Halberstaedter-Prowazek bodies, Prowazek-Greeff bodies.
trapezoid b. [TA] a plate of transverse fibers running over the dorsal (deep) border of the pontine nuclei; it is formed by ascending auditory fibers that cross to the opposite side of the brainstem. SYN: corpus trapezoideum [TA] , trapezoid (4) [TA] .
Trousseau-Lallemand bodies SYN: Lallemand bodies.
tuffstone b. membrane-bound electron-dense granules, measuring about 0.5 μm in diameter, found primarily in Schwann cells of patients suffering from metachromatic leukodystrophy; the name alludes to their resemblance to volcanic limestone.
turbinated b. 1. a concha with its covering of mucous membrane and other soft parts; SYN: turbinal. 2. SYN: inferior nasal concha, middle nasal concha, superior nasal concha, supreme nasal concha.
tympanic b. SYN: tympanic gland.
b. of ulna shaft of ulna.
ultimobranchial b. a diverticulum from the fourth pharyngeal pouch of an embryo, regarded by some as a rudimentary fifth pharyngeal pouch and by others as a lateral thyroid primordium; the ultimobranchial bodies of lower vertebrates contain large amounts of calcitonin; in mammals, the ultimobranchial bodies fuse with the thyroid gland and are thought to develop into the parafollicular cells. SEE ALSO: ultimobranchial pouch.
b. of uterus [TA] the part of the uterus above the isthmus, comprising about two-thirds of the nonpregnant organ. SYN: corpus uteri [TA] .
vaccine bodies old term pertaining to intracellular bodies that were erroneously thought to be forms in the life cycle of a protozoan organism, Cytorhyctes vaccinae, postulated to be the causal agent of vaccinia.
Verocay bodies hyalinized acellular areas composed of reduplicated basement membrane outlined by opposing rows of parallel nuclei; seen microscopically in neurilemomas.
b. of vertebra SYN: vertebral b..
vertebral b. [TA] the main portion of a vertebra anterior to the vertebral canal, as distinct from the arches. SYN: corpus vertebrae [TA] , b. of vertebra.
Virchow-Hassall bodies SYN: thymic corpuscle.
vitreous b. [TA] a transparent jellylike substance filling the interior of the eyeball behind the lens of the eye; it is composed of a delicate network (vitreous stroma) enclosing in its meshes a watery fluid (vitreous humor). SYN: corpus vitreum [TA] , hyaloid b., vitreous (2) , vitreum.
Weibel-Palade bodies rod-shaped bundles of microtubules seen by electron microscopy in vascular endothelial cells.
wolffian b. SYN: mesonephros.
Wolf-Orton bodies intranuclear inclusion bodies seen in cells of malignant neoplasms, especially those of glial cell origin.
Y b. a single fluorescent spot originating in the long arm of the Y chromosome and visible in somatic nuclei of buccal smears.
yellow b. SYN: corpus luteum.
zebra b. metachromatically staining membrane-bound granules, measuring 0.5–1 μm in diameter and containing lamellae with a 5.8 nm spacing, reported in Schwann cells and macrophages of patients suffering from metachromatic leukodystrophy.
Zuckerkandl bodies SYN: paraaortic bodies.

body burden
body burden

Activity of a radiopharmaceutical retained by the body at a specified time following administration.

Boeck
Boeck

Caesar P.M., Norwegian dermatologist, 1845–1917. See B. disease, B. sarcoid, Besnier-B.-Schaumann disease, Besnier-B.-Schaumann syndrome.

Boeck
Boeck

Carl W., Norwegian physician, 1808–1875. See Danielssen-B. disease.

Boehmer
Boehmer

F. See B. hematoxylin.

Boerhaave
Boerhaave

Hermann, Dutch physician, 1668–1738. See B. syndrome.

bogbean
bogbean (bog′ben)

SYN: buckbean.

Bogros
Bogros

Antoine, 19th century French anatomist. See B. serous membrane.

Bogros
Bogros

Jean-Annet, French anatomist, 1786–1823. See B. space.

Bohn
Bohn

Heinrich, German physician, 1832–1888. See B. nodules, under nodule.

Bohr
Bohr

Niels H.D., Danish physicist and Nobel laureate, 1885–1962. See B. atom, B. magneton, B. theory.

Bohr
Bohr

Christian, Danish physiologist, 1855–1911. See B. effect, B. equation.

boil
boil (boyl)

SYN: furuncle. [A.S. byl, a swelling]
Aleppo b., Bagdad b. the lesion occurring in cutaneous leishmaniasis. See cutaneous leishmaniasis. SYN: Biskra b..
Biskra b. SYN: Aleppo b..
blind b. a furuncle that does not have a fluctuant central point; it appears as a dull red painful papule.
date b., Delhi b., Jericho b. the lesion occurring in cutaneous leishmaniasis.
Madura b. SYN: mycetoma.
Oriental b. the lesion occurring in cutaneous leishmaniasis.
salt water boils furuncles on hands and forearms of fishermen.
tropical b. the lesion occurring in cutaneous leishmaniasis.

bol
bol

Abbreviation for bolus.

boldin
boldin (bol′din)

A glycoside from boldus; a cholagogue and diuretic. SYN: boldoglucin.

boldine
boldine (bol′den)

A bitter alkaloid obtained from boldus.

boldine dimethyl ether
boldine dimethyl ether

SYN: glaucine.

boldo
boldo (bol′do)

SYN: boldus.

boldoglucin
boldoglucin (bol-do-gloo′sin)

SYN: boldin.

boldus
boldus (bol′dus)

The leaves of Boldu b. or Peumus b. (family Monimiaceae), an evergreen shrub of Chile; used in various disturbances of liver function. SYN: boldo. [Chilean]

Boley gauge
Boley gauge

See under gauge.

Boll
Boll

Franz C., German histologist and physiologist, 1849–1879. See B. cells, under cell.

Bollinger
Bollinger

Otto, German pathologist, 1843–1909. See B. granules, under granule.

Bollman
Bollman

Jesse L., U.S. physiologist, *1896. See Mann-B. fistula.

Bolognini symptom
Bolognini symptom

See under symptom.

bolometer
bolometer (bo-lom′e-ter)

1. An instrument for determining minute degrees of radiant heat. 2. An obsolete instrument for measuring the force of the heartbeat as distinguished from the blood pressure. [G. bole, a throw, a sunbeam, + metron, measure]

bolus
bolus (bol) (bo′lus)

1. A single, relatively large quantity of a substance, usually one intended for therapeutic use, such as a b. dose of a drug injected intravenously. 2. A masticated morsel of food or another substance ready to be swallowed, such as a b. of barium for x-ray studies. 3. In high-energy radiation therapy, a quantity of tissue-equivalent material placed in the radiation beam, over the surface of the irradiated region, to increase the absorbed dose in the superficial tissues. [L. fr. G. bolos, lump, clod]
intravenous b. a relatively large volume of fluid or dose of a drug or test substance given intravenously and rapidly to hasten or magnify a response; in radiology, rapid injection of a large dose of contrast medium to increase opacification of blood vessels.

bombard
bombard

To expose a substance to particulate or electromagnetic radiations for the purpose of making it radioactive. [Mediev. L. bombarda, artillery assault, fr. bombus, a booming sound]

bombesin
bombesin (bomb′e-sin)

Pharmacologically active tetradecapeptide found in skins of European amphibians of the family Discoglossidae, principally Bombina bombina and Bombina variegata variegata. A potent stimulant of gastric and pancreatic secretions; a bombesinlike immunoreactive peptide is found in both brain and gut. Other actions include hypertensive, antidiuretic, and hyperglycemic activity. Has a strong effect on core temperature lowering in rats. High levels of intracellular b. have also been found in human small-cell lung carcinoma.

bond
bond (bond)

In chemistry, the force holding two neighboring atoms in place and resisting their separation; a b. is electrovalent if it consists of the attraction between oppositely charged groups, or covalent if it results from the sharing of one, two, or three pairs of electrons by the bonded atoms.
acylmercaptan b. &cbond;CO&cbond;S&cbond;;a “high-energy” b. formed by the condensation of a carboxyl group (&cbond;COOH) and a mercaptan (or thiol) group (&cbond;SH); widely formed in the course of intermediary metabolism, notably in the oxidation of fats, where the &cbond;SH is part of coenzyme A and the &cbond;COOH is part of the fatty acid being oxidized.
apolar b. hydrophobic interaction.
conjugated double bonds two or more double b. separated by each single b..
coordinate covalent b. SYN: semipolar b..
disulfide b. a single b. between two sulfurs; specifically, the &cbond;S&cbond;S&cbond; link binding two peptide chains (or different parts of one peptide chain); also occurs as part of the molecule of the amino acid, cystine, and is important as a structural determinant in many peptide and protein molecules, e.g., keratin, insulin, and oxytocin. A symmetric disulfide is R&cbond;S&cbond;S&cbond;R; R′&cbond;S&cbond;S&cbond;R is a mixed or asymmetric disulfide.
double b. a covalent b. resulting from the sharing of two pairs of electrons, e.g., H₂C&dbond;CH₂ (ethylene).
electrostatic b. b. between atoms or groups carrying opposite charges (or, in some cases, partial charges). SYN: heteropolar b., salt bridge.
energy-rich b. high-energy compounds, under compound.
eupeptide b. a peptide b. between the α-carboxyl group of one amino acid and the α-amino group of another amino acid. Cf.:peptide b., isopeptide b..
heteropolar b. SYN: electrostatic b..
high energy phosphate b. high-energy phosphates, under phosphate.
hydrogen b. a b. arising from the sharing of a hydrogen atom, covalently bound to a strongly electronegative element ( e.g., N or O), with another strongly electronegative element ( e.g., N, O, or a halogen). In substances of biologic importance, the most common hydrogen bonds are those in which H links N to O or N; such bonds link purines on one strand to pyrimidines on the other strand of nucleic acids, thus maintaining double-stranded structures as in the Watson-Crick helix.
hydrophobic b. hydrophobic interaction.
isopeptide b. an amide linkage between a carboxyl group of one amino acid and an amino group of another amino acid in which at least one of these groups is not on the α-carbon of one of the amino acids; for example, the b. between the glutamyl residue and the cysteinyl residue of glutathione. Cf.:peptide b., eupeptide b..
noncovalent b. b. in which electrons are not shared between atoms; E.G., electrostatic b., hydrogen b..
peptide b. the common link (&cbond;CO&cbond;NH&cbond;) between amino acids in proteins, actually a substituted amide, formed by elimination of H₂O between the &cbond;COOH of one amino acid and the H₂N&cbond; of another. Cf.:eupeptide b., isopeptide b..
semipolar b. a b. in which the two electrons shared by a pair of atoms belonged originally to only one of the atoms; often represented by a small arrow pointing toward the electron receiver; e.g., nitric acid, O(OH)N→O; phosphoric acid, (OH)₃P→O. SYN: coordinate covalent b..
single b. a covalent b. resulting from the sharing of one pair of electrons; e.g., H₃C&cbond;CH₃ (ethane).
triple b. a covalent b. resulting from the sharing of three pairs of electrons; e.g., HC&tbond;CH (acetylene).

bonding
bonding (bon′ding)

Formation of a close and enduring emotional attachment, such as between parent and child, lovers, or husband and wife.

bone
bone (bon) [TA]

A hard connective tissue consisting of cells embedded in a matrix of mineralized ground substance and collagen fibers. The fibers are impregnated with a form of calcium phosphate similar to hydroxyapatite as well as with substantial quantities of carbonate, citrate sodium, and magnesium; by weight, b. is composed of 75% inorganic material and 25% organic material; a portion of osseous tissue of definite shape and size, forming a part of the animal skeleton; in humans there are 200 distinct bones in the skeleton, not including the auditory ossicles of the tympanic cavity or the sesamoid bones other than the two patellae. B. consists of a dense outer layer of compact substance or cortical substance covered by the periosteum, and an inner loose, spongy substance; the central portion of a long b. is filled with marrow. SYN: os [TA] . [A.S. ban]
Albrecht b. a small b. between the basioccipital and basisphenoid.
alveolar b. 1. SYN: alveolar process of maxilla. 2. in dentistry, the specialized bony structure which supports the teeth; it consists of the cortical b. that comprises the tooth socket into which the roots of the tooth fit, and is supported by the trabecular b.. SYN: alveolar supporting b..
alveolar supporting b. SYN: alveolar b. (2) .
ankle b. SYN: talus.
arm b. SYN: humerus.
basal b. the osseus tissue of the mandible and maxillae except the alveolar processes.
basilar b. the developmental basilar process of the occipital b. that unites with the condylar portions in about the fourth or fifth year, becoming the basilar part of occipital b.. SEE ALSO: basilar part of occipital b.. SYN: basioccipital b., os basilare.
basioccipital b. SYN: basilar b..
basisphenoid b. in comparative anatomy, the b. in the floor of the brain case in the region of the pituitary. See body of sphenoid.
Bertin bones SYN: sphenoidal conchae, under concha.
blade b. SYN: scapula.
breast b. SYN: sternum.
Breschet bones SYN: suprasternal bones.
brittle bones SYN: osteogenesis imperfecta.
bundle b. immature b. containing thick bundles of collagen fibers arranged nearly parallel to one another with osteocytes in between; a similar type of b. is found in regions penetrated by fibers of Sharpey, as at ligament and tendon attachments.
calcaneal b. SYN: calcaneus (1) .
calf b. SYN: fibula. [O.N. kalfi, fibula]
cancellous b. SYN: substantia spongiosa.
capitate b. SYN: capitate (1) .
carpal bones [TA] eight bones arranged in two rows that articulate proximally with the radius and indirectly with the ulna, and distally with the five metacarpal bones; in domestic mammals, the bones of the proximal row are called radial, intermediate, ulnar, and accessory, while those of the distal row are termed first, second, third, and fourth carpal bones. SYN: carpus (2) [TA] , ossa carpi [TA] .
cartilage b. SYN: endochondral b..
central b. SYN: os centrale.
central b. of ankle SYN: navicular.
cheek b. 1. SYN: zygomatic b.. 2. SYN: zygomatic arch.
coccygeal b. SYN: coccyx.
collar b. SYN: clavicle.
compact b. [TA] the compact, noncancellous portion of b. that consists largely of concentric lamellar osteons and interstitial lamellae. SYN: substantia compacta [TA] , compact substance, substantia compacta ossium.
convoluted b. inferior nasal concha, middle nasal concha, superior nasal concha, supreme nasal concha.
cortical b. [TA] the superficial thin layer of compact b.. SYN: substantia corticalis [TA] , cortical substance.
coxal b. hip b..
cranial bones SYN: bones of cranium.
bones of cranium [TA] the paired inferior nasal concha, lacrimal, maxilla, nasal, palatine, parietal, temporal, and zygomatic; and the unpaired ethmoid, frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and vomer. SYN: ossa cranii [TA] , bones of skull, cranial bones.
cubital b. SYN: triquetrum.
cuboid (b.) the lateral b. of the distal row of the tarsus, articulating with the calcaneus, lateral cuneiform, navicular (occasionally), and fourth and fifth metatarsal bones. SYN: os cuboideum.
cuneiform b. triquetrum, intermediate cuneiform (b.), lateral cuneiform (b.), medial cuneiform (b.).
dermal b. a b. formed by ossification of the cutis.
bones of digits the phalanges and sesamoid bones of the fingers and toes. SYN: ossa digitorum&star.
dorsal talonavicular b. an anomalous b. of the foot located near the head of the talus. SYN: Pirie b..
ear bones SYN: auditory ossicles, under ossicle.
elbow b. SYN: olecranon.
endochondral b. a b. that develops in a cartilage environment after the latter is partially or entirely destroyed by calcification and subsequent resorption. SYN: cartilage b., replacement b..
epactal bones SYN: sutural bones.
epihyal b. an ossified stylomastoid ligament.
epipteric b. a sutural b. occasionally present at the pterion or junction of the parietal, frontal, greater wing of the sphenoid, and squamous portion of the temporal bones. SYN: Flower b..
episternal b. SYN: suprasternal bones.
ethmoid b. [TA] an irregularly shaped b. lying between the orbital plates of the frontal and anterior to the sphenoid b.; it consists of two lateral masses of thin plates enclosing air cells, attached above to a perforated horizontal lamina, the cribriform plate, from which descends a median vertical or perpendicular plate in the interval between the two lateral masses; the b. articulates with the sphenoid, frontal, maxillary, lacrimal, and palatine bones, the inferior nasal concha, and the vomer; it enters into the formation of the anterior cranial fossa, the orbits, and the nasal cavity.
exoccipital b. (eks-ok-sip′i-tal) SYN: lateral part of occipital b..
facial bones the bones surrounding the mouth and nose and contributing to the orbits; they are the paired maxillae, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, palatine, and inferior nasal conchae; and the unpaired ethmoid, vomer, mandible, and hyoid. SYN: bones of visceral cranium, ossa faciei.
first cuneiform b. SYN: medial cuneiform (b.).
flank b. SYN: ilium.
flat b. [TA] a type of b. characterized by its thin, flattened shape, such as the scapula or certain of the cranial bones. SYN: os planum [TA] .
Flower b. SYN: epipteric b..
bones of foot [TA] bones that collectively comprise the skeleton of the foot; includes tarsal bones, metatarsals (bones) [I–V], phalanges, and sesamoid bones. SYN: ossa pedis [TA] , foot bones.
foot bones SYN: bones of foot.
fourth turbinated b. SYN: supreme nasal concha.
frontal b. [TA] the large single b. forming the forehead and the upper margin and roof of the orbit on either side; it articulates with the parietal, nasal, ethmoid, maxillary, and zygomatic bones, and with the lesser wings of the sphenoid. SYN: os frontale [TA] , coronale (1) .
funny b. colloquial name for tip of olecranon.
Goethe b. SYN: preinterparietal b..
greater multangular b. SYN: trapezium b..
hamate (b.) [TA] the b. on the medial (ulnar) side of the distal row of the carpus; it articulates with the fourth and fifth metacarpal, triquetral, lunate, and capitate. SYN: hamatum, hooked b., os hamatum, unciform b., unciforme, uncinatum.
heel b. SYN: calcaneus (1) .
heterotopic bones bones that do not belong to the main skeleton but that regularly develop in certain organs, e.g., the heart, penis, clitoris, and snout of some animals.
highest turbinated b. SYN: supreme nasal concha.
hip b. [TA] a large flat b. formed by the fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubis (in the adult), constituting the lateral half of the pelvis; it articulates with its fellow anteriorly, with the sacrum posteriorly, and with the femur laterally. SYN: os coxae [TA] , coxal b.&star, pelvic b.&star, innominate b., os innominatum.
hollow b. SYN: pneumatized b..
hooked b. SYN: hamate (b.).
hyoid b. 1. a U-shaped b. lying between the mandible and the larynx, suspended from the styloid processes by slender stylohyoid ligaments; 2. See hyoid apparatus. SYN: lingual b., os hyoideum, tongue b..
iliac b. SYN: ilium.
incarial b. SYN: interparietal b..
incisive b. [TA] the anterior and inner portion of the maxilla, which in the fetus and sometimes in the adult is a separate b.; the incisive suture runs from the incisive canal between the lateral incisor and the canine tooth; according to K. Albrecht, the incisive b. is further divided by a suture between the two incisor teeth on each side into two bones, the en dognathion and the mesognathion. SYN: os incisivum [TA] , premaxilla (1) &star, intermaxilla, intermaxillary b., os intermaxillare, os premaxillare, premaxillary b..
bones of inferior limb SYN: bones of lower limb.
inferior turbinated b. SYN: inferior nasal concha.
innominate b. SYN: hip b..
intermaxillary b. SYN: incisive b..
intermediate cuneiform (b.) [TA] a b. of the distal row of the tarsus; it articulates with the medial and lateral cuneiform, navicular, and second metatarsal bones. SYN: mesocuneiform, middle cuneiform b., os cuneiforme intermedium, second cuneiform b., wedge b..
interparietal b. [TA] the upper part of the squama of the occipital b., developed in membrane instead of in cartilage as is the rest of the occipital, and occasionally (especially in ancient Peruvian skulls) existing as a separate b., separated from the remainder of the occipital by the sutura mendosa. SYN: os interparietale [TA] , incarial b., os incae.
irregular b. [TA] one of a group of bones having peculiar or complex forms, e.g., vertebrae, many of the skull bones. SYN: os irregulare [TA] .
ischial b. SYN: ischium.
jaw b. SYN: mandible.
jugal b. SYN: zygomatic b..
Krause b. small b. (secondary ossification center) in the triradiate cartilage between the ilium, the ischium, and the pubic b. in the growing acetabulum.
lacrimal b. [TA] an irregularly rectangular thin plate, forming part of the medial wall of the orbit behind the frontal process of the maxilla; it articulates with the inferior nasal concha, ethmoid, frontal, and maxillary bones. SYN: os lacrimale [TA] , os unguis.
lamellar b. the normal type of adult mammalian b., whether cancellous or compact, composed of parallel lamellae in the former and concentric lamellae in the latter; lamellar organization reflects a repeating pattern of collagen fibroarchitecture.
lateral cuneiform (b.) [TA] a b. of the distal row of the tarsus; it articulates with the intermediate cuneiform, cuboid, navicular, and second, third, and fourth metatarsal bones. SYN: os cuneiforme laterale [TA] , third cuneiform b., wedge b..
lenticular b. SYN: lenticular process of incus.
lentiform b. SYN: pisiform (b.).
lesser multangular b. SYN: trapezoid (b.).
lingual b. SYN: hyoid b..
long b. [TA] one of the elongated bones fof the extremities, consisting of a tubular shaft (diaphysis) and two extremities (epiphyses) usually wider than the shaft; the shaft is composed of compact b. surrounding a central medullary cavity. Cf.:short b.. SYN: os longum [TA] , pipe b..
bones of lower limb [TA] these include the inferior limb girdle (hip b.) and the skeleton of the free inferior limb (femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsus, metatarsus, and bones of the toes). SYN: ossa membri inferioris [TA] , bones of inferior limb.
lunate (b.) one of the proximal row in the carpus between the scaphoid and triquetral; it articulates with the radius, scaphoid, triquetral, hamate, and capitate. SYN: os lunatum [TA] , lunare, os intermedium.
malar b. SYN: zygomatic b..
marble bones SYN: osteopetrosis.
mastoid b. SYN: mastoid process.
medial cuneiform (b.) the largest of the three cuneiform bones, the medial b. of the distal row of the tarsus, articulating with the intermediate cuneiform, navicular, and first and second metatarsal bones. SYN: os cuneiforme mediale [TA] , first cuneiform b., wedge b..
membrane b. a b. that develops embryologically within a membrane of vascularized primitive mesenchymal tissue without prior formation of cartilage.
mesethmoid b. in comparative anatomy, the b. present in some species as the most anterior b. of the floor of the braincase.
metacarpal (bones) [I–V] [TA] five long bones (numbered I to V, beginning with the b. on the radial or thumb side) forming the skeleton of the metacarpus or palm; they articulate with the bones of the distal row of the carpus and with the five proximal phalanges. SYN: ossa metacarpi [TA] , ossa metacarpalia I–V.
metatarsal (bones) [I–V] the five long bones numbered I to V beginning with the b. on the medial side forming the skeleton of the anterior portion of the foot, articulating posteriorly with the three cuneiform and the cuboid bones, anteriorly with the five proximal phalanges. SYN: ossa metatarsi [TA] , ossa metatarsalia I–V.
middle cuneiform b. SYN: intermediate cuneiform (b.).
middle turbinated b. SYN: middle nasal concha.
multangular b. See trapezium, trapezoid (b.).
nasal b. [TA] an elongated rectangular b. which, with its fellow, forms the bridge of the nose; it articulates with the frontal b. superiorly, the ethmoid and the frontal process of the maxilla posteriorly, and its fellow medially. SYN: os nasale [TA] .
navicular (b.) SYN: navicular.
navicular b. of hand SYN: scaphoid (b.).
nonlamellar b. SYN: woven b..
occipital b. [TA] a b. at the lower and posterior part of the skull, consisting of three parts (basilar, condylar, and squamous), enclosing a large oval hole, the foramen magnum; it articulates with the parietal and temporal bones on either side, the sphenoid anteriorly, and the atlas below. SYN: os occipitale [TA] .
orbicular b. SYN: lenticular process of incus.
palatine b. [TA] an irregularly shaped b. posterior to the maxilla, which enters into the formation of the nasal cavity, the orbit, and the hard palate; it articulates with the maxilla, inferior nasal concha, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones, the vomer and its fellow of the opposite side. SYN: os palatinum [TA] .
parietal b. [TA] a flat, curved b. of irregular quadrangular shape, at either side of the vault of the cranium; it articulates, with its fellow medially, with the frontal anteriorly, the occipital posteriorly, and the temporal and sphenoid inferiorly. SYN: os parietale [TA] .
pelvic b. hip b..
perichondral b. in the development of a long b. a collar or cuff of osseous tissue forms in the perichondrium of the cartilage model; the connective tissue membrane of this perichondral b. then becomes periosteum. SYN: periosteal b..
periosteal b. SYN: perichondral b..
periotic b. SYN: petrous part of temporal b..
peroneal b. SYN: fibula.
petrosal b. SYN: petrous part of temporal b..
petrous b. SYN: petrous part of internal carotid artery.
ping-pong b. the thin shell of osseous tissue at the periphery of a giant cell tumor in a b..
pipe b. SYN: long b..
Pirie b. SYN: dorsal talonavicular b..
pisiform (b.) a small b. resembling a pea in size and shape, in the proximal row of the carpus, lying on the anterior surface of the triquetral, with which it articulates; it gives insertion to the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle. SYN: os pisiforme [TA] , lentiform b..
pneumatic b. SYN: pneumatized b..
pneumatized b. [TA] a b. that is hollow or contains many air cells, such as the mastoid process of the temporal b.. SYN: os pneumaticum [TA] , hollow b., pneumatic b..
postsphenoid b. the posterior portion of the body of the sphenoid b..
preinterparietal b. a large sutural b. occasionally found detached from the anterior portion of the os interparietale. SYN: Goethe b..
premaxillary b. SYN: incisive b..
presphenoid b. in comparative anatomy, the b. in the floor of the brain case anterior to the basisphenoid b..
pubic b. SYN: mons pubis.
pyramidal b. SYN: triquetrum.
replacement b. SYN: endochondral b..
reticulated b. SYN: woven b..
rider's b. heterotopic b. ossification of the tendon of the adductor longus muscle from strain in horseback riding.
Riolan bones several small sutural bones sometimes present in the petro-occipital suture.
sacred b. SYN: sacrum. [so-called from belief in indestructibility of the b. as the basis for resurrection]
scaphoid (b.) the largest b. of the proximal row of the carpus on the lateral (radial) side, articulating with the radius, lunate, capitate, trapezium, and trapezoid. SYN: os scaphoideum [TA] , navicular b. of hand, os naviculare manus.
scroll bones inferior nasal concha, middle nasal concha, superior nasal concha, supreme nasal concha.
second cuneiform b. SYN: intermediate cuneiform (b.).
semilunar b. obsolete term for lunate (b.).
septal b. SYN: interalveolar septum.
sesamoid b. [TA] a b. formed after birth in a tendon where it passes over a joint, e.g., the patella. SYN: os sesamoideum [TA] .
shin b. SYN: tibia.
short b. [TA] one whose dimensions are approximately equal; it consists of a layer of cortical substance enclosing spongy substance and marrow. Cf.:long b.. SYN: os breve [TA] .
b. sialoprotein 1 SYN: osteopontin.
sieve b. SYN: cribriform plate of ethmoid b..
bones of skull SYN: bones of cranium.
sphenoid (b.) a b. of most irregular shape occupying the base of the skull; it is described as consisting of a central portion, or body, and six processes: two greater wings, two lesser wings and two pterygoid processes; it articulates with the occipital, frontal, ethmoid, and vomer, and with the paired temporal, parietal, zygomatic, palatine, and sphenoidal concha bones. SYN: os sphenoidale [TA] , sphenoid (2) [TA] .
sphenoidal turbinated bones SYN: sphenoidal conchae, under concha.
spongy b. [TA] 1. SYN: substantia spongiosa. 2. a turbinated b..
bones of superior limb SYN: bones of upper limb.
superior turbinated b. SYN: superior nasal concha.
suprainterparietal b. a sutural b. at the posterior portion of the sagittal suture.
suprasternal bones [TA] one of the small ossicles occasionally found in the ligaments of the sternoclavicular articulation. SYN: ossa suprasternalia [TA] , Breschet bones, episternal b..
supreme turbinated b. SYN: supreme nasal concha.
sutural bones [TA] small irregular bones found along the sutures of the cranium, particularly related to the parietal b.. SYN: os suturarum [TA] , Andernach ossicles, epactal bones, epactal ossicles, wormian bones.
tail b. SYN: coccyx.
tarsal bones [TA] the seven bones of the instep: talus, calcaneus, navicular, three cuneiform (wedge), and cuboid bones. SYN: ossa tarsi [TA] , tarsale [TA] , ossa tarsalia&star.
temporal b. [TA] a large irregular b. situated in the base and side of the skull; it consists of three parts, squamous, tympanic, and petrous, which are distinct at birth; the petrous part contains the vestibulocochlear organ; the b. articulates with the sphenoid, parietal, occipital, and zygomatic bones, and by a synovial joint with the mandible. SYN: os temporale [TA] .
thigh b. thigh.
third cuneiform b. SYN: lateral cuneiform (b.).
three-cornered b. SYN: triquetrum.
tongue b. SYN: hyoid b..
trabecular b. substantia spongiosa.
trapezium b. the lateral (radial) b. in the distal row of the carpus; it articulates with the first and second metacarpals, scaphoid, and trapezoid bones. SYN: greater multangular b., os multangulum majus, os trapezium, trapezium (2) .
trapezoid (b.) a b. in the distal row of the carpus; it articulates with the second metacarpal, trapezium, capitate, and scaphoid. SYN: os trapezoideum [TA] , trapezoid (3) [TA] , lesser multangular b., os multangulum minus.
triangular b. SYN: os trigonum.
triquetrum b. SYN: triquetrum.
turbinated bones inferior nasal concha, middle nasal concha, superior nasal concha, supreme nasal concha.
tympanic b. SYN: tympanic ring.
tympanohyal b. a small nodule of b. forming the base of the cartilaginous styloid process of the temporal b. at birth.
unciform b. SYN: hamate (b.).
upper jaw b. SYN: maxilla.
bones of upper limb [TA] these include the superior limb girdle (scapula and clavicle) and the skeleton of the free superior limb (humerus, radius, ulna, wrist bones, metacarpus, and bones of the fingers). SYN: ossa membri superioris [TA] , bones of superior limb.
Vesalius b. SYN: os vesalianum.
bones of visceral cranium SYN: facial bones.
wedge b. SYN: intermediate cuneiform (b.), lateral cuneiform (b.), medial cuneiform (b.).
wormian bones SYN: sutural bones.
woven b. bony tissue characteristic of the embryonal skeleton, in which the collagen fibers of the matrix are arranged irregularly in the form of interlacing networks. SYN: nonlamellar b., reticulated b..
yoke b. SYN: zygomatic b..
zygomatic b. [TA] a quadrilateral b. that forms the prominence of the cheek; it articulates with the frontal, sphenoid, temporal, and maxillary bones. SYN: os zygomaticum [TA] , cheek b. (1) , jugal b., mala (2) , malar b., os malare, yoke b., zygoma (1) .

bone architecture
bone architecture

The pattern of trabeculae and associated structures. SEE ALSO: Wolff law.

bone ash
bone ash

SYN: tribasic calcium phosphate.

bone black
bone black

SYN: animal charcoal.

bonelet
bonelet (bon′let)

SYN: ossicle.

bone-salt
bone-salt

The main chemical compound in bone, deposited as minute amorphous crystals in a netlike matrix of collagenous fibers containing collagen; it closely resembles the naturally occurring fluorapatite 3Ca₃(PO₄)₂&chmpnt;CaF₂, but is probably a hydroxyapatite in which F is replaced by OH.

Bonhoeffer
Bonhoeffer

Karl, German psychiatrist, 1868–1948. See B. sign.

Bonnet
Bonnet

Amédée, French surgeon, 1802–1858. See B. capsule.

Bonnevie
Bonnevie

Kristine, German physician, 1872–1950.

Bonnier
Bonnier

Pierre, French clinician, 1861–1918. See B. syndrome.

Bonwill
Bonwill

William G.A., U.S. dentist, 1833–1899. See B. triangle.

Böök
Böök

Jan A., Swedish geneticist, *1915. See B. syndrome.

BOOP
BOOP

Abbreviation for bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia, an idiopathic form of bronchiolitis obliterans.

booster
booster

See b. dose.

boot
boot (boot)

A b.-shaped appliance. [M.E. bote, fr. O.Fr.]
Gibney b. adhesive tape treatment of a sprained ankle or similar condition, applied in a basket-weave fashion under the sole of the foot and around the back of the lower leg.

boracic acid
boracic acid (bo-ras′ik)

SYN: boric acid.

borate
borate (bor′at)

A salt of boric acid.

borated
borated (bor′at-ed)

Mixed or impregnated with borax or boric acid.

borax
borax (bo′raks)

SYN: sodium borate. [Pers. buraq]

borborygmus
borborygmus, pl .borborygmi (bor-bo-rig′mus, -rig′mi)

Rumbling or gurgling noises produced by movement of gas, fluid, or both in the alimentary canal, and audible at a distance. [G. borborygmos, rumbling in the bowels]

Bordeau
Bordeau, Bordeu

Théophile de, French physician, 1722–1776.

border
border (bor′der) [TA]

The part of a surface that forms its outer boundary. SEE ALSO: edge, margin, b.. SYN: margo [TA] .
alveolar b. 1. the most occlusal edge of the alveolar bone; 2. SYN: alveolar process of maxilla.
anterior b. [TA] the ventral or most forward margin of a structure. SYN: margo anterior [TA] , anterior margin, ventral b..
anterior b. of body of pancreas [TA] the sharp margin between the anterior and inferior surfaces of the pancreas. SYN: margo anterior corporis pancreatis [TA] , anterior b. of pancreas, margo anterior pancreatis.
anterior b. of eyelids SYN: anterior palpebral margin.
anterior b. of fibula [TA] a ridge on the shaft of the fibula to which is attached the anterior intermuscular septum of the leg. SYN: margo anterior fibulae [TA] .
anterior b. of lung [TA] the thin anteromedial or sternal edge of the lung that overlaps the pericardial sac anteriorly and forms the boundary between the mediastinal and costal surfaces. SYN: margo anterior pulmonis [TA] .
anterior b. of pancreas SYN: anterior b. of body of pancreas.
anterior b. of radius [TA] the ridge on the shaft of the radius extending from the radial tuberosity to the anterior part of the styloid process. SYN: margo anterior radii [TA] .
anterior b. of testis [TA] an imaginary convex line demarcating the lateral and medial surfaces. SYN: margo anterior testis [TA] .
anterior b. of tibia [TA] the sharp subcutaneous ridge of the tibia that extends from the tuberosity to the anterior part of the medial malleolus. SYN: margo anterior tibiae [TA] , anticnemion, shin, tibial crest.
anterior b. of ulna [TA] the ridge on the body of the ulna that extends from the tuberosity to the anterior part of the styloid process. SYN: margo anterior ulnae [TA] .
brush b. the apical epithelial surface bearing closely packed microvilli about 2 μm long, such as occur on the cells of the proximal tubule of the nephron. SYN: limbus penicillatus.
ciliary b. of iris SYN: ciliary margin of iris.
denture b. 1. the limit or boundary or circumferential margin of a denture base; 2. the margin of the denture base at the junction of the polished surface with the impression (tissue) surface; 3. the extreme edges of a denture base at the buccolabial, lingual, and posterior limits. SYN: denture edge, periphery (2) .
borders of eyelids SYN: palpebral margins, under margin.
fibular (peroneal) b. of foot lateral b. of foot.
free b. [TA] unattached edge of a sturcture, often opposite the attached edge. See free b. of nail, free b. of ovary. SYN: margo liber [TA] , free margin.
free b. of nail [TA] the distal b. of the nail that overhangs the tip of the digit. SYN: margo liber unguis [TA] .
free b. of ovary [TA] the unattached, posterior margin of the ovary. SYN: margo liber ovarii [TA] .
frontal b. [TA] edge of a bone that articulates with the frontal bone. See frontal b. of parietal bone, frontal margin of sphenoid. SYN: margo frontalis [TA] , frontal margin.
frontal b. of parietal bone [TA] the margin of the parietal bone that articulates with the frontal bone. SYN: margo frontalis ossis parietalis [TA] .
frontal b. of sphenoid bone SYN: frontal margin of sphenoid.
hidden b. of nail [TA] the proximal b. of the nail entirely covered by the nail wall. SYN: margo occultus unguis [TA] , occult b. of nail, proximal b. of nail.
inferior b. [TA] the caudal or lowermost margin of a structure. SYN: margo inferior [TA] , inferior margin.
inferior b. of body of pancreas [TA] the b. of the pancreas separating the inferior and posterior surfaces. SYN: margo inferior corporis pancreatis [TA] , inferior b. of pancreas, margo inferior corporis splenis, margo inferior pancreatis.
inferior b. of liver [TA] the sharp b. of the liver that separates the diaphragmatic and visceral surfaces. SYN: margo inferior hepatis [TA] .
inferior b. of lung [TA] the sharp b. of the lung that separates the diaphragmatic surface from the costal and mediastinal surfaces. SYN: margo inferior pulmonis [TA] .
inferior b. of pancreas SYN: inferior b. of body of pancreas.
inferior b. of spleen [TA] lowermost edge of the spleen, which separates the lower visceral surface (area of renal impression) from the lower diaphragmatic surface. SYN: margo inferior splenis [TA] .
inner b. of iris [TA] the narrow inner zone of the iris. SYN: anulus iridis minor [TA] , lesser ring of iris.
interosseous b. [TA] edge of a bone to which a fibrous (interosseous) membrane is attached, by which the bone becomes attached to another bone. See interosseous b. of fibula, interosseous b. of radius, interosseous b. of tibia, interosseous b. of ulna. SYN: margo interosseus [TA] , interosseous crest, interosseous margin.
interosseous b. of fibula [TA] the ridge along the medial b. of the fibula to which is attached the interosseous membrane. SYN: margo interosseus fibulae [TA] .
interosseous b. of radius [TA] the ridge along the medial side of the radius to which is attached the interosseous membrane. SYN: margo interosseus radii [TA] .
interosseous b. of tibia [TA] the ridge along the lateral b. of the tibia to which is attached the interosseous membrane. SYN: margo interosseus tibiae [TA] .
interosseous b. of ulna [TA] the ridge along the lateral side of the body of the ulna to which is attached the interosseous membrane. SYN: margo interosseus ulnae [TA] .
b. of iris [TA] either of two zones on the anterior surface of the iris, separated by a circular line concentric with the pupillary b.. SYN: anulus iridis [TA] , ring of iris.
lacrimal b. of maxilla SYN: lacrimal margin of maxilla.
lambdoid b. of occipital bone [TA] the margin of the occipital squama that articulates with the parietal bones in the lambdoid suture. SYN: margo lambdoideus ossis occipitalis [TA] , lambdoid margin of occipital bone, margo lambdoideus squamae occipitalis.
lateral b. [TA] the margin or edge of a structure which is farthest from the midline. SYN: margo lateralis [TA] , lateral margin.
lateral b. of foot [TA] the b. of the foot between the small toe and the heel. SYN: margo lateralis pedis [TA] , fibular (peroneal) b. of foot&star, margo fibularis pedis&star, peroneal b. of foot&star, fibular margin of foot.
lateral b. of forearm radial b. of forearm.
lateral b. of humerus [TA] the ridge on the humerus that extends from the greater tubercle to the lateral epicondyle. SYN: margo lateralis humeri [TA] .
lateral b. of kidney [TA] the convex narrow edge separating the anterior and posterior surfaces. SYN: margo lateralis renis [TA] .
lateral b. of nail [TA] the sides of the nail extending from the proximal to the free borders. SYN: margo lateralis unguis [TA] .
lateral b. of scapula [TA] the edge of the scapula extending from the glenoid fossa to the inferior angle. SYN: margo lateralis scapulae [TA] .
mastoid b. of occipital bone [TA] the margin of the occipital squama that articulates with the temporal bone. SYN: margo mastoideus ossis occipitalis [TA] , margo mastoideus squamae occipitalis, mastoid margin of occipital bone.
medial b. [TA] the b. of a structure closest to the medial plane. SYN: margo medialis [TA] , medial margin.
medial b. of foot [TA] the inner b. of the foot extending from heel to the great toe. SYN: margo medialis pedis [TA] , margo tibialis pedis&star, tibial b. of foot&star.
medial b. of forearm ulnar b. of forearm.
medial b. of humerus [TA] the ridge on the humerus extending from the crest of the lesser tubercle to the medial epicondyle. SYN: margo medialis humeri [TA] .
medial b. of kidney [TA] the concave b. of the kidney. SYN: margo medialis renis [TA] .
medial b. of scapula [TA] the edge of the scapula closest to the vertebral column, extending from superior angle to inferior angle. SYN: margo medialis scapulae [TA] , vertebral b. of scapula.
medial b. of suprarenal gland [TA] the paravertebral edge of the suprarenal gland. SYN: margo medialis glandulae suprarenalis [TA] .
medial b. of tibia [TA] the rounded b. of the tibia that separates the posterior and medial surfaces. SYN: margo medialis tibiae [TA] .
mesovarian b. of ovary [TA] the b. of the ovary to which the mesovarium is attached. SYN: margo mesovaricus ovarii, mesovarian margin of ovary.
nasal b. of frontal bone SYN: nasal margin of frontal bone.
occipital b. [TA] edge of a bone that articulates with the occipital bone. See occipital b. of parietal bone, occipital margin of temporal bone. SYN: margo occipitalis [TA] , occipital margin.
occipital b. of parietal bone [TA] the posterior margin of the parietal bone that articulates with the occipital squama. SYN: margo occipitalis ossis parietalis [TA] .
occipital b. of temporal bone SYN: occipital margin of temporal bone.
occult b. of nail SYN: hidden b. of nail.
outer b. of iris [TA] the outer, broader of the two zones of the iris. SYN: anulus iridis major [TA] , greater ring of iris.
parietal b. [TA] edge of a bone that articulates with the parietal bone. See parietal margin of frontal bone, parietal margin of greater wing of sphenoid, parietal b. of squamous part of temporal bone. SYN: margo parietalis [TA] , parietal margin.
parietal b. of frontal bone SYN: parietal margin of frontal bone.
parietal b. of sphenoid bone SYN: parietal margin of greater wing of sphenoid.
parietal b. of squamous part of temporal bone [TA] the b. of the squamous part of the temporal bone that articulates with the parietal bone. SYN: margo parietalis partis squamosae ossis temporalis [TA] , margo parietalis ossis temporalis, parietal b. of temporal bone.
parietal b. of temporal bone SYN: parietal b. of squamous part of temporal bone.
peroneal b. of foot lateral b. of foot.
posterior b. of eyelids SYN: posterior palpebral margin.
posterior b. of fibula [TA] the ridge on the posterior aspect of the fibula extending from the head to the medial aspect of the peroneal groove. SYN: margo posterior fibulae [TA] .
posterior b. of petrous part of temporal bone [TA] the margin of the petrous part of the temporal bone that extends from the apex to the jugular notch; it articulates with the basal and jugular portions of the occipital bone. SYN: margo posterior partis petrosae ossis temporalis [TA] .
posterior b. of radius [TA] the ridge on the radius that extends from the tuberosity to the tubercle on the posterior aspect of the distal extremity. SYN: margo posterior radii [TA] .
posterior b. of testis [TA] the rounded posterior portion of the testis into which the vessels enter. SYN: margo posterior testis [TA] .
posterior b. of ulna [TA] the sinuous palpable subcutaneous ridge on the posterior aspect of the ulna that extends from near the olecranon to the styloid process, demarcating “anterior” (flexor) from “posterior” (extensor) compartments of forearm. SYN: margo posterior ulnae [TA] .
proximal b. of nail SYN: hidden b. of nail.
pupillary b. of iris SYN: pupillary margin of iris.
radial b. of forearm [TA] an imaginary line running along the outermost extent of the forearm separating anterior and posterior surfaces laterally. SYN: margo radialis antebrachii [TA] , lateral b. of forearm&star, margo lateralis antebrachii&star.
right b. of heart [TA] the b. between the sternocostal and diaphragmatic surfaces of the heart; it is fairly well defined in fixed hearts but is rounded and indefinite in the living heart. SYN: margo dexter cordis [TA] , right margin of heart.
sagittal b. of parietal bone [TA] the medial b. of the parietal bone entering into the sagittal suture. SYN: margo sagittalis ossis parietalis [TA] .
sphenoidal b. of temporal bone SYN: sphenoidal margin of temporal bone.
squamosal b. [TA] edge of a bone that articulates with the squamous part of the temporal bone. SYN: margo squamosus [TA] , squamous b., squamous margin.
squamosal b. of parietal bone [TA] the lateral b. of the parietal bone that articulates with the squamous part of the temporal bone. SYN: margo squamosus ossis parietalis [TA] , squamous b. of parietal bone.
squamous b. SYN: squamosal b.. See squamosal b. of parietal bone, squamosal margin of greater wing of sphenoid.
squamous b. of parietal bone SYN: squamosal b. of parietal bone.
squamous b. of sphenoid bone SYN: squamosal margin of greater wing of sphenoid.
striated b. the free surface of the columnar absorptive cells of the intestine formed by closely packed microvilli about 1 μm long, giving the appearance of parallel striations. SYN: limbus striatus.
superior b. the cranial or uppermost margin of a structure.
superior b. of body of pancreas [TA] the uppermost b. of the body of the pancreas that separates the anterior and posterior surfaces. SYN: margo superior corporis pancreatis [TA] , margo superior pancreatis, superior b. of pancreas.
superior b. of pancreas SYN: superior b. of body of pancreas.
superior b. of petrous part of temporal bone [TA] the margin that separates the anterior and posterior surfaces of the petrous part of the temporal bone and the lateral part of the middle cranial fossa from the posterior cranial fossa. SYN: margo superior partis petrosae ossis temporalis [TA] , crest of petrous part of temporal bone, crest of petrous temporal bone.
superior b. of scapula [TA] the margin of the scapula that extends from the glenoid fossa to the superior angle. SYN: margo superior scapulae [TA] .
superior b. of spleen [TA] the notched b. of the spleen that separates the visceral (gastric) and diaphragmatic surfaces. SYN: margo superior splenis [TA] .
superior b. of suprarenal gland [TA] the b. of the suprarenal gland at the superior junction of the anterior and posterior surfaces. SYN: margo superior glandulae suprarenalis [TA] .
tibial b. of foot medial b. of foot.
ulnar b. of forearm [TA] an imaginary line extrapolated from the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the styloid process of the ulna, forming a b. between the anterior and posterior surfaces. SYN: margo ulnaris antebrachii [TA] , margo medialis antebrachii&star, medial b. of forearm&star, ulnar margin of forearm.
b. of uterus [TA] the right or left margin of the uterus along which the broad ligament is attached. The uterine tube and round ligament attach to the uterus at the upper part of the b.. SYN: margo uteri [TA] .
ventral b. SYN: anterior b..
vermilion b. the red margin of the upper and lower lip that commences at the exterior edge of the intraoral labial mucosa (“moist line”) and extends outward, terminating at the extraoral labial cutaneous junction; a thinly keratinized type of stratified squamous epithelium deeply penetrated by well-vascularized dermal papillae which show through the translucent epidermis to impart the typical red appearance of the lips. SYN: vermilion zone, vermilion transitional zone.
vertebral b. of scapula SYN: medial b. of scapula.
zygomatic b. of greater wing of sphenoid bone SYN: zygomatic margin of greater wing of sphenoid bone.

Bordet
Bordet

Jules, Belgian bacteriologist and Nobel laureate, 1870–1961. See Bordetella, B.-Gengou potato blood agar, B.-Gengou bacillus, B.-Gengou phenomenon, B. and Gengou reaction.

Bordetella
Bordetella (bor-de-tel′a)

A genus of strictly aerobic bacteria (family Brucellaceae) containing minute, Gram-negative non–spore bearing, coccobacilli. Motile and nonmotile species occur; motile cells are peritrichous. The metabolism of these organisms is respiratory. They require nicotinic acid, cysteine, and methionine; hemin (X factor) and coenzyme I (V factor) are not required. They are parasites and pathogens of the mammalian respiratory tract; type species is B. pertussis. [J. Bordet]
B. bronchiseptica a bacterial species found in a broad range of animal species, causing atrophic rhinitis of swine, bronchopneumonia in rodents, and a highly contagious bronchopneumonia in dogs. It is a rare cause of opportunistic respiratory tract infection in immunocomprimised patients.
B. hinzii a newly described bacterial species isolated from a few human blood cultures and respiratory secretions, as well as from poultry respiratory secretions.
B. holmesii a newly described bacterial species isolated from human blood cultures, primarily from mmunocompromised patients.
B. parapertussis a bacterial species that causes a whooping cough-like disease, usually milder than that seen with B. pertussis.
B. pertussis the bacterial species that is the causative agent of whooping cough, a respiratory tract infection that in infants and young children may be life-threatening; the severe cough, progressing to a paroxysmal form after 7–10 days, is associated with production of pertussis toxin, a protein consisting of 5 B subunits that bind the molecule to respiratory epithelial cells, and an A subunit, an ADP-ribosyl-transferase that interferes with proteins associated with normal signal transduction; pathology is also associated with heavy mucous secretion and hypoxia due to paroxysmal coughing and to blockage of air passages with mucus. SYN: Bordet-Gengou bacillus.

boric acid
boric acid (bo′rik)

A very weak acid, used as an antiseptic dusting powder, in saturated solution as a collyrium, and with glycerin in aphthae and stomatitis. SYN: boracic acid.

borism
borism (bor′izm)

Symptoms caused by the ingestion of borax or any compound of boron.

Börjeson
Börjeson

Mats, Swedish physician, *1922. See B.-Forssman-Lehmann syndrome.

Born
Born

Gustav Jacob, German embryologist, 1851–1900. See B. method of wax plate reconstruction.

bornane
bornane (bor′nan)

The monoterpene parent of borneols, camphene, and similar essential oils (terpenes).

boroglycerin
boroglycerin (bo-ro-glis′er-in)

A soft mass obtained by heating glycerin and boric acid; an obsolete antiseptic, usually used mixed with equal parts of glycerin, constituting glycerite. SYN: boroglycerol, glyceryl borate.

boroglycerol
boroglycerol (bo-ro-glis′er-ol)

SYN: boroglycerin.

boron
boron (B) (bor′on)

A nonmetallic trivalent element, atomic no. 5, atomic wt. 10.811; occurs as a hard crystalline mass or as a brown powder, and forms borates and boric acid. A nutritional need has been reported for pregnant women. [Pers. Burah]

Borrel
Borrel

Amédée, French bacteriologist, 1867–1936. See B. blue stain.

Borrelia
Borrelia (bo-re′le-a, bo-rel′e-a)

A genus of bacteria (family Treponemataceae) containing cells 8–16 μm in length, with coarse, shallow, irregular spirals and tapered, finely filamented ends. These organisms are parasitic on many forms of animal life, are generally hematophytic, or are found on mucous membranes; most are transmitted to animals or humans by the bites of arthropods. The type species is B. anserina. [A. Borrell]
B. afzelii a bacterial genospecies of B. burgdorferi sensu lato causing Lyme disease in Europe and Asia; transmitted by the tick Ixodes ricinus in central and western Europe and by the tick Ixodes persulcatus in Eurasia from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean. SEE ALSO: B. burgdorferi sensu stricto.
B. anserina a bacterial species that causes spirochetosis of fowls; found in the blood of infected geese, ducks, other fowl, and vector ticks; it is the type species of the genus B..
B. burgdorferi a bacterial species causing Lyme disease in humans and borreliosis in dogs, cattle, and possibly horses. The vector transmitting this spirochete to humans is the ixodid tick, Ixodes dammini.
B. burgdorferi sensu lato a bacterial complex causing Lyme disease that is composed of several genospecies including B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. garinii and B. afzelii.
B. burgdorferi sensu stricto a bacterial genospecies of B. burgdorferi sensu lato causing Lyme disease in North America and Europe; transmitted by the tick Ixodes scapularis in the eastern and central United States, by the tick Ixodes pacificus in the western United States, and by the tick Ixodes ricinus in Europe. SEE ALSO: B. garinii.
B. caucasica a bacterial species found as a cause of relapsing fever in the Caucasus; transmitted by Ornithodoros verrucosus.
B. crocidurae a bacterial species that causes relapsing fever in North Africa, the Near East, and central Asia, and is transmitted by the small variety of the tick Ornithodoros erraticus.
B. duttonii a bacterial species causing Central and South African relapsing fever; transmitted by a tick, Ornithodoros moubata.
B. garinii a bacterial genospecies of B. burgdorferi sensu lato causing Lyme disease in Europe and Asia; transmitted by the tick Ixodes ricinus in central and western Europe and by the tick Ixodes persulcatus in Eurasia from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean. SEE ALSO: B. burgdorferi sensu stricto.
B. hermsii a bacterial species found as a cause of relapsing fever in British Columbia, California, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington; transmitted by a tick, Ornithodoros hermsi.
B. hispanica a bacterial species causing relapsing fever in Spain, Portugal, and northwest Africa, transmitted by the large variety of the tick Ornithodorus erratica.
B. latyschewii a bacterial species that causes relapsing fever in Iran and central Asia; transmitted by the tick Ornithodoros tartakovskyi from rodents and reptiles.
B. mazzottii a bacterial species that causes relapsing fever in Mexico and Central and South America; transmitted by the tick Ornithodoros talajé.
B. parkeri a bacterial species found as a cause of relapsing fever in the western United States; transmitted by a tick, Ornithodoros parkeri.
B. persica a bacterial species that causes relapsing fever in the Middle East and central Asia; the vector is the tick Ornithodoros tholozani.
B. recurrentis a bacterial species causing relapsing fever in South America, Europe, Africa, and Asia; transmitted by the bedbug, Cimex lectularius, and the louse, Pediculus humanus humanus. SYN: Obermeier spirillum, Spirochaeta obermeieri.
B. turicatae a bacterial species found as a cause of relapsing fever in Mexico, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas; transmitted by Ornithodoros turicata.
B. venezuelensis a bacterial species causing spirochetal relapsing fever in Central and South America; transmitted by Ornithodoros rudis and O. venezuelensis.

borreliosis
borreliosis (bo-re-le-o′sis)

Disease caused by bacteria of the genus Borrelia.
Lyme b. SYN: Lyme disease.

Borst
Borst

Maximilian, German pathologist, 1869–1946. See B.-Jadassohn type intraepidermal epithelioma.

Bosin disease
Bosin disease

See under disease.

boss
boss (baws)

1. A protuberance; a circumscribed rounded swelling. 2. The prominence of a kyphosis. [M.E. boce, fr. O.Fr.]

bosselated
bosselated (baws′e-la-ted)

Marked by numerous bosses or rounded protuberances. [Fr. bosseler, to emboss]

bosselation
bosselation (baws-e-la′shun)

1. A boss. 2. A condition in which one or more bosses, or rounded protuberances, are present.

Boston
Boston

Leonard N., U.S. physician, 1871–1931.

Botallo
Botallo, Botallus

Leonardo, Italian physician in Paris, 1530–ca.1587. See B. duct, B. foramen, B. ligament.

botfly
botfly (bot′fli)

Robust, hairy fly of the order Diptera, often strikingly marked in black and yellow or gray, whose larvae produce a variety of myiasis conditions in humans and various domestic animals, especially herbivores.
head botflies flesh flies of the dipterous families Oestridae and Cuterebridae; robust, hairy, black, yellow, or gray flies that, while flying, deposit newly hatched larvae or, in some cases, eggs, on or near the nostrils of sheep, goats, deer, horses, camels, and, rarely, humans.
human b. SYN: Dermatobia hominis.
skin botflies SYN: Dermatobia hominis. SEE ALSO: Cuterebra.
warble b. SYN: Dermatobia hominis. SEE ALSO: Hypoderma.

bothria
bothria (both′re-a)

Plural of bothrium.

bothriocephaliasis
bothriocephaliasis (both′re-o-sef-a-li′a-sis)

SYN: diphyllobothriasis.

Bothriocephalus
Bothriocephalus (both′re-o-sef′a-lus)

A genus of pseudophyllid tapeworms with both plerocercoid and adult stages in fishes; sometimes historically confused with Diphyllobothrium. [G. bothrion, dim. of bothros, pit or trench, + kephale, head]
B. cordatus a tapeworm species common in dogs and humans in Greenland.
B. latus former name for Diphyllobothrium latum.
B. mansoni former name for Spirometra mansoni.
B. mansonoides former name for Spirometra mansonoides.

bothrium
bothrium, pl .bothria (both′re-um, -re-a)

One of the slitlike sucking grooves found on the scolex of pseudophyllidean tapeworms, such as the broad fish tapeworm of man, Diphyllobothrium latum. [G. bothros, pit or trench]

botryoid
botryoid (bot′re-oyd)

Having numerous rounded protuberances resembling a bunch of grapes. SYN: staphyline, uviform. [G. botryoeides, like a bunch of grapes (botrys)]

Botryomyces
Botryomyces (bot′re-o-mi′sez)

A generic name applied to a supposed fungus causing botryomycosis. Since this disease is now known to be caused by several kinds of bacteria, staphylococci most commonly, the name is invalid and rarely used. The name of the disease has been retained, nevertheless, to indicate a peculiar type of tissue reaction. [G. botrys, a bunch of grapes, + mykes, fungus]

botryomycosis
botryomycosis (bot′re-o-mi-ko′sis)

A chronic granulomatous condition of horses, cattle, swine, and humans, usually involving the skin but occasionally also the viscera, and characterized by granules in the pus, consisting of masses of bacteria, generally staphylococci but sometimes other types, surrounded by a hyaline capsule which sometimes exhibits clublike bodies around its periphery; the anatomic structure of the lesion resembles that of actinomycosis and mycetoma. SYN: actinophytosis (2) . [fr. Botryomyces]

botryomycotic
botryomycotic (bot′re-o-mi-kot′ik)

Relating to or affected by botryomycosis.

bots
bots

The larvae of several species of botflies. [Gael. boiteag, maggot]
ox b. cattle grub, the larvae of the warble flies, Hypoderma bovis and H. lineatum.
sheep b. Oestrus ovis larvae.

Böttcher
Böttcher

Arthur, Estonian anatomist, 1831–1889. See B. canal, B. cells, under cell, B. crystals, under crystal, B. ganglion, B. space, Charcot-B. crystalloids, under crystalloid.

bottle
bottle (bot′tl)

A container for liquids.
Mariotte b. a stoppered b. with bottom outlet, used as a reservoir for constant infusions; air enters only by bubbling through a tube extending down through the stopper almost to the bottom; a partial vacuum thus supports the variable height of liquid above the air inlet, providing a constant gravity head for outflow.
wash-b. 1. a b. with a tube passing to the bottom, through which gases are forced into water to purify them; 2. a stoppered b. with two tubes, one ending above and the other below a fluid, so that air blowing through the short tube forces liquid in a small stream from the free end of the long one; used for washing chemical apparatus.
Woulfe b. a b. with two or three necks, used in a series, connected with tubes, for working with gases (washing, drying, absorbing, etc.).

botulin
botulin (bot′u-lin)

SYN: botulinus toxin.

botulinogenic
botulinogenic (bot′u-lin-o-jen′ik)

SYN: botulogenic.

botulism
botulism (bot′u-lizm)

Food poisioning usually caused by the ingestion of the neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum from improperly canned or preserved food; mainly affects humans, chickens, water fowl, cattle, sheep, and horses, and is characterized by paralysis in all species; can be fatal; swine, dogs, and cats are somewhat resistant. In some cases ( e.g., in infants) b. may be formed in the gastrointestinal tract by ingested organisms. SEE ALSO: Clostridium botulinum. [L. botulus, sausage]
wound b. b. resulting from infection of a wound.

botulismotoxin
botulismotoxin (bot′u-liz-mo-tok′sin)

SYN: botulinus toxin.

botulogenic
botulogenic (bot′u-lo-jen′ik)

Botulism-producing. SYN: botulinogenic.

boubas
boubas (boo′bahs)

SYN: yaws. [native Brazilian]

Bouchard
Bouchard

Charles Jacques, French physician, 1837–1915. See B. disease.

bouche de tapir
bouche de tapir (boosh-de-ta′pir)

SYN: tapir mouth. [Fr.]

Bouchut
Bouchut

Jean A.E., French physician, 1818–1891. See B. tube.

bougie
bougie (boo-zhe′)

A cylindrical instrument, usually somewhat flexible and yielding, used for calibrating or dilating constricted areas in tubular organs, such as the urethra or esophagus; sometimes containing a medication for local application. [Fr. candle]
b. à boule (boo-zhe′a-bool′) a ball-tipped b..
bulbous b. a b. with a bulb-shaped tip, some of which are shaped like an acorn or an olive.
Eder-Pustow b. a metal olive-shaped b. with a flexible metal dilating system (for esophageal stricture).
elastic b. a b. made of rubber, latex, or other similarly flexible material.
elbowed b. a b. with a sharply angulated bend near its tip.
filiform b. a very slender b. usually used for gentle exploration of strictures or sinus tracts of small diameter where false passages can be encountered or created; the entering end can consist of either a straight or spiral tip, and the trailing end usually consists of a threaded cylinder into which the screw tip of a following b. can be inserted.
following b. a flexible tapered b. with a screw tip which is attached to the trailing end of a filiform b., to allow progressive dilation without danger of creating false passages.
Hurst bougies a series of mercury-filled round-tipped tubes of graded diameter for dilating the cardioesophageal region.
Maloney bougies a series of bougies similar to Hurst bougies but having cone-shaped tips.
Savary bougies silastic tapered-tip bougies used over a guide wire in esophageal dilation.
tapered b. a b. with gradually increasing caliber, used to dilate strictures.
wax-tipped b. a long slender flexible b. with a wax tip, used for endoscopic passage into the ureter to confirm the presence of a calculus by scratching the surface of the tip with the sharp edges of the stone.
whip b. a b. tapered to a threadlike tip at the end.

bougienage
bougienage (boo-zhe-nahzh′)

Examination or treatment of the interior of any canal by the passage of a bougie or cannula.

bouillon
bouillon (boo-yawn′)

A clear beef tea. [Fr. broth, fr. bouillir, to boil]

Bouin
Bouin

Paul, French histologist, 1870–1962. See B. fixative.

boulimia
boulimia (boo-lim′e-a)

SYN: bulimia nervosa.

bound
bound (bownd)

1. Limited, circumscribed; enclosed. 2. Denoting a substance, such as iodine, phosphorus, calcium, morphine, or another drug, that is not in readily diffusible form but exists in combination with a high–molecular weight substance, especially protein. 3. Fixed to a receptor, such as on a cell wall.

bouquet
bouquet (boo-ka′)

A cluster or bunch of structures, especially of blood vessels, suggesting a b.. [Fr.]
Riolan b. the muscles and ligaments, “les fleurs rouges et les fleurs blanches” (the red and white flowers), arising from the styloid process.

Bourgery
Bourgery

Marc-Jean, French anatomist and surgeon, 1797–1849. See B. ligament.

Bourneville
Bourneville

Désiré-Magloire, French physician, 1840–1909. See B. disease, B.-Pringle disease.

Bourquin
Bourquin

Anne, U.S. chemist, *1897. See Sherman-B. unit of vitamin B₂.

bouton
bouton (boo-ton′)

A button, pustule, or knob-like swelling. [Fr. button]
axonal terminal boutons SYN: axon terminals, under terminal.
b. de Baghdad the lesion occurring in cutaneous leishmaniasis. SYN: b. de Biskra.
b. en chemise small abscess of the intestinal mucosa, occurring in amebic dysentery.
boutons en passage consecutive synapses along the course of an axon.
synaptic boutons SYN: axon terminals, under terminal.
terminal boutons, b. terminaux SYN: axon terminals, under terminal.

bouton de Biskra
bouton de Biskra

SYN: bouton de Baghdad.

boutonnière
boutonnière (boo-ton-nir′, -nar′)

A traumatically produced slit or buttonhole-like opening. [Fr. buttonhole]

Bovicola
Bovicola (bo-vik′o-la)

A genus of biting lice that is considered by some to be a subgenus of Damalinia; includes the species B. bovis (Trichodectes scalaris), the common red or biting ox louse of cattle; B. caprae (Trichodectes climax), found on sheep and goats; B. equi (Trichodectes parumpilosus), the common biting louse of horses; B. ovis (Trichodectes sphaerocephalus), the common biting louse of sheep. SEE ALSO: Trichodectes.

Bovie
Bovie

An instrument used for electrosurgical dissection and hemostasis. Frequently used as a verb, i.e., to B. something is to dissect or cauterize it with the B. instrument.

bovine
bovine (bo′vin, -vin)

Relating to cattle. [L. bos (bov-), ox]

bow
bow (bo)

Any device bent in a simple curve or semicircle and possessing flexibility. [A.S. boga]
Cupid's b. the contour of the superior margin of the upper lip.
Logan b. heavy stainless steel wire bent in an arc and taped to both cheeks to protect a freshly repaired cleft lip.

Bowditch
Bowditch

Henry P., U.S. physiologist, 1840–1911. See B. law, B. effect.

bowel
bowel

SYN: intestine. See small b. series. [through the Fr. from L. botulus, sausage]
large b. the colon.
small b. proximal portion of the intestine distal to the stomach, comprising the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

Bowen
Bowen

John T., U.S. dermatologist, 1857–1941. See B. disease, B. precancerous dermatosis, bowenoid papulosis, Bowenoid cells, under cell.

Bowie
Bowie

Donald James, Canadian physician, *1887. See B. stain.

bowleg
bowleg, bow-leg (bo′leg)

SYN: genu varum.

Bowles type stethoscope
Bowles type stethoscope

See under stethoscope.

Bowman
Bowman

Sir William, English ophthalmologist, anatomist, and physiologist, 1816–1892. See B. capsule, B. disks, under disk, B. gland, B. membrane, B. muscle, B. probe, B. space.

box
box (boks)

Container; receptacle. [L.L. buxis, fr. G. puxis, b. tree]
black b. 1. (Jargon) descriptive of a method of reasoning or studying a problem, in which the methods and procedures, as such, are not described, explained, or perhaps even understood: conclusions relate solely to the empirical relationships observed; 2. in some contexts, the term can mean a piece of apparatus or an experimental animal in which the pharmacologic or toxicologic pathway has not yet been worked out.
brain b. neurocranium.
CAAT b. a sequence of nucleotides found in a conserved region of DNA located “upstream” (5′ direction) of the start points of eukaryotic transcription units; specific transcription factors appear to associate with it; found in many promoters at −75 bp with the consensus sequence: GG(T/C)CAATCT. It is believed to determine the efficiency of transcription.
Hogness b. homeobox.
Pribnow b. homeobox.
Skinner b. an experimental apparatus in which an animal presses a lever to obtain a reward or receive punishment.
TATA b. a highly conserved bacterial DNA sequence found about 25 bp upstream from the transcription start site of genes, usually flanked by GC rich sequences; binding site of transcription factors but not RNA polymerase.
view b. a light b. for display of radiographs or other photographic transparencies.

boxing
boxing (boks′ing)

In dentistry, the building up of vertical walls, usually in wax, around a dental impression after beading, to produce the desired size and form of the dental cast, and to preserve certain landmarks of the impression.

Boyce
Boyce

William H., U.S. urologist, *1918. See Smith-B. operation.

Boyden
Boyden

Edward A., U.S. anatomist, 1886–1976. See B. meal, B. sphincter.

Boyer
Boyer

Baron Alexis, French surgeon, 1757–1833. See B. bursa, B. cyst.

Boyle
Boyle

Hon. Robert, British physicist and chemist, 1627–1691. See B. law.

Bozeman
Bozeman

Nathan G., U.S. surgeon, 1825–1905. See B. operation, B. position, B.-Fritsch catheter.

Bozzolo
Bozzolo

Camillo, Italian physician, 1845–1920. See B. sign.

BP
BP

Abbreviation for blood pressure; British Pharmacopoeia.

b.p.
b.p.

Abbreviation for boiling point; base pair.

Bq
Bq

Abbreviation for becquerel.

Br
Br

Symbol for bromine.

Braasch
Braasch

William F., U.S. urologist, 1878–1975. See B. bulb, B. catheter.

brace
brace (bras)

An orthosis or orthopedic appliance that supports or holds in correct position a part of the body and can allow motion at adjacent joints, in contrast to a splint, which prevents motion of the part. [M.E., fr. O.Fr., fr. L. bracchium, arm, fr. G. brachion]
Taylor back b. a steel spinal support. SYN: Taylor apparatus, Taylor splint.

braces
braces (bra′sez)

Colloquialism for orthodontic appliances.

brachia
brachia (bra′ke-a)

Plural of brachium.

brachial
brachial (bra′ke-al)

Relating to the arm.

brachialgia
brachialgia (bra-ke-al′je-a)

Pain in the arm. [L. brachium, arm, + algos, pain]
b. statica paresthetica pain in the arm and transient paresthesia occurring only at night.

brachio- brachio-

SYN: arm (1) . [L. brachium]

brachiocephalic
brachiocephalic (bra′ke-o-se-fal′ik)

Relating to both arm and head.

brachiocrural
brachiocrural (bra′ke-o-kroo′ral)

Relating to both arm and thigh.

brachiocubital
brachiocubital (bra′ke-o-ku′bi-tal)

Relating to both arm and elbow or to both arm and forearm.

brachiogram
brachiogram (bra′ke-o-gram)

Tracing of the brachial artery pulse.

brachium
brachium, pl .brachia (bra′ke-um, brak′; -a) [TA]

1. SYN: arm (1) . 2. An anatomic structure resembling an arm. [L. arm, prob. akin to G. brachion]
b. colliculi inferioris [TA] SYN: b. of inferior colliculus.
b. colliculi superioris [TA] SYN: commissure of superior colliculus.
b. conjunctivum cerebelli SYN: superior cerebellar peduncle.
b. of inferior colliculus [TA] a fiber bundle passing from the inferior colliculus on either side of the brainstem along the lateral border of the superior colliculus to the posterior part of the thalamus where it enters the medial geniculate body. It forms part of the major ascending auditory pathway. SYN: b. colliculi inferioris [TA] , b. quadrigeminum inferius, inferior quadrigeminal b..
inferior quadrigeminal b. SYN: b. of inferior colliculus.
b. pontis SYN: middle cerebellar peduncle.
b. quadrigeminum inferius SYN: b. of inferior colliculus.
b. quadrigeminum superius SYN: b. of superior colliculus.
b. of superior colliculus [TA] a band of fibers of the optic tract bypassing the lateral geniculate body to terminate in the superior colliculus and pretectal region. SYN: b. quadrigeminum superius, superior quadrigeminal b..
superior quadrigeminal b. SYN: b. of superior colliculus.

Bracht
Bracht

Erich Franz, German obstetrician and gynecologist, *1882. See B. maneuver.

Bracht
Bracht

E., 20th century German pathologist. See B.-Wächter lesion.

brachy- brachy-

Short. [G. brachys, short]

brachybasia
brachybasia (brak-e-ba′se-a)

The shuffling gait characteristic of pyramidal tract disease. [brachy- + G. basis, a stepping]

brachybasocamptodactyly
brachybasocamptodactyly (brak-e-ba′so-kamp-to-dak′ti-le)

Combined disproportionate shortness and crookedness of the fingers. [brachy- + G. basis, base, + campylos, curved, + daktylos, finger]

brachybasophalangia
brachybasophalangia (brak-e-ba′so-fa-lan′je-a)

Abnormal shortness of the proximal phalanges. [brachy- + G. basis, base, + phalanx]

brachycardia
brachycardia (brak-e-kar′de-a)

SYN: bradycardia.

brachycephalia
brachycephalia (brak-e-se-fa′le-a)

SYN: brachycephaly.

brachycephalic
brachycephalic (brak-e-se-fal′ik)

Relating to or characterized by brachycephaly. SYN: brachycephalous.

brachycephalism
brachycephalism (brak-e-sef′a-lizm)

SYN: brachycephaly. [brachy- + G. kephale, head]

brachycephalous
brachycephalous (brak-e-sef′a-lus)

SYN: brachycephalic.

brachycephaly
brachycephaly (brak-e-sef′a-le)

Disproportionate shortness of head, the skull having a cephalic index of over 80; among the brachycephalic races are the Native Americans, Malays, and Burmese. SYN: brachycephalia, brachycephalism. [brachy- + G. kephale, head]

brachycheilia
brachycheilia, brachychilia (brak′e-ki′le-a)

Abnormal shortness of the lips. [brachy- + G. cheilos, lip]

brachycnemic
brachycnemic (brak-e-ne′mik)

Having short legs; specifically, relating to a tibiofemoral index of less than 82 with the leg disproportionately shorter than the thigh. [brachy- + G. kneme, leg]

brachycranic
brachycranic (brak-e-kra′nik)

Brachycephalic with a cephalic index of 80.0 to 84.9. [brachy- + G. kranion, skull]

brachydactylia
brachydactylia (brak-e-dak-til′e-a)

SYN: brachydactyly. [brachy- + G. daktylos, finger]

brachydactylic
brachydactylic (brak-e-dak-til′ik)

Denoting brachydactyly.

brachydactyly
brachydactyly (brak-e-dak′ti-le)

Abnormal shortness of the fingers. SYN: brachydactylia. [brachy- + G. daktylos, finger]

brachyesophagus
brachyesophagus (brak′e-e-sof′a-gus)

An abnormally short esophagus. [brachy- + esophagus]

brachyfacial
brachyfacial (brak-e-fa′shal)

SYN: brachyprosopic.

brachyglossal
brachyglossal (brak-e-glos′al)

Denoting an abnormally short tongue. [brachy- + G. glossa, tongue]

brachygnathia
brachygnathia (brak-ig-na′the-a)

Abnormal shortness or recession of the mandible. SEE ALSO: micrognathia. SYN: bird face. [brachy- + G. gnathos, jaw]

brachygnathous
brachygnathous (brak-ig′na-thus)

Having a receding underjaw.

brachykerkic
brachykerkic (brak-e-ker′kik)

Relating to a radiohumeral index of less than 75, with a forearm relatively shorter than the upper arm. [brachy- + G. kerkis, radius]

brachymelia
brachymelia (brak-e-me′le-a)

Disproportionate shortness of the limbs. [brachy- + G. melos, limb]

brachymesophalangia
brachymesophalangia (brak-e-mes′o-fa-lan′je-a)

Abnormal shortness of the middle phalanges. [brachy- + G. mesos, middle, + phalanx]

brachymetacarpalia
brachymetacarpalia, brachymetacarpalism (brak′e-met-a-kar-pa′le-a, -met-a-kar′pa-lizm)

SYN: brachymetacarpia.

brachymetacarpia
brachymetacarpia (brak′e-met-a-car′pe-a)

Abnormal shortness of the metacarpals, especially the fourth and fifth. SYN: brachymetacarpalia, brachymetacarpalism.

brachymetapody
brachymetapody (brak′e-me-tap′o-de)

Apparent shortness of toes or fingers resulting from shortness or hypoplasia of the metacarpals or metatarsals. [brachy- + G. meta- (tarsal) + pous (pod-), foot]

brachymetatarsia
brachymetatarsia (brak′e-met-a-tar′se-a)

Abnormal shortness of the metatarsals.

brachymorphic
brachymorphic (brak′e-mor′fik)

Having, or denoting, a shorter form than that of the usually accepted norm. [brachy- + G. morphe, form]

brachyodont
brachyodont (brak′e-o-dont)

Having abnormally short teeth. [brachy- + G. odous, tooth]

brachyonychia
brachyonychia (brak′e-o-nik′e-a)

Short nails, in which the width of the nail plate and nail bed is greater than the length; may be congenital or result from nail biting, bone resorption in hyperparathyroidism, or psoriatic arthropathy. [G. brachys, short + onyx, onychos, nail, + suffix -ia, condition]

brachypellic
brachypellic (brak-e-pel′ik)

Denoting a transverse oval pelvis. See b. pelvis. SYN: brachypelvic. [brachy- + pelvis]

brachypelvic
brachypelvic (brak-e-pel′vik)

SYN: brachypellic.

brachyphalangia
brachyphalangia (brak′e-fa-lan′je-a)

Abnormal shortness of the phalanges. [brachy- + phalanx]

brachypodous
brachypodous (bra-kip′o-dus)

Having abnormally short feet. [brachy- + G. pous, foot]

brachyprosopic
brachyprosopic (brak-e-pro-sop′ik)

Having a disproportionately short face. SYN: brachyfacial. [brachy- + G. prosopikos, facial]

brachyrhinia
brachyrhinia (brak-e-ri′ne-a)

Abnormal shortness of the nose. [brachy- + G. rhis, nose]

brachyrhynchus
brachyrhynchus (brak-e-ring′kus)

Abnormal shortness of the nose and maxilla, often associated with cyclopia. [brachy- + G. rhynchos, snout]

brachyskelic
brachyskelic (brak-e-skel′ik)

Relating to abnormally short legs. [brachy- + G. skelos, leg]

brachystaphyline
brachystaphyline (brak-e-staf′i-lin)

Having a short palate; having a palatomaxillary index above 85. [brachy- + G. staphyle, uvula]

brachysyndactyly
brachysyndactyly (brak′e-sin-dak′ti-le)

Abnormal shortness of fingers or toes combined with a webbing between the adjacent digits. [brachy- + syndactyly]

brachytelephalangia
brachytelephalangia (brak-e-tel′e-fa-lan′je-a)

Abnormal shortness of the distal phalanges. [brachy- + G. telos, end, + phalanx]

brachytherapy
brachytherapy (brak-e-ther′a-pe)

Radiotherapy in which the source of irradiation is placed close to the surface of the body or within a body cavity; e.g., application of radium to the cervix.
high-dose-rate b. high-dose b. over time.
interstitial b. radiotherapy by implantation of radioactive needles or other sources directly into and around the tissue to be irradiated.
remote afterloading b. locally delivered radiotherapy that is loaded remotely into previously placed receptacles.
stereotactic b. radiotherapy delivered with the help of CT-guided tissue localization.

brachytype
brachytype (brak′e-tip)

SYN: endomorph.

bracing
bracing (bras′ing)

In dentistry, resistance to horizontal components of masticatory force. See component of force.

bracket
bracket (brak′et)

In dentistry, a small metal attachment that is soldered or welded to an orthodontic band or bonded directly to the teeth, serving to fasten the arch wire to the band or tooth.

Bradbury
Bradbury

Samuel, U.S. physician. See B.-Eggleston syndrome.

Bradford
Bradford

Edward H., U.S. orthopedist, 1848–1926. See B. frame.

brady- brady-

Slow. [G. bradys, slow]

bradyarrhythmia
bradyarrhythmia (brad′e-a-rith′me-a)

Any disturbance of the heart's rhythm resulting(by convention) in a rate under 50 beats per min. [brady- + G. a- priv. + rhythmos, rhythm]

bradyarthria
bradyarthria (brad-e-arth′re-a)

A form of dysarthria characterized by an abnormal slowness or deliberation in speech. SYN: bradyglossia (2) , bradylalia, bradylogia. [brady- + G. arthroo, to utter distinctly, fr. arthron, a joint]

bradycardia
bradycardia (brad-e-kar′de-a)

Slowness of the heartbeat, usually defined (by convention) as a rate under 50 beats/min. SYN: brachycardia, bradyrhythmia. [brady- + G. kardia, heart]
central b. b. due to disease of the central nervous system, usually with increased intracranial pressure.
essential b. a slow pulse for which no cause can be discovered. SYN: idiopathic b..
fetal b. a fetal heart rate of less than 120 beats/min.
idiopathic b. SYN: essential b..
marked fetal b. a fetal heart rate less than 100 beats per minute.
mild fetal b. a fetal heart rate between 100-120 beats per minute.
nodal b. SYN: atrioventricular junctional rhythm.
postinfectious b. a toxic b. occurring during convalescence from various infectious diseases, such as influenza.
sinus b. b. originating in the normal sinus pacemaker.
vagal b. any excessive cardiac slowing due to stimulation of the vagus nerves.
ventricular b. slowness of ventricular rate, usually implying the presence of atrioventricular block.

bradycardiac
bradycardiac (brad-e-kar′de-ak)

Relating to or characterized by bradycardia. SYN: bradycardic.

bradycardic
bradycardic (brad-e-kar′dik)

SYN: bradycardiac.

bradycinesia
bradycinesia (brad-e-si-ne′se-a)

SYN: bradykinesia.

bradycrotic
bradycrotic (brad-e-krot′ik)

Relating to or characterized by a slow pulse. [brady- + G. krotos, a striking]

bradydiastole
bradydiastole (brad-e-di-as′to-le)

Prolongation of the diastole of the heart.

bradyesthesia
bradyesthesia (brad-e-es-the′ze-a)

Slow sensory perception. [brady- + G. aisthesis, sensation]

bradyglossia
bradyglossia (brad-e-glos′e-a)

1. Slow or difficult tongue movement. 2. SYN: bradyarthria. [brady- + G. glossa, tongue]

bradykinesia
bradykinesia (brad-e-kin-e′ze-a)

A decrease in spontaneity and movement. One of the features of extrapyramidal disorders, such as Parkinson disease. SYN: bradycinesia. [brady- + G. kinesis, movement]

bradykinetic
bradykinetic (brad-e-ki-net′ik)

Characterized by or pertaining to slow movement.

bradykinin
bradykinin (brad-e-ki′nin)

The nonapeptide Arg–Pro–Pro–Gly–Phe–Ser–Pro–Phe–Arg, produced from the decapeptide kallidin (bradykininogen) that is produced from α₂-globulin by kallikrein, normally present in blood in an inactive form and similar to trypsin in action; b. is one of a number of the plasma kinins, is a potent vasodilator, and is one of the physiologic mediators of anaphylaxis released from cytotropic antibody-coated mast cells following reaction with antigen (allergen) specific for the antibody. SYN: kallidin 9, kallidin I, kinin 9. [brady- + G. kineo, to move]

bradykininogen
bradykininogen (brad′e-ki-nin′o-jen)

SYN: kallidin.

bradykinin potentiator B
bradykinin potentiator B

Glp–Gly–Leu–Pro–Pro–Arg–Pro–Lys–Ile–Pro–Pro;the undecapeptide precursor of bradykinin and the angiotensins.

bradylalia
bradylalia (brad-e-la′le-a)

SYN: bradyarthria. [brady- + G. lalia, speech]

bradylexia
bradylexia (brad-e-lek′se-a)

Abnormal slowness in reading. [brady- + G. lexis, word]

bradylogia
bradylogia (brad-e-lo′je-a)

SYN: bradyarthria. [brady- + G. logos, word]

bradypepsia
bradypepsia (brad-e-pep′se-a)

Slowness of digestion. [brady- + G. pepsis, digestion]

bradyphagia
bradyphagia (brad-e-fa′je-a)

Slowness in eating. [brady- + G. phago, to eat]

bradyphasia
bradyphasia (brad-e-fa′ze-a)

A form of aphasia characterized by abnormal slowness of speech. SYN: bradyphemia. [brady- + G. phasis, speaking]

bradyphemia
bradyphemia (brad-e-fe′me-a)

SYN: bradyphasia. [brady- + G. pheme, speech]

bradypnea
bradypnea (brad-ip-ne′a)

Abnormal slowness of respiration, specifically a low respiratory frequency. [brady- + G. pnoe, breathing]

bradypsychia
bradypsychia (brad-e-si′ke-a)

Slowness of mental reactions. [brady- + G. psyche, soul]

bradyrhythmia
bradyrhythmia (brad-e-rith′me-a)

SYN: bradycardia.

bradyspermatism
bradyspermatism (brad-e-sper′ma-tizm)

Absence of ejaculatory force, so that the semen trickles away slowly. [brady, + G. sperma (spermat-), seed, + ism]

bradysphygmia
bradysphygmia (brad-e-sfig′me-a)

Slowness of the pulse; can occur without bradycardia, as in ventricular bigeminy when every alternate beat may fail to produce a peripheral pulse. [brady- + G. sphygmos, pulse]

bradystalsis
bradystalsis (brad-e-stahl′sis)

Slow bowel motion. [G. bradys, slow, + (peri) stalsis, contracting around]

bradyteleocinesia
bradyteleocinesia (brad′e-tel-e-o-sin-e′se-a)

Sudden arrest of a movement just before its intended termination, then after a pause it is completed slowly or by jerks; a symptom of cerebellar disease. SYN: bradyteleokinesis. [brady- + G. teleos, complete, + kinesis, movement]

bradyteleokinesis
bradyteleokinesis (brad′e-tel-e-o-ki-ne′sis)

SYN: bradyteleocinesia.

bradyuria
bradyuria (brad-e-u′re-a)

Slow micturition. [brady- + G. ouron, urine]

bradyzoite
bradyzoite (brad-e-zo′it)

A slowly multiplying encysted form of sporozoan parasite typical of chronic infection with Toxoplasma gondii. It has also been called a merozoite or zoite; the complex of bradyzoites within an enclosing membrane has also been called a pseudocyst, though it is now regarded as a true cyst. [brady- + G. zoe, life]

braille
braille (bral)

A system of writing and printing by means of raised dots corresponding to letters, numbers, and punctuation to enable the blind to read by touch. [Louis B., French teacher of blind, 1809–1852]

Brailsford
Brailsford

James Frederick, English radiologist, 1888–1961. See B.-Morquio disease.

Brain
Brain

Walter Russell, Lord, English physician, 1895–1966. See B. reflex.

brain
brain (bran) [TA]

That part of the central nervous system contained within the cranium. SEE ALSO: encephalon. Cf.:cerebrum, cerebellum. [A.S. braegen]
split b. a b. in which the corpus callosum and usually the anterior and posterior commissures have been sectioned; usually to treat certain refractory epilepsies.
visceral b. SYN: limbic system.

braincase
braincase (bran′kas)

SYN: neurocranium.

brainstem
brainstem, brain stem (bran′stem) [TA]

Originally, the entire unpaired subdivision of the brain, composed of (in anterior sequence) the rhombencephalon, mesencephalon, and diecephalon as distinguished from the brain's only paired subdivision, the telencephalon. More recently, the term's connotation has undergone several arbitrary modifications: some use it to denote no more than rhombencephalon plus mesencephalon, distinguishing that complex from the prosencephalon (diencephalon plus telencephalon); others restrict it even further to refer exclusively to the rhombencephalon. From both developmental and architectural viewpoints, the original interpretation seems preferable. SYN: truncus encephali [TA] .

brainwashing
brainwashing (bran′wash′ing)

Inducing a person to modify attitudes and behavior in certain directions through various forms of psychological pressure or torture.

bran
bran

A by-product of the milling of wheat, containing approximately 20% of indigestible cellulose; a bulk cathartic, usually taken in the form of cereal or special b. products.

branch
branch [TA]

An offshoot; in anatomy, one of the primary divisions of a nerve or blood vessel. A b.. See ramus, artery, nerve, vein. SYN: ramus (1) [TA] .
accessory meningeal b. SYN: pterygomeningeal artery.
accessory meningeal b. of middle meningeal artery SYN: accessory b. of middle meningeal artery.
accessory b. of middle meningeal artery [TA] a b. of either the middle meningeal or maxillary artery in the infratemporal fossa and passing superiorly through the foramen ovale to supply the trigeminal ganglion, dura mater, and inner table of bone. SYN: ramus accessorius arteriae meningeae mediae [TA] , accessory meningeal b. of middle meningeal artery, ramus meningeus accessorius arteriae meningeae mediae.
acetabular b. [TA] an arterial b. that supplies the acetabulum; two arteries, the obturator and the medial femoral circumflex, have such branches. SYN: ramus acetabularis [TA] , acetabular artery, arteria acetabuli.
acromial b. of suprascapular artery [TA] b. of suprascapular artery that pierces the origin of the trapezius muscle to run to the acromion; anastomoses, acromial b. of thoracoacromial artery. SYN: ramus acromialis arteriae suprascapularis [TA] .
acromial b. of thoracoacromial artery [TA] a b. of the thoracoacromial artery that runs over the coracoid process and under the deltoid muscle. SYN: ramus acromialis arteriae thoracoacromialis [TA] , acromial artery.
anastomotic b. [TA] a blood vessel that interconnects two neighboring vessels. The term should not be used to describe internerve communication in the nervous system, because there is no analogy between a vascular anastomosing b. and a connection between nerves or their subdivisions. SYN: ramus anastomoticus [TA] .
anastomotic b. of middle meningeal artery with lacrimal artery [TA] a b. of the middle meningeal artery arising in the cranial cavity that runs anteriorly through the superior orbital fissure to anastomose with the lacrimal artery. See orbital b. of middle meningeal artery. SYN: ramus anastomoticus arteriae meningeae mediae cum arteriae lacrimali [TA] .
b. to angular gyrus [TA] the last b. of the terminal part of the middle cerebral artery distributed to parts of the temporal parietal and occipital lobes. SYN: angular artery (2) [TA] , arteria angularis [TA] , arteria gyri angularis [TA] , artery of angular gyrus.
anterior b. [TA] the anterior b. of the following: 1) great auricular nerve; 2) left and right superior pulmonary veins; 3) medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm; 4) obturator artery; 5) obturator nerve; 6) renal artery; 7) right b. of portal vein; 8) right hepatic duct; 9) ulnar recurrent artery. SYN: ramus anterior [TA] .
anterior abdominal cutaneous b. of intercostal nerve [TA] continuation of the ventral rami of spinal nerves (intercostal nerves) T7–T11 distal to the origin of the lateral cutaneous branches; distributed to anterior abdominal wall. SEE ALSO: thoracoabdominal nerves, under nerve. SYN: ramus cutaneus anterior abdominalis nervi intercostalis [TA] .
anterior auricular branches of superficial temporal artery [TA] distribution, auricle, earlobe and external acoustic meatus. SYN: rami auriculares anteriores arteriae temporalis superficialis [TA] .
anterior basal b. SYN: anterior basal segmental artery.
anterior basal b. of superior basal vein (of right and left inferior pulmonary veins) anterior basal vein.
anterior cutaneous branches of femoral nerve [TA] cutaneous branches of the femoral nerve distributed to the anterior and medial aspects of the thigh; convey general sensation. SYN: rami cutanei anteriores nervi femoralis [TA] , anterior femoral cutaneous nerves.
anterior cutaneous b. of iliohypogastric nerve [TA] distribution, skin on pubis. SYN: ramus cutaneus anterior nervi iliohypogastrici [TA] , genital b. of iliohypogastric nerve.
anterior cutaneous branches of intercostal nerves medial mammary branches of anterior cutaneous branches of ventral primary rami of thoracic spinal nerves. See medial mammary branches.
anterior gastric branches of anterior vagal trunk [TA] anterior gastric branches of the vagus; branches of the anterior vagal trunk to the anterior surface of the stomach. SYN: rami gastrici anteriores trunci vagalis anterioris [TA] , gastric branches of anterior vagal trunk, rami gastrici anteriores nervi vagi.
anterior glandular b. of superior thyroid artery [TA] branches that pass deep to the sternothyroid muscle, descend along the medial side of the upper pole of the lateral lobe, and then superior margin of the isthmus, anastomosing with the contralateral artery; they mainly supply the anterior aspect of the thyroid. SYN: ramus glandularis anterior arteriae thyroideae superioris [TA] .
anterior intercostal branches of internal thoracic artery [TA] one of the arteries supplying the anterior portions of the intercostal spaces of the thoracic wall. Anterior intercostal arteries 1–6 arise as branches of the internal thoracic artery; 7–11 arise as branches of the musculophrenic artery. SYN: rami intercostales anteriores arteriae thoracicae internae [TA] , anterior intercostal arteries, rami intercostales anteriores.
anterior interventricular b. of left coronary artery [TA] terminal b. (with circumflex coronary artery of left coronary artery; descends in anterior interventricular groove to apex, anastomosing with posterior interventricular artery. Supplies most of sternal aspect of ventricles and anterior two-thirds of interventricular septum, including atrioventricular bundle of conducting tissue. SYN: ramus interventricularis anterior arteriae coronariae sinistrae [TA] , anterior interventricular artery, left anterior descending artery.
anterior labial branches of deep external pudendal artery [TA] branches to the labium majus. SYN: rami labiales anteriores arteriae pudendae externae profundae [TA] , anterior labial arteries, arteriae labiales anteriores.
anterior/lateral/posterior glandular branches of superior thyroid artery branches of the branches of the superior thyroid artery to the thyroid gland. SYN: ramus glandulares anterior/lateralis/posterior arteriae thyroideae superioris.
anterior lateral nasal branches of anterior ethmoidal artery [TA] branches of the intracranial part of the anterior ethmoidal artery that pass through the cribriform plates of the ethmoid bone, descending into the nasal cavity with the anterior ethmoidal nerves, to run in a groove on the deep surface of the nasal bone, and supply the anterosuperior aspect of the lateral wall of the cavity. SYN: rami nasales anteriores laterales arteriae ethmoidalis anterioris [TA] .
anterior meningeal b. (of anterior ethmoidal artery) [TA] origin, anterior ethmoidal; distribution, meninges in anterior cranial fossa; anastomoses, branches of middle meningeal and meningeal branches of internal carotid and lacrimal. SYN: arteria meningea anterior [TA] , ramus meningeus anterior arteriae ethmoidalis anterioris [TA] , anterior meningeal artery.
anterior pectoral cutaneous b. of intercostal nerves [TA] continuation of the ventral rami of spinal nerves (intercostal nerves) T1–T6 distal to the origin of the lateral cutaneous branches; become cutaneous in the parasternal line and divide into medial (sternal) and lateral (mammary) branches; distributed to anterior thoracic wall. SYN: ramus cutaneus anterior pectoralis nervi intercostalis [TA] .
anterior b. of the renal artery [TA] See segmental arteries of kidney, under artery.
anterior scrotal b. of deep external pudendal artery [TA] distribution, skin of anterior scrotum; anastomoses, posterior scrotal branches from internal pudendal artery. SYN: rami scrotales anteriores arteriae pudendae externae profundae [TA] .
anterior septal branches of anterior ethmoidal artery [TA] branches of the intracranial part of the anterior ethmoidal artery that pass through the cribriform plates of the ethmoid bone, descending into the nasal cavity with the anterior ethmoidal nerves, and supply the anterosuperior aspect of the nasal septum. SYN: rami septales anteriores arteriae ethmoidalis anterioris [TA] .
anterior superior alveolar branches of infraorbital nerve SYN: anterior superior alveolar nerves, under nerve.
anterior temporal b. [TA] a b. of the insular part of the middle cerebral artery distributed to the cortex of the anterior part of the temporal lobe. SYN: ramus temporalis anterior [TA] , anterior temporal artery, arteria temporalis anterior.
anteromedial central branches branches of the anterior communicating artery which supply part of the hypothalamus (suprachiasmatic artery [TA], median commissural artery [TA]) and a medial area of the corpus callosum (median callosal artery [TA]). SYN: rami centrales anteromediales [TA] .
anteromedial frontal b. of callosomarginal artery [TA] b. of initial portion of callosomarginal artery to anteroinferior portion of medial aspect of frontal lobe of cerebrum. SYN: ramus frontalis anteromedialis arteriae callosomarginalis [TA] .
apical b. of inferior lobar b. of right pulmonary artery apical segmental artery of superior lobar artery of right lung.
apical b. of right superior pulmonary vein apical vein.
apicoposterior b. of left superior pulmonary vein apicoposterior vein.
articular branches [TA] branches distributed to joints. Almost any vessel related to a joint will supply articular rami. Most joints receive articular branches from the intramuscular branches of the motor nerves innervating the muscles crossing the joint (see Hilton law). At this printing, Terminologia Anatomica, however, specifically recognizes only the articular branches of (1) the descending genicular artery (ramus articulares arteriae descendentis genicularis) [TA]; supplying the knee joint; (2) articular branches of mixed spinal nerves (rami cutanei nervi mixtus); and (3) the articular b. of the posterior b. of the obturator nerves (rami articulares ramorum posteriores nervus obturatorius) supplying the hip joint. SYN: rami articulares [TA] , joint branches.
ascending b. [TA] a b. directed superiorly. Terminologia Anatomica recognizes an ascending b. of the following: 1) anterior segmental arteries of left and right lungs (ramus ascendens arteriae segmentales anteriores pulmones sinistrae et dextrae), 2) deep circumflex iliac artery (ramus ascendens arteriae circumflexae iliacae profundae), 3) inferior epigastric artery (ramus ascendens arteriae epigastricae inferiores), 4) lateral and medial circumflex femoral arteries (rami ascendens arteriae circumflexae femoris lateralis et medialis), 5) posterior segmental arteries of left and right lungs (ramus ascendens arteriae segmentales pulmones sinistrae et dextrae), and 6) superficial cervical artery (ramus ascendens ramorum superficiales arteriae transversae collie). SYN: ramus ascendens [TA] .
ascending b. of the inferior mesenteric artery SYN: ascending artery (2) .
ascending b. of superficial cervical artery [TA] ascending b. of superficial cervical artery (or of superficial b. of transverse cervical artery) that passes superiorly deep to the upper (cervical) part of the trapezius, supplying it, adjacent muscles, and cervical lymph nodes; anastomoses with descending b. of occipital artery. SEE ALSO: superficial b. of the transverse cervical artery. SYN: ramus ascendens arteriae superficialis cervicalis [TA] .
atrial branches [TA] branches of the right coronary artery and the circumflex b. of the left coronary artery distributed to the right and left atrium, respectively. SYN: rami atriales [TA] .
atrial anastomotic b. of circumflex b. of left coronary artery [TA] a vessel of variable origin, most commonly a b. of the circumflex artery, coursing posteriorly through the base of the interatrial septum toward the crux of the heart, anastomosing with coronary artery branches supplying the atrioventricular node, the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His), and the upper posterior walls of the left ventricle. SYN: ramus atrialis anastomoticus ramus circumflexus arteriae coronariae sinistrae [TA] , arteria anastomotica auricularis magna, Kugel anastomotic artery.
atrioventricular nodal b. [TA] the atrioventricular branches or the nodal branches, the small arteries supplying the atrioventricular node; they usually arise from the right coronary artery where it starts to descend the posterior interventricular sulcus. SYN: ramus nodi atrioventricularis [TA] , artery to atrioventricular node, b. to atrioventricular node.
b. to atrioventricular node SYN: atrioventricular nodal b..
auricular b. of occipital artery [TA] distribution, posterior auricle; anastomosis, posterior auricular artery. SYN: ramus auricularis arteriae occipitalis [TA] .
auricular b. of posterior auricular artery [TA] arises in the groove between the auricular cartilage and the mastoid process, ascends deep to auricularis posterior muscles, and ramifies on the cranial aspect of the auricle. SYN: ramus auricularis arteriae auricularis posterioris [TA] .
auricular b. of vagus nerve [TA] a b. of the superior ganglion of the vagus, supplying the back of the pinna and the external acoustic meatus. SYN: Arnold nerve, ramus auricularis nervi vagi.
branches of auriculotemporal nerve to tympanic membrane [TA] sensory b. of the auriculotemporal nerve supplying the external surface of the tympanic membrane. SYN: rami membranae tympani nervi auriculotemporalis [TA] , nerve of tympanic membrane.
basal tentorial b. of internal carotid artery SYN: tentorial basal b. of internal carotid artery.
bronchial branches of thoracic aorta [TA] the bronchial branches or arteries, vessels, or nerves distributed to the bronchi; the following have branches so named: 1) thoracic aorta; 2) internal thoracic artery; 3) vagus nerves. SYN: bronchial arteries, rami bronchiales.
buccal branches of facial nerve motor branches of the facial nerve distributed to buccina or muscle and other muscles of facial expression below orbit and above chin. SYN: rami buccales nervi facialis [TA] .
calcaneal branches [TA] the calcaneal branches or arteries, branches to the structures in the calcaneal region from 1) the posterior tibial artery and 2) the fibular artery. SYN: rami calcanei [TA] , calcaneal arteries.
calcarine b. of medial occipital artery [TA] b. of medial occipital artery that runs in relationship to the calcarine sulcus. SYN: ramus calcarinus arteriae occipitalis medialis [TA] , arteria calcarina, calcarine artery.
capsular branches of intrarenal arteries [TA] branches of arteries coursing within the renal cortex (cortical and perforate radiate arteries) that supply the fibrous capsule of the kidney. SYN: rami capsulares arteriorum intrarenalium [TA] .
capsular branches of renal artery [TA] branches arising from the renal artery outside the kidney that are distributed to the renal capsule. SYN: rami capsulares arteriae renalis [TA] .
carotid b. of glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) a b. of the glossopharyngeal nerve that innervates the baroreceptors in the wall of the carotid sinus and the chemoreceptors in the carotid body. SYN: ramus sinus carotici nervi glossopharyngei CN IX [TA] , ramus sinus carotici [TA] , carotid sinus b., carotid sinus nerve, Hering sinus nerve, intercarotid nerve, nerve to carotid sinus, sinus nerve of Hering.
carotid sinus b. SYN: carotid b. of glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX).
caudate branches of left b. of portal vein [TA] branches of transverse part of left b. of portal vein distributed to the caudate lobe before the vein enters the liver. SYN: rami lobi caudati rami sinistri venae portae hepatis [TA] .
cavernous b. of cavernous part of internal carotid artery [TA] a number of small branches of the cavernous part of the internal carotid artery. See branches of internal carotid artery to trigeminal ganglion, tentorial basal b. of internal carotid artery, marginal tentorial b. of internal carotid artery. SYN: ramus sinus cavernosi partis cavernosae arteriae carotidis internae [TA] , cavernous arteries, cavernous sinus b. of internal carotid artery, ramus sinus cavernosi arteriae carotidis arteriae, ramus sinus cavernosi arteriae carotidis internae.
cavernous sinus b. of internal carotid artery SYN: cavernous b. of cavernous part of internal carotid artery.
celiac branches of posterior vagal trunk [TA] terminal branches of the posterior vagal trunk conveying presynaptic parasympathetic fibers to—and visceral afferent fibers from—the celiac plexus. SYN: rami celiaci trunci vagi posterioris [TA] , celiac branches of vagus nerve, rami celiaci nervi vagi.
celiac branches of vagus nerve SYN: celiac branches of posterior vagal trunk.
cervical b. of facial nerve [TA] the most inferior b. of the parotid plexus of the facial nerve, it descends to innervate the platysma muscle. SYN: ramus colli nervi facialis [TA] , ramus cervicalis nervi facialis&star.
choroid branches the choroid branches: rami choroidei posteriores laterales [TA], lateral posterior choroid branches of posterior cerebral artery distributed to the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle; rami choroidei posteriores mediales [TA], medial posterior choroid branches of posterior cerebral artery distributed to the choroid plexus of the third ventricle; rami choroidei ventriculi lateralis [TA], lateral ventricle choroid branches of anterior choroid artery distributed to the plexus of the lateral ventricle; rami choroidei ventriculi tertii [TA], choroid branches of anterior choroid artery to the third ventricle; ramus choroideus ventriculi quarti [TA], fourth ventricle choroid b. of posterior inferior cerebellar artery. SYN: rami choroidei.
cingular b. of callosomarginal artery [TA] terminal b. (with posteromedial frontal b.) of callosomarginal artery that courses in the cingulate sulcus on the medial aspect of the cerebrum. SYN: ramus cingularis arteriae callosomarginalis [TA] .
circumferential pontine branches of pontine arteries lateral branches of pontine arteries.
circumflex fibular b. (of posterior tibial artery) [TA] a b. of the initial (superior) part of the posterior tibial artery which winds around the neck of the fibula and joins the anastomoses around the knee joint. SYN: ramus circumflexus fibularis arteriae tibialis posterioris [TA] , circumflex b. of posterior tibial artery&star, circumflex peroneal b. of posterior tibial artery&star, ramus circumflexus peronealis arteriae tibialis posterioris&star, circumflex fibular artery.
circumflex b. of left coronary artery [TA] terminal b. (with anterior interventricular artery) of left coronary artery which runs to left and then posteriorly in the coronary groove supplying atrial and ventricular branches. SYN: ramus circumflexus arteriae coronariae sinistrae [TA] .
circumflex peroneal b. of posterior tibial artery circumflex fibular b. (of posterior tibial artery).
circumflex b. of posterior tibial artery circumflex fibular b. (of posterior tibial artery).
clavicular b. of thoracoacromial artery [TA] distribution, subclavius muscle and sternoclavicular joint. SYN: ramus clavicularis arteriae thoracoacromialis [TA] .
clivus branches of cerebral part of internal carotid artery [TA] small branches arising near the ophthalmic artery that pass medially and inferiorly to the sphenoidal portion of the clivus. SYN: rami clivales partis cerebralis arteriae carotidis internae [TA] .
cochlear b. of labyrinthine artery SYN: cochlear b. of vestibulocochlear artery.
cochlear b. of vestibulocochlear artery [TA] terminal b. (with posterior vestibular b.) of vestibulocochlear artery; it anatomoses with a b. of the common cochlear artery forming the spiral modiolar artery; the cochlear b. specifically supplies the spiral ganglion and cochlear duct of the basal turn of the cochlea. SYN: ramus cochlearis arteriae vestibulocochlearis [TA] , cochlear b. of labyrinthine artery, ramus cochlearis arteriae labyrinthi.
colic b. of ileocolic artery [TA] the b. of the inferior b. of the ileocolic artery that passes superiorly up the ascending colon to communicate with a b. of the right colic artery and supplying the ascending colon. SYN: arteria ascendens (1) [TA] , ascending artery (1) [TA] , ramus colicus arteriae ileocolicae [TA] .
collateral b. of intercostal nerves [TA] inferior b. of an intercostal nerve arising medial (proximal) to the angles of the ribs and coursing in the intercostal space along the superior border of the rib below, paralleling the course of the intercostal nerve, which courses along the inferior border of the rib above. SYN: ramus collateralis nervorum intercostalium [TA] .
collateral branches of posterior intercostal arteries 3–11 [TA] b. arising near angle of rib and descending to run along superior border of rib below; distribution: lower half of intercostal spaces 3–11; anastomoses: collateral branches of anterior intercostal arteries. SYN: ramus collateralis arteriarum intercostalium posteriorum III–XI [TA] .
communicating b. [TA] a bundle of nerve fibers passing from one named nerve to join another. The term “communicating b.” is used in the nervous system to replace the inadequate “anastomosing b.” used for vascular systems. SYN: ramus communicans [TA] .
communicating b. of anterior interosseous nerve with ulnar nerve [TA] connection occurring occasionally between the anterior interosseous and ulnar nerves in the proximal forearm. SYN: ramus communicans nervi interossei antebrachii anterioris cum nervi ulnari [TA] .
communicating branches of auriculotemporal nerve with facial nerve [TA] branches conveying fibers from the auriculotemporal nerve to the facial nerve. SYN: rami communicantes nervi auriculotemporalis cum nervo faciali [TA] .
communicating b. of chorda tympani to lingual nerve SYN: communicating b. of chorda tympani with lingual nerve.
communicating b. of chorda tympani with lingual nerve [TA] terminal b. of chorda tympani joining the lingual nerve in the infratemporal fossa; conveys sensory fibers for taste from anterior two-thirds of tongue and presynaptic parasympathetic fibers destined for submandibular ganglion for innervation of submandibular and sublingual salivary glands. SYN: ramus communicans cum chorda tympani (1) [TA] , communicating b. of chorda tympani to lingual nerve, ramus communicans nervi lingualis cum chorda tympani.
communicating b. of facial nerve with glossopharyngeal nerve [TA] a small b. from the digastric b. of the facial nerve to the glossopharyngeal nerve. SYN: ramus communicans nervi facialis cum nervo glossopharyngeo [TA] , Haller ansa, ramus communicans cum nervo glossopharyngeo (1) .
communicating b. of facial nerve with tympanic plexus SYN: communicating b. of intermediate nerve with tympanic plexus.
communicating b. of fibular artery [TA] the communicating b. of the fibular (peroneal) artery. SYN: ramus communicans arteriae fibularis [TA] , communicating b. of peroneal artery&star, ramus communicans arteriae peroneae&star.
communicating b. of glossopharyngeal nerve with auricular b. of vagus nerve SYN: communicating b. of tympanic plexus with auricular b. of vagus nerve.
communicating b. of intermediate nerve with tympanic plexus [TA] a fine b. of facial nerve joining the tympanic b. of the glossopharyngeal nerve. SYN: ramus communicans nervi intermedii cum plexu tympanico [TA] , communicating b. of facial nerve with tympanic plexus, ramus communicans nervi facialis cum plexu tympanico.
communicating b. of internal laryngeal nerve with recurrent laryngeal nerve [TA] b. of internal b. of superior laryngeal nerve communicating with the recurrent laryngeal nerve in the wall of the laryngopharynx supplying sensory fibers to the latter. SYN: ramus communicans nervi laryngei interni cum nervo laryngeo recurrente [TA] , communicating b. of superior laryngeal nerve with recurrent laryngeal nerve, Galen anastomosis, Galen nerve, ramus communicans nervi laryngei recurrentis cum ramo laryngeo interno, ramus communicans nervi laryngei superioris cum nervo laryngeo recurrenti.
communicating b. of lacrimal nerve with zygomatic nerve [TA] nerve b. by which postsynaptic parasympathetic (secretomotor) fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion are transferred from the zygomatic nerve to the lacrimal nerve (heretofore purely sensory) for distribution to the lacrimal gland. SYN: ramus communicans nervi lacrimalis cum nervo zygomatico [TA] .
communicating branches of lingual nerve with hypoglossal nerve [TA] communicating branches between the lingual nerve (from mandibular nerve) and hypoglossal nerve forming a plexus on the hypoglossus muscle. SYN: rami communicantes nervi lingualis cum nervo hypoglosso [TA] .
communicating b. of median nerve with ulnar nerve [TA] b. of median nerve joining the ulnar nerve in the hand; the anterior interosseous b. of the median nerve may also communicate with the ulnar nerve in the proximal forearm. SYN: ramus communicans nervi mediani cum nervo ulnari.
communicating b. of nasociliary nerve with ciliary ganglion SYN: sensory root of ciliary ganglion.
communicating b. of otic ganglion to auriculotemporal nerve a b. of the otic ganglion joining the roots of the auriculotemporal nerve to convey postsynaptic parasympathetic fibers to the parotid gland. SYN: ramus communicans ganglii otici cum nervo auriculotemporali.
communicating b. of otic ganglion to chorda tympani SYN: communicating b. of otic ganglion with chorda tympani.
communicating b. of otic ganglion with chorda tympani a small b. of the otic ganglion conveying sensory fibers to the chorda tympani. SYN: ramus communicans cum chorda tympani (2) [TA] , communicating b. of otic ganglion to chorda tympani, ramus communicans ganglii otici cum chorda tympani.
communicating b. of otic ganglion with medial pterygoid nerve b. of otic ganglion joining the nerve to the medial pterygoid muscle. SYN: ramus communicans ganglii otici cum nervo pterygoideo mediali.
communicating b. of otic ganglion with meningeal b. of mandibular nerve a b. of otic ganglion to the meningeal b. of mandibular nerve conveying postsynaptic parasympathetic fibers that run back to the main stem of the mandibular nerve for distribution to the parotid gland via the auriculotemporal nerve. SYN: ramus communicans ganglii otici cum ramo meningeo nervi mandibularis.
communicating b. of peroneal artery communicating b. of fibular artery.
communicating b. of radial nerve with ulnar nerve [TA] connection between superficial b. of radial nerve and dorsal b. of ulnar nerve on dorsum of hand. SYN: ramus communicans nervi radialis cum nervi ulnari [TA] .
communicating branches of spinal nerves SYN: white rami communicantes, under ramus.
communicating b. of superficial radial nerve with ulnar nerve ulnar communicating b. of superficial b. of radial nerve, joining the dorsal b. of the ulnar nerve in the hand conveying sensation from the dorsal aspect of adjacent sides of the middle and ring fingers. SYN: ramus communicans ulnaris nervi radialis, ulnar communicating b. of superficial radial nerve.
communicating b. of superior laryngeal nerve with recurrent laryngeal nerve SYN: communicating b. of internal laryngeal nerve with recurrent laryngeal nerve.
communicating branches of sympathetic trunk SYN: gray rami communicantes, under ramus.
communicating b. of tympanic plexus with auricular b. of vagus nerve [TA] a small b. of the glossopharyngeal nerve that joins the auricular b. of the vagus, conveying tactile fibers. SYN: ramus communicans plexus tympanici cum ramo auriculari nervi vagi [TA] , communicating b. of glossopharyngeal nerve with auricular b. of vagus nerve, ramus communicans cum nervo glossopharyngeo (2) , ramus communicans nervi glossopharyngei cum ramo auriculari nervi vagi.
cricothyroid b. of superior thyroid artery [TA] a small b. of the superior thyroid artery that supplies the cricothyroid muscle. SYN: cricothyroid artery, ramus cricothyroideus (arteriae thyroideae superioris).
cutaneous b. of anterior b. of obturator nerve [TA] b. of the anterior b. of obturator nerve supplying skin of medial thigh above knee. SYN: ramus cutaneus rami anterioris nervi obturatorii [TA] , cutaneous b. of obturator nerve.
cutaneous b. of mixed nerve [TA] b. of a mixed spinal nerve (or its derivatives) innervating skin; such branches would convey mostly somatic sensory but also visceral motor fibers (postsynaptic sympathetic fibers for vasomotion and pilomotion). SYN: ramus cutaneus nervi mixti [TA] .
cutaneous b. of obturator nerve SYN: cutaneous b. of anterior b. of obturator nerve.
deep b. [TA] b. that passes deeply, beneath, or farther from surface; usually in contrast to a superficial b.. SYN: ramus profundus [TA] .
deep b. of the lateral plantar nerve [TA] motor b. of lateral plantar nerve supplying lumbricals 2–4, plantar and dorsal interossei, and the adductor hallucis muscles. SYN: ramus profundus nervi plantaris lateralis [TA] .
deep b. of the medial circumflex femoral artery [TA] distributed to posterior aspect of femoral head and neck. SYN: ramus profundus arteriae circumflexae femoris medialis [TA] .
deep b. of the medial plantar artery [TA] b. running deep to abductor hallucis, supplying it and the flexor hallucis brevis muscle deep to the artery and the skin of the medial side of the distal foot. SYN: ramus profundus arteriae plantaris medialis [TA] .
deep palmar b. of ulnar artery [TA] b. of the ulnar artery that supplies the hypothenar muscles then passes deep into the palm to the flexor tendons and anastomoses with the deep palmar arch from the radial artery. SYN: ramus palmaris profundus arteriae ulnaris [TA] .
deep plantar b. of dorsalis pedis artery SYN: deep plantar artery. SYN: arteria plantaris profundus [TA] .
deep b. of radial nerve [TA] originates in cubital fossa (with superficial b.) as termination of (common) radial nerve; pierces supinator, supplying it and other extensors of forearm. Its terminal portion is the posterior interosseous nerve, which runs on the interosseous membrane in the distal third of the forearm. SEE ALSO: posterior interosseous nerve. SYN: ramus profundus nervi radialis [TA] .
deep b. of the superior gluteal artery [TA] b. of superior gluteal artery that extends laterally, between the gluteus medius and minimus muscles, accompanying the superior gluteal nerve. SYN: ramus profundus arteriae gluteae superioris [TA] .
deep b. of the transverse cervical artery SYN: dorsal scapular artery.
deep b. of the ulnar nerve [TA] accompanies deep palmar b. of ulnar artery and deep palmar arch to supply wrist joint, lumbricals 3 & 4, palmar and dorsal interossei adductor pollicis and deep head of flexor pollicis brevis muscles. SYN: ramus profundus nervi ulnaris [TA] .
deltoid b. [TA] branches related to the deltoid muscle. Terminologica Anatomica lists deltoid branches of the following: 1) thoracoacromial artery (ramus deltoideus arteriae thoracoacromialis [TA]); 2) profunda brachii artery (ramus deltoideus arteriae profundae brachii [TA]). SYN: ramus deltoideus [TA] .
dental branches [TA] branches to the teeth. Terminologica Anatomica lists dental branches of the following: 1) anterior superior alveolar artery (rami dentales arteriarum alveolarium superiorum anteriorum [TA]); 2) inferior alveolar artery (rami dentales arteriae alveolaris inferioris [TA]); 3) posterior superior alveolar artery (rami dentales arteriae alveolaris superioris posterioris [TA]). SYN: rami dentales [TA] , dental rami.
descending b. [TA] b. of an artery or nerve passing inferiorly. Descending branches have been described for the following: (1) descending b. of hypoglossal nerve, superior root of ansa cervicalis; (2) descending b. of lateral circumflex femoral artery; (3) descending b. of the occipital artery. SYN: ramus descendens [TA] .
descending anterior b. SYN: descending b. of anterior segmental artery of left and right lungs.
descending b. of anterior segmental artery of left and right lungs [TA] the descending anterior b. of the superior lobar branches of the right and left pulmonry arteries. SYN: ramus descendens arteriae segmentalis anterioris pulmonis dextri et sinistri [TA] , descending anterior b., ramus anterior descendens.
descending b. of hypoglossal nerve SYN: superior root of ansa cervicalis.
descending b. of lateral circumflex femoral artery [TA] a major b. of the lateral circumflex femoral artery accompanying the nerve to the vastus lateralis muscle along the anterior border of that muscle and deep to the rectus femoris muscle, supplying both muscles. Anastomosis: with lateral superior genicular artery, i.e., it contributes to the articular network of the knee. SYN: ramus descendens arteriae circumflexae femoris lateralis [TA] .
descending b. of medial circumflex femoral artery [TA] large artery passing deep to the rectus femoris muscle, accompanying the muscular b. of the femoral nerve to the vastus lateralis; terminates by anastomosing with the superior lateral genicular artery. SYN: ramus descendens arteriae circumflexae femoris medialis [TA] .
descending b. of occipital artery [TA] origin: occipital artery within occipital groove; distribution: posterior neck muscles and cervical trapezius muscle; anastomoses: superficial and deep cervical arteries, vertebral artery. SYN: ramus descendens arteriae occipitalis [TA] , princeps cervicis artery, princeps cervicis.
descending posterior b. SYN: descending b. of posterior segmental artery of left and right lungs.
descending b. of posterior segmental artery of left and right lungs [TA] the descending posterior b. of the superior lobar b. of the left and right pulmonary arteries. SYN: ramus descendens arteriae segmentalis posterioris pulmonis dextri et sinistri [TA] , descending posterior b., ramus posterior descendens.
descending b. of superficial cervical artery [TA] descending b. of superficial cervical artery (or of superficial b. of transverse cervical artery) that passes inferiorly with the accessory nerve, deep to the middle and lower parts of the trapezius, which it supplies. SYN: ramus descendens rami superficialis arteriae transversae cervicis [TA] .
digastric b. of facial nerve [TA] b. of the facial nerve innervating the posterior belly of the digastric muscle. SYN: ramus digastricus nervi facialis [TA] .
dorsal b. 1. SYN: posterior ramus of spinal nerve. 2. posteriorly-directed branches.
dorsal carpal b. of radial artery [TA] a b. of the radial artery that passes to the back of the wrist to join the dorsal carpal network. SYN: ramus carpalis dorsalis arteriae radialis [TA] , ramus carpeus dorsalis arteriae radialis.
dorsal carpal b. of ulnar artery [TA] a b. of the ulnar artery that passes to the dorsal side of the carpus to enter the dorsal carpal network. SYN: ramus carpalis dorsalis arteriae ulnaris [TA] , ramus carpeus dorsalis arteriae ulnaris.
dorsal branches of first and second posterior intercostal artery [TA] branches of the 1st and 2nd posterior intercostal arteries which arise as branches of the supreme intercostal artery. The distribtuion is the same as for the dorsal branches of the other posterior intercostal arteries at the T1–T2 vertebral level. SYN: rami dorsales arteriarum intercostalium posteriorum primae et secundae [TA] , dorsal branches of the superior intercostal artery, rami dorsales arteriae intercostalis supremae.
dorsal lingual branches of lingual artery [TA] branches of the lingual artery to the posterior third or root of tongue. SYN: rami dorsales linguae arteriae lingualis [TA] .
dorsal b. of the lumbar artery [TA] terminal b. (with ventral b.) of the 4–5 lumbar arteries, distributed to lumbar portion of back, posterior vertebral column, and spinal cord and environs. SYN: ramus dorsalis arteriae lumbalis [TA] .
dorsal b. of the posterior intercostal arteries 3–11 [TA] terminal b. (with ventral b.) of the 3rd through 11th posterior intercostal arteries, distributed to thoracic portion of posterior vertebral column, spinal cord and environs, and back. SYN: ramus dorsalis arteriarum intercostalium posteriorum III–XI [TA] .
dorsal b. of the posterior intercostal veins 4–11 [TA] major tributary of the 4th through 11th posterior intercostal veins; area drained is the same as that supplied by the dorsal b. of posterior intercostal arteries. SYN: ramus dorsalis venarum intercostalium posteriorum IV–XI [TA] .
dorsal b. of the subcostal artery terminal b. (with ventral b.) of subcostal artery, distributed to posterior vertebral column, spinal cord and environs, and back at the T12–L1 vertebral level. SYN: ramus dorsales arteriae subcostalis [TA] , rami dorsales arteriae subcostalis.
dorsal b. of the subcostal artery [TA] b. of subcostal artery supplying muscles of the back and the overlying skin, immediately below the level of the 12th rib.
dorsal branches of the superior intercostal artery SYN: dorsal branches of first and second posterior intercostal artery.
dorsal b. of the ulnar nerve [TA] b. arising from the ulnar nerve proximal to the wrist for distribution to the medial side of the dorsum of the hand and proximal portion of the little finger and medial side of ring finger. SYN: rami dorsales nervi ulnaris [TA] .
duodenal branches of anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery [TA] branches extending to the duodenum from the arterial arcade that lies anterior to the head of the pancreas in the concavity of the duodenum. SYN: rami duodenales arteriae pancreaticoduodenalis superioris anterioris [TA] .
duodenal branches of posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery [TA] branches extending to the duodenum from the arterial arcade that lies posterior to the head of the pancreas in the concavity of the duodenum.
epiploic branches SYN: omental branches.
esophageal branches [TA] branches to the esophagus. SYN: rami esophagei [TA] , rami esophageales&star.
esophageal branches of the inferior thyroid artery [TA] distribution: upper one-quarter of esophagus; anastomosis: esophageal branches of thoracic aorta. SYN: rami esophageales arteriae thyroideae inferioris [TA] .
esophageal branches of the left gastric artery [TA] ascends through esophageal hiatus of diaphragm to supply lowermost (cardiac) esophagus; anastomosis: esophageal branches of thoracic aorta. SYN: rami esophageales arteriae gastricae sinistrae [TA] .
esophageal branches of the recurrent laryngeal nerve [TA] supply motor and sensory fibers to cervical esophagus on right side and to cervical and upper thoracic esophagus on left. SYN: rami esophagei nervi laryngei recurrentis [TA] .
esophageal branches of the thoracic aorta [TA] branches arising directly from the anterior aspect of the portion of the thoracic aorta adjacent to the esophagus, by which most of the esophagus is supplied. SYN: rami esophageales partis thoracicae aortae [TA] , rami esophageales aortae thoracicae&star.
esophageal branches of thoracic ganglia [TA] cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves conveying postsynaptic sympathetic and visceral afferent fibers from the upper thoracic paravertebral ganglia of the sympathetic trunks to the esophageal plexus of nerves. SYN: rami esophageales gangliorum thoracicorum [TA] .
esophageal branches of the vagus nerve includes both branches passing directly from vagi and the branches from the recurrent laryngeal nerves that form the esophageal nerve plexus which surrounds esophagus, supplying it and adjacent portions of the pericardium. SEE ALSO: esophageal (nervous) plexus. SYN: rami esophagei nervi vagi.
external nasal branches of infraorbital nerve [TA] branches to external aspect of nose. The external nasal branches of 1) infraorbital nerve, rami nasales externii nervi infraorbitalis [NA], 2) nasociliary nerve, rami nasales externi nervi ethmoidalis anterioris [NA]. SYN: rami nasales externi nervi infraorbitalis.
external b. of superior laryngeal nerve [TA] terminal b. of superior laryngeal nerve (with internal laryngeal nerve) supplying motor innervation to cricothyroid muscle. SYN: ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris [TA] .
external b. of trunk of accessory nerve [TA] portion of the accessory nerve trunk that exits independently from the jugular foramen, carrying fibers from the spinal root of the accessory nerve to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscle. SYN: ramus externus trunci nervi accessorii [TA] .
faucial branches of lingual nerve SYN: branches of lingual nerve to isthmus of fauces.
femoral b. of genitofemoral nerve [TA] b. of genitofemoral nerve distributed to skin of uppermost part of anterior thigh. SYN: ramus femoralis nervi genitofemoralis [TA] .
frontal b. of middle meningeal artery [TA] the anterior and larger terminal b. (with the parietal b.) of the middle meningeal artery; runs in deep bony groove, often perforating the bone of the lateralmost part of the sphenoidal ridge, supplying the anterior portion of the lateral and superior dura and cranium. SYN: ramus frontalis arteriae meningeae mediae [TA] .
frontal b. of superficial temporal artery [TA] terminal b. of superficial temporal artery (with parietal b.) supplying anterolateral scalp and underlying musculature, periosteum, and outer table of cranium; anastomosis: across midline with contralateral partner; supratrochlear and supraorbital arteries. SYN: ramus frontalis arteriae temporalis superficialis [TA] .
ganglionic b. of internal carotid artery SYN: branches of internal carotid artery to trigeminal ganglion.
ganglionic branches of lingual nerve SYN: sensory root of submandibular ganglion.
ganglionic branches of lingual nerve to sublingual ganglion sensory root of sublingual ganglion.
ganglionic branches of lingual nerve to submandibular ganglion sensory root of sublingual ganglion.
ganglionic branches of maxillary nerve SYN: sensory root of pterygopalatine ganglion.
ganglionic branches of maxillary nerve to pterygopalatine ganglion sensory root of pterygopalatine ganglion.
gastric branches of anterior vagal trunk SYN: anterior gastric branches of anterior vagal trunk.
gastric branches of posterior vagal trunk posterior gastric branches; branches of the posterior vagal trunk to the posterior surface of the stomach. SYN: rami gastrici posteriores nervi vagi.
genital b. of genitofemoral nerve [TA] b. of genitofemoral nerve distributed to skin of anterior scrotum (male) or labia majora (female) and adjacent thigh and supplying a motor b. to the cremaster muscle. Usually passes through deep inguinal ring and canal. SYN: ramus genitalis nervi genitofemoralis [TA] , external spermatic nerve, nervus spermaticus externus.
genital b. of iliohypogastric nerve SYN: anterior cutaneous b. of iliohypogastric nerve.
glandular branches [TA] branches distributed to glands. SYN: rami glandulares [TA] .
glandular branches of facial artery [TA] branches of facial artery to the submandibular gland. SYN: rami glandulares arteriae facialis [TA] .
glandular branches of inferior thyroid artery [TA] branches of inferior thyroid artery to thyroid and parathyroid glands, anastomosing with branches of superior thyroid artery. SYN: rami glandulares arteriae thyroideae inferioris [TA] .
glandular branches of submandibular ganglion branches of submandibular ganglion conveying postsynaptic parasympathetic fibers to the submandibular and sublingual glands. SYN: rami ganglii submandibularis, rami glandulares ganglii submandibularis.
b. of glossopharyngeal nerve to stylopharyngeus muscle SYN: stylopharyngeal b. of glossopharyngeal nerve.
hepatic branches of anterior vagal trunk branches of the anterior and posterior vagal trunks distributed to the liver. SYN: rami hepatici trunci vagi anterior [TA] , hepatic branches of vagus nerve, rami hepatici nervi vagi.
hepatic branches of vagus nerve SYN: hepatic branches of anterior vagal trunk.
iliac b. of iliolumbar artery SYN: iliacus b. of iliolumbar artery.
iliacus b. of iliolumbar artery [TA] terminal b. of iliolumbar artery (with lumbar b.) distributed to iliac fossa to supply iliac muscle, ilium, and portions of muscles having attachment to the iliac crest. SYN: ramus iliacus arteriae iliolumbalis [TA] , iliac b. of iliolumbar artery.
inferior b. [TA] a b. that is directed downward (caudally) or that is lowly placed, usually in contrast with another b. (superior b.), which is directed upward (rostrally) or is highly placed. SYN: ramus inferior [TA] .
inferior cervical cardiac branches of vagus nerve the most inferior of the cervical branches of vagus nerve conducting presynaptic parasympathetic fibers to, and reflex afferent fibers from, the cardiac plexus; branching from the vagi at root of neck. SYN: rami cardiaci cervicales inferiores nervi vagi [TA] .
inferior dental branches of inferior dental plexus [TA] branches passing from the inferior dental plexus to the roots of the teeth of the lower jaw. SYN: rami dentales inferiores plexus dentalis inferioris [TA] , rami dentales inferiores [TA] , inferior dental rami.
inferior gingival branches of inferior dental plexus [TA] branches of inferior dental plexus to the gingiva of the lower jaw. SYN: rami gingivales inferiores plexus dentalis inferioris [TA] .
inferior labial b. of facial artery [TA] origin, facial; distribution, structures of lower lip; anastomoses, the artery from the opposite side, mental and sublabial. SYN: arteria labialis inferior, inferior labial artery, ramus labialis inferior arteriae facialis.
inferior labial branches of mental nerve SYN: labial branches of mental nerve.
inferior lingular b. of lingular b. of left pulmonary artery SYN: inferior lingular artery.
inferior b. of oculomotor nerve [TA] b. of oculomotor nerve providing motor branches to medial and inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles and carrying presynaptic parasympathetic fibers that pass to the ciliary ganglion via the parasympathetic root. SYN: ramus inferior nervi oculomotorii [TA] .
inferior b. of pubic bone obsolete term for inferior pubic ramus.
inferior b. of superior gluteal artery [TA] distribution: gluteus medius and minimus muscles; anastomosis: lateral circumflex femoral artery. SYN: ramus inferior arteriae gluteae superioris [TA] .
inferior branches of transverse cervical nerve [TA] b. of transverse cervical nerve providing cutaneous innervation in lower part of anterior triangle of neck. SYN: rami inferiores nervi transversi colli&star, rami inferiores nervi transversi cervicalis [colli].
infrahyoid b. of superior thyroid artery [TA] small b. from the initial part of the superior thyroid artery coursing along the hyoid bone deep to the thyrohyoid muscle to anastomose with its contralateral partner. SYN: ramus infrahyoideus arteriae thyroideae superioris [TA] .
infrapatellar b. of saphenous nerve [TA] b. of saphenous nerve supplying skin over and below patella. SYN: ramus infrapatellaris nervi sapheni [TA] .
inguinal branches of deep external pudendal arteries [TA] branches to the inguinal region that may arise as branches of external pudendal arteries or as direct branches of the femoral artery. Supply skin and subcutaneous tissues, including inguinal lymph nodes. SYN: rami inguinales arteriarum pudendarum externarum profundarum [TA] .
interganglionic branches of sympathetic trunk [TA] the nerve strands interconnecting the ganglia of the sympathetic trunk; they consist of pre- or postganglionic fibers passing to higher or lower levels of the trunk. SYN: rami interganglionares trunci sympathici [TA] .
intermediate atrial b. of left coronary artery [TA] b. arising from the circumflex b. of the left coronary artery between the anterior rami (distributed to the left auricle) and the stem of the posterior atrial branches. SYN: ramus atrialis intermedius arteriae coronariae sinistrae [TA] , lateral atrial b. of left coronary artery.
intermediate atrial b. of right coronary artery [TA] arises from superior aspect of right coronary artery as or soon after it crosses the right margin on the heart; supplies posterolateral wall (sulcus/crista terminalis portion) of right atrium. SYN: ramus atrialis intermedius arteriae coronariae dextrae [TA] , lateral atrial b. of right coronary artery, marginal atrial b. of right coronary artery, right atrial b. of right coronary artery.
intermediate b. of hepatic artery proper [TA] smaller and central of usually three main intrahepatic branches of hepatic artery, it serves mainly the median segment (IV) of the liver. SYN: ramus intermedius arteriae hepaticae propriae [TA] .
intermediate temporal branches of lateral occipital artery [TA] the middle of three temporal branches of the lateral occipital artery (from posterior cerebral artery) distributed to the medial and inferior aspects of the temporal lobe of the cerebrum. SYN: rami temporales intermedii arteriae occipitalis lateralis [TA] , middle temporal branches of lateral occipital artery&star, rami temporales medii arteriae occipitalis lateralis&star.
intermediomedial frontal b. of callosomarginal artery [TA] b. of middle portion of callosomarginal artery to anterosuperior portion of medial aspect of frontal lobe of cerebrum. SYN: ramus frontalis intermediomedialis arteriae callosomarginalis [TA] .
branches of internal carotid artery to trigeminal ganglion [TA] b. to trigeminal ganglion; a small b. of the cavernous part of the internal carotid artery to the trigeminal ganglion. SYN: ramus ganglionares trigeminales arteriae carotidis internae [TA] , ganglionic b. of internal carotid artery, ramus ganglii trigeminalis.
internal nasal branches [TA] branches to nasal cavity. Internal nasal branches of 1) infraorbital nerve (rami nasales interni nervi infraorbitalis [NA]); 2) anterior ethmoidal nerve (rami nasales interni nervi ethmoidalis anterioris [NA]). SYN: rami nasales interni [TA] .
internal b. of superior laryngeal nerve [TA] terminal b. of superior laryngeal nerve (with external b.) conveying sensory fibers to the supraglottic larynx. SYN: ramus internus nervi laryngei superioris [TA] .
branches to internal capsule, genu [TA] SYN: rami capsulae internae, under ramus.
branches to internal capsule, posterior limb [TA] SYN: rami capsulae internae, under ramus.
branches to internal capsule, retrolentiform limb SYN: rami capsulae internae, under ramus.
internal b. of trunk of accessory nerve [TA] b. of the accessory nerve trunk that carries fibers from the cranial root and that unites with the vagus nerve in the jugular foramen. SEE ALSO: accessory nerve [CN XI]. SYN: ramus internus trunci nervi accessorii [TA] , internal ramus of accessory nerve.
interventricular septal branches of left/right coronary artery the interventricular septal branches; branches of the anterior and posterior interventricular arteries distributed to the muscle of the interventricular septum. SYN: rami interventriculares septales arteriae coronariae sinistrae/dextrae, rami interventriculares septales, septal branches.
joint branches SYN: articular branches.
labial branches of mental nerve branches of mental nerve to lower lip. SYN: rami labiales nervi mentalis [TA] , inferior labial branches of mental nerve, rami labiales inferiores nervi mentalis.
laryngopharyngeal branches of superior cervical ganglion [TA] branches conveying postganglionic sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion to the pharyngeal plexus. SYN: rami laryngopharyngei ganglii cervicalis superioris [TA] .
lateral branches [TA] branches directed away from the midline, to the side. Terminologia Anatomica lists lateral branches (ramus lateralis/rami laterales) of the following: 1) anterior interventricular b. of left coronary artery (ramus lateralis interventricularis anterioris arteriae coronariae sinistrae [TA]); 2) anterolateral central arteries (rami laterales arteriarum centralium anterolateralium [TA]); 3) posterior primary rami of cervical/thoracic/lumbar/sacral/coccygeal spinal nerves (rami laterales ramorum posteriorum nervorum cervicalium/thoracalium/lumbalium/sacralium/coccygeum); 4) umbical part of left b. of portal vein (rami laterales partis umbilici rami sinistri venae portae hepatis [TA]); 5) left hepatic duct (ramus lateralis ductus hepatici sinistri [TA]); 6) middle lobe artery (of right lung) (ramus lateralis arteriae lobaris mediae (pulmonis dextrum) [TA]); 7) supraorbital nerve (ramus lateralis nervi supraorbitalis [TA]). SYN: rami laterales [TA] .
lateral abdominal/pectoral cutaneous branches of intercostal nerves branches arising in approximately the anterior axillary line at the level of the second through sixth intercostal spaces. SYN: lateral cutaneous branches of intercostal nerves, lateral cutaneous branches of ventral primary ramus of thoracic spinal nerves, ramus cutaneus lateralis abdominalis/pectoralis nervorum intercostalium.
lateral branches of artery of tuber cinereum [TA] branches arising from the lateral aspect of the artery of tuber cinereum. SEE ALSO: artery of tuber cinereum. SYN: rami laterales arteriarum tuberis cinerei [TA] .
lateral atrial b. of left coronary artery SYN: intermediate atrial b. of left coronary artery.
lateral atrial b. of right coronary artery SYN: intermediate atrial b. of right coronary artery.
lateral basal b. SYN: lateral basal segmental artery.
lateral calcaneal branches of sural nerve [TA] branches of sural nerve providing cutaneous innervation to posterior aspect of distal leg and lateral aspect of proximal portion of foot. SYN: rami calcanei laterales nervi suralis [TA] .
lateral costal b. of internal thoracic artery [TA] a variable b. of internal thoracic artery that runs lateral and parallel to the internal thoracic artery on the deep surface of the rib cage; anastomosis: posterior intercostal arteries. SYN: ramus costalis lateralis arteriae thoracicae internae [TA] .
lateral cutaneous b. [TA] lateral cutaneous branches of the following: 1) iliohypogastric nerve (ramus cutaneus lateralis nervi iliohypogastrici [TA]); 2) dorsal b. of posterior intercostal arteries (ramus cutaneos lateralis ramorum posteriorum arterieae intercostalium [TA]); 3) posterior intercostal artery (arteriae intercostales posteriores [TA]). SYN: ramus cutaneus lateralis [TA] .
lateral cutaneous branches of intercostal nerves SYN: lateral abdominal/pectoral cutaneous branches of intercostal nerves.
lateral cutaneous branches of ventral primary ramus of thoracic spinal nerves SYN: lateral abdominal/pectoral cutaneous branches of intercostal nerves.
lateral malleolar b. (of fibular peroneal artery) [TA] lateral malleolar branches of peroneal artery. SYN: rami malleolares laterales arteriae fibularis (peronei) [TA] , arteriae malleolares posteriores laterales, lateral malleolar arteries, posterior peroneal arteries.
lateral mammary branches branches primarily distributed to the lateral portion of the breast. SYN: rami mammarii laterales.
lateral mammary branches of lateral cutaneous branches of intercostal nerves SYN: lateral mammary branches of lateral cutaneous branches of thoracic spinal nerves.
lateral mammary branches of lateral cutaneous branches of thoracic spinal nerves branches arising from the lateral cutaneous branches of the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves (intercostal nerves) T-3 to T-6 that run anteriorly to supply the lateral aspect of the breast. SYN: lateral mammary branches of lateral cutaneous branches of intercostal nerves, rami mammarii laterales ramorum cutaneorum lateralis nervorum thoracicorum, rami mammarii laterales ramorum cutaneorum lateralium nervorum intercostalium.
lateral mammary branches of lateral thoracic artery [TA] branches of the lateral thoracic artery that extend around the lateral borders of the pectoral muscles to supply the lateral aspect of the breast and mammary gland. SYN: rami mammarii laterales arteriae thoracicae lateralis [TA] .
lateral and medial posterior choroidal branches of posterior cerebral artery [TA] one of two (posterior lateral and posterior medial) choroidal branches of the P₂ segment of the posterior cerebral artery that supply the choroid plexus of the body of the lateral ventricle and of the third ventricle. SYN: rami choroidei posteriores arteriae cerebri posteriores laterales et mediales [TA] .
lateral medullary branches of (intracranial part of) vertebral artery [TA] minute branches of the vertebral artery (or its larger branches) that course laterally along the ventral aspect of the medulla oblongata. SYN: rami medullares laterales (partis intracranialis) arteriae vertebralis [TA] .
lateral nasal branches of anterior ethmoidal nerve [TA] branches of nasociliary nerve distributed to walls of nasal cavity. SYN: rami nasales laterales nervi ethmoidalis anterioris [TA] .
lateral nasal b. of facial artery [TA] b. of facial artery to the side of the nose (ala and dorsum); anastomoses with its contralateral partner, as well as the septal and alar branches of the superior labial, the dorsal nasal b. of the ophthalmic, and the infraorbital b. of the maxillary artery. SYN: ramus lateralis nasi arteriae facialis [TA] , lateral nasal artery.
lateral branches of pontine arteries [TA] longer branches of the basilar artery extending across the inferior surface of the pons to reach the lateral aspects. SYN: rami laterales arteriae pontis [TA] , circumferential pontine branches of pontine arteries&star.
lateral b. of posterior rami of spinal nerves terminal b. (with the medial b.) of the posterior ramus of spinal nerves. In the thoracic region, the lateral branches of the upper thoracic spinal nerves are muscular only, not reaching the skin; the lateral branches of the lower thoracic spinal nerves are musculocutaneous, supplying and continuing past the muscles of the back to reach the overlying skin.
lateral sacral branches of median sacral artery [TA] branches of the sacral portion of the median sacral artery that pass laterally to anastomose with the lateral sacral arteries and send branches into the anterior sacral foramina. SYN: rami sacrales laterales arteriae sacralis medianae [TA] .
left b. [TA] of a pair of branches, the b. passing to the left side of the body, to the left member of a bilateral pair of structures, or to the left portion of an unpaired structure; the other member of the pair being a right b.. Terminologia Anatomica lists left branches of 1) atrioventricular bundle, crus sinistrum fasciculus atrioventricularis; 2) hepatic artery proper, ramus sinister arteriae hepaticae proprii; 3) portal vein, ramus sinister venae portae hepatis. SYN: ramus sinister [TA] .
left b. of hepatic artery proper [TA] left b. of proper hepatic artery; terminal b. off proper hepatic artery supplying left lobe of the liver. SYN: ramus sinister arteriae hepaticae propriae [TA] , left hepatic artery.
lingual branches branches to the tongue. Terminologia Anatomica lists lingual branches of 1) accessory nerv, (rami linguales nervi accessori [TA]); 2) facial nerve (inconstant) (ramus linguales nervi facialis); 3) lingual nerve (rami linguales nervi lingualis [TA]); 4) glossopharyngeal nerve (rami linguales nervi glossopharyngei [TA]). SYN: rami linguales.
lingual b. of facial nerve lingual b. (inconstant) of the stylohyoid b. of the facial nerve. SYN: ramus lingualis nervi facialis.
branches of lingual nerve to isthmus of fauces [TA] the faucial branches, branches to the isthmus of the fauces from the lingual nerve. SYN: rami isthmi faucium nervi lingualis [TA] , faucial branches of lingual nerve, rami fauciales nervi lingualis.
lumbar b. of iliolumbar artery [TA] terminal b. of iliolumbar artery (with iliac b.) that ascends to supply psoas major and quadratus lumborum muscles; anastomosis: fourth lumbar artery. SYN: ramus lumbalis arteriae iliolumbalis [TA] .
mammary branches See lateral mammary branches, medial mammary branches.
marginal atrial b. of right coronary artery SYN: intermediate atrial b. of right coronary artery.
marginal b. of cingulate sulcus [TA] posterior end of cingulate sulcus of cerebrum that turns superiorly to the superomedial margin of the parietal lobe. SYN: ramus marginalis sulci cinguli [TA] .
marginal mandibular b. of facial nerve [TA] b. of facial nerve that parallels the mandibular margin innervating risorius muscle and muscles of lower lip and chin. SYN: ramus marginalis mandibulae nervi facialis [TA] .
marginal b. of parietooccipital sulcus [TA] minor sulcus branching from parietooccipital sulcus as it crosses the posteromedial margin of the cerebrum. SYN: ramus marginalis sulci parietooccipitalis [TA] .
marginal b. [TA] of cingulate sulcus SYN: marginal sulcus.
marginal tentorial b. of internal carotid artery SYN: tentorial marginal b. of cavernous part of internal carotid artery.
mastoid b. of occipital artery [TA] artery passing through the mastoid foramen; distribution, mastoid air cells; anastomosis, middle meningeal artery. SYN: ramus mastoideus arteriae occipitalis [TA] , mastoid artery.
mastoid branches of posterior auricular artery SYN: mastoid branches of posterior tympanic artery.
mastoid branches of posterior tympanic artery branches from stylomastoid b. of posterior auricular artery arising within the facial canal, distributed to the mastoid air cells. SYN: rami mastoidei arteriae tympanicae posterioris [TA] , mastoid branches of posterior auricular artery, rami mastoidei arteriae auricularis posterioris.
medial branches [TA] branches directed toward the midline, to the middle. Terminologia Anatomica lists medial branches (ramus medialis/rami mediales) of the following: 1) anterolateral central arteries (rami mediales arteriarum centralium anterolateralium [TA]); 2) artery of tuber cinercum (ramus mediolis [TA]); 3) posterior primary rami of cervical/thoracic/lumbar/sacral/coccygeal spinal nerves (rami medialis ramorum posteriorum nervorum cervicalium/thoracicalium/lumbalium/sacralium/coccygeum); 4) umbilical part of left b. of portal vein (rami mediales portis umbilici rami sinistri venae portae hepatis [TA]); 5) left hepatic duct (ramus medialis ductus hepatici sinistri [TA]); 6) middle lobar artery (of right lung) (ramus medialis arteriae lobaris mediae (pulmonis dextrum) [TA]); 7) supraorbital nerve (ramus medialis nervi supraorbitalis [TA]). SYN: rami mediales [TA] .
medial branches of artery of tuber cinereum [TA] branches arising from the medial aspect of the artery of tuber cinereum. SEE ALSO: artery of tuber cinereum. SYN: rami mediales arteriarum tuberis cinerei [TA] .
medial basal b. of pulmonary artery SYN: medial basal segmental artery.
medial calcaneal branches of tibial nerve [TA] cutaneous branches of tibial nerve distributed to the inferior and medial heel. SYN: rami calcanei mediales nervi tibialis [TA] .
medial crural cutaneous branches of saphenous nerve SYN: medial cutaneous nerve of leg.
medial cutaneous b. of dorsal b. of posterior intercostal arteries [TA] Terminologia Anatomica lists medial cutaneous b. of the following: 1) dorsal b. of thoracic nerves (ramus cutaneus medialis ramorum dorsalium nervorum thoracicorum [NA]); 2) dorsal b. of posterior intercostal arteries (ramus cutaneus medialis rami dorsalis arteriarum intercostalium posteriorum III–XI [NA]). SYN: ramus cutaneus medialis rami dorsalis arteriarum intercostalium posteriorum III–XI.
medial malleolar branches (of posterior tibial artery) [TA] branches arising from the medial aspect of the posterior tibial artery at the level of the narrowest part of the leg, passing to tissues in the region of the posterior aspect of the medial malleolus; anastomose with medial malleolar branches of the anterior tibial artery. SYN: rami malleolares mediales arteriae tibialis posterioris [TA] , arteriae malleolares posteriores mediales, medial malleolar arteries.
medial mammary branches branches primarily distributed to the medial portion of the breast. Terminologia Anatomica lists medial mammary branches (rami mammarii mediales...) of the following: 1) anterior cutaneous branches of intercostal nerves (...rami cutanei anterioris nervorum intercostalium); nerve branches accompanying the perforating branches of internal thoracic artery. 2) perforating branches of internal thoracic artery (...rami perforantes arteriae thoracicae internae [TA]). SYN: rami mammarii mediales.
medial medullary branches of vertebral artery [TA] minute branches of the vertebral artery that enter the anterior median fissure of the medulla oblongata. SYN: rami medullares mediales arteriae vertebralis [TA] .
medial nasal branches of anterior ethmoidal nerve [TA] branches of nasociliary nerve distributed to the nasal septum. SYN: rami nasales mediales nervi ethmoidalis anterioris [TA] .
medial branches of pontine arteries [TA] shorter branches of the basilar artery extending to the medial portion of the inferior surface of the pons. SYN: rami mediales arteriae pontis [TA] , paramedian pontine branches of pontine arteries&star.
medial b. of posterior b. of spinal nerves medial b. of posterior rami of spinal nerves.
medial b. of posterior rami of spinal nerves terminal b. (with the lateral b.) of the posterior ramus of spinal nerves. In the thoracic region, the medial branches of the upper thoracic spinal nerves are musculocutaneous, supplying and continuing through the muscles of the back to reach the overlying skin; the medial branches of the lower thoracic spinal nerves are muscular only, terminating before reaching the skin. SYN: medial b. of posterior b. of spinal nerves&star, ramus medialis ramorum dorsalium nervorum spinalis.
mediastinal branches [TA] branches distributed to the mediastinum. SYN: rami mediastinales [TA] , mediastinal arteries.
mediastinal branches of internal thoracic artery [TA] small twigs supplying anterior mediastinal structures: mainly thymus and lymph nodes. SYN: rami mediastinales arteriae thoracicae internae [TA] , anterior mediastinal arteries, rami thymici.
mediastinal branches of thoracic aorta [TA] numerous small arteries supplying the pleura and lymph nodes of the posterior mediastinum. SYN: rami mediastinales aortae thoracicae [TA] , posterior mediastinal arteries.
meningeal branches [TA] branches of vessels or nerves distributed to the coverings of the brain and spinal cord. SYN: rami meningei [TA] .
meningeal b. of cavernous part of internal carotid artery a b. from the cavernous part of the internal carotid artery to the meninges of the anterior cranial fossa. SYN: ramus meningeus partis cavernosae arteriae carotidis internae [TA] , meningeal b. of internal carotid artery, ramus meningeus arteriae carotidis internae.
meningeal b. of cerebral part of internal carotid artery [TA] minute artery crossing lesser wing of sphenoid to supply dura mater and bone of anterior cranial fossa and anastomose with meningeal b. of posterior ethmoidal artery. SYN: ramus meningeus partis cerebralis arteriae carotidis internae [TA] .
meningeal b. of internal carotid artery SYN: meningeal b. of cavernous part of internal carotid artery.
meningeal b. of (intracranial part of) vertebral artery [TA] one of the one or two branches of the intracranial part of the vertebral artery, arising near the foramen magnum, which ramify between the dura and the inner table of bone of the posterior cranial fossa, supplying dura (including falx cerebelli), inner table of bone, and diploë. SYN: ramus meningeus (partis intracranialis) arteriae vertebralis [TA] .
meningeal b. of mandibular nerve [TA] a recurrent b. of the mandibular nerve that passes superiorly through foramen spinosum to be distributed with the posterior division of the middle meningeal artery to the meninges of the posterior portion of the middle cranial fossa. SYN: ramus meningeus nervi mandibularis [TA] , nervus spinosus&star.
meningeal b. of maxillary nerve recurrent b. of maxillary nerve distributed with the anterior b. of the middle meningeal arteyr to the meninges of the anterior portion of the middle cranial fossa. SYN: ramus meningeus nervi maxillaris [TA] , middle meningeal b. of maxillary nerve, middle meningeal nerve, ramus meningeus medius nervi maxillaris.
meningeal b. of occipital artery [TA] one of the variable branches of the occipital artery that may pass through the jugular or parietal foramina or condyloid canal to reach the dura mater and bone of the posterior cranial fossa, as well as the intracranial portions of the caudal four cranial neres. SYN: ramus meningeus arteriae occipitalis [TA] .
meningeal b. of ophthalmic nerve tentorial nerve.
meningeal b. of spinal nerves [TA] a b. from the initial (mixed) part of each spinal nerve passing in a recurrent fashion back through the intervertebral foramen to supply spinal meninges, the posterior longitudinal ligament, posterolateral periphery of the intervertebral disk, and periosteum of the vertebrae. SYN: ramus meningeus nervorum spinalium [TA] , recurrent b. of spinal nerves&star, recurrent meningeal b. of spinal nerves, sinuvertebral nerves.
meningeal b. of vagus nerve [TA] a b. of the superior ganglion of the vagus supplying the meninges of the posterior cranial fossa. SYN: ramus meningeus nervi vagi [TA] .
mental branches of mental nerve [TA] branches of the mental nerve providing general sensory innervation to the skin of the chin. SYN: rami mentales nervi mentalis [TA] .
mental b. (of inferior alveolar artery) [TA] distribution, chin; the terminal b. of the inferior alveolar; anastomoses, inferior labial artery. SYN: ramus mentalis arteriae alveolaris inferioris [TA] , arteria mentalis, mental artery.
middle lobe b. of right superior pulmonary vein SYN: middle lobe vein.
middle meningeal b. of maxillary nerve SYN: meningeal b. of maxillary nerve.
middle superior alveolar b. of infraorbital nerve [TA] the middle superior alveolar b., a b. of the superior alveolar nerve that contributes to the superior dental plexus. SYN: ramus alveolaris superior medius nervi infraorbitalis [TA] .
middle temporal b. of insular part of middle cerebral artery [TA] a b. of the insular part (M2 segment) of the middle cerebral artery supplying the cortex of the temporal lobe between the anterior and posterior temporal arteries. SYN: ramus temporalis medius partis insularis arteriae cerebrae mediae [TA] , arteria temporalis intermedia, intermediate temporal artery.
middle temporal branches of lateral occipital artery intermediate temporal branches of lateral occipital artery.
muscular branches [TA] branches of nerves or vessels that supply muscles. Most are unnamed. Terminologia Anatomica lists muscular branches of: 1) accessory nerve (rami musculares nervi accessorii); 2) anterior b. of obturator nerve (rami musculares rami anterioris nervi obturatorii); 3) anterior interosseous nerve (rami musculares nervi interossei antebrachii anterior); 4) axillary nerve (rami musculares nervi axillaris); 5) deep fibular nerve (rami musculares nervi fibularis profundi); 6) femoral nerve (rami musculares nervi femoralis); 7) intercostal nerves (rami musculares nervorum intercostalium); 8) medial nerve (rami muscularis nervi mediani); 9) musculocutaneous nerve (rami musculares nervi musculocutanei); 10) perineal nerves (rami musculares nervorum perinealium); 11) posterior b. of obturator nerve (rami musculares rami posterioris nervi obturatorii); 12) radial nerve (rami musculares nervi radialis); 13) spinal nerve (rami musculares nervorum spinalium); 14) superficial fibular nerve (rami musculares nervi fibularis superficialis); 15) supraclavicular part of brachial plexus (rami musculares partis supraclavicularis plexus brachialis); 16) of tibial nerve (rami musculares nervi tibialis); 17) ulnar nerve (rami musculares nervi ulnaris); 18) vertebral artery (rami musculares arteriae vertebralis). SYN: rami musculares [TA] .
mylohyoid b. (of inferior alveolar artery) [TA] b. of inferior alveolar artery to the mylohyoid muscle. SYN: ramus mylohyoideus arteriae alveolaris inferioris [TA] , mylohyoid artery.
nasal septal b. of superior labial b. of facial artery [TA] b. of superior labial b. of facial artery that passes superiorly to ramify on the anteroinferior aspect of the nasal septum. SYN: ramus septi nasi arteriae labialis superioris [TA] .
obturator b. of pubic b. of inferior epigastric vein [TA] b. of the pubic b. of inferior epigastric artery that descends over the pelvic brim to anastomose with the pubic b. of the obturator artery; in 20–30% of people, this b. is larger than or replaces the obturator artery. SYN: ramus obturatorius rami pubici arteriae epigastricae inferioris [TA] .
occipital b. [TA] Terminologia Anatomica lists occipital branches of 1) posterior auricular artery, rami occipitalis arteriae auricularis posterior [TA]; 2) posterior auricular nerve (rami occipitalis nervi auricularis posterioris [TA]; and 3) occipital artery, rami occipitales arteriae occipitis [TA]. SYN: ramus occipitalis [TA] .
b. of oculomotor nerve to ciliary ganglion SYN: parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion.
omental branches [TA] branches to the greater omentum; epiploic branches arise from the left and right gastroomental arteries (rami omentales arteriae gastro-omentalis sinistrae et dextrae [NA]) opposite the gastric branches (rami gastrici [NA]) along the greater curvature of the stomach. SYN: rami omentales [TA] , epiploic branches, rami epiploicae.
orbital branches of maxillary nerve branches of pterygopalatine ganglion traversing inferior orbital fissure, distributed in orbit to periorbita and mucosa of ethmoidal and sphenoidal sinuses. SYN: rami orbitales nervi maxillaris [TA] , orbital b. of pterygopalatine ganglion, ramus orbitalis ganglii pterygopalatini.
orbital b. of middle meningeal artery [TA] b. of middle meningeal artery traversing superior orbital fissure and running toward lacrimal gland. See anastomotic b. of middle meningeal artery with lacrimal artery. SYN: ramus orbitalis arteriae meningeae mediae [TA] .
orbital b. of pterygopalatine ganglion SYN: orbital branches of maxillary nerve.
ovarian branches of uterine artery [TA] terminal b. of uterine artery (with tubal b.) which runs through mesovarium supplying ovary from medial aspect and anastomosing with ovarian b. of ovarian artery. SYN: rami ovarici arteriae uterinae [TA] .
palmar b. of anterior interosseous nerve b. of median nerve arising proximal to flexor retinaculum and running superficially to it to supply skin of proximal central palm and thenar eminence. Since it does not traverse carpal tunnel, it is not affected by carpal tunnel syndrome, even though it supplies skin distal to carpal tunnel. SYN: ramus palmaris nervi interossei antebrachii anterioris [TA] , palmar b. of median nerve, ramus palmaris nervi mediani.
palmar carpal b. of radial artery [TA] a small b. of the radial artery that passes medially across the wrist to supply the carpal joints; it anastomoses with the anterior carpal b. of the ulnar artery. SYN: ramus carpalis palmaris arteriae radialis [TA] , ramus carpeus palmaris arteriae radialis.
palmar carpal b. of ulnar artery [TA] a b. of the ulnar artery that supplies the carpal joints and communicates with the anterior carpal b. of the radial artery. SYN: ramus carpalis palmaris arteriae ulnaris [TA] , ramus carpeus palmaris arteriae ulnaris.
palmar b. of median nerve SYN: palmar b. of anterior interosseous nerve.
palmar b. of ulnar nerve [TA] b. of ulnar nerve arising in distal forearm and accompanying palmar artery into hand where it supplies skin of little finger and medial half of ring finger and adjacent parts of palm. SYN: ramus palmaris nervi ulnaris [TA] .
palpebral branches of infratrochlear nerve [TA] branches of infratrochlear nerve supplying skin of medial aspects of upper and lower eyelids. SYN: rami palpebrales nervi infratrochlearis [TA] .
pancreatic branches [TA] branches to the pancreas. Terminologia Anatomica lists pancreatic branches of 1) splenic artery, rami pancreatici arteriae splenicae [TA]; 2) (anterior and posterior) superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries, rami pancreatici arteriae pancreaticoduodenalis superioris (anterior et posterior) [TA]. SYN: rami pancreatici [TA] .
paracentral branches of callosomarginal artery [TA] terminal branches of cingulate b. of callosomarginal artery distributed to the paracentral lobule of the cerebrum. SYN: rami paracentrales arteriae callosomarginalis [TA] .
paracentral branches (of pericallosal artery) inconstant branches of the pericallosal artery supplying the cerebral cortex of the paracentral lobule and both sides of the medial part of the central sulcus. SYN: ramus paracentrales [TA] , arteria paracentralis, paracentral artery.
paramedian pontine branches of pontine arteries medial branches of pontine arteries.
parietal b. [TA] 1. branches coursing in relationship to and supplying the parietal bone or parietal lobe of cerebrum; 2. branches distributed to the body wall and limbs (the “parities”) as opposed to visceral branches distributed to the body cavities. For example, the gray rami communicantes are the parietal branches of the sympathetic trunks (vs. the splanchnic nerves, which are visceral branches of the trunks). SYN: rami parietales [TA] .
parietal b. of medial occipital artery [TA] an anterior b. of the medial occipital artery supplying the posterior section of the parietal lobe of the cerebrum. SYN: ramus parietalis arteriae occipitalis medialis [TA] .
parietal b. of middle meningeal artery [TA] smaller terminal b. (with frontal b.) of middle meningeal artery supplying posterior portion of lateral and superior dura and cranium. SYN: ramus parietalis arteriae meningeae mediae [TA] .
parietal b. of superficial temporal artery [TA] branches coursing in relationship to and/or supplying the parietal lobe of the brain. SYN: ramus parietalis arteriae temporalis superficialis [TA] .
parieto-occipital branches (of anterior cerebral artery) [TA] the largest cortical branches of the pericallosal artery supplying the medial and superolateral surface of the parietal lobe posterior to the paracentral lobule; rarely does it extend to supply part of the occipital lobe. SYN: arteriae parieto-occipitales, parietooccipital artery, superior internal parietal artery.
parieto-occipital b. (of posterior cerebral artery) [TA] a posterior b. of the medial occipital artery supplying the medial surface of the occipital lobe extending to area of the parieto-occipital sulcus of the cerebrum. SYN: ramus parieto-occipitalis arteriae occipitalis medialis [TA] .
parotid branches [TA] branches to parotid gland; Terminologia Anatomica lists parotid branches of 1) auriculotemporal nerve, rami parotidei nervi auriculotemporalis [TA]; 2) deep facial vein, rami parotidei venae facialis profundus [TA]; 3) posterior auricular artery, ramus parotidei arteriae auricularis posterior [TA]; 4) superficial temporal artery, ramus arteriae temporalis superficialis [TA]. SYN: rami parotidei [TA] .
pectoral and abdominal anterior cutaneous b. of intercostal nerves SYN: thoracoabdominal nerves, under nerve.
pectoral b. of thoracoacromial artery branches of the thoracoacromial artery descending between and supplying the pectoralis major and minor muscles, then continuing to supply the serratus anterior muscle and, in the adult female, the upper portion of the breast. SYN: rami pectorales arteriae thoracoacromialis [TA] .
perforating branches [TA] arterial branches that penetrate a wall or pass from the anterior to the posterior aspect or compartment of a structure such as the hand or foot to anastomose or be distributed. SYN: ramus perforans [TA] .
perforating b. of anterior interosseous artery [TA] b. of anterior interosseous artery that pierces the interosseous membrane in the distal forearm to anastomose with (and actually replace distally) the posterior interosseous artery. SYN: ramus perforans arteriae interossei anterioris [TA] .
perforating b. of fibular artery the b. of the peroneal artery that perforates the interosseous membrane just above the anterior tibiofibular ligament. SYN: ramus perforans arteriae fibularis [TA] , perforating b. of peroneal artery&star.
perforating branches of internal thoracic artery [TA] small branches of the internal thoracic artery running between the costal cartilages to supply overlying skin and subcutaneous tissues. SYN: rami perforantes arteriae thoracicae internae [TA] , perforating arteries (of internal thoracic artery).
perforating branches (of palmar metacarpal arteries) See perforating branches of deep palmar arch.
perforating branches (of plantar metatarsal arteries) [TA] the perforating branches of the plantar metatarsal arteries, three small arteries that pass dorsally through the second, third, and fourth interosseous spaces of the foot from the plantar metatarsal arteries. SYN: rami perforantes arteriarum metatarsearum plantarium [TA] , perforating arteries (of foot).
perforating b. of peroneal artery perforating b. of fibular artery.
pericardial b. of phrenic nerve [TA] one of the branches of phrenic nerve distributed to the pericardium and adjacent mediastial parietal pleura. SYN: ramus pericardiacus nervi phrenici [TA] .
pericardial b. of thoracic aorta [TA] small branches of thoracic aorta distributed to the pericardium, in the region of the oblique pericardial sinus, and to posterior mediastinal lymph nodes. SYN: rami pericardiaci aortae thoracicae [TA] .
perineal branches of posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh branches of posterior femoral cutaneous nerve that convey sensory fibers to the skin of the lateralmost perineum and adjacent portions of the upper medial thigh. SYN: rami perineales nervi cutanei femoris posterioris [TA] , perineal branches of posterior femoral cutaneous nerve&star.
perineal branches of posterior femoral cutaneous nerve perineal branches of posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh.
peroneal communicating b. SYN: sural communicating b. of common fibular nerve.
petrosal b. of middle meningeal artery [TA] petrous b. of middle meningeal artery; first intracranial b. of middle meningeal artery; anastomosis: stylomastoid artery via hiatus of facial canal. SYN: ramus petrosus arteriae meningeae mediae [TA] .
pharyngeal branches [TA] branches to the pharynx. SYN: rami pharyngei [TA] , rami pharyngeales&star, pharyngei.
pharyngeal b. of the artery of pterygoid canal [TA] distributed to uppermost nasopharynx (pharyngeal recesses). SYN: ramus pharyngeus arteriae canalis pterygoidei [TA] .
pharyngeal b. of the ascending pharyngeal artery [TA] distribution: walls of oropharynx and nasopharynx. SYN: rami pharyngeales arteriae pharyngeae ascendentis [TA] .
pharyngeal b. of descending palatine artery [TA] may arise as a separate b. or as a continuation of lesser palatine artery. SYN: ramus pharyngeus arteriae palatinae descendentis [TA] .
pharyngeal b. of glossopharyngeal nerve [TA] conveys general sensory fibers to the mucosa of the oropharynx via the pharyngeal plexus. SYN: rami pharyngei nervi glossopharyngei [TA] .
pharyngeal b. of inferior thyroid artery [TA] distributed to laryngopharynx. SYN: rami pharyngeales arteriae thyroideae inferioris [TA] .
pharyngeal b. of pterygopalatine ganglion SYN: pharyngeal nerve.
pharyngeal branches of recurrent laryngeal nerve [TA] branches of the recurrent laryngeal nerve that continue beyond the larynx to the inferior pharynx. SYN: rami pharyngei nervi laryngei recurrentis [TA] .
pharyngeal b. of vagus nerve [TA] conveys motor fibers from the cranial root of the accessory nerve to the pharyngeal constrictor muscles, the intrinsic muscles of the soft palate, and the levator palati muscle; may also bring some general sensory fibers to the pharyngeal plexus. SYN: rami pharyngei nervi vagi [TA] .
phrenicoabdominal branches of phrenic nerve terminal branches of phrenic nerve providing motor innervation of diaphragm and sensory innervation to the diaphragm and the diaphragmatic pleura and peritoneum. SYN: rami phrenicoabdominales nervi phrenici.
posterior branches [TA] branches directed dorsally or backward. SYN: rami posteriores [TA] .
posterior basal b. SYN: posterior basal segmental artery of left / right lung.
posterior gastric branches of posterior vagal trunk [TA] branches of the posterior vagal trunk that pass posterior to the left gastric artery in the hepatogastric ligament to ramify over the posteroinferior surface of the stomach. SYN: rami gastrici posteriores trunci vagalis posterioris [TA] .
posterior glandular b. of superior thyroid artery `b. of superior thyroid artery that descends to supply the apical portion of the ipsilateral lobe of the thyroid, continuing along the posterior border of the gland to anastomose with the inferior thyroid artery. SYN: ramus glandularis posterior arteriae thyroideae superioris [TA] , posterior b. of superior thyroid artery, ramus posterior arteriae thyroideae superioris.
posterior b. of great auricular nerve [TA] provides general sensory fibers to skin of posterior auricle and over mastoid process. SYN: ramus posterior nervi auricularis magni [TA] .
posterior inferior nasal branches of greater palatine nerve SYN: posterior inferior nasal nerves, under nerve.
posterior b. of inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery [TA] the more dorsal of the two branches into which the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery bifurcates; supplies uncinate process and head of pancreas, as well as the third and fourth parts of the duodenum; anastomoses with the posterior b. of the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery. SYN: ramus posterior arteriae pancreaticoduodenalis inferioris [TA] .
posterior labial branches of internal perineal artery [TA] branches of the perineal artery to the posterior portion of the labium majus. SYN: rami labiales posteriores arteriae perinealis [TA] , posterior labial arteries, rami labiales posteriores arteriae pudendae internae.
posterior labial branches of perineal artery [TA] superficial branches of the perineal artery supplying the posterior portions of the labia majora and minora.
posterior b. of lateral cerebral sulcus SYN: posterior ramus of lateral cerebral sulcus.
posterior b. of medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve SYN: posterior b. of medial cutaneous nerve of forearm.
posterior b. of medial cutaneous nerve of forearm b. of the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve supplying the skin of the medial portion of the proximal two-thirds of the dorsal side of the forearm. SYN: ramus posterior nervi cutanei antebrachii medialis [TA] , posterior b. of medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve, ramus ulnaris nervi cutanei antebrachii medialis, ulnar b. of medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve.
posterior b. of obturator artery [TA] b. of obturator artery giving rise to acetabular b. and supplying muscles attached to ischium. SYN: ramus posterior arteriae obturatoriae [TA] .
posterior b. of obturator nerve [TA] b. supplying obturator externus muscle, then passing posterior to adductor brevis, supplying it and the adductor portion of the adductor magnus muscle. SYN: ramus posterior nervi obturatorii [TA] .
posterior b. of recurrent ulnar artery SYN: posterior b. of ulnar recurrent artery.
posterior b. of renal artery [TA] terminal b. of renal artery (with anterior b.) becoming the posterior segmental artery of kidney. See segmental arteries of kidney, under artery. SYN: ramus posterior arteriae renalis [TA] .
posterior b. of right b. of portal vein [TA] posterior segmental b. of portal vein; b. to posterior segments of right lobe of liver. SYN: ramus posterior rami dextri venae portae hepatis [TA] .
posterior b. of right hepatic duct [TA] hepatic duct b. draining bile from posterior segments of right lobe of liver. SYN: ramus posterior ductus hepatici dextri [TA] .
posterior b. of right superior pulmonary vein [TA] drains posterior portion of superior lobe of right lung. SYN: ramus posterior venae pulmonalis dextrae superioris [TA] .
posterior scrotal b. of internal pudendal artery SYN: posterior scrotal branches of perineal artery.
posterior scrotal branches of perineal artery branches of perineal artery supplying skin of posterior scrotal sac. SYN: rami scrotales posteriores arteriae perinealis [TA] , posterior scrotal b. of internal pudendal artery, rami scrotales posteriores arteriae pudendae internae.
posterior septal b. of nose [TA] one of the branches of the sphenopalatine artery that supplies the nasal septum and accompanies the nasopalatine nerve. SYN: ramus septi posterioris nasalis [TA] , arteria nasalis posterior septi, posterior septal artery of nose, posterior septal branches of sphenopalatine artery.
posterior septal branches of sphenopalatine artery SYN: posterior septal b. of nose.
posterior b. of spinal nerves dorsal primary ramus of spinal nerve.
posterior superior alveolar branches of maxillary nerve [TA] the branches of the superior alveolar nerves that supply the maxillary sinus and the molar tooth. SYN: rami alveolares superiores posteriores nervi maxillaris [TA] .
posterior superior lateral nasal branches of maxillary nerve branches of pterygopalatine ganglion to upper posterior part of lateral wall of nasal cavity, including superior and middle nasal concha/meatuses, and posterior ethmoidal sinuses. SYN: posterior superior lateral nasal branches of pterygopalatine ganglion, rami nasales posteriores superiores laterales ganglii pterygopalatini, rami nasales posteriores superiores laterales nervi maxillaris.
posterior superior lateral nasal branches of pterygopalatine ganglion SYN: posterior superior lateral nasal branches of maxillary nerve.
posterior superior medial nasal branches of maxillary nerve [TA] usually branches of the nasopalatine nerve to posterior superior nasal septum. SYN: rami nasales posteriores superiores mediales nervi maxillaris [TA] , posterior superior medial nasal branches of pterygopalatine ganglion, rami nasales posteriores superiores mediales ganglii pterygopalatini.
posterior superior medial nasal branches of pterygopalatine ganglion SYN: posterior superior medial nasal branches of maxillary nerve.
posterior b. of superior thyroid artery SYN: posterior glandular b. of superior thyroid artery.
posterior temporal b. of middle cerebral artery [TA] a b. of the insular part (M2 segment) of the middle cerebral artery distributed to the cortex of the posterior part of the temporal lobe. SYN: ramus temporalis posterior arteriae cerebri mediae [TA] , arteria temporalis posterior, posterior temporal artery.
posterior b. of ulnar recurrent artery contributes to blood supply of flexor carpi ulnaris and to articular network of elbow. SYN: ramus posterior arteriae recurrentis ulnaris [TA] , posterior b. of recurrent ulnar artery.
posterior vestibular b. of vestibulocochlear artery [TA] origin: terminal b., with cochlear b., of vestibulocochlear artery; distribution: utricle and (especially ampulla of) posterior semicircular duct. SYN: ramus vestibularis posterior arteriae vestibulocochlearis [TA] .
posteromedial frontal b. of callosomarginal artery [TA] terminal b. (with cingular b.) of callosomarginal artery to posterior portion of medial aspect of frontal lobe of cerebrum. SYN: ramus frontalis posteromedialis arteriae callosomarginalis [TA] .
precuneal branches (of anterior cerebral artery) [TA] the last cortical b. of the pericallosal artery; it supplies the inferior part of the precuneus. SYN: rami precuneales arteriae cerebri anterioris [TA] , arteria precunealis, inferior internal parietal artery, precuneal artery.
prelaminar b. of spinal b. of dorsal b. of posterior intercostal artery [TA] origin: spinal artery in intervertebral foramen; distribution: to anterior surface of laminae and ligamenta flava of thoracic vertebrae and the anterior aspects of the zygapophysial joints. SYN: ramus prelaminaris rami spinalis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris [TA] .
prostatic branches of inferior vesical artery [TA] branches of the inferior vesicle artery that descend to the prostate, comprising its major arterial supply. SYN: rami prostatici arteriae vesicalis inferioris [TA] .
prostatic branches of middle rectal artery [TA] branches of the middle rectal artery that anastomose with the prostatic branches of the inferior vesicle artery and join them in supplying the prostate. SYN: rami prostatici arteriae rectalis mediae [TA] .
pterygoid b. of maxillary artery SYN: pterygoid b. of posterior deep temporal artery.
pterygoid b. of posterior deep temporal artery pterygoid branches of middle meningeal artery. SYN: ramus pterygoideus arteriae temporalis profundae posterioris [TA] , pterygoid b. of maxillary artery, rami pterygoidei arteriae maxillaris.
pubic b. of inferior epigastric artery [TA] b. arising from the inferior epigastric artery medial to the deep inguinal ring; runs medial to femoral ring onto posterior pubis; anastomosis, pubic b. of obturator artery. This anastomosis is frequently large, referred to as an “accessory obturator artery.” In 20–30% of patients, this anastomosis replaces the obturator artery, as an “aberrant” or “replaced” obturator artery. SYN: ramus pubicus arteriae epigastricae inferioris [TA] .
pubic b. of inferior epigastric vein [TA] b. of inferior epigastric vein that arises medial to the deep inguinal ring and gives rise to an upper b. that anastomoses across the midline with its contralateral partner, and a lower b. that descends on the posterior aspect of the pubis; the latter gives rise to an obturator b.. SEE ALSO: obturator b. of pubic b. of inferior epigastric vein. SYN: ramus pubicus venae epigastricae inferioris [TA] .
pubic b. of obturator artery [TA] b. arising from the obturator artery just prior to its passage through the obturator canal; the b. passes superiorly on the posterior aspect of the pubis. Anastomosis: with contralateral partner and pubic branche of inferior epigastric artery. See accessory obturator artery, pubic b. of inferior epigastric artery. SYN: ramus pubicus arteriae obturatoriae [TA] .
pulmonary b. of autonomic nervous system See pulmonary branches of pulmonary nerve plexus, thoracic pulmonary branches of thoracic ganglia. SYN: rami pulmonales systematis autonomici.
pulmonary branches of pulmonary nerve plexus [TA] branches of the pulmonary nerve plexus that extend along the root of the lungs reaching the right and left lungs. SYN: rami pulmonales plexi nervosi pulmonalis [TA] .
pyloric b. of anterior vagal trunk [TA] b. of anterior vagal trunk that passes through the gastrohepatic ligament with the hepatic branches of the vagus to reach the pylorus. In selective vagotomy procedures, this b. is spared to avoid problems with gastric emptying. SYN: ramus pyloricus trunci vagalis anterioris [TA] .
recurrent meningeal b. of spinal nerves SYN: meningeal b. of spinal nerves.
recurrent b. of spinal nerves meningeal b. of spinal nerves.
renal b. of lesser splanchnic nerve [TA] b. of lesser splanchnic nerve to the aorticorenal plexus/ganglion. SYN: ramus renalis nervi splanchnici minoris [TA] .
renal b. of vagus nerve [TA] branches of vagus nerve to kidney via the celiac plexus. SYN: rami renales nervi vagi [TA] .
right b. [TA] of a pair of branches, the b. passing to the right side of the body, to the right member of a bilateral pair of structures, or to the right portion of an unpaired structure; the other member of the pair being a left b.. SYN: ramus dexter [TA] .
right atrial b. of right coronary artery SYN: intermediate atrial b. of right coronary artery.
right b. of hepatic artery proper [TA] terminal b. of hepatic artery proper supplying right lobe of liver; b.: cystic artery. SYN: ramus dexter arteriae hepaticae propriae [TA] , right hepatic artery.
right marginal b. (of right coronary artery) [TA] usually the largest of the ventricular branches of the right coronary artery; courses along the right margin of the heart, and is of sufficient caliber and length to reach the apex. SYN: ramus marginalis dexter (arteriae coronariae dextrae) [TA] .
right b. of portal vein [TA] terminal b. of hepatic portal vein distributed to right lobe of liver tributary: cystic vein. SYN: ramus dexter venae portae hepatis [TA] .
saphenous b. of descending genicular artery [TA] b. of descending genicular artery supplying skin of the upper part of the medial aspect of the leg; anastomosis: medial inferior genicular artery (articular vascular network of knee). SYN: ramus saphenus arteriae descendentis genicularis [TA] .
branches of segmental bronchi SYN: intrasegmental bronchi, under bronchus.
septal branches SYN: interventricular septal branches of left/right coronary artery.
sinuatrial nodal b. of right coronary artery SYN: sinuatrial (S-A) nodal b. of right coronary artery.
b. to sinuatrial node SYN: sinuatrial (S-A) nodal b. of right coronary artery.
sinuatrial (S-A) nodal b. of right coronary artery [TA] ascending atrial b., usually (55%) arising from the anterior stem of the right coronary artery (but 35–45% arising from the circumflex b. of the left coronary artery), which runs around the base of the superior vena cava to reach the sinuatrial node. SYN: ramus nodi sinuatrialis arteriae coronariae dextrae [TA] , artery to the sinoatrial (S-A) node, b. to sinuatrial node, sinuatrial nodal artery, sinuatrial nodal b. of right coronary artery, sinuatrial node artery, sinus node artery.
spinal branches [TA] branches of the following arteries that supply the meninges, the roots of the spinal nerves, and in some cases, the spinal cord: 1) vertebral, 2) ascending cervical, 3) dorsal b. of posterior intercostal I to XI, 4) dorsal b. of subcostal, 5) dorsal b. of lumbar arteries, 6) lumbar b. of iliolumbar, 7) lateral sacral; all spinal arteries give rise to arteries supplying dorsal and ventral roots of spinal nerves; most are exhausted in supplying the roots as radicular arteries, but some (4–9), are large enough to reach and anastomose with the anterior and posterior spinal arteries and are designated instead as segmental medullary arteries. See great segmental medullary artery, segmental medullary arteries, under artery. SYN: rami spinales (1) [TA] , spinal arteries.
splenic branches of splenic artery [TA] branches of proper splenic arteries; splenic artery entering spleen at hilum. SYN: rami splenici arteriae splenicae [TA] , rami lienales arteriae lienalis&star.
stapedial b. of posterior tympanic artery b. arising either directly from the posterior tympanic artery or its parent artery, the stylomastoid artery; supplies stapedius muscle. SYN: ramus stapedius arteriae tympanicae posterioris [TA] , ramus stapedius arteriae stylomastoideae, stapedial b. of stylomastoid artery.
stapedial b. of stylomastoid artery SYN: stapedial b. of posterior tympanic artery.
sternal branches of internal thoracic artery [TA] branches of internal thoracic artery that pass medially to supply the transversus thoracis muscle and posterior sternum. SYN: rami sternales arteriae thoracicae internae [TA] , sternal arteries.
sternocleidomastoid branches of occipital artery branches of occipital artery to sternocleidomastoid muscle. One often hooks around hypoglossal nerve. It may arise as an independent b. of the external carotid, in which case it may be referred to as the sternomastoid artery. SYN: rami sternocleidomastoidei arteriae occipitalis.
sternocleidomastoid b. of superior thyroid artery [TA] b. of superior thyroid artery to sternocleidomastoid muscle. SYN: ramus sternocleidomastoideus arteriae thyroideae superioris [TA] .
stylohyoid b. of facial nerve [TA] b. of facial nerve to stylohyoid muscle. SYN: ramus stylohyoideus nervi facialis [TA] .
stylopharyngeal b. of glossopharyngeal nerve [TA] sole motor b. of the glossopharyngeal nerve to the stylopharyngeus muscle. SYN: ramus musculi stylopharyngei nervi glossopharyngei [TA] , b. of glossopharyngeal nerve to stylopharyngeus muscle.
subendocardial branches of atrioventricular bundles interlacing fibers formed of modified cardiac muscle cells with central granulated protoplasm containing one or two nuclei and a transversely striated peripheral portion; they are the terminal ramifications of the conducting system of the heart found beneath the endocardium of the ventricles. SEE ALSO: conducting system of heart. SYN: rami subendocardiales fasciculi atrioventricularis [TA] , Purkinje fibers.
subscapular branches of axillary artery [TA] branches of axillary artery passing directly to the subscapularis muscle. SYN: rami subscapulares arteriae axillaris [TA] .
superficial b. [TA] b. which passes above or closer to surface; usually in contrast to a deep b.. SYN: ramus superficialis [TA] .
superficial b. of the lateral plantar nerve [TA] mostly cutaneous b. to skin of small and lateral half of fourth toes and lateral side of sole of foot, but also supplies the flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle and the most lateral dorsal and plantar interosseous muscles. SYN: ramus superficialis nervi plantaris lateralis [TA] .
superficial b. of medial circumflex femoral artery [TA] small b. arising from the initial portion of the medial femoral circumflex artery that passes superficially in the superomedial thigh; after giving rise to the superficial b., the medial femoral circumflex artery continues as the deep b.. SYN: ramus superficialis arteriae circumflexae femoris medialis [TA] .
superficial b. of the medial plantar artery [TA] gives rise to superficial digital arteries of medial three toes. SYN: ramus superficialis arteriae plantaris medialis [TA] .
superficial palmar b. of radial artery [TA] the superficial palmar b. of the radial artery that supplies the thenar muscles then enters the palm to communicate with the superficial palmar arch from the ulnar artery. SYN: ramus palmaris superficialis arteriae radialis [TA] , superficial palmar artery, superficial volar artery, superficialis volae.
superficial b. of the radial nerve [TA] cutaneous terminal b. (with deep b.) which runs under cover of brachioradialis muscle to wrist, then supplies skin of proximal portion of the dorsal aspects of thumb, index, middle and lateral half of ring fingers and the portion of the dorsum of the hand located proximally. SYN: ramus superficialis nervi radialis [TA] .
superficial b. of the superior gluteal artery [TA] to upper gluteus maximus muscle. SYN: ramus superficialis arteriae gluteae superioris [TA] .
superficial temporal b. of auriculotemporal nerve [TA] branches of auriculotemporal nerve to anterolateral scalp. SYN: rami temporales superficiales nervi auriculotemporalis [TA] .
superficial b. of the transverse cervical artery [TA] b. of transverse cervical artery that accompanies the spinal accessory nerve on the deep surface of the trapezius muscle. Alternatively arises as a direct b. of the thyrocervical trunk, in which case it is called the superficial cervical artery. SYN: ramus superficialis arteriae transversae colli [TA] .
superficial b. of the ulnar nerve [TA] b. supplying skin of palmar aspect of little and medial half of ring fingers, the portion of the palm proximal to them and the palmaris brevis muscle. SYN: ramus superficialis nervi ulnaris [TA] .
superior b. [TA] b. that is directed upward or cranially or which is highly placed, usually in contrast to an inferior b.. SYN: ramus superior [TA] .
superior cervical cardiac branches of vagus nerve [TA] uppermost of the branches of vagus nerve conducting presynaptic parasympathetic fibers to, and reflex afferent fibers from, the cardiac plexus; branching from the vagi close to the base of the skull. SYN: rami cardiaci cervicales superiores nervi vagi [TA] .
superior dental branches of superior dental plexus [TA] branches passing from the superior dental plexus to the roots of the teeth of the upper jaw. SYN: rami dentales superiores plexus dentalis superioris [TA] , rami dentales superiores [TA] , superior dental rami.
superior gingival branches of superior dental plexus [TA] branches of superior dental plexus to gingiva of upper jaw. SYN: rami gingivales superiores plexus dentalis superioris [TA] .
superior labial b. of facial artery [TA] origin, facial; distribution, structures of upper lip and, by a septal b., the anterior and lower part of the nasal septum; anastomoses, the artery of the opposite side and the sphenopalatine. SYN: arteria labialis superior [TA] , ramus labialis superior arteriae facialis, superior labial artery.
superior labial branches of infraorbital nerve [TA] branches of infraorbital nerve to upper lip. SYN: rami labiales superiores nervi infraorbitalis [TA] .
superior lingular b. of lingular b. of superior lobar left pulmonary artery SYN: superior lingular artery.
superior b. of the oculomotor nerve [TA] b. of oculomotor nerve supplying the superior rectus and levator palpebrae superioris muscles. SYN: ramus superior nervi oculomotorii [TA] .
superior b. of the pubic bone SYN: superior pubic ramus.
superior b. of the right and left inferior pulmonary veins [TA] tributaries of the right and left inferior pulmonary veins which receive oxygenated blood from the superior [S6] bronchopulmonary segments of the inferior lobes of the right and left lungs. SYN: ramus superior venae pulmonalis dextrae/sinistrae inferioris.
superior b. of the superior gluteal artery [TA] runs between gluteus medius and minimus muscles, supplying both, and continuing to reach tensor fascia lata muscle. SYN: ramus superior arteriae gluteae superioris [TA] .
superior b. of the transverse cervical nerve [TA] b. providing cutaneous innervation in upper part of anterior triangle of neck. SYN: ramus superior nervi transversalis cervicalis (colli) [TA] .
superior vermian b. (of superior cerebellar artery) [TA] origin: medial b. of superior cerebellar artery; distribution: superior vermis of cerebellum. SYN: ramus vermis superior [TA] .
suprahyoid b. of lingual artery [TA] b. of lingual artery that runs along hyoid bone; anastomosis: infrahyoid b. of superior thyroid artery and across midline with its contralateral partner. SYN: ramus suprahyoideus arteriae lingualis [TA] .
sural communicating b. of common fibular nerve [TA] the peroneal (fibular) communicating b. of the common peroneal (fibular) nerve; it arises from the common peroneal nerve in the popliteal space and passes over the lateral head of the gastrocnemius to the middle third of the leg, where it unites with the medial sural cutaneous nerve to form the sural nerve. SYN: ramus communicans fibularis nervi fibularis communis [TA] , ramus communicans nervi fibularis communis cum nervo cutaneo surae mediali&star, ramus communicans nervi peronei communis cum nervo cutaneo surae mediali&star, ramus communicans peroneus nervi peronei communis&star, sural communicating b. of common peroneal nerve&star, nervus communicans fibularis, nervus communicans peroneus, peroneal anastomotic ramus, peroneal communicating b., peroneal communicating nerve.
sural communicating b. of common peroneal nerve sural communicating b. of common fibular nerve.
sympathetic b. to submandibular ganglion SYN: sympathetic root of submandibular ganglion.
temporal b. of facial nerve [TA] branches of facial nerve innervating the superior portion of the orbicularis oculi muscle and other muscles of facial expression above the eye. SYN: rami temporales nervi facialis [TA] .
tentorial basal b. of internal carotid artery [TA] a small b. from the cavernous part of the internal carotid artery to the base of the tentorium. SYN: ramus basalis tentorii arteriae carotidis internae [TA] , basal tentorial b. of internal carotid artery.
tentorial marginal b. of cavernous part of internal carotid artery a small b. from the cavernous part of the internal carotid artery to the free margin of the tentorium. SYN: ramus marginalis tentorii partis cavernosae arteriae carotidis internae [TA] , marginal tentorial b. of internal carotid artery, ramus marginalis tentorii arteriae carotidis internae.
terminal branches of middle cerebral artery [TA] derivatives of the middle cerebral artery, arising distal to the M1 segment (main trunk) deep in the lateral sulcus between temporal lobe and insula; included are the superior and inferior terminal (cortical) branches (trunks) and the insular arteries. SYN: rami terminales arteriae cerebri medii [TA] , M2 segment of middle cerebral artery&star.
thoracic cardiac branches of thoracic ganglia part of the cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves from the second to fifth segments of the thoracic sympathetic trunk that pass medially and anteriorly to enter the cardiac plexus; they convey postsynaptic sympathetic fibers to, and visceral afferent (pain) fibers from, the heart. SYN: rami cardiaci thoracici gangliorum thoracicorum [TA] , nervi cardiaci thoracici, thoracic cardiac nerves, upper thoracic splanchnic nerves.
thoracic cardiac branches of vagus nerve [TA] branches of vagus nerve to the cardiac plexus that b. from the vagi at thoracic levels, conducting presynpatic parasympathetic fibers to, and reflex afferent fibers from, the cardiac plexus. SYN: rami cardiaci thoracici nervi vagi [TA] .
thoracic pulmonary branches of thoracic ganglia [TA] cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves arising from the upper thoracic paravertebral ganglia of the sympathetic trunk conveying postsynaptic sympathetic and visceral afferent fibers to the pulmonary plexuses. SYN: rami pulmonales thoracici gangliorum thoracicorum [TA] .
thymic branches of internal thoracic artery [TA] mediastinal branches of the proximal (superior) portion of the internal thoracic artery which pass to the thymus. SYN: rami thymici arteriae thoracicae internae [TA] .
thyrohyoid b. of ansa cervicalis derived from the cervical plexus, it contains fibers of the first and second cervical nerves that have accompanied the hypoglossal nerve to the suprahyoid region, then b. from it to reach the thyrohyoid muscle. SYN: ramus thyrohyoideus ansae cervicalis [TA] , nerve to thyrohyoid muscle.
tonsillar b. of the facial artery [TA] primary blood supply to palatine tonsil, with extensive anastomoses with other tonsillar arteries. SYN: ramus tonsillaris arteriae facialis [TA] .
tonsillar branches of glossopharyngeal nerve [TA] branches of glossopharyngeal nerve conducting sensory fibers from the palatine tonsillar fossa. SYN: rami tonsillares nervi glossopharyngei.
tonsillar branches of lesser palatine nerves [TA] branches of the lesser palatine nerves that extend to the palatine tonsil and/or its bed. SYN: rami tonsillares nervi palatini minores [TA] .
tracheal branches [TA] branches to the trachea. Terminologia Anatomica lists tracheal branches of 1) inferior thyroid artery (rami tracheales arteriae thyroideae inferioris [TA]); 2) internal thoracic artery (rami tracheales arteria thoracicae internae [TA]); and 3) recurrent laryngeal nerve (rami tracheales nervi laryngei recurrentis [TA]). SYN: rami tracheales [TA] .
transverse b. of lateral femoral circumflex artery [TA] early b. of lateral femoral circumflex artery that enters the substance of the vastus lateralis and forms numerous anastomoses. SYN: ramus transversus arteriae circumflexae femoris lateralis [TA] .
b. to trigeminal ganglion ganglionic b. of internal carotid artery.
tubal b. [TA] b. to a tubular structure. SYN: ramus tubarius [TA] .
tubal b. of ovarian artery [TA] terminal b. (with ovarian b.) of ovarian artery that passes to the distal part of the uterine tube and courses centrally to anastomose with the tubal b. of the uterine artery proper. SYN: ramus tubarius arteriae ovaricae [TA] .
tubal b. of the tympanic plexus [TA] sensory b. of tympanic plexus (of glossopharyngeal nerve) to pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube. SYN: ramus tubarius plexus tympanici [TA] .
tubal b. of the uterine artery [TA] terminal b. of uterine artery (with ovarian b.) supplying medial portion of uterine tube, anastomosing with tubal b. of ovarian artery. SYN: ramus tubarius arteriae uterinae [TA] .
ulnar communicating b. of superficial radial nerve SYN: communicating b. of superficial radial nerve with ulnar nerve.
ulnar b. of medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve SYN: posterior b. of medial cutaneous nerve of forearm.
ureteral branches SYN: ureteric branches.
ureteric branches [TA] branches distributed to the ureter. Although not listed in Terminologia Anatomica, ureteric branches also rise regularly from the 1) abdominal aorta, 2) common iliac artery, and 3) internal iliac artery. Ureteric branches from the inferior vesical artery are constant in occurrence and supply the terminal portion of the ureter. SYN: rami ureterici [TA] , ureteral branches.
ureteric branches of the inferior suprarenal artery [TA] branches of the right or left inferior suprarenal artery that descend to supply, with the ureteric branches of the renal artery, the uppermost portion of the ureter. SYN: rami ureterici arteriae suprarenalis inferioris [TA] .
ureteric branches of the ovarian artery [TA] b. of ovarian artery arising as it is crossed by the ureter in the female supplying mid portion of ureter. SYN: rami ureterici arteriae ovaricae [TA] .
ureteric branches of the patent part of umbilical artery [TA] supplies pelvic portion of ureter. SYN: rami ureterici partis patentis arteriae umbilicalis [TA] .
ureteric branches of the renal artery supplies ureteric (renal) pelvis and superior portion of ureter. SYN: rami ureterici arteriae renalis.
ureteric branches of the testicular artery [TA] b. of testicular artery arising as it is crossed by the ureter in the male; supplies mid portion of ureter. SYN: rami ureterici arteriae testicularis [TA] .
ventral b. SYN: ramus ventralis.ventral primary rami of cervical spinal nerves, under ramus, ventral primary rami of lumbar spinal nerves, under ramus, ventral primary rami of sacral spinal nerves, under ramus, anterior ramus of spinal nerve.
vestibular branches of labyrinthine artery See posterior vestibular b. of vestibulocochlear artery, anterior vestibular artery.
zygomatic branches of facial nerve branches of facial nerve crossing upper cheek to supply orbicularis oculi muscle. SYN: rami zygomatici nervi facialis.
zygomaticofacial b. of zygomatic nerve [TA] penetrates zygomatic bone to supply skin of face over zygoma or cheekbone. SYN: ramus zygomaticofacialis nervi zygomatici [TA] .
zygomaticotemporal b. of zygomatic nerve [TA] penetrates frontal process of zygomatic bone to supply skin of face lateral to orbit. SYN: ramus zygomaticotemporalis nervi zygomatici [TA] .

branchia
branchia, pl .branchiae (brang′ke-a, -e)

The gills, or organs of respiration, in water-living animals. [G. gill]

branchial
branchial (brang′ke-al)

1. Relating to branchiae or gills. 2. In embryology, denoting the various structures constituting the b. apparatus.

branching
branching

Dividing into parts; sending out offshoots; bifurcating. SYN: ramose, ramous. [Fr. branche, related to L. branchium, arm]
false b. in bacteriology, the appearance of b. produced when a cell is pushed out of the general line of growth and develops a new line of growth while the remaining cells continue to develop along the original line of growth.

branchiogenic
branchiogenic, branchiogenous (brang′ke-o-jen′ik, -ke-oj′en-us)

Originating from the branchial arches. [G. branchia, gill, -gen, to produce]

branchiomere
branchiomere (brang′ke-o-mer)

An embryonic segment from which a branchial arch is developed. [G. branchia, gill, + meros, part]

branchiomerism
branchiomerism (brang-ke-om′er-izm)

Arrangement into branchiomeres.

branchiomotor
branchiomotor (brang′ke-o-mo′tor)

Relating to or controlling the movement of muscles associated with the branchial arches.

brandy
brandy

An alcoholic liquid obtained by the distillation of the fermented juice of sound ripe grapes and usually containing 48 to 54% ethyl alcohol. [Du. brandewijn, burnt (distilled) wine]

Branham
Branham

H.H., 19th century U.S. surgeon. See B. sign.

Branham
Branham

Sara Elizabeth, U.S. bacteriologist, 1888–1962. See Branhamella.

Branhamella
Branhamella (bran-ha-mel′a)

A subgenus of aerobic, nonmotile, nonsporeforming bacteria containing Gram-negative cocci that occur in pairs with adjacent sides flattened; these organisms are currently considered closely related to the genus Moraxella. They occur in the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. The type species is B. catarrhalis. [Sara Branham]
B. catarrhalis SYN: Moraxella catarrhalis.

branny
branny (bran′e)

Denoting desquamation of small husklike scales. [M.E. bran, broken coat of cereal grain]

Brasdor
Brasdor

Pierre, French surgeon, 1721–1798. See B. method.

Braun
Braun

Christopher Heinrich, German surgeon, 1847–1911. See B. anastomosis.

Braune
Braune

Christian W., German anatomist, 1831–1892. See B. muscle, B. valve.

brawny
brawny (brahw′ne)

Thickened (lichenified) and dusky (a darkened hue), as of a swelling. [M.E. fleshy]

Braxton Hicks
Braxton Hicks

John, British gynecologist, 1823–1897. See B. contraction, B. sign.

Bray
Bray

Charles William, U.S. otologist, *1904. See Wever-B. phenomenon.

Brazelton
Brazelton

T. Berry, U.S. pediatrician, *1918. See B. Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale, under scale.

brazilein
brazilein (bra-zil′e-in)

A red oxidation product of brazilin.

brazilin
brazilin (bra-zil′in) [C.I. 75280]

A red natural dye, C₁₆H₁₄O₅, obtained from the bark of several species of tropical trees and oxidized to the active red dye brazilein; resembles hematoxylin in origin, chemistry, and usage; used as a nuclear stain and as an indicator (red in alkalies, yellow in acids).

brazing
brazing (bra′zing)

In dentistry, soldering.

BrDu
BrDu

Abbreviation for bromodeoxyuridine.

break
break (brak)

Separation into parts.
double-strand b. a b. in double-stranded DNA in which both strands have been cleaved; however, the two strands have not separated from each other.
single-strand b. a b. in double-stranded DNA in which only one of the two strands has been cleaved; both strands have not separated from each other.

breakpoint
breakpoint (brak′poynt)

In helminth epidemiology, the critical mean wormload in a community, below which the helminth mating frequency is too low to maintain reproduction. Below this level, helminth infection in the community will progressively decline, ultimately to zero.

breakthrough
breakthrough (brak′throo)

A sudden manifestation of new insights and more constructive attitudes following a period of resistance during psychotherapy.

breast
breast (brest) [TA]

1. The pectoral surface of the thorax. 2. The female organ of milk secretion; one of two commonly hemispheric projections anterior to the pectoral muscles including the mammary glands within a highly variable amount of fat of the subcutaneous layer and bearing the nipple superficially on either side of the chest of the mature female; it is rudimentary in the male. SYN: mamma [TA] , teat (2) . [A.S. breost]
accessory b. [TA] a milk-secreting gland located elsewhere than at the normal place on the chest and existing in addition to the two usual mammae. SYN: mamma accessoria [TA] , supernumerary b., supernumerary mamma.
chicken b. SYN: pectus carinatum.
funnel b. SYN: pectus excavatum.
irritable b. swelling and induration of the b., not due to a neoplasm, and usually of comparatively brief duration.
male b. [TA] one of the two, usually rudimentary, mammary glands and overlying nipples of the male. SYN: mamma masculina [TA] , mamma virilis.
pigeon b. SYN: pectus carinatum.
supernumerary b. SYN: accessory b..

breath
breath (breth)

1. The respired air. 2. An inspiration. [A.S. braeth]
liver b. SYN: fetor hepaticus.
uremic b. characteristic odor of the b. in patients with chronic renal failure, variously described as “fishy,” “ammoniacal,” and “fetid,” which is indicative of the systemic accumulation of volatile metabolites, usually excreted in the urine; dimethylamine and trimethylamine have been identified and correlated with the classic fishy odor.

breath-holding
breath-holding (breth′hold-ing)

Voluntary or involuntary cessation of breathing; often seen in young children as a response to frustration.

breathing
breathing (breth′ing)

Inhalation and exhalation of air or gaseous mixtures. SYN: pneusis.
apneustic b. pauses in the respiratory cycle at full inspiration, caused by damage of the respiratory control centers in the more caudal pons.
ataxic b. SYN: Biot respiration.
Biot b. SYN: Biot respiration.
bronchial b. breath sounds of a harsh or blowing quality, heard on auscultation of the chest, made by air moving in the large bronchi and barely, if at all, modified by the intervening lung; duration of the expiratory sound is as long as or longer than that of the inspiratory sound, and its pitch as high as or higher than that of the inspiratory sound; may be heard over a consolidated lung, above a pleural effusion due to an underlying compressed lung, and rarely over a pulmonary cavity; whispered pectoriloquy is another manifestation that usually can be elicited when bronchial b. is present.
glossopharyngeal b. respiration unaided by the usual primary muscles of respiration; the air is forced into the lungs by use of the tongue and muscles of the pharynx.
intermittent positive pressure b. (IPPB) mechanical ventilating mode in which the patient triggers a pressure-limited breath. Outdated method of delivering aerosol therapy to the lungs.
mouth b. habitual respiration through the mouth instead of the nose, usually due to obstruction of the nasal airways.
positive-negative pressure b. (PNPB) inflation of the lungs with positive pressure and deflation with negative pressure by an automatic ventilator.
pursed lips b. a technique in which air is inhaled slowly through the nose and mouth and exhaled slowly through pursed lips; used by patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to improve their b. by increasing resistance to air flow, forcibly dilating small bronchi.
shallow b. a type of b. with abnormally low tidal volume.
stertorous b. SYN: stertorous respiration.

Breda
Breda

Achille, Italian dermatologist, 1850–1933. See B. disease.

bredouillement
bredouillement (bra-dwe-mahn′)

Omission of parts of words related to extremely rapid speech. [Fr.]

breech
breech (brech)

SYN: buttocks. [A.S. brec]

breeding
breeding (bred′ing)

Selected mating of individuals to produce a strain that is desirable or of scientific interest. SEE ALSO: hybridization, linebreeding, inbreeding. [breed, fr. M.E. breden, fr. O.E. bredan, + -ing]

bregma
bregma (breg′ma) [TA]

The point on the skull corresponding to the junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures. [G. the forepart of the head]

bregmatic
bregmatic (breg-mat′ik)

Relating to the bregma.

brei
brei (bri)

A fine and uniform mince or mush of tissue in which the cells are for the most part intact. Cf.:homogenate. [Ger. pulp]

bremsstrahlung
bremsstrahlung (bremz′strah-lung)

Continuous spectrum radiation produced by the slowing of electrons in a beam by nuclei in their vicinity. [Ger. B., braking radiation]

Brenn
Brenn

Lena, 20th century U.S. researcher. See Brown-B. stain.

Brenner
Brenner

Fritz, German pathologist, *1877. See B. tumor.

brepho- brepho-

Prefix denoting a primitive stage of development. [G. brephos, embryo or newborn infant]

Breschet
Breschet, Brechet

Gilbert, French anatomist, 1784–1845. See B. bones, under bone, B. canals, under canal, B. hiatus, B. sinus, B. vein.

Brescia
Brescia

Michael J., U.S. nephrologist, *1933. See B.-Cimino fistula.

Breslow
Breslow

Alexander, U.S. pathologist, 1928–1980. See B. thickness.

bretylium
bretylium

1. An antihypertensive, which on chronic oral dosing, first releases, then diminishes the release of norepinephrine from noradrenergic nerve endings. 2. An antiarrhythmic used to treat life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias; blocks potassium channels.

bretylium tosylate
bretylium tosylate (bre-til′e-um)

A sympatholytic agent that prevents the release of norepinephrine from the nerve ending; used in the treatment of essential hypertension. SEE ALSO: bretylium.

Breuer
Breuer

Josef, Austrian internist, 1842–1925. See Hering-B. reflex.

brevetoxins
brevetoxins (BTX) (brev′e-tok′sins)

Structurally unique neurotoxins produced by the &dquor;red tide&dquor; dinoflagellate Ptychodiscus brevis Davis (Gymnodinium breve Davis). An algae responsible for large fish kills and mollusk and human food poisoning in the Gulf of Mexico and along the Florida coast. Unlike previously isolated dinoflagellate toxins, such as saxitoxin, which are water-soluble sodium channel blockers, the brevotoxins are lipid-soluble sodium channel activators. Used as tools in neurobiologic research.

Brevibacterium
Brevibacterium (brev-e-bak-ter′e-um)

A bacterial genus of nonmotile, nonsporeforming, Gram-positive rods found as normal human skin flora and in raw milk and on the surface of cheeses; some species, recovered from patients with septicemia and from the peritoneum of patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis, appear to be opportunistic human pathogens.

brevicollis
brevicollis (brev-e-kol′is)

Abnormal shortness of the neck. [L. brevis, short, + collum, neck]

brevis
brevis (brev′is)

Brief, short. [L. short]

Brewer
Brewer

George E., U.S. surgeon, 1861–1939. See B. infarcts, under infarct.

Bricker
Bricker

Eugene M., U.S. urologist, *1908. See B. operation.

bridge
bridge (bridj)

1. The upper part of the ridge of the nose formed by the nasal bones. 2. One of the threads of protoplasm that appear to pass from one cell to another. 3. SYN: fixed partial denture.
arteriolovenular b. the largest capillary connecting arteriole to venule.
cantilever b. a fixed partial b. denture in which the pontic is retained only on one side by an abutment tooth. SYN: extension b..
caudolenticular gray bridges [TA] strands of neuron cell bodies that span the internal capsule, primarily its anterior limb, between the caudate nucleus and the putamen. SYN: pontes grisei caudolenticulares [TA] , transcapsular gray bridges&star.
cell bridges SYN: intercellular bridges.
cystine b. SYN: disulfide b..
cytoplasmic bridges SYN: intercellular bridges.
dentin b. a deposit of reparative dentin or other calcific substances which forms across and reseals exposed tooth pulp tissue.
disulfide b. 1. a disulfide linkage between two cysteinyl residues in a poly- or oligopeptide or in a protein; 2. any disulfide linkage between any thiol-containing moieties of a larger molecule. SYN: cystine b..
extension b. SYN: cantilever b..
fixed b. SYN: fixed partial denture.
Gaskell b. SYN: atrioventricular bundle.
intercellular bridges slender cytoplasmic strands connecting adjacent cells; in histological sections of the epidermis and other stratified squamous epithelia, the bridges are processes attached by a desmosome and are shrinkage artifacts of fixation; true bridges with cytoplasmic confluence exist between incompletely divided germ cells. SYN: cell bridges, cytoplasmic bridges.
myocardial b. a b. of cardiac muscle fibers extending over the epicardial aspect of a coronary artery; this finding, in cases of sudden unexpected death, has led to speculation that cardiac contraction during exertion could constrict the coronary artery.
removable b. SYN: removable partial denture.
salt b. SYN: electrostatic bond.
transcapsular gray bridges caudolenticular gray bridges.
Wheatstone b. an apparatus for measuring electrical resistance; four resistors are connected to form the four sides or “arms” of a square; a voltage is applied to one diagonal pair of connections, while the voltage between the other diagonal pair is measured, e.g., by a galvanometer; the b. is “balanced” when the measured voltage is zero; then, the ratios of the two pairs of adjoining resistances must be identical.

bridgework
bridgework (bridj′work)

SYN: partial denture.

bridle
bridle (bri′dl)

1. SYN: frenum. 2. A band of fibrous material stretching across the surface of an ulcer or other lesion or forming adhesions between opposing serous or mucous surfaces. [M.E. bridel]
b. of clitoris obsolete term for frenulum of clitoris.

Bright
Bright

Richard, English internist and pathologist, 1789–1858. See B. disease.

Brill
Brill

Nathan E., U.S. physician, 1860–1925. See B. disease, B.-Zinsser disease.

brilliant cresyl blue
brilliant cresyl blue

See cresyl blue.

brilliant green
brilliant green [C.I. 42040]

The sulfate of di-(p-diethylamino)-triphenyl carbinolanhydride. An indicator dye that changes from yellow to green at pH 0.0 to 2.6; also used as a topical antiseptic and as a selective bacteriostatic agent in culture media. SYN: ethyl green.

brilliant vital red
brilliant vital red

SYN: vital red.

brilliant yellow
brilliant yellow [C.I. 13085]

An indicator dye that changes from yellow to orange or red at pH 6.4 to 8.0.

brim
brim

The upper edge or rim of a hollow structure.
pelvic b. SYN: pelvic inlet.

brimstone
brimstone (brim′ston)

SYN: sulfur. [A.S. brinnan, to burn]

brindle
brindle (brin′dl)

A hair coat color in which there is a uniform mixture of gray or tawny hairs with others of white or black; a composite color. [diminutive of O.E. brinded]

Brinell
Brinell

Johan A., Swedish metallurgist, 1849–1925. See B. hardness number.

Briquet
Briquet

Paul, French physician, 1796–1881. See B. ataxia, B. syndrome.

brisement
brisement (briz-mon′for-sa′)

Procedure infrequently used to treat frozen shoulder in which a forceful manipulation is performed to restore range of motion that usually results in torn adhesions and adjacent joint capsule. [Fr. forcible breaking]

Brissaud
Brissaud

Edouard, French physician, 1852–1909. See B. disease, B. infantilism, B. reflex, B.-Marie syndrome.

British anti-Lewisite
British anti-Lewisite (BAL) (brit′ish an-te-loo′is-it)

SYN: dimercaprol.

British Pharmacopoeia
British Pharmacopoeia (BP)

See Pharmacopeia.

broach
broach (broch)

A dental instrument for removing the pulp of a tooth or exploring the canal.
barbed b. a root canal instrument set with barbs; used for removing a dental pulp, pulp tissue remnants, or dentinal debris.
smooth b. an exploring instrument used in endodontic practice; a root canal tine.

Broadbent
Broadbent

Sir William H., British physician, 1835–1907. See B. law, B. sign.

broad-spectrum
broad-spectrum

See spectrum.

Broca
Broca

Pierre P., French surgeon, neurologist, and anthropologist, 1824–1880. See B. angles, under angle, B. aphasia, B. basilar angle, B. facial angle, B. area, B. parolfactory area, B. diagonal band, B. center, B. field, B. fissure, B. formula, B. visual plane, B. pouch.

Brock
Brock

Sir Russell C., British surgeon, *1903. See B. syndrome, B. operation.

Brockenbrough
Brockenbrough

E.C., U.S. surgeon, *1930. See B. sign.

brocresine
brocresine (bro-kre′sen)

A histidine decarboxylase inhibitor.

Brödel
Brödel

Max, German medical artist in the U.S., 1870–1941. See B. bloodless line.

Brodie
Brodie

Sir Benjamin C., British surgeon, 1783–1862. See B. abscess, B. bursa, B. disease, B. knee.

Brodie
Brodie

Charles Gordon, Scottish anatomist and surgeon, 1860–1933. See B. ligament.

Brodie
Brodie

Thomas Gregor, British physiologist, 1866–1916. See B. fluid.

Brodmann
Brodmann

Korbinian, German neurologist, 1868–1918. See B. areas, under area.

Broesike
Broesike

Gustav, German anatomist, *1853. See B. fossa.

brom- brom-, bromo-

1. Foul-smelling. 2. Indicating the presence of bromine in a compound. [G. bromos, a stench]

bromate
bromate (bro′mat)

Salt or anion of bromic acid.

bromated
bromated (bro′mat-ed)

Combined or saturated with bromine or any of its compounds. SYN: brominated.

bromazepam
bromazepam (bro-ma′ze-pam)

An antianxiety agent of the benzodiazepine class.

bromazine hydrochloride
bromazine hydrochloride (bro′ma-zen)

SYN: bromodiphenhydramine hydrochloride.

bromcresol green
bromcresol green (brom-kre′sol)

A substituted triphenylmethane dye (pK_a 4.7), sparingly soluble in water but readily soluble in alcohol, diethyl ether, and ethyl acetate; used as an indicator of pH (yellow at pH 3.8, blue-green at pH 5.4).

bromcresol purple
bromcresol purple

A substituted triphenylmethane dye (pK_a 6.3), practically insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol and dilute alkalies; used as an indicator of pH (yellow at pH 5.2, purple at pH 6.8).

bromelain
bromelain, bromelin (bro′me-lan, -lin)

One of a group of peptide hydrolases, all thiol proteinases, obtained from pineapple stem; used in tenderizing meats and in producing hydrolysates of proteins; orally administered in the treatment of inflammation and edema of soft tissues associated with traumatic injury.

Bromelius
Bromelius

C., Swedish botanist, 1639–1705. See bromelain.

bromhexine hydrochloride
bromhexine hydrochloride (brom-hek′sen)

An expectorant with mucolytic, antitussive, and bronchodilator properties.

bromhidrosis
bromhidrosis (brom-hi-dro′sis)

SYN: bromidrosis.

bromic
bromic (bro′mik)

Relating to bromine; denoting especially b. acid, HBrO₃.

bromide
bromide (bro′mid)

The anion Br⁻; salt of hydrogen b. (HBr); several salts formerly used as sedatives, hypnotics, and anticonvulsants.

bromidrosiphobia
bromidrosiphobia (bro′mi-dro-si-fo′be-a)

Morbid fear of giving forth a bad odor from the body, sometimes with the belief that such an odor is present. [bromidrosis + G. phobos, fear]

bromidrosis
bromidrosis (brom-i-dro′sis)

Fetid or foul-smelling perspiration. Apocrine b. affects the axilleo after puberty, and eccrine b. is generalized, with excessive sweating. SYN: bromhidrosis. [G. bromos, a stench, + hidros, perspiration]

brominated
brominated (bro′min-at-ed)

SYN: bromated.

bromindione
bromindione (bro-min-di′on)

An oral anticoagulant.

bromine
bromine (Br) (bro′men, -min)

A nonmetallic, reddish, volatile, liquid element; atomic no. 35, atomic wt. 79.904; valences 1–7, inclusive; it unites with hydrogen to form hydrobromic acid, and this reacts with many metals to form bromides, some of which are used in medicine. [Fr. brome, b., fr. G. bromos, stench]

bromism
bromism, brominism (bro′mizm, -min-izm)

Chronic bromide intoxication, characterized by headache, drowsiness, confusion and occasionally violent delirium, muscular weakness, cardiac depression, an acneform eruption, foul breath, anorexia, and gastric distress.

bromo- bromo-

See brom-.

bromobenzylcyanide
bromobenzylcyanide (BBC) (bro′mo-benz-il-si′a-nid)

A lacrimator used in tear gases in training and in riot control.

bromocresol green
bromocresol green (bro-mo-kre′sol)

Tetrabromo-m-cresolsulfonphthalein;an indicator dye changing from yellow to blue at pH 4.7; used to track DNA in agarose electrophoresis, and in a dye-binding method for analysis of serum albumin.

bromocriptine
bromocriptine (bro-mo-krip′ten)

A semisynthetic ergot derivative that slows dopamine turnover, inhibits prolactin secretion and release of prolactin by thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and retards tumor growth and hence is used in the treatment of hyperprolactinemia associated with various pituitary tumors; an agonist at dopamine receptors also used in Parkinson disease.

bromodeoxyuridine
bromodeoxyuridine (BrDu) (bro′mo-de-ok′se-ur′i-den)

A compound that competes with uridine for incorporation in RNA and fluoresces in ultraviolet light; used in BrDu-banding.

bromoderma
bromoderma (bro-mo-der′ma)

An acneform or granulomatous eruption due to hypersensitivity to bromide. [bromide + G. derma, skin]

bromodiphenhydramine hydrochloride
bromodiphenhydramine hydrochloride (bro′mo-di-fen-hi′dra-men)

An antihistamine that may cause drowsiness and xerostomia. SYN: bromazine hydrochloride.

bromohyperhidrosis
bromohyperhidrosis, bromohyperidrosis (bro′mo-hi′per-hi-dro′sis, -hi′per-i-dro′sis)

Excessive secretion of sweat having a fetid odor, usually eccrine and generalized or affecting the feet. [G. bromos, a stench, + hyper, over, + hidrosis, sweating]

bromophenol blue
bromophenol blue (bro-mo-fe′nol)

SYN: bromphenol blue.

bromosulfophthalein
bromosulfophthalein (bro′mo-sul′fo-thal′e-in)

SYN: sulfobromophthalein sodium.

5-bromouracil
5-bromouracil (bro-mo-u′ra-sil)

Synthetic analog (antimetabolite) of thymine, in which a bromine atom takes the place of the methyl group in thymine; a mutagen.

brompheniramine maleate
brompheniramine maleate (brom-fen-ir′a-men)

A potent antihistaminic agent.

bromphenol blue
bromphenol blue (brom-fe-nol)

A substituted triphenylmethane dye (MW 670, pK 4.0), used as an acid-base indicator (yellow at pH less than 3.1, blue at pH more than 4.7); also used for histochemical and electrophoretic demonstration of proteins. SYN: bromophenol blue.

bromsulfophthalein
bromsulfophthalein (brom-sul′fo-thal′e-in)

SYN: sulfobromophthalein sodium.

bromthymol blue
bromthymol blue (brom-thi′mol)

A substituted triphenylmethane dye (MW 624, pK 7.0), used primarily as a hydrogen ion indicator (yellow at pH 6.0, blue at pH 7.6); also a weak but toxic vital stain.

broncatar
broncatar (bron′ka-tar)

Camphoric acid compound (neutralized) with 2-amino-2-thiazoline (1:2); an antitussive and respiratory stimulant.

bronch- bronch-

See broncho-.

bronchi
bronchi (brong′ki)

Plural of bronchus.

bronchi- bronchi-

See broncho-.

bronchia
bronchia (brong′ke-a)

The smaller divisions of the bronchi. SEE ALSO: bronchus, bronchiole. SYN: bronchial tubes. [G. pl. of bronchion, dim. of bronchos, trachea]

bronchial
bronchial (brong′ke-al)

Relating to the bronchi.

bronchiectasia
bronchiectasia (brong′ke-ek-ta′ze-a)

SYN: bronchiectasis.
b. sicca SYN: dry bronchiectasis.

bronchiectasis
bronchiectasis (brong-ke-ek′ta-sis)

Chronic dilation of bronchi or bronchioles as a sequel of inflammatory disease or obstruction often associated with heavy sputum production. SYN: bronchiectasia. [bronchi- + G. ektasis, a stretching]
congenital b. a rare form of b. due to developmental arrest in the tracheobronchial tree; may be unilateral or bilateral.
cylindrical b. b. resulting in dilated bronchi of cylindrical shape; i.e., of uniform caliber.
cystic b. b. in which the bronchi end in blind sacs greater in diameter than the draining bronchi. SEE ALSO: saccular b..
dry b. b. characterized by lack of productive cough and by occasional hemoptysis. SYN: bronchiectasia sicca.
saccular b. b. resulting in dilated bronchi of saccular or irregular shape. SEE ALSO: cystic b..
varicose b. cylindrical b. with irregular constrictions resembling varicose veins in shape.

bronchiectatic
bronchiectatic (brong-ke-ek-tat′ik)

Relating to bronchiectasis.

bronchiloquy
bronchiloquy (brong-kil′o-kwe)

Rarely used term for bronchophony [bronchi- + L. loquor, to speak]

bronchiogenic
bronchiogenic (brong-ke-o-jen′ik)

SYN: bronchogenic.

bronchiole
bronchiole (brong′ke-ol) [TA]

One of approximately six generations of increasingly finer subdivisions of the bronchi, all less than 1 mm in diameter, and having no cartilage in its wall, but relatively abundant smooth muscle and elastic fibers. SYN: bronchiolus [TA] .
respiratory bronchioles the smallest bronchioles (0.5 mm in diameter) that connect the terminal bronchioles to alveolar ducts; alveoli rise from part of the wall. SYN: bronchioli respiratorii.
terminal b. the end of the nonrespiratory conducting airway; the lining is simple columnar or cuboidal epithelium without mucous goblet cells; most of the cells are ciliated, but a few nonciliated serous secreting cells occur. SYN: bronchiolus terminalis.

bronchiolectasia
bronchiolectasia (brong′ke-o-lek-ta′ze-a)

SYN: bronchiolectasis.

bronchiolectasis
bronchiolectasis (brong′ke-o-lek′ta-sis)

Bronchiectasis involving the bronchioles. SYN: bronchiolectasia. [bronchiole + G. ektasis, a stretching]

bronchioli
bronchioli (brong-ke′o-li)

Plural of bronchiolus.

bronchiolitis
bronchiolitis (brong-ke-o-li′tis)

Inflammation of the bronchioles, often associated with bronchopneumonia. [bronchiole + -itis, inflammation]
constrictive b. obliteration of bronchioles by scarring following b. obliterans. Cf.:proliferative b..
exudative b. inflammation of the bronchioles, with fibrinous exudation.
b. fibrosa obliterans obstruction of bronchioles and alveolar ducts by fibrous granulation tissue induced by mucosal ulceration; the condition may follow inhalation of irritant gases (see silo-filler's lung) or may complicate pneumonia (see BOOP); associated with obstructive findings (see unilateral hyperlucent lung, Swyer-James syndrome). SYN: b. obliterans.
b. obliterans SYN: b. fibrosa obliterans.
b. obliterans with organizing pneumonia (BOOP) b. fibrosa obliterans complicated by pneumonia with organization.
proliferative b. b. with obliteration of bronchiolar lumen and alveoli by epithelial proliferation, which may follow influenza and giant cell pneumonia.

bronchiolo- bronchiolo-

Bronchiole. [L. bronchiolus]

bronchiolopulmonary
bronchiolopulmonary (brong′ke-o-lo-pul′mo-nar-e)

Relating to the bronchioles and the lungs.

bronchiolus
bronchiolus, pl .bronchioli (brong-ke′o-lus, -o-li) [TA]

SYN: bronchiole. [Mod. L. dim. of bronchus]
bronchioli respiratorii SYN: respiratory bronchioles, under bronchiole.
b. terminalis SYN: terminal bronchiole.

bronchiostenosis
bronchiostenosis (brong′ke-o-sten-o′sis)

SYN: bronchial stenosis.

bronchitic
bronchitic (brong-kit′ik)

Relating to bronchitis.

bronchitis
bronchitis (brong-ki′tis)

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes.
asthmatic b. b. that causes or aggravates bronchospasm.
Castellani b. SYN: hemorrhagic b..
chronic b. a condition of the bronchial tree characterized by cough, hypersecretion of mucus, and expectoration of sputum over a long period of time, associated with frequent bronchial infections; usually due to inhalation, over a prolonged period, of air contaminated by dust or by noxious gases of combustion.
croupous b. obsolete term for fibrinous b..
fibrinous b. inflammation of the bronchial mucous membrane, accompanied by a fibrinous exudation, which often forms a cast of the bronchial tree with severe obstruction of air flow. SYN: plastic b., pseudomembranous b..
hemorrhagic b. chronic b. due to infection with spirochetes (though other bacteria are usually present and contribute to the infection) and characterized by cough and bloody sputum. SYN: bronchopulmonary spirochetosis, bronchospirochetosis, Castellani b..
obliterative b., b. obliterans fibrinous b. in which the exudate becomes organized, obliterating the affected portion of the bronchial tubes with consequent permanent collapse of affected portions of the lung.
plastic b. SYN: fibrinous b..
pseudomembranous b. SYN: fibrinous b..
putrid b. b. accompanied by an expectoration of foul-smelling sputum.

bronchium
bronchium (brong′ke-um)

SYN: bronchus. [Mod. L. fr. G. bronchion]

broncho- broncho-, bronch-, bronchi-

Bronchus, and, in ancient usage, the trachea. [G. bronchos, windpipe]

bronchoalveolar
bronchoalveolar (brong′ko-al-ve′o-lar)

SYN: bronchovesicular.

bronchocavernous
bronchocavernous (brong-ko-kav′er-nus)

Relating to a bronchus or bronchial tube and a pulmonary pathologic cavity.

bronchocele
bronchocele (brong′ko-sel)

A circumscribed dilation of a bronchus. [broncho- + G. kele, hernia]

bronchoconstriction
bronchoconstriction (brong-ko-kon-strik′shun)

Reduction in the caliber of a bronchus or bronchi, usually referring to a dynamic process as in asthma and emphysema, rather than a fixed constriction (the latter is a bronchial stenosis). Cf.:bronchospasm.

bronchoconstrictor
bronchoconstrictor (brong-ko-kon-strik′ter, -tor)

1. Causing a reduction in caliber of a bronchus or bronchial tube. 2. An agent that possesses this action ( e.g., histamine, acetylcholine).

bronchodilatation
bronchodilatation (brong′ko-dil-a-ta′shun)

SYN: bronchodilation.

bronchodilation
bronchodilation (brong′ko-di-la′shun)

1. Increase in caliber of the bronchi and bronchioles in response to pharmacologically active substances or autonomic nervous activity. 2. Rarely used term for bronchiectasis. SYN: bronchodilatation.

bronchodilator
bronchodilator (brong-ko-di-la′ter, -tor)

1. Causing an increase in caliber of a bronchus or bronchial tube. 2. An agent that possesses this power ( e.g., epinephrine, albuterol).

bronchoedema
bronchoedema (brong′ko-e-de′ma)

Swelling of the mucosa of the bronchi.

bronchoesophagology
bronchoesophagology (brong′ko-e-sof-a-gol′o-je)

The specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the tracheobronchial tree and esophagus by endoscopy and other means. [broncho- + G. oisophagos, esophagus, + logos, study]

bronchoesophagoscopy
bronchoesophagoscopy (brong′ko-e-sof-a-gos′ko-pe)

Examination of the tracheobronchial tree and esophagus through appropriate endoscopes.

bronchofiberscope
bronchofiberscope (brong-ko-fi′ber-skop)

SYN: bronchoscope.

bronchogenic
bronchogenic (brong-ko-jen′ik)

Of bronchial origin; emanating from the bronchi. SYN: bronchiogenic.

bronchogram
bronchogram (brong′ko-gram)

A radiograph obtained by bronchography; radiographic visualization of a bronchus. [broncho- + G. gramma, a writing]
air b. radiographic appearance of an air-filled bronchus surrounded by fluid-filled airspaces.

bronchography
bronchography (brong-kog′ra-fe)

Radiographic examination of the tracheobronchial tree following introduction of a radiopaque material, usually an iodinated compound in a viscous suspension; rarely performed at this time, having been superseded by high resolution computed tomography. [broncho- + G. graphe, a drawing]
tantalum b. historically, b. using insufflated metallic tantalum powder.

broncholith
broncholith (brong′ko-lith)

A hard concretion in a bronchus, usually resulting from the erosion of a tuberculous or other granulomatous lymph node through the bronchial wall into the lumen. SYN: bronchial calculus. [broncho- + G. lithos, stone]

broncholithiasis
broncholithiasis (brong′ko-li-thi′a-sis)

Bronchial inflammation or obstruction caused by broncholiths.

bronchomalacia
bronchomalacia (brong′ko-ma-la′she-a)

Degeneration of elastic and connective tissue of bronchi and trachea. [broncho- + G. malakia, a softening]

bronchomotor
bronchomotor (brong-ko-mo′ter)

1. Relating to a change in caliber, dilation, or contraction of a bronchus or bronchiole. 2. An agent possessing this action. [broncho- + L. motor, mover]

bronchomycosis
bronchomycosis (brong′ko-mi-ko′sis)

Any fungus disease of the bronchial tubes or bronchi. [broncho- + G. mykes, fungus]

bronchophony
bronchophony (brong-kof′o-ne)

Increased intensity and clarity of voice sounds heard over a bronchus surrounded by consolidated lung tissue. SEE ALSO: tracheophony. SYN: bronchial voice. [broncho- + G. phone, voice]
whispered b. SYN: whispered pectoriloquy.

bronchoplasty
bronchoplasty (brong′ko-plas-te)

Surgical alteration of the configuration of a bronchus. [broncho- + G. plastos, formed]

bronchopneumonia
bronchopneumonia (brong′ko-nu-mo′ni-a)

Acute inflammation of the walls of the smaller bronchial tubes, with varying amounts of pulmonary consolidation due to spread of the inflammation into peribronchiolar alveoli and the alveolar ducts; may become confluent or may be hemorrhagic. SYN: bronchial pneumonia.
postoperative b. patchy pneumonia developing in a postoperative patient, usually following surgery to upper abdomen, with restricted diaphragmatic movement due to pain on inspiration, resulting in hypoventilation of the dependent portions of the lungs, with corresponding inadequate movement of secretions, allowing development of infection; likelihood minimized by early postoperative mobilization, deep breathing exercises.
tuberculous b. an acute form of pulmonary tuberculosis characterized by widespread patchy consolidations.

bronchopulmonary
bronchopulmonary (brong-ko-pul′mo-nar-e)

Relating to the bronchi and the lungs.

bronchorrhaphy
bronchorrhaphy (brong-kor′a-fe)

Suture of a wound of the bronchus. [broncho- + G. rhaphe, a seam]

bronchorrhea
bronchorrhea (brong′ko-re′a)

Excessive secretions from the bronchial mucosa, resulting in copious production of thin sputum and most often due to diffuse bronchoalveolar carcinoma or pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. [broncho- + G. rhoia, a flow]

bronchoscope
bronchoscope (brong′ko-skop)

An endoscope for inspecting the interior of the tracheobronchial tree, either for diagnostic purposes (including biopsy) or for the removal of foreign bodies. There are two types: flexible and rigid. SYN: bronchofiberscope. [broncho- + G. skopeo, to view]

bronchoscopy
bronchoscopy (brong-kos′ko-pe)

Inspection of the interior of the tracheobronchial tree through a bronchoscope.

bronchospasm
bronchospasm (brong′ko-spazm)

Contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles, causing narrowing of the lumen. Cf.:bronchoconstriction.

bronchospasmolytic
bronchospasmolytic (brong′ko-spazm-mo-li-tik)

Relieving a bronchospasm.

bronchospirochetosis
bronchospirochetosis (brong′ko-spi′ro-ke-to′sis)

SYN: hemorrhagic bronchitis.

bronchospirography
bronchospirography (brong′ko-spi-rog′ra-fe)

Use of a single-lumen endobronchial tube for measurement of ventilatory function of one lung. [broncho- + L. spiro, to breathe, + G. grapho, to write]

bronchospirometer
bronchospirometer (brong′ko-spi-rom′e-ter)

A rare device for measurement of rates and volumes of air flow into each lung separately, using a double-lumen endobronchial tube. [broncho- + L. spiro, to breathe, + G. metron, measure]

bronchospirometry
bronchospirometry (brong′ko-spi-rom′e-tre)

Use of a bronchospirometer to measure ventilatory function of each lung separately.

bronchostaxis
bronchostaxis (brong′ko-stak′sis)

SYN: hemoptysis. [broncho- + G. staxis, a dripping]

bronchostenosis
bronchostenosis (brong-ko-sten-o′sis)

Chronic narrowing of a bronchus.

bronchostomy
bronchostomy (brong-kos′to-me)

Surgical formation of a new opening into a bronchus. [broncho- + G. stoma, mouth]

bronchotomy
bronchotomy (brong-kot′o-me)

Incision of a bronchus.

bronchotracheal
bronchotracheal (brong-ko-tra′ke-al)

Relating to the trachea and bronchi.

bronchovesicular
bronchovesicular (brong′ko-ve-sik′u-lar)

Relating to the bronchi and alveoli in the lungs, especially as regards lung sound heard by auscultation. SYN: bronchoalveolar.

bronchus
bronchus, pl .bronchi (brong′kus, brong′ki) [TA]

One of two subdivisions of the trachea serving to convey air to and from the lungs. The trachea divides into right and left main bronchi, which in turn form lobar, segmental, and intrasegmental bronchi. In structure, the intrapulmonary bronchi have a lining of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and a lamina propria with abundant longitudinal networks of elastic fibers; there are spirally arranged bundles of smooth muscle, abundant mucoserous glands, and, in the outer part of the wall, irregular plates of hyaline cartilage. SYN: bronchium. [Mod. L., fr. G. bronchos, windpipe]
eparterial b. right superior lobar b. that passes above the right pulmonary artery.
hyparterial bronchi those bronchi that pass below the pulmonary arteries, i.e., right middle and inferior lobar bronchi and left superior and inferior lobar bronchi.
intermediate b. the portion of the right main b. between the upper lobar b. and the origin of the middle and lower lobar bronchi. SYN: b. intermedius.
b. intermedius SYN: intermediate b..
intrasegmental bronchi [TA] branches of segmental bronchi to the bronchopulmonary segments of the lungs. SYN: bronchi intrasegmentales [TA] , branches of segmental bronchi, rami bronchiales segmentorum.
bronchi intrasegmentales [TA] SYN: intrasegmental bronchi.
left main b. [TA] it arises at the bifurcation of the trachea, passes in front of the esophagus and enters the hilum of the left lung where it divides into a superior lobe b. and an inferior lobe b.. It is longer, of narrower caliber, and more nearly horizontal than the right main b., hence, aspirated objects enter it less frequently. SYN: b. principalis sinister [TA] .
lobar bronchi [TA] the divisions of the main bronchi that supply the lobes of the lungs; superior lobar bronchi (b. lobaris superior [TA]); middle lobar bronchi (b. lobaris medius [TA]); and inferior lobar bronchi (b. lobaris inferior [TA]) are the three lobar bronchi on the right; superior lobar bronchi (b. lobaris superior [TA]) and inferior lobar bronchi (b. lobaris inferior [TA]) are the two on the left. The lobar bronchi divide into segmental bronchi. SYN: bronchi lobares [TA] .
bronchi lobares [TA] SYN: lobar bronchi.
mucoid impaction of b. plugging of the lumen of bronchi due to thickened mucus, interfering with ventilation of corresponding lung segments and leading to characteristic clustered linear and grapelike radiologic densities and occasionally atelectasis and pneumonia; characteristically seen in cystic fibrosis but it can occur in a variety of disease states.
primary b. the main b. arising at the tracheal bifurcation and extending into the developing lung of the embryo.
b. principalis dexter [TA] SYN: right main b..
b. principalis sinister [TA] SYN: left main b..
right main b. [TA] it arises at the bifurcation of the trachea and enters the hilum of the right lung, giving off the superior lobe b. and continuing downward to give off the middle and inferior lobe bronchi. It is shorter, of greater caliber, and more nearly vertical than the left main b., thus, aspirated objects more frequently lodge on the right side. SYN: b. principalis dexter [TA] .
segmental b. [TA] one of the divisions of the lobar b. that supplies a bronchopulmonary segment. In the right lung there are commonly ten: in the superior lobe, the apical (B₁) segmental b., b. segmentalis apicalis (BI) [TA]; posterior (B₂) segmental b., b. segmentalis posterior (BII) [TA]; and anterior (B₃) segmental b., b. segmentalis anterior (BIII) [TA]; in the middle lobe, lateral (B₄) segmental b., b. segmentalis lateralis (BIV) [TA]; and medial (B₅) segmental b., b. segmentalis medialis (BV) [TA]; in the inferior lobe, superior (B₆) segmental b., b. segmentalis superior (BVI) [TA], medial basal (B₇) segmental b., b. segmentalis basalis medialis (BVII) [TA]; anterior basal (B₈) segmental b., b. segmentalis basalis anterior (BVIII) [TA]; lateral basal (B₉) segmental b., b. segmentalis basalis lateralis (BIX) [TA]; and posterior basal (B₁₀) segmental b., b. segmentalis basalis posterior (BX) [TA]. In the left lung there are commonly nine: in the superior lobe, the apicoposterior (B₁₊₂) segmental b., b. segmentalis apicoposterior (BI+II) [TA]; anterior (B₃) segmental b., b. segmentalis anterior (BIII) [TA]; superior lingular (B₄) segmental b., b. lingularis superior (BIV) [TA]; and inferior lingular (B₅) segmental b., b. lingularis inferior (BV) [NA]; in the inferior lobe, superior (B₆) segmental b., b. segmentalis superior (BVI) [TA]; medial basal (B₇) segmental b., b. segmentalis basalis medialis (cardiacus) (BVII) [TA], anterior basal (B₈) segmental b., b. segmentalis basalis anterior (BVIII) [TA]; lateral basal (B₉) segmental b., b. segmentalis basalis lateralis (BIX) [TA]; and posterior basal (B₁₀) segmental b., b. segmentalis basalis posterior (BX) [TA]. SYN: b. segmentalis [TA] .
b. segmentalis [TA] SYN: segmental b..
stem b. the main b. from which the branches of the bronchial tree arise.

Br&slash;onsted
Br&slash;onsted

Johannes N., Danish physical chemist, 1879–1947. See B. acid, B. base, B. theory.

brontophobia
brontophobia (bront-o-fo′be-a)

Morbid fear of thunder. SYN: tonitrophobia. [G. bronte, thunder, + phobos, fear]

brood
brood (brood)

1. SYN: litter (2) . 2. To ponder anxiously; to meditate morbidly.

Brooke
Brooke

Henry A.G., English dermatologist, 1854–1919. See B. tumor.

Brooke
Brooke

Bryan N., British surgeon, *1915. See B. ileostomy.

brotizolam
brotizolam (bro′tiz-o-lam)

A triazolo-benzodiazepine derivative with a sulfur and bromine atom in the molecule. Used as a sedative and hypnotic.

Broviac
Broviac

J.W., 20th century U.S. surgeon. See B. catheter.

brow
brow

1. The eyebrow. See eyebrow. 2. SYN: forehead. [A.S. bru]

Brown
Brown

Harold W., U.S. ophthalmologist, *1898. See B. syndrome.

Brown
Brown

James, U.S. plastic surgeon, 1899–1971. See B.-Adson forceps.

Brown
Brown

James H., U.S. microbiologist, *1884. See B.-Brenn stain.

Brown
Brown

Robert, English botanist, 1773–1858. See brownian motion, brownian movement, brownian-Zsigmondy movement.

Browne
Browne

Sir Denis John, British surgeon, *1892. See Denis B. pouch, Denis B. splint.

brownian
brownian (brown′e-an)

Relating to or described by Robert Brown.

Browning
Browning

William, U.S. anatomist and neurologist, 1855–1941. See B. vein.

Brown-Séquard
Brown-Séquard

Charles E., French physiologist and neurologist, 1817–1894. See Brown-Séquard paralysis, Brown-Séquard syndrome.

Bruce
Bruce

Sir David, British surgeon, 1855–1931. See Brucella, brucellosis.

Bruce
Bruce

Robert A., U.S. cardiologist. See B. protocol.

Brucella
Brucella (broo-sel′la)

A genus of encapsulated, nonmotile bacteria (family Brucellaceae) containing short, rod-shaped to coccoid, Gram-negative cells. These organisms do not produce gas from carbohydrates, are parasitic, invading all animal tissues and causing infection of the genital organs, the mammary gland, and the respiratory and intestinal tracts, and are pathogenic for humans and various species of domestic animals. The type species is B. melitensis.
B. abortus a bacterial species that causes abortion in cows (bovine brucellosis), mares, and sheep, undulant fever in humans, and a wasting disease in chickens. SYN: abortus bacillus.
B. canis a bacterial species causing epididymitis, brucellosis, and abortion in dogs; occasionally causes human disease.
B. melitensis a bacterial species that causes brucellosis in humans, abortion in goats, and a wasting disease in chickens; it may infect cows and hogs and be excreted in their milk; it is the type species of the genus B..
B. suis a bacterial species causing abortion in swine, brucellosis in humans, and a wasting disease in chickens; may also infect horses, dogs, cows, monkeys, goats, and laboratory animals.

Brucellaceae
Brucellaceae (broo-sel-a′se-e)

A family of bacteria (order Eubacteriales) containing small, coccoid to rod-shaped, Gram-negative cells which occur singly, in pairs, in short chains, or in groups. The cells may or may not show bipolar staining. Motile and nonmotile species occur; motile cells are peritrichous. V (phosphopyridine nucleotide) and/or X (hemin) factors are sometimes required for growth. Blood serum may be required or may enhance growth. Increased carbon dioxide tension may also favor growth, especially on primary isolation. These organisms are parasites and pathogens that affect warm-blooded animals, including humans, rarely cold-blooded animals; formerly called Parvobacteriaceae; type genus is Brucella.

brucellergin
brucellergin (broo-sel′er-jin)

See brucellin.

brucellin
brucellin (broo-sel′in)

A preparation of antigenic material from several species of Brucella; used in the diagnosis of brucellosis as a skin test similar to that used for tuberculosis.

brucellosis
brucellosis (broo-sel-o′sis)

An infectious disease caused by the bacterium Brucella, characterized by fever, sweating, weakness, aches, and pains, and transmitted to humans by direct contact with diseased animals or through ingestion of infected meat, milk, or cheese, and particularly hazardous to veterinarians, farmers, and slaughterhouse workers; although some crossing over by species may occur, Brucella melitensis, B. abortus, B. canis, and B. suis characteristically affect goats, cattle, dogs, and swine, respectively. SYN: febris undulans, Malta fever, Mediterranean fever (1) , undulant fever, undulating fever.
bovine b. a disease in cattle caused by Brucella abortus; in pregnant cows, characterized by abortion late in pregnancy, followed by retained placenta and metritis; in bulls, orchitis and epididymitis may occur; the organism may localize in the udder and thus appear in milk from infected cows. SYN: Bang disease.

Bruch
Bruch

Carl W.L., German anatomist, 1819–1884. See B. glands, under gland, B. membrane.

brucine
brucine (broo-sen, -in)

An alkaloid from Strychnos nux-vomica and S. ignatii (family Loganiaceae), that produces paralysis of sensory nerves and peripheral motor nerves; the convulsive action which is characteristic of strychnine is almost entirely absent; formerly used as a local anodyne and tonic. [fr. Brucea sp., a shrub, after James Bruce, Scottish explorer, &dag;1794]

Bruck
Bruck

Alfred, German physician, *1865. See B. disease.

Brücke
Brücke

Ernst W. von, Austrian physiologist, 1819–1892. See B. muscle, B. tunic, B.-Bartley phenomenon.

Brudzinski
Brudzinski

Josef von, Polish physician, 1874–1917. See B. sign.

Brugia
Brugia (broo′je-a)

A genus of filarial worms transmitted by mosquitoes to humans, primates, felid carnivores, and a number of other mammals.
B. malayi the Malayan filaria species, an important agent of human filariasis and elephantiasis in Southeast Asia and Indonesia, transmitted to humans by species of Mansonia and Anopheles mosquitoes; adult parasites cause lymphangitis and lymphadenitis, but there is less involvement of the genital region and lower extremities, and a relatively greater incidence of disease in the upper extremities than with Wuchereria bancrofti infection. Formerly called Wuchereria malayi.

bruise
bruise (brooz)

An injury producing a hematoma or diffuse extravasation of blood without rupture of the skin. [M.E. bruisen, fr. O.Fr., fr. Germanic]

bruissement
bruissement (brwes-mawhn′)

A purring auscultatory sound. [Fr.]

bruit
bruit (broo-e′)

A harsh or musical intermittent auscultatory sound, especially an abnormal one. [Fr.]
aneurysmal b. blowing murmur heard over an aneurysm.
carotid b. a systolic murmur heard in the neck but not at the aortic area; any b. produced by turbulent blood flow in a carotid artery.
b. de canon the loud first heart sound heard intermittently in complete atrioventricular block and in interference-dissociation when the ventricles happen to contract shortly after the atria. SYN: cannon sound.
b. de claquement (broo-e′ de klak-maw′) the sound of cardiac clicks. See click.
b. de cuir neuf (broo-e′ de kwer nuf) the sound of new leather (also b. de craquement); a creaking pericardial friction sound heard mainly in chronic pericarditis.
b. de diable SYN: venous hum. [Fr. humming-top]
b. de frolement (broo-e′ de frol′maw) a rough, rustling sound made by a pleural or pericardial friction rub. [Fr. rustling]
b. de galop SYN: gallop. [Fr.]
b. de la roue de moulin gurgling or splashing mill-wheel sounds heard when both fluid and air are present in the pericardial sac. [Fr. mill]
b. de lime introduced by R. Laënnec to describe a rough rasping murmur. [Fr. file]
b. de rappel applied by J. B. Bouillaud to describe the cadence of a split-second heart sound, or of the second sound followed by an opening snap or early third heart sound. SYN: double-shock sound. [Fr. drum-beat]
b. de Roger SYN: Roger murmur.
b. de scie (broo-e′ de se) a harsh heart murmur heard in systole and diastole that produces a sound resembling that of a saw. [Fr. saw]
b. de scie ou de rape introduced by R. Laënnec to describe harsh, rasping murmurs. [Fr. saw, rasp]
b. de soufflet introduced by R. Laënnec to describe a blowing murmur. [Fr. bellows]
b. de tabourka a loud tambourlike or bell-like second heart sound heard at the aortic area in syphilitic aortitis. [Fr. tambour]
b. de tambour (broo-e′ de tam-bur′) reverberating, musical tone heard as the second heart sound over the aortic area, associated with past syphilitic aortic valvular disease. SYN: tambour sound. [Fr. sound of drum]
b. de triolet introduced by L. Gallavardin to describe the triple cadence produced by a systolic click added to the first and second heart sounds. [Fr. a little trio]
Roger b. (broo-e′) SYN: Roger murmur.
systolic b. any abnormal sound or any murmur heard during systole.
thyroid b. vascular murmur heard over hyperactive thyroid gland, due to increased blood flow.
Traube b. SYN: gallop.

Brunn
Brunn

Fritz, 20th century Czechoslovakian physician. See B. reaction.

Brunn
Brunn

Albert von, German anatomist, 1849–1895. See B. membrane, B. nest.

Brunner
Brunner

Johann C., Swiss anatomist, 1653–1727. See B. glands, under gland.

Bruns
Bruns

Ludwig von, German neurologist, 1858–1916. See B. ataxia, B. nystagmus.

Brunschwig
Brunschwig

Alexander, U.S. surgeon, 1901–1969. See B. operation.

brush
brush (brush)

An instrument made of some flexible material, such as bristles, attached to a handle or to the tip of a catheter. [A.S. byrst, bristle]
Ayre b. a device, consisting of a long flexible tube with a b. at the distal end, for collecting gastric mucosal cells in cancer detection studies; after positioning in the stomach the b. is rotated and “sweeps” cells from the mucosa.
bronchoscopic b. a small b. for insertion through a bronchoscope to wipe off cells for microscopic identification in suspected bronchial carcinoma and in obtaining microbiologic material for staining and culture.
denture b. a b. used to clean removable dentures.
Haidinger brushes the perception of two dark yellowish brushes or sheaves radiating about 5 degrees from the point of fixation when an evenly illuminated surface, such as the blue sky, is viewed through a polarizing lens.
Kruse b. a bunch of fine platinum wires attached to a holder; used in bacteriological work to spread material over the surface of a culture medium.
polishing b. a b. usually mounted in a rotating instrument, used to polish teeth or artificial replacements.

Brushfield
Brushfield

Thomas, British physician, 1858–1937. See B. spots, under spot, B.-Wyatt disease.

brushite
brushite (brush′it)

A naturally occurring acid calcium phosphate occasionally found in dental calculus and renal calculi.

Bruton
Bruton

Ogden C., American pediatrician, *1908. See B. agammaglobulinemia.

bruxism
bruxism (bruk′sizm)

A clenching of the teeth, associated with forceful lateral or protrusive jaw movements, resulting in rubbing, gritting, or grinding together of the teeth, usually during sleep; sometimes a pathologic condition. [G. brucho, to grind the teeth]

Bryant
Bryant

Sir Thomas, English surgeon, 1828–1914. See B. traction.

BSA
BSA

Abbreviation for bovine serum albumin.

BSE
BSE

Abbreviation for bovine spongiform encephalopathy.

BSER
BSER

Abbreviation for brainstem evoked response. See auditory brainstem response.

Bt2cAMP
Bt₂cAMP

N⁶,O^2′-dibutyryladenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate, a dibutyryl derivative of cAMP.

BTPS
BTPS

Symbol indicating that a gas volume has been expressed as if it were saturated with water vapor at body temperature (37°C) and at the ambient barometric pressure; used for measurements of lung volumes.

BTU
BTU

Abbreviation for British thermal unit.

BTX
BTX

Abbreviation for brevetoxins.

buaki
buaki (boo-ak′e)

A nutritional (protein deficiency) disease observed in natives of the Congo and characterized by edema, skin lesions, and anemia; possibly related to kwashiorkor.

buba madre
buba madre (boo′ba mah′dre)

SYN: mother yaw.

bubas
bubas (boo′bahs)

SYN: mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.
b. braziliana SYN: espundia.

bubo
bubo (boo′bo)

Inflammatory swelling of one or more lymph nodes, usually in the groin; the confluent mass of nodes usually suppurates and drains pus. [G. boubon, the groin, a swelling in the groin]
bullet b. a hard, painless swelling of a gland in the groin, accompanying a chancre.
chancroidal b. an ulcerating b., due to Haemophilus ducreyi. SYN: virulent b..
indolent b. an indurated enlargement of an inguinal node.
malignant b. the enlarged lymph node associated with bubonic plague.
parotid b. a swelling of the parotid gland due to secondary septic infection.
primary b. a b. occurring as the first sign of venereal infection.
tropical b. SYN: venereal lymphogranuloma.
venereal b. an enlarged gland in the groin associated with any sexually transmitted disease, especially chancroid.
virulent b. SYN: chancroidal b..

bubonalgia
bubonalgia (boo′bon-al′je-a)

Rarely used term for pain in the groin. [G. boubon, groin, + algos, pain]

bubonic
bubonic (boo-bon′ik)

Relating in any way to a bubo.

bubonulus
bubonulus (boo-bon′u-lus)

1. An abscess occurring along the course of a lymphatic vessel. 2. One of a number of hard nodules, often breaking down into ulcers, which form along the course of acutely inflamed lymphatic vessels of the dorsum of the penis. [Mod. L. dim. of bubo]

bucardia
bucardia (bu-kar′de-a)

SYN: ox heart. [G. bous, ox, + kardia, heart]

bucca
bucca, gen. and pl. buccae (buk′a, buk′se)

SYN: cheek. [L.]

buccal
buccal (buk′al)

Pertaining to, adjacent to, or in the direction of the cheek.

buccinator
buccinator

See b. (muscle).

bucco- bucco-

Cheek. [L. bucca]

buccoaxial
buccoaxial (buk-o-ak′se-al)

Referring to the line angle formed by the buccal and axial walls of a cavity.

buccoaxiocervical
buccoaxiocervical (buk′o-ak′se-o-ser′vi-kal)

Referring to the point angle formed by the junction of the buccal, axial, and cervical (gingival) walls of a cavity.

buccoaxiogingival
buccoaxiogingival (buk′o-ak′se-o-jin′ji-val)

Referring to the point angle formed by the junction of a buccal, axial, and gingival (cervical) wall.

buccocervical
buccocervical (buk-o-ser′vi-kal)

1. Relating to the cheek and the neck. 2. In dental anatomy, referring to that portion of the buccal surface of a bicuspid or molar tooth adjacent to its cemento-enamel junction.

buccoclusal
buccoclusal (buk-o-kloo′sal)

Incorrect term referring to the line angle formed by the junction of a buccal and pulpal wall. See buccopulpal.

buccodistal
buccodistal (buk-o-dis′tal)

Referring to the line angle formed by the junction of a buccal and distal wall of a cavity.

buccogingival
buccogingival (buk-o-jin′ji-val)

Relating to the cheek and the gum.

buccolabial
buccolabial (buk-o-la′be-al)

1. Relating to both cheek and lip. 2. In dentistry, referring to that aspect of the dental arch or those surfaces of the teeth in contact with the mucosa of lip and cheek.

buccolingual
buccolingual (buk-o-ling′wal)

1. Pertaining to the cheek and the tongue. 2. In dentistry, referring to that aspect of the dental arch or those surfaces of the teeth in contact with the mucosa of the lip or cheek and the tongue.

buccomesial
buccomesial (buk-o-me′ze-al)

Referring to the line angle formed by the junction of a buccal and mesial wall of a cavity.

buccopharyngeal
buccopharyngeal (buk′o-fa-rin′je-al)

Relating to both cheek or mouth and pharynx.

buccopulpal
buccopulpal (buk-o-pul′pal)

Referring to the line angle formed by the junction of a buccal and pulpal wall of a cavity.

buccoversion
buccoversion (buk′o-ver-zhun)

Malposition of a posterior tooth from the normal line of occlusion toward the cheek.

buccula
buccula (buk′u-la)

A fatty puffing under the chin. SYN: double chin. [L. dim. of bucca, cheek]

Büchner
Büchner

Eduard, German chemist and Nobel laureate, 1860–1917. See B. extract, B. funnel.

Büchner
Büchner

Hans E.A., German bacteriologist, 1850–1902. See B. extract.

buchu
buchu (boo′koo)

The dried leaves of Barosma betulina, B. crenulata, or B. serratifolia (family Rutaceae), a shrub growing in South Africa; used as a carminative, diuretic, and urinary antiseptic. SYN: Hottentot tea. [native]

Buchwald
Buchwald

Hermann Edmund, German physician, *1903. See B. atrophy.

Buck
Buck

Gordon, U.S. surgeon, 1807–1877. See B. extension, B. fascia, B. traction.

buckbean
buckbean

The leaves of Menyanthes trifoliata (family Gentianaceae); credited with emmenagogue, antiscorbutic, and simple bitter properties. SYN: bogbean, menyanthes.

Bücklers
Bücklers

Max, German ophthalmologist, 1895–1969. See Reis-B. corneal dystrophy.

buckthorn
buckthorn (buk′thorn)

SYN: Rhamnus.

Bucky
Bucky

Gustav, U.S. radiologist, 1880–1963. See B. diaphragm.

buclizine hydrochloride
buclizine hydrochloride (bu′kli-zen)

A mild sedative used for motion sickness, vertigo, and anxiety accompanying psychosomatic disorders.

buclosamide
buclosamide (buk-lo′sa-mid)

A topical antifungal agent.

bucrylate
bucrylate (bu′kri-lat)

A tissue adhesive used in surgery.

Bucy
Bucy

Paul C., U.S. neurosurgeon, 1904–1992. See Klüver-B. syndrome.

bud
bud (bud)

1. An outgrowth that resembles the b. of a plant, usually pluripotential, and capable of differentiating and growing into a definitive structure. 2. To give rise to such an outgrowth. SEE ALSO: gemmation. 3. A small outgrowth from a parent cell; a form of asexual reproduction.
bronchial b. one of the outgrowths from the primordial endodermal laryngotracheal tube giving rise to the primary bronchi. See laryngotracheal diverticulum.
end b. SYN: tail b..
gustatory b. SYN: taste b..
limb b. an ectodermally covered mesenchymal outgrowth on the embryonic flank giving rise to either the forelimb or hindlimb.
liver b. the primordial cellular diverticulum of the embryonic foregut endoderm that gives rise to the parenchyma of the liver.
lung b. SYN: tracheobronchial diverticulum.
median tongue b. SYN: tuberculum impar.
metanephric b. the primordial cellular outgrowth from the mesonephric duct that gives rise to the epithelial lining of the ureter, of the pelvis, and calyces of the kidney, and of the straight collecting tubules. SYN: ureteric b..
periosteal b. a vascular connective tissue b. from the perichondrium that invades the ossification center of the cartilaginous model of a developing long bone.
syncytial b. SYN: syncytial knot.
tail b. the rapidly proliferating mass of cells at the caudal extremity of the embryo; remnant of the primitive node. SYN: end b..
taste b. one of a number of flask-shaped cell nests located in the epithelium of vallate, fungiform, and foliate papillae of the tongue and also in the soft palate, epiglottis, and posterior wall of the pharynx; it consists of sustentacular, gustatory, and basal cells between which the intragemmal sensory nerve fibers terminate. SYN: caliculus gustatorius, gustatory b., Schwalbe corpuscle, taste bulb, taste corpuscle.
tooth b. the primordial structures from which a tooth is formed; the enamel organ, the dental papilla, and the dental sac enclosing them.
ureteric b. SYN: metanephric b..
vascular b. an endothelial sprout arising from a blood vessel.

Budd
Budd

George, English physician, 1808–1882. See B. syndrome, B.-Chiari syndrome.

Budde
Budde

E., Danish sanitary engineer, *1871. See B. process.

budding
budding (bud′ing)

SYN: gemmation.

Budge
Budge

Julius L., German physiologist, 1811–1888. See B. center.

Budin
Budin

Pierre C., French gynecologist, 1846–1907. See B. obstetrical joint.

Buerger
Buerger

Leo, Austrian-U.S. physician, 1879–1943. See Winiwarter-B. disease, B. disease.

bufa- bufa-, bufo-

Combining forms denoting origin from toads; used in the systematic and trivial names of toxic substances (genins) isolated from plants and animals containing the bufanolide structure; prefixes denoting species origin are often attached. [L. bufo, toad]

bufadienolide
bufadienolide (boo-fa-di-en′o-lid)

See bufanolide.

bufagenins
bufagenins (boo′fa-jen-inz)

SYN: bufagins.

bufagins
bufagins (boo′fa-jinz)

A group of steroids (bufanolides) in the venom of a family of toads (Bufonidae) having a digitalislike action upon the heart; cardiac glycosides having a six-membered lactone. SEE ALSO: bufotoxins. SYN: bufagenins, bufogenins.

bufanolide
bufanolide (boo-fan′o-lid)

The fundamental steroid lactone of several vegetable ( e.g., squill) and animal ( e.g., toad) venoms or toxins; also found in the form of glycosides in plants ( e.g., digitalis). The steroid is essentially a 5β-androstane, with a 14β H. The lactone at C-17 is structurally related to the &cbond;CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₂CH₃ radical attached to C-17 in the cholanes, and is in the same configuration as that of cholesterol ( i.e., 20R); in some species, b. is formed from cholesterol. Various b. derivatives having unsaturation in the lactone ring (20, 22) or elsewhere (4) are known as bufenolides (one double bond), bufadienolides (two double bonds), bufatrienolides (three double bonds), etc; they have varying numbers of hydroxyl groups at positions 3, 5, 14, and 16, and these may be further substituted. For structure, see steroids.

bufatrienolide
bufatrienolide (boo-fa-tri-en′o-lid)

See bufanolide.

bufenolide
bufenolide (boo-fen′o-lid)

See bufanolide.

buffer
buffer (buf′er)

1. A mixture of an acid and its conjugate base (salt), such as H₂CO₃/HCO₃⁻; H₂PO₄⁻/HPO₄²⁻, that, when present in a solution, reduces any changes in pH that would otherwise occur in the solution when acid or alkali is added to it; thus, the pH of the blood and body fluids is maintained relatively constant (pH 7.45) although acid metabolites are continually being formed in the tissues and CO₂ is lost in the lungs. SEE ALSO: conjugate acid-base pair. 2. To add a b. to a solution and thus give it the property of resisting a change in pH when it receives a limited amount of acid or alkali.
dipolar b. SYN: zwitterionic b..
zwitterionic b. b. whose structure can include opposite charges. SYN: dipolar b..

bufo- bufo-

See bufa-.

bufogenins
bufogenins (boo-fo-jen-inz)

SYN: bufagins.

Bufonidae
Bufonidae (boo-fon′i-de)

A family of toads whose dermal glands secrete several kinds of pharmacologically active substances having a cardiac action similar to that of digitalis. [L. bufo, toad]

buformin
buformin (boo-for′min)

An oral hypoglycemic agent similar to metformin.

bufotenine
bufotenine (boo-fo-ten′en)

A psychotomimetic agent isolated from the venom of certain toads (family Bufonidae) and also present in several plants and one of the active principles of cohoba; raises the blood pressure by a vasoconstrictor action and produces psychic effects including hallucinations. SYN: mappine.

bufotoxins
bufotoxins (boo-fo-toks′inz)

1. A group of steroid lactones (conjugates of bufagins and suberylarginine at C-3) of digitalis present in the venoms of toads (family Bufonidae); their effects are similar to but weaker than those of the bufagins. 2. Specifically, the main toxin of the European toad (Bufo vulgaris).

bug
bug

An insect belonging to the suborder Heteroptera. For organisms so called, see the specific term.
assassin b. an insect of the family Reduviidae (order Hemiptera) that inflicts irritating, painful bites in animals and humans; related to the cone-nosed bugs (triatomines), a vector of American trypanosomiasis. [Fr., fr. It. assassino, fr. Ar. hashshashin, those addicted to hashish]

buggery
buggery (bug′ger-e)

SYN: sodomy. [O.F. bougre, heretic, fr. Med. L. Bulgaris, a Bulgar (hence a heretic)]

bulb
bulb (bulb) [TA]

1. Any globular or fusiform structure. SYN: bulbus [TA] . 2. A short, vertical underground stem of plants, such as onion and garlic. [L. bulbus, a bulbous root]
aortic b. [TA] the dilated first part of the aorta containing the aortic semilunar valves and the aortic sinuses. SYN: arterial b., bulbus aortae.
arterial b. SYN: aortic b..
Braasch b. SYN: Braasch catheter.
carotid b. SYN: carotid sinus.
b. of corpus spongiosum SYN: b. of penis.
dental b. the papilla, derived from mesoderm, that forms the part of the primordium of a tooth that is situated within the cup-shaped enamel organ.
duodenal b. SYN: duodenal cap.
end b. one of the oval or rounded bodies in which the sensory nerve fibers terminate in mucous membrane.
b. of eye SYN: eyeball.
hair b. SYN: b. of hair.
b. of hair hair b., the lower expanded extremity of the hair follicle that fits like a cap over the papilla pili. SYN: bulbus pili, hair b..
jugular b. SYN: b. of jugular vein.
b. of jugular vein [TA] one of two dilated parts of the internal jugular vein: (1) the superior b. (Heister diverticulum) is a dilation at the beginning of the internal jugular vein in the jugular fossa of the temporal bone (bulbus superior venae jugularis [TA]); (2) the inferior b. is a dilated portion of the vein just before it reaches the brachiocephalic vein (bulbus inferior venae jugularis [TA]). SYN: jugular b.. SYN: bulbus venae jugularis [TA] .
Krause end bulbs nerve terminals in skin, mouth, conjunctiva, and other parts, consisting of a laminated capsule of connective tissue enclosing the terminal, branched, convoluted ending of an afferent nerve fiber; generally believed to be sensitive to cold. SYN: bulboid corpuscles, corpuscula bulboidea.
b. of occipital horn [TA] a rounded elevation in the dorsal part of the medial wall of the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle, produced by the major forceps. SYN: bulbus cornus posterioris [TA] .
olfactory b. [TA] the grayish expanded rostral extremity of the olfactory tract, lying on the cribriform plate of the ethmoid and receiving the olfactory filaments. SYN: bulbus olfactorius [TA] .
b. of penis [TA] the expanded proximal (posterior) part of the corpus spongiosum of the penis lying in the interval between the crura of the penis and containing the somewhat dilated and angulated portion of the spongy urethra. SYN: bulbus penis [TA] , b. of corpus spongiosum, b. of urethra, bulbus urethrae.
b. of posterior horn of lateral ventricle of brain SYN: bulbus cornus posterioris.
Rouget b. a venous plexus on the surface of the ovary.
speech b. a speech prosthesis used to close a cleft or other opening in the hard or soft palate, or to replace absent tissue necessary for the production of good speech.
taste b. SYN: taste bud.
b. of urethra SYN: b. of penis.
b. of vestibule [TA] a mass of erectile tissue on either side of the vagina united anterior to the urethra by the commissura bulborum. SYN: bulbus vestibuli vaginae [TA] .

bulbar
bulbar (bul′bar)

1. Relating to a bulb. 2. Relating to the rhombencephalon (hindbrain). 3. Bulb-shaped; resembling a bulb.

bulbi
bulbi (bul′bi)

Plural of bulbus.

bulbitis
bulbitis (bul-bi′tis)

Inflammation of the bulbous portion of the urethra.

bulbo- bulbo-

Bulb; bulbus [L. bulbus]

bulbocapnine
bulbocapnine (bul′bo-kap′nin)

Drug derived from roots of Corydalis cava and C. tuberosa (family Fumariaceae) and Dicentra canadensis (family Papaveraceae); blocks the effects of dopamine on peripheral dopamine receptors.

bulbocavernosus
bulbocavernosus (bul′bo-kav-er-no′sus)

See musculus b..

bulboid
bulboid (bul′boyd)

Bulb-shaped. [bulbo- + G. eidos, resemblance]

bulbonuclear
bulbonuclear (bul-bo-noo′kle-ar)

Relating to the nuclei in the medulla oblongata.

bulbopontine
bulbopontine (bul-bo-pon′ten)

Relating to the rostral part of the rhombencephalon composed of the pons and overlying tegmentum.

bulbosacral
bulbosacral (bul′bo-sa′kral)

See b. system.

bulbospinal
bulbospinal (bul-bo-spi′nal)

Relating to the medulla oblongata and spinal cord, particularly to nerve fibers interconnecting the two. SYN: spinobulbar.

bulbourethral
bulbourethral (bul′bo-u-re′thral)

Relating to the bulbus penis and the urethra. SYN: urethrobulbar.

bulbus
bulbus, gen. and pl. bulbi (bul′bus, -bi) [TA]

SYN: bulb (1) . [L. a plant bulb]
b. aortae SYN: aortic bulb.
b. cordis a transitory dilation in the embryonic heart where the arterial trunk joins the ventral roots of the aortic arches.
b. cornus posterioris [TA] SYN: bulb of occipital horn. SYN: bulb of posterior horn of lateral ventricle of brain.
b. duodeni ampulla of duodenum.
b. oculi [TA] SYN: eyeball.
b. olfactorius [TA] SYN: olfactory bulb.
b. penis [TA] SYN: bulb of penis.
b. pili SYN: bulb of hair.
b. urethrae SYN: bulb of penis.
b. venae jugularis [TA] SYN: bulb of jugular vein.
b. vestibuli vaginae [TA] SYN: bulb of vestibule.

bulesis
bulesis (boo-le′sis)

The will; a willing. [G. boulesis, a willing]

bulimia
bulimia (boo-lim′e-a)

SYN: b. nervosa. [G. bous, ox, + limos, hunger]
b. nervosa a chronic morbid disorder involving repeated and secretive episodic bouts of eating characterized by uncontrolled rapid ingestion of large quantities of food over a short period of time (binge eating), followed by self-induced vomiting, use of laxatives or diuretics, fasting, or vigorous exercise in order to prevent weight gain; often accompanied by feelings of guilt, depression, or self-disgust. SYN: boulimia, b., hyperorexia.

bulimic
bulimic (boo-lim′ik)

Relating to, or suffering from, bulimia nervosa.

Bulinus
Bulinus (bu-li′nus)

A genus and subgenus of freshwater snails in the family Planorbidae (subfamily Bulininae), which includes many species that are intermediate hosts of the human blood fluke, Schistosoma haematobium, in Africa and the Middle East; divided into two subgenera, Physopsis and B., the former being responsible for transmission of S. haematobium south of the Sahara, the latter responsible for transmission of this bladder blood fluke in north Africa and the Middle East. Important species include B. truncatus and B. forskalii, hosts for human and animal schistosomes and several domestic animal amphistome flukes.

bulkage
bulkage (bulk′ij)

Anything, such as agar, that increases the bulk of material in the intestine, thereby stimulating peristalsis.

bull.
bull.

Abbreviation for L. bulliens, bulliat, or bulliant, boiling, let boil.

bulla
bulla, gen. and pl. bullae (bul′a, -e)

1. A fluid-filled blister greater than 100 cm in diameter appearing as a circumscribed area of separation of the epidermis from the subepidermal structure (subepidermal b.) or as a circumscribed area of separation of epidermal cells (intraepidermal b.) caused by the presence of serum, or occasionally by an injected substance. 2. [NA] A bubblelike structure. [L. bubble]
ethmoidal b. [TA] a bulging of the inner wall of the ethmoidal labyrinth in the middle meatus of the nose, just below the middle nasal concha; it is regarded as a rudimentary concha. SYN: b. ethmoidalis [TA] .
b. ethmoidalis [TA] SYN: ethmoidal b..
pulmonary b. air-filled emphysematous space larger than one centimeter, usually located in the lung periphery; can reach large diameter and cause symptoms by compression of normal lung tissue. Cf.:pulmonary bleb.

bullectomy
bullectomy (bul-ek′to-me)

Resection of a bulla; helpful in treating some forms of bullous emphysema, in which giant bullae compress functioning lung tissue.

bullous
bullous (bul′us)

Relating to, of the nature of, or marked by, bullae.

bumetanide
bumetanide (bu-met′a-nid)

A diuretic used in the treatment of edema associated with congestive heart failure, hepatic cirrhosis, and renal disease, resembles furosemide.

Bumke
Bumke

Oswald C.E., German neurologist, 1877–1950. See B. pupil.

BUN
BUN

Abbreviation for blood urea nitrogen.

bunamidine hydrochloride
bunamidine hydrochloride (bun-am′i-den)

An anthelmintic.

bundle
bundle (bun′dl) [TA]

A structure composed of a group of fibers, muscular or nervous; a fasciculus. SYN: fasciculus (3) [TA] .
aberrant bundles a group, or groups, of fibers from the corticobulbar or corticonuclear tract, directed to each of the motor nuclei of cranial nerves.
anterior ground b. SYN: fasciculus proprius anterior. See fasciculi proprii, under fasciculus.
Arnold b. SYN: temporopontine tract.
atrioventricular b. [TA] the b. of modified cardiac muscle fibers that begins at the atrioventricular node as the trunk of the atrioventricular b. and passes through the right atrioventricular fibrous ring to the membranous part of the interventricular septum where the trunk divides into two branches, the right b. (crus dextrum) of the atrioventricular b. and the left b. (crus sinistrum) of the atrioventricular b.; the two crura ramify in the subendocardium of their respective ventricles. SYN: fasciculus atrioventricularis [TA] , atrioventricular band, Gaskell bridge, His band, His b., Keith b., Kent b. (1) , Kent-His b., truncus fascicularis atrioventricularis, trunk of atrioventricular b., ventriculonector.
Bachmann b. division of the theoretical anterior internodal tract that continues into the left atrium providing a specialized path for interatrial conduction. The anatomic reality of this structure has been disputed.
comma b. of Schultze SYN: semilunar fasciculus.
Flechsig ground bundles [TA] fasciculus proprius anterior [TA] and fasciculus proprius lateralis [TA]. See fasciculi proprii, under fasciculus.
Gantzer accessory b. Gantzer muscle.
Gierke respiratory b. SYN: solitary tract.
ground bundles SYN: fasciculi proprii, under fasciculus.
Held b. SYN: tectospinal tract.
Helie b. a vertically arched b. of fibers in the superficial layer of the myometrium.
Helweg b. SYN: olivospinal tract.
Helwig b. SYN: olivospinal fibers, under fiber.
His b. SYN: atrioventricular b..
Hoche b. semilunar fasciculus.
hooked b. of Russell SYN: uncinate fasciculus of cerebellum.
Keith b. SYN: atrioventricular b..
Kent b. 1. SYN: atrioventricular b.. 2. a muscle fiber b. in the mammalian heart below the atrioventricular node; may also occur in humans.
Kent-His b. SYN: atrioventricular b..
Killian b. inferior constrictor (muscle) of pharynx.
Krause respiratory b. SYN: solitary tract.
lateral ground b. obsolescent. See fasciculi proprii, under fasciculus.
lateral proprius b. SYN: fasciculi proprii, under fasciculus.
left b. of atrioventricular b. [TA] the left limb or branch of the atrioventricular b. that separates from the atrioventricular b. just below the membranous portion of the interventricular septum to descend the septal wall of the left ventricle and begins to ramify subendocardially. SYN: crus sinistrum fasciculi atrioventricularis, left crus of atrioventricular b..
Lissauer b. SYN: dorsolateral fasciculus.
Loewenthal b. SYN: tectospinal tract.
longitudinal pontine bundles SYN: longitudinal pontine fasciculi, under fasciculus.
medial forebrain b. [TA] a fiber system coursing longitudinally through the lateral zone (area) of the hypothalamus, connecting the latter reciprocally with the midbrain tegmentum and with various components of the limbic system; it also carries fibers from norepinephrine-containing and serotonin-containing cell groups in the brainstem to the hypothalamus and cerebral cortex, as well as dopamine-carrying fibers from the substantia nigra to the caudate nucleus and putamen. SYN: fasciculus medialis telencephali [TA] .
medial longitudinal b. SYN: medial longitudinal fasciculus.
Monakow b. SYN: rubrospinal tract.
muscle b. a group of muscle fibers ensheathed by connective tissue (perimysium).
neurovascular b. of Walsh the anatomic structure composed of capsular arteries and veins to the prostate and cavernous nerves that provides the macroscopic landmark used during nerve-sparing radical pelvic surgery.
oblique b. of pons SYN: oblique pontine fasciculus.
olfactory b. a fiber system, described by E. Zuckerkandl as “Reichbündel,” descending from the transparent septum in front of the anterior commissure toward the base of the forebrain; it contains precommissural fibers of the fornix, fibers from the septum to the hypothalamus and innominate substance, as well as fibers ascending to the septum and hippocampus from the hypothalamus and midbrain; it bears no special relation to the sense of smell.
olivocochlear b. olivocochlear tract.
Pick b. a b. of nerve fibers recurving rostralward from the pyramidal tract in the medulla oblongata, and believed to consist of corticonuclear fibers.
posterior longitudinal b. SYN: medial longitudinal fasciculus.
precommissural b. olfactory b..
predorsal b. SYN: tectospinal tract.
b. of Rasmussen SYN: olivocochlear tract.
Rathke bundles SYN: trabeculae carneae (of right and left ventricles), under trabecula.
retroflex b. of Meynert SYN: retroflex fasciculus.
right b. of atrioventricular b. [TA] the right leg or branch of the atrioventricular b. that diverges from the left crus just below the membranous portion of the interventricular septum to descend the septal wall of the right ventricle and ramify beneath the endocardium. SYN: crus dextrum fasciculi atrioventricularis [TA] , right crus of atrioventricular b..
Schütz b. SYN: dorsal longitudinal fasciculus.
solitary b. SYN: solitary tract.
tendon b. a group of tendon fibers surrounded by a sheath of irregular connective tissue (peritendineum).
Türck b. SYN: anterior corticospinal tract.
uncinate b. of Russell SYN: uncinate fasciculus of cerebellum.
Vicq d'Azyr b. SYN: mammillothalamic fasciculus.

bungarotoxins
bungarotoxins (bung′ga-ro-tok′sinz)

Constituent proteins of the venom of the South Asian banded krait Bungarus multicinctus, a snake of the Elapidae family. Used as pharmacologic tools in studying neuromuscular function.

bungpagga
bungpagga (bung-pag′a)

SYN: tropical pyomyositis.

bunion
bunion (bun′yun)

A localized swelling at either the medial or dorsal aspect of the first metatarsophalangeal joint, caused by an inflammatory bursa; a medial b. is usually associated with hallux valgus. [O.F. buigne, bump on the head]

bunionectomy
bunionectomy (bun-yun-ek′to-me)

Excision of a bunion.
Keller b. excision of the proximal portion of the proximal phalanx of the first toe.
Mayo b. excision of the head of the first metatarsal.

Bunnell
Bunnell

Sterling, U.S. surgeon, 1882–1957. See B. suture, Paul-B. test.

bunodont
bunodont (boo′no-dont)

Having molar teeth with rounded or low conical cusps, in contrast to lophodont. [G. bounos, mound, + odous (odont-), tooth]

bunolol hydrochloride
bunolol hydrochloride (bu′no-lol)

A β-adrenergic blocking agent for treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.

bunolophodont
bunolophodont (boo-no-lof′o-dont)

Having molar teeth with transverse ridges and rounded cusps on the occlusal surface. [G. bunos, mound, + lophos, ridge, + odous, tooth]

bunoselenodont
bunoselenodont (boo′no-se-len′o-dont)

Having molar teeth with crescentic ridges and rounded cusps on the occlusal surface. [bunos, + selene, moon, + odous, tooth]

Bunostomum
Bunostomum (bu-no-sto′mum)

A genus of hookworms (family Ancylostomatidae, subfamily Necatorinae) found in cattle and other herbivores; similar to Necator. [G. bounos, hill, mound, + stoma, mouth]
B. phlebotomum a species that occurs in cattle, sheep, and some wild ruminants in many parts of the world.
B. trigonocephalum a cosmopolitan hookworm species in the small intestines of sheep and goats.

Bunsen
Bunsen

Robert W., German chemist and physicist, 1811–1899. See B. burner, B. solubility coefficient, B.-Roscoe law.

Bunsen burner
Bunsen burner

A gas lamp supplied with lateral openings admitting sufficient air so that the carbon is completely burned, thus giving a very hot but only slightly luminous flame. [RW Bunsen, 1811–1899]

Bunyaviridae
Bunyaviridae (bun-ya-vir′i-de)

A family of arboviruses composed of more than 200 virus serotypes and containing at least five genera: Bunyavirus, Hantavirus, Phlebovirus, Nairovirus, and Tospovirus. Virions in all genera except Hantavirus replicate in arthropods. Virions are 80–120 nm in diameter, sensitive to lipid solvents and detergents, and enveloped with glycopolypeptide surface projections; the nucleocapsid is of helical symmetry containing 3 molecules of single-stranded RNA (MW 5–8 × 10⁶). [Bunyamwere, Uganda]

Bunyavirus
Bunyavirus (bun′ya-vi-rus)

A virus in the genus of the family Bunyaviridae that includes at least 160 types, i.e., California encephalitis virus and LaCrosse encephalitis virus.

buphthalmia
buphthalmia, buphthalmus, buphthalmos (boof-thal′me-a, -thal′mus, -thal′mos)

An affection of infancy, marked by an increase of intraocular pressure with enlargement of the eyeball. SYN: congenital glaucoma, hydrophthalmia, hydrophthalmos, hydrophthalmus. [G. bous, ox, + ophthalmos, eye]

bupivacaine
bupivacaine (bu-piv′a-kan)

A potent, long-acting local anesthetic used in regional anesthesia, joint and trigger point injections.

buprenorphine hydrochloride
buprenorphine hydrochloride (boo-pre-nor′fen)

A semisynthetic opioid analgesic used for relief of moderate to severe pain.

bupropion hydrochloride
bupropion hydrochloride (boo-pro′pe-on)

An antidepressant. Presently widely used as an aid to smoking cessation.

bur
bur (bur)

1. A rotary cutting instrument. 2. In ophthalmology, a device used to remove rust rings embedded in the cornea. SYN: burr.
cross-cut b. a b. with blades located at right angles to its long axis.
end-cutting b. a b. with blades only on its end.
finishing b. a b. with numerous fine cutting blades placed close together; used to contour metallic restorations.
fissure b. a cylindrical or tapered rotary cutting tool intended for extending or widening fissures in a tooth, as for general surface reduction of tooth substance.
inverted cone b. a rotary cutting instrument in the shape of a truncated cone with the smaller end attached to the shaft; generally used for entering carious pits or creating undercuts in cavity preparations.
round b. a dental b. with the cutting blades spherically arranged.

Burchard
Burchard

H., 19th century German chemist. See B.-Liebermann reaction, Liebermann-B. test.

Burdach
Burdach

Karl F., German anatomist and physiologist, 1776–1847. See B. column, B. fasciculus, B. nucleus, B. tract.

burden
burden (ber′den)

See body b..
clinical b. a b. that differs from genetic b. mainly in the added component of morbidity; a trait that is neither a clinical or a genetic lethal may be grossly disabling.
genetic b. the genetic debt due to harmful mutation but as yet undischarged. (In a large population of fixed size every mutation with diminished genetic fitness will eventually become extinct and depending on the details of inheritance and phenotype must be paid for by a fixed number of genetic deaths per mutation, the genetic debt.)
global b. of disease mathematical measure of loss of healthy life years due to disabling diseases in a country's population. SEE ALSO: disability-adjusted life years, under year.

buret
buret, burette (boo-ret′)

A graduated glass tube with a tap as its lower end; used for measuring liquids in volumetric chemical analyses. [Fr.]

Bürger
Bürger

Max T.F., German physician, *1885. See B.-Grütz syndrome, B.-Grütz disease.

Burger triangle
Burger triangle

See under triangle.

Burk
Burk

Dean, U.S. scientist, *1904. See Lineweaver-B. equation, Lineweaver-B. plot.

Burkholderia
Burkholderia (burk-hol-der′e-a)

A genus of motile, non–spore-forming Gram-negative rods, containing significant species of human pathogens formerly classified as members of the genus Pseudomonas.
B. cepacia a bacterial species found in rotted onions and in clinical specimens; commonly found in respiratory secretions in patients with cystic fibrosis, it is frequently resistant to many antibiotics. SYN: Pseudomonas cepacia.
B. mallei a bacterial species infectious to horses and donkeys, causing glanders and farcy. SYN: Pseudomonas mallei.
B. pseudomallei a species found in cases of melioidosis in humans and other animals and in soil and water in tropical regions. SYN: Pseudomonas pseudomallei.

Burkitt
Burkitt

Denis P., British physician in Uganda, 1911–1993. See B. lymphoma.

Burlew disk
Burlew disk

See under disk.

Burlew wheel
Burlew wheel

See under wheel.

Burn
Burn

Joshua Harold, 1892–1981. See B. and Rand theory.

burn
burn (bern)

1. To cause a lesion by heat or a similar lesion by some other agent. 2. A sensation of pain caused by excessive heat, or similar pain from any cause. 3. A lesion caused by heat or any cauterizing agent, including friction, caustic agents, electricity, or electromagnetic energy; types of burns resulting from different agents are relatively specific and diagnostic. The division of burns into three degrees (first degree, second degree, and third degree) reflects the severity of skin damage (erythema, blisters, charring, respectively). [A.S. baernan]
brush b. a b. caused by friction of a rapidly moving object against the skin or ground into the skin.
chemical b. a b. due to a caustic chemical.
first-degree b. a b. involving only the epidermis and causing erythema and edema without vesiculation. SYN: superficial b..
flash b. a b. due to very brief exposure to intense radiant heat; the typical b. produced by atomic explosion.
full-thickness b. SYN: third-degree b..
mat b. brush b..
partial-thickness b. SYN: second-degree b..
radiation b. a b. caused by exposure to radium, x-rays, atomic energy in any form, ultraviolet rays, etc.
rope b. brush b..
second-degree b. a b. involving the epidermis and dermis and usually forming blisters that may be superficial, or by deep dermal necrosis, followed by epithelial regeneration extending from the skin appendages. SYN: partial-thickness b..
superficial b. SYN: first-degree b..
thermal b. a b. caused by heat.
third-degree b. a b. involving destruction of the entire skin; deep third-degree burns extend into subcutaneous fat, muscle, or bone and often cause much scarring. SYN: full-thickness b..

burners
burners (bern′erz)

Episodes of upper extremity burning pain. SEE ALSO: burner syndrome. SYN: stingers.

Burnett
Burnett

Charles H., U.S. physician, 1901–1967. See B. syndrome.

burnisher
burnisher (bur′nish-er)

An instrument for smoothing and polishing the surface or edge of a dental restoration. [O.F. burnir, to polish]

burnout
burnout (bern′owt)

1. In dentistry, the elimination, by heat, of an invested pattern from a set investment in order to prepare the mold to receive casting metal. 2. A psychological state of physical and emotional exhaustion thought to be a stress reaction to a reduced ability to meet the demands of one's occupation; symptoms include fatigue, insomnia, impaired work performance, and an increased suscepibility to physical illness and substance abuse.

Burns
Burns

Allan, Scottish anatomist, 1781–1813. See B. ligament, B. falciform process, B. space.

Burow
Burow

Karl A. von, German surgeon, 1809–1874. See B. solution, B. triangle, B. vein.

burr
burr (bur)

SYN: bur.

burrow
burrow (ber′o)

1. A subcutaneous tunnel or tract made by a parasite, such as the scabies mite. 2. A sinus or fistula. 3. To undermine or create a tunnel or tract through or beneath various tissue planes.

bursa
bursa, pl .bursae (ber′sa, ber′se) [TA]

A closed sac or envelope lined with synovial membrane and containing fluid, usually found or formed in areas subject to friction; e.g., over an exposed or prominent body part or where a tendon passes over a bone. [Mediev. L., a purse]
Achilles b. SYN: b. of tendo calcaneus.
b. achillis SYN: b. of tendo calcaneus.
b. of acromion SYN: subcutaneous acromial b..
adventitious b. a b.-like cyst formed between two parts as a result of friction.
b. anserina [TA] SYN: anserine b..
anserine b. [TA] the b. between the tibial collateral ligament of the knee joint and the tendons of the sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus muscles. SYN: b. anserina [TA] , tibial intertendinous b..
anterior tibial b. SYN: subtendinous b. of tibialis anterior.
bicipitoradial b. [TA] the b. between the tendon of the biceps brachii muscle and the anterior part of the tuberosity of the radius. SYN: b. bicipitoradialis [TA] .
b. bicipitoradialis [TA] SYN: bicipitoradial b..
Boyer b. SYN: retrohyoid b..
Brodie b. 1. medial subtendinous b. of gastrocnemius muscle; 2. SYN: semimembranous b..
b. of calcaneal tendon b. of tendo calcaneus.
Calori b. a b. between the arch of the aorta and the trachea.
coracobrachial b. [TA] a b. frequently present between the tendon of the coracobrachialis and the subscapularis muscle. SYN: b. musculi coracobrachialis [TA] , subcoracoid b..
b. cubitalis interossea [TA] SYN: interosseous cubital b..
deep infrapatellar b. [TA] the b. between the upper part of the tibia and the patellar ligament. SYN: b. infrapatellaris profunda [TA] .
b. of extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle the b. between the tendon of the extensor carpi radialis brevis and the base of the third metacarpal. SYN: b. musculi extensoris carpi radialis brevis.
b. fabricii the b. of Fabricius in poultry, a blind saclike structure located on the posterodorsal wall of the cloaca; it performs a thymuslike function. SYN: b. of Fabricius.
b. of Fabricius SYN: b. fabricii.
Fleischmann b. SYN: sublingual b..
b. of gastrocnemius SYN: subtendinous bursae of gastrocnemius (muscle).
bursae of gastrocnemius SYN: subtendinous bursae of gastrocnemius (muscle).
gluteofemoral b. SYN: intermuscular gluteal b..
gluteus medius bursae SYN: trochanteric bursae of gluteus medius.
gluteus minimus b. SYN: trochanteric bursae of gluteus minimus.
b. of great toe the b. between the lateral side of the base of the first metatarsal bone and the medial side of the shaft of the second metatarsal.
b. of hyoid SYN: retrohyoid b..
iliac b. SYN: subtendinous b. of iliacus.
b. iliopectinea [TA] SYN: iliopectineal b..
iliopectineal b. [TA] a large b. between the iliopsoas tendon and the iliopubic eminence. SYN: b. iliopectinea [TA] .
inferior subtendinous b. of biceps femoris [TA] the b. between the tendon of the biceps femoris and the fibular collateral ligament of the knee joint. SYN: b. subtendinea musculi bicipitis femoris inferior [TA] .
infracardiac b. a small serous sac sometimes present on the medial side of the base of the right lung in the embryo. SEE ALSO: pneumatoenteric recess, celomic bay.
infrahyoid b. [TA] a b. sometimes found below the inferior margin of the body of the hyoid bone between the sternothyroid muscle and the median thyrohyoid membrane. SYN: b. infrahyoidea [TA] .
b. infrahyoidea [TA] SYN: infrahyoid b..
b. infrapatellaris profunda [TA] SYN: deep infrapatellar b..
infraspinatus b. SYN: subtendinous b. of infraspinatus.
intermuscular gluteal b. [TA] two or three small bursae between the tendon of the gluteus maximus and the linea aspera. SYN: b. intermuscularis musculorum gluteorum [TA] , gluteofemoral b..
b. intermuscularis musculorum gluteorum [TA] SYN: intermuscular gluteal b..
interosseous cubital b. [TA] an inconstant b. located between the tendon of the biceps and the ulna or the oblique cord. SYN: b. cubitalis interossea [TA] , interosseous b. of elbow.
interosseous b. of elbow SYN: interosseous cubital b..
b. intratendinea olecrani [TA] SYN: intratendinous olecranon b..
intratendinous b. of elbow SYN: intratendinous olecranon b..
intratendinous olecranon b. [TA] a b. sometimes present within the tendon of insertion of the triceps brachii. SYN: b. intratendinea olecrani [TA] , b. of Monro, intratendinous b. of elbow.
b. ischiadica musculi glutei maximi [TA] SYN: sciatic b. of gluteus maximus.
b. ischiadica musculi obturatoris interni SYN: bursae of obturator internus (1) .
ischial b. SYN: sciatic b. of gluteus maximus.
laryngeal b. SYN: subcutaneous b. of the laryngeal prominence.
lateral malleolar subcutaneous b. SYN: subcutaneous b. of lateral malleolus.
lateral malleolus b. SYN: subcutaneous b. of lateral malleolus.
b. of latissimus dorsi SYN: subtendinous b. of latissimus dorsi.
Luschka b. SYN: pharyngeal b..
medial malleolar subcutaneous b. SYN: subcutaneous b. of medial malleolus.
b. of Monro SYN: intratendinous olecranon b..
b. mucosa SYN: synovial b..
b. musculi bicipitis femoris superior [TA] SYN: superior b. of biceps femoris.
b. musculi coracobrachialis [TA] SYN: coracobrachial b..
b. musculi extensoris carpi radialis brevis SYN: b. of extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle.
b. musculi piriformis SYN: b. of piriformis.
b. musculi semimembranosi SYN: semimembranous b..
b. musculi tensoris veli palatini [TA] SYN: b. of tensor veli palatine.
bursae of obturator internus 1. the large, constant sciatic b. of obturator internus between the obturator internus tendon and the lesser sciatic notch; SYN: b. ischiadica musculi obturatoris interni. 2. the subtendinous b. between the tendon of the obturator internus muscle and the capsule of the hip joint. SYN: b. subtendinea musculi obturatoris interni.
b. of olecranon SYN: subcutaneous olecranon b..
omental b. [TA] an isolated portion of the peritoneal cavity lying dorsal to the stomach and extending craniad posterior to the liver and diaphragm and caudad into the greater omentum; it opens into the general peritoneal cavity at the omental foramen. SYN: b. omentalis [TA] , lesser peritoneal cavity, lesser peritoneal sac, omental sac.
b. omentalis [TA] SYN: omental b..
ovarian b. the peritoneal recess between the medial aspect of the ovary and the mesosalpinx. SYN: b. ovarica.
b. ovarica SYN: ovarian b..
b. pharyngea SYN: pharyngeal b..
pharyngeal b. a cystic notochordal remnant found inconstantly in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx at the lower end of the pharyngeal tonsil. SYN: b. pharyngea, Luschka b..
b. of piriformis [TA] a small b. located between the tendons of the piriformis and superior gemellus and the femur. SYN: b. musculi piriformis.
b. of popliteus SYN: subpopliteal recess.
prepatellar b. SYN: subcutaneous prepatellar b..
b. quadrati femoris between the anterior aspect of the quadratus femoris muscle and the lesser trochanter of the femur.
radial b. SYN: tendinous sheath of flexor pollicis longus muscle.
retrocalcaneal b. b. of tendo calcaneus.
retrohyoid b. [TA] a b. between the posterior surface of the body of the hyoid bone and the thyrohyoid membrane. SYN: b. retrohyoidea [TA] , Boyer b., b. of hyoid, subhyoid b..
b. retrohyoidea [TA] SYN: retrohyoid b..
rider's b. an adventitious b. on the inner side of the knee caused by horseback riding.
sartorius bursae SYN: subtendinous b. of sartorius.
sciatic b. of gluteus maximus [TA] the b. between the gluteus maximus muscle and the tuberosity of the ischium. SYN: b. ischiadica musculi glutei maximi [TA] , ischial b..
b. of semimembranosus muscle SYN: semimembranous b..
semimembranous b. [TA] it lies between the muscle, the head of the gastrocnemius, and the knee joint. SYN: Brodie b. (2) , b. musculi semimembranosi, b. of semimembranosus muscle.
subacromial b. [TA] between the acromion and the capsule of the shoulder joint. SYN: b. subacromialis [TA] .
b. subacromialis [TA] SYN: subacromial b..
subcoracoid b. SYN: coracobrachial b..
b. subcutanea acromialis [TA] SYN: subcutaneous acromial b..
b. subcutanea calcanea [TA] SYN: subcutaneous calcaneal b..
b. subcutanea infrapatellaris [TA] SYN: subcutaneous infrapatellar b..
b. subcutanea malleoli lateralis [TA] SYN: subcutaneous b. of lateral malleolus.
b. subcutanea malleoli medialis [TA] SYN: subcutaneous b. of medial malleolus.
b. subcutanea olecrani [TA] SYN: subcutaneous olecranon b..
b. subcutanea prepatellaris SYN: subcutaneous prepatellar b..
b. subcutanea prominentiae laryngeae [TA] SYN: subcutaneous b. of the laryngeal prominence.
b. subcutanea trochanterica SYN: trochanteric b. (1) .
b. subcutanea tuberositatis tibiae SYN: subcutaneous b. of tuberosity of tibia.
subcutaneous acromial b. [TA] the frequently occurring b. between the acromion and the skin. SYN: b. subcutanea acromialis [TA] , b. of acromion.
subcutaneous calcaneal b. [TA] a b. between the skin and the posterior surface of the calcaneus. SYN: b. subcutanea calcanea [TA] .
subcutaneous infrapatellar b. [TA] a b. between the patellar ligament and the skin. SYN: b. subcutanea infrapatellaris [TA] .
subcutaneous b. of the laryngeal prominence [TA] the b. located between the junction of the laminae of the thyroid cartilage and the skin. SYN: b. subcutanea prominentiae laryngeae [TA] , laryngeal b..
subcutaneous b. of lateral malleolus [TA] lateral malleolar b., the b. between the lateral malleolus and the skin. SYN: b. subcutanea malleoli lateralis [TA] , lateral malleolar subcutaneous b., lateral malleolus b..
subcutaneous b. of medial malleolus [TA] the b. between the medial malleolus and the skin. SYN: b. subcutanea malleoli medialis [TA] , medial malleolar subcutaneous b..
subcutaneous olecranon b. [TA] b. between the olecranon process of the ulna and the skin. SYN: b. subcutanea olecrani [TA] , b. of olecranon.
subcutaneous prepatellar b. [TA] a b. between the skin and the lower part of the patella. SYN: b. subcutanea prepatellaris, prepatellar b..
subcutaneous b. of teres major [TA] b. under the tendon of the teres major near its attachment. SYN: b. subtendinea musculi teretis majoris [TA] , b. of teres major.
subcutaneous b. of tibial tuberosity SYN: subcutaneous b. of tuberosity of tibia.
subcutaneous b. of tuberosity of tibia [TA] the b. located superficial to the tibial tuberosity, either subcutaneous or subfascial. SYN: b. subcutanea tuberositatis tibiae, subcutaneous b. of tibial tuberosity.
subdeltoid b. [TA] the b. between the deltoid muscle and the capsule of the shoulder joint. It may be combined with the subacromial b.. SYN: b. subdeltoidea [TA] .
b. subdeltoidea [TA] SYN: subdeltoid b..
b. subfascialis prepatellaris [TA] SYN: subfascial prepatellar b..
subfascial prepatellar b. [TA] a commonly occurring b. between the fascia lata and the quadriceps tendon anterior to the patella. SYN: b. subfascialis prepatellaris [TA] .
subhyoid b. SYN: retrohyoid b..
sublingual b. an inconstant serous b. at the level of the frenulum of the tongue between the surface of the genioglossus muscle and the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth. SYN: b. sublingualis, Fleischmann b..
b. sublingualis SYN: sublingual b..
subscapular b. SYN: subtendinous b. of subscapularis.
b. subtendineae musculi gastrocnemii SYN: subtendinous bursae of gastrocnemius (muscle).
bursae subtendineae musculi sartorii [TA] SYN: subtendinous b. of sartorius.
b. subtendinea iliaca [TA] SYN: subtendinous b. of iliacus.
b. subtendinea musculi bicipitis femoris inferior [TA] SYN: inferior subtendinous b. of biceps femoris.
b. subtendinea musculi infraspinati [TA] SYN: subtendinous b. of infraspinatus.
b. subtendinea musculi latissimus dorsi [TA] SYN: subtendinous b. of latissimus dorsi.
b. subtendinea musculi obturatoris interni SYN: bursae of obturator internus (2) .
b. subtendinea musculi subscapularis [TA] SYN: subtendinous b. of subscapularis.
b. subtendinea musculi teretis majoris [TA] SYN: subcutaneous b. of teres major.
b. subtendinea musculi tibialis anterioris [TA] SYN: subtendinous b. of tibialis anterior.
b. subtendinea musculi trapezii [TA] SYN: subtendinous b. of trapezius.
b. subtendinea musculi tricipitis brachii [TA] SYN: subtendinous b. of triceps brachii.
b. subtendinea prepatellaris [TA] SYN: subtendinous prepatellar b..
bursae subtendineae musculi gastrocnemii [TA] SYN: subtendinous bursae of gastrocnemius (muscle).
subtendinous bursae of gastrocnemius (muscle) consist of a lateral and a medial [Brodie b. (1)] b. between the heads of the gastrocnemius and capsule of the knee joint. SYN: bursae subtendineae musculi gastrocnemii [TA] , b. of gastrocnemius, b. subtendineae musculi gastrocnemii, bursae of gastrocnemius.
subtendinous iliac b. SYN: subtendinous b. of iliacus.
subtendinous b. of iliacus [TA] the b. at the attachment of the iliopsoas muscle into the lesser trochanter. SYN: b. subtendinea iliaca [TA] , iliac b., subtendinous iliac b..
subtendinous b. of infraspinatus [TA] the b. located between the tendon of the infraspinatus and the capsule of the shoulder joint. SYN: b. subtendinea musculi infraspinati [TA] , infraspinatus b..
subtendinous b. of latissimus dorsi [TA] a constant b. between the tendons of the teres major and the latissimus dorsi near their intersections. SYN: b. subtendinea musculi latissimus dorsi [TA] , b. of latissimus dorsi.
subtendinous prepatellar b. [TA] an inconstant b. between the tendon of the quadriceps and the patella. SYN: b. subtendinea prepatellaris [TA] .
subtendinous b. of sartorius [TA] bursae, sometimes separate from the anserine b., located between the tendons of the sartorius, semitendinosus, and gracilis muscles. SYN: bursae subtendineae musculi sartorii [TA] , sartorius bursae.
subtendinous b. of subscapularis [TA] b. between the tendon of the subscapularis muscle and the neck of the scapula; it communicates with the shoulder joint. SYN: b. subtendinea musculi subscapularis [TA] , subscapular b..
subtendinous b. of tibialis anterior the small b. between the medial surface of the medial cuneiform bone and the tendon of the tibialis anterior. SYN: b. subtendinea musculi tibialis anterioris [TA] , anterior tibial b..
subtendinous b. of trapezius [TA] a b. between the tendon of the trapezius muscle and the medial end of the scapular spine. SYN: b. subtendinea musculi trapezii [TA] , b. of trapezius.
subtendinous b. of triceps brachii [TA] the b. located deep to the tendon of the triceps brachii near its insertion on the olecranon. SYN: b. subtendinea musculi tricipitis brachii [TA] , triceps b..
superior b. of biceps femoris [TA] a b. frequently found between the tendon of the long head of the biceps femoris and the ischial tuberosity and the tendon of the semimembranosus. SYN: b. musculi bicipitis femoris superior [TA] .
suprapatellar b. [TA] a large b. between the lower part of the femur and the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle. It usually communicates with the cavity of the knee joint and is pathologically distended with blood or synovial fluid in suprapatellar bursitis (“water on the knee”). SYN: b. suprapatellaris [TA] .
b. suprapatellaris [TA] SYN: suprapatellar b..
synovial b. [TA] a sac containing synovial fluid that occurs at sites of friction, as between a tendon and a bone over which it plays, or subcutaneously over a bony prominence. Terminologia Anatomica lists the following types: subcutaneous b., b. subcutanea [TA]; submuscular b., b. submuscularis [TA]; subfascial b., b. subfascialis [TA]; and subtendinous b., b. subtendinea [TA]. SYN: b. synovialis [TA] , b. mucosa.
b. synovialis [TA] SYN: synovial b..
synovial trochlear b. SYN: tendinous sheath of superior oblique muscle.
b. tendinis calcanei SYN: b. of tendo calcaneus.
b. of tendo calcaneus [TA] b. between the tendo calcaneus and the upper part of the posterior surface of the calcaneum. SYN: b. of calcaneal tendon&star, retrocalcaneal b.&star, Achilles b., b. achillis, b. tendinis calcanei.
b. of tensor veli palatine [TA] a small b. located where the tendon of the tensor passes around the pterygoid hamulus. SYN: b. musculi tensoris veli palatini [TA] .
b. of teres major SYN: subcutaneous b. of teres major.
tibial intertendinous b. SYN: anserine b..
b. of trapezius SYN: subtendinous b. of trapezius.
triceps b. SYN: subtendinous b. of triceps brachii.
trochanteric b. [TA] 1. the subcutaneous trochanteric b. between the greater trochanter of the femur and the skin; SYN: b. subcutanea trochanterica. 2. a multilocular trochanteric b. of gluteus maximus between the gluteus maximus and the greater trochanter of the femur; SYN: b. trochanterica musculi glutei maximi. 3. the trochanteric b. of gluteus medius between the gluteus medius and the greater trochanter; SYN: bursae trochantericae musculi glutei medii [TA] . 4. the trochanteric b. of the gluteus minimus. SYN: b. trochanterica musculi glutei minimi [TA] . SYN: b. trochanterica [TA] .
b. trochanterica [TA] SYN: trochanteric b..
bursae trochantericae musculi glutei medii [TA] SYN: trochanteric b. (3) .
b. trochanterica musculi glutei maximi SYN: trochanteric b. (2) .
b. trochanterica musculi glutei minimi [TA] SYN: trochanteric b. (4) .
trochanteric bursae of gluteus medius [TA] the b. between the tendon of the gluteus medius and the greater trochanter and the b. between the piriformis and gluteus medius. SYN: gluteus medius bursae.
trochanteric bursae of gluteus minimus [TA] a fairly large b. usually located between the gluteus minimus and the greater trochanter. SYN: gluteus minimus b..
trochlear synovial b. SYN: tendinous sheath of superior oblique muscle.
ulnar b. SYN: common flexor sheath (of hand).

bursal
bursal (ber′sal)

Relating to a bursa.

bursectomy
bursectomy (ber-sek′to-me)

Surgical removal of a bursa. [bursa + G. ektome, excision]

bursitis
bursitis (ber-si′tis)

Inflammation of a bursa. SYN: bursal synovitis.
anserine b. inflammation of the anserine bursa lying between the pes anserinus and the upper medial surface of the tibia.
calcific b. inflammation of a bursa that results in the deposition of calcium salts; most commonly associated with subdeltoid b..
ischial b. inflammation of the bursa overlying the ischial tuberosity of the pelvis.
olecranon b. inflammation of the olecranon bursa, overlying the prominence of the elbow.
prepatellar b. SYN: housemaid's knee.
subacromial b. inflammation of the subacromial bursa lying between the acromion above and the rotator cuff below; may be continuous with the subdeltoid bursa.
subdeltoid b. inflammation of the subdeltoid bursa lying between the deltoid muscle and the underlying proximal humerus and rotator cuff; may be continuous with the subacromial bursa.

bursolith
bursolith (ber′so-lith)

A calculus formed in a bursa. [bursa + G. lithos, stone]

bursopathy
bursopathy (ber-sop′a-the)

Any disease of a bursa.

bursotomy
bursotomy (ber-sot′o-me)

Incision through the wall of a bursa. [bursa + G. tome, a cutting]

burst
burst (berst)

A sudden increase in activity.
respiratory b. the marked increase in metabolic activity that occurs in phagocytes and certain other cells following binding of particles resulting in an increase in oxygen consumption, formation of superoxide anion, formation of hydrogen peroxide, and activation of the hexose monophosphate shunt.
b. size the number of phages produced by an infected cell.

bursula
bursula (ber′soo-la)

A small pouch or bag. [Mod. L. dim. of Mediev. L. bursa, purse]
b. testium archaic term for scrotum.

Burton
Burton

Henry, English physician, 1799–1849. See B. line.

Busacca
Busacca

Archimede, Italian physician, *1893. See B. nodules, under nodule.

Buschke
Buschke

Abraham, German dermatologist, 1868–1943. See B. disease, B.-Ollendorf syndrome.

buspirone hydrochloride
buspirone hydrochloride (bu-spi′ron)

A non-benzodiazepine antianxiety agent used in the management of anxiety disorders or for short-term relief of the symptoms of anxiety.

Busquet
Busquet

G. Paul, French physician, 1865–1930. See B. disease.

Busse
Busse

Otto, German physician, 1867–1922.

busulfan
busulfan, busulphan (bu-sul′fan)

An antineoplastic alkylating agent used in the treatment of chronic myelocytic leukemia; known to be teratogenic in humans.

butabarbital
butabarbital (bu-ta-bar′bi-tawl)

An obsolescent sedative and hypnotic with intermediate duration of action; available as b. sodium, with same usages.

butacaine sulfate
butacaine sulfate (bu′ta-kan)

A local anesthetic.

butamben
butamben (bu-tam′ben)

SYN: butyl aminobenzoate.

butane
butane (bu′tan)

C₄H₁₀;a gaseous hydrocarbon present in natural gas; two isomers are known, both of which are anesthetically active: n-b. is CH₃(CH₂)₂CH₃ and isobutane is CH₃CH(CH₃)CH₃ (or 2-methylpropane).

butanoic acid
butanoic acid (bu-ta-no′ik)

Systematic name for normal n-butyric acid.

butanol
butanol (bu′ta-nol)

Preferred chemical name for n-butyl alcohol.

butanoyl
butanoyl (bu′tan-o-il)

The radical of butanoic acid. SYN: butyryl.

butaperazine
butaperazine (bu-ta-per′a-zen)

An antipsychotic.

butaverine
butaverine (bu-tav′er-en)

An antispasmodic (as hydrochloride).

butethamate
butethamate (bu-teth′a-mat)

An intestinal antispasmodic agent.

butethamine hydrochloride
butethamine hydrochloride (bu-teth′a-men)

A local anesthetic.

buthiazide
buthiazide (bu-thi′a-zid)

Has diuretic and antihypertensive actions. SYN: thiabutazide.

buthionine sulfoximine
buthionine sulfoximine (boo-thi-o-nen sul-fox′i-men)

A compound that decreases intracellular glutathione by inhibition of its synthesis.

butoconazole nitrate
butoconazole nitrate (bu-to-ko′na-zol)

An antifungal agent used primarily in the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis; similar to ketoconazole and itraconazole.

butopyronoxyl
butopyronoxyl (bu′to-pi-ro-nok′sil)

An insect repellent, effective against the biting stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans)

butorphanol tartrate
butorphanol tartrate (bu-tor′fa-nol)

A potent mixed agonist/antagonist narcotic analgesic agent, used by injection and in the form of a nasal spray.

butoxamine hydrochloride
butoxamine hydrochloride (bu-tok′sa-men)

An antilipemic agent.

butriptyline hydrochloride
butriptyline hydrochloride (bu-trip′ti-len)

An antidepressant.

butt
butt (but)

1. To bring any two square-ended surfaces in contact so as to form a joint. 2. In dentistry, to place a restoration directly against the tissues covering the alveolar ridge.

butter
butter (but′er)

1. A coherent mass of milk fat, obtained by churning or shaking cream until the separate fat globules run together, leaving a liquid residue, buttermilk. 2. A soft solid having more or less the consistency of b.. [L. butyrum, G. boutyros, prob. fr. bous, cow, + tyros, cheese]
b. of antimony a concentrated acid solution of antimony trichloride.
b. of bismuth SYN: bismuth trichloride.
cacao b., cocoa b. SYN: theobroma oil. SEE ALSO: cacao.
b. of tin stannic chloride pentahydrate, SnCl₄&chmpnt;5H₂O.
b. of zinc SYN: zinc chloride.

butterfly
butterfly (but′er-fli)

1. Any structure or apparatus shaped like a b. with outstretched wings. 2. A scaling erythematous lesion on each cheek, joined by a narrow band across the nose; seen in lupus erythematosus and seborrheic dermatitis. SYN: b. eruption, b. patch, b. rash.

buttermilk
buttermilk

The fluid containing casein and lactic acid, left after the process of making butter.

butter yellow
butter yellow [C.I. 11160]

A fat-soluble yellow dye (MW 225) that has hepatic carcinogenic action in experimental animals; used as an indicator of pH (red, at pH 2.9, yellow at pH 4.0). SYN: dimethylaminoazobenzene, methyl yellow.

buttocks
buttocks (but′oks) [TA]

The prominence formed by the gluteal muscles on either side. SYN: nates [TA] , clunes&star, breech.

button
button (but′on)

A structure, lesion, or device of knob shape. [M.E., fr. O.Fr. bouton, fr. bouter, to thrust, fr. Germanic]
Biskra b. SYN: Oriental b..
Murphy b. a device used for intestinal anastomosis; it consists of two round, hollow cylinders that insert into each end of the transected intestine; the intestine is secured to each of the components with a suture and the ends are brought into approximation and the two cylinders joined with a locking mechanism; the apparatus is degradable and within approximately 10 days dissolves and is sloughed into the lumen of the intestine. A modification of an obsolete metal device bearing the same name.
Oriental b. the lesion occurring in cutaneous leishmaniasis. SYN: Biskra b..
peritoneal b. a device used to drain ascitic fluid to subcutaneous space.

buttonhole
buttonhole (but′on-hol)

1. A short straight cut made through the wall of a cavity or canal. 2. The contraction of an orifice down to a narrow slit; i.e., the so-called mitral b. in extreme mitral stenosis. See b. stenosis.

butyl
butyl (bu′til)

CH₃(CH₂)₃&cbond;;a radical of n-butane.
b. alcohol several isomeric forms are known: primary b. alcohol, 1-butanol, propylcarbinol, the b. alcohol of fermentation; isobutyl alcohol, isopropylcarbinol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, which is narcotic in high concentrations; secondary b. alcohol, ethylmethylcarbinol, 2-butanol; and tertiary b. alcohol, trimethylcarbinol, 2-methyl-2-propanol, a denaturant for ethanol.
b. aminobenzoate a local anesthetic, very insoluble and only slightly absorbed. SYN: butamben.

butylated hydroxyanisole
butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) (boo-ti-lat′ed hi′drok-se-an′i-sol)

Exhibits antioxidant properties; often used with butylated hydroxytoluene propyl gallate, hydroquinone, methionine, lecithin, thiodipropionic acid, etc. Used as an antioxidant, especially in foods.

butylated hydroxytoluene
butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)

Antioxidant for food, animal feed, petroleum products, synthetic rubbers, plastics, animal and vegetable oils, soap; also an antiskinning agent in paints and inks.

butylparaben
butylparaben (bu-til-par′a-ben)

An antifungal preservative.

butyraceous
butyraceous (bu-tir-a′shi-us)

Buttery in consistency.

butyrate
butyrate (bu′ti-rat)

A salt or ester of butyric acid.

butyrate-CoA ligase
butyrate-CoA ligase

Fatty acid thiokinase (medium chain), a ligase forming acyl-CoA's from medium-chain fatty acids and CoA with the conversion of ATP to AMP and pyrophosphate. A key step in activation of fatty acids. SYN: acyl-activating enzyme (2) , butyryl-CoA synthetase, octanoyl-CoA synthetase.

butyric
butyric (bu-tir′ik)

Relating to butter.

butyric acid
butyric acid (bu-tir′ik)

An acid of unpleasant odor occurring in butter, cod liver oil, sweat, and many other substances. It exists in two forms: normal b. (also written as n-b.), butanoic acid, which occurs in combination with glycerol in cow's butter; and isobutyric acid, 2-methylpropanoic acid, one of the intermediates in valine catabolism, found in combination with glycerol in croton oil and elsewhere.

butyrocholinesterase
butyrocholinesterase (bu′tir-o-ko-lin-es′ter-as)

Pseudocholinesterase or plasma cholinesterase. To be distinguished from true or tissue cholinesterase. SEE ALSO: cholinesterase. SYN: butyrylcholine esterase, pseudocholinesterase.

butyroid
butyroid (bu′ti-royd)

1. Buttery. 2. Resembling butter.

butyrometer
butyrometer (bu-ti-rom′e-ter)

An instrument for determining the amount of butterfat in milk. [G. boutyron, butter, + metron, measure]

butyrophenone
butyrophenone (bu′tir-o-fe′non)

One of a group of derivatives of 4-phenylbutylamine that have neuroleptic activity; e.g., haloperidol.

butyrous
butyrous (bu′ti-rus)

Denoting a tissue or bacterial growth of butterlike consistency.

butyryl
butyryl (bu′ti-ril)

SYN: butanoyl.

butyrylcholine esterase
butyrylcholine esterase (bu′ti-ril-ko′len es′ter-as)

SYN: butyrocholinesterase.

butyryl-CoA
butyryl-CoA

Condensation product of coenzyme A and n-butanoic acid; an intermediate in fatty acid degradation and in biosynthesis.
butyryl-CoA synthetase SYN: butyrate-CoA ligase.

Buzzard
Buzzard

Thomas, English physician, 1831–1919. See B. maneuver.

Buzzi
Buzzi

Fausto, coworker of Ernst Schweninger. See Schweninger-B. anetoderma.

Byars
Byars

Louis T., 20th century U.S. surgeon, (1906-) See B. flap.

Byler
Byler

Amish kindred in the U.S. See B. disease.

bypass
bypass (bi′pas)

1. A shunt or auxiliary flow. 2. To create new flow from one structure to another through a diversionary channel. SEE ALSO: shunt.
aortocoronary b. SYN: coronary artery b..
aortoiliac b. an operation in which a vascular prosthesis is united with the aorta and iliac artery to relieve obstruction of the lower abdominal aorta, its bifurcation, and the proximal iliac branches.
aortorenal b. a vascular prosthesis of synthetic material, autologous tissue, or heterologous tissue that circumvents and obstruction of the renal artery.
bowel b. SYN: jejunoileal b..
cardiopulmonary b. diversion of the blood flow returning to the heart through a pump oxygenator (heart-lung machine) and then returning it to the arterial side of the circulation; used in operations upon the heart to maintain extracorporeal circulation.
coronary artery b. conduit, usually a vein graft or internal mammary artery, surgically interposed between the aorta and a coronary artery branch to coronary shunt blood beyond an obstruction. SYN: aortocoronary b..
extra-anatomic b. a vascular b. that does not conform to the preexisting anatomy.
extracranial-intracranial b. a vascular shunt created by the anastomosis of an extracranial vessel to an intracranial vessel, usually, the superficial temporal artery to a cortical branch of the middle cerebral artery.
femoropopliteal b. a vascular prosthesis of synthetic material, autologous tissue, or heterologous tissue that circumvents an obstruction in the femoral artery.
gastric b. high division of the stomach, anastomosis of the small upper pouch of the stomach to the jejunum, and closure of the distal part of the stomach that is retained; used for treatment of severe obesity.
jejunoileal b. anastomosis of the upper jejunum to the terminal ileum for treatment of severe obesity. SYN: bowel b., jejunoileal shunt.
left heart b. any procedure that shunts blood returning from the pulmonary circulation to the systemic circulation without passing through the left heart. This is utilized during some cardiac surgery and experimentally during severe left heart failure or cardiogenic shock.
partial ileal b. division of the small intestine approximately 100 cm proximal to the ileocecal valve, closure of the distal end, and anastomosis of the proximal end to the cecum.
right heart b. introduction of a circuit shunting blood from the venae cavae around the right atrium and ventricle and directly into the pulmonary artery.

byssinosis
byssinosis (bis-i-no′sis)

Obstructive airway disease in people who work with unprocessed cotton, flax, or hemp; caused by reaction to material in the dust and thought to include endotoxin from bacterial contamination. Sometimes called &dquor;Monday morning asthma&dquor; since patients improve when away from work on the weekend. SYN: cotton-dust asthma, cotton-mill fever, mill fever. [G. byssos, flax, + -osis, condition]

byte
byte

A group of adjacent bits, commonly 4, 6, or 8, operating as a unit for the storage and manipulation of data in a computer.

β-carotene 15,15′-dioxygenase
β-carotene 15,15′-dioxygenase

An enzyme catalyzing the reaction of β-carotene plus O₂, producing two retinals. SYN: β-carotene-cleavage enzyme, carotenase.

β-chlorovinyldichloroarsine
β-chlorovinyldichloroarsine (klor′o-vi′nil-di-klor′o-ar′sen)

SYN: lewisite.

3β-coprostanol
3β-coprostanol (kop-ros′tan-ol)

SYN: coprosterol.

β-corticotropin
β-corticotropin

Acid- or pepsin-degraded β-corticotropin. SYN: corticotropin (2) .

β-cortol
β-cortol

α-Cortol with a 20β-OH group; the 5β enantiomer of β-allocortol, found in urine.

β-cortolone
β-cortolone

α-Cortolone with a 20β-OH group; the 5β enantiomer of β-allocortolone, found in urine.

β-cystathionase
β-cystathionase

SYN: cystathionine β-lyase.

β,β-dimethylcysteine
β,β-dimethylcysteine (di-meth-il-sis′te-en)

SYN: penicillamine.

β-farnesene
β-farnesene

One of the two isomers (trans) that occurs in the alarm pheromone of some aphids and also in various essential oils.

β-fructofuranosidase
β-fructofuranosidase (fruk′to-foor-a-no-sid′as, fruk-)

β-h-Fructosidase;an enzyme hydrolyzing β-d-fructofuranosides and releasing free d-fructose; if the substrate is sucrose, the product is d-glucose plus d-fructose (invert sugar); invert sugar is more easily digestible than sucrose. SYN: invertase, invertin, saccharase.

β-galactosidase
β-galactosidase (ga-lak′to-si′das)

An enzyme that hydrolyzes the beta galactoside linkage in lactose-producing glucose and galactose; also hydrolyzes the chromogenic substrate IPTG (isopropylthiogalactoside) and thus is used as an indicator of fused genes and gene expression.

β-d-galactosidase
β-d-galactosidase

A sugar-splitting enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of lactose into d-glucose and d-galactose, and that of other β-d-galactosides; it also catalyzes galactotransferase reactions; a deficiency of β-d-galactosidase leads to problems in the intestinal digestion of lactose; used in the production of milk products for adults who do not have the intestinal enzyme; a defect of one isozyme of β-d-galactosidase is associated with Morquio syndrome type B. Cf.:lactase persistence, lactase restriction. SYN: lactase.

β-galactosylceramidase
β-galactosylceramidase

An enzyme that participates in the catabolism of certain ceramides; a deficiency of β-galactosylceramidase is associated with Krabbe disease.

β-glucocerebrosidase
β-glucocerebrosidase (gloo′ko-ser′e-bro-sid-as)

An enzyme that hydrolyzes β-glucosides in cerebrosides; a deficiency of this enzyme results in Gaucher disease.

β-d-glucosidase
β-d-glucosidase

A glucohydrolase similar to α-d-glucosidase, but attacking β-glucosides and releasing β-d-glucose. SYN: amygdalase, cellobiase, gentiobiase.

β-d-glucuronidase
β-d-glucuronidase (gloo-koo-ron′i-das)

An enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of various β-d-glucuronides, liberating free d-glucuronic acid and an alcohol; a deficiency of this enzyme is associated with Sly syndrome. SYN: glusulase, glycuronidase.

β-HCG
β-HCG

SYN: chorionic gonadotropin.

β-hydroxybutyric acid
β-hydroxybutyric acid

SYN: 3-hydroxybutyric acid.

β-hydroxyisobutyric acid
β-hydroxyisobutyric acid (hi-droks′e-i-so-byu-ter-ik)

An intermediate in the degradation of l-valine.

β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA
β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA)

A key intermediate in the synthesis of ketone bodies, of steroids, and of farnesyl and geranyl derivatives. SYN: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA.
β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl- lyase an enzyme, found primarily in liver and rumen epithelium that catalyzes the formation of acetyl-CoA and acetoacetate from β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA; a key step in ketogenesis; a deficiency of this enzyme leads to episodes of severe metabolic acidosis without ketosis.
β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl- reductase an enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of cholesterol biosynthesis: β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA + 2NADPH + 2H⁺ → (R)-mevalonate + 2NADP⁺ + CoA.
β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl- synthase an enzyme in mitochondria that catalyzes the reaction of acetyl-CoA with acetoacetyl-CoA and water to form (S)-β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA and coenzyme A, a step required for both ketogenesis and steroidogenesis to occur.

β-hydroxypropionic acid
β-hydroxypropionic acid (hi-drok′se-pro′pe-on′ik)

A minor intermediate in propionate and methylmalonate metabolism. See β-hydroxypropionic aciduria.

β-hydroxypropionic aciduria
β-hydroxypropionic aciduria

Elevated levels of β-hydroxypropionic acid in the urine; seen in defects in methylmalonic acid and propionate metabolism, as well as in ketotic hyperglycinemia syndrome.

3β-hydroxysteroid sulfatase
3β-hydroxysteroid sulfatase (hi-drok′se-ster′oid)

An enzyme, found in most mammalian tissues, that is capable of hydrolyzing the sulfate ester bonds of a variety of sulfated sterols; a deficiency of this enzyme will result in X-linked ichthyosis.

β-ketoacyl-ACP reductase
β-ketoacyl-ACP reductase (ke-to-as′il)

SYN: 3-oxoacyl-ACP reductase.

β-ketoacyl-ACP synthase
β-ketoacyl-ACP synthase

SYN: 3-oxoacyl-ACP synthase.

β-ketohydrogenase
β-ketohydrogenase (ke-to-hi′dro-jen-as)

SYN: 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase.

β-ketoreductase
β-ketoreductase (ke′to-re-duk′tas)

SYN: 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase.

β-ketothiolase
β-ketothiolase (ke-to-thi′o-las)

SYN: acetyl-CoA acyltransferase.

β-lactam
β-lactam

A class of broad-spectrum antibiotics that are structurally and pharmacologically related to the penicillins and cephalosporins.

β-lactamase
β-lactamase (lak′ta-mas)

An enzyme produced by many species of bacteria that disrupts the four-membered β-lactam ring of penicillin and cephalosporin groups of antibiotics, destroying their antimicrobial activity. The ability of an organism to produce a β-lactamase may be chromosomal and constitutive or a plasmid-associated acquired property. SYN: cephalosporinase, lactamase, penicillinase (1) .

β-mercaptoethanol
β-mercaptoethanol

SYN: 2-mercaptoethanol.

9-β-d-ribofuranosyladenine
9-β-d-ribofuranosyladenine (ri′bo-foor-an′o-sil-ad′e-nen)

SYN: adenosine.

1-β-d-ribofuranosylcytosine
1-β-d-ribofuranosylcytosine (ri′bo-foor-an′o-sil-si′to-sen)

SYN: cytidine.

9-β-d-ribofuranosylguanine
9-β-d-ribofuranosylguanine (ri′bo-foor-an′o-sil-gwah′nen)

SYN: guanosine.

9-β-ribofuranosylpurine
9-β-ribofuranosylpurine (ri′bo-foo-ran′o-sil-poo′ren)

SYN: nebularine.

1-β-d-ribofuranosyluracil
1-β-d-ribofuranosyluracil (ri′bo-foor-an′o-sil-ur′a-sil)

SYN: uridine.

β-sitosterol
β-sitosterol (si-to-ster′ol)

A phytosterol and anticholesteremic. SYN: cinchol.

β-sulfinylpyruvic acid
β-sulfinylpyruvic acid (sul′fi-nil-pi-roo′vik)

An intermediate product of l-cysteine catabolism in mammalian tissue.

β-T
β-T

Symbol for β-tocopherol.

β-thionase
β-thionase (thi′o-nas)

SYN: cystathionine β-synthase.

β-tocopherol
β-tocopherol (β-T)

A lower homolog of α-tocopherol that contains one less methyl group in the aromatic nucleus and is less active biologically; accompanies α-tocopherol and γ-β-tocopherol.

β-tyrosinase
β-tyrosinase

SYN: tyrosine phenol-lyase.