cis-aconitic acid

cis-aconitic acid (ak-o-nit′ik)

Dehydration product of citric acid; an enzyme-bound intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle.

C
C

1. Abbreviation or symbol for large calorie; carbon; cathodal; cathode; Celsius; cervical vertebra (C1–C7); closure (of an electrical circuit); congius (gallon); contraction; coulomb; curie; cylinder; cylindrical lens; cytidine; cysteine; cytosine; component of complement (C1–C9); third substrate in a multisubstrate enzyme-catalyzed reaction. 2. When followed by subscript letters, e.g., C_in, indicates renal clearance of a substance ( e.g., inulin). When followed by subscript numbers, e.g., C₁₉, indicates the number of carbon atoms in a molecule, e.g., 19.

c
c

1. Abbreviation or symbol for centi-; small calorie; centum; concentration; speed of light in a vacuum; circumference. Abbreviation for curie. 2. As a subscript, refers to blood capillary.

c
c

Abbreviation for L. cum, with.

11C
¹¹C

Symbol for carbon-11.

12C
¹²C

Symbol for carbon-12, the most common form of carbon.

13C
¹³C

Symbol for carbon-13.

14C
¹⁴C

Symbol for carbon-14.

CA
CA

Abbreviation for cancer; q; cardiac arrest; chronologic age; cytosine arabinoside.

CA125 CA125

Abbreviation for cancer antigen 125 test.

CA-125
CA-125

Abbreviation for cancer antigen 125 test.

Ca
Ca

1. Abbreviation for cathode. 2. Symbol for calcium.

45Ca
⁴⁵Ca

Symbol for calcium-45.

47Ca
⁴⁷Ca

Symbol for calcium-47.

ca. ca.

Abbreviation for L. circa (about, approximately).

caapi
caapi (ka′pe)

A hallucinogenic preparation obtained from Banisteria c. (family Malpighaceae), a South American jungle vine; contains harmine and other psychotomimetic principles. SYN: ayahuasca.

cabbage tree
cabbage tree (kab′ij tre)

SYN: andira.

Cabot
Cabot

Richard C., U.S. physician, 1868–1939. See C. ring bodies, under body, C.-Locke murmur.

cac- cac-

See caco-.

cacao
cacao (ka-ka′o)

Prepared c., or cocoa, a powder prepared from the roasted cured kernels of the ripe seed of Theobroma c. Linné (family Sterculiaceae); the tree yields a fat, theobroma oil. SYN: theobroma. [native Mexican origin]
c. oil SYN: theobroma oil.

CaCC
CaCC

Abbreviation for cathodal closure contraction.

Cacchione
Cacchione

Aldo, 20th century Italian psychiatrist. See De Sanctis-C. syndrome.

cachectic
cachectic (ka-kek′tik)

Relating to or suffering from cachexia.

cachectin
cachectin (ka-kek′tin)

A polypeptide cytokine, produced by endotoxin-activated macrophages, which has the ability to modulate adipocyte metabolism, lyse tumor cells in vitro, and induce hemorrhagic necrosis of certain transplantable tumors in vivo. SYN: tumor necrosis factor. [G. kakos, bad, + hexis, condition of body]

cachet
cachet (ka-sha′)

A seal-shaped capsule or wafer made of flour for enclosing powders of disagreeable taste. The sealed dosage form is wetted and swallowed. [Fr. a seal]

cachexia
cachexia (ka-kek′se-a)

A general weight loss and wasting occurring in the course of a chronic disease or emotional disturbance. [G. kakos, bad, + hexis, condition of body]
c. aphthosa SYN: sprue (1) .
c. aquosa an edematous form of ancylostomiasis.
diabetic neuropathic c. a clinical syndrome seen almost exclusively in elderly diabetic males, consisting of the rather sudden onset of severe limb pain, marked weight loss, depression, and impotence. These patients appear to have a combination of a severe diabetic polyneuropathy, diffuse bilateral diabetic polyradiculopathy, and diabetic autonomic neuropathy.
hypophyseal c. SYN: panhypopituitarism.
c. hypophyseopriva a condition following total removal of the hypophysis cerebri resulting in panhypopituitarism marked by a fall of body temperature, electrolyte imbalance, and hypoglycemia, followed by coma and death.
hypophysial c. SYN: panhypopituitarism.
malarial c. SYN: chronic malaria.
pituitary c. SYN: Sheehan syndrome.
c. strumipriva SYN: c. thyropriva.
c. thyroidea SYN: c. thyropriva.
c. thyropriva signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism (with or without myxedema) resulting from the loss of thyroid tissue, either from surgery, radiotherapy, or disease. SYN: c. strumipriva, c. thyroidea.

cachinnation
cachinnation (kak-i-na′shun)

Laughter without apparent cause, often observed in schizophrenia. [L. cachinno, to laugh immoderately and loudly]

caco- caco-, caci-, cac-

Bad; ill. Cf.:mal-. [G. kakos]

cacodyl
cacodyl (kak′o-dil)

An oil resulting from the distillation together of arsenous acid and potassium acetate. SYN: dicacodyl, tetramethyldiarsine. [G. kakodes, foul-smelling]

cacodylate
cacodylate (kak′o-dil-at)

A salt or ester of cacodylic acid. See cacodylic acid.

cacodylic
cacodylic (kak-o-dil′ik)

Relating to cacodyl; denoting especially c. acid.

cacodylic acid
cacodylic acid

Prepared by treating cacodyl and cacodyl oxide with mercuric oxide, and forms cacodylates with various bases that were used in skin diseases, tuberculosis, malaria, and other affections in which arsenic was considered of value. SYN: dimethylarsinic acid.

cacogeusia
cacogeusia (kak-o-goo′se-a)

A bad taste due to a bad-tasting substance, uncinate epilepsy, or a delusion. SEE ALSO: dysgeusia. [caco- + G. geusis, taste]

cacomelia
cacomelia (kak-o-me′le-a)

Congenital deformity of one or more limbs. [caco- + G. melos, limb]

cacoplastic
cacoplastic (kak-o-plas′tik)

1. Relating to or causing abnormal growth. 2. Incapable of normal or perfect formation. [caco- + G. plastikos, formed]

cacosmia
cacosmia (ka-koz′me-a)

A bad smell due to a bad smelling substance, uncinate epilepsy, or a delusion. See dysosmia. [G. kakosmia, a bad smell, fr. kakos, bad, + osme, the sense of smell]

cactinomycin
cactinomycin (kak′ti-no-mi′sin)

Produced by Streptomyces chrysomallus. A mixture of actinomycins C₁ (dactinomycin), C₂, and C₃ used as an antineoplastic, immunosuppressive agent. SEE ALSO: actinomycin. SYN: actinomycin C.

cacumen
cacumen, pl .cacumina (kak-u′men, -mi-na)

The top or apex of a plant or an anatomic structure. [L. summit]

cacuminal
cacuminal (kak-u′mi-nal)

Relating to a top or apex, particularly of a plant or anatomical structure.

cadaver
cadaver (ka-dav′er)

A dead body. SYN: corpse. [L. fr. cado, to fall]

cadaveric
cadaveric (ka-dav′er-ik)

Relating to a dead body.

cadaverine
cadaverine (ka-dav′er-in)

1,5-Pentanediamine; 1,5-diaminopentane;a foul-smelling diamine formed by bacterial decarboxylation of lysine; poisonous and irritating to the skin; found in decaying meat and fish.

cadaverous
cadaverous (ka-dav′er-us)

Having the pallor and appearance resembling a corpse.

cade oil
cade oil (kad)

SYN: juniper tar.

cadherin
cadherin (kad-her′-in)

One of a class of integral-membrane glycoproteins that has a role in cell-cell adhesion and is important in morphogenesis and differentiation; E-c. is also known as uvomorulin and is concentrated in the belt desmosome in epithelial cells; N-c. is found in nerve, muscle, and lens cells helps maintain the integrity of neuronal aggregates; P-c. is expressed in placental and epidermal cells. [cell + adhere + -in]

cadmium
cadmium (Cd) (kad′me-um)

A metallic element, atomic no. 48, atomic wt. 112.411; its salts are poisonous and little used in medicine. Various compounds of c. are used commercially in metallurgy, photography, electrochemistry, etc.; a few have been used as ascaricides, antiseptics, and fungicides. [L. cadmia, fr. G. kadmeia or kadmia, an ore of zinc, calamine]

caduca
caduca (ka-doo′ka)

SYN: deciduous membrane. [L. fem. of caducus, fallen, falling]

caduceus
caduceus (ka-doo′se-us)

A staff with two oppositely twined serpents and surmounted by two wings; emblem of the U.S. Army Medical Corps. For veterinary medicine the double serpent was changed in 1972 to its present form with a single serpent. SEE ALSO: staff of Aesculapius. [L. the staff of Mercury; G. keryx herald, the staff of Hermes]

cae- cae-

For words so beginning, see under ce-.

caecum
caecum

SYN: cecum.

caffearine
caffearine (kaf′e-a-rin)

SYN: trigonelline.

caffeine
caffeine (kaf′en)

An alkaloid obtained from the dried leaves of Thea sinensis, tea, or the dried seeds of Coffea arabica, coffee; used as a central nervous system stimulant, diuretic, circulatory and respiratory stimulant, and as an adjunct in the treatment of headaches. SYN: guaranine, thein.
c. citrate citrated c., a mixture of equal parts of c. and citric acid; more water soluble than c..
c. hydrate monohydrate of c., a central nervous system stimulant.
c. and sodium salicylate a mixture of sodium salicylate and c. formerly used for the relief of headache and neuralgia.

caffeinism
caffeinism (kaf′en-izm)

Caffeine intoxication characterized by restlessness, tremulousness, nervousness, excitement, insomnia, flushed face, diuresis, and gastrointestinal complaints, brought on by the ingestion of excess substances containing caffeine.

Caffey
Caffey

John Patrick, U.S. physician, radiologist, and pediatrician, the “the father of pediatric radiology”, 1895–1978. See C. disease, C. syndrome, C.-Kempe syndrome, C.-Silverman syndrome.

cage
cage (kaj)

1. An enclosure made partly or completely of open work and commonly used to house animals. 2. A structure resembling such an enclosure. [M.E., fr. O.Fr., fr. L. cavea, hollow, stall]
thoracic c. [TA] the skeleton of the thorax consisting of the thoracic vertebrae, ribs, costal cartilages, and sternum. SYN: cavea thoracis [TA] , compages thoracis.

Cajal
Cajal, Ramón y Cajal

Santiago, Spanish histologist and 1906 Nobel laureate, 1852–1934. See C. cell, horizontal cell of C., C. astrocyte stain, interstitial nucleus of C..

cajeput oil
cajeput oil, cajuput oil (kaj′e-put, -u-put)

A volatile oil distilled from the fresh leaves of Cajuputi viridiflora, a tree of tropical Asia and Australia; a stimulant, counterirritant, and expectorant.

cajeputol
cajeputol, cajuputol (kaj′e-pu-tol, -u-pu-tol)

SYN: cineole.

Cal
Cal

Abbreviation for large calorie.

cal
cal

Abbreviation for small calorie.

Calabar bean
Calabar bean (kal′a-bar ben)

SYN: physostigma.

calamine
calamine (kal′a-min)

Zinc oxide with a small amount of ferric oxide or basic zinc carbonate suitably colored with ferric oxide; used in dusting powders, lotions, and ointments, as a mild astringent and protective agent for skin disorders. [Mediev. L. calamina, fr. L. cadmia, fr. G. kadmia, Theban (earth), fr. Kadmos, founder of Thebes]

calamus
calamus (kal′a-mus)

1. The dried, unpeeled rhizome of Acorus c. (family Araceae), cultivated in Myanmar and Sri Lanka, a carminative and anthelminthic. 2. A reed-shaped structure. [L. reed, a pen]
c. scriptorius inferior part of the rhomboid fossa; the narrow lower end of the fourth ventricle between the two clavae. SYN: Arantius ventricle. [L. writing pen]

calcaneal
calcaneal, calcanean (kal-ka′ne-al, kal-ka′ne-an)

Relating to the calcaneus or heel bone.

calcaneo- calcaneo-

The calcaneus. [L. calcaneum, heel]

calcaneoapophysitis
calcaneoapophysitis (kal-ka′ne-o-a-pof-i-si′tis)

Inflammation at the posterior part of the os calcis, at the insertion of the Achilles tendon.

calcaneoastragaloid
calcaneoastragaloid (kal-ka′ne-o-as-trag′a-loyd)

Relating to the calcaneus, or os calcis, and the talus, or astragalus.

calcaneocavus
calcaneocavus (kal-ka′ne-o-ka′vus)

Combination of talipes calcaneus and talipes cavus.

calcaneocuboid
calcaneocuboid (kal-ka′ne-o-ku′boyd)

Relating to the calcaneus and the cuboid bone.

calcaneodynia
calcaneodynia (kal-ka′ne-o-din′e-a)

SYN: painful heel. [calcaneo- + G. odyne, pain]

calcaneonavicular
calcaneonavicular (kal-ka′ne-o-na-vik′u-lar)

Relating to the calcaneus and the navicular bone. SYN: calcaneoscaphoid.

calcaneoscaphoid
calcaneoscaphoid (kal-ka′ne-o-skaf′oyd)

SYN: calcaneonavicular.

calcaneotibial
calcaneotibial (kal-ka′ne-o-tib′e-al)

Relating to the calcaneus and the tibia.

calcaneovalgocavus
calcaneovalgocavus (kal-ka′ne-o-val′-go-ka′vus)

Combination of talipes calcaneus, valgus, and cavus.

calcaneovalgus
calcaneovalgus (kal-ka′ne-o-val′gus)

See talipes c..

calcaneovarus
calcaneovarus (kal-ka′ne-o-va′rus)

See talipes c..

calcaneum
calcaneum (kal-ka′ne-um)

SYN: calcaneus (1) . [L. the heel]

calcaneus
calcaneus, gen. and pl. calcanei (kal-ka′ne-us, -ka′ne-i)

1. [TA] The largest of the tarsal bones; it forms the heel and articulates with the cuboid anteriorly and the talus above. SYN: calcaneal bone, calcaneum, heel bone, os calcis. 2. SYN: talipes c.. [L. the heel (another form of calcaneum)]

calcar
calcar (kal′kar) [TA]

1. A small projection from any structure; internal spurs (septa) at the level of division of arteries and confluence of veins when branches or roots form an acute angle. SEE ALSO: vascular spur. 2. A dull spine or projection from a bone. SYN: spur [TA] . [L. spur, cock's spur]
c. avis [TA] SYN: calcarine spur.
c. femorale a bony spur springing from the underside of the neck of the femur above and anterior to the lesser trochanter, adding to the strength of this part of the bone. SYN: Bigelow septum.
c. pedis SYN: calx (2) .
c. sclerae [TA] SYN: scleral spur.

calcareous
calcareous (kal-ka′re-us)

Chalky; relating to or containing lime or calcium, or calcific material. [L. calcarius, pertaining to lime, fr. calx, lime]

calcarine
calcarine (kal′ka-ren)

1. Relating to a calcar. 2. Spur-shaped.

calcariuria
calcariuria (kal-kar-e-u′re-a)

Excretion of calcium (lime) salts in the urine. [L. calcarius, of lime, + G. ouron, urine]

calcergy
calcergy (kal′ser-je)

Local calcification of soft tissue occurring at the site of injection of certain chemical compounds, such as lead acetate or cerium chloride; hydroxyapatite deposits are found in the calcified areas. [L. calx, chalk, calcium, + G. ergon, work, production]

calces
calces (kal′sez)

Plural of calx.

calcic
calcic (kal′sik)

Relating to lime.

calcicosis
calcicosis (kal-si-ko′sis)

Pneumoconiosis from the inhalation of limestone dust.

calcidiol
calcidiol (kal-si-di′ol)

25-Hydroxycholecalciferol (a 3,25-diol);the first step in the biologic conversion of vitamin D₃ to the more active form, calcitriol; it is more potent than vitamin D₃. SYN: 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, calcifediol.
c. 1α-hydroxylase, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol 1α-hydroxylase the monooxygenase that forms calcitriol from c. using O₂ and NADPH; a deficiency in this enzyme can result in features of a vitamin D deficiency.

calcifediol
calcifediol (kal-si-fe-di′ol)

SYN: calcidiol.

calciferol
calciferol (kal-sif′er-ol)

SYN: ergocalciferol.

calciferous
calciferous (kal-sif′er-us)

1. Containing lime. 2. Producing any of the salts of calcium. SYN: calcophorous.

calcific
calcific (kal-sif′ik)

Forming or depositing calcium salts.

calcification
calcification (kal′si-fi-ka′shun)

1. Deposition of lime or other insoluble calcium salts. 2. A process in which tissue or noncellular material in the body becomes hardened as the result of precipitates or larger deposits of insoluble salts of calcium (and also magnesium), especially calcium carbonate and phosphate (hydroxyapatite) normally occurring only in the formation of bone and teeth. SYN: calcareous infiltration. [L. calx, lime, + facio, to make]
dystrophic c. c. occurring in degenerated or necrotic tissue, as in hyalinized scars, degenerated foci in leiomyomas, and caseous nodules.
eggshell c. a thin layer of c. around an intrathoracic lymph node, usually in silicosis, seen on a chest radiograph.
metastatic c. c. occurring in nonosseous, viable tissue ( i.e., tissue that is not degenerated or necrotic), as in the stomach, lungs, and kidneys (and rarely in other sites); the cells of these organs secrete acid materials, and, under certain conditions in instances of hypercalcemia, the alteration in pH causes precipitation of calcium salts in these sites.
Mönckeberg c. SYN: Mönckeberg arteriosclerosis.
Mönckeberg medial c. SYN: Mönckeberg arteriosclerosis.
pathologic c. c. occurring in excretory or secretory passages as calculi, and in tissues other than bone and teeth.
pulp c. SYN: endolith.

calcify
calcify (kal′si-fi)

To deposit or lay down calcium salts, as in the formation of bone.

calcigerous
calcigerous (kal-sij′er-us)

Producing or carrying calcium salts. [calcium + L. gero, to bear]

calcination
calcination (kal-si-na′shun)

The process of calcining.

calcine
calcine (kal′sen)

To expel water and volatile matter by heat.

calcineurin
calcineurin (kal-se-noor′in)

A calcium-dependent serine-threonine phosphatase involved in T-cell signaling transcription; the reaction cascade in which it resides is referred to as the c. pathway. [calcium + G. neuron, nerve, + -in]

calcinosis
calcinosis (kal-si-no′sis)

A condition characterized by the deposition of calcium salts in nodular foci in various tissues other than the parenchymatous viscera; the two well-known forms, c. circumscripta and c. universalis, are not associated with tissue damage or demonstrable metabolic disease; other forms are the result of abnormal calcium and/or phosphorous metabolism. See metastatic calcification. [calcium + -osis, condition]
c. circumscripta localized deposits of calcium salts in the skin and subcutaneous tissues, usually surrounded by a zone of granulomatous inflammation; clinically, the lesions resemble the tophi of gout.
c. cutis a deposit of calcium in the skin; usually occurs secondary to a preexisting inflammatory, degenerative, or neoplastic dermatosis, and is frequently seen in scleroderma. See metastatic calcification. SYN: dystrophic c..
dystrophic c. SYN: c. cutis.
c. intervertebralis calcium deposit in vertebral disk.
reversible c. a form of c. that can be reversed, as is observed in patients who constantly ingest large quantities of milk and alkaline medicines, as in the treatment of peptic ulcer. SEE ALSO: milk-alkali syndrome.
tumoral c. 1. calcification of collagen, chiefly at the site of large joints, in South African blacks; probably genetic. 2. c. that develops in association with neoplastic conditions.
c. universalis diffuse deposits of calcium salts in the skin and subcutaneous tissues, connective tissue, and other sites; may be associated with dermatomyositis, occurs more frequently in young persons, and is often fatal; serum levels of calcium and phosphorus are generally within normal limits.

calciokinesis
calciokinesis (kal′se-o-ki-ne′sis)

Mobilization of stored calcium. [calcium + G. kinesis, motion]

calciokinetic
calciokinetic (kal′se-o-ki-net′ik)

Pertaining to or causing calciokinesis.

calciol
calciol (kal′se-ol)

SYN: cholecalciferol.

calciorrhachia
calciorrhachia (kal′se-o-ra′ke-a)

The presence of calcium in the cerebrospinal fluid. [calcium + G. rhachis, spine + -ia]

calciostat
calciostat (kal′se-o-stat)

Rarely used term denoting a postulated mechanism by which the parathyroid hormone production is increased when serum calcium is low and decreased when it is high. [calcium + G. statos, standing]

calciotraumatic
calciotraumatic (kal′se-o-traw-mat′ik)

Relating to the line of disturbed calcification that appears in the dentin of the incisor teeth of young rats placed on a rachitogenic diet: high in calcium and low in phosphorus, with no vitamin D.

calcipectic
calcipectic (kal-si-pek′tik)

Pertaining to calcipexis.

calcipenia
calcipenia (kal-si-pe′ne-a)

A condition in which there is an insufficient amount of calcium in the tissues and fluids of the body. [calcium + G. penia, poverty]

calcipenic
calcipenic (kal-si-pe′nik)

Pertaining to calcipenia.

calcipexic
calcipexic (kal-si-pek′sik)

Related or pertaining to calcipexis.

calcipexis
calcipexis, calcipexy (kal-si-pek′sis, kal′si-pek-se)

Fixation of calcium in the tissues, an occasional cause of tetany in infants. [calcium + G. pexis, a fixing]

calciphilia
calciphilia (cal-si-fil′e-a)

A condition in which the tissues manifest an unusual affinity for, and fixation of, calcium salts circulating in the blood. [calcium + G. phileo, to love]

calciphylaxis
calciphylaxis (kal′si-fi-lak′sis)

A condition of induced systemic hypersensitivity in which tissues respond to appropriate challenging agents with a sudden, but sometimes evanescent, local calcification.

calciprivia
calciprivia (kal-si-priv′e-a)

Absence or deprivation of calcium in diet.

calciprivic
calciprivic (kal-si-priv′ik)

Deprived of calcium.

calcite
calcite (kal′sit)

A naturally occurring mineral found in several forms, e.g., chalk, Iceland spar, limestone, marble. SEE ALSO: calcium carbonate. SYN: calcspar.

calcitetrol
calcitetrol (kal-si-tet′rol)

The 1,24,25-triol (thus, a 1,3,24,24-tetrol) of cholecalciferol; the inactivation product of calcitriol.

calcitonin
calcitonin (kal-si-to′nin)

A peptide hormone, of which eight forms in five species are known; composed of 32 amino acids and produced by the parathyroid, thyroid, and thymus glands; its action is opposite to that of parathyroid hormone in that c. increases deposition of calcium and phosphate in bone and lowers the level of calcium in the blood; its level in the blood is increased by glucagon and by Ca²⁺ and thus opposes postprandial hypercalcemia. SYN: thyrocalcitonin. [calci- + G. tonos, stretching, + -in]

calcitriol
calcitriol (kal-si-tri′ol)

1α,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol (thus, a 1,3,25-triol);formation of c. is the second step in the biological conversion of vitamin D₃ to its active form; it is more potent than calcidiol.

calcium
calcium (Ca) , gen. calcii (kal′se-um, -se-i)

A metallic bivalent element; atomic no. 20, atomic wt. 40.078, density 1.55, melting point 842°C. The oxide of c. is an alkaline earth, CaO, quicklime, which on the addition of water becomes c. hydrate, Ca(OH)₂, slaked lime. For some organic c. salts not listed below, see the name of the organic acid portion. Many c. salts have crucial uses in metabolism and in medicine. C. salts are responsible for the radiopacity of bone, calcified cartilage, and arteriosclerotic plaques in arteries. [Mod. L. fr. L. calx, lime]
c. alginate a topical hemostatic.
c. aminosalicylate the c. salt of p-aminosalicylic acid, with the same uses.
c. benzoylpas an antituberculous agent.
c. bromide used to meet the same indications as potassium bromide.
c. carbide blackish crystalline lumps that when in contact with water yield acetylene gas.
c. carbimide a fertilizer and weed seed killer that also exhibits antithyroid activity; like disulfiram, it impairs ethanol metabolism; workers in cyanamide-producing plants exhibit systemic symptoms (“Monday-morning illness”) after ingestion of alcohol. SYN: c. cyanamide.
c. carbonate an astringent, antacid, and c. dietary supplement. SEE ALSO: calcite. SYN: chalk, creta.
c. caseinate the form of casein present in cow's milk; used in dietetic preparations; has been used for diarrhea in infants.
c. chloride used to correct c. deficiencies and in the treatment of magnesium intoxication and cardiac failure.
citrated c. carbimide a mixture of two parts citric acid to one part c. carbimide; in the metabolism of ethanol, it slows the conversion of acetaldehyde to acetate; used in the treatment of alcoholism.
crude c. sulfide used externally in the treatment of acne, scabies, and ringworm. SYN: sulfurated lime.
c. cyanamide SYN: c. carbimide.
dibasic c. phosphate used as a c. and phosphorus dietary supplement. SYN: c. monohydrogen phosphate, secondary c. phosphate.
c. folinate SYN: leucovorin c..
c. glubionate a c. replenisher.
c. gluceptate used as a nutrient. SYN: c. glucoheptonate.
c. glucoheptonate SYN: c. gluceptate.
c. gluconate a salt of c. more palatable than the chloride, sometimes used as a c. supplement.
c. glycerophosphate a c. and phosphorus dietary supplement.
c. hippurate said to be a solvent of uratic gravel and calculi.
c. hydroxide used as a carbon dioxide absorbent.
c. hypophosphite has been used for rickets and impaired nutrition.
c. iodate used as a dusting powder and, in lotion and ointment, as an antiseptic and deodorant.
c. iodobehenate a c. salt, (C₂₁H₄₂ICOO)₂Ca, formerly used to meet the indications of the ordinary iodides.
c. ipodate a radiopaque medium used in cholangiography and cholecystography.
c. lactate used as a c. replenisher.
c. lactophosphate a mixture of c. lactate, c. acid lactate, and c. acid phosphate; used as a c. and phosphorus dietary supplement.
c. leucovorin leucovorin c..
c. levulinate a hydrated c. salt of levulinic acid; it has the usual effects of c. administered orally or intravenously.
c. mandelate c. salt of mandelic acid; a urinary anti-infective agent.
milk of c. densely calcified fluid, most often found radiographically in the gallbladder in association with chronic obstruction.
c. monohydrogen phosphate SYN: dibasic c. phosphate.
c. oxalate found as sediment in the urine and in urinary calculi. Toxic end product of ethylene glycol consumption.
c. oxide SYN: lime (1) .
c. pantothenate the c. salt of pantothenic acid; a vitamin B filtrate factor.
precipitated c. carbonate used as an antacid in the management of peptic ulcers and other conditions of gastric hyperacidity.
c. propionate the c. salt of propionic acid; an antifungal agent.
racemic c. pantothenate a mixture of the c. salts of the dextrorotatory and levorotatory isomers of pantothenic acid; same uses as c. pantothenate.
c. saccharate used as an antacid in dyspepsia and flatulence, as an antidote in carbolic acid poisoning, and as a stabilizer for c. gluconate solution for parenteral administration.
secondary c. phosphate SYN: dibasic c. phosphate.
c. stearate a soap used in the preparation of tablets as a lubricant for tablet machinery and to keep powder mixtures flowing.
c. sulfate CaO₄S;used in exsiccated form to make plaster of Paris. SEE ALSO: gypsum.
c. sulfite used as an intestinal antiseptic, and locally in the treatment of parasitic skin diseases.
tertiary c. phosphate SYN: tribasic c. phosphate.
tribasic c. phosphate used as an antacid. SYN: bone ash, bone phosphate, tertiary c. phosphate, tricalcium phosphate, whitlockite.
c. trisodium pentetate SYN: pentetate trisodium c..

calcium-45
calcium-45 (⁴⁵Ca)

Most easily available of the radioactive calcium isotopes; beta-emitter with a half-life of 162.7 days; used as a tracer.

calcium-47
calcium-47 (⁴⁷Ca)

A radioisotope of calcium with a half-life of 4.54 days, used in the diagnosis of disorders of calcium metabolism.

calcium group
calcium group

The metals of the alkaline earths: beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium.

calciuria
calciuria (kal-se-u′re-a)

The urinary excretion of calcium; sometimes used as a synonym for hypercalciuria.

calcophorous
calcophorous (kal-kof′er-us)

SYN: calciferous. [L. calx, lime, + G. phoros, bearing]

calcospherite
calcospherite (kal-ko-sfer′it)

A tiny, spheroidal, concentrically laminated body containing accretive deposits of calcium salts; found most frequently in papillary carcinoma of the thyroid and ovary, and in meningioma, probably as the result of degenerative changes in the fibrovascular stroma. SYN: psammoma bodies (3) . [L. calx, lime, + G. sphaira, sphere]

calcspar
calcspar (kalk′spar)

SYN: calcite.

calculi
calculi (kal′ku-li)

Plural of calculus.

calculosis
calculosis (kal-ku-lo′sis)

The tendency or disposition to form calculi or stones. [L. calculus, small stone, + G. -osis, condition]

calculus
calculus, gen. and pl. calculi (kal′ku-lus, -li)

A concretion formed in any part of the body, most commonly in the passages of the biliary and urinary tracts; usually composed of salts of inorganic or organic acids, or of other material such as cholesterol. SYN: stone (1) . [L. a pebble, a c.]
apatite c. a c. in which the crystalloid component consists of calcium fluorophosphate.
arthritic c. SYN: gouty tophus.
biliary c. SYN: gallstone.
bladder c. SYN: bladder stone, under stone.
blood c. an angiolith or concretion of coagulated blood. SYN: hemic c..
branched c. SYN: staghorn c..
bronchial c. SYN: broncholith.
cerebral c. SYN: encephalolith.
coral c. SYN: staghorn c..
cystine c. a c. composed of cystine, soft and faintly radiopaque.
dendritic c. SYN: staghorn c..
dental c. 1. calcified deposits formed around the teeth; may appear as subgingival or supragingival c.; 2. SYN: tartar (2) .
encysted c. a urinary c. enclosed in a sac developed from the wall of the bladder. SYN: pocketed c..
fibrin c. a urinary c. formed largely from fibrinogen in blood.
gastric c. SYN: gastrolith.
hematogenetic c. SYN: serumal c. (1) .
hemic c. SYN: blood c..
infection c. SYN: secondary renal c..
intestinal c. a concretion in the bowel, either a coprolith or an enterolith.
lacrimal c. SYN: dacryolith.
mammary c. a concretion in one of the ducts of the breast.
matrix c. a yellowish-white to light tan urinary c. containing calcium salts, with the consistency of putty; composed chiefly of an organic matrix consisting of a mucoprotein and a sulfated mucopolysaccharide, and usually associated with chronic infection.
metabolic c. a stone, usually a renal stone, caused by a metabolic abnormality resulting in increased excretion of a substance of low solubility in urine, such as urate or cystine.
mulberry c. a hard nodular urinary c. composed of calcium oxalate, so-called because of its resemblance to a mulberry.
nasal c. SYN: rhinolith.
oxalate c. a hard urinary c. of calcium oxalate; some are covered with minute sharp spines that can abrade the renal pelvic epithelium, whereas others are smooth.
pancreatic c. a concretion, usually multiple, in the pancreatic duct, associated with chronic pancreatitis. SYN: pancreatolith, pancreolith.
pharyngeal c. SYN: pharyngolith.
pleural c. SYN: pleurolith.
pocketed c. SYN: encysted c..
preputial c. a c. occurring beneath the foreskin. SYN: postholith.
primary renal c. a c. formed in an apparently healthy urinary tract, usually composed of oxalates, urates, or cystine.
prostatic c. a concretion formed in the prostate gland, composed chiefly of calcium carbonate and phosphate (corpora amylacea). SYN: prostatolith.
pulp c. SYN: endolith.
renal c. a c. occurring within the kidney collecting system. SYN: nephrolith.
salivary c. a c. in a salivary duct or gland.
secondary renal c. a c. associated with infection and/or obstruction, usually composed of struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate). SYN: infection c..
serumal c. 1. a greenish or dark brown calcareous deposit on the tooth, usually apical to the gingival margin; SYN: hematogenetic c.. 2. SYN: subgingival c..
staghorn c. a c. occurring in the renal pelvis, with branches extending into the infundibula and calices. SYN: branched c., coral c., dendritic c..
struvite c. a c. in which the crystalloid component consists of magnesium ammonium phosphate; usually associated with urinary tract infection caused by urease-producing bacteria.
subgingival c. calcareous deposit found on the tooth apical to the gingival margin. SYN: serumal c. (2) .
supragingival c. calcified plaques adherent to tooth surfaces coronal to the free gingival margin.
tonsillar c. SYN: tonsillolith.
urethral c. a stone impacted in urethra. May have formed proximally and become stuck there or may have formed in urethra; uncommon.
urinary c. a c. in the kidney, ureter, bladder, or urethra. SYN: urolith.
uterine c. a calcified myoma of the uterus. SYN: uterolith.
vesical c. a urinary c. formed or retained in the bladder. SYN: cystolith.
weddellite c. a c. in which the crystalloid component consists of calcium oxalate dihydrate.
whewellite c. a c. in which the crystalloid component consists of calcium oxalate monohydrate.

Calculus Surface Index
Calculus Surface Index (CSI)

An index that measures only dental calculus, used for evaluating new calculus formation within a large group of test subjects.

Caldani
Caldani

Leopoldo M.A., Italian anatomist, 1725–1813. See C. ligament.

caldesmon
caldesmon (kal-des′mon)

An F-actin cross-linking protein that, at low or absent calcium levels, binds to tropomyosin and actin and prevents myosin binding. [calcium + G. desmos, bond, fr. deo, to bind]

Caldwell
Caldwell

George W., U.S. otolaryngologist, 1834–1918. See C.-Luc operation.

Caldwell
Caldwell

William E., U.S. obstetrician, 1880–1943. See C.-Moloy classification.

Caldwell
Caldwell

Eugene W., U.S. radiologist, 1870–1918. See C. projection, C. view.

calefacient
calefacient (kal-e-fa′shent)

1. Making warm or hot. 2. An agent causing a sense of warmth in the part to which it is applied. [L. calefacio, fr. caleo, to be warm, + facio, to make]

calf
calf, pl .calves (kaf, kavz)

A young bovine animal, male or female. [Gael. kalpa]

calf-bone
calf-bone

1. SYN: fibula. 2. Bone from a calf (young cow) used in orthopedic reconstruction.

caliber
caliber (kal′i-ber)

The diameter of a hollow tubular structure. [Fr. calibre, of uncert. etym.]

calibrate
calibrate (kal′i-brat)

1. To graduate or standardize any measuring instrument. 2. To measure the diameter of a tubular structure.

calibration
calibration (kal-i-bra′shun)

The act of standardizing or calibrating an instrument or laboratory procedure.

calibrator
calibrator (kal′i-bra-ter, -tor)

A standard or reference material or substance used to standardize or calibrate an instrument or laboratory procedure.

caliceal
caliceal (kal′i-se′al)

Relating to the calix. SYN: calyceal.

calicectasis
calicectasis (kal-i-sek′ta-sis)

SYN: caliectasis. [calix + G. ektasis, dilation]

calicectomy
calicectomy (kal-i-sek′to-me)

SYN: calicotomy. [calix, + G. ektome, excision]

calices
calices (kal′i-sez)

Plural of calix.

caliciform
caliciform (ka-lis′i-form)

Shaped like a cup or goblet. SYN: calyciform. [L. calix + forma, form]

calicine
calicine (kal′i-sen)

Of the nature of, or resembling a calix. SYN: calycine.

Caliciviridae
Caliciviridae (kal′i-se-vi′ra-de)

A family of naked icosahedral single-stranded positive sense RNA viruses 30–38 mm in diameter associated with epidemic viral gastroenteritis and certain forms of hepatitis in humans.

Calicivirus
Calicivirus (ka-lis′i-vi′rus)

A genus in the family Caliciviridae that is associated with gastroenteritis. See hepatitis E virus, Norwalk agent. [G. kalyx, cup, + virus]

calicoplasty
calicoplasty (ka′li-so-plas-te)

SYN: calioplasty. [calix, + G. plastos, formed]

calicotomy
calicotomy (kal-i-sot′o-me)

Incision into a calix, usually for removal of a calculus. SYN: calicectomy, caliotomy. [calix, + G. tome, a cutting]

caliculus
caliculus, pl .caliculi (ka-lik′u-lus, li)

A bud-shaped or cup-shaped structure, resembling the closed calyx of a flower. SYN: calycle, calyculus. [L. dim. from G. kalyx, the cup of a flower]
c. gustatorius SYN: taste bud.
c. ophthalmicus SYN: optic cup.

caliectasis
caliectasis (ka-le-ek′ta-sis)

Dilation of the calices, usually due to obstruction or infection. SYN: calicectasis, pyelocaliectasis.

californium
californium (Cf) (kal-i-for′ne-um)

An artificial transuranium element, symbol Cf, atomic no. 98, atomic wt. 251.08; half-life of ²⁵¹Cf (the most stable known isotope) is 900 years. [California, state and university where first prepared]

calioplasty
calioplasty (ka′le-o-plas-te)

Surgical reconstruction of a calix, usually designed to increase its lumen at the infundibulum. SYN: calicoplasty.

caliorrhaphy
caliorrhaphy (ka′le-or-a-fe)

1. Suturing of a calix. 2. Plastic surgery of a dilated or obstructed calix to improve urinary drainage, often requiring combination of two or more calices or the massive movement of renal pelvic mucosa to rebuild the caliceal drainage system. [calix, + G. rhaphe, suture, seam]

caliotomy
caliotomy (ka-le-ot′o-me)

SYN: calicotomy.

calipers
calipers (kal′i-perz)

An instrument used for measuring diameters. [a corruption of caliber]

calisthenics
calisthenics (kal-is-then′iks)

Systematic practice of various exercises with the object of preserving health and increasing physical strength. [G. kalos, beautiful, + sthenos, strength]

calix
calix, pl .calices (ka′liks, kal′i-sez)

A flower-shaped or funnel-shaped structure; specifically one of the branches or recesses of the pelvis of the kidney into which the orifices of the malpighian renal pyramids project. SYN: calyx. [L. fr. G. kalyx, the cup of a flower]
major calices the primary subdivisions of the renal pelvis, usually two or three in number. SYN: calices renales majores.
minor calices the subdivisions of the major calices, varying in number from 7–13, which receive the renal papillae. SYN: calices renales minores.
calices renales majores SYN: major calices.
calices renales minores SYN: minor calices.

Calkins
Calkins

Leroy Adelbert, U.S. obstetrician-gynecologist, 1894–1960. See C. sign.

Call
Call

Friedrich von, Austrian physician, 1844–1917. See C.-Exner bodies, under body.

Callahan
Callahan

John R., U.S. endodontist, 1853–1918. See C. method.

Callander
Callander

Latimer, San Francisco surgeon, 1892–1947. See C. amputation.

Calleja
Calleja, Calleja y Sanchez

Camilo, Spanish anatomist, &dag;1913. See islands of C., under island.

Calliphora
Calliphora (ka-lif′o-ra)

A genus of blowflies (family Calliphoridae, order Diptera), the bluebottle flies, the larvae of which feed on dead flesh. C. vomitoria and C. vicina are common species in the U.S. [G. kalli, beauty, + phoros, bearing]

Callison
Callison

James S., U.S. physician, *1873. See C. fluid.

Callitroga
Callitroga (kal-i-tro′ga)

Former name for Cochliomyia.

callosal
callosal (ka-lo′sal)

Relating to the corpus callosum.

callose
callose (kal′os)

A linear 1,3-β-d-glucan formed by certain enzymes from UDP-glucose, differing from cellulose (a β-1,4-glucan formed from GDP-glucose) and starch amylose (an α-1,4-glucan formed from ADP-glucose). Found in certain plant cell walls.

callosity
callosity (ka-los′i-te)

A circumscribed thickening of the keratin layer of the epidermis as a result of repeated friction or intermittent pressure. SYN: callus (1) , keratoma (1) , poroma (1) . [L. fr. callosus, thick-skinned]

callosomarginal
callosomarginal (ka-lo′so-mar′jin-al)

Relating to the corpus callosum and the cingulate gyrus; denoting the sulcus between them. SEE ALSO: sulcus of corpus callosum.

callous
callous (kal′us)

Relating to a callus or callosity.

callus
callus (kal′us)

1. SYN: callosity. 2. A composite mass of tissue that forms at a fracture site to establish continuity between the bone ends; it is composed initially of uncallused fibrous tissue and cartilage, and ultimately of bone. [L. hard skin]
central c. the c. within the medullary cavity of a fractured bone. SYN: medullary c..
definitive c. the c. which has become converted into osseous tissue. SYN: permanent c..
ensheathing c. the mass of c. around the outside of the fractured bone.
medullary c. SYN: central c..
permanent c. SYN: definitive c..
provisional c. the c. that develops to keep the ends of the fractured bone in apposition; it is absorbed after union is complete. SYN: temporary c..
temporary c. SYN: provisional c..

calmative
calmative (kahl′ma-tiv)

Calming, quieting; allaying excitement; denoting such an agent.

Calmette
Calmette

Leon A., French bacteriologist, 1863–1933. See bacille C.-Guérin, bacillus C.-Guérin vaccine, C. test, C.-Guérin bacillus, C.-Guérin vaccine.

calmodulin
calmodulin (kal-mod′u-lin)

A small, ubiquitous eukaryotic protein that binds calcium ions, thereby becoming the agent for many of the cellular effects long ascribed to calcium ions. This calcium-protein complex binds to the apoenzyme, to form the holoenzyme, of certain phosphodiesterases; through these, or other as yet unknown mechanisms, the complex regulates adenylate and guanylate cyclases, many kinases, phospholipase A₂ activity, and other basic cellular functions. [calcium + modulate]

Calodium
Calodium (ka-lo′de-oom)

One of three trichurid nematode genera, commonly referred to as Capillaria.

calomel
calomel (kal′o-mel)

Mild mercury chloride; mercury monochloride, protochloride, or subchloride; has been used as an intestinal antiseptic and laxative; replaced by safer agents. SYN: mercurous chloride, sweet precipitate. [Mediev. L., fr. G. kalos, beautiful, + melas, black]
vegetable c. SYN: podophyllum.

calor
calor (ka′lor)

Heat, as one of the four signs of inflammation (c., rubor, tumor, dolor) enunciated by Celsus. [L.]

Calori
Calori

Luigi, Italian anatomist, 1807–1896. See C. bursa.

caloric
caloric (ka-lor′ik)

1. Relating to a calorie. 2. Relating to heat. [L. calor, heat]
c. intake the total number of calories in a daily diet allocation.

calorie
calorie (kal′o-re)

A unit of heat content or energy. The amount of heat necessary to raise 1 g of water from 14.5–15.5°C (small c.). C. is being replaced by joule, the SI unit equal to 0.239 c.. SEE ALSO: British thermal unit. SYN: calory. [L. calor, heat]
gram c. SYN: small c..
kilogram c. (kcal) SYN: large c..
large c. (Cal, C) the quantity of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water 1°C (more precisely from 14.5°–15.5°C); it is 1000 times the value of the small c.; used in measurements of the heat production of chemical reactions, including those involved in biology. SYN: kilocalorie, kilogram c..
mean c. one hundredth of the energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water from 0–100°C.
small c. (cal, c) the quantity of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1°C, or from 14.5–15.5°C in the case of normal or standard c.. SYN: gram c..

calorific
calorific (cal-o-rif′ik)

Producing heat. [L. calor, heat]

calorigenic
calorigenic (ka-lor-i-jen′ik)

1. Capable of generating heat. 2. Stimulating metabolic production of heat. SYN: thermogenetic (2) , thermogenic. [L. calor, heat, + G. genesis, production]

calorimeter
calorimeter (kal-o-rim′e-ter)

An apparatus for measuring the amount of heat liberated in a chemical reaction. [L. calor, heat, + G. metron, measure]
Benedict-Roth c. Benedict-Roth apparatus.
bomb c. an instrument for determining the potential energy of organic substances, including those in foods. It consists of a hollow steel container, lined with platinum and filled with pure oxygen, into which a weighed quantity of substance is placed and ignited with an electric fuse; the heat produced is absorbed by water surrounding the bomb and, from the rise in temperature, the calories liberated are calculated.

calorimetric
calorimetric (ka′lor-i-met′rik)

Relating to calorimetry.

calorimetry
calorimetry (kal-o-rim′e-tre)

Measurement of the amount of heat given off by a reaction or group of reactions (as by an organism).
direct c. measurement of the heat produced by a reaction, as distinguished from indirect methods, which involve measurement of something other than heat production itself.
indirect c. determination of heat production of an oxidation reaction by measuring uptake of oxygen and/or liberation of carbon dioxide and nitrogen excretion and then calculating the amount of heat produced.

caloritropic
caloritropic (ka-lor′i-trop′ik)

Relating to thermotropism.

calory
calory (kal′o-re)

SYN: calorie.

Calot
Calot

Jean-François, French surgeon, 1861–1944. See C. triangle.

calpains
calpains (kal′pans)

Calcium-dependent thiol proteinases. These are cytoplasmic mammalian enzymes. [calcium + suffix -pain, protease, fr. papain]

calsequestrin
calsequestrin (kal′se-kwes′trin)

A calcium-binding protein found in the interior of sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscles. It releases calcium ions at calcium channels. [calcium + sequester + -in]

calumba
calumba (ka-lum′ba)

The dried root of Jateorrhiza palmata (family Menispermaceae), a tall climbing vine of east Africa; used as a bitter tonic.

calumbin
calumbin (kal′um-bin)

An amaroid from calumba that accounts for the bitterness of the crude drug.

calusterone
calusterone (kal-u′ste-ron)

An antineoplastic agent.

calvaria
calvaria, pl .calvariae (kal-va′re-a, -va′re-e) [TA]

The upper domelike portion of the skull. SYN: roof of skull, skullcap. [L. a skull]

calvarial
calvarial (kal-var′e-al)

Relating to the skullcap.

calvarium
calvarium (kal-var′e-um)

Incorrectly used for calvaria.

Calvé
Calvé

Jacques, French orthopedic surgeon, 1875–1954. See Calvé-Perthes disease, Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease.

calvities
calvities (kal-vish′e-ez)

SYN: alopecia. [L. fr. calvus, bald]

calx
calx, gen. calcis, pl .calces (kalks, kal′sis, kal-ses)

1. SYN: lime (1) . [L. limestone] 2. The posterior rounded extremity of the foot. SYN: heel (2) [TA] , calcar pedis. [L. heel]

calyceal
calyceal (kal′i-se′al)

SYN: caliceal.

calyces
calyces (kal′i-sez)

Plural of calyx.

calyciform
calyciform (ka-lis′i-form)

SYN: caliciform.

calycine
calycine (kal′i-sen)

SYN: calicine.

calycle
calycle, calyculus (kal′i-kl, ka-lik′u-lus)

SYN: caliculus.

Calymmatobacterium
Calymmatobacterium (ka-lim′ma-to-bak-ter′e-um)

A genus of nonmotile bacteria (of uncertain taxonomic classification) containing Gram-negative, pleomorphic rods with single or bipolar condensations of chromatin; cells occur singly and in clusters. Outside the human body, growth occurs only in the yolk sac or amniotic fluid of a developing chick embryo or in a medium containing embryonic yolk; the organisms are pathogenic only for humans. The type species is C. granulomatis. [G. kalymma, hood, veil, + bakterion, rod]
C. granulomatis a bacterial species causing granulomatous lesions (granuloma inguinale or granuloma venereum) (donovanosis) in humans, particularly in the inguinal region; the type species of the genus C..

calyx
calyx, pl .calyces (ka′liks, kal′i-sez)

SYN: calix. [G. cup of a flower]

CAM
CAM

Abbreviation for cell adhesion molecule.

cambendazole
cambendazole (kam-ben′dah-zol)

A anthelmintic.

cambium
cambium (kam′be-um)

The inner layer of the periosteum in membranous ossification. [L. exchange]

camera
camera, pl .cameraecameras (kam′er-a, -e) [TA]

1. SYN: anterior chamber of eyeball. 2. A closed box; especially one containing a lens, shutter, and light-sensitive film or plates for photography. [L. a vault]
Anger c. a scintigraphic imaging system or type of gamma c., employing a single thin crystal and multiple photodetecting circuits that views the entire field at once and is most effective in the 100- to 511-keV energy range.
c. anterior bulbi [TA] SYN: anterior chamber of eyeball.
camerae bulbi [TA] SYN: chambers of eyeball, under chamber.
gamma c. any one of several scintigraphic cameras that simultaneously record counts from the entire field of view. SYN: scintillation c..
multiformat c. photographic or laser printer for recording a variable number of digital images on a sheet of film, as in computed tomography or ultrasound.
c. oculi anterior SYN: anterior chamber of eyeball.
c. oculi major SYN: anterior chamber of eyeball.
c. oculi minor SYN: posterior chamber of eyeball.
c. oculi posterior SYN: posterior chamber of eyeball.
c. posterior bulbi [TA] SYN: posterior chamber of eyeball.
c. postrema [TA] SYN: postremal chamber of eyeball.
retinal c. an instrument for photographing the ocular fundus.
scintillation c. SYN: gamma c..
c. vitrea postremal chamber of eyeball.
c. vitrea bulbi postremal chamber of eyeball.
vitreous c. SYN: postremal chamber of eyeball.

camerostome
camerostome (kam′er-o-stom)

Ventral depression of the anterior cephalothorax of soft ticks (family Argasidae) in which the mouthparts (capitulum) lie. [L. camera, a vault, + G. stoma, mouth]

camisole
camisole (kam′i-sol)

SYN: straitjacket.

camomile
camomile (kam′o-mil)

SYN: chamomile.

cAMP
cAMP

Abbreviation for adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP).

Campbell
Campbell

William F., U.S. surgeon, 1867–1926. See C. ligament.

Campbell
Campbell

Meredith F., U.S. pediatric urologist, 1894-1969. See C. sound.

Camper
Camper

Pieter, Dutch physician and anatomist, 1721–1789. See C. chiasm, fatty layer of subcutaneous tissue of abdomen, C. ligament, C. line, C. plane.

camphene
camphene (kam′fen)

A terpenoid occurring in many essential oils, e.g., turpentine, camphor, citronella.

camphor
camphor (kam′for)

A ketone distilled from the bark and wood of Cinnamonum camphora, an evergreen tree of Taiwan and Southeast Asia and the adjoining islands, and also prepared synthetically from oil of turpentine; used in a variety of commercial products and as a topical antiinfective and antipruritic agent. [mediev. L., fr. Ar. kafure]
cantharis c. SYN: cantharidin.
c. liniment a mixture of c. and cottonseed oil, or c. and arachis oil; a mild counterirritant. SYN: camphorated oil.
monobromated c. obsolete term for an antispasmodic, soporific, and sedative.
tar c. SYN: naphthalene.
thyme c. SYN: thymol.

camphoraceous
camphoraceous (kam-fo-ra′shus)

Resembling camphor in appearance, consistency, or odor.

camphorated
camphorated (kam′fo-ra-ted)

Containing camphor.

camphorated oil
camphorated oil

SYN: camphor liniment.

campi foreli
campi foreli (kam′pe for-el′e)

SYN: fields of Forel, under field. [L. pl. of campus, field]

campimeter
campimeter (kam-pim′e-ter)

A small tangent screen used to measure central visual field. [L. campus, field, + G. metron, measure]

camplodactyly
camplodactyly

SYN: camptodactyly.

campothecins
campothecins (kam-po-tha′sinz)

Antitumor agents acting as topoisomerase inhibitors; include irinotecan and topotecan.

cAMP phosphodiesterase
cAMP phosphodiesterase

SYN: adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic phosphate phosphodiesterase.

camptocormia
camptocormia (kamp-to-kor′me-a)

Static, often marked forward flexion of the trunk; usually manifestation of conversion reaction. SYN: camptospasm, prosternation. [G. kamptos, bent, + kormos, trunk of a tree]

camptodactyly
camptodactyly, camptodactylia (kamp-to-dak′ti-le, -dak-til′e-a)

Permanent flexion of one or both interphalangeal joints of one or more fingers, usually the little finger; often congenital in origin. SYN: camplodactyly, streblodactyly. [G. kamptos, bent, + daktylos, finger]

camptomelia
camptomelia (kamp-to-me′le-a)

A skeletal dysplasia characterized by a bending of the long bones of the extremities, resulting in a permanent bowing or curvature of the affected part. [G. kamptos, bent, + melos, limb]

camptomelic
camptomelic (kamp-to-mel′ik)

Denoting or characteristic of camptomelia. See c. syndrome.

camptospasm
camptospasm (kamp′to-spazm)

SYN: camptocormia.

camptothecin
camptothecin (kamp-to-thek′in)

Plant alkaloids consisting of a pentacyclic structure with a lactone ring; inhibitors of topoisomerase I, i.e., topotecan and irinotecan (CPT-11). [Camptotheca, genus name of botanic source]

Campylobacter
Campylobacter (kam′pi-lo-bak′ter)

A genus of bacteria containing Gram-negative, nonsporeforming, spiral or S-curved rods with a single flagellum at one or both ends of the cell; cells may also become spherical under adverse conditions; they are motile with a corkscrewlike motion and nonsacchrolytic. The type species is C. fetus. [G. campylos, curved, + baktron, staff or rod]
C. coli a thermophilic bacterial species that causes first watery, then inflammatory, diarrheal disease in humans and in piglets.
C. concisus a catalase-negative bacterial species isolated from normal human fecal flora, gingival crevices in periodontal disease, and occasionally blood.
C. fetus a bacterial species that contains various subspecies which can cause human infections as well as abortion in sheep and cattle; it is the type species of the genus C..
C. fetus jejuni former name for C. jejuni.
C. hyointestinalis a bacterial species that causes an enteropathy in pigs; has been recovered from fecal specimens in humans with diarrhea and with proctitis, but its pathogenic role has not been defined.
C. jejuni a thermophilic bacterial species that causes in humans an acute gastroenteritis of sudden onset with constitutional symptoms (malaise, myalgia, arthralgia, and headache) and cramping abdominal pain; it has been associated with a demyelinating sequela, which can present with ascending paralysis. Potential sources of human infection include poultry, cattle, sheep, pigs, and dogs. This species also causes abortion in sheep.
C. lari a bacterial species primarily carried in birds, but associated with water-borne enteritis and occasionally septicemia in humans.
C. pylori SYN: Helicobacter pylori.
C. sputorum a facultative, microaerophilic, catalase-negative species found in the genital tract and feces of sheep and cattle and in the human oral cavity; a cause of human bronchitis.

campylobacteriosis
campylobacteriosis (kam′pi-lo-bak′ter-e-o′sis)

Infection caused by microaerophilic bacteria of the genus Campylobacter.

Canada
Canada

Wilma J., U.S. radiologist. See Cronkhite-C. syndrome.

canadine
canadine (kan′a-den)

C₂₀H₂₁NO₄;an alkaloid present in Hydrastis canadensis (family Ranunculaceae) and in Corydalis cava (family Fumaraceae) with sedative and muscle relaxant properties. SYN: xanthopuccine.

canal
canal (ka-nal′) [TA]

A duct or channel; a tubular structure. SEE ALSO: c., duct. SYN: canalis [TA] . [L. canalis]
abdominal c. SYN: inguinal c..
accessory c. a channel leading from the root pulp laterally through the dentin to the periodontal tissue; may be found anywhere in the tooth root, but is more common in the apical third of the root. SYN: lateral c..
adductor c. [TA] the space in middle third of the thigh between the vastus medialis and adductor muscles, converted into a c. by the overlying sartorius muscle. It gives passage to the femoral vessels and saphenous nerve, ending at the adductor hiatus. SYN: canalis adductorius [TA] , Hunter c., subsartorial c..
Alcock c. SYN: pudendal c..
alimentary c. SYN: digestive tract.
alveolar canals of maxilla [TA] canals in the body of the maxilla that transmit nerves and vessels from the alveolar foramina to the maxillary teeth. SYN: canales alveolares corporis maxillae [TA] , alveolodental canals, dental canals.
alveolodental canals SYN: alveolar canals of maxilla.
anal c. [TA] terminal portion of the alimentary c.; about 4 cm in length, beginning at the anorectal junction, where the rectal ampulla rather abruptly narrows as the alimentary c. pierces the pelvic diaphragm (levator ani), and ending at the anal verge, when the anoderm that lines the lower anal c. changes to hairy perianal skin; surrounded by the internal and external anal sphincters. SYN: canalis analis [TA] .
anterior condyloid c. of occipital bone SYN: hypoglossal c..
anterior semicircular canals semicircular canals of bony labyrinth.
archenteric c. invagination of the blastopore into the notochordal process to form a cavity. See neurenteric c.. SYN: notochordal c..
Arnold c. SYN: hiatus for lesser petrosal nerve.
arterial c. SYN: ductus arteriosus.
atrioventricular c. the c. in the embryonic heart leading from the common sinuatrial chamber to the ventricle.
auditory c. SYN: external acoustic meatus.
basipharyngeal c. SYN: vomerovaginal c..
Bernard c. SYN: accessory pancreatic duct.
Bichat c. SYN: quadrigeminal cistern.
birth c. cavity of the uterus and vagina through which the fetus passes. SYN: parturient c..
blastoporic c. obsolete term for primitive pit.
bony semicircular canals SYN: semicircular canals of bony labyrinth.
Böttcher c. SYN: utriculosaccular duct.
Breschet canals SYN: diploic canals.
carotid c. [TA] a passage through the petrous part of the temporal bone from its inferior surface upward, medially, and forward to the apex where it opens posterior and superior to the site of the foramen lacerum. It transmits the internal carotid artery and plexuses of veins and autonomic nerves. SYN: canalis caroticus [TA] .
carpal c. 1. SYN: carpal tunnel. 2. SYN: carpal groove.
caudal c. the space occupied by the sacral extension of the epidural space.
central c. [TA] SYN: canalis centralis medullae spinalis [TA] , syringocele (1) , tubus medullaris. SYN: central c. of spinal cord.
central canals of cochlea SYN: longitudinal canals of modiolus.
central c. of spinal cord [TA] the ependyma-lined lumen (cavity) of the neural tube, the cerebral part of which remains patent to form the ventricles of the brain, while the spinal part in the adult often is reduced to a solid strand of modified ependyma. SYN: central c. [TA] .
central c. of the vitreous SYN: hyaloid c..
cervical c. [TA] a fusiform c. extending from the isthmus of the uterus to the opening of the uterus into the vagina. SYN: canalis cervicis uteri [TA] .
cervicoaxillary c. superior opening to the axilla, bounded by clavicle anteriorly, scapula posteriorly and first rib medically. Axillary vessels and brachial plexus are transmitted.
ciliary canals SYN: spaces of iridocorneal angle, under space.
Civinini c. SYN: anterior canaliculus of chorda tympani.
Cloquet c. SYN: hyaloid c..
cochlear c. SYN: spiral c. of cochlea.
condylar c. [TA] the inconstant opening through the occipital bone posterior to the condyle on each side that transmits the occipital emissary vein. SYN: canalis condylaris [TA] , condyloid c., posterior condyloid foramen.
condyloid c. SYN: condylar c..
Corti c. SYN: Corti tunnel.
Cotunnius c. SYN: vestibular aqueduct.
craniopharyngeal c. SYN: pituitary diverticulum.
deferent c. SYN: ductus deferens.
dental canals SYN: alveolar canals of maxilla.
dentinal canals SYN: canaliculi dentales, under canaliculus.
diploic canals [TA] channels in the diploë that accommodate the diploic veins. SYN: canales diploici [TA] , Breschet canals.
Dorello c. a bony c. sometimes found at the tip of the temporal bone enclosing the abducens nerve and inferior petrosal sinus as these two structures enter the cavernous sinus.
Dupuytren c. SYN: diploic vein.
ear c. SYN: external acoustic meatus.
endodermal c. SYN: primitive gut.
endometrial c. [TA]
facial c. [TA] the bony passage in the temporal bone through which the facial nerve passes; the facial c. commences at the internal auditory meatus with the horizontal part which passes at first anteriorly (medial crus of facial c.) then turns posteriorly at the geniculum of the facial c. to pass medial to the tympanic cavity (lateral crus of facial c.); finally, it turns downward (descending part of facial c.) to reach the stylomastoid foramen. SYN: canalis nervi facialis [TA] , aqueductus fallopii, fallopian aqueduct, fallopian c..
fallopian c. SYN: facial c..
femoral c. [TA] the medial compartment of the femoral sheath, which is often occupied by the intermediate deep inguinal lymph node (of Cloquet), and provides both passage for lymphatics passing from lower limb to trunk and facilitates expansion of the adjacent femoral vein, as when it enlarges during a Valsalva maneuver. SYN: canalis femoralis [TA] .
Ferrein c. SYN: lacrimal pathway.
Fontana c. SYN: scleral venous sinus.
galactophorous canals SYN: lactiferous ducts, under duct.
Gartner c. SYN: longitudinal duct of epoöphoron.
gastric c. [TA] furrow formed temporarily between longitudinal rugae of the gastric mucosa along the lesser curvature during swallowing; observed radiographically and endoscopically, it is formed because of the firm attachment of the gastric mucosa to the muscular layer, which is devoid of an oblique layer at this site; said to form a passageway favored by saliva and small quantities of masticated food and other fluids as they flow from cardia to gastroduodenal junction. SYN: canalis gastricus [TA] , magenstrasse.
greater palatine c. [TA] the canalis formed between the maxilla and palatine bones; it transmits the descending palatine artery and the greater palatine nerve. SYN: canalis palatinus major [TA] , pterygopalatine c..
gubernacular c. a small c. located between the permanent tooth germ and the apex of the deciduous tooth, containing remnants of dental lamina and connective tissue.
c. of Guyon passageway through the transverse carpal ligament by which the ulnar nerve and artery enter the palm; it is closely related to the pisiform and the hook of the hamate.
Guyon c. the superficial c. between the flexor retinaculum of the hand and flexor carpi ulnaris through which pass the ulnar nerve and vasculature between forearm and hand.
gynecophoric c. a ventral groove running the length of male schistosome flukes, into which the threadlike female worm fits.
Hannover c. the potential space between the ciliary zonule and the vitreous body.
haversian canals vascular canals that run longitudinally in the center of haversian systems of compact osseous tissue. SYN: Leeuwenhoek canals.
Hensen c. SYN: ductus reuniens.
c. of Hering SYN: cholangiole.
Hirschfeld canals SYN: interdental canals.
Holmgrén-Golgi canals SYN: Golgi apparatus.
c. of Hovius an anastomotic circle between the anterior twigs of the venae vorticosae in the eyes of some animals, but not in normal human eyes.
Hoyer canals SYN: Sucquet-Hoyer canals.
Huguier c. SYN: anterior canaliculus of chorda tympani.
Hunter c. SYN: adductor c..
hyaloid c. [TA] a minute c. running through the vitreous from the optic disk to the lens, containing in fetal life a prolongation of the central artery of the retina, the hyaloid artery. See vitreous, hyaloid artery. SYN: canalis hyaloideus [TA] , central c. of the vitreous, Cloquet c., Stilling c..
hypoglossal c. [TA] the c. through which the hypoglossal nerve emerges from the skull. SYN: canalis hypoglossalis [TA] , anterior condyloid c. of occipital bone, anterior condyloid foramen.
incisive canals [TA] several bony canals leading from the floor of the nasal cavity into the incisive fossa on the palatal surface of the maxilla; they convey the nasopalatine nerves and branches of the greater palatine arteries that anastomose with the septal branch of the sphenopalatine artery. SYN: canales incisivi [TA] , incisor canals.
incisor canals SYN: incisive canals.
inferior dental c. SYN: mandibular c..
infraorbital c. [TA] a c. running beneath the orbital margin of the maxilla from the infraorbital groove, in the floor of the orbit, to the infraorbital foramen; it transmits the infraorbital artery and nerve. SYN: canalis infraorbitalis [TA] .
inguinal c. [TA] the obliquely directed passage through the musculoaponeurotic layers of the lower abdominal wall that transmits the spermatic cord in the male and the round ligament in the female from the pelvic cavity to the scrotum or labia majora, respectively. SYN: canalis inguinalis [TA] , abdominal c., Velpeau c..
interdental canals canals that extend vertically through alveolar bone between roots of mandibular and maxillary incisor and maxillary bicuspid teeth. SYN: Hirschfeld canals.
interfacial canals intercellular spaces occurring in relation to intercellular attachments by desmosomes in stratified squamous epithelium, generally resulting from shrinkage of an artifact of fixation.
Jacobson c. SYN: tympanic canaliculus.
Kürsteiner canals a fetal complex of vesicular, canalicular, and glandlike structures derived from parathyroid, thymus, or thymic cord; they are rudimentary and functionless unless persistent postnatally, when they may occur as cystic structures in the vicinity of parathyroid III and thymus III. Kürsteiner described three types, type II canals being associated with thyroaplasia.
lateral c. SYN: accessory c..
lateral semicircular canals semicircular canals of bony labyrinth.
Laurer c. a tube originating on the surface of the ootype of trematodes, directed dorsally to or near the surface; it may have originally served as a vagina or possibly as a reservoir of excess shell material.
Lauth c. SYN: scleral venous sinus.
Leeuwenhoek canals SYN: haversian canals.
lesser palatine canals [TA] canals located in the posterior part of the palatine bone. SYN: canales palatini minores [TA] , canals for lesser palatine nerves.
canals for lesser palatine nerves SYN: lesser palatine canals.
longitudinal canals of modiolus [TA] centrally placed channels that convey vessels and nerves to the apical turns of the cochlea. SYN: canales longitudinales modioli [TA] , central canals of cochlea.
Löwenberg c. SYN: cochlear duct.
mandibular c. [TA] the c. within the mandible that transmits the inferior alveolar nerve and vessels. Its posterior opening is the mandibular foramen. SYN: canalis mandibulae [TA] , inferior dental c..
marrow c. SYN: root c. of tooth.
mental c. SYN: mental foramen.
musculotubal c. [TA] a c. beginning at the anterior border of the petrous portion of the temporal bone near its junction with the squamous portion, and passing to the tympanic cavity; it is divided by the cochleariform process into two semicanals: one for the pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube, the other for the tensor tympani muscle. SYN: canalis musculotubarius [TA] .
nasolacrimal c. [TA] the bony c. formed by the maxilla, lacrimal bone, and inferior concha that transmits the nasolacrimal duct from the orbit to the inferior meatus of the nose. SYN: canalis nasolacrimalis [TA] .
neural c. the c. within the embryonic neural tube; the primordium of the central c..
neurenteric c. a transitory communication between the neural tube, notochordal c., and gut endoderm in vertebrate embryos.
notochordal c. SYN: archenteric c..
c. of Nuck processus vaginalis of peritoneum.
nutrient c. [TA] a c. in the shaft of a long bone or in other locations in irregular bones through which the nutrient artery enters a bone. SYN: canalis nutricius [TA] .
obturator c. [TA] the opening in the superior part of the obturator membrane through which the obturator nerve and vessels pass from the pelvic cavity into the thigh. SYN: canalis obturatorius [TA] .
optic c. [TA] the short c. through the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone at the apex of the orbit that gives passage to the optic nerve and the ophthalmic artery. SYN: canalis opticus [TA] , foramen opticum, optic foramen.
palatovaginal c. [TA] on the undersurface of the vaginal process of the sphenoid bone, a furrow that is converted into a c. by the sphenoidal process of the palatine bone; it transmits the pharyngeal branch of the maxillary artery and the pharyngeal nerve from the pterygopalatine ganglion. SYN: canalis palatovaginalis, pharyngeal c..
parturient c. SYN: birth c..
pelvic c. the passage from the superior to the inferior aperture of the pelvis.
pericardioperitoneal c. the portion of the embryonic celom that joins the pericardial cavity to the peritoneal cavity, developing into the pleural cavities. SYN: pleural c..
persistent atrioventricular c. a condition that is caused when the atrial and ventricular septa fail to meet, as in normal development, resulting in a low atrial and high ventricular septal defect or a common atrioventricular c.. SYN: endocardial cushion defect.
Petit canals SYN: zonular spaces, under space.
pharyngeal c. SYN: palatovaginal c..
c. for pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube [TA] the inferior division of the musculotubal c. that forms the bony part of the pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube. SYN: semicanalis tubae auditivae [TA] , semicanal of auditory tube, semicanalis t′ubae audito′riae.
pleural c. SYN: pericardioperitoneal c..
pleuropericardial canals in the embryo, spaces or channels, one on each side, connecting the pericardial and pleural cavities.
pleuroperitoneal c. the communication between the embryonic pleural and peritoneal cavities.
portal canals connective tissue spaces in the substance of the liver that are occupied by preterminal ramifications of the bile ducts, portal vein, and hepatic artery, as well as nerves and lymphatics.
posterior semicircular canals semicircular canals of bony labyrinth.
pterygoid c. [TA] an opening through the base of the medial pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone through which pass the artery, vein, and nerve of the pterygoid c.. SYN: canalis pterygoideus [TA] , vidian c..
pterygopalatine c. SYN: greater palatine c..
pudendal c. [TA] the space within the obturator internus fascia lining the lateral wall of the ischioanal (ischiorectal) fossa that transmits the pudendal vessels and internal pudendal nerves. SYN: canalis pudendalis [TA] , Alcock c..
pulp c. SYN: root c. of tooth.
pyloric c. [TA] the aboral segment (about 2–3 cm long) of the stomach; it succeeds the antrum and ends at the gastroduodenal junction. SYN: canalis pyloricus [TA] .
Rivinus canals major sublingual duct, minor sublingual ducts, under duct.
root c. of tooth [TA] the chamber of the dental pulp lying within the root portion of a tooth. SYN: canalis radicis dentis [TA] , marrow c., pulp c..
Rosenthal c. SYN: spiral c. of cochlea.
sacral c. [TA] the continuation of the vertebral c. in the sacrum. SYN: canalis sacralis [TA] .
Santorini c. SYN: accessory pancreatic duct.
canals of Scarpa separate canals for the nasopalatine nerves and vessels. These canals normally fuse to form the incisive c..
Schlemm c. SYN: scleral venous sinus.
semicircular canals semicircular canals of bony labyrinth.
semicircular canals of bony labyrinth [TA] the organ of balance; the three bony tubes in the labyrinth of the ear within which the membranous semicircular ducts are located; they lie in planes at right angles to each other and are known as anterior semicircular c., posterior semicircular c., and lateral semicircular c.. SYN: bony semicircular canals, canales semicircularis ossei.
small c. of chorda tympani SYN: posterior canaliculus of chorda tympani.
Sondermann c. a blind outpouching of Schlemm c., extending toward, but not communicating with, the anterior chamber of the eye.
spinal c. SYN: vertebral c..
spiral c. of cochlea [TA] the winding tube of the bony labyrinth that makes two and a half turns about the modiolus of the cochlea; it is divided incompletely into two compartments by a winding shelf of bone, the bony spiral lamina. SYN: canalis spiralis cochleae [TA] , cochlear c., Rosenthal c..
spiral c. of modiolus [TA] the space in the modiolus in which the spiral ganglion of the cochlear nerve lies. SYN: canalis spiralis modioli [TA] .
Stilling c. SYN: hyaloid c..
subsartorial c. SYN: adductor c..
Sucquet canals SYN: Sucquet-Hoyer canals.
Sucquet-Hoyer canals arteriovenular anastomoses controlling blood flow in the glomus bodies in the digits. SYN: Hoyer anastomoses, Hoyer canals, Sucquet anastomoses, Sucquet canals, Sucquet-Hoyer anastomoses.
tarsal c. SYN: tarsal sinus.
temporal c. a c. in the zygomatic bone transmitting the zygomaticofacial and zygomaticotemporal nerves and vessels.
c. for tensor tympani muscle [TA] semicanal of the tensor muscle of the tympanum; the superior division of the musculotubal c. containing the tensor tympani muscle. SYN: semicanalis musculi tensoris tympani [TA] , semicanal for tensor tympani muscle.
Theile c. SYN: transverse pericardial sinus.
tubotympanic c. tubotympanic recess.
tympanic c. SYN: tympanic canaliculus.
uniting c. SYN: ductus reuniens.
uterovaginal c. a median tubular structure produced in the embryo from the fusion of the caudal parts of the paramesonephric ducts.
van Horne c. SYN: thoracic duct.
Velpeau c. SYN: inguinal c..
vertebral c. [TA] the c. that contains the spinal cord, spinal meninges, and related structures. It is formed by the vertebral foramina of successive vertebrae of the articulated vertebral column. SYN: canalis vertebralis [TA] , spinal c., tubus vertebralis.
vesicourethral c. the cranial portion of the primitive urogenital sinus from which develop the urinary bladder and part of the urethra.
vestibular c. SYN: scala vestibuli.
vidian c. SYN: pterygoid c..
Volkmann canals vascular canals in compact bone that, unlike those of the haversian system, are not surrounded by concentric lamellae of bone; they run for the most part transversely, perforating the lamellae of the haversian system, and communicate with the canals of that system.
vomerine c. SYN: vomerovaginal c..
vomerobasilar c. SYN: vomerorostral c..
vomerorostral c. [TA] a small c. between the superior border of the vomer and the rostrum of the sphenoidal bone. SYN: canalis vomerorostralis [TA] , vomerobasilar c..
vomerovaginal c. [TA] an opening between the vaginal process of the sphenoid and the ala of the vomer on either side. It conveys a branch of the sphenopalatine artery. SYN: canalis vomerovaginalis [TA] , basipharyngeal c., vomerine c..
Walther canals SYN: minor sublingual ducts, under duct.
Wirsung c. SYN: pancreatic duct.

canales
canales (ka-na′lez)

Plural of canalis.

canalicular
canalicular (kan-a-lik′u-lar)

Relating to a canaliculus. [L. canaliculus, small channel, dim. fr. canalis, canal, + suffix -ar, pertaining to]

canaliculi
canaliculi (kan-a-lik′u-li)

Plural of canaliculus.

canaliculitis
canaliculitis (kan′a-lik-u-li′tis)

Inflammation of the lacrimal canaliculus. [canaliculus + G. -itis, inflammation]

canaliculization
canaliculization (kan-a-lik′u-li-za′shun)

The formation of canaliculi, or small canals, in any tissue.

canaliculus
canaliculus, pl .canaliculi (kan-a-lik′u-lus, -li) [TA]

A small canal or channel. SEE ALSO: iter. [L. dim. fr. canalis, canal]
anterior c. of chorda tympani a canal in the petrotympanic or glaserian fissure, near its posterior edge, through which the chorda tympani nerve issues from the skull. SYN: Civinini canal, Huguier canal, iter chordae anterius.
auricular c. SYN: mastoid c..
biliary c. one of the intercellular channels, about 1 μm or less in diameter, that occur between liver cells forming the first portion of the bile system. SYN: bile capillary.
bone c. the c. interconnecting bone lacunae with one another or with a haversian canal; contains the interconnecting cytoplasmic processes of osteocytes.
caroticotympanic canaliculi [TA] small openings within the carotid canal that afford passage to the tympanic cavity of branches of the internal carotid artery and carotid sympathetic plexus. SYN: canaliculi caroticotympanici [TA] .
canaliculi caroticotympanici [TA] SYN: caroticotympanic canaliculi.
c. chordae tympani [TA] SYN: posterior c. of chorda tympani.
c. of chorda tympani SYN: posterior c. of chorda tympani.
c. cochleae [TA] SYN: cochlear c..
cochlear c. [TA] a minute canal in the temporal bone that passes from the cochlea inferiorly to open in front of the medial side of the jugular fossa. It contains the perilymphatic duct. SYN: c. cochleae [TA] .
canaliculi dentales minute, wavy, branching tubes or canals in the dentin; they contain the long cytoplasmic processes of odontoblasts and extend radially from the pulp to the dentoenamel junction. SYN: dental tubules, dentinal canals, dentinal tubules, tubuli dentales.
c. innominatus SYN: foramen petrosum.
intercellular c. one of the fine channels between adjoining secretory cells, such as those between serous cells in salivary glands.
intracellular c. a fine canal formed by invagination of the cell membrane into the cytoplasm of a cell, such as those of the parietal cells of the stomach.
lacrimal c. [TA] a curved canal beginning at the lacrimal punctum in the margin of each eyelid near the medial commissure and running transversely medially to empty with its fellow into the lacrimal sac. SYN: c. lacrimalis [TA] .
c. lacrimalis [TA] SYN: lacrimal c..
mastoid c. [TA] the canal that extends from the jugular fossa laterally through the mastoid process. It transmits the auricular branch of the vagus. SYN: c. mastoideus [TA] , auricular c..
c. mastoideus [TA] SYN: mastoid c..
posterior c. of chorda tympani a canal leading from the facial canal to the tympanic cavity through which the chorda tympani nerve enters this cavity. SYN: c. chordae tympani [TA] , c. of chorda tympani, iter chordae posterius, small canal of chorda tympani.
c. reuniens SYN: ductus reuniens.
secretory c. intercellular c., intracellular c..
Thiersch canaliculi minute channels in newly formed reparative tissue, permitting the circulation of nutritive fluids, precursors of new vascularization.
tympanic c. [TA] a minute canal passing from the inferior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone between the jugular fossa and carotid canal to the floor of the tympanic cavity. Located in the wedge of bone separating the jugular canal and carotid canal, it transmits the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve. SYN: c. tympanicus [TA] , Jacobson canal, tympanic canal.
c. tympanicus [TA] SYN: tympanic c..

canalis
canalis, pl .canales (ka-na′lis, -lez) [TA]

SYN: canal. [L.]
c. adductorius [TA] SYN: adductor canal.
canales alveolares corporis maxillae [TA] SYN: alveolar canals of maxilla, under canal.
c. analis [TA] SYN: anal canal.
c. caroticus [TA] SYN: carotid canal.
c. carpi [TA] SYN: carpal tunnel.
c. centralis medullae spinalis [TA] SYN: central canal.
c. cervicis uteri [TA] SYN: cervical canal.
c. condylaris [TA] SYN: condylar canal.
canales diploici [TA] SYN: diploic canals, under canal.
c. femoralis [TA] SYN: femoral canal.
c. gastricus [TA] SYN: gastric canal.
c. hyaloideus [TA] SYN: hyaloid canal.
c. hypoglossalis [TA] SYN: hypoglossal canal.
canales incisivi [TA] SYN: incisive canals, under canal.
c. infraorbitalis [TA] SYN: infraorbital canal.
c. inguinalis [TA] SYN: inguinal canal.
canales longitudinales modioli [TA] SYN: longitudinal canals of modiolus, under canal.
c. mandibulae [TA] SYN: mandibular canal.
c. musculotubarius [TA] SYN: musculotubal canal.
c. nasolacrimalis [TA] SYN: nasolacrimal canal.
c. nervi facialis [TA] SYN: facial canal.
c. nervi petrosi superficialis minoris SYN: hiatus for lesser petrosal nerve.
c. nutricius [TA] SYN: nutrient canal.
c. obturatorius [TA] SYN: obturator canal.
c. opticus [TA] SYN: optic canal.
canales palatini minores [TA] SYN: lesser palatine canals, under canal.
c. palatinus major [TA] SYN: greater palatine canal.
c. palatovaginalis SYN: palatovaginal canal.
c. pterygoideus [TA] SYN: pterygoid canal.
c. pudendalis [TA] SYN: pudendal canal.
c. pyloricus [TA] SYN: pyloric canal.
c. radicis dentis [TA] SYN: root canal of tooth.
c. reuniens SYN: ductus reuniens.
c. sacralis [TA] SYN: sacral canal.
canales semicircularis anterior anterior semicurcular canal. See semicircular canals of bony labyrinth, under canal.
canales semicircularis lateralis lateral semicircular canal. See semicircular canals of bony labyrinth, under canal.
canales semicircularis ossei SYN: semicircular canals of bony labyrinth, under canal.
canales semicircularis posterior posterior semicircular canal. See semicircular canals of bony labyrinth, under canal.
c. spiralis cochleae [TA] SYN: spiral canal of cochlea.
c. spiralis modioli [TA] SYN: spiral canal of modiolus.
c. umbilicalis SYN: umbilical ring.
c. vertebralis [TA] SYN: vertebral canal.
c. vomerorostralis [TA] SYN: vomerorostral canal.
c. vomerovaginalis [TA] SYN: vomerovaginal canal.

canalization
canalization (kan-al-i-za′shun)

The formation of canals or channels in a tissue.

Canavan
Canavan

Myrtelle M., U.S. pathologist, 1879–1953. See C. disease, C. sclerosis, C.-van Bogaert-Bertrand disease.

canavanase
canavanase (kan-av′a-nas)

SYN: arginase.

canavanine
canavanine (kan-a-van′in)

2-Amino-4-guanidinohydroxybutyric acid;an analog of arginine found in certain legumes; used in studies of arginine-dependent systems; it is also a potent growht inhibitor. [Canavalia + -ine]

cancellated
cancellated (kan′se-la-ted)

SYN: cancellous. [L. cancello, to make a lattice work]

cancellous
cancellous (kan′se-lus)

Denoting bone that has a latticelike or spongy structure. SYN: cancellated.

cancellus
cancellus, pl .cancelli (kan-sel′us, -li)

A latticelike structure, as in spongy bone. [L. a grating, lattice]

cancer
cancer (CA) (kan′ser)

General term frequently used to indicate any of various types of malignant neoplasms, most of which invade surrounding tissues, may metastasize to several sites, and are likely to recur after attempted removal and to cause death of the patient unless adequately treated; especially, any such carcinoma or sarcoma, but, in ordinary usage, especially the former. [L. a crab, a c.]
betel c. carcinoma of the mucous membrane of the cheek, observed in certain East Indian natives, probably as a result of irritation from chewing a preparation of betel nut and lime rolled within a betel leaf. SYN: buyo cheek c..
buyo cheek c. SYN: betel c.. [Philippine buyo, betel]
chimney sweep's c. a squamous cell carcinoma of the skin of the scrotum, occurring as an occupational disease in chimney sweeps. The first reported form of occupational c. (by Sir Percival Pott).
colloid c. SYN: mucinous carcinoma.
conjugal c. c. à deux occurring in husband and wife.
c. à deux carcinomas occurring at approximately the same time, or in fairly close succession, in two persons who live together. [Fr. deux, two]
c. en cuirasse (on-kwe-rahs′, Fr. breastplate) a carcinoma that involves a considerable portion of the skin of one or both sides of the thorax. [Fr. breastplate]
epidermoid c. SYN: epidermoid carcinoma.
epithelial c. any malignant neoplasm originating from epithelium, i.e., a carcinoma.
familial c. c. aggregating among blood relatives; rarely the mode of inheritance is clearly mendelian, either dominant, as in retinoblastoma, basal cell nevus syndrome, neurofibromatosis, and intestinal polyposis, or recessive, as in xeroderma pigmentosum. SEE ALSO: c. family.
glandular c. SYN: adenocarcinoma.
hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal c. an autosomal dominant predisposition to c. of the colon and rectum.
kang c., kangri c. a carcinoma of the skin of the thigh or abdomen in certain Indian or Chinese workers; thought to result from irritation by heat from a hot brick oven (kang) or fire basket (kangri). SYN: kangri burn carcinoma.
mouse c. any of various types of malignant neoplasms that occur naturally in mice, especially in certain inbred “c. strains” used for research studies.
mule-spinner's c. carcinoma of the scrotum or adjacent skin exposed to oil, observed in some workers in cotton-spinning mills.
paraffin c. carcinoma of the skin occurring as an occupational disease in paraffin workers.
pipe-smoker's c. squamous cell carcinoma of the lips occurring in pipe smokers.
pitch-worker's c. carcinoma of the skin of the face or neck, arms and hands, or the scrotum, resulting from exposure to carcinogens in pitch, which occurs naturally as asphalt, or as a residue in the distillation of tar.
scar c. SYN: scar carcinoma.
scar c. of the lungs a pulmonary c. intimately related to a localized area of parenchymal fibrosis.
stump c. carcinoma of the stomach developing after gastroenterostomy or gastric resection for benign disease.
telangiectatic c. a c. with numerous dilated capillaries and “lakes” of blood within relatively large endothelium-lined channels.

cancerophobia
cancerophobia (kan′ser-o-fo′be-a)

A morbid fear of acquiring a malignant growth. SYN: carcinophobia. [cancer + G. phobos, fear]

cancerous
cancerous (kan′ser-us)

Relating to or pertaining to a malignant neoplasm, or being afflicted with such a process.

cancra
cancra (kang′kra)

Plural of cancrum.

cancriform
cancriform (kang′kri-form)

Resembling cancer. SYN: cancroid (1) .

cancroid
cancroid (kang′kroyd)

1. SYN: cancriform. 2. Obsolete term for a malignant neoplasm that manifests a lesser degree of malignancy than that frequently observed with carcinoma or sarcoma. [cancer + G. eidos, resemblance]

cancrum
cancrum, pl .cancra (kang′krum, -kra)

A gangrenous, ulcerative, inflammatory lesion. [Mod. L., fr. L. cancer, crab]
c. nasi gangrenous, necrotizing, and ulcerative rhinitis, especially in children.
c. oris SYN: noma.

candela
candela (cd) (kan′de-la)

The SI unit of luminous intensity, 1 lumen per m²; the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 × 10¹² Hz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 W per steradian (solid angle). SYN: candle. [L.]

candicans
candicans (kan′di-kanz)

One of the corpora albicantia. [L. candico, pres. p. -ans, to be whitish]

candicidin
candicidin (kan-di-si′din)

A fungistatic and fungicidal polyene antibiotic agent derived from a soil actinomycete similar to Streptomyces griseus; used in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis.

Candida
Candida (kan′did-a)

A genus of yeastlike fungi commonly found in nature; a few species are isolated from the skin, feces, and vaginal and pharyngeal tissue, but the gastrointestinal tract is the source of the single most important species, C. albicans. [L. candidus, dazzling white]
C. albicans a fungal species ordinarily a part of humans' normal gastrointestinal flora, but which becomes pathogenic when there is a disturbance in the balance of flora or in an impairment of the host defenses from other causes; resulting disease states may vary from limited to generalized cutaneous or mucocutaneous infections, to severe and fatal systemic disease including endocarditis, septicemia, and meningitis. SYN: thrush fungus.
C. glabrata a fungal species that is a cause of human candidiasis; formerly classified as Torulopsis glabrata.
C. parapsilosis a species of limited pathogenicity that may cause endocarditis, paronychia, and otitis externa.
C. tropicalis a species occasionally associated with candidiasis.

candidemia
candidemia (kan-di-de′me-a)

Presence of cells of Candida species in the peripheral blood. [Candida + G. haima, blood]

candidiasis
candidiasis (kan-di-di′a-sis)

Infection with, or disease caused by, Candida, especially C. albicans. This disease usually results from debilitation (as in immunosuppression and especially AIDS), physiologic change, prolonged administration of antibiotics, and iatrogenic and barrier breakage. SYN: candidosis, moniliasis.

candidosis
candidosis (kan-di-do′sis)

SYN: candidiasis.

candle
candle (kan′dl)

SYN: candela.

candle-meter
candle-meter (kan′dl-me′ter)

SYN: lux.

candle-power
candle-power (kan′dl-pow′er)

SYN: luminous intensity.

Canidae
Canidae (kan′i-de)

A family of the Carnivora including the dogs, coyotes, wolves, and foxes. [L. canis, dog]

canine
canine (ka′nin)

1. Relating to a dog. 2. Relating to the c. teeth. 3. SYN: c. tooth. 4. Referring to the cuspid tooth. [L. caninus]

caniniform
caniniform (ka-ni′ni-form)

Resembling a canine tooth.

canister
canister (kan′is-ter)

A box or container; in anesthesiology, the container for carbon dioxide absorbent.

canities
canities (ka-nish′e-ez)

Graying of hair. SEE ALSO: poliosis. [L., fr. canus, hoary, gray]
c. poliosis SYN: ectopic eyelash.
c. circumscripta SYN: piebald eyelash.
rapid c. whitening of hair overnight or over a few days; in the latter case, may be seen in alopecia areata, when surviving pigmented hairs are preferentially shed from gray hair.

canker
canker (kang′ker)

1. In cats and dogs, acute inflammation of the external ear and auditory canal. See aphtha. 2. In the horse, a process similar to but more advanced than thrush; the horny frog is generally underrun with a whitish, cheeselike exudate, and the entire sole and even the wall of the hoof may be undermined. [L. cancer, crab, malignant growth]
water c. SYN: noma.

cannabidiol
cannabidiol (kan-a-bi-di′ol)

A constituent of Cannabis, related to cannabinol.

cannabinoids
cannabinoids (ka-nab′i-noydz)

Organic substances present in Cannabis sativa, having a variety of pharmacologic properties.

cannabinol
cannabinol (ka-nab′i-nol)

A constituent of the resinous exudate of the pistillate flowers of Cannabis sativa; it has no psychotomimetic action as do the tetrahydro derivatives isolated from marijuana.

cannabis
cannabis (kan′a-bis)

The dried flowering tops of the pistillate plants of C. sativa (family Moraceae) containing isomeric tetrahydrocannabinols, cannabinol, and cannabidiol. Preparations of c. are smoked or ingested by members of various cultures and subcultures to induce psychotomimetic effects such as euphoria, hallucinations, drowsiness, and other mental changes. C. was formerly used as a sedative and analgesic; now available for restricted use in management of iatrogenic anorexia, especially that associated with oncologic chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Known by many colloquial or slang terms such as marihuana; marijuana; pot; grass; bhang; charas; ganja; hashish. [L., fr. G. kannabis, hemp]

cannabism
cannabism (kan′a-bizm)

Poisoning by preparations of cannabis.

Cannizzaro
Cannizzaro

Stanislao, Italian chemist, 1826–1910. See C. reaction.

Cannon
Cannon

Walter B., U.S. physiologist, 1871–1945. See C. ring, C. theory, C.-Bard theory, Bernard-C. homeostasis.

cannula
cannula (kan′u-la)

A tube that can be inserted into a cavity, usually by means of a trocar filling its lumen; after insertion of the c., the trocar is withdrawn and the c. remains as a channel for the transport of fluid. [L. dim. of canna, reed]
Hasson c. a laparoscopic instrument for open (rather than blind needle insufflation) placement of the initial port. The Hasson has a blunt-tipped obturator instead of a sharp trocar and a balloon on the distal portion of the sheath to hold it in place. SYN: laparoscopic c..
Karman c. a flexible plastic c. used in performing early (menstrual extraction) abortion.
laparoscopic c. SYN: Hasson c..
perfusion c. 1. a double-barreled c. used for irrigation of a cavity, the wash fluid passing into the cavity through one tube and out through the other. 2. c. used to perfuse an organ, i.e., used to flush a donor organ in preparation for transplantation.
washout c. a c. that can be irrigated without removal from the artery.

cannulation
cannulation, cannulization (kan-u-la′shun, -u-li-za′shun)

Insertion of a cannula.

Cantelli sign
Cantelli sign

See under sign.

canthal
canthal (kan′thal)

Relating to a canthus.

cantharidal
cantharidal (kan-thar′i-dal)

Relating to or containing cantharides.

cantharidate
cantharidate (kan-thar′i-dat)

A salt of cantharidic acid.

cantharides
cantharides (kan-thar′i-dez)

Plural of cantharis.

cantharidic acid
cantharidic acid (kan-thar′i-dik)

An acid, derived from cantharis, that forms salts (cantharidates) with alkalis.

cantharidin
cantharidin (kan-thar′i-din)

The active principle of cantharis; the anhydride of cantharic acid. SYN: cantharis camphor.

cantharis
cantharis, gen. cantharidis, pl .cantharides (kan′thar-is, kan-thar′i-dis, -dez)

A dried beetle, Lytta (C.) vesicatoria, used as a counterirritant and vesicant. SYN: Russian fly, Spanish fly. [L., fr. G. kantharis, a beetle]

canthectomy
canthectomy (kan-thek′to-me)

Excision of a palpebral canthus. [G. kanthos, canthus, + ektome, excision]

canthi
canthi (kan′thi)

Plural of canthus.

canthitis
canthitis (kan-thi′tis)

Inflammation of a canthus.

cantholysis
cantholysis (kan-thol′i-sis)

SYN: canthoplasty (1) . [G. kanthos, canthus, + lysis, loosening]

canthoplasty
canthoplasty (kan′tho-plas-te)

1. An operation for lengthening the palpebral fissure by incision through the lateral canthus. SYN: cantholysis. 2. An operation for restoration of the canthus. [G. kanthos, canthus, + plasso, to form]

canthorrhaphy
canthorrhaphy (kan-thor′a-fe)

Suture of the eyelids at either canthus. [G. kanthos, canthus, + rhaphe, suture]

canthotomy
canthotomy (kan-thot′o-me)

Slitting of the canthus. [G. kanthos, canthus, + tome, incision]

canthus
canthus, pl .canthi (kan′thus, -thi)

The angle of the eye. [G. kanthos, corner of the eye]
external c. SYN: lateral angle of eye.
internal c. SYN: medial angle of eye.
lateral c. SYN: lateral angle of eye.
medial c. SYN: medial angle of eye.

Cantor
Cantor

Meyer O., U.S. physician, *1907. See C. tube.

CaOC
CaOC

Abbreviation for cathodal opening contraction.

CAP
CAP

Abbreviation for catabolite (gene) activator protein.

cap
cap (kap)

1. Any anatomic structure that resembles a c. or cover. 2. A protective covering for an incomplete tooth. 3. Colloquialism for restoration of the coronal part of a natural tooth by means of an artificial crown. 4. The nucleotide structure found at the 5′-terminus of many eukaryotic messenger RNAs, consisting of a 7-methylguanosine connected, via its 5′-hydroxyl group, by a triphosphate group to the 5′-hydroxyl group of the first nucleoside encoded by the DNA; usually symbolized as m⁷G^5′ppp^5′N, where N is nucleoside number 1 in the transcribed mRNA and is often itself methylated; the c. is added posttranscriptionally.
acrosomal c. a collapsed membranous vesicle that covers the anterior part of the nucleus of the spermatozoon, derived from the acrosomal granule; the carbohydrate-rich substance of the c. is associated with hydrolytic enzymes that aid in sperm penetration of the zona pellucida of the ovum. SYN: head c..
apical c. a curved shadow at the apex of one or both hemithoraces on chest x-ray; caused by pleural and pulmonary fibrosis or, on the left, by blood from a traumatic rupture of the aorta.
cervical c. a contraceptive diaphragm that fits over the cervix uteri.
chin c. an extraoral appliance designed to exert an upward and backward force on the mandible by applying pressure to the chin, thereby preventing forward growth.
cradle c. colloquialism for seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp of the newborn, a red, waxy scaling seen in the third to fourth week.
dental caps deciduous cheek teeth in the horse which remain attached to erupting permanent teeth.
duodenal c. the first portion of the duodenum, as seen in a radiograph or by fluoroscopy. SYN: duodenal bulb.
enamel c. the enamel covering the crown of a tooth.
head c. SYN: acrosomal c..
metanephric c. the concentrated mass of mesodermal cells about the metanephric bud in a young embryo; the cells of the c. form the uriniferous tubules of the permanent kidney. SYN: metanephric blastema.
phrygian c. in cholecystography, an incomplete septum or a fold in the gallbladder, the shape of which suggests the liberty c. of the French Revolution.
pyloric c. obsolete term for duodenal c..

capacitance
capacitance (ka-pas′i-tans)

The quantity of electric charge that may be stored upon a body per unit electric potential; expressed in farads, abfarads, or statfarads.

capacitation
capacitation (ka-pas′i-ta′shun)

C. is a process whereby the glycoprotein coat is modified and seminal proteins are removed from the surface of the sperm. There are no morphologic changes. C. occurs in in vitro fertilization; after c., the acrosomal reaction can occur. [L. capacitas, fr. capax, capable of]

capacitor
capacitor (ka-pas′i-ter, -tor)

A device for holding a charge of electricity. SYN: condenser (4) .

capacity
capacity (ka-pas′i-te)

1. The potential cubic contents of a cavity or receptacle. 2. Power to do. SEE ALSO: volume. [L. capax, able to contain; fr. capio, to take]
buffer c. the amount of hydrogen ion (or hydroxyl ion) required to bring about a specific pH change in a specified volume of a buffer. SEE ALSO: buffer value.
carrying c. an estimate of the number of people that a region, a nation, or the planet can sustain.
cranial c. the cubic content of the skull obtained by determining the cubage of small shot, seeds, or beads required to fill the skull.
diffusing c. (symbol, D, followed by subscripts indicating location and chemical species) the amount of oxygen taken up by pulmonary capillary blood per minute per unit average oxygen pressure gradient between alveolar gas and pulmonary capillary blood; units are: ml/min/mm Hg; also applied to other gases such as carbon monoxide, which is used in the standard clinical measure of diffusing c..
forced vital c. (FVC) vital c. measured with the subject exhaling as rapidly as possible; data relating volume, expiratory flow, and time form the basis for other pulmonary function tests, e.g., flow-volume curve, forced expiratory volume, forced expiratory time, forced expiratory flow.
functional residual c. (FRC) the volume of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration; it is the sum of expiratory reserve volume and residual volume. SYN: functional residual air.
heat c. the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of a system 1°C. SYN: thermal c..
inspiratory c. the volume of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration; it is the sum of the tidal volume and the inspiratory reserve volume. SYN: complementary air.
iron-binding c. (IBC) the c. of iron-binding protein in serum (transferrin) to bind serum iron.
maximum breathing c. (MBC) SYN: maximum voluntary ventilation.
oxygen c. the maximum quantity of oxygen that will combine chemically with the hemoglobin in a unit volume of blood; normally it amounts to 1.34 ml of O₂ per g of Hb or 20 ml of O₂ per 100 ml of blood.
residual c. SYN: residual volume.
respiratory c. SYN: vital c..
thermal c. SYN: heat c..
total lung c. (TLC) the inspiratory c. plus the functional residual c.; i.e., the volume of air contained in the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration; also equals vital c. plus residual volume.
vital c. (VC) the greatest volume of air that can be exhaled from the lungs after a maximum inspiration. SYN: respiratory c..

capactins
capactins (kap-ak′tinz)

A class of proteins capping the ends of actin filaments.

CAPD
CAPD

Acronym for continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

Capgras
Capgras

Jean Marie Joseph, French psychiatrist, 1873–1950. See C. phenomenon, C. syndrome.

capillarectasia
capillarectasia (kap′i-lar-ek-ta′ze-a)

Rarely used term for dilation of the capillary blood vessels. [capillary + G. ektasis, extension]

Capillaria
Capillaria (kap-i-la′re-a)

A genus of aphasmid nematode worms, characterized by threadlike appearance; related to Trichuris. [L. capillaris, fr. capillus, hair]
C. hepatica species of threadworm that infects the liver in rodents; occasionally reported from humans.
C. philippinensis a species of threadworm that has been implicated as a cause of intestinal capillariasis among northern Philippine fishermen.

capillariasis
capillariasis (kap′i-lar-i′a-sis)

A disease caused by infection with nematodes of the genus Capillaria.
intestinal c. a spruelike diarrheal disease caused by infection with Capillaria philippinensis, large populations of which are built up by internal autoinfection in the intestinal mucosa; characterized by abdominal pain, edema, diarrhea, cachexia, hypoproteinemia, hypotension, cardiac failure, and hyporeflexia; severe infection is often manifested as a fulminating disorder that may be fatal.

capillariomotor
capillariomotor (kap-i-lar′e-o-mo′tor)

Vasomotor, with special reference to the capillaries.

capillarioscopy
capillarioscopy (kap′i-lar-e-os′ko-pe)

Viewing the cutaneous capillaries at the base of the fingernail through the low power of the microscope. SYN: capillaroscopy, microangioscopy.

capillaritis
capillaritis (kap′i-lar-i′tis)

Inflammation of a capillary or capillaries.

capillarity
capillarity (kap-i-lar′i-te)

The rise of liquids in narrow tubes or through the pores of a loose material, as a result of capillary action.

capillaron
capillaron (kap′i-la-ron)

An anatomical module composed of parenchymal cells together with their blood capillaries and extracapillary fluid in a compliant capsule; functions as a hydraulic unit that provides a theoretical basis for proposing that blood flow is regulated at the capillary.

capillaropathy
capillaropathy (kap′i-la-rop′a-the)

Any disease of the capillaries, often applied to vascular changes in diabetes mellitus. SYN: microangiopathy. [capillary + G. pathos, disease]

capillaroscopy
capillaroscopy (kap′i-lar-os′ko-pe)

SYN: capillarioscopy.

capillary
capillary (kap′i-lar-e) [TA]

1. Resembling a hair; fine; minute. 2. A c. vessel; e.g., blood c., lymph c.. SYN: vas capillare [TA] , c. vessel. 3. Relating to a blood or lymphatic c. vessel. [L. capillaris, relating to hair]
arterial c. a c. opening from an arteriole or metarteriole.
bile c. SYN: biliary canaliculus.
blood c. (symbol c, as a subscript) a vessel whose wall consists of endothelium and its basement membrane; its diameter, when the c. is open, is about 8 μm; with the electron microscope, fenestrated capillaries and continuous capillaries are distinguished.
continuous c. a c. in which small vesicles (caveolae) are numerous and pores are absent.
fenestrated c. a c., found in renal glomeruli, intestinal villi, and endocrine glands, in which ultramicroscopic pores of variable size occur; usually these are closed by a delicate diaphragm, although diaphragms are lacking in at least some renal glomerular capillaries.
lymph c. the beginning of the lymphatic system of vessels; it is lined with a highly attenuated endothelium with poorly developed basement membrane and a lumen of variable caliber. See lacteal (2) .
sinusoidal c. SYN: sinusoid.
venous c. a c. opening into a venule.

capita
capita (kap′i-ta)

Plural of caput.

capitate
capitate (kap′i-tat) [TA]

1. The largest of the carpal bones; located in the distal row. SYN: os capitatum [TA] , c. bone, magnum, os magnum. 2. Head-shaped; having a rounded extremity. [L. caput (capit-), head]

capitation
capitation (kap-i-ta′shun)

A system of medical reimbursement wherein the provider is paid an annual fee per covered patient by an insurer or other financial source, which aggregate fees are intended to reimburse all provided services. [L.L. capitatio, fr. caput, head]]

capitellum
capitellum (kap-i-tel′um)

1. SYN: capitulum (1) . 2. SYN: capitulum of humerus. [L. dim. of caput, head]

capitopedal
capitopedal (kap-i-to-ped′al)

Relating to the head and the feet. [L. caput, head, + pes (ped-), foot]

capitula
capitula (ka-pit′u-la)

Plural of capitulum.

capitular
capitular (ka-pit′u-lar)

Relating to a capitulum.

capitulum
capitulum, pl .capitula (ka-pit′u-lum, -la) [TA]

1. [NA] A small head or rounded articular extremity of a bone. SYN: capitellum (1) . SEE ALSO: caput. 2. The bloodsucking, probing, sensing, and holdfast mouthparts of a tick, including the basal supporting structure; relative size and shape of mouthparts forming the c. are characteristic for the genera of hard ticks. [L. dim. of caput, head]
c. humeri [TA] SYN: c. of humerus.
c. of humerus [TA] the small rounded eminence on the lateral half of the distal end of the humerus for articulation with the radius. SYN: c. humeri [TA] , capitellum (2) , little head of humerus.

Caplan
Caplan

Anthony, British physician, 1907–1976. See C. nodules, under nodule, C. syndrome.

Capnocytophaga
Capnocytophaga (kap′no-si-tof′a-ga)

A genus of Gram-negative, fusiform bacteria that require carbon dioxide for growth and exhibits gliding motility; associated with human periodontal disease; type species is C. ochracea (formerly Bacteroides ochracea).
C. canimorsus a bacterial species linked to infections from dog bites (including bacteremia, endocarditis, and meningitis. Formerly designated DF-2 by the CDC. These infections usually occur in patients with impaired immune systems.

capnogram
capnogram (kap′no-gram)

A continuous record of the carbon dioxide content of expired air. [G. kapnos, smoke, + gramma, something written]

capnograph
capnograph (kap′no-graf)

Instrument by which a continuous graph of the carbon dioxide content of expired air is obtained.

capnometry
capnometry (cap′-nom-e-tre)

Measurement of CO₂ in the proximal airway during inspiration and expiration. End tidal CO₂ (or CO₂ at the end of exspiration) is particularly useful clinically.

capping
capping

1. Covering. 2. The aggregation at one end of a cell of surface antigens that have been bound and cross-linked by antibodies; this cap is then endocytosed by the cell.
direct pulp c. a procedure for covering and protecting an exposed vital pulp.
indirect pulp c. the application of a suspension of calcium hydroxide to a thin layer of dentin overlying the pulp (near exposure) in order to stimulate secondary dentin formation and protect the pulp.

Capps
Capps

Joseph A., U.S. physician, 1872–1964. See C. reflex.

caprate
caprate (kap′rat)

A salt or ester of capric acid.

capreomycin sulfate
capreomycin sulfate (kap′re-o-mi′sin)

Sulfate salt of the cyclic peptide antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces capreolus, used in the treatment of tuberculosis.

capriloquism
capriloquism (ka-pril′o-kwizm)

SYN: egophony. [L. caper, goat, + loquor, to speak]

caprin
caprin (kap′rin)

One of the substances found in butter upon which its flavor depends. SYN: decanoin, glyceryl tricaprate.

caprine
caprine (ka′prin)

Relating to goats; goatlike. [L. caprinus, of goats]

Capripoxvirus
Capripoxvirus (kap′ri-poks-vi′rus)

The genus of Poxviridae that includes the viruses of sheep-pox and goatpox. [L. capra, she-goat, + virus]

caprizant
caprizant (kap′ri-zant)

Bounding; leaping; denoting a form of pulse beat. [Fr., leaping, fr. L. caper, goat]

caproate
caproate (kap′ro-at)

1. A salt or ester of n-caproic acid. 2. USAN-approved contraction for hexanoate, CH₃(CH₂)₄COO⁻.

caproyl
caproyl (kap′ro-il)

The acyl radical of caproic acid. SYN: hexanoyl.

caproylate
caproylate (kap′ro-i-lat)

A salt or ester of caproic acid. SYN: hexanoate.

caprylate
caprylate (kap′ri-lat)

A salt or ester of caprylic acid. SYN: octanoate.

caprylic acid
caprylic acid (kap-ril′ik)

A fatty acid found among the hydrolysis products of fat in butter, coconut oil, and other substances. SYN: octanoic acid.

capsaicin
capsaicin (kap-sa′i-sin)

Alkaloidal principle in the fruits of various species of Capsicum, with the same uses as capsicum. It depletes substance P from sensory nerve endings; Sometimes used for pain in postherpetic neuralgia.

capsicin
capsicin (kap′si-sin)

A yellowish red oleoresin containing the active principle of capsicum.

capsicum
capsicum (kap′si-kum)

Cayenne, African, or red pepper, the dried ripe fruit of C. frutescens (family Solanaceae); used as a carminative, gastrointestinal stimulant, and externally as a rubefacient.

capsid
capsid (kap′sid)

See virion.

capsomer
capsomer, capsomere (kap′so-mer)

A subunit of the protein coat or capsid of a virus particle. SEE ALSO: hexon, penton, virion.

capsula
capsula, gen. and pl. capsulae (kap′soo-la, -le) [TA]

1. SYN: capsule (2) . [L. dim. of capsa, a chest or box]
c. adiposa perirenalis [TA]
c. adiposa renis SYN: paranephric fat.
c. articularis [TA] SYN: joint capsule.
c. articularis cricoarytenoidea [TA] SYN: capsule of cricoarytenoid joint.
c. articularis cricothyroidea [TA] SYN: capsule of cricothyroid joint.
c. bulbi SYN: fascial sheath of eyeball.
c. cordis SYN: pericardium.
c. externa [TA] SYN: external capsule.
c. extrema [TA] SYN: extreme capsule.
c. fibrosa SYN: fibrous capsule.
c. fibrosa glandulae thyroideae [TA] SYN: fibrous capsule of thyroid gland.
c. fibrosa perivascularis SYN: fibrous capsule of liver (1) .
c. fibrosa renis [TA] SYN: fibrous capsule of kidney.
c. glomeruli SYN: glomerular capsule.
c. interna [TA] SYN: internal capsule.
c. lentis [TA] SYN: capsule of lens.
c. lienis [TA] SYN: fibrous capsule of spleen.
c. vasculosa lentis in the embryo, the vascular mesenchymal capsule that invests the lens of the eye; the vessels of the deep part of the capsule are branches of the hyaloid artery; those of the superficial part are derived from the anterior ciliary arteries; normally all the vessels are atrophied by the end of the eighth month of intrauterine life.

capsular
capsular (kap′soo-lar)

Relating to any capsule.

capsulation
capsulation (kap-soo-la′shun)

Enclosure in a capsule.

capsule
capsule (kap′sool) [TA]

1. A membranous structure, usually dense collagenous connective tissue, that envelops an organ, a joint, or any other part. 2. An anatomic structure resembling a c. or envelope. SYN: capsula (1) [TA] . 3. A fibrous tissue layer enveloping an organ or a tumor, especially if benign. 4. A solid dosage form in which a drug is enclosed in either a hard or soft soluble container or “shell” of a suitable form of gelatin. 5. A hyaline polysaccharide coating around a fungal or bacterial cell. Bacteria may also have a polypeptide c. or a slime layer around the cell. [L. capsula, dim. of capsa, box]
adipose c. SYN: paranephric fat.
adrenal c. SYN: suprarenal gland.
articular c. joint c..
atrabiliary c. SYN: suprarenal gland.
auditory c. SYN: otic c..
bacterial c. a layer of slime of variable composition which covers the surface of some bacteria; capsulated cells of pathogenic bacteria are usually more virulent than cells without capsules because the former are more resistant to phagocytic action.
Bonnet c. the anterior part of the vagina bulbi.
Bowman c. SYN: glomerular c..
brood capsules small hollow projections from the lining membrane of a hydatid cyst from which the scoleces arise.
cartilage c. the more intensely basophilic and metachromatic matrix in hyaline cartilage surrounding the lacunae of chrondrocytes resulting from relatively high concentrations of chondromuco protein. SYN: territorial matrix.
cricoarytenoid articular c. SYN: c. of cricoarytenoid joint.
c. of cricoarytenoid joint [TA] the c. enclosing the joint between the arytenoid and cricoid cartilages. SYN: capsula articularis cricoarytenoidea [TA] , cricoarytenoid articular c..
cricothyroid articular c. SYN: c. of cricothyroid joint.
c. of cricothyroid joint [TA] the c. enclosing the cricothyroid joint. SYN: capsula articularis cricothyroidea [TA] , cricothyroid articular c..
Crosby c. an attachment to the end of a flexible tube, used for peroral biopsy of the small intestine, by which a piece of mucosa is sucked into an opening in the c. and cut off.
crystalline c. SYN: c. of lens.
external c. [TA] a thin lamina of white substance separating the claustrum from the putamen. It joins the internal c. at either extremity of the putamen, forming a c. of white matter external to the lenticular nucleus. SYN: capsula externa [TA] , periclaustral lamina.
extreme c. [TA] the layer of white matter separating the claustrum from the cortex of the insula, probably representing largely corticopetal and corticofugal fibers of the insular cortex. SYN: capsula extrema [TA] .
eye c. SYN: fascial sheath of eyeball.
fatty renal c. SYN: paranephric fat.
fibrous c. [TA] any fibrous envelope of a part; the fibrous c. of an organ. SYN: stratum fibrosum [TA] , tunica fibrosa [TA] , capsula fibrosa, stratum fibrosum capsulae articularis.
fibrous articular c. SYN: fibrous layer of joint c..
fibrous c. of kidney [TA] a fibrous membrane ensheathing the kidney. SYN: capsula fibrosa renis [TA] , tunica fibrosa renis.
fibrous c. of liver [TA] 1. a layer of connective tissue ensheathing the outer surface of the liver and also the hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile ducts as these ramify within the liver; SYN: capsula fibrosa perivascularis, perivascular fibrous c.. 2. connective tissue c. surrounding the outer surface of the liver, but continuous with septae of some animals, e.g., pigs, which divide parenchyme into lobule, and with the perivascular fibrous c. at the porta hepatis. SYN: tunica fibrosa hepatis [TA] , Glisson c..
fibrous c. of parotid gland SYN: parotid fascia.
fibrous c. of spleen [TA] the fibrous c. of the spleen, containing collagen, elastic fibers, and smooth muscle. SYN: capsula lienis [TA] , tunica fibrosa splenis&star, tunica fibrosa lienis, tunica propria lienis.
fibrous c. of thyroid gland [TA] the fibrous sheath of the thyroid gland. SYN: capsula fibrosa glandulae thyroideae [TA] .
Gerota c. SYN: renal fascia.
Glisson c. SYN: fibrous c. of liver (2) .
glomerular c. [TA] the expanded beginning of a nephron composed of an inner and outer layer: the visceral layer consists of podocytes that surround a tuft of capillaries (glomerulus); the parietal layer is simple squamous epithelium that becomes cuboidal at the tubular pole. SYN: Bowman c., capsula glomeruli, malpighian c. (1) , Müller c..
internal c. [TA] a massive layer (8–10 mm thick) of white matter separating the caudate nucleus and thalamus (medial) from the more laterally situated lentiform nucleus (globus pallidus and putamen). It consists of 1) fibers ascending from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex that compose, among others, the visual, auditory, and somatic sensory radiations, and 2) fibers descending from the cerebral cortex to the thalamus, subthalamic region, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord. The internal c. is the major route by which the cerebral cortex is connected with the brainstem and spinal cord. Laterally and superiorly it is continuous with the corona radiata which forms a major part of the cerebral hemisphere's white matter; caudally and medially it continues, much reduced in size, as the crus cerebri which contains, among others, corticospinal fibers. On horizontal section it appears in the form of a V opening out laterally; the V's obtuse angle is called genu (knee); its anterior and posterior limbs, respectively, the crus anterior and crus posterior. The internal c. consists of an anterior limb [TA], genu of internal c. [TA], posterior limb [TA], retrolentiform (or retrolenticular) limb [TA], and sublentiform (or sublenticular) limb [TA]. SYN: capsula interna [TA] .
joint c. [TA] a sac enclosing the articulating ends of the bones participating in a synovial joint, formed by an outer fibrous articular c. and an inner synovial membrane. SYN: capsula articularis [TA] , articular c.&star.
lens c. SYN: c. of lens.
c. of lens [TA] the c. enclosing the lens of the eye. SYN: capsula lentis [TA] , crystalline c., lens c., lenticular c., phacocyst.
lenticular c. SYN: c. of lens.
malpighian c. 1. SYN: glomerular c.. 2. a thin fibrous membrane enveloping the spleen and continued over the vessels entering at the hilus.
Müller c. SYN: glomerular c..
nasal c. the cartilage around the developing nasal cavity of the embryo.
optic c. the concentrated zone of mesenchyme around the developing optic cup; the primordium of the sclera of the eye.
otic c. the cartilage c. surrounding the inner ear mechanism; in elasmobranchs, it remains cartilaginous in the adult; in the embryos of higher vertebrates, it is cartilaginous at first but later becomes bony (at approximately 23 weeks in humans). SYN: auditory c..
perirenal fat c. SYN: paranephric fat.
perivascular fibrous c. SYN: fibrous c. of liver (1) .
radiotelemetering c. an instrument that transmits measurements by radio impulses, from within the body; e.g., measurements of pressure from within the small bowel. SYN: radiopill.
seminal c. SYN: seminal gland.
suprarenal c. SYN: suprarenal gland.
Tenon c. SYN: fascial sheath of eyeball.

capsulectomy
capsulectomy

Removal of a capsule, as around an implant or scarred tissue.

capsulitis
capsulitis (kap′soo-li′tis)

Inflammation of the capsule of an organ or part, as of the liver, the lens of the eye, or surrounding a joint.
adhesive c. a condition in which there is limitation of motion in a joint due to inflammatory thickening of the capsule, a common cause of stiffness in the shoulder. SYN: frozen shoulder.
hepatic c. SYN: perihepatitis.

capsulolenticular
capsulolenticular (kap′soo-lo-len-tik′u-lar)

Referring to the lens of the eye and its capsule.

capsuloplasty
capsuloplasty (kap′soo-lo-plas-te)

Rearrangement of the wall of a capsule; often the capsule of a joint. [L. capsula, capsule, + G. plastos, formed]

capsulorrhaphy
capsulorrhaphy (kap-soo-lor′a-fe)

Suture of a tear or surgical incision in any capsule; specifically, suture of a joint capsule to prevent recurring dislocation of the articulation. [L. capsula, capsule, + rhaphe, suture]

capsulorrhexis
capsulorrhexis (kap-soo-lo-reks′sis)

Technique used in cataract surgery by which a continuous circular tear is made in the anterior lens capsule. [L. capsula, capsule, + G. rhexis, rupture]

capsulotome
capsulotome (kap′soo-lo-tom)

SYN: cystotome (2) .

capsulotomy
capsulotomy (kap-soo-lot′o-me)

1. Division of a capsule as around a breast implant. 2. Creation of an opening through a capsule; e.g., of a scar that might form around a foreign body. 3. Incision of the capsule of the lens in the extracapsular cataract operation. [L. capsula, capsule, + G. tome, a cutting]
renal c. incision of the capsule of the kidney.

captopril
captopril (kap′to-pril)

An angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.

capture
capture (kap′choor)

Catching and holding a particle or an electrical impulse originating elsewhere. [L. capio, pp. -tus, to take, seize]
atrial c. control of the atria for one or more beats after a period of independent beating, as in incomplete AV block or in junctional or ventricular ectopic beats or tachycardias by a retrograde impulse.
electron c. a mode of radioactive disintegration, in which an orbital electron, usually from the K shell, is captured by the nucleus, converting a proton into a neutron with ejection of a neutrino and emission of a gamma ray, and emission of characteristic x-rays as the missing K-shell electron is replaced. SYN: K c..
K c. SYN: electron c..
ventricular c. c. of the ventricle(s) by an impulse arising in the atria or A-V junction.

Capuron
Capuron

Joseph, French physician, 1767–1850. See C. points, under point.

caput
caput, gen. capitis, pl .capita (kap′ut, ka′put; kap′i-tis; kap′i-ta) [TA]

[TA] SYN: head. [L.]
c. angulare quadrati labii superioris SYN: levator labii superioris alaeque nasi (muscle).
c. breve [TA] SYN: short head.
c. breve musculi bicipitis brachii [TA] SYN: short head of biceps brachii.
c. breve musculi bicipitis femoris [TA] SYN: short head of biceps femoris.
c. costae [TA] SYN: head of rib.
c. epididymidis [TA] SYN: head of epididymis.
c. femoris [TA] SYN: head of femur.
c. fibulae [TA] SYN: head of fibula.
c. gallinaginis obsolete term for seminal colliculus. [Mod. L. snipe's head]
c. humerale [TA] SYN: humeral head.
c. humerale musculi flexoris carpi ulnaris humeral head of flexor carpi ulnaris muscle. See humeral head.
c. humerale musculi pronatoris teretis humeral head of pronator teres muscle. See humeral head.
c. humeri [TA] SYN: head of humerus.
c. humeroulnare musculi flexoris digitorum superificialis [TA] SYN: humeroulnar head of flexor digitorum superficialis muscle.
c. infraorbitale quadrati labii superioris SYN: levator labii superioris (muscle).
c. laterale [TA] SYN: lateral head.
c. laterale musculi gastrocnemii lateral head of gastrocnemius muscle. See lateral head.
c. laterale musculi tricipitis brachii lateral head of triceps brachii. See lateral head.
c. longum [TA] SYN: long head.
c. longum musculi bicipitis brachii long head of biceps brachii muscle. See long head.
c. longum musculi bicipitis femoris long head of biceps femoris muscle. See long head.
c. longum musculi tricipitis brachii long head of triceps brachii muscle. See long head.
c. mallei [TA] SYN: head of malleus.
c. mandibulae [TA] SYN: head of mandible.
c. mediale [TA] SYN: medial head.
c. mediale musculi gastrocnemii medial head of gastrocnemius muscle. See medial head.
c. mediale musculi tricipitis brachii medial head of triceps brachii muscle. See medial head.
c. medusae 1. varicose veins radiating from the umbilicus, seen in the Cruveilhier-Baumgarten syndrome; 2. dilated ciliary arteries girdling the corneoscleral limbus in rubeosis iridis. SYN: Medusa head. [Medusa, G. myth. char.]
c. nuclei caudati [TA] SYN: head of caudate nucleus.
c. obliquum [TA] SYN: oblique head.
c. obliquum musculi adductoris hallucis oblique head of adductor hallucis muscle. See oblique head.
c. obliquum musculi adductoris pollicis oblique head of adductor pollicis muscle. See oblique head.
c. ossis femoris SYN: head of femur.
c. ossis metacarpalis [TA] SYN: head of metacarpal.
c. ossis metatarsalis [TA] SYN: head of metatarsal.
c. pancreatis [TA] SYN: head of pancreas.
c. phalangis (manus et pedis) [TA] SYN: head of phalanx (of hand or foot).
c. profundum musculi flexoris pollicis brevis [TA] SYN: deep head of flexor pollicis brevis.
c. quadratum a head of large size and square shape, owing to thickened parietal and frontal eminences, seen in rachitic children.
c. radii [TA] SYN: head of radius.
c. stapedis [TA] SYN: head of stapes.
c. succedaneum an edematous swelling formed on the presenting portion of the scalp of an infant during birth; the effusion overlies the periosteum and consists of edema; contrasted with cephalhematoma, in which condition the effusion lies under the periosteum and consists of blood.
c. superficiale musculi flexoris pollicis brevis [TA] SYN: superficial head of flexor pollicis brevis.
c. tali [TA] SYN: head of talus.
c. transversum [TA] SYN: transverse head.
c. transversum musculi adductoris hallucis transverse head of adductor hallucis muscle. See transverse head.
c. transversum musculi adductoris pollicis transverse head of adductor pollicis muscle. See transverse head.
c. ulnae [TA] SYN: head of ulna.
c. ulnare [TA] SYN: ulnar head.
c. ulnare musculi flexoris carpi ulnaris ulnar head of flexor carpi ulnaris muscle. See ulnar head.
c. ulnare musculi pronatoris teretis ulnar head of pronator teres muscle. See ulnar head.
c. zygomaticum quadrati labii superioris SYN: zygomaticus minor (muscle).

Carabelli
Carabelli

Georg (Edler von Lunkaszprie), Austrian dentist, 1787–1842. See cusp of C., C. tubercle.

caramel
caramel (kar′a-mel)

Burnt sugar; a concentrated solution of the substance obtained by heating sugar with an alkali; a thick, dark brown liquid used as a coloring and flavoring agent in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. [Sp., fr. L.L. calamellus, fr. L. calamus, reed]

caramiphen ethanedisulfonate
caramiphen ethanedisulfonate (ka-ram′i-fen eth′an-di-sul′fo-nat)

An antitussive.

caramiphen hydrochloride
caramiphen hydrochloride

A synthetic spasmolytic drug; used in the treatment of diseases of the basal ganglia, e.g., parkinsonism and hepatolenticular degeneration.

carate
carate (ka-rah′te)

SYN: pinta.

carb- carb-, carbo-

Prefixes indicating carbon, especially the attachment of a group containing a carbon atom. [L. carbo, charcoal]

carbachol
carbachol (kar′ba-kol)

A parasympathetic stimulant used locally in the eye for the treatment of glaucoma.

carbadox
carbadox (kar′ba-doks)

An antibacterial agent.

carbamate
carbamate (kar′ba-mat)

1. A salt or ester of carbamic acid forming the basis of urethane hypnotics. 2. A group of cholinesterase-inhibiting insecticides resembling organophosphates; the most frequent c. is carbaril. SYN: carbamoate, carbaril.
c. kinase a phosphotransferase catalyzing the reaction of carbamoyl phosphate and ADP to form ATP, NH₃, and CO₂.

carbamazepine
carbamazepine (kar-bam-az′e-pen)

An anticonvulsant; also useful in alleviating the pain of trigeminal neuralgia and other neurogenic pain syndromes.

carbamic acid
carbamic acid (kar-bam′ik)

A hypothetical acid, NH₂&cbond;COOH, forming carbamates; the acyl radical is carbamoyl.

carbamide
carbamide (kar′ba-mid)

Obsolete term for urea.

carbaminohemoglobin
carbaminohemoglobin (kar-bam′i-no-he-mo-glo′bin)

Carbon dioxide bound to hemoglobin by means of a reactive amino group on the latter, i.e., Hb–NHCOOH; approximately 20% of the total content of carbon dioxide in blood is combined with hemoglobin in this manner. SYN: carbhemoglobin, carbohemoglobin.

carbamoate
carbamoate (kar′ba-mot)

SYN: carbamate.

carbamoyl
carbamoyl (kar′ba-mo-il)

The acyl radical, NH₂&cbond;CO&cbond;, the transfer of which plays an important role in certain biochemical reactions; e.g., in the urea cycle, via c. phosphate.

carbamoylaspartate dehydrase
carbamoylaspartate dehydrase (kar′ba-mo-il-as-par′tat)

SYN: dihydro-orotase.

carbamoylation
carbamoylation (kar-ba-mo-il-a′shun)

Transfer of the carbamoyl from a carbamoyl-containing molecule ( e.g., carbamoyl phosphate) to an acceptor moiety such as an amino group; the second step in the urea cycle is a c..

carbamoylcarbamic acid
carbamoylcarbamic acid (kar′ba-mo-il-kar-bam′ik)

SYN: allophanic acid.

carbamoyl phosphate
carbamoyl phosphate

A reactive intermediate capable of transferring its carbamoyl group to an acceptor molecule, forming citrulline from ornithine in the urea cycle, and ureidosuccinic acid from aspartic acid in pyrimidine ring formation.
c. synthetase a phosphotransferase catalyzing the formation of c.. There are two significant isozymes. Carbomoyl phosphate synthetase I is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of 2ATP, NH₃, CO₂, and H₂O to c., 2ADP, and orthophosphate. It is activated by N-acetylglutamate and participates in urea biosynthesis. A deficiency of c. synthetase I can result in hyperammonemia. C. synthetase II is a cytosolic enzyme that, under physiological conditions, uses l-glutamine as the nitrogen source (producing l-glutamate) instead of NH₃, is not activated by N-acetylglutamate, and participates in pyrimidine biosynthesis.

carbamoyltransferases
carbamoyltransferases (kar′ba-mo-il-trans′fer-as-ez) [EC 2.1.3.x]

Enzymes transferring carbamoyl groups from one compound to another ( e.g., aspartate carbamoyltransferase, ornithine carbamoyltransferase). SYN: transcarbamoylases.

carbamoylurea
carbamoylurea (kar′ba-mo-il-u-re′a)

SYN: biuret.

carbamyl
carbamyl (kar′ba-mil)

Former spelling of carbamoyl.

carbamylation
carbamylation (kar′ba-mil-a′shun)

Former spelling of carbamoylation.

carbanion
carbanion (karb-an′i-on)

An organic anion in which the negative charge is on a carbon atom; the specific names are formed by adding -ide, -diide, etc., to the name of the parent compound; e.g., methanide, (CH₃)⁻.

carbapenems
carbapenems

A class of broad-spectrum bactericidal β-lactam antibiotics that bind to the penicillin-binding protein 2 and thereby interfere with cell wall structure; they are highly resistant to β-lactamases and easily penetrate bacterial walls.

carbaril
carbaril (car-bar-il′)

SYN: carbamate.

carbarsone
carbarsone (kar-bar′son)

An amebicide.

carbaryl
carbaryl (kar′ba-ril)

A cholinesterase-inhibiting contact insecticide. A pediculicide and ectoparasiticide. Toxic to humans, causing nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bronchoconstrictions, blurring vision, excessive salivation, muscle twitching, cyanosis, convulsions, coma, respiratory failure.

carbazides
carbazides (kar′ba-zidz)

1,3-diaminoureas. SYN: carbohydrazides.

carbazochrome salicylate
carbazochrome salicylate (kar-baz′o-krom)

An oxidation product of epinephrine used for the systemic control of capillary bleeding associated with increased capillary permeability.

carbazole
carbazole (kar′ba-zol)

Reacts with carbohydrates (including uronates and deoxypentoses) giving colors characteristic of the sugar type; used for assay and analysis of carbohydrates and formaldehyde, and as a dye intermediate; sensitive to ultraviolet light. SYN: 9-azafluorene, diphenylenimine.

carbazotic acid
carbazotic acid (kar-ba-zot′ik)

SYN: picric acid.

carbenicillin disodium
carbenicillin disodium (kar-ben-i-sil′in)

A semisynthetic extended spectrum penicillin active against a wide variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

carbenium
carbenium (kar-ben′e-um)

See carbonium.

carbetapentane citrate
carbetapentane citrate (kar′be-ta-pen′tan)

It has atropine-like and local anesthetic actions and effectively suppresses acute cough due to common upper respiratory infections.

carbhemoglobin
carbhemoglobin (karb′he-mo-glo′bin)

SYN: carbaminohemoglobin.

carbide
carbide (kar′bid)

A compound of carbon with an element more electropositive than itself; e.g., CaC₂, calcium c..

carbidopa
carbidopa (kar-bi-do′pa)

A dopa decarboxylase inhibitor which does not enter the brain used in conjunction with levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson disease to reduce L-dopa doses and reduce side effects.

carbimazole
carbimazole (kar-bi′ma-zol)

Used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.

carbinol
carbinol (kar′bi-nol)

SYN: methyl alcohol.

carbinoxamine maleate
carbinoxamine maleate (kar-bi-nok′sa-men)

An antihistaminic agent.

carbo
carbo

SYN: charcoal. [L. coal]

carbo- carbo-

See carb-.

carbobenzoxy-
carbobenzoxy- (Z, Cbz) (kar′bo-ben-zok′se)

SYN: benzyloxycarbonyl.

carbocation
carbocation (kar-bo-kat′i-on)

See carbonium.

carbogen
carbogen (kar′bo-jen)

A mixture of 10% carbon dioxide and 90% oxygen used for inhalation therapy to produce vasodilation. [carbon dioxide + oxygen]

carbohemoglobin
carbohemoglobin (kar′bo-he-mo-glo′bin)

SYN: carbaminohemoglobin.

carbohydrates
carbohydrates (kar-bo-hi′drats)

Class name for the aldehydic or ketonic derivatives of polyhydric alcohols, the name being derived from the fact that the most common examples of such compounds have formulas that may be written as C_n(H₂O)_n ( e.g., glucose, C₆(H₂O)₆; sucrose, C₁₂(H₂O)₁₁), although they are not true hydrates and the name is, in that sense, a misnomer. The group includes compounds with relatively small molecules, such as the simple sugars (monosaccharides, disaccharides, etc.), as well as macromolecular (polymeric) substances such as starch, glycogen, and cellulose. The c. most typical of the class contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only, but carbohydrate metabolic intermediates in tissues also contain phosphorus. See saccharides.

carbohydraturia
carbohydraturia (kar′bo-hi-dra-too′re-a)

General term denoting the excretion of one or more carbohydrates in the urine ( e.g., glucose, galactose, lactose, pentose), thus including such conditions as glycosuria (melituria), galactosuria, lactosuria, pentosuria, etc.

carbohydrazides
carbohydrazides (kar-bo-hi′dra-zidz)

SYN: carbazides.

carbolate
carbolate (kar′bo-lat)

1. SYN: phenate. 2. To carbolize.

carbolated
carbolated (kar′bo-la-ted)

SYN: phenolated.

carbol-fuchsin
carbol-fuchsin (kar′bol-fuk′sin)

1. See Ziehl stain. 2. See carbol-fuchsin paint.

carbolic acid
carbolic acid (kar-bol′ik)

SYN: phenol.

carbolize
carbolize (kar′bo-liz)

To mix with or add carbolic acid (phenol).

carboluria
carboluria (kar-bo-loo′re-a)

The presence of phenol (carbolic acid) in the urine. [carbolic acid + G. ouron, urine]

carbomer
carbomer (kar′bo-mer)

A polymer of acrylic acid cross-linked with a polyfunctional compound, hence, a poly (acrylic acid) or polyacrylate; a suspending agent for pharmaceuticals.

carbometry
carbometry (kar-bom′e-tre)

SYN: carbonometry.

carbomycin
carbomycin (kar′bo-mi′sin)

A macrolide antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces halstedii; similar to erythromycin and used as an antibacterial and antimicrobial.

carbon
carbon (C) (kar′bon)

A nonmetallic tetravalent element, atomic no. 6, atomic wt. 12.011; the major bioelement. It has two natural isotopes, ¹²C and ¹³C (the former, set at 12.00000, being the standard for all molecular weights), and two artificial, radioactive isotopes of interest, ¹¹C and ¹⁴C. The element occurs in three pure forms (diamond, graphite, and in the fullerines), in amorphous form (in charcoal, coke, and soot), and in the atmosphere as CO₂. Its compounds are found in all living tissues, and the study of its vast number of compounds constitutes most of organic chemistry. [L. carbo, coal]
active c. dioxide, activated c. dioxide complex of N-carboxybiotin (biotin + CO₂) and an enzyme; the form in which c. dioxide is added to other molecules in carboxylations; e.g., to methylcrotonyl-CoA to form β-methylglutaconyl in the catabolism of leucine, and to acetyl-CoA to form malonyl-CoA. SEE ALSO: acetyl-CoA carboxylase.
anomeric c. the reducing c. of a sugar; C-1 of an aldose, C-2 of a 2-ketose.
c. bisulfide SYN: c. disulfide.
c. dichloride SYN: tetrachlorethylene.
c. dioxide CO₂;the product of the combustion of c. with an excess of air; in concentrations not less than 99.0% by volume of CO₂, used as a respiratory stimulant. SYN: carbonic acid gas, carbonic anhydride.
c. dioxide snow solid c. dioxide used in the treatment of warts, lupus, nevi, and other skin affections, and as a refrigerant. SYN: dry ice.
c. disulfide an extremely flammable (flashpoint −30°C), colorless, toxic liquid with a characteristic ethereal odor (fetid when impure); it is a parasiticide. SYN: c. bisulfide.
c. monoxide (CO) a colorless, practically odorless, and poisonous gas formed by the incomplete combustion of c.; its toxic action is due to its strong affinity for hemoglobin, myoglobin, and the cytochromes, reducing oxygen transport and blocking oxygen utilization.
c. tetrachloride a colorless, mobile liquid having a characteristic ethereal odor resembling that of chloroform; it is used as a cleansing fluid and as a fire extinguisher, and has been used as an anthelmintic, especially against hookworm. SYN: tetrachloromethane.

carbon-11
carbon-11 (¹¹C)

A cyclotron-produced, positron-emitting radioisotope of carbon with a half-life of 20.3 minutes; used in positron emission tomography (PET).

carbon-12
carbon-12 (¹²C)

The standard of atomic mass, 98.90% of natural carbon.

carbon-13
carbon-13 (¹³C)

A stable natural isotope, 1.1% of natural carbon.

carbon-14
carbon-14 (¹⁴C)

A β-emitter with a half-life of 5715 years, widely used as a tracer in studying various aspects of metabolism; naturally occurring ¹⁴C, arising from cosmic ray bombardment, is used to date relics containing natural carbonaceous materials.

carbonate
carbonate (kar′bon-at)

1. A salt of carbonic acid. 2. The ion CO₃²⁻.
c. dehydratase SYN: carbonic anhydrase.
c. hydro-lyase SYN: carbonic anhydrase.

carbonic
carbonic (kar-bon′ik)

Relating to carbon. See also under carbonate.

carbonic acid
carbonic acid

H₂CO₃, formed from H₂O and CO₂.

carbonic anhydride
carbonic anhydride

SYN: carbon dioxide.

carbonium
carbonium (kar-bon′e-um)

An organic cation in which the positive charge is on a carbon atom; e.g., (CH₃)⁺. It is now recommended that carbocation be used as the class name and carbenium be used for specific compound names.

carbonometer
carbonometer (kar-bo-nom′e-ter)

An obsolete device used in carbonometry. [L. carbo (carbon-), coal, + G. metron, measure]

carbonometry
carbonometry (kar-bo-nom′e-tre)

An obsolete method for the determination of the presence and the proportion of carbon dioxide in the air or expired breath by the precipitation of calcium carbonate from lime water. SYN: carbometry.

carbonuria
carbonuria (kar-bo-noo′re-a)

Rarely used term denoting the excretion of carbon dioxide or other carbon compounds in the urine.

carbonyl
carbonyl (kar′bon-il)

The characteristic group, &cbond;CO&cbond;, of the ketones, aldehydes, and organic acids.

carboplatin
carboplatin (kar′bo-pla′tin)

A platinum-containing anticancer agent much like cisplatin but more toxic to the myeloid elements of bone marrow while producing less nausea and neuro-, oto-, and nephrotoxicity; used in the chemotherapy of solid tumors.

carboprost tromethamine
carboprost tromethamine (kar′bo-prost tro-meth′a-men)

A prostaglandin used as an abortifacient and in the treatment of refractory postpartum bleeding.

carboxamide
carboxamide (kar-boks′am-id)

A molecular configuration (–CONH₂) that, together with the related carboximides (iminocarbonyls) (–CONH–), is a constituent of many hypnotics, including barbiturates, hydantoins, and thiazines. SYN: aminocarbonyl.

carboximide
carboximide (kar-boks′im-id)

See carboxamide.

carboxy- carboxy-

Combining form indicating addition of CO or CO₂.

carboxycathepsin
carboxycathepsin (kar-bok′se-ka-thep′sin)

SYN: peptidyl dipeptidase A.

carboxydismutase
carboxydismutase (kar-bok-se-dis′moo-tas)

SYN: ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase.

4-carboxyglutamic acid
4-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) (kar-bok′se-gloo-tam′ik)

A carboxylated form of glutamic acid found in certain proteins ( E.G., prothrombin, factors VII, IX, and X, osteocalcin). Its synthesis is vitamin K-dependent.

carboxyhemoglobin
carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) (kar-bok′se-he-mo-glo′bin)

A fairly stable union of carbon monoxide with hemoglobin. The formation of c. prevents the normal transfer of carbon dioxide and oxygen during the circulation of blood; thus, increasing levels of c. result in various degrees of asphyxiation, including death. SYN: carbon monoxide hemoglobin, carbonmonoxy myoglobin.

carboxyhemoglobinemia
carboxyhemoglobinemia (kar-bok′se-he′mo-glo-bi-ne′me-a)

Presence of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood, as in carbon monoxide poisoning.

carboxyl
carboxyl (kar-bok′sil)

The characterizing group (&cbond;COOH) of certain organic acids; e.g., HCOOH (formic acid), CH₃COOH (acetic acid), CH₃CH(NH₂)COOH (alanine), etc. Cf.:carboxylic acid.

carboxylase
carboxylase (kar-bok′sil-as)

1. One of several carboxy-lyases, trivially named carboxylases or decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1.x), catalyzing the addition of CO₂ to all or part of another molecule to create an additional &cbond;COOH group ( e.g., ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate c.). 2. Obsolete name for pyruvate decarboxylase.

carboxylation
carboxylation (kar-bok-si-la′shun)

Addition of CO₂ to an organic acceptor, as in formation of malonyl-CoA or in photosynthesis, to yield a —COOH group; catalyzed by carboxylases.

carboxylic acid
carboxylic acid (kar-bok′sil-ik)

An organic acid with a carboxyl group. Cf.:carboxyl.
activated c. derivative of a carboxyl group that is more susceptible to nucleophilic attack than a free carboxyl group; E.G., acid anhydrides, thioesters.

carboxyltransferases
carboxyltransferases (kar-bok-sil-trans′fer-as-ez) [EC 2.1.3.x]

Enzymes transferring carboxyl groups from one compound to another. SYN: transcarboxylases.

carboxymethylcellulose
carboxymethylcellulose (kar-bok-se-meth′il-sel′u-los)

A cellulose derivative which forms a colloidal dispersion in water; indigestible and nonabsorbable systemically; absorbs water and is used as a bulk laxative. Can also be used as a suspending agent.

carboxypeptidase
carboxypeptidase (kar-bok-se-pep′ti-das)

A hydrolase that removes the amino acid at the free carboxyl end of a polypeptide chain; an exopeptidase.
acid c. SYN: serine c..
serine c. a c. of broad specificity for terminal amino acid residues of peptides; the optimum pH is 4.5 to 6.0; sensitive to diisopropyl fluorophosphate; contains a serine at the active site. SYN: acid c..

carboxypeptidase A
carboxypeptidase A

A hydrolase that releases C-terminal amino acids, with the exception of C-terminal arginyl, lysyl, and prolyl residues. A zinc-containing exopeptidase.

carboxypeptidase B
carboxypeptidase B

A hydrolase that releases C-terminal lysyl or arginyl residues preferentially. A zinc-containing exopeptidase. SYN: protaminase.

carboxypeptidase C
carboxypeptidase C

See serine carboxypeptidase.

carboxypeptidase G
carboxypeptidase G

SYN: γ-glutamyl hydrolase.

carbromal
carbromal (kar′bro-mal)

Obsolete hypnotic agent which is a monoureide-containing bromine.

carbuncle
carbuncle (kar′bung-kl)

Deep-seated pyogenic infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissues, usually arising in several contiguous hair follicles, with formation of connecting sinuses. [L. carbunculus, dim. of carbo, a live coal, a c.]
kidney c., renal c. formerly used term for coalescent multiple intrarenal abscesses.

carburet
carburet (kar′boo-ret)

1. Archaic term for carbide. 2. To combine with carbon. 3. To enrich a gas with volatile hydrocarbons, as in a carburetor.

carbutamide
carbutamide (kar-boo′ta-mid)

An oral hypoglycemic agent, e.g., tolbutamide.

carbuterol hydrochloride
carbuterol hydrochloride (kar-boo′te-rol)

A sympathomimetic drug with bronchodilatory activity.

carcass
carcass (kar′kas)

The body of a dead animal; in reference to animals used for human food, the body after the hide, head, tail, extremities, and viscera have been removed. [F. carcasse, fr. It. carcassa]

carcino- carcino-, carcin-

Cancer; crab. [G. karkinos, crab, cancer]

carcinoembryonic
carcinoembryonic (kar′si-no-em-bre-on′ik)

Relating to a carcinoma-associated substance present in embryonic tissue, as a c. antigen.

carcinogen
carcinogen (kar-sin′o-jen, kar′si-no-jen)

Any cancer-producing substance or organism, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or agents such as in certain types of irradiation. [carcino- + G, -gen, producing]
complete c. a chemical c. that is able to induce cancer without provocation by a tumor-promoting agent introduced during therapy.

carcinogenesis
carcinogenesis (kar′si-no-jen′e-sis)

The origin or production, or development of cancer, including carcinomas and other malignant neoplasms. [carcino- + G. genesis, generation]
field c. increased susceptibility of an entire area to c.; the upper aerodigestive tract and colon, e.g., tend to develop synchronous as well as metachronous cancers.

carcinogenic
carcinogenic (kar′si-no-jen′ik)

Causing cancer.

carcinogenicity
carcinogenicity (kar′-sin-o-jen-is′i-te)

Ability to cause cancer.

carcinoid
carcinoid (kar′si-noyd)

See c. tumor, c. syndrome.

carcinolytic
carcinolytic (kar′si-no-lit′ik)

Destructive to the cells of carcinoma. [carcino- + G. lytikos, causing a solution]

carcinoma
carcinoma (CA) , pl .carcinomascarcinomata (kar-si-no′ma, -maz)

Any of various types of malignant neoplasm derived from epithelial cells, chiefly glandular (adenocarcinoma) or squamous (squamous cell c.); the most commonly occurring kind of cancer. [G. karkinoma, fr. karkinos, cancer, + -oma, tumor] Like other malignant neoplasms, carcinomas display uncontrolled cellular proliferation, anaplasia (regression of cells and tissues to a more primitive or undifferentiated state), and a tendency to invade adjacent tissues and to spread to distant sites by metastasis. A c. arises from a single cell whose genome either contains an inherited aberration (oncogene) or has acquired one as a consequence of spontaneous mutation or damage by chemical toxins (carcinogens), radiation, viral infection, chronic inflammation, or other external assault. Probably a complex sequence of biochemical and genetic injuries must take place for a c. to develop. Some carcinomas (e.g., prostate, breast) depend partly on the presence of hormones (androgen, estrogen) for their proliferation. Carcinomas are graded histologically according to evidence of invasiveness and changes that indicate anaplasia, i.e., loss of polarity of nuclei, loss of orderly maturation of cells (especially in squamous cell types), variation in the size and shape of cells, hyperchromatism of nuclei with clumping of chromatin, and increase in the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio. Carcinomas may be undifferentiated, or the neoplastic tissue may resemble to varying degrees one of the types of normal epithelium. Carcinomas can secrete a variety of hormonelike factors capable of inducing systemic (paraneoplastic) effects (e.g., hypercalcemia, thrombophlebitis). The most common site of origin of c. in both sexes is the skin; the second most common site in men is the prostate and in women the breast. However, the most frequently lethal c. in both sexes is bronchogenic c..
acinar c. SYN: acinic cell adenocarcinoma.
acinic cell c. SYN: acinic cell adenocarcinoma.
adenoid cystic c. a histologic type of c. characterized by large epithelial masses containing round, glandlike spaces or cysts that frequently contain mucus or collagen and are bordered by a few or many layers of epithelial cells without intervening stroma, forming a cribriform pattern like a slice of Swiss cheese; perineural invasion and hematogenous metastasis are common; occurs most commonly in salivary glands and skin. SYN: cylindromatous c..
adenosquamous c. a type of lung tumor exhibiting areas of clear cut glandular and squamous cell differentiation.
adnexal c. a c. arising from sweat or sebaceous glands.
adrenal cortical c. a c. arising in the adrenal cortex that may cause virilism or Cushing syndrome.
alveolar cell c. a c., subtype of adenocarcinoma, thought to be derived from epithelium of terminal bronchioles, in which the neoplastic tissue extends along the alveolar walls and grows in small masses within the alveoli; involvement may be uniformly diffuse and massive, or nodular, or lobular; microscopically, the neoplastic cells are cuboidal or columnar and form papillary structures; mucin may be demonstrated in some of the cells and in the material in the alveoli, which also includes denuded cells; metastases in regional lymph nodes, and even in more distant sites, are known to occur, but are infrequent. SYN: bronchiolar adenocarcinoma, bronchiolar c., bronchiolo-alveolar c., bronchioloalveolar adenocarcinoma, bronchoalveolar c..
anaplastic c. c. with absence of epithelial structural differentiation.
apocrine c. 1. a c. composed predominantly of cells with abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm, occurring in the breast or other sites; 2. a c. of the apocrine glands.
basal cell c. a slow-growing, invasive, but usually non-metastasizing neoplasm recapitulating normal basal cells of the epidermis or hair follicles, most commonly arising in sun-damaged skin of the elderly and fair-skinned. SYN: basal cell epithelioma.
basaloid c. SYN: cloacogenic c..
basal squamous cell c. SYN: basosquamous c..
basosquamous c., basisquamous c. a c. of the skin which in structure and behavior is considered transitional between basal cell and squamous cell c. The term should not be used for the much more common keratotic variety of basal cell c., in which the tumor cells are of basal type but which contains small foci of abrupt keratinization. SYN: basal squamous cell c..
bronchiolar c. SYN: alveolar cell c..
bronchiolo-alveolar c. SYN: alveolar cell c..
bronchoalveolar c. SYN: alveolar cell c..
bronchogenic c. originally described only c. arising in a bronchus, usually squamous or small cell, but now generally agreed to refer to any lung cancer. Includes squamous or epidermoid, small cell or large cell c., and adenocarcinoma. Observed radiologically as an enlarging lung mass; malignant tumor cells can be detected in the sputum. They metastasize early to the thoracic lymph nodes and to the brain, adrenal glands, and other organs through the bloodstream.
canine c. 1 one of the few transplantable tumors of animals.
c. of the breast a malignant tumor arising from epithelial cells of the female (and occasionally the male) breast, usually adenocarcinoma arising from ductal epithelium.The impact of breast cancer on Western society is enormous. Breast cancer is the most common noncutaneous malignancy in women. A woman's lifetime risk of developing breast cancer is 8%, and approximately 182,000 cases are newly diagnosed each year in the United States. With 46,000 deaths yearly, it ranks second only to lung cancer as a cause of cancer deaths in women. Most breast cancers are estrogen-dependent adenocarcinomas. Many factors, including age, race, family history, and reproductive history, influence a woman's risk of developing breast cancer. The risk rises with advancing age: it is less than 0.1% at age 30, about 2% at age 50, and 10% at age 80. African-American women have the highest mortality and lowest survival rates for breast cancer. Asian women living in the U.S. have the lowest rates, but some studies suggest that their cancer risk increases as they become acculturated. The risk of breast cancer is slightly increased by nulliparity or first pregnancy after age 35 and by early menarche or late menopause. About 10% of breast cancers are induced by inherited genetic mutations (particularly BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, which together account for about one-third of familial breast cancers), the rest by spontaneous, non-inherited mutations. The HER-2/neu oncogene, which encodes a 185-kDa transmembrane oncoprotein, is amplified, overexpressed, or both in 10–30% of invasive breast cancers and in 40–60% of intraductal breast carcinomas. Detection of this gene in cancer tissue by fluorescent in-situ hybridization is associated with poor prognosis (30% greater likelihood of recurrence and cancer death). Women with a strong family history of breast cancer tend to develop it at an earlier age and may also be at risk for ovarian and other malignancies. Other risk factors are cigarette smoking, daily alcohol use, exposure to environmental radon, therapeutic and diagnostic radiation including that from mammograms, and possibly estrogen replacement therapy (with or without a progestogen). Preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic options continue to be vigorously explored. The possibility of identifying inherited oncogenes has generated controversy as to the appropriateness of prophylactic mastectomy for women at risk for early mammary c.. Tamoxifen, an estrogen antagonist used in the treatment of estrogen-dependent breast cancer, has been found effective in reducing the risk for those with strong family history of breast cancer. Authorities recommend annual mammography for all women over 40, and for high-risk women (those with a strong family history of breast cancer and those who have received irradiation treatment for Hodgkin disease) over 25. Because some 10% of breast cancers that can be felt on examination are missed by mammography, annual examination of the breasts by a physician is also recommended. Recent studies have shown no survival advantage for women practicing breast self examination. Treatments for breast cancer include surgical excision, limited or extensive, with or without radical dissection and removal of axillary lymph nodes; irradiation; and chemotherapy, depending on the type and stage of the disease. Limited resection of small invasive tumors, with preservation of the breast, affords survival rates similar to those after modified radical mastectomy. Chemotherapeutic agents in standard use include doxorubicin, epirubicin, cyclophosphamide, and paclitaxel. Trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody to the HER-2/neu oncogene, shrinks tumors that contain this gene, but its use is associated with a high incidence of cardiac dysfunction. Known or suspected metastases from an estrogen-responsive tumor are treated with tamoxifen or oophorectomy. See Also BRCA1 gene, BRCA2 gene, mammography, tamoxifen.
c. of the prostate a malignant neoplasm arising from glandular epithelial cells of the prostate gland.Prostatic adenocarcinoma (PA) is the most commonly occurring cancer in men, and it ranks second only to lung cancer as a cause of cancer deaths in men. Each year 200,000 new cases are diagnosed in the U.S., and more than 38,000 men die of the disease. Foci of PA are found at autopsy in 40% of men dying after age 50. The neoplasm is androgen-dependent and does not occur in eunuchs. It is both more common and more aggressive in African-American men. A family history of PA, and possibly vasectomy, are other risk factors. PA must be differentiated diagnostically from benign prostatic hyperplasia, which is not a premalignant lesion. PA usually arises in the periphery of the gland and may extend through the capsule into the periprostatic tissues, to seminal vesicles, and regional lymph nodes. At the time of diagnosis, more than 40% of patients have disease that has spread beyond the gland. Bones of the axial skeleton are the usual sites of distant metastasis; the liver, lungs, and brain are other common sites. Early disease is asymptomatic; the diagnosis is most often made by screening of apparently healthy men with digital rectal examination, assay of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), or both. Advanced disease may present as urinary obstruction or bone pain due to metastasis. Men with nodular asymmetry or induration in the prostate gland on digital examination, or elevation of PSA, are evaluated by transrectal ultrasonography of the prostate with ultrasonically directed needle biopsy. Testing for osseous metastases includes measurement of serum alkaline phosphatase, radionuclide bone scan, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. PA is graded by the Gleason scoring method, which reflects the degree of histologic differentiation in the two most prominent malignant foci. Anatomic staging is based on extension of the tumor beyond the prostatic capsule, not on tumor size. A low or undetectable level of p27 protein in prostatic tissue is a marker of more aggressive malignancy. Treatment depends on the grade and stage of disease and the age and general condition of the patient. In elderly men and those with concurrent life-threatening illness, benign neglect may be the treatment of choice. Radical prostatectomy (removal of the entire gland along with the seminal vesicles) is generally reserved for patients with early or limited disease and a life expectancy of at least 10 years. This treatment is associated with a substantial risk of urinary incontinence and impotence. Radiotherapy with external beam radiation or transperineal implantation of radioactive isotopes may be employed in addition to or instead of surgery. Androgen blockade by orchidectomy or by administration of estrogen, an androgen antagonist, or a gonadotropin-releasing hormone is palliative in advanced disease. Between 1984 and 1992, the number of cases of AP diagnosed nearly doubled, apparently because of extensive PSA screening. Since 1992 the number of new cases has regressed nearly to its former level. The mortality of PA has declined substantially since 1990. Many observers attribute this decline to the ability of PSA screening to detect cancer at a curable stage. In addition, one large case-control study showed that men dying of PA were one-half as likely as population-based controls to have had a digital rectal examination during the preceding 10 years. Some authorities oppose digital rectal examination and PSA screening of asymptomatic men with life expectancies of less than 10 years, on the grounds that the risks of false-negative results and of adverse consequences of aggressive treatment outweigh any possible benefit in survival or quality of life.
clear cell c. SYN: mesonephroma.
clear cell c. of kidney SYN: renal adenocarcinoma.
clear cell c. of salivary glands a malignant tumor, comprising several subtypes such as clear cell oncocytoma, hyalinizing clear cell c., epithelial-myoepithelial (intercalated duct) c..
cloacogenic c. 1. a type of squamous cell c. of the anus originating in tissues arising from, or in remnants of, the cloaca. 2. in oncology, anal cancer arising proximal to the pectinate line. SYN: basaloid c., cuboidal c.. [cloaca + -genic]
colloid c. SYN: mucinous c..
cuboidal c. SYN: cloacogenic c..
cylindromatous c. SYN: adenoid cystic c..
cystic c. a c. in which true epithelium-lined cysts are formed, or degenerative changes may result in cystlike spaces.
duct c., ductal c. a c. derived from epithelium of ducts, e.g., in the breast or pancreas.
embryonal c. a malignant neoplasm of the testis or ovary, composed of anaplastic cells with indistinct cellular borders, amphophilic cytoplasm, and ovoid, round, or bean-shaped nuclei that may have large nucleoli; in some instances, the neoplastic cells may form tubular or papillary structures.
endometrioid c. adenocarcinoma of the ovary or prostate resembling endometrial adenocarcinoma.
epidermoid c. squamous cell c. of the skin or lung. SYN: epidermoid cancer.
epithelial myoepithelial c. (mi′yo-ep-i-the′le-al) a salivary gland malignancy composed of an inner layer of ductal cells surrounded by a layer of clear myoepithelial cells.
fibrolamellar liver cell c. primary hepatic c. in which malignant hepatocytes are intersected by fibrous lamellated bands. SYN: oncocytic hepatocellular tumor.
follicular c. c. of the thyroid composed of well or poorly differentiated epithelial follicles without papillary formation, which is difficult to distinguish from adenoma; the criteria include blood vessel invasion and the finding of metastases of follicular thyroid tissue in other structures such as cervical lymph nodes and bone; follicular c. may take up radioactive iodine.
giant cell c. a malignant epithelial neoplasm characterized by unusually large anaplastic cells.
giant cell c. of thyroid gland a rapidly progressive undifferentiated c. observed in the thyroid gland, characterized by numerous, unusually large, anaplastic cells derived from glandular epithelium of the thyroid gland.
glandular c. SYN: adenocarcinoma.
hepatocellular c. a malignant tumor composed of neoplastic liver cells; may be well, moderately, or poorly differentiated; secretes α-fetoprotein, which serves as a useful serologic marker. SYN: hepatocarcinoma, liver cell c., malignant hepatoma.
Hürthle cell c. a salivary or thyroid c. composed of cells that have eosinophilic cytoplasm. SEE ALSO: Hürthle cell adenoma. SYN: oncocytic c., oxyphilic c..
inflammatory c. c. of the breast presenting with edema, hyperemia, tenderness, and rapid enlargment of the breast; microscopically, there is extensive invasion of dermal lymphatics by the c..
intraductal c. a form of c. derived from the epithelial lining of ducts, especially in the breast, where most carcinomas arise from ductal epithelium; the neoplastic cells proliferate in irregular papillary projections or masses, filling the lumens, that are solid, cribriform, or centrally necrotic; intraductal c. is a form of c. in situ as it is contained by the ductal basement membrane; when it invades surrounding stroma or metastasizes it is referred to as ductal c..
intraepidermal c. c. in situ of the skin; e.g., Bowen disease.
intraepithelial c. SYN: c. in situ.
invasive c. a neoplasm in which collections of epithelial cells infiltrate or destroy the surrounding tissue.
juvenile c. SYN: secretory c..
kangri burn c. SYN: kang cancer.
large cell c. an anaplastic c., particularly bronchogenic, composed of cells which are much larger than those in oat cell c. of the lung.
latent c. an epithelial neoplasm showing microscopic features of malignancy believed to have remained localized and asymptomatic for a long period; e.g., small c. of the prostate in old men, often found incidentally at autopsy.
lateral aberrant thyroid c. obsolete term for a cervical nodule of thyroid c. situated outside the thyroid gland, formerly thought to arise from ectopic thyroid tissue but now believed to be metastatic from an occult c. within the gland.
leptomeningeal c. SYN: meningeal c..
liver cell c. SYN: hepatocellular c..
lobular c. a form of adenocarcinoma, especially of the breast, where lobular c. is less common than ductal c. and usually is composed of small cells.
lobular c. in situ SYN: noninfiltrating lobular c..
medullary c. a malignant neoplasm, comparatively soft and brainlike in consistency, that consists chiefly of neoplastic epithelial cells, with only a scant amount of fibrous stroma.
medullary c. of breast a subtype of breast c. composed of sheets of large epithelial cells surrounded by scant fibrous stroma; it is soft and well circumscribed and has a better prognosis than invasive ductal c..
medullary c. of thyroid a malignant thyroid neoplasm composed of calcitonin producing C-cells and amyloid rich stroma; it may be sporadic or familial; the familial form may be part of the multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome, type 2A and 2B.
meningeal c. an infiltration of c. cells in the arachnoid and subarachnoid space; may be primary or secondary. SYN: leptomeningeal c., leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, meningeal carcinomatosis.
metaplastic c. a c. in which some of the tumor cells are spindle shaped, suggesting a sarcoma, or in which the stroma shows foci of bone or cartilage; such carcinomas occur in the upper respiratory or alimentary tract or in the breast.
metastatic c. a c. that has appeared in a region remote from its site of origin, as in metastasis (2). SYN: secondary c..
microinvasive c. a variety of c. seen most frequently in the uterine cervix, in which c. in situ of squamous epithelium, on the surface or replacing the lining of glands, is accompanied by small collections of abnormal epithelial cells that infiltrate a very short distance into the stroma; this represents the earliest stage of invasion.
mucinous c. a variety of adenocarcinoma in which the neoplastic cells secrete conspicuous quantities of mucin, and, as a result, the neoplasm is likely to be glistening, sticky, and gelatinoid in consistency. SYN: colloid cancer, colloid c..
mucoepidermoid c. most commonly a salivary gland c. of low grade malignancy composed of mucous, epidermoid, and intermediate cells, with mucous cells abundant only in low-grade c.; recurrence is frequent, and high-grade carcinomas metastasize to cervical nodes. SYN: mucoepidermoid tumor.
nasopharyngeal c. a squamous cell c. arising from the surface epithelium of the nasopharynx; three histologic variants are recognized: keratinizing, nonkeratinizing, and undifferentiated c..
noninfiltrating lobular c. c. of the breast in which small tumor cells fill preexisting acini within lobules, without invading the surrounding stroma. SYN: lobular c. in situ, lobular neoplasia.
oat cell c. SYN: small cell c..
occult c. a small c., either asymptomatic or giving rise to metastases without symptoms due to the primary c..
oncocytic c. SYN: Hürthle cell c..
oxyphilic c. SYN: Hürthle cell c..
papillary c. a malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, fingerlike projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells.
polymorphous low-grade c. of salivary glands a low-grade malignant tumor of salivary glands showing several histologic patterns, such as cribriform, ductal, and papillary growth. SYN: terminal duct c..
primary c. c. at the site of origin, with local invasion in that organ.
primary neuroendocrine c. of the skin SYN: Merkel cell tumor.
renal cell c. SYN: renal adenocarcinoma.
sarcomatoid c. SYN: spindle cell c..
scar c. c. of the lung, usually adenocarcinoma, arising from a peripheral lung scar or associated with interstitial fibrosis in a honeycomb lung. SYN: scar cancer.
scirrhous c. a hard c., fibrous in nature, resulting from a desmoplastic reaction by the stromal tissue to the presence of the neoplastic epithelium.
secondary c. SYN: metastatic c..
secretory c. c. of the breast with pale-staining cells showing prominent secretory activity, as seen in pregnancy and lactation, but found mostly in children. SYN: juvenile c..
signet-ring cell c. a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma composed of cells with a cytoplasmic droplet of mucus that compresses the nucleus to one side along the cell membrane; arises most frequently in the stomach, occasionally in the large bowel or elsewhere.
c. in situ (CIS) a lesion characterized by cytologic changes of the type associated with invasive c., but with the pathologic process limited to the lining epithelium and without histologic evidence of extension to adjacent structures; the distinctive changes are usually more apparent in the nucleus, i.e., variation in size and shape, increase in chromatin, and numerous mitoses (including some that are atypical) in all layers of the epithelium, with loss of orderly maturation. The lesion is presumed to be the histologically recognizable precursor of invasive c., i.e., a localized and curable phase of c.. SYN: intraepithelial c..
small cell c. 1. an anaplastic c. composed of small cells; 2. an anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic c. composed of small ovoid cells with very scanty cytoplasm. SYN: oat cell c..
spindle cell c. a c. composed of elongated cells, frequently a poorly differentiated squamous cell c. which may be difficult to distinguish from a sarcoma. SYN: sarcomatoid c..
squamous cell c. a malignant neoplasm derived from stratified squamous epithelium, but which may also occur in sites such as bronchial mucosa where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present; variable amounts of keratin are formed, in relation to the degree of differentiation, and, if the keratin is not on the surface, it may accumulate in the neoplasm as a keratin pearl; in instances in which the cells are well differentiated, intercellular bridges may be observed between adjacent cells.
sweat gland c. usually a solitary tumor, nodular and fixed to the skin and underlying structure, having slow growth for long periods followed by rapid growth and dissemination.
terminal duct c. SYN: polymorphous low-grade c. of salivary glands.
trabecular c. SYN: Merkel cell tumor.
transitional cell c. SYN: urothelial c..
tubular c. a well-differentiated form of ductal breast c. with invasion of the stroma by small epithelial tubules.
urothelial c. a malignant neoplasm derived from transitional epithelium, occurring chiefly in the urinary bladder, ureters, or renal pelves (especially if well differentiated); frequently papillary; these carcinomas are graded according to the degree of anaplasia. So-called transitional cell c. of the upper respiratory tract is more properly classified as squamous cell c.. Transitional cell c. is also a rare tumor of the ovary. SYN: transitional cell c..
V-2 c. a transplantable, highly malignant c. of experimental animals that developed as a result of malignant change in a virus-induced papilloma of a domestic rabbit.
verrucous c. a well-differentiated papillary squamous cell c., especially of the oral cavity or penis, that may invade locally but rarely metastasizes; the usual cytologic features of malignancy are absent. Genital verrucous c. may be associated with pre-existing condyloma acuminatum.
villous c. a form of c. in which there are numerous, closely packed, papillary projections of neoplastic epithelial tissue.
wolffian duct c. SYN: mesonephroma.
yolk sac c. SYN: endocervical sinus tumor.

carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma
carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma

Carcinoma arising in a benign mixed tumor of a salivary gland, characterized by rapid enlargement and pain.

carcinomata
carcinomata (kar-si-no′ma-ta)

Alternative plural of carcinoma.

carcinomatosis
carcinomatosis (kar′si-no-ma-to′sis)

A condition resulting from widespread dissemination of carcinoma in multiple sites in various organs or tissues of the body; sometimes also used in relation to involvement of a relatively large region of the body.
leptomeningeal c. SYN: meningeal carcinoma.
lymphangitic c. a condition in which lymph vessels are filled with tumor cells or blocked by tumor cells.
meningeal c. SYN: meningeal carcinoma.

carcinomatous
carcinomatous (kar-si-nom′a-tus)

Pertaining to or manifesting the characteristic properties of carcinoma.

carcinophobia
carcinophobia (kar′sin-o-fo′be-a)

SYN: cancerophobia.

carcinosarcoma
carcinosarcoma (kar′si-no-sar-ko′ma)

A malignant neoplasm that contains elements of carcinoma and sarcoma so extensively intermixed as to indicate neoplasia of epithelial and mesenchymal tissue. SEE ALSO: collision tumor.

carcinostatic
carcinostatic (kar′si-no-stat′ik)

1. Pertaining to an arresting or inhibitory effect on the development or progression of a carcinoma. 2. An agent that manifests such an effect.

carcoma
carcoma (kar-ko′ma)

Dark red-brown or mahogany-colored granular material that occurs in human feces in tropical regions; it yields a chemical reaction similar to that of urobilinogen and is composed of calcium oxide, iron, phosphoric and carbonic acids, urobilinogen, cholerythrogen, and other organic matter in varying proportions. [Sp. wood dust under the bark of a tree, caused by the wood louse]

cardamom
cardamom (kar′da-mom)

Grains of paradise. Dried ripe seeds of Elettaria cardamomum; used for flavoring baked goods, confectionery, curry powder, and in the manufacture of oil of c. which is used for flavoring liqueurs. Pharmaceutical aid (flavor); adjuvant and carminative.

Carden
Carden

Henry D., British surgeon, &dag;1872. See C. amputation.

cardenolide
cardenolide (kar-den′o-lid)

A class of cardiac glycosides containing a five-membered lactone ring ( E.G., the Digitalis glycosides).

cardi- cardi-

See cardio-.

cardia
cardia (kar′de-a) [TA]

The area of the stomach close to the esophageal opening (cardiac orifice or c.) that contains the cardiac glands. SYN: pars cardiaca gastricae [TA] , cardiac part of stomach, cardial part of stomach, gastric c., pars cardiaca ventriculi. [G. kardia, heart]

cardiac
cardiac (kar′de-ak)

1. Pertaining to the heart. 2. Pertaining to the esophageal opening of the stomach. 3. (Obsolete). A remedy for heart disease. [L. cardiacus]

cardiac ballet
cardiac ballet (kar′de-ak bal-a′)

Short runs of cardiac dysrhythmia consisting of uniform sequences of repetitive multiform extrasystoles; so called from its undulating appearance, originally described by Bellet. SEE ALSO: torsade de pointes.

cardialgia
cardialgia (kar-de-al′je-a)

1. Obsolete term for pyrosis. 2. SYN: cardiodynia. [cardi- + G. algos, pain]

cardiataxia
cardiataxia (kar′de-a-tak′se-a)

Extreme irregularity in the action of the heart. [cardi- + G. ataxia, disorder]

cardiatelia
cardiatelia (kar′de-a-te′le-a)

Incomplete development of the heart. [cardi- + G. ateles, incomplete]

cardiectasia
cardiectasia (kar′de-ek-ta′ze-a)

Dilation of the heart. [cardi- + G. ektasis, a stretching]

cardiectomy
cardiectomy (kar-de-ek′to-me)

Excision of the cardiac part of the stomach. [cardi-(2) + G. ektome, excision]

cardiectopia
cardiectopia (kar-de-ek-to′pe-a)

Abnormal placement of the heart. See ectopia cordis. [cardi- + G. ektopos, out of place]

cardinal
cardinal (kar′di-nal)

Chief or principal;in embryology, relating to the main venous drainage. [L. cardinalis, principal]

carding
carding

The procedure of placing individual sets of anterior or posterior teeth in trays lined with a wax strip.

cardio- cardio-, cardi-

1. The heart. 2. The cardia (ostium cardiacum). [G. kardia, heart]

cardioaccelerator
cardioaccelerator (kar′de-o-ak-sel′er-a-ter)

Accelerator of the heart beat.

cardioactive
cardioactive (kar′de-o-ak′tiv)

Influencing the heart.

cardioangiography
cardioangiography (kar′de-o-an-je-og′ra-fe)

SYN: angiocardiography.

cardioaortic
cardioaortic (kar′de-o-a-or′tik)

Relating to the heart and the aorta.

cardioarterial
cardioarterial (kar′de-o-ar-ter′e-al)

Relating to the heart and the arteries.

Cardiobacterium
Cardiobacterium (kar′de-o-bak-te′re-um)

A genus of nonmotile, pleomorphic, Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria found in the nasal flora and associated with endocarditis in humans. The type species is c. hominis.
C. hominis a bacterial species that causes endocarditis in humans. The type species of C.. See HACEK group.
C. violaceum a motile, Gram-negative, non–spore-bearing rod, found in soil in tropical and subtropical environments; a cause of human infections including septicemia, pneumonia, wound infections, and abscesses; it can be rapidly fatal, and may relapse after cessation of antibiotic therapy.

cardiocele
cardiocele (kar′de-o-sel)

A herniation or protrusion of the heart through an opening in the diaphragm, or through a wound. [cardio- + G. kele, hernia]

cardiochalasia
cardiochalasia (kar′de-o-ka-la′ze-a)

Achalasia of the cardia.

cardiodiosis
cardiodiosis (kar′de-o-de-o′sis)

Rarely used term for maneuver to dilate the gastric cardia. [cardio- (2) + G. diosis, a spreading open]

cardiodynamics
cardiodynamics (kar′de-o-di-nam′iks)

The mechanics of the heart's action, including its movement and the forces generated thereby.

cardiodynia
cardiodynia (kar′de-o-din′e-a)

Pain in the heart. SYN: cardialgia (2) . [cardio- + G. odyne, pain]

cardioesophageal
cardioesophageal (kar′de-o-e-sof-a-je′al)

Denoting the area at the junction of the esophagus and cardiac part of the stomach.

cardiogenesis
cardiogenesis (kar-de-o-gen′e-sis)

Formation of the heart in the embryo. [cardio + G. genesis, origin]

cardiogenic
cardiogenic (kar′de-o-jen′ik)

Of cardiac origin.

cardiogram
cardiogram (kar′de-o-gram)

1. The graphic tracing made by the stylet of a cardiograph. 2. Generally used for any recording derived from the heart, with such prefixes as apex-, echo-, electro-, phono-, or vector- being understood. [cardio- + G. gramma, a diagram]
esophageal c. tracing of left atrial contractions made by recording displacements of the column of air in a sensor-equipped esophageal transducer tube or wire.

cardiograph
cardiograph (kar′de-o-graf)

An instrument for recording graphically the movements of the heart, constructed on the principle of the sphygmograph. [cardio- + G. grapho, to write]

cardiography
cardiography (kar-de-og′ra-fe)

Use of the cardiograph. SEE ALSO: electrocardiography.
ultrasonic c. SYN: echocardiography.
ultrasound c. SYN: echocardiography.

cardiohemothrombus
cardiohemothrombus (kar′de-o-he-mo-throm′bus)

SYN: cardiothrombus.

cardiohepatic
cardiohepatic (kar′de-o-he-pat′ik)

Relating to the heart and the liver.

cardiohepatomegaly
cardiohepatomegaly (kar′de-o-hep′a-to-meg′a-le)

Enlargement of both heart and liver.

cardioid
cardioid (kar′de-oyd)

Resembling a heart. [cardi- + G. eidos, resemblance]

cardioinhibitory
cardioinhibitory (kar′de-o-in-hib′i-to-re)

Arresting or slowing the action of the heart.

cardiokymogram
cardiokymogram (kar′de-o-ki′mo-gram)

Record made by a cardiokymograph.

cardiokymograph
cardiokymograph (kar′de-o-ki′mo-graf)

Noninvasive device, placed on the chest, capable of recording anterior left ventricle segmental wall motion; consists of a 5-cm diameter capacitive plate transducer as part of a high frequency, low-power oscillator with recording probe; changes in wall motion affect the magnetic field and thus the oscillatory frequency, which is then recorded on a multichannel analog waveform polygraph.

cardiokymography
cardiokymography (kar′de-o-ki-mog′ra-fe)

Use of a cardiokymograph.

cardiolipin
cardiolipin (kar′de-o-lip′in)

A 1,3-bis(phosphatidyl)glycerol found in many biomembranes with immunologic properties;used in serologic diagnosis of syphilis. When mixed with lecithin and cholesterol c. will combine with the Wassermann antibody but not with the treponema-immobilizing antibody. SYN: acetone-insoluble antigen, heart antigen.

cardiologist
cardiologist (kar-de-ol′o-jist)

Physician specializing in cardiology.

cardiology
cardiology (kar-de-ol′o-je)

The medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of heart disease. [cardio- + G. logos, study]

cardiolysis
cardiolysis (kar-de-ol′i-sis)

An obsolete operation for breaking up the adhesions in chronic mediastinopericarditis; access is gained by resection of a portion of the sternum and the corresponding costal cartilages. [cardio- + G. lysis, loosening]

cardiomalacia
cardiomalacia (kar′de-o-ma-la′she-a)

Softening of the walls of the heart. [cardio- + G. malakia, softness]

cardiomegaly
cardiomegaly (kar-de-o-meg′a-le)

Enlargement of the heart. SYN: macrocardia, megacardia, megalocardia. [cardio- + G. megas, large]
glycogen c. a form of glycogenosis due to abnormal storage of glycogen within the heart muscle cells.
glycogenic c. enlargement of the heart due to glycogen storage disease; most often occurs in type II (lysosomal acid glucosidase deficiency), especially in infancy and childhood.

cardiometry
cardiometry (kar-de-om′e-tre)

Measurement of the dimensions of the heart or the force of its action. [cardio- + G. metron, measure]

cardiomotility
cardiomotility (kar′de-o-mo-til′i-te)

Movements of the heart.

cardiomuscular
cardiomuscular (kar′de-o-mus′ku-lar)

Pertaining to the cardiac musculature.

cardiomyopathy
cardiomyopathy (kar′de-o-mi-op′a-the)

Disease of the myocardium. As a disease classification, the term is used in several different senses, but is limited by the World Health Organization to: “Primary disease process of heart muscle in absence of a known underlying etiology” when referring to idiopathic c.. SYN: myocardiopathy. [cardio- + G. mys, muscle, + pathos, disease]
alcoholic c. myocardial disease occurring in some chronic alcoholics; may result from alcohol toxicity, thiamin deficiency, or be of unknown pathogenesis. SYN: alcoholic myocardiopathy, beer heart.
congestive c. SYN: dilated c..
dilated c. decreased function of the left ventricle associated with its dilation; most patients have global hypokinesia, although discrete regional wall movement abnormalities may occur; usually manifested by signs of overall cardiac failure, with congestive findings, as well as by fatigue indicative of a low output state. SYN: congestive c..
familial hypertrophic c. familial occurrence of hypertrophic c. exhibiting an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Familial c. of various kinds occurs with autosomal dominant inheritance [MIM*115200]. There is also an asymmetrical form affecting the ventricles and the interventricular septum [MIM*192600].
hypertrophic c. thickening of the ventricular septum and walls of the left ventricle with marked myofibril disarray; often associated with greater thickening of the septum than of the free wall resulting in narrowing of the left ventricular outflow tract and dynamic outflow gradient; diastolic compliance is greatly impaired.
idiopathic c. SYN: primary c. (1) .
peripartum c. cardiac failure due to heart muscle disease in the period before, during, or after delivery.
postpartum c. cardiomegaly and congestive heart failure developing in the puerperium in the absence of any of the known causes of heart disease.
primary c. 1. c. of unknown or obscure cause; SYN: idiopathic c.. 2. a disease that affects mainly the heart muscle, sparing other cardiac structures and usually resulting in fibrosis, hypertrophy, or both.
restrictive c. a diverse group of conditions characterized by restriction of diastolic filling; often confused with constrictive pericarditis and the infiltrative cardiomyopathies; left ventricular size and systolic function may be preserved but dyspnea results primarily from increase in left ventricular diastolic pressure; signs of right ventricular failure may be prominent.
secondary c. disease that affects the myocardium secondarily to systemic disease, infection, or metabolic disease.

cardiomyoplasty
cardiomyoplasty

An operation that uses stimulated latissimus dorsi muscle to assist cardiac function. The latissimus dorsi muscle is mobilized from the chest wall and moved into the thorax through the bed of the resected 2nd or 3rd rib. The muscle is then wrapped around the left and right ventricles and stimulated to contract during cardiac systole by means of an implanted burst-stimulator. SYN: cardiac muscle wrap.

cardiomyotomy
cardiomyotomy (kar′de-o-mi-ot′o-me)

SYN: esophagomyotomy. [cardio- (2) + G. mys, muscle, + tome, cutting]

cardionatrin
cardionatrin

SYN: atrial natriuretic peptide. [cardio- + Mod. L. natrium, sodium, + suffix -in, material]

cardionecrosis
cardionecrosis (kar′de-o-ne-kro′sis)

Necrosis of the myocardium.

cardionector
cardionector (kar′de-o-nek′tor, -tor)

Archaic term sometimes used for conducting system of heart. [cardio- + L. necto, to join]

cardionephric
cardionephric (kar′de-o-nef′rik)

SYN: cardiorenal.

cardioneural
cardioneural (kar′de-o-noor′al)

Relating to the nervous control of the heart. [cardio- + G. neuron, nerve]

cardioneurosis
cardioneurosis (kar′de-o-noo-ro′sis)

SYN: cardiac neurosis.

cardioomentopexy
cardioomentopexy (kar′de-o-o-men′to-pek-se)

Operation for the attachment of omentum to the heart with the object of improving its blood supply. [cardio- + omentum, + G. pexis, fixation]

cardiopaludism
cardiopaludism (kar′de-o-pal′oo-dizm)

Irregularity in the heart's action due to malaria. [cardio- + paludism, malaria, fr. L. palus, marsh]

cardiopath
cardiopath (kar′de-o-path)

A sufferer from heart disease.

cardiopathia nigra
cardiopathia nigra (kar-de-o-path′e-a ni′gra)

SYN: Ayerza syndrome.

cardiopathy
cardiopathy (kar-de-op′a-the)

Any disease of the heart. [cardio- + G. pathos, disease]

cardiophobia
cardiophobia (kar′de-o-fo′be-a)

Morbid fear of heart disease.

cardiophone
cardiophone (kar′de-o-fon)

A stethoscope specially modified to aid in listening to the sounds of the heart. [cardio- + G. phone, sound]

cardiophony
cardiophony (kar′de-of′o-ne)

A rarely used term for phonocardiography (1).

cardiophrenia
cardiophrenia (kar′de-o-fre′ne-a)

SYN: phrenocardia.

cardioplasty
cardioplasty (kar′de-o-plas-te)

An operation on the cardia of the stomach. SYN: esophagogastroplasty. [cardio- (2) + G. plastos, formed]

cardioplegia
cardioplegia (kar′de-o-ple′je-a)

1. Paralysis of the heart. 2. An elective stopping of cardiac activity temporarily by injection of chemicals, selective hypothermia, or electrical stimuli. [cardio- + G. plege, stroke]
antegrade c. c. effected by delivery of solutions through the coronary arteries.
retrograde c. c. effected by delivery of solutions via the coronary veins.

cardioplegic
cardioplegic (kar-de-o-ple′jik)

Relating to cardioplegia.

cardioptosia
cardioptosia (kar′de-op-to′se-a)

A condition in which the heart is unduly movable and displaced downward, as distinguished from bathycardia. SEE ALSO: cor mobile, cor pendulum. SYN: drop heart. [cardio- + G. ptosis, a falling]

cardiopulmonary
cardiopulmonary (kar′de-o-pul′mo-nar-e)

Relating to the heart and lungs. SYN: pneumocardial.

cardiopyloric
cardiopyloric (kar′de-o-pi-lor′ik, -pi-lor′ik)

Relating to the cardiac and pyloric extremities of the stomach.

cardiorenal
cardiorenal (kar′de-o-re′nal)

Relating to the heart and the kidney. SYN: cardionephric, nephrocardiac, renicardiac.

cardiorrhaphy
cardiorrhaphy (kar-de-or′a-fe)

Suture of the heart wall. [cardio- + G. rhaphe, suture]

cardiorrhexis
cardiorrhexis (kar-de-o-rek′sis)

Rupture of the heart wall. [cardio- + G. rhexis, rupture]

cardioscope
cardioscope (kar′de-o-skop)

An instrument for inspecting the interior of the living heart. [cardio- + G. skopeo, to view]

cardioselective
cardioselective (kar′de-o-se-lek′tiv)

Denoting or having the properties of cardioselectivity.

cardioselectivity
cardioselectivity (kar′de-o-se-lek-tiv′i-te)

The relatively predominant cardiovascular pharmacologic effect of a drug with multipharmacologic effects; used especially when describing beta-blocking agents.

cardiospasm
cardiospasm (kar′de-o-spazm)

SYN: esophageal achalasia.

cardiosphygmograph
cardiosphygmograph (kar′de-o-sfig′mo-graf)

An instrument for recording graphically the movements of the heart and the radial pulse. [cardio- + G. sphygmos, pulse, + grapho, to write]

cardiotachometer
cardiotachometer (kar′de-o-ta-kom′e-ter)

An instrument for measuring the heart rate. [cardio- + G. tachos, rapidity, + metron, measure]

cardiothrombus
cardiothrombus (kar′de-o-throm′bus)

A clot of blood within one of the heart's chambers. SYN: cardiohemothrombus.

cardiothyrotoxicosis
cardiothyrotoxicosis (kar′de-o-thi-ro-tok-si-ko′sis)

Hyperthyroidism with cardiac complications.

cardiotomy
cardiotomy (kar-de-ot′o-me)

1. Incision of a heart wall. 2. Incision of the cardiac part of the stomach. [cardio- + G. tome, incision]

cardiotonic
cardiotonic (kar′de-o-ton′ik)

Exerting a favorable, so-called tonic effect upon the action of the heart; usually intended to indicate increased force of contraction. [cardio- + G. tonos, tension]

cardiotoxic
cardiotoxic (kar′de-o-tok′sik)

Having a deleterious effect upon the action of the heart, due to poisoning of the cardiac muscle or of its conducting system. [cardio- + G. toxikon, poison]

cardiotoxin
cardiotoxin (kar′de-o-tok′sin)

1. A poisonous glycoside with specific cardiac effects. For example, causes irreversible depolarization of cell membranes. 2. Specifically, one of the toxic principles from cobra venom. 3. Any substance that can cause heart damage with toxic doses.

cardiovalvulitis
cardiovalvulitis (kar′de-o-val-vu-li′tis)

Inflammation of the heart valves.

cardiovascular
cardiovascular (CV) (kar′de-o-vas′ku-lar) [TA]

Relating to the heart and the blood vessels or the circulation. SYN: cardiovasculare [TA] , vasculocardiac. [cardio- + L. vasculum, vessel]

cardiovasculare
cardiovasculare [TA]

SYN: cardiovascular.

cardiovasculorenal
cardiovasculorenal (kar′de-o-vas′ku-lo-re′nal)

Relating to the heart, arteries, and kidneys, especially as to function or disease.

cardioversion
cardioversion (kar′de-o-ver′zhun)

Restoration of the heart's rhythm to normal by electrical countershock or by medications (chemical c.). [cardio- + conversion]

cardiovert
cardiovert (car′de-o-vert)

The act of cardioversion.

cardioverter
cardioverter (kar′de-o-ver′ter)

A machine used to perform cardioversion.

Cardiovirus
Cardiovirus (kar′de-o-vi-rus)

A genus of RNA viruses in the family Picornaviridae that are rarely associated with human disease and are recovered frequently from rodents, i.e., Columbia S.K. virus, mengo virus.

carditis
carditis (kar-di′tis)

Inflammation of the heart.
rheumatic c. pancarditis occurring in rheumatic fever, characterized by formation of Aschoff bodies in the cardiac interstitial tissue; may be associated with acute cardiac failure, endocarditis with small fibrin vegetations on the margins of closure of valve cusps (especially the mitral), and fibrinous pericarditis; it is frequently followed by scarring of the valves.

care
care (kar)

In medicine and public health, a general term for the application of knowledge to the benefit of a community or individual.
comprehensive medical c. a concept that includes not only the traditional c. of the acutely or chronically ill patient, but also the prevention and early detection of disease and the rehabilitation of the disabled.
end-of-life c. multidimensional and multidisciplinary physical, emotional, and spiritual c. of the patient with terminal illness, including support of family and caregivers.End-of-life c. has received increasing attention in recent years. The pioneer studies of Elisabeth Kübler-Ross on death and dying, begun in the 1960s, have afforded valuable insights into the evolving emotions, experiences, and needs of the dying person. Health professionals have formally recognized the importance of rendering humane and competent c. at the end of life in ways that preserve the dignity and autonomy of the patient. Physicians, particularly oncologists, who treat patients with terminal illness have focused on the need to distinguish clearly between aggressive and palliative forms of treatment and to establish guidelines for the c. of patients for whom further cure-oriented treatment will be of no benefit. In particular, they have recognized the importance of providing adequate pain relief to persons with advanced cancer. Increased attention has also been given to the control of nausea and dyspnea, which often occur in terminal illness. Studies have shown that pain relief in terminal patients is often inadequate because physicians fear to induce narcotic addiction or to be accused of hastening death. Wider use of opioid analgesics and development of patient-controlled analgesia and anesthesia systems have improved control of pain in terminal cancer and AIDS. Professional nurses have embraced the obligation to provide relief of suffering, comfort, companionship, and, when possible, a death that is congruent with the dying person's wishes. The hospice movement has established programs and facilities within the organized health c. system that focus on the special needs of dying persons for comfort and c. rather than efforts at cure. These programs include support of caregivers and family members during and after the patient's final illness. End-of-life c. emphasizes the importance of frank, timely, supportive discussion of such matters as preferences for life-extending c., including cardiopulmonary resuscitation, before such measures become necessary. Legislatures have sought to preserve the dignity and independence of persons nearing the end of life by allowing them to enact advance directives for their c. in the event that they become incompetent or comatose. The integrity of the relationship between patients and health professionals has been threatened by growing social and legal toleration of physician-assisted suicide. The American Medical Association and the American Nurses Association have issued official position statements opposing assisted suicide. See Also advance directive; physician-assisted suicide.
health c. services provided to individuals or communities by agents of the health services or professions for the purpose of promoting, maintaining, monitoring, or restoring health.
intensive c. management and c. of critically ill patients. SEE ALSO: intensive c. unit.
managed c. a contractual arrangement whereby a third-party payer (e.g., insurance company, government agency, or corporation) mediates between physicians and patients, negotiating fees for service and overseeing the types of treatment given. SEE ALSO: health maintenance organization.Managed c. has largely replaced traditional medical indemnity insurance plans, under which payment is automatic and oversight procedures are minimal. Under managed c., the third-party payer controls specialty referrals, chiefly by appointing primary c. physicians as “gatekeepers”; restricts the scope of covered services (particularly diagnostic procedures, choice of drugs prescribed, and length of hospital stay) for each diagnosis; and requires precertification review before hospital admission and a second opinion before elective surgery. Standards of c. are regulated by practice guidelines, which may be set forth in oversimplified algorithms featuring binary (yes/no) choices. Prescribing alternatives are typically restricted to drugs listed in the plan's formulary. Practice guidelines, formulary choices, and other policies affecting patient c. incorporate contemporary medical knowledge and professional standards but also strongly reflect strategies for loss control and for the even distribution of actuarial risk over all beneficiaries. The plan may bargain with physicians, hospitals, diagnostic laboratories, and pharmacies for wholesale prices, or may compensate providers by capitation rather than by fees for services. Managed c. organizations typically employ cost-containment measures such as emphasis on preventive medicine, audits of medical records, intensive review of claims, and punitive action against noncompliant providers.
medical c. the portion of c. under a physician's direction.
primary medical c. c. of a patient by a member of the health c. system who has initial contact with the patient.
secondary medical c. medical c. by a physician who acts as a consultant at the request of the primary physician.
tertiary medical c. specialized consultative c., usually on referral from primary or secondary medical c. personnel, by specialists working in a center that has personnel and facilities for special investigation and treatment.

caribi
caribi (ka-re′be)

SYN: epidemic gangrenous proctitis.

carica
carica (kar′i-ka)

SYN: papaya.

caries
caries (kar′ez)

1. Microbial destruction or necrosis of teeth. 2. Obsolete term for tuberculosis of bones or joints. [L. dry rot]
active c. microbial-induced lesions of teeth that are increasing in size.
arrested dental c. carious lesions that have become inactive and stopped progressing; they may exhibit changes in color and/or consistency.
buccal c. c. beginning with decay on the buccal surface of a tooth.
cemental c. c. of the cementum of a tooth.
compound c. 1. c. involving more than one surface of a tooth; 2. two or more carious lesions joined to form one cavity.
dental c. a localized, progressively destructive disease of the teeth which starts at the external surface (usually the enamel) with the apparent dissolution of the inorganic components by organic acids that are produced in immediate proximity to the tooth by the enzymatic action of masses of microorganisms (in the bacterial plaque) on carbohydrates; the initial demineralization is followed by an enzymatic destruction of the protein matrix with subsequent cavitation and direct bacterial invasion; in the dentin, demineralization of the walls of the tubules is followed by bacterial invasion and destruction of the organic matrix. SYN: saprodontia.
distal c. loss of structure on the tooth surface that is directed away from the median plane of the dental arch.
fissure c. c. beginning in a fissure on the occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth.
incipient c. beginning c. or decay.
interdental c. c. between the teeth.
mesial c. c. on the tooth surface that is directed toward the median plane of the dental arch.
nursing bottle c. c. and tooth enamel erosion that result from permitting infants and children to go to sleep while sucking intermittently from a bottle of formula, whole milk, or fruit juice. SYN: baby bottle syndrome.
occlusal c. c. starting from the occlusal surface of a tooth.
pit c. a carious lesion, usually small, beginning in a pit on the labial, buccal, lingual, or occlusal surface of a tooth.
pit and fissure c. c. initiated in the areas where developmental pits and fissures are located on the tooth surface.
primary c. initial lesions produced by direct extension from an external surface.
proximal c. c. occurring in the proximal surface, either distal or mesial, of a tooth.
radiation c. c. of the cervical regions of the teeth, incisal edges, and cusp tips secondary to xerostomia induced by radiation therapy to the head and neck.
recurrent c. c. recurring in an area due to inadequate removal of the initial decay, usually beneath a restoration or new decay at a site where c. has previously occurred.
root c. c. of the root surface of a tooth, usually appearing as a broad shallow defect in the area of the cemento-enamel junction.
secondary c. c. of enamel beginning at the dento-enamel junction due to a rapid lateral spread of decay from the original decay.
senile dental c. c. occurring in old age, usually interproximally and in the cementum.
smooth surface c. c. initiated on the smooth surfaces of teeth.

carina
carina, pl .carinae (ka-ri′na, -ri′ne)

1. In humans, a term applied or applicable to several anatomic structures forming a projecting central ridge. 2. That portion of the sternum in a bird, bat, or mole that serves as the origin of the pectoral muscles; it is not found in flightless birds and most mammals. [L. the keel of a boat]
c. fornicis a ridge running along the undersurface of the fornix of the brain.
c. of trachea [TA] the ridge separating the openings of the right and left main bronchi at their junction with the trachea. SYN: c. tracheae [TA] , tracheal c..
c. tracheae [TA] SYN: c. of trachea.
tracheal c. SYN: c. of trachea.
c. urethralis vaginae SYN: urethral c. of vagina.
urethral c. of vagina the ridge formed by the lower part of the anterior column of the vaginal rugae in relation with the urethra, which parallels the vagina indenting the wall here. SYN: c. urethralis vaginae, c. vaginae.
c. vaginae SYN: urethral c. of vagina.

carinate
carinate (kar′i-nat)

Shaped like a keel; relating to or resembling a carina.

cario- cario-

Caries. [L. caries]

cariogenesis
cariogenesis (ka′re-o-jen′e-sis)

The process of producing caries; the mechanism of caries production.

cariogenic
cariogenic (ka′re-o-jen′ik)

Producing caries; usually said of diets.

cariogenicity
cariogenicity (ka′re-o-je-nis′i-te)

Potential for caries production.

cariology
cariology (ka-re-ol′o-je)

The study of dental caries and cariogenesis.

cariostatic
cariostatic (kar-e-o-stat′ik)

Exerting an inhibitory action upon the progress of dental caries.

carious
carious (kar′e-oos)

Relating to or affected with caries.

carisoprodate
carisoprodate (kar′i-so-pro′dat)

SYN: carisoprodol.

carisoprodol
carisoprodol (kar′i-so-pro′dol)

A skeletal muscle relaxant, chemically related to meprobamate and having abuse potential. SYN: carisoprodate.

carissin
carissin (ka-ris′sin)

A glucoside obtained from Carissa ovata stolonifera of Australia; a powerful cardiac poison.

Carlen
Carlen

Eric, 20th century Swedish otolaryngologist. See C. tube.

carmalum
carmalum (kar-mal′um)

A 1% solution of carmine in 10% alum water, used as a stain in histology.

Carman
Carman

Russell D., U.S. radiologist, 1875–1926. See C. sign.

carminate
carminate (kar′mi-nat)

A red salt of carminic acid.

carminative
carminative (kar-min′a-tiv)

1. Preventing the formation or causing the expulsion of flatus. 2. An agent that relieves flatulence. [L. carmino, pp. -atus, to card wool; special Mod. L. usage, to expel wind]

carmine
carmine (kar′min, kar′men) [C.I. 75470]

Red coloring matter used as a histology stain produced from coccinellin derived from cochineal; treatment of coccinellin with alum forms an aluminum lake of carminic acid, the essential constituent of c.. [Mediev. L. carminus, contr. fr. carmisinus, fr. Ar. qirmize, the cochineal insect]
lithium c. a vital stain for marophages.
Schneider c. a stain consisting of a 10% solution of c. in 45% acetic acid, used for fresh chromosome preparations.

carminic acid
carminic acid (kar-min′ik)

A glucoside of an anthracenequinone carboxylic acid; the essential constituent of carmine.

carminophil
carminophil, carminophile, carminophilous (kar-min′o-fil, -fil, kar-mi-nof′i-lus)

Staining readily with carmine dyes. [G. phileo, to love]

Carmody
Carmody

Thomas Edward, U.S. oral surgeon, *1875. See C.-Batson operation.

carmustine
carmustine (kar-mus′ten)

An antineoplastic agent. SYN: BCNU.

carnassial
carnassial (kar-nas′e-al)

Adapted for shearing flesh; denoting those teeth designed to cut flesh. [Fr. carnassier, carnivorous, fr. L. caro, flesh]

carneous
carneous (kar′ne-us)

Fleshy. [L. carneus]

carnes
carnes (kar′nez)

Plural of caro. [L.]

Carnett
Carnett

J. B., 20th century U.S. physician. See C. sign.

Carney
Carney

J.A., contemporary American physician. See C. complex.

Carney
Carney

J. Aldan, U.S. pathologist, *1934. See C. complex.

carnification
carnification (kar′ni-fi-ka′shun)

A change in tissues, whereby they become fleshy, resembling muscular tissue. [L. caro (carn-), flesh, + facio, to make]

carnitine
carnitine (kar′ni-ten)

A trimethylammonium (betaine) derivative of γ-amino-β-hydroxybutyric acid, formed from N^ε,N^ε,N^ε-trimethyllysine and from γ-butyrobetaine; the l-isomer is a thyroid inhibitor found in muscle, liver, and meat extracts; l-c. is an acyl carrier with respect to the mitochondrial membrane; it thus stimulates fatty acid oxidation. SYN: B_T factor, vitamin B_T. [L. caro carn-, flesh + ine]
c. acetyltransferase an enzyme found in mitochondria that catalyzes the reversible transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to c., forming O-acetylcarnitine and coenzyme A. Acetylcarnitine is an important fuel source in sperm.
c. acylcarnitine translocase a transport protein found in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Transports acylcarnitine derivatives into the mitochondria and transports c. out of the mitochondria. An important step in fatty acid oxidation.
c. palmitoyltransferase 1. an enzyme that reversibly forms acylcarnitines and coenzyme A from c. and acylcoenzyme A (often, palmitoyl-CoA); important in fatty acid oxidation. Deficiency of isozyme I results in ketogenesis with hypoglycemia; deficiency of isozyme II affects primarily skeletal muscle.

Carnivora
Carnivora (kar-niv′o-ra)

An order of chiefly flesh-eating mammals that includes the cats, dogs, bears, civets, minks, and hyenas, as well as the raccoon and panda; some species are omnivorous or herbivorous. [L. carnivorus, fr. caro (carn-), flesh, + voro, to devour]

carnivore
carnivore (kar′ni-vor)

One of the Carnivora.

carnivorous
carnivorous (kar-niv′o-rus)

Flesh-eating; subsisting on animals as food. SYN: zoophagous.

carnosinase
carnosinase (kar′no-si-nas)

Mammalian enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of carnosine, producing histidine and β-alanine; a deficiency of the serum enzyme leads to elevated carnosine levels.

carnosine
carnosine (kar′no-sen)

N-β-Alanyl-l-histidine;the dominant nonprotein nitrogenous component of brain tissue, first found in relatively high amounts in muscle; chelates copper and activates myosin ATPase. SYN: ignotine, inhibitine. [L. carnosus, fleshy, fr. caro, flesh, + -ia]

carnosinemia
carnosinemia (kar′no-si-ne′me-a)

An autosomal recessive congenital disease, characterized by the presence of excess amounts of carnosine in the blood and urine and caused by a genetic deficiency of the enzyme carnosinase. Clinically characterized by progressive neurologic damage, severe mental retardation, and myoclonic seizures. [carnosine + G. haima, blood + -ia]

carnosity
carnosity (kar-nos′i-te)

1. Fleshiness. 2. A fleshy protuberance.

Carnoy
Carnoy

Jean Baptiste, French biologist, 1836–1899. See C. fixative.

caro
caro, gen. carnis, pl .carnes (ka′ro, kar′nis, -nes)

The fleshy parts of the body; muscular and fatty tissues. [L.]
c. quadrata sylvii SYN: quadratus plantae (muscle).

carob flour
carob flour (kar′ob)

SYN: algaroba.

Caroli
Caroli

J., 20th century French physician. See C. disease.

carotenase
carotenase (kar′-o-ten-as)

SYN: β-carotene 15,15′-dioxygenase.

carotene
carotene (kar′o-ten)

A class of carotenoids, yellow-red pigments (lipochromes) widely distributed in plants and animals, notably in carrots, and closely related in structure to the xanthophylls and lycopenes and to the open-chain squalene; of particular interest in that they include precursors of the vitamins A (provitamin A carotenoids). Chemically, they consist of 8 isoprene units in a symmetrical chain with the two isoprenes at each end cyclized, forming either α-c. or β-c. (γ-c. has only one end cyclized). The cyclic ends of β-c. are identical β-ionine-like structures; thus, on oxidative fission, β-c. yields 2 molecules of vitamin A. The cyclic ends of α-c. differ: one is an α-ionone, the other a β-ionone; on fission, α-c., like γ-c., yields 1 molecule of vitamin A (a β-ionone derivative).
c. oxidase SYN: lipoxygenase.

carotenemia
carotenemia (kar′o-te-ne′me-a)

Carotene in the blood, especially pertaining to increased quantities, which sometimes cause a pale yellow-red pigmentation of the skin that may resemble icterus. SYN: carotinemia, xanthemia.

carotenoderma
carotenoderma (ka-rot′en-o-der-ma)

SYN: carotenosis cutis. [carotene + G. derma, skin]

carotenoid
carotenoid (ka-rot′e-noyd)

1. Resembling carotene; having a yellow color. 2. One of the carotenoids.

carotenoids
carotenoids (ka-rot′e-noydz)

Generic term for a class of carotenes and their oxygenated derivatives (xanthophylls) consisting of 8 isoprenoid units (thus, tetraterpenes) joined so that the orientation of these units is reversed at the center, placing the two central methyl groups in a 1,6 relationship in contrast to the 1,5 of the others. All c. may be formally derived from the acyclic C₄₀H₅₆ structure known as lycopene, with its long central chain of conjugated double bonds by hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, oxidation, cyclization, or combinations of these. Included as c. are some compounds arising from certain rearrangements or degradations of the carbon skeleton, but not retinol and related C₂₀ compounds. The nine-carbon end groups may be acyclic with 1,2 and 5,6 double bonds or cyclohexanes with a single double bond at 5,6 or 5,4 or cyclopentanes or aryl groups; these are now designated by Greek letter prefixes preceding “carotene” (α and δ, which are used in the trivial names α-carotene and δ-carotene, are not used for that reason). Suffixes (-oic acid, -oate, -al, -one, -ol) indicate certain oxygen-containing groups (acid, ester, aldehyde, ketone, alcohol); all other substitutions appear as prefixes (alkoxy-, epoxy-, hydro-, etc.). The configuration about all double bonds is trans unless cis and locant numbers appear. The prefix retro- is used to indicate a shift of one position of all single and double bonds; apo- indicates shortening of the molecule. Many c. have anticancer activities.

carotenoprotein
carotenoprotein (ka-rot′en-o-pro-ten)

A protein with a covalently-bound carotenoid.

carotenosis cutis
carotenosis cutis (kar-o-te-no′sis ku′tis)

A harmless, reversible yellow coloration of the skin caused by an increase in carotene content; the sclera is not involved. SYN: carotenoderma, carotinosis cutis.

carotic
carotic (ka-rot′ik)

SYN: stuporous. [G. karotikos, stupefying]

caroticotympanic
caroticotympanic (ka-rot′i-ko-tim-pan′ik)

Relating to the carotid canal and the tympanum.

carotid
carotid (ka-rot′id)

Pertaining to any c. structure. [G. karotides, the c. arteries, fr. karoo, to put to sleep (because compression of the c. artery results in unconsciousness)]

carotidynia
carotidynia (ka-rot′i-din′e-a)

SYN: carotodynia.

carotinemia
carotinemia (kar′o-ti-ne′me-a)

SYN: carotenemia.

carotinosis cutis
carotinosis cutis (ka-rot-i-no′sis ku′tis)

SYN: carotenosis cutis.

carotodynia
carotodynia (ka-rot′o-din′e-a)

Pain caused by pressure on the carotid artery. SYN: carotidynia. [G. odyne, pain]

carpal
carpal (kar′pal)

Relating to the carpus.

carpectomy
carpectomy (kar-pek′to-me)

Excision of a portion or all of the carpus. [G. karpos, wrist, + ektome, excision]

Carpenter
Carpenter

George Alfred, British physician, 1859–1910. See C. syndrome.

Carpentier
Carpentier

Alain, 20th century French cardiothoracic surgeon. See C.-Edwards valve.

carphenazine maleate
carphenazine maleate (kar-fen′a-zen)

A phenothiazine tranquilizer of the piperazine group. Functionally classified as an antipsychotic agent, it is used in the treatment of chronic and acute schizophrenia; also possesses antiemetic, adrenolytic, anticholinergic, and dopamine-blocking actions.

carpocarpal
carpocarpal (kar-po-kar′pal)

SYN: midcarpal (2) .

Carpoglyphus
Carpoglyphus (kar-po-glif′us)

A genus of mites including Carpoglyptus passularum, the fruit mite, which causes a dermatitis among handlers of dried fruit. [G. karpos, fruit, + glypho, , to carve]

carpometacarpal
carpometacarpal (kar′po-met-a-kar′pal)

Relating to both carpus and metacarpus.

carpopedal
carpopedal (kar′po-ped′al)

Relating to the wrist and the foot, or the hands and feet; denoting especially c. spasm. [G. karpos, wrist, + L. pes (ped-), foot]

carpoptosis
carpoptosis, carpoptosia (kar-pop-to′sis, -to′ze-a)

SYN: wrist-drop. [G. karpos, wrist, + ptosis, a falling]

Carpue
Carpue

Joseph C., British surgeon, 1764–1846.

carpus
carpus, gen. and pl. carpi (kar′pus, kar′pi) [TA]

1. SYN: wrist. 2. SYN: carpal bones, under bone. [Mod. L. fr. Gr. karpos]
c. curvus SYN: Madelung deformity.

Carr
Carr

Francis H., British chemist, *1874. See C.-Price reaction.

carrageen
carrageen, carragheen (kar′a-jen, -gen)

1. SYN: chondrus (2) . 2. SYN: carrageenan.

carrageenan
carrageenan, carrageenin (kar-a-ge′nan, -nin)

A polysaccharide vegetable gum obtained from Irish moss; a galactosan sulfate resembling agar in molecular structure. SYN: carrageen (2) , carragheen. [Carragheen, Irish village]

carre-four sensitif
carre-four sensitif (kar-foor′son-se-tef′)

A term given by Charcot to the posterior portion of the caudal limb of the internal capsule. [Fr. sensory crossroads]

Carrel
Carrel

Alexis, French-U.S. surgeon and Nobel laureate, 1873–1944. See C. treatment, C.-Lindbergh pump, Dakin-C. treatment.

carrier
carrier (ka′re-er)

1. A person or animal that harbors a specific infectious agent in the absence of discernible clinical disease and serves as a potential source of infection. 2. Any chemical capable of accepting an atom, radical, or subatomic particle from one compound, then passing it to another; e.g., cytochromes are electron carriers; homocysteine is a methyl c.. 3. A substance that, by having chemical properties closely related to or indistinguishable from those of a radioactive tracer, is thus able to carry the tracer through a precipitation or similar chemical procedure; the best carriers are the nonradioactive isotopes of the tracer in question. SEE ALSO: label, tracer. 4. A large immunogen that, when coupled to a hapten, will facilitate an immune response to the hapten. 5. A component of a membrane that causes the transfer of a substance from one side of the membrane to the other. 6. The mobile phase in chromatography.
amalgam c. an instrument used to transport triturated amalgam to a cavity preparation and to deposit it therein.
convalescent c. an individual who is clinically recovered from an infectious disease but is still capable of transmitting the infectious agent to others.
genetic c. a person heterozygous for a mutant allele that, in homozygous form, causes a recessive condition.
hydrogen c. a molecule that, in conjunction with a tissue enzyme system, carries hydrogen from one metabolite (oxidant) to another (reductant) or to molecular oxygen to form H₂O. SYN: hydrogen acceptor.
incubatory c. an individual capable of transmitting an infectious agent to others during the incubation period of the disease.
latent c. a person, typically a prospective parent, bearing the appropriate genotype of a trait (homozygous for recessive, homozygous or heterozygous for dominant, hemizygous or homozygous for X-linked) that manifests the trait only under certain conditions, e.g., age, an environmental insult, etc.
manifesting c. SYN: manifesting heterozygote.
translocation c. a person with balanced translocation.

carrier-free
carrier-free

Said of a substance in which a radioactive or other tagged atom is found in every molecule; the highest possible specific activity.

Carrión
Carrión

Daniel A., Peruvian medical student, 1859–1885, who inoculated himself with a disease later designated as C. disease, and died thereof. See C. disease.

carry-over
carry-over (kar′e-o′ver)

The phenomenon by which part of the analyte present in a sample appears to be present in the next or following samples in the same analytic process. This is most noticeable when a sample of low analyte concentration follows one of very high concentration.

Carteaud
Carteaud

Alexandre, French physician, *1897. See Gougerot-C. syndrome.

cartesian cartesian (kar-te′zhun)

Relating to Cartesius, Latinized form of Descartes.

carthamus
carthamus (kar′tha-mus)

The dried florets of C. tinctorius (family Compositae). SEE ALSO: safflower oil. SYN: safflower. [Ar. qurtum, fr. qartama, paint; the plant yields a dye]

cartilage
cartilage (kar′ti-lij) [TA]

A connective tissue characterized by its nonvascularity and firm consistency; consists of cells (chondrocytes), an interstitial matrix of fibers (collagen), and a ground substance (proteoglycans). There are three kinds of c.: hyaline c., elastic c., and fibrocartilage. Nonvascular, resilient, flexible connective tissue found primarily in joints, the walls of the thorax, and tubular structures such as the larynx, air passages, and ears; comprises most of the skeleton in early fetal life, but is slowly replaced by bone.For gross anatomic description, see cartilago and its subentries. SYN: cartilago [TA] , chondrus (1) , gristle. [L. cartilago (cartilagin-), gristle]
accessory c. a sesamoid c..
accessory nasal cartilages [TA] variable small plates of c. located in the interval between the greater alar and lateral nasal cartilages. SYN: cartilagines nasales accessoriae [TA] , sesamoid cartilages of nose.
accessory quadrate c. SYN: minor alar c..
c. of acoustic meatus [TA] the c. that forms the wall of the lateral part of the external acoustic meatus. It is incomplete above and is firmly attached to the margins of the bony part of the external meatus. SYN: cartilago meatus acustici [TA] , meatal c..
alisphenoid c. the c. in the embryo from which the greater wing of the sphenoid bone is developed.
anular c. SYN: cricoid c..
arthrodial c. SYN: articular c..
articular c. the c. covering the articular surfaces of the bones participating in a synovial joint. SYN: arthrodial c., cartilago articularis, diarthrodial c., investing c..
arytenoid c. [TA] one of a pair of small triangular pyramidal laryngeal cartilages that articulate with the lamina of the cricoid c.. It gives attachment at its anteriorly directed vocal process to the posterior part of the corresponding vocal ligament and to several muscles at its laterally directed muscular process. The base of the c. is hyaline but the apex is elastic. SYN: cartilago arytenoidea [TA] , triquetrous c. (2) .
c. of auditory tube SYN: c. of pharyngotympanic tube.
auricular c. [TA] the c. of the auricle. SYN: cartilago auriculae [TA] , c. of ear, conchal c..
basilar c. the c. filling the foramen lacerum. SYN: basilar fibrocartilage, fibrocartilago basalis.
branchial cartilages cartilages developing within the embryonic branchial arches; they form the cartilaginous viscerocranium. SYN: pharyngeal cartilages.
calcified c. c. in which calcium salts are deposited in the matrix; it occurs prior to replacement by osseous tissue and sometimes in aging c..
cellular c. an embryonic or immature stage of c. in which it consists chiefly of cells with very little matrix. SYN: parenchymatous c..
ciliary c. incorrect term sometimes applied to the inferior and superior tarsi. See tarsus (2) .
circumferential c. 1. SYN: acetabular labrum. 2. SYN: glenoid labrum of scapula.
conchal c. SYN: auricular c..
connecting c. the c. in a cartilaginous joint such as the symphysis pubis. SYN: interosseous c., uniting c..
corniculate c. [TA] a conical nodule of elastic c. surmounting the apex of each arytenoid c.. SYN: cartilago corniculata [TA] , corniculum laryngis, Santorini c., supra-arytenoid c..
costal c. [TA] the c. forming the anterior continuation of a rib, providing the means by which it reaches and articulates with the sternum. SYN: cartilago costalis [TA] , costicartilage.
cricoid c. [TA] the lowermost of the laryngeal cartilages; it is shaped like a signet ring, being expanded into a nearly quadrilateral plate (lamina) posteriorly; the anterior portion is called the arch (arcus). SYN: cartilago cricoidea [TA] , anular c..
cuneiform c. [TA] a small nonarticulating rod of elastic c. in the aryepiglottic fold anterolateral and somewhat superior to the corniculate c.. SYN: cartilago cuneiformis [TA] , Morgagni c., Morgagni tubercle, Wrisberg c..
diarthrodial c. SYN: articular c..
c. of ear SYN: auricular c..
elastic c. a c. in which the cells are surrounded by a territorial capsular matrix outside of which is an interterritorial matrix containing elastic fiber networks in addition to type II collagen fibers and ground substance. SYN: yellow c..
ensiform c., ensisternum c. obsolete term for xiphoid process.
epiglottic c. [TA] a thin lamina of elastic c. forming the central portion of the epiglottis. SYN: cartilago epiglottica [TA] .
epiphysial c. [TA] particular type of new c. produced by the epiphysis of a growing long bone; located on the epiphysial (distal) side of the zone of growth c., it is a zone of relatively quiescent chondrocytes (the resting zone) of the epiphyseal (growth) plate that unites the epiphysis with the shaft. SEE ALSO: epiphysial plate. SYN: cartilago epiphysialis [TA] .
falciform c. SYN: medial meniscus.
floating c. a loose piece of c. within a joint cavity, detached from the articular c. or from a meniscus. SYN: loose c..
greater alar c. SYN: major alar c..
Huschke cartilages two horizontal cartilaginous rods at the edge of the cartilaginous septum of the nose.
hyaline c. c. having a frosted glass appearance, with interstitial substance containing fine type II collagen fibers obscured by the ground substance; in adult c., the cells are present in isogenous groups.
hypsiloid c. SYN: Y c..
interosseous c. SYN: connecting c..
intervertebral c. SYN: intervertebral disk.
intraarticular c. 1. SYN: articular disk. 2. SYN: meniscus lens.
intrathyroid c. a narrow slip of c. sometimes found joining the laminae of the thyroid c. of the larynx in infancy.
investing c. SYN: articular c..
Jacobson c. SYN: vomeronasal c..
cartilages of larynx See thyroid c., cricoid c., arytenoid c., cuneiform c., triticeal c., corniculate c., sesamoid c. of cricopharyngeal ligament, epiglottic c.. SYN: cartilagines laryngis.
lateral c. of nose SYN: lateral process of septal nasal c..
lesser alar cartilages SYN: minor alar c..
loose c. SYN: floating c..
Luschka c. a small cartilaginous nodule sometimes found in the anterior portion of the vocal cord.
major alar c. [TA] one of a pair of cartilages that form the tip of the nose. It consists of a medial crus that extends into the nasal septum with its fellow of the opposite side, and a lateral crus that forms the anterior part of the wing of the nose. SYN: cartilago alaris major, greater alar c..
mandibular c. a c. bar in the mandibular arch that forms a temporary supporting structure in the embryonic mandible; the cartilagenous primordia of the malleus and incus develop from its proximal end, and it also gives rise to the sphenomandibular and anterior malleolar ligaments. SYN: Meckel c..
meatal c. SYN: c. of acoustic meatus.
Meckel c. SYN: mandibular c..
Meyer cartilages the anterior sesamoid cartilages at the anterior attachments of the vocal ligaments.
minor alar c. [TA] the 2–4 cartilaginous plates of the wing of the nose posterior to the greater alar c.. SYN: accessory quadrate c., cartilagines alares minores, lesser alar cartilages.
Morgagni c. SYN: cuneiform c..
nasal septal c. SYN: septal nasal c..
c. of nasal septum SYN: septal nasal c..
cartilages of nose See lateral process of septal nasal c., major alar c., septal nasal c., vomeronasal c., minor alar c., accessory nasal cartilages. SYN: cartilagines nasi.
ossifying c. SYN: temporary c..
parachordal c. c. primordia adjacent on either side to the cephalic portion of the notochord in young embryos; they represent an initial step in the formation of the chondrocranium.
paraseptal c. SYN: vomeronasal c..
parenchymatous c. SYN: cellular c..
periotic c. a cartilaginous mass on either side of the chondrocranium surrounding the developing auditory vesicle in the fetus; the otic capsule in its early cartilaginous stage.
permanent c. c. that is not replaced by bone.
pharyngeal cartilages SYN: branchial cartilages.
c. of pharyngotympanic tube [TA] the trough-shaped c. that forms the medial wall, roof, and part of the lateral wall of the pharyngotympanic tube. SYN: cartilago tubae auditivae [TA] , c. of auditory tube, tubal c..
precursory c. SYN: temporary c..
primordial c. c. in an early stage in its development.
quadrangular c. SYN: septal nasal c..
Reichert c. a c. in the mesenchyme of the second branchial arch in the embryo, from which develop the stapes, the styloid processes, the stylohyoid ligaments, and the lesser cornua of the hyoid bone.
reticular c., retiform c. rarely used terms for fibrocartilage.
Santorini c. SYN: corniculate c..
Seiler c. a small rod of c. attached to the vocal process of the arytenoid c..
semilunar c. one of the articular menisci of the knee joint. See lateral meniscus, medial meniscus.
septal c. SYN: septal nasal c..
septal nasal c. [TA] a thin cartilaginous plate located between vomer, perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, and nasal bones, and completing the nasal septum anteriorly. SYN: cartilago septi nasi [TA] , c. of nasal septum, cartilaginous septum, nasal septal c., pars cartilaginea septi nasi, quadrangular c., septal c..
sesamoid c. of cricopharyngeal ligament [TA] a small nodule of elastic c. sometimes present on the lateral border of the arytenoid c.. SYN: cartilago sesamoidea ligamentum cricopharyngeum [TA] , cartilago sesamoidea laryngis, sesamoid c. of larynx.
sesamoid c. of larynx SYN: sesamoid c. of cricopharyngeal ligament.
sesamoid cartilages of nose SYN: accessory nasal cartilages.
slipping rib c. subluxation of rib c., at the costo-chondral junction, causing pain and audible click.
sternal c. a costal c. of one of the true ribs.
supra-arytenoid c. SYN: corniculate c..
tarsal c. incorrect term sometimes applied to the inferior tarsus and superior tarsus. See tarsus (2) .
temporary c. a c. that is normally replaced by bone, to form a part of the skeleton. SYN: ossifying c., precursory c..
thyroid c. [TA] the largest of the cartilages of the larynx; it is formed of two approximately quadrilateral plates (laminae) joined anteriorly at an angle of from 90–20°, the prominence so formed constituting the laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple). SYN: cartilago thyroidea [TA] .
tracheal cartilages [TA] the 16–20 incomplete rings of hyaline c. forming the skeleton of the trachea; the rings are deficient posteriorly for from one-fifth to one-third of their circumference. SYN: cartilagines tracheales [TA] , tracheal ring.
triangular c. SYN: articular disk of distal radioulnar joint.
triquetrous c. 1. SYN: articular disk of distal radioulnar joint. 2. SYN: arytenoid c..
triticeal c. [TA] a rounded nodule of c., the size of a grain of wheat, occasionally present in the posterior margin of the lateral thyrohyroid ligament. SYN: cartilago triticea [TA] , corpus triticeum, triticeum.
tubal c. SYN: c. of pharyngotympanic tube.
uniting c. SYN: connecting c..
vomerine c. SYN: vomeronasal c..
vomeronasal c. [TA] a narrow strip of c. located between the lower edge of the c. of the nasal septum and the vomer. SYN: cartilago vomeronasalis [TA] , Jacobson c., paraseptal c., vomer cartilagineus, vomerine c..
Weitbrecht c. SYN: articular disk of acromioclavicular joint.
Wrisberg c. SYN: cuneiform c..
xiphoid c. SYN: xiphoid process.
Y c., Y-shaped c. the connecting c. for the ilium, ischium, and pubis; it extends through the acetabulum. SYN: hypsiloid c..
yellow c. SYN: elastic c..

cartilagines
cartilagines (kar-ti-laj′i-nez)

Plural of cartilago.

cartilaginoid
cartilaginoid (kar-ti-laj′i-noyd)

SYN: chondroid (1) .

cartilaginous
cartilaginous (kar-ti-laj′i-nus)

Relating to or consisting of cartilage. SYN: chondral.

cartilago
cartilago, pl .cartilagines (kar-ti-la′go, -laj′i-nes) [TA]

SYN: cartilage.For histologic description, see cartilage. [L. gristle]
cartilagines alares minores SYN: minor alar cartilage.
c. alaris major SYN: major alar cartilage.
c. articularis SYN: articular cartilage.
c. arytenoidea [TA] SYN: arytenoid cartilage.
c. auriculae [TA] SYN: auricular cartilage.
c. corniculata [TA] SYN: corniculate cartilage.
c. costalis [TA] SYN: costal cartilage.
c. cricoidea [TA] SYN: cricoid cartilage.
c. cuneiformis [TA] SYN: cuneiform cartilage.
c. epiglottica [TA] SYN: epiglottic cartilage.
c. epiphysialis [TA] SYN: epiphysial cartilage.
cartilagines laryngis SYN: cartilages of larynx, under cartilage.
c. meatus acustici [TA] SYN: cartilage of acoustic meatus.
cartilagines nasales accessoriae [TA] SYN: accessory nasal cartilages, under cartilage.
cartilagines nasi SYN: cartilages of nose, under cartilage.
c. nasi lateralis SYN: lateral process of septal nasal cartilage.
c. septi nasi [TA] SYN: septal nasal cartilage.
c. sesamoidea laryngis SYN: sesamoid cartilage of cricopharyngeal ligament.
c. sesamoidea ligamentum cricopharyngeum [TA] SYN: sesamoid cartilage of cricopharyngeal ligament.
c. thyroidea [TA] SYN: thyroid cartilage.
cartilagines tracheales [TA] SYN: tracheal cartilages, under cartilage.
c. triticea [TA] SYN: triticeal cartilage. [L. triticum, wheat]
c. tubae auditivae [TA] SYN: cartilage of pharyngotympanic tube.
c. vomeronasalis [TA] SYN: vomeronasal cartilage.

caruncle
caruncle (kar′ung-kl) [TA]

A small, fleshy protuberance, or any structure suggesting such a shape. SYN: caruncula (1) [TA] .
lacrimal c. [TA] a small reddish body at the medial angle of the eye, containing modified sebaceous and sweat glands. SYN: caruncula lacrimalis [TA] .
Morgagni c. SYN: middle lobe of prostate.
Santorini major c. SYN: major duodenal papilla.
Santorini minor c. SYN: minor duodenal papilla.
urethral c. a small, fleshy, sometimes painful protrusion of the mucous membrane at the meatus of the female urethra; it may be telangiectatic, papillomatous, or composed of granulation tissue.

caruncula
caruncula, pl .carunculae (ka-rung′ku-la, -le) [TA]

1. [TA] SYN: caruncle. 2. In ungulates, one of about 200 specific disklike areas of the uterine endometrium that, in conjunction with the fetal cotyledon, forms a placentome of the placenta; as a site of fetal-maternal contact, the c. remains constant in position but enlarges greatly during pregnancy. [L. a small fleshy mass, fr. caro, flesh]
hymenal c. [TA] one of the numerous tabs or projections surrounding the orifice of the vagina. SYN: c. hymenalis [TA] , c. myrtiformis.
c. hymenalis, pl .carunculae hymenales [TA] SYN: hymenal c..
c. lacrimalis [TA] SYN: lacrimal caruncle.
c. myrtiformis, pl .carunculae myrtiformes SYN: hymenal c..
c. salivaris SYN: sublingual c..
sublingual c. [TA] a papilla on each side of the frenulum of the tongue marking the opening of the submandibular duct. SYN: c. sublingualis [TA] , c. salivaris.
c. sublingualis [TA] SYN: sublingual c..

Carus
Carus

Karl G., German anatomist and zoologist, 1789–1869. See C. circle, C. curve.

carvacrol
carvacrol (kar′va-krol)

An isomer of thymol that occurs in several volatile oils (marjoram, origanum, savory, and thyme), with properties and activity that closely resemble those of thymol; has antiseptic properties, but is used chiefly as a perfume.

Carvallo
Carvallo

See Rivero-C..

carvedilol
carvedilol (kar′ve-dil-ol)

An agent used as an antihypertensive and antianginal, and in congestive heart failure.

carver
carver (kar′ver)

A dental hand instrument, available in a wide variety of end shapes, used for forming and contouring wax, filling materials, etc.

caryo- caryo-

Nucleus. See karyo-. [G. karyon, nut, kernel]

caryophyllus
caryophyllus, caryophyllum (kar′e-o-fi′lus, -um)

Clove. [G. karyophyllon, clove tree, fr. karyon, nut, + phyllon, leaf]

caryotheca
caryotheca (kar′e-o-the′ka)

SYN: nuclear envelope. [caryo- + G. theke, sheath, box]

Casal
Casal

Gasper, Spanish physician, 1691–1759. See C. necklace.

casamino acids
casamino acids (kas′a-me′no)

Trivial term for the mixture of amino acids derived by hydrolysis of casein; used in bacterial and similar growth media.

cascade
cascade (kas-kad′)

1. A series of sequential interactions, as of a physiological process, which once initiated continues to the final one; each interaction is activated by the preceding one, sometimes with cumulative effect. 2. To spill over, especially rapidly. [Fr., fr. It. cascare, to fall]

cascara
cascara (kas-kar′a)

SYN: c. sagrada.
c. amara the dried bark of a species of Picramnia (family Simarubaceae); used as a bitter tonic. SYN: Honduras bark.
c. sagrada the dried bark of Rhamnus purshiana (family Rhamnaceae); used as a laxative. SYN: c..

case
case (kas)

1. An instance of disease with its attendant circumstances. Cf.:patient. 2. A box or container. [L. casus, an occurrence]
borderline c. a patient, whose clinical findings are suggestive, but not fully convincing, of a specific diagnosis.
index c. SYN: proband.
trial c. in refraction, a box containing lenses for testing.

caseation
caseation (ka-se-a′shun)

A form of coagulation necrosis in which the necrotic tissue resembles cheese and contains a mixture of protein and fat that is absorbed very slowly; occurs particularly in tuberculosis. SEE ALSO: caseous necrosis. SYN: tyrosis (2) . [L. caseus, cheese]

casein
casein (ca′se-in, ka′sen)

The principal protein of cow's milk and the chief constituent of cheese. It is insoluble in water, soluble in dilute alkaline and salt solutions, forms a hard insoluble plastic with formaldehyde, and is used as a constituent of some glues; various components are designated α-, β-, and κ-caseins. β-C. is converted to γ-c. by milk proteases. There are several isoforms of α-c.. κ-C. is not precipitated by calcium ions.
c. iodine, iodinated c. a compound of c. with iodine formed by incubating the protein with the element, which becomes attached to tyrosine groups in the protein. SYN: caseo-iodine.
plant c. SYN: avenin.

caseinate
caseinate (ka′se-in-at)

A salt of casein.

caseinogen
caseinogen (ka-se-in′o-jen)

“Soluble” or κ-casein which, when acted upon by rennin, is converted into paracasein.

caseo-iodine
caseo-iodine (ka′se-o-i′o-din)

SYN: casein iodine.

caseose
caseose (ka′se-os)

Nondescript term for product resulting from the hydrolysis or digestion of casein.

caseous
caseous (ka′se-us)

Pertaining to or manifesting the gross and microscopic features of tissue affected by caseation.

Casoni
Casoni

Tommaro, Italian physician, 1880–1933. See C. antigen, C. intradermal test, C. skin test.

cassava starch
cassava starch (ka-sah′vah)

SYN: tapioca.

Casselberry
Casselberry

William E., U.S. laryngologist, 1858–1916. See C. position.

Casser
Casser, Casserio

Giulio, Italian anatomist, 1556–1616. See C. fontanelle, C. perforated muscle.

casserian casserian (ka-se′re-an)

Relating to or described by Casser.

cassette
cassette (ka-set′)

1. A plate, film, or tape holder for use in photography or radiography. A radiographic c. contains two intensifying screens and a sheet of x-ray film. 2. A perforated holder in which tissue blocks are placed for paraffin embedding. [Fr., dim. of casse, box]
susceptibility c. a common sequence of amino acids in residues 70–74 in the HLA-DRB1 chains, found in alleles associated with rheumatoid arthritis. It is one of two variations: glutamine[Q]-lysine[K]-arginine[R]-alanine[A]-alanine[A] or QRRAA. These susceptibility cassettes are found in many different DRB1 alleles. The alpha and beta chains that form these antigen-presenting molecules have a configuration not unlike a trough or rain gutter; antigens are bound by sequences of amino acids in a pocket along the bottom and sides of the trough or cavity, and this complex forms a heterotrimer with the T-cell receptor on CD4+ cells. SYN: rheumatoid pocket, shared epitope.

cassia bark
cassia bark (kash′ya)

SYN: cinnamon.

cassia fistula
cassia fistula

The dried ripe fruit of C., used as a laxative. SYN: purging cassia.

cassia oil
cassia oil

SYN: cinnamon oil.

cast
cast (kast)

1. An object formed by the solidification of a liquid poured into a mold. 2. Rigid encasement of a part, as with plaster, plastic, or fiberglass, for purposes of immobilization. 3. An elongated or cylindrical mold formed in a tubular structure ( e.g., renal tubule, bronchiole) that may be observed in histologic sections or in material such as urine or sputum; results from inspissation of fluid material secreted or excreted in the tubular structures. 4. Restraint of a large animal, usually a horse, with ropes and harnesses in a recumbent position. 5. In dentistry, a positive reproduction of the form of the tissues of the upper or lower jaw, which is made by the solidification of plaster, metal, etc., poured into an impression, and over which denture bases or other dental restorations may be fabricated. [M.E. kasten, fr. O.Norse kasta]
bacterial c. a c. in the urine composed of bacteria.
blood c. a c. usually formed in renal tubules, but may occur in bronchioles; consists of inspissated material that includes various elements of blood ( i.e., erythrocytes, leukocytes, fibrin, and so on), resulting from bleeding into the glomerulus or tubule, or into the alveolus or bronchiole.
coma c. a renal c. of strongly refracting granules said to be indicative of imminent coma in diabetes. SYN: Külz cylinder.
decidual c. a mold of the interior of the uterus formed of the exfoliated mucous membrane in cases of extrauterine gestation.
dental c. a positive likeness of a part or parts of the oral cavity.
diagnostic c. a positive replica of the form of the teeth and tissues made from an impression.
epithelial c. a c. that contains epithelial cells and their remnants; occurs most frequently in renal tubules and urine as a marker for renal tubular necrosis.
false c. an elongated, ribbonlike mucous thread with poorly defined edges and pointed or split ends, often confused with a true urinary c.. SYN: cylindroid, mucous c., pseudocast, spurious c..
fatty c. a renal or urinary c. consisting largely of fat globules; those containing doubly refractile bodies (composed of cholesterol) are found in the nephrotic syndrome.
fibrinous c. a yellow c. that somewhat resembles a waxy c.; more likely to occur in the urine of certain patients with acute nephritis.
granular c. a relatively dark, dense urinary c. of coarsely or finely particulate cellular debris and other proteinaceous material, frequently seen in chronic renal disease but also in the recovery phase of acute renal failure. SEE ALSO: waxy c..
hair c. a c. composed of parakeratotic scales attached to scalp hair but freely movable up and down the hair shaft; found in scaling dermatitis of the scalp, including dandruff, psoriasis, and seborrheic dermatitis. SYN: pseudonit.
halo c. a c. applied to the shoulders in which metal bars are set that extend over the head to a halo, from which traction may be applied to the head by means of tongs or a halter.
hyaline c. a relatively transparent renal c. seen in the urine and composed of proteinaceous material derived from disintegration of cells; seen in patients with renal disease or transiently with exercise, fever, congestive heart failure, and diuretic therapy.
investment c. SYN: refractory c..
master c. a replica of the prepared tooth surfaces, residual ridge areas, and/or other parts of the dental arch as reproduced from an impression.
mucous c. SYN: false c..
red blood cell c. a urinary c. composed of a matrix containing red cells in various stages of degeneration and visibility, characteristic of glomerular disease or renal parenchymal bleeding. SYN: red cell c..
red cell c. SYN: red blood cell c..
refractory c. a c. made of material that will withstand the high temperatures of metal casting or soldering without disintegrating. SYN: investment c..
renal c. any type of c. formed in a renal tubule, and found in the urine consisting of various materials, e.g., albumin, cells, blood. SYN: tube c..
spica c. a c. of layers overlapping in a V pattern, covering two body parts greatly different in size, as the hip and waist, thumb and wrist, etc.
spurious c. SYN: false c..
tube c. SYN: renal c..
urinary casts casts discharged in the urine.
waxy c. a form of urinary c. consisting of homogeneous proteinaceous material that has a high refractive index, in contrast to the low refractive index of hyaline casts; waxy casts probably represent an advanced stage of the disintegrative process that results in coarsely and finely granular casts, and are usually indicative of advanced renal disease.
white blood cell c. a urinary c. composed of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, characteristic of tubulointerstitial disease, especially pyelonephritis.
white cell c. a c. in the urine composed of white blood cells.

cast brace
cast brace (kast bras)

A specially designed plaster or plastic cast incorporating hinges and other brace components; used in the treatment of fractures to provide immobilization and to promote early activity and early joint motion.

Castellani
Castellani

Sir Aldo, Italian physician, 1877–1971. See C. bronchitis, C. paint.

casting
casting (kas′ting)

1. A metallic object formed in a mold. 2. The act of forming a c. in a mold.
centrifugal c. c. molten metal into a mold by spinning the metal from a crucible at the end of a revolving arm.
ceramo-metal c. a c. made of alloys containing or excluding precious metals, to which dental porcelain can be fused.
gold c. a c. made of gold, usually formed to represent and replace lost tooth structure.
vacuum c. the c. of a metal in the presence of a vacuum.

Castle
Castle

William B., U.S. physician, 1897–1991. See C. intrinsic factor.

Castleman
Castleman

Benjamin, U.S. pathologist, 1906–1982. See C. disease.

castor bean
castor bean (kas′ter ben)

SYN: Ricinus.

castor oil
castor oil

A fixed oil expressed from the seeds of Ricinus communis (family Euphorbiaceae); a purgative.
aromatic c. contains cinnamon oil 3, clove oil 1, vanillin 1, saccharin 0.5, alcohol 30, in c. to make 1000; a cathartic.

castrate
castrate (kas′trat)

To remove the testicles or the ovaries. [L. castro, pp. -atus, to deprive of generative power (male or female)]

castration
castration (kas-tra′shun)

1. Removal of the testicles or ovaries. 2. See c. complex, castrate.
functional c. gonadal atrophy produced by prolonged treatment with sex hormones.

casualty
casualty (kazh′oo-al-te)

An injury, or the victim of an accident.

CAT
CAT

Abbreviation for chloramphenicol acetyl transferase; obsolete abbreviation for computerized axial tomography (CT).

cata- cata-

Down; opposite of ana-. SEE ALSO: kata-. Cf.:de-. [G. kata, down]

catabasial
catabasial (kat-a-ba′se-al)

Denoting a skull in which the basion is lower than the opisthion. [cata- + Mod. L. basion]

catabiotic
catabiotic (kat′a-bi-ot′ik)

Used up in the carrying on of the vital processes other than growth, or in the performance of function, referring to the energy derived from food. [cata- + G. biotikos, relating to life]

catabolic
catabolic (kat-a-bol′ik)

Relating to or promoting catabolism.

catabolism
catabolism (ka-tab′o-lizm)

1. The breaking down in the body of complex chemical compounds into simpler ones ( e.g., glycogen to CO₂ and H₂O), often accompanied by the liberation of energy. 2. The sum of all degradative processes. SYN: dissimilation (2) . Cf.:anabolism, metabolism. [G. katabole, a casting down]

catabolite
catabolite (ka-tab′o-lit)

Any product of catabolism.

catachronobiology
catachronobiology (kat′a-kron′o-bi-ol′o-je)

The study of the deleterious effects of time on a living system. [cata- + G. chronos, time, + biology]

catacrotic
catacrotic (kat-a-krot′ik)

Denoting a pulse tracing in which the downstroke is interrupted by one or more upward waves.

catacrotism
catacrotism (ka-tak′ro-tizm)

A condition of the pulse in which there are one or more secondary expansions of the artery following the main beat, producing secondary upward waves on the downstroke of the pulse tracing. [cata- + G. krotos, beat]

catadicrotic
catadicrotic (kat′a-di-krot′ik)

Denoting a pulse tracing in which there are two minor elevations interrupting the downstroke.

catadicrotism
catadicrotism (kat-a-di′kro-tizm)

A condition of the pulse marked by two minor expansions of the artery following the main beat, producing two secondary upward waves on the downstroke of the pulse tracing. [cata + G. di-, two, + krotos, beat]

catadidymus
catadidymus (kat-a-did′i-mus)

SYN: duplicitas anterior. [cata- + G. didymus, twin]

catadioptric
catadioptric (kat-a-di-op′trik)

Employing both reflecting and refractive optical systems.

catadromous
catadromous (kat-a-dro′mus)

Migrating from fresh water to the ocean to spawn. SEE ALSO: anadromous.

catagen
catagen (kat′a-jen)

A regressing phase of the hair growth cycle during which cell proliferation ceases, the hair follicle shortens, and an anchored club hair is produced.

catagenesis
catagenesis (kat-a-jen′e-sis)

SYN: involution. [cata- + G. genesis, origin]

catalase
catalase (kat′a-las)

A hemoprotein catalyzing the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen (2H₂O₂ → O₂ + 2H₂O); a deficiency of c. is associated with acatalasemia.

catalepsy
catalepsy (kat′a-lep-se)

A condition characterized by waxy rigidity of the limbs, which may be placed in various positions that are maintained for a time, lack of response to stimuli, mutism and inactivity; occurs with some psychoses, especially catatonic schizophrenia. [G. katalepsis, a seizing, c., fr. kata, down, + lepsis, a seizure]

cataleptic
cataleptic (kat-a-lep′tik)

Relating to, or suffering from, catalepsy.

cataleptoid
cataleptoid (kat-a-lep′toyd)

Simulating or resembling catalepsy.

catalysis
catalysis (ka-tal′i-sis)

The effect that a catalyst exerts upon a chemical reaction. [G. katalysis, dissolution]
contact c. a process wherein the catalyst is a solid and the catalyzed reaction is produced after the reactants (usually gases) have made contact with the solid.
surface c. c. at the surface of a solid particle or interface, or of a macromolecule.

catalyst
catalyst (kat′a-list)

A substance that accelerates a chemical reaction but is not consumed or changed permanently thereby. SYN: catalyzer.
inorganic c. a c. such as a finely divided metal (Pt, Rh), carbon, etc.
negative c. a c. that retards a reaction.
organic c. 1. SYN: enzyme, ribozyme. 2. a c. that is an organic molecule.
Raney c. SYN: Raney Nickel.

catalytic
catalytic (kat-a-lit′ik)

Relating to or effecting catalysis.

catalyze
catalyze (kat′a-liz)

To act as a catalyst.

catalyzer
catalyzer (kat′a-liz-er)

SYN: catalyst.

catamnesis
catamnesis (kat-am-ne′sis)

The medical history of a patient after an illness; the follow-up history. [cata- + G mneme, memory]

catamnestic
catamnestic (kat-am-nes′tik)

Related to catamnesis.

catapasm
catapasm (kat′a-pazm)

A dusting powder applied to raw surfaces or ulcers. [G. katapasma, a powder; katapasso, to sprinkle over]

cataphoresis
cataphoresis (kat′a-fo-re′sis)

Movement of positively charged particles (cations) in a solution or suspension toward the cathode in electrophoresis. Cf.:anaphoresis. [cata- + G. phoresis, a being carried]

cataphoretic
cataphoretic (kat′a-fo-ret′ik)

Relating to cataphoresis.

cataplasia
cataplasia, cataplasis (kat-a-pla′se-a, -pla′sis)

A degenerative change in cells or tissues that is the reverse of the constructive or developmental change; a return to an earlier or embryonic stage. SYN: retrograde metamorphosis (1) , retrogression, retromorphosis. [cata- + G. plasis, a molding]

cataplasm
cataplasm (kat′a-plazm)

SYN: poultice. [G. kataplasma, poultice, fr. kataplasso, to spread over]

cataplectic
cataplectic (kat-a-plek′tik)

1. Developing suddenly. 2. Pertaining to cataplexy.

cataplexy
cataplexy (kat′a-plek-se)

A transient attack of extreme generalized weakness, often precipitated by an emotional response, such as surprise, fear, or anger; one component of the narcolepsy quadrad. [cata- + G. plexis, a blow, stroke]

cataract
cataract (kat′a-rakt)

Complete or partial opacity of the ocular lens. SYN: cataracta. [L. cataracta, fr. G. katarrhaktes, a downrushing, a waterfall, fr. katarrhegnymi, to break down, rush down]
anular c. congenital c. in which a central white membrane replaces the nucleus. SYN: disk-shaped c., life-belt c., umbilicated c..
atopic c. a c. associated with atopic dermatitis.
axial c. a lenticular opacity in the visual axis of the lens.
black c. a c. in which the lens is hardened and a dark brown. In the 19th century, German black c. meant gutta serena (q.v.). SYN: cataracta brunescens, cataracta nigra.
blue c. coronary c. of bluish color. SYN: cataracta cerulea.
capsular c. a c. in which the opacity affects the capsule only.
capsulolenticular c. a c. in which both the lens and its capsule are involved. SEE ALSO: membranous c..
central c. congenital c. limited to the embryonic nucleus.
cerulean c. [MIM*115660] a congenetal c. with bluish coloring and radial lesions; autosomal dominant inheritance in some cases.
complete c. SYN: mature c..
complicated c. SYN: secondary c. (1) .
concussion c. traumatic c. occurring with or without a hole in the lens capsule.
congenital c. c., usually bilateral, present at birth. It occurs as an autosomal recessive condition in calves of the Jersey breed. In humans approximately 25% of bilateral congenital cataracts are autosomal dominant [MIM*116200, *116700]; X-linked forms also exist [MIM*302200, *302300]. Most congenital cataracts are sporadic, some the result of prematurity, intrauterine infection, drug-related toxicity, injury, or chromosomal or metabolic disorders.
copper c. SYN: chalcosis lentis.
coralliform c. congenital c. with round or elongated processes radiating from the center of the lens.
coronary c. peripheral cortical developmental c. occurring just after puberty; transmitted as a hereditary dominant characteristic.
cortical c. a c. in which the opacity affects the cortex of the lens. SYN: peripheral c..
crystalline c. a hereditary c. with a coralliform or needle-shaped accumulation of crystals in the axial region of an otherwise clear lens.
cuneiform c. cortical c. in which the opacities radiate from the periphery like spokes of a wheel.
cupuliform c. a common form of senile c. often confined to a region just within the posterior capsule. SYN: saucer-shaped c..
dendritic c. a congenital sutural c. with complicated branching.
diabetic c. c. occurring in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
disk-shaped c. SYN: anular c..
electric c. a c. caused by contact with a high-power electric current, or a lightning bolt. SYN: cataracta electrica.
embryonic c. [MIM*115650] a congenital c. situated near the anterior Y suture of the fetal lens nucleus. Inheritance heterogeneous.
embryopathic c. congenital c. as a result of intrauterine infection, e.g., rubella.
fibroid c., fibrinous c. a sclerotic hardening of the capsule of the lens, following exudative iridocyclitis.
floriform c. a congenital c. with opacities arranged like the petals of a flower.
furnacemen's c. SYN: infrared c..
fusiform c. SYN: spindle c..
galactose c. a neonatal c. associated with intralenticular accumulation of galactose alcohol. See galactosemia.
glassworker's c. SYN: infrared c..
glaucomatous c. a nuclear opacity usually seen in absolute glaucoma.
gray c. a c. of gray color, usually seen in senile, mature, or cortical c..
hard c. SYN: nuclear c..
hook-shaped c. congenital c. with hooklike figures between the fetal and embryonic nuclei.
hypermature c. a c. in which the lens cortex becomes liquid, with the nucleus gravitating within the capsule (Morgagni c.). SYN: overripe c..
hypocalcemic c. a c. occurring with low serum calcium.
immature c. a stage of partial lens opacification.
infantile c. a c. affecting a very young child.
infrared c. a c. secondary to absorption of heat by the lens, or by transmission from the adjacent iris. SYN: furnacemen's c., glassworker's c..
intumescent c. a c. swollen because of fluid absorption.
juvenile c. a soft c. occurring in a child or young adult.
lamellar c. a c. in which the opacity is limited to the cortex. SYN: zonular c..
life-belt c. SYN: anular c..
mature c. a c. in which both the nucleus and cortex are opaque. SYN: complete c., ripe c..
membranous c. a secondary c. composed of the remains of the thickened capsule and degenerated lens fibers.
Morgagni c. a hypermature c. in which the nucleus gravitates within the capsule. SYN: sedimentary c..
myotonic c. c. occurring in myotonic dystrophy.
nuclear c. a c. involving the nucleus. SYN: hard c..
overripe c. SYN: hypermature c..
perinuclear c. a lamellar c. in which the nucleus is clear but is surrounded by a ring of opacity.
peripheral c. SYN: cortical c..
pisciform c. a hereditary c. with bilateral fish-shaped opacities in the axial region of the fetal nucleus.
polar c. a capsular c. limited to an area of the anterior or posterior pole of the lens.
posterior subcapsular c. a c. involving the cortex at the posterior pole of the lens.
progressive c. a c. in which the opacification process progresses to involve the entire lens.
punctate c. an incomplete c. in which there are opaque dots scattered through the lens.
pyramidal c. a cone-shaped, anterior polar c..
radiation c. a c. caused by excessive or prolonged exposure to ultraviolet rays, x-rays, radium, gamma rays, heat, or radioactive isotopes.
reduplicated c. a type of congenital c. with opacities situated at various levels in the lens.
ripe c. SYN: mature c..
rubella c. embryopathic c. secondary to intrauterine rubella infection.
saucer-shaped c. SYN: cupuliform c..
secondary c. 1. a c. that accompanies or follows some other eye disease such as uveitis; SYN: complicated c.. 2. a c. occurring in the retained lens or capsule after a c. extraction.
sedimentary c. SYN: Morgagni c..
senile c. a c. occurring spontaneously in the elderly; mainly a cuneiform c., nuclear c., or posterior subcapsular c., alone or in combination.
siderotic c. a c. resulting from deposition of iron from an iron-containing intraocular foreign body.
soft c. an advanced or mature c. in which the nucleus is not well developed.
spindle c. a c. in which the opacity is fusiform, extending from one pole to the other. SYN: fusiform c..
stationary c. a c. that does not progress.
stellate c. congenital c. with lens opacities radiating toward the periphery, with subcapsular and cortical changes.
subcapsular c. a c. in which the opacities are concentrated beneath the capsule.
sugar c. any c. associated with intralenticular accumulation of pentose or hexose alcohols.
sunflower c. SYN: chalcosis lentis.
sutural c. a congenital type of c. with opacities along the Y sutures of the fetal lens nucleus; usually does not affect vision.
tetany c. a c. that develops in hypocalcemia.
total c. a c. involving the entire lens.
toxic c. a c. caused by drugs or chemicals.
traumatic c. a c. caused by contusion, rupture, or a foreign body.
umbilicated c. SYN: anular c..
vascular c. congenital c. in which the degenerated lens is replaced with mesodermal tissue. SYN: cataracta adiposa, cataracta fibrosa.
zonular c. SYN: lamellar c..

cataracta
cataracta (kat-a-rak′ta)

SYN: cataract. [L.]
c. adiposa SYN: vascular cataract.
c. brunescens SYN: black cataract.
c. cerulea SYN: blue cataract.
c. electrica SYN: electric cataract.
c. fibrosa SYN: vascular cataract.
c. nigra SYN: black cataract.

cataractogenesis
cataractogenesis (kat′a-rak-to-jen′e-sis)

The process of cataract formation. [cataract + G. genesis, production]

cataractogenic
cataractogenic (kat′a-rak-to-jen′ik)

Cataract-producing.

cataractous
cataractous (kat-a-rak′tus)

Relating to a cataract.

cataria
cataria (ka-ta′re-a)

The dried flowering tops of Nepeta c. (family Labiatae); an emmenagogue and antispasmodic; also reported to produce psychic effects. SYN: catnep, catnip. [L. cattus, male cat (post-class)]

catarrh
catarrh (ka-tahr′)

Inflammation of a mucous membrane with increased flow of mucus or exudate. [G. katarrheo, to flow down]
nasal c. SYN: rhinitis.
vernal c. SYN: vernal conjunctivitis.

catarrhal
catarrhal (ka-tah′ral)

Relating to or affected with catarrh.

catastalsis
catastalsis (kat-a-stal′sis)

A contraction wave resembling ordinary peristalsis but not preceded by a zone of inhibition. [G. kata-stello, to put in order, check]

catastaltic
catastaltic (kat-a-stal′tik)

Inhibitory, restricting, or restraining. [cata- + G. staltos, contracted, fr. stello, to contract]

catastasis
catastasis (ka-tas′ta-sis)

1. A condition or state. 2. Restoration to a normal condition or a normal place. [G.]

catatonia
catatonia (kat-a-to′ne-a)

A syndrome of psychomotor disturbances characterized by periods of physical rigidity, negativism, or stupor; may occur in schizophrenia, mood disorders, or organic mental disorders. [G. katatonos, stretching down, depressed, fr. kata, down, + tonos, tone]
excited c. c. in which the patient is excited, impulsive, hyperactive, and combative.
periodic c. regularly reappearing phases of catatonic excitement.
stuporous c. c. in which the patient is subdued, mute, and negativistic, accompanied by varying combinations of staring, rigidity, and cataplexy.

catatonic
catatonic, catatoniac (kat-a-ton′ik, -to′ne-ak)

Relating to, or characterized by, catatonia.

catatrichy
catatrichy (kat′a-tri-ke) [MIM*116850]

Presence of a forelock of hair that is separate or different in appearance; may be inherited as an autosomal dominant. See Waardenburg syndrome. [cata- + G. thrix, hair]

catatricrotic
catatricrotic (kat′a-tri-krot′ik)

Denoting a pulse tracing with three minor elevations interrupting the downstroke.

catatricrotism
catatricrotism (kat-a-tri′kro-tizm)

A condition of the pulse marked by three minor expansions of the artery following the main beat, producing three secondary upward waves on the downstroke of the pulse tracing. [cata- + G. tri-, three, + krotos, beat]

catechase
catechase (kat′e-kas)

SYN: catechol 1,2-dioxygenase.

catechin
catechin (kat′e-kin)

Derived from catechu, and used as an astringent in diarrhea and as a stain. SYN: catechinic acid, catechuic acid, cyanidol.

catechinic acid
catechinic acid (kat-e-kin′ik)

SYN: catechin.

catechol
catechol (kat′e-kol)

1. SYN: pyrocatechol. 2. Term loosely used for catechin, which contains an o-c. moiety, and as the root of catecholamines, which are pyrocatechol derivatives.
c.-O-methyltransferase a transferase that catalyzes the methylation of the hydroxyl group at the 3 position of the aromatic ring of catechols, including the catecholamines norepinephrine and epinephrine (thus, converting to normetanephrine and metanephrine, respectively), the methyl group coming from S-adenosyl-l-methionine. An important step in the catabolism of the catecholamines.
c. oxidase an enzyme oxidizing catechols to 1,2-benzoquinones, with O₂. SEE ALSO: monophenol monooxygenase. SYN: diphenol oxidase, o-diphenolase.
c. oxidase (dimerizing) an enzyme oxidizing a c., with O₂, to a diphenylenedioxide quinone ( e.g., 4 c. + 3O₂ → 2 dibenzo[1,4]-2,3-dione + 6H₂O).

catecholamines
catecholamines (kat-e-kol′a-menz)

Pyrocatechols with an alkylamine side chain; examples of biochemical interest are epinephrine, norepinephrine, and l-dopa. C. are major elements in responses to stress.

catechol 1,2-dioxygenase
catechol 1,2-dioxygenase

An oxidoreductase catalyzing oxidation of pyrocatechol, with O₂, to cis-cis-muconate. SYN: catechase, pyrocatechase.

catechol 2,3-dioxygenase
catechol 2,3-dioxygenase

An oxidoreductase oxidizing catechol, with O₂, to 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde. SYN: metapyrocatechase.

catechuic acid
catechuic acid (kat-e-choo′ik, -koo′ik)

SYN: catechin.

catechu nigrum
catechu nigrum

Black catechu, an extract of the heart wood of Acacia catechu (family Leguminosae), used as an astringent in diarrhea. SYN: cutch.

catelectrotonus
catelectrotonus (kat′e-lek-trot′o-nus)

The changes in excitability and conductivity in a nerve or muscle in the neighborhood of the cathode during the passage of a constant electric current. [cathode + electrotonus]

catenate
catenate (kat′en-at)

To connect in a series of links like a chain; for example, two rings of mitochondrial DNA are often catenated. [L. catenatus, chained together, fr. catena, chain]

catenating
catenating (kat′en-at-ing)

Occurring in a chain or series. [L. catenatus, chained]

catenin
catenin (ka-ten′in)

Cytoplasmic molecule that serves as a link between cadherins and the cytoskeleton of cells, allowing the formation of adherent junctions. There are two types: β-c., which is linked to the cadherin itself and α-c., which associates with actin microfilaments. [L. catena, chain, + -in]

catenoid
catenoid (kat′e-noyd)

1. Like a chain, such as a chain of fungus spores or a colony of protozoa in which the individuals are joined end to end. SYN: catenulate. 2. Surface of net zero curvature generated by the rotation of a catenary (curve of repose of a suspended chain); the interventricular septum of the heart in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis resembles a c., which makes it ineffective in increasing intracavity pressure or in reducing its volume as defined in Laplace law. [L. catena, chain, + G. eidos, resemblance]

catenulate
catenulate (ka-ten′u-lat)

SYN: catenoid (1) .

caterpillar
caterpillar (kat′er-pil′er)

The wormlike larval stage of a butterfly or a moth. [M.E. catirpeller, fr. O.Fr. cate, cat, + pelose, hairy]
dermatitis-causing c.. one of several species whose hairs can cause an allergic dermatitis; the saddleback c. (Sabine stimulea) and the brown-tail moth (Euproctis chrysorrhoea) are common examples.
saddleback c. Sabine stimulea, a cause of c. dermatitis.
stinging c. c. with urticarious hairs or spines that cause allergic dermatitis, e.g., the Io moth and the puss c..

catgut
catgut (kat′gut)

An absorbable surgical suture material made from the collagenous fibers of the submucosa of certain animals (usally from sheep or cows); misnamed c.. [probably from kit, a small violin, through confusion with kit, a small cat]
chromic c. c. impregnated with chromium salts to prolong its tensile strength and retard its absorption.
silverized c. c. prepared by immersion in a 2% solution of colloidal silver for 1 week and then in 95% alcohol for 15 to 30 minutes.

Catha edulis
Catha edulis (kath′a ed′u-lis)

A plant of Ethiopia and Arabia (family Celastraceae), cultivated for use as a stimulant; khat (the fresh leaves and twigs) is chewed or used in the preparation of a beverage; the active principle is pharmacologically related to the amphetamines, probably d-norisoephedrine. [Ar. khat]

Catharanthus alkaloids
Catharanthus alkaloids (kath-ar-ran′thus)

SYN: Vinca alkaloids, under alkaloid.

catharsis
catharsis (ka-thar′sis)

1. SYN: purgation. 2. The release or discharge of emotional tension or anxiety by psychoanalytically guided emotional reliving of past, especially repressed, events. SYN: psychocatharsis. [G. katharsis, purification, fr. katharos, pure]

cathartic
cathartic (ka-thar′tik)

1. Relating to catharsis. 2. An agent having purgative action.

cathectic
cathectic (ka-thek′tik)

Pertaining to cathexis.

cathemoglobin
cathemoglobin (ka-them-o-glo′bin)

An artificial derivative of hemoglobin in which the globin is denatured and the iron oxidized.

cathepsin
cathepsin (ka-thep′sin)

One of a number of intracellular proteinases and peptidases (all endopeptidases) of animal tissues of varying specificities.

catheter
catheter (kath′e-ter)

1. A tubular instrument to allow passage of fluid from or into a body cavity or blood vessel. SEE ALSO: line (4) . 2. Especially a c. designed to be passed through the urethra into the bladder to drain it of retained urine. [G. katheter, fr. kathiemi, to send down]
acorn-tipped c. a c. used in ureteropyelography to occlude the ureteral orifice and prevent backflow from the ureter during and following the injection of an opaque medium.
angiography c. a thin-walled tube suitable for percutaneous insertion and power injection of contrast media for radiography; c. diameter is measured on the French scale. See Seldinger technique.
balloon c. a c. used in arterial embolectomy or to float into the pulmonary artery.
balloon-tip c. a single- or double-lumen tube with a balloon at its tip that can be inflated or deflated without removal after installation; the balloon may be inflated to facilitate passage of the tube through a blood vessel (propelled by the bloodstream) or to occlude the vessel in which the tube alone would allow free flow; such catheters are used to enter the pulmonary artery to facilitate hemodynamic measurements. SEE ALSO: Swan-Ganz c..
bicoudate c., c. bicoudé (bi-koo-da′) an elbowed c. with a double bend. [bi + Fr. coudé, bent]
Bozeman-Fritsch c. a slightly curved double-channel uterine c. with several openings at the tip.
Braasch c. a bulb-tipped c. used for dilation and calibration. SYN: Braasch bulb.
Broviac c. a type of long-term central venous c. with an external port for administration of medication.
brush c. a ureteral c. with a finely bristled brush tip that is endoscopically passed into the ureter or renal pelvis and by gentle to-and-fro movement brushes cells from the surface of suspected tumors.
cardiac c. SYN: intracardiac c..
central venous c. a c. passed through a peripheral or central vein, ending in the superior vena cava or right atrium, for measurement of central venous pressure or for infusion of hyperosmolar solutions.
conical c. a c. with a cone-shaped tip designed to dilate the ureter.
c. coudé (koo-da′) a c. with an angular bend near the beak; used to rise over prostatic obstruction. SYN: elbowed c., prostatic c.. [Fr. coudé, bent]
c. à demeure (a-dem-ër′) an obsolete term for a c. that is retained for a considerable period in the urethra. [Fr. demeurer, to dwell]
de Pezzer c. a self-retaining c. with a bulbous extremity.
double-channel c. a c. with two lumens, allowing irrigation and aspiration or injection and pressure measurement. SYN: two-way c..
elbowed c. SYN: c. coudé.
eustachian c. a c. for the middle ear through the eustachian tube.
female c. a short, nearly straight c. for passage into the female urethra.
Fogarty embolectomy c. a c. with an inflatable balloon near its tip; used to remove emboli and thrombi from blood vessels or to remove stones from the biliary ducts.
Foley c. urethral c. with a retaining balloon.
Gouley c. a solid curved steel instrument grooved on its inferior surface so that it can be passed over a guide through a urethral stricture.
Hickman c. long-term, central venous indwelling c. with external port(s).
indwelling c. a c. left in place in the bladder, usually a balloon c..
intracardiac c. a c. that can be passed into the heart through a vein or artery, to withdraw samples of blood, measure pressures within the heart's chambers or great vessels, and inject contrast media; used mainly in the diagnosis and evaluation of congenital, rheumatic, and coronary artery lesions and to evaluate systolic and diastolic cardiac function. SYN: cardiac c..
Malecot c. a two- or four-winged c..
Nélaton c. a flexible c. of red rubber.
olive-tipped c. a ureteral c. with an olive-shaped tip, used to dilate a constricted ureteral orifice; larger sizes are also used for dilating or calibrating urethral strictures.
pacing c. a cardiac c. with one or more electrodes at its tip which can be used to artificially pace the heart.
Pezzer c. de Pezzer c..
Phillips c. a c. with a filiform guide for the urethra.
pigtail c. a c. with a tightly curled end and multiple side holes to reduce the impact of the injectant on the vessel wall or to remain in a chamber or space for drainage.
prostatic c. SYN: c. coudé.
pulmonary artery c. SYN: Swan-Ganz c..
Robinson c. a straight urethral c. with two to six holes to facilitate drainage, especially in the presence of blood clots which may occlude one or more openings.
self-retaining c. a c. so constructed that it remains in urethra and bladder until removed, e.g., indwelling c.; Foley c..
spiral tip c. a c. with a helical filiform tip.
Swan-Ganz c. a balloon-tipped flexible c. commonly used in the treatment of critically ill patients; introduced via a major peripheral vein, usually jugular or subclavian, and floated under pressure waveform guidance, with or without fluoroscopy, sequentially through the right atrium, right ventricle, and pulmonary artery, ultimately to wedge, when the balloon is inflated, in a small arterial branch where the tip measures pressure-transmitted retrograde from the left side of the heart, which is assumed to represent left ventricular end-diastolic pressure; side holes allow measurement of central venous pressure; with the balloon deflated, c. measures pulmonary artery systolic, diastolic, and mean pressures; also allows infusion via c.; some catheters are fitted with pacing electrodes. SYN: pulmonary artery c..
two-way c. SYN: double-channel c..
vertebrated c. a c. made of several segments moving on each other like the links of a chain.
whistle-tip c. a c. with an opening at the end and side.
winged c. a soft rubber c. with little flaps at each side of the beak to retain it in the bladder.

catheterization
catheterization (kath′e-ter-i-za′shun)

Passage of a catheter.
clean intermittent bladder c. (CIC) a common way for patients with neurogenic bladders that do not empty normally to empty their bladders on a routine schedule.

catheterize
catheterize (kath′e-ter-iz)

To pass a catheter.

catheterostat
catheterostat (kath′e-ter-o-stat)

A stand for holding catheters. [catheter + G. statos, standing]

cathexis
cathexis (ka-thek′sis)

A conscious or unconscious attachment of psychic energy to an idea, object, or person. [G. kathexis, a holding in, retention]

cathodal
cathodal (C) (kath′o-dal)

Of, pertaining to, or emanating from a cathode. SYN: cathodic.

cathode
cathode (Ca, C) (kath′od)

The negative pole of a galvanic battery or the electrode connected with it; the electrode toward which positively charged ions (cations) migrate and are reduced, and into which electrons are fed from their source (anode or generator). Cf.:anode. SYN: negative electrode. [G. kathodos, a way down, fr. kata, down, + hodos, a way]

cathodic
cathodic (ka-thod′ik)

SYN: cathodal.

catholysis
catholysis (kath-ol′e-sis)

Electrolysis with a cathode needle.

cation
cation (kat′i-on)

An ion carrying a charge of positive electricity, therefore going to the negatively charged cathode. [G. kation, going down]

cation exchange
cation exchange

The process by which a cation in a liquid phase exchanges with another cation present as the counter ion of a negatively charged solid polymer (cation exchanger). A cation-exchange reaction in removal of the Na⁺ of a sodium chloride solution is RSO₃⁻H⁺ + Na⁺ → RSO₃⁻Na⁺ + H⁺ (R is the polymer, RSO₃⁻ is the cation exchanger); if this is combined with the anion-exchange reaction, NaCl is removed from the solution (desalting). C. may also be used chromatographically, to separate cations, and medicinally, to remove a cation; e.g., H⁺, from gastric contents, or Na⁺ and K⁺ in the intestine. See anion exchange.

cation exchanger
cation exchanger

An insoluble solid (usually a polystyrene or a polysaccharide) that has negatively charged radicals attached to it ( e.g., –COO⁻, –SO₃⁻), which can attract and hold cations that pass by in a moving solution if these are more attracted to the acid groups than the counter ion present.

cationic
cationic (kat-i-on′ik)

Referring to positively charged ions and their properties.

cationogen
cationogen (kat-i-on′o-jen)

A substance that gives rise to positively charged ions.

catlin
catlin, catling (kat′lin, -ling)

A long, sharp-pointed, double-edged knife used in amputations.

catnep
catnep, catnip (kat′nep, kat′nip)

SYN: cataria.

catochus
catochus (kat′o-kus)

The trancelike phase of catalepsy in which the patient is conscious but cannot move or speak. [G. katoche, epilepsy (Galen), fr. katecho, to hold fast]

catoptric
catoptric (ka-top′trik)

Relating to reflected light. [G. katoptron, mirror]

cauda
cauda, pl .caudae (kaw′da, kaw′de) [TA]

SYN: tail (1) . [L. a tail]
c. epididymidis [TA] SYN: tail of epididymis.
c. equina [TA] the bundle of spinal nerve roots arising from the lumbosacral enlargement and medullary cone and running through the lumbar cistern (subarachnoid space) within the vertebral canal below the first lumbar vertebra; it comprises the roots of all the spinal nerves below the first lumbar. [L. horse tail]
c. fasciae dentatae SYN: uncus band of Giacomini.
c. helicis [TA] SYN: tail of helix.
c. nuclei caudati [TA] SYN: tail of caudate nucleus.
c. pancreatis [TA] SYN: tail of pancreas.
c. striati SYN: tail of caudate nucleus.

caudad
caudad (kaw′dad)

1. In a direction toward the tail. 2. Situated nearer the tail in relation to a specific reference point; opposite of craniad. SEE ALSO: inferior.

caudal
caudal (kaw′dal) [TA]

Pertaining to the tail. SYN: caudalis [TA] . [Mod. L. caudalis]

caudalis
caudalis (kaw-da′lis) [TA]

SYN: caudal.

caudate
caudate (kaw′dat)

1. Tailed; possessing a tail. 2. SYN: c. nucleus.

caudatolenticular
caudatolenticular (kaw-da′to-len-tik′u-lar)

Relating to the caudate nucleus and lenticularis. SYN: caudolenticular.

caudatum
caudatum (kaw-da′tum)

SYN: caudate nucleus.

caudocephalad
caudocephalad (kaw-do-sef′al-ad)

In a direction from the tail toward the head.

caudolenticular
caudolenticular (kaw′do-len-tik′u-lar)

SYN: caudatolenticular.

caul
caul, cowl (kawl)

1. The amnion, either as a piece of membrane capping the baby's head at birth or the whole membrane when delivered unruptured with the baby. SYN: galea (4) , veil (2) , velum (2) . 2. SYN: greater omentum. [Gaelic, call, a veil]

causalgia
causalgia (kaw-zal′je-a)

Persistent severe burning pain, usually following injury of a peripheral nerve (especially median and tibial) or the brachial plexus, accompanied by trophic changes. [G. kausis, burning, + algos, pain]

causality
causality (kawz′al-i-te)

The relating of causes to the effects they produce; the pathogenesis of disease, and epidemiology, are largely concerned with c..

cause
cause (kawz)

That which produces an effect or condition; that by which a morbid change or disease is brought about. [L. causa]
constitutional c. a c. acting from within or through some systemic process or inborn error.
exciting c. the direct provoking c. of a condition. SYN: procatarxis (1) .
necessary c. an etiologic factor without which a result in question will not occur; the occurrence of the result is proof that the factor is operating.
precipitating c. a factor that brings on the onset of manifestations of a disease process.
predisposing c. anything that produces a susceptibility or disposition to a condition without actually causing it.
proximate c. the immediate c. that precipitates a condition.
specific c. a c. the action of which can definitely produce the condition in question.
sufficient c. an etiologic factor that guarantees that a result in question will occur; non-occurrence of the result is proof that the factor is not operating.

caustic
caustic (kaws′tik)

1. Chemically exerting an effect resembling a burn. 2. An agent producing this effect. 3. Denoting a solution of a strong alkali; e.g., c. soda, NaOH. SYN: pyrotic (2) . [G. kaustikos, fr. kaio, to burn]

cauterant
cauterant (kaw′ter-ant)

1. Cauterizing. 2. A cauterizing agent.

cauterization
cauterization (kaw-ter-i-za′shun)

The act of cauterizing. SEE ALSO: cautery.

cauterize
cauterize (kaw′ter-iz)

To apply a cautery; to burn with a cautery.

cautery
cautery (kaw′ter-e)

1. An agent or device used for scarring, burning, or cutting the skin or other tissues by means of heat, cold, electric current, ultrasound, or caustic chemicals. 2. Use of a c.. [G. kauterion, a branding iron]
actual c. a c., such as electrocautery, acting directly through heat and not by chemical means. SYN: technocausis.
BICAP c. a form of bipolar electrocoagulation frequently used to arrest gastrointestinal bleeding.
bipolar c. electrocautery by high frequency electrical current passed through tissue from an active to a passive electrode; used for hemostasis.
chemical c. SYN: chemocautery.
cold c. SYN: cryocautery.
electric c. SYN: electrocautery.
gas c. c. by means of a measured amount of a lighted gas jet.
monopolar c. electrocautery by high frequency electrical current passed from a single electrode, where the cauterization occurs, the patient's body serving as a ground.

cava
cava (ka′va)

See inferior vena c., superior vena c..

cavagram
cavagram (ka′va-gram)

SYN: cavogram.

caval
caval (ka′val)

Relating to a vena cava.

cave
cave (kav) [TA]

A hollow or enclosed space or cavity. See cavity, cavitas, cavernous space. SYN: cavea.
trigeminal c. [TA] the cleft in the meningeal layer of dura of the middle cranial fossa near the tip of the petrous part of the temporal bone; it encloses the roots of the trigeminal nerve and the trigeminal ganglion. SYN: cavum trigeminale [TA] , trigeminal cavity&star, Meckel cavity, Meckel space.

cavea
cavea

SYN: cave.
c. thoracis [TA] SYN: thoracic cage.

caveola
caveola, pl .caveolae (kav-e-o′la, -le)

A small pocket, vesicle, cave, or recess communicating with the outside of a cell and extending inward, indenting the cytoplasm and the cell membrane. Such caveolae may be pinched off to form free vesicles within the cytoplasm. They are considered to be sites of uptake of materials into the cell, expulsion of materials from the cell, or sites of addition or removal of cell (unit) membrane to or from the cell surface. [L.]

cavern
cavern (kav′ern)

SYN: cavernous space.
caverns of corpora cavernosa SYN: cavernous spaces of corpora cavernosa, under space.
caverns of corpus spongiosum SYN: cavernous spaces of corporus spongiosum, under space.

caverna
caverna, pl .cavernae (ka-ver′na, -ne)

SYN: cavernous space. [L. a grotto, fr. cavus, hollow]
cavernae corporis spongiosi [TA] SYN: cavernous spaces of corporus spongiosum, under space.
cavernae corporum cavernosorum [TA] SYN: cavernous spaces of corpora cavernosa, under space.

caverniloquy
caverniloquy (kav-er-nil′o-kwe)

Low-pitched resonant pectoriloquy heard over a lung cavity. [L. caverna, cavern, + loquor, to talk]

cavernitis
cavernitis (kav-er-ni′tis)

Inflammation of the corpus cavernosum penis. SYN: cavernositis.
fibrous c. c. occasionally associated with Peyronie disease.

cavernositis
cavernositis (kav′er-no-si′tis)

SYN: cavernitis.

cavernous
cavernous (kav′er-nus)

Relating to a cavern or a cavity; containing many cavities.

Cavia
Cavia (ka′ve-a)

A genus of the family Caviidae that includes the guinea pigs. [Mod. L., fr. native Indian]
C. porcellus a rodent with a very short tail that is not visible externally; native to South America, where it is raised for food; used widely as a laboratory animal in medical research. SYN: guinea pig.

cavitary
cavitary (kav′i-ta-re)

1. Relating to a cavity or having a cavity or cavities. 2. Denoting any animal parasite that has an enteric canal or body cavity and that lives within the host's body.

cavitas
cavitas, pl .cavitates (kav′i-tas, -ta′tes)

SYN: cavity. [Mod. L.]
c. abdominalis [TA] SYN: abdominal cavity.
c. abdominis et pelvis [TA] SYN: abdominopelvic cavity.
c. articularis [TA] SYN: articular cavity.
c. conchae [TA] SYN: cavity of concha.
c. coronae [TA] SYN: crown cavity.
c. coronalis SYN: pulp cavity of crown.
c. cranii [TA] SYN: cranial cavity.
c. dentis [TA] SYN: pulp cavity.
c. glenoidalis SYN: mandibular fossa.
c. glenoidalis scapulae [TA] SYN: glenoid cavity of scapula.
c. infraglottica [TA] SYN: infraglottic cavity.
c. infraglotticum SYN: infraglottic cavity.
c. laryngis [TA] SYN: laryngeal cavity.
c. medullaris [TA] SYN: medullary cavity.
c. nasi [TA] SYN: nasal cavity.
c. oris [TA] SYN: oral cavity.
c. oris propria [TA] SYN: oral cavity proper.
c. pelvina pelvic cavity.
c. pelvis [TA] SYN: pelvic cavity.
c. pericardiaca [TA] SYN: pericardial cavity.
c. peritonealis [TA] SYN: peritoneal cavity.
c. pharyngis [TA] SYN: cavity of pharynx.
c. pleuralis [TA] SYN: pleural cavity.
c. pulparis pulp cavity.
c. thoracis [TA] SYN: thoracic cavity.
c. tympanica [TA] SYN: tympanic cavity.
c. uteri [TA] SYN: uterine cavity.

cavitation
cavitation (kav-i-ta′shun)

1. Formation of a cavity, as in the lung in tuberculosis or with development of a bacterial lung abscess. 2. The production of small vapor-containing bubbles or cavities in a liquid or tissue by ultrasound.

cavitis
cavitis (ka-vi′tis)

SYN: celophlebitis.

cavity
cavity (kav′i-te)

1. A hollow space; hole. See cave, c., cavitas, cavernous space. 2. Lay term for the loss of tooth structure due to dental caries. SYN: cavum [TA] , cavitas. [L. cavus, hollow]
abdominal c. [TA] the space bounded by the abdominal walls, the diaphragm, and the pelvis; it usually is arbitrarily separated from the pelvic c. by a plane across the superior aperture of the pelvis; however, it may include the pelvis with the abdomen (see abdominopelvic c.); within the cavitas lie the greater part of the organs of digestion, the spleen, the kidneys, and the suprarenal glands. SYN: cavitas abdominalis [TA] , cavum abdominis, enterocele (2) .
abdominopelvic c. [TA] the combined and continuous abdominal and pelvic cavities. SEE ALSO: abdominal c.. SYN: cavitas abdominis et pelvis [TA] .
amnionic c. the fluid-filled c. inside the amnion that contains the developing embryo.
articular c. [TA] a joint c., the potential space bounded by the synovial membrane and articular cartilages of all synovial joints. Normally, the articular c. contains only sufficient synovial fluid to lubricate the internal surfaces. SYN: cavitas articularis [TA] , cavum articulare.
axillary c. SYN: axilla.
body c. the collective visceral c. of the trunk (thoracic c. plus abdominopelvic c.), bounded by the superior thoracic aperture above, the pelvic floor below, and the body walls (parietes) in between. SYN: celom (2) , celoma, coelom.
buccal c. SYN: oral vestibule.
cleavage c. SYN: blastocele.
c. of concha [TA] the space within the lower, larger portion of the concha below the crus helicis; it forms the vestibule leading into the external acoustic meatus. SYN: cavitas conchae [TA] , cavum conchae&star.
cavities of corpora cavernosa SYN: cavernous spaces of corpora cavernosa, under space.
cavities of corpus spongiosum SYN: cavernous spaces of corporus spongiosum, under space.
cotyloid c. SYN: acetabulum.
cranial c. [TA] the space within the skull occupied by the brain, its coverings, and cerebrospinal fluid. SYN: cavitas cranii [TA] , intracranial c..
crown c. SYN: pulp c. of crown. SYN: cavitas coronae [TA] .
ectoplacental c. SYN: epamniotic c..
ectotrophoblastic c. a developmental c. appearing between the trophoblast and the embryonic disk ectoderm in some mammals.
epamniotic c. a developmental c. that exists in some mammals and is derived by division of the proamniotic space; it is further removed from the embryo than the amniotic c. in some mammals. SYN: ectoplacental c..
epidural c. SYN: epidural space.
glenoid c. SYN: mandibular fossa.
glenoid c. of scapula [TA] the hollow in the head of the scapula that receives the head of the humerus to make the shoulder joint; SYN: cavitas glenoidalis scapulae [TA] , glenoid fossa (1) .
greater peritoneal c. SYN: peritoneal c..
head c. the cephalic region in the embryos of vertebrates containing the modified somites that give rise to the extrinsic eye muscles.
idiopathic bone c. SYN: solitary bone cyst.
inferior laryngeal c. SYN: infraglottic c..
infraglottic c. [TA] the part of the c. of the larynx immediately below the glottis. SYN: cavitas infraglottica [TA] , aditus glottidis inferior, cavitas infraglotticum, cavum infraglotticum, inferior laryngeal c., infraglottic space.
intermediate laryngeal c. portion of the c. of the larynx between the vestibular and vocal folds, with which the ventricles communicate. SYN: aditus glottidis superior.
intracranial c. SYN: cranial c..
laryngeal c. [TA] a c. that is continuous above with the pharynx at the level of the aryepiglottic folds and extends downward through the rima glottidis to the infraglottic space. SYN: cavitas laryngis [TA] , c. of larynx, cavum laryngis.
c. of larynx SYN: laryngeal c..
lesser peritoneal c. SYN: omental bursa.
Meckel c. SYN: trigeminal cave.
medullary c. [TA] the marrow c. in the shaft of a long bone. SYN: cavitas medullaris [TA] , cavum medullare.
c. of middle ear SYN: tympanic c..
nasal c. [TA] the c. on either side of the nasal septum, lined with ciliated respiratory mucosa, extending from the naris anteriorly to the choana posteriorly, and communicating with the paranasal sinuses through their orifices in the lateral wall, from which also project the three conchae; the cribriform plate, through which the olfactory nerves are transmitted, forms the roof; the floor is formed by the hard palate. SYN: cavitas nasi [TA] , cavum nasi.
nephrotomic c. SYN: nephrocele (2) .
oral c. [TA] the region consisting of the vestibulum oris, the narrow cleft between the lips and cheeks, and the teeth and gums, and the cavitas oris propria. SYN: cavitas oris [TA] , cavum oris, mouth (1) .
oral c. proper [TA] the space between the dental arches, limited posteriorly by the isthmus of the fauces (palatoglossal arch). SYN: cavitas oris propria [TA] .
orbital c. SYN: orbit.
pelvic c. [TA] the space bounded at the sides by the bones of the pelvis, above by the superior aperture of the pelvis, and below by the pelvic diaphragm; it contains the pelvic viscera. SYN: cavitas pelvis [TA] , cavitas pelvina&star, cavum pelvis.
pericardial c. [TA] 1. the potential space between the parietal and the visceral layers of the serous pericardium; 2. in the embryo, that part of the primary celom containing the heart; originally it is in open communication with the pericardioperitoneal cavities and indirectly, through them, with the peritoneal part of the celom. SYN: cavitas pericardiaca [TA] , cavum pericardii.
peritoneal c. [TA] the interior of the peritoneal sac, normally only a potential space between the parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum. SYN: cavitas peritonealis [TA] , cavum peritonei, greater peritoneal c..
perivisceral c. the space between the ectoderm and endoderm in the gastrula. SYN: primitive perivisceral c..
pharyngonasal c. SYN: nasopharynx.
c. of pharynx [TA] it consists of a nasal part (nasopharynx) continuous anteriorly with the nasal c. and receiving the openings of the auditory tubes, an oral part (oropharynx) opening through the fauces into the oral c., and a laryngeal part (laryngopharynx) leading into the vestibule of the larynx and to the esophagus. SYN: cavitas pharyngis [TA] , cavum pharyngis.
pleural c. [TA] the potential space between the parietal and visceral layers of the pleura. SYN: cavitas pleuralis [TA] , cavum pleurae, pleural space.
pleuroperitoneal c. that part of the embryonic celom later partitioned to give rise to the pleural and peritoneal cavities.
primitive perivisceral c. SYN: perivisceral c..
pulmonary c. one of the bilateral subdivisions of the thoracic c. lying on either side of the mediastinum, lined with parietal pleura and occupied by a lung; the space existing when a lung is removed. The term is not synonymous with pleural c., which is a space between the parietal and visceral pleura that is normally empty except for a fine layer of pleural fluid and that surrounds (but does not contain) the lung.
pulp c. [TA] the central hollow of a tooth consisting of the crown c. and the root canal; it contains the fibrovascular dental pulp and is lined throughout by odontoblasts. SYN: cavitas dentis [TA] , cavitas pulparis&star, c. of tooth, cavum dentis.
pulp c. of crown [TA] the space within the crown of a tooth continuous with the root canal. SYN: cavitas coronalis, cavum coronale, crown c..
Retzius c. SYN: retropubic space.
segmentation c. SYN: blastocele.
c. of septum pellucidum a slitlike, fluid-filled space of variable width between the left and right transparent septum, which occurs in fewer than 10% of human brains and may communicate with the third ventricle. SYN: cavum septum pellucidum [TA] , Duncan ventricle, fifth ventricle, pseudocele, pseudoventricle, sylvian ventricle, ventricle of Sylvius, ventriculus quintus, Vieussens ventricle, Wenzel ventricle.
somite c. SYN: myocele (2) .
splanchnic c. the celom or one of the body cavities derived from it. SYN: visceral c..
subarachnoid c. SYN: subarachnoid space.
subdural c. SYN: subdural space.
subgerminal c. SYN: primitive gut.
superior laryngeal c. SYN: vestibule of larynx.
thoracic c. [TA] the space within the thoracic walls, bounded below by the diaphragm and above by the neck. SYN: cavitas thoracis [TA] , cavum thoracis.
c. of tooth SYN: pulp c..
trigeminal c. trigeminal cave.
tympanic c. [TA] an air chamber in the temporal bone containing the ossicles; it is lined with mucous membrane and is continuous with the auditory tube anteriorly and the tympanic antrum and mastoid air cells posteriorly. SYN: cavitas tympanica [TA] , c. of middle ear, cavum tympani.
uterine c., c. of uterus [TA] the space within the uterus extending from the cervical canal to the openings of the uterine tubes. SYN: cavitas uteri [TA] , cavum uteri.
visceral c. SYN: splanchnic c..

cavogram
cavogram (ka′vo-gram)

An angiogram of a vena cava. SYN: cavagram. [(vena) cava + G. gramma, a writing]

cavography
cavography (ka-vog′ra-fe)

SYN: venacavography.

cavosurface
cavosurface (ka-vo-sur′fas)

Relating to a cavity and the surface of a tooth.

cavum
cavum, pl .cava (ka′vum, -va) [TA]

SYN: cavity. [L. ntr. of adj. cavus, hollow]
c. abdominis SYN: abdominal cavity.
c. articulare SYN: articular cavity.
c. conchae cavity of concha.
c. coronale SYN: pulp cavity of crown.
c. dentis SYN: pulp cavity.
c. douglasi SYN: rectouterine pouch.
c. epidurale SYN: epidural space.
c. infraglotticum SYN: infraglottic cavity.
c. laryngis SYN: laryngeal cavity.
c. mediastinale an inappropriate name sometimes applied to the mediastinum.
c. medullare SYN: medullary cavity.
c. nasi SYN: nasal cavity.
c. oris SYN: oral cavity.
c. pelvis SYN: pelvic cavity.
c. pericardii SYN: pericardial cavity.
c. peritonei SYN: peritoneal cavity.
c. pharyngis SYN: cavity of pharynx.
c. pleurae SYN: pleural cavity.
c. psalterii SYN: Verga ventricle.
c. retzii SYN: retropubic space. [A.A. Retzius]
c. septum pellucidum [TA] SYN: cavity of septum pellucidum.
c. subarachnoideum SYN: subarachnoid space.
c. subdurale SYN: subdural space.
c. thoracis SYN: thoracic cavity.
c. trigeminale [TA] SYN: trigeminal cave.
c. tympani SYN: tympanic cavity.
c. uteri SYN: uterine cavity.
c. vergae SYN: Verga ventricle.
c. vesicouterinum SYN: vesicouterine pouch.

Cb
Cb

Symbol for columbium.

C-banding
C-banding

See C-banding stain.

CBC
CBC

Abbreviation for complete blood count.

CBF
CBF

Abbreviation for cerebral or coronary blood flow.

CBG
CBG

Abbreviation for corticosteroid-binding globulin.

Cbl
Cbl

Abbreviation for cobalamin.

Cbz
Cbz

Abbreviation for carbobenzoxy- (benzyloxycarbonyl).

C.C.
C.C.

Abbreviation for chief complaint, as recorded on a patient's medical history.

cc
cc, c.c.

Abbreviation for cubic centimeter.

CCA
CCA

Abbreviation for chimpanzee coryza agent.

CCC
CCC

Abbreviation for cathodal closure contraction.

CCDM
CCDM

Abbreviation for Control of Communicable Diseases Manual.

CCK
CCK

Abbreviation for cholecystokinin.

CCNU
CCNU

SYN: lomustine.

CCU
CCU

Abbreviation for coronary care unit; critical care unit.

CD
CD

Abbreviation for curative dose; circular dichroism; cluster of differentiation.

CD 54
CD 54

See intercellular adhesion molecule-1.

CD50
CD⁵⁰

1. Abbreviation for curative dose. 2. In a study of a therapeutic agent, the dose that cures 50% of the test subjects.

Cd
Cd

Symbol for cadmium.

cd
cd

Symbol for candela.

CDC
CDC

Abbreviation for Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; previously known as the Communicable Disease Center.

CDE blood group
CDE blood group

See Rh blood group, Blood Groups appendix.

cDNA
cDNA

Abbreviation for complementary DNA, sometimes used as copy DNA.

CDP
CDP

Abbreviation for cytidine 5′-diphosphate.

CDP-choline
CDP-choline

Abbreviation for cytidine diphosphocholine.

CDP-glyceride
CDP-glyceride

Abbreviation for cytidine diphosphoglyceride.

CDP-sugar
CDP-sugar

Abbreviation for cytidine diphosphosugar.

Ce
Ce

Symbol for cerium.

CEA
CEA

Abbreviation for carcinoembryonic antigen.

cebocephaly
cebocephaly (se-bo-sef′a-le)

Malformation of the head in which the features are suggestive of a monkey, with defective or absent nose and closely set eyes; part of the holoprosencephaly spectrum. [G. kebos, monkey, + kephale, head]

cec- cec-

See ceco-.

ceca
ceca (se′ka)

Plural of cecum.

cecal
cecal (se′kal)

1. Relating to the cecum. 2. Ending blindly or in a cul-de-sac.

cecectomy
cecectomy (se-sek′to-me)

Excision of the cecum. SYN: typhlectomy. [ceco- + G. ektome, excision]

Cecil
Cecil

Arthur Bond, U.S. urologist, 1885–1967. See C. urethroplasty.

cecitis
cecitis (se-si′tis)

Inflammation of the cecum. SYN: typhlenteritis, typhlitis, typhloenteritis.

ceco- ceco-, cec-

The cecum. SEE ALSO: typhlo- (1) . Cf.:typhlo-. [L. caecum, cecum, blind]

cecocolostomy
cecocolostomy (se′ko-ko-los′to-me)

Formation of an anastomosis between cecum and colon.

cecofixation
cecofixation (se′ko-fik-sa′shun)

SYN: cecopexy.

cecoileostomy
cecoileostomy (se′ko-il-e-os′to-me)

SYN: ileocecostomy.

cecopexy
cecopexy (se′ko-pek-se)

Operative anchoring of a movable cecum. SYN: cecofixation, typhlopexy, typhlopexia. [ceco- + G. pexis, fixation]

cecoplication
cecoplication (se′ko-pli-ka′shun)

Operative reduction in size of a dilated cecum by the formation of folds or tucks in its wall. [ceco- + L. plico, pp. -atus, to fold]

cecorrhaphy
cecorrhaphy (se-kor′a-fe)

Suture of the cecum. SYN: typhlorrhaphy. [ceco- + G. rhaphe, suture]

cecosigmoidostomy
cecosigmoidostomy (se′ko-sig-moy-dos′to-me)

Formation of a communication between the cecum and the sigmoid colon.

cecostomy
cecostomy (se-kos′to-me)

Operative formation of a cecal fistula. SYN: typhlostomy. [ceco- + G. stoma, mouth]

cecotomy
cecotomy (se-kot′o-me)

Incision into the cecum. SYN: typhlotomy. [ceco- + G. tome, incision]

cecoureterocele
cecoureterocele (se′co-u-re′ter-o-sel)

A ureterocele that extends far along the urethra, sometimes even out the urethral meatus.

cecropins
cecropins (se-kro-pinz)

Antibacterial peptides consisting of two amphipathic α-helix components.

cecum
cecum, pl .ceca (se′kum, se′ka) [TA]

1. The cul-de-sac, about 6 cm in depth, lying below the terminal ileum forming the first part of the large intestine. SYN: blind gut, intestinum c., typhlon. 2. Any similar structure ending in a cul-de-sac. SYN: caecum. [L. ntr. of caecus, blind]
cupular c. of the cochlear duct [TA] the upper blind extremity of the cochlear duct. SYN: c. cupulare [TA] , cupular blind sac, lagena (1) .
c. cupulare [TA] SYN: cupular c. of the cochlear duct.
intestinal c.
vestibular c. of the cochlear duct [TA] the lower extremity of the cochlear duct, occupying the cochlear recess in the vestibule. SYN: c. vestibulare [TA] , vestibular blind sac.
c. vestibulare [TA] SYN: vestibular c. of the cochlear duct.

cedar leaf oil
cedar leaf oil (se′der)

Oil obtained by steam distillation from the fresh leaves of Thuja occidentalis; used as an insect repellent and counterirritant, and in perfumery. SYN: thuja oil.

cedar wood oil
cedar wood oil

Volatile oil obtained from the wood of Juniperus virginiana (family Pinaceae); used as an insect repellent, in perfumery, and as a clearing agent in microscopy.

Cedecea
Cedecea (sed-e′se-a)

A genus in the Enterobacteriaceae group that includes the species C. davisae, (the type strain), c. lapagei, and C. neteri; they have been recovered from the human respiratory tract, but their role in disease has not yet been delineated.

Ceelen
Ceelen

Wilhelm, 1884–1964. See C.-Gellerstedt syndrome.

cefaclor
cefaclor (sef′a-klor)

A semisynthetic broad spectrum antibiotic derived from cephalosporin C; used orally.

cefadroxil
cefadroxil (sef-a-drok′sil)

A semisynthetic broad spectrum antibiotic derived from cephalosporin C; used orally.

cefamandole nafate
cefamandole nafate (sef-a-man′dol naf′at)

A semisynthetic broad spectrum antibiotic derived from cephalosporin C; used by injection.

cefazolin
cefazolin (se-faz′o-lin)

A broad spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of serious infections; available as the sodium salt for intramuscular or intravenous administration.

cefonicid disodium
cefonicid disodium (se-fon′i-sid)

A broad-spectrum long acting cephalosporin antibiotic structurally related to cefamandole.

cefoperazone sodium
cefoperazone sodium (se-fo-per′a-zon)

A semisynthetic piperazine-cephalosporin antibiotic.

ceforanide
ceforanide (se-for′a-nid)

A broad-spectrum long-acting cephalosporin antibiotic.

cefotaxime sodium
cefotaxime sodium (se-fo-taks′em)

A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic.

cefotetan disodium
cefotetan disodium (sef′o-te-tan)

A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic.

cefoxitin sodium
cefoxitin sodium (se-fok′si-tin)

A semisynthetic antibiotic derived from cephamycin C, but structurally and pharmacologically similar to the cephalosporins; used by injection.

ceftazidime sodium
ceftazidime sodium (sef-taz′i-dem)

A cephalosporin antibiotic especially effective against enterobacteria and species of Pseudomonas.

ceftizoxime sodium
ceftizoxime sodium (sef-ti-zoks′em)

A broad spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic similar to cefotaxime sodium.

ceftriaxone disodium
ceftriaxone disodium (sef-tri-aks′on)

A semisynthetic parenteral cephalosporin antibiotic.

cel
cel (sel)

A unit of velocity; 1 cm per second. [L. celer, swift]

-cele -cele

Swelling; hernia. [G. kele, tumor]

celenteron
celenteron (se-len′ter-on)

SYN: primitive gut. [G. koilos, hollow, + enteron, intestine]

celery seed
celery seed (sel′er-e)

The dried ripe fruit of Apium graveolens (family Umbelliferae); has been used in dysmenorrhea and as a sedative.

Celestin
Celestin

Felix, French physician, *1900. See C. tube.

celestine blue B
celestine blue B (se-les′ten) [C.I. 51050]

A dye recommended as a substitute for hematoxylin when it is unavailable.

celiac
celiac (se′le-ak)

Relating to the abdominal cavity. [G. koilia, belly]

celiagra
celiagra (se-le-ag′ra)

Rarely used term for sudden painful affection of the stomach or other abdominal organs. [G. koilia, belly, + agra, seizure]

celio- celio-

The abdomen. SEE ALSO: celo- (3) . [G. koilia, belly]

celiocentesis
celiocentesis (se′le-o-sen-te′sis)

Rarely used term for paracentesis of the abdomen. [celio- + G. kentesis, puncture]

celiomyalgia
celiomyalgia (se′le-o-mi-al′je-a)

Rarely used term for pain in the abdominal muscles. [celio- + G. mys, muscle, + algos, pain]

celiomyositis
celiomyositis (se′le-o-mi-o-si′tis)

Inflammation of the abdominal muscles. [celio- + G. mys, muscle, + -itis, inflammation]

celioparacentesis
celioparacentesis (se′le-o-par-a-sen-te′sis)

Rarely used term for paracentesis of the abdomen. [celio- + G. parakentesis, a puncture for dropsy]

celiopathy
celiopathy (se-le-op′a-the)

Rarely used term for any abdominal disease. [celio- + G. pathos, disease]

celiorrhaphy
celiorrhaphy (se-le-or′a-fe)

Suture of a wound in the abdominal wall. SYN: laparorrhaphy. [celio- + G. rhaphe, seam]

celioscopy
celioscopy (se-le-os′ko-pe)

SYN: peritoneoscopy. [celio- + G. skopeo, to view]

celiotomy
celiotomy (se-le-ot′o-me)

Transabdominal incision into the peritoneal cavity. SYN: abdominal section, laparotomy (2) , ventrotomy. [celio- + G. tome, incision]
vaginal c. opening the peritoneal cavity through the vagina. SYN: culdotomy (2) .

celitis
celitis (se-li′tis)

Any inflammation of the abdomen. [G. koilia, belly, + -itis, inflammation]

cell
cell (sel)

1. The smallest unit of living structure capable of independent existence, composed of a membrane-enclosed mass of protoplasm and containing a nucleus or nucleoid. Cells are highly variable and specialized in both structure and function, though all must at some stage replicate proteins and nucleic acids, utilize energy, and reproduce themselves. 2. A small closed or partly closed cavity; a compartment or hollow receptacle. 3. A container of glass, ceramic, or other solid material within which chemical reactions generating electricity take place or solutions are placed for photometric assays. [L. cella, a storeroom, a chamber]
A cells alpha cells of pancreas or of anterior lobe of hypophysis.
absorption c. a small glass chamber with parallel sides, in which absorption spectra of solutions can be obtained.
absorptive cells of intestine cells on the surface of villi of the small intestine and the luminal surface of the large intestine that are characterized by having microvilli on their free surface.
accessory c. SYN: antigen-presenting cells.
acid c. SYN: parietal c..
acidophil c. a c. whose cytoplasm or granules stain with acid dyes.
acinar c. any secreting c. lining an acinus, especially applied to the cells of the pancreas that furnish pancreatic juice and enzymes to distinguish them from the cells of ducts and the islets of Langerhans. SYN: acinous c..
acinous c. SYN: acinar c..
acoustic c. a hair c. of the organ of Corti.
adipose c. SYN: fat c..
adventitial c. SYN: pericyte.
air cells 1. SYN: pulmonary alveolus. 2. air-containing spaces in the skull.
air cells of auditory tube SYN: tubal air cells (of pharyngotympanic tube).
albuminous c. 1. SYN: serous c.. 2. SYN: zymogenic c..
algoid c. a c. appearing like cells of algae, sometimes found in chronic diarrhea.
alpha cells of anterior lobe of hypophysis acidophil cells that constitute about 35% of the cells of the anterior lobe. There are two varieties: one that elaborates somatotropin, another that elaborates prolactin.
alpha cells of pancreas cells of the islets of Langerhans that secrete glucagon.
alveolar c. any of the cells lining the alveoli of the lung, including the squamous alveolar cells, the great alveolar cells, and the alveolar macrophages. SYN: pneumocyte.
amacrine c. a nerve c. with short branching dendrites but believed to lack an axon; Cajal described and named such cells in the retina.
ameboid c. a c. such as a leukocyte, having ameboid movements, with a power of locomotion. SYN: wandering c.. SYN: migratory c..
amniogenic cells cells from which the amnion develops.
anabiotic c. c. that is capable of resuscitation after apparent death; the existence of anabiotic tumor cells is postulated to explain the recurrence of a cancer after a very long symptomless period following operation.
anaplastic c. 1. a c. that has reverted to an embryonal state; 2. an undifferentiated c., characteristic of malignant neoplasms.
angioblastic cells those cells in the early embryo from which primitive blood cells and endothelium develop.
Anitschkow c. SYN: cardiac histiocyte.
anterior cells SYN: anterior ethmoidal cells.
anterior ethmoidal cells [TA] the anterior group of air cells of the ethmoidal sinuses; each sinus communicates with the middle meatus of the nasal cavity. SYN: cellulae ethmoidales anteriores [TA] , anterior cells, anterior ethmoidal air cells, anterior sinuses, sinus ethmoidales anteriores.
anterior ethmoidal air cells SYN: anterior ethmoidal cells.
anterior horn c. SYN: motor neuron.
antigen-presenting cells (APC) cells that process protein antigens into peptides and present them on their surface in a form that can be recognized by lymphocytes. APCs include Langerhans fol=inflect>cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells, and in humans, activated T cells. SYN: accessory c..
antigen-responsive c. SYN: antigen-sensitive c..
antigen-sensitive c. a small lymphocyte that, although not itself an immunologically activated c., responds to antigenic (immunogenic) stimulus by a process of division and differentiation that results in the production of immunologically activated cells. SYN: antigen-responsive c..
apolar c. a neuron without processes.
APUD cells APUD.
argentaffin cells cells that contain granules which precipitate silver from an ammoniacal silver nitrate solution. SEE ALSO: enteroendocrine cells.
argyrophilic cells cells that bind silver salts but that precipitate silver only in the presence of a reducing agent. SEE ALSO: enteroendocrine cells.
Aschoff c. a large c. component of rheumatic nodules in the myocardium with a characteristic nucleus and relatively little cytoplasm.
Askanazy c. SYN: Hürthle c..
astroglia c. SYN: astrocyte.
atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance the term in the Bethesda system for reporting cervical and/or vaginal cytologic diagnosis describing cells that show either endometrial or endocervical differentiation and display nuclear atypia that exceed reactive or reparative changes but lack definite features of invasive adenocarcinoma. SEE ALSO: Bethesda system.
atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) the term in the Bethesda system for reporting cervical/vaginal cytologic diagnosis describing cellular abnormalities that are more marked than those attributable to reactive changes but that quantitatively or qualitatively fall short of a definitive diagnosis of squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL); may reflect a benign or a potentially serious lesion. SEE ALSO: Bethesda system, reactive changes, under change.
auditory receptor cells columnar cells in the epithelium of the organ of Corti, having hairs (stereocilia) on their apical ends. See Corti cells.
B c. 1. β c. of pancreas or of anterior lobe of hypophysis; 2. SYN: B lymphocyte.
balloon c. 1. an unusually large degenerated c. with pale-staining vacuolated or reticulated cytoplasm, as in viral hepatitis or in degenerated epidermal cells in herpes zoster; 2. a large form of nevus c. with abundant nonstaining cytoplasm, formed by vacular degeneration of melanosomes.
band c. any c. of the granulocytic (leukocytic) series that has a nucleus that could be described as a curved or coiled band, no matter how marked the indentation, if it does not completely segment the nucleus into lobes connected by a filament. SYN: band neutrophil, rod nuclear c., Schilling band c., stab c., stab neutrophil, staff c..
basal c. a c. of the deepest layer of stratified epithelium. SYN: basilar c..
basaloid c. a c., usually of the epidermis, resembling a basal c..
basilar c. SYN: basal c..
basket c. 1. a neuron enmeshing the c. body of another neuron with its terminal axon ramifications; 2. SYN: smudge cells. 3. a myoepithelial c. with branching processes that occurs basal to the secretory cells of certain salivary gland and lacrimal gland alveoli.
basophil c. of anterior lobe of hypophysis SYN: beta c. of anterior lobe of hypophysis.
beaker c. SYN: goblet c..
Beale c. a bipolar ganglion c. of the heart with one spiral and one straight prolongation.
Berger cells SYN: hilus cells.
berry c. a crenated red blood c. with surface spicules.
beta c. of anterior lobe of hypophysis one of a population of functionally diverse cells that contain basophilic granules and secrete hormones such as ACTH, lipotropin, thyrotropin, and the gonadotropins. SYN: basophil c. of anterior lobe of hypophysis.
beta c. of pancreas the predominant c. of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.
Betz cells large pyramidal cells in the motor area of the precentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex. SYN: Bevan-Lewis cells.
Bevan-Lewis cells SYN: Betz cells.
bipolar c. a neuron having two processes, such as those of the retina or the spiral and vestibular ganglia of the eighth nerve.
Bizzozero red cells nucleated red blood cells in human blood.
blast c. an immature precursor c.; e.g., erythroblast, lymphoblast, neuroblast. SEE ALSO: -blast.
blood c. one of the cells of the blood, a leukocyte or erythrocyte. SYN: blood corpuscle.
Boll cells basal cells in the lacrimal gland.
bone c. SYN: osteocyte.
border cells cells forming the inner boundary of the organ of Corti.
Böttcher cells cells of the basilar membrane of the cochlea.
Bowenoid cells cells characteristic of Bowen disease; scattered large, round intraepidermal keratinocytes with a hyperchromatic nucleus and pale cytoplasm.
bristle c. hair c. of the inner ear.
bronchic cells SYN: pulmonary alveolus.
bronchiolar exocrine c. SYN: Clara c..
brood c. SYN: mother c..
burr c. a crenated red blood c..
C c. 1. a c. of the pancreatic islets of the guinea pig; SYN: gamma c. of pancreas. SEE ALSO: medullary carcinoma of thyroid. 2. calcitonin-secreting round or spindle shaped follicular thyroid c.; ultrastructurally contains numerous 60–550 nm neuroendocrine granules; best identified immunohistochemically with antibodies to calcitonin. SYN: light cells of thyroid, parafollicular cells.
Cajal c. 1. SYN: horizontal c. of Cajal. 2. SYN: astrocyte.
caliciform c. SYN: goblet c..
capsule c. SYN: amphicyte.
carrier c. SYN: phagocyte.
cartilage c. SYN: chondrocyte.
castration cells altered basophilic cells of the anterior lobe of the pituitary that develop following castration; the body of the c. is occupied by a large vacuole that displaces the nucleus to the periphery, giving the c. a resemblance to a signet ring. SYN: signet ring cells.
caterpillar c. SYN: cardiac histiocyte.
centroacinar c. a c. of the pancreatic ductule that occupies the lumen of an acinus; it secretes bicarbonate and water, providing an alkaline pH necessary for enzyme activity in the intestine.
chalice c. SYN: goblet c..
chief c. the predominant c. type of a gland.
chief c. of corpus pineale SYN: pinealocyte.
chief c. of parathyroid gland a round clear c. with a centrally located nucleus; secretes parathyroid hormone.
chief c. of stomach SYN: zymogenic c..
chromaffin c. a c. that stains with chromic salts, in adrenal medulla and paraganglia of the sympathetic nervous system.
chromophobe cells of anterior lobe of hypophysis cells of the adenohypophysis that are devoid of specific acidophilic or basophilic granules when stained with common differential stains.
Clara c. a rounded, club-shaped, nonciliated c. protruding between ciliated cells in bronchiolar epithelium; believed to be secretory in function. SYN: bronchiolar exocrine c..
Clarke cells large multipolar cells characteristic of the thoracic nucleus (Clarke nucleus in lamina VII) of the spinal cord.
Claudius cells columnar cells on the floor of the ductus cochlearis external to the organ of Corti.
clear c. 1. a c. in which the cytoplasm appears empty with the light microscope, as occurs in certain secretory cells of eccrine sweat glands and in the parathyroid glands when the glycogen is unstained; 2. any c., particularly a neoplastic one, containing abundant glycogen or other material that is not stained by hematoxylin or eosin, so that the c. cytoplasm is very pale in routinely stained sections.
cleavage c. SYN: blastomere.
cleaved c. a c. with single or multiple clefts in the nuclear membrane.
clonogenic c. a c. that has the potential to proliferate and give rise to a colony of cells; some daughter cells from each generation retain this potential to proliferate.
clue c. a type of vaginal epithelial c. that appears granular and is coated with coccobacillary organisms; seen in bacterial vaginosis.
cochlear hair cells sensory cells in the organ of Corti in synaptic contact with sensory as well as efferent fibers of the cochlear (auditory) nerve; from the apical end of each c. about 100 stereocilia extend from the surface and make contact with the tectorial membrane. SYN: Corti cells.
column cells neurons in the gray matter of the spinal cord whose axons are confined within the central nervous system.
commissural c. a neuron whose axon passes to the opposite side of the neuraxis. SYN: heteromeric c..
compound granule c. SYN: gitter c..
cone c. of retina SYN: cone (2) .
connective tissue c. any of the cells of varied form occurring in connective tissue.
contrasuppressor cells a subpopulation of T cells, distinct from T helper cells, which allegedly inhibit T suppressor c. function.
Corti cells SYN: cochlear hair cells.
crescent c. SYN: sickle c..
cytomegalic cells cells containing large intranuclear and intracytoplasmic cytomegalic inclusion bodies caused by cytomegalovirus; a member of the family Herpesviridae.
cytotoxic c. 1. a subset of CD8 T lymphocytes that bind to other cells via class I MHC and are involved in their destruction. SYN: T cytotoxic cells. 2. other cells of the immune system capable of killing pathogens or abberant cells, i.e., macrophages, NK cells, K cells.
cytotrophoblastic cells stem cells that fuse to form the overlying syncytiotrophoblast of placental villi. SYN: Langhans cells (2) .
D c. SYN: delta c. of pancreas.
dark cells cells in eccrine sweat glands having many ribosomes and mucoid secretory granules.
daughter c. one of the two or more cells formed in the division of a parent c..
Davidoff cells SYN: Paneth granular cells.
decidual c. an enlarged, ovoid connective tissue c. appearing in the endometrium of pregnancy.
decoy c. benign exfoliated epithelial c. with pyknotic nucleus seen in urinary infections; may be mistaken for malignant c..
deep c. SYN: mesangial c..
Deiters cells 1. SYN: phalangeal c.. 2. SYN: astrocyte.
delta c. of anterior lobe of hypophysis a variety of c. having basophilic granules.
delta c. of pancreas a c. of the islets having fine granules and containing somatostatin. SYN: D c..
dendritic c. c. of neural crest origin with extensive processes; they develop melanin early.
Dogiel cells the different c. types in cerebrospinal ganglia.
dome c. one of the rounded surface cells of the periderm layer of the fetal epidermis.
Downey c. the atypical lymphocyte of infectious mononucleosis.
dust c. SYN: alveolar macrophage.
effector c. a terminally differentiated leukocyte that performs one or more specific functions. SEE ALSO: effector.
egg c. the unfertilized ovum.
embryonic c. SYN: blastomere.
enamel c. SYN: ameloblast.
end c. a fully differentiated c., the mature c. of a lineage.
endodermal c. embryonic cells forming the yolk sac and giving rise to the epithelium of the alimentary and respiratory tracts and to the parenchyma of associated glands. SYN: entodermal c..
endothelial c. one of the squamous cells forming the lining of blood and lymph vessels and the inner layer of the endocardium. SYN: endotheliocyte.
enterochromaffin cells SYN: enteroendocrine cells.
enteroendocrine cells cells, scattered throughout the digestive tract that are of several varieties and are believed to produce at least 20 different gastrointestinal hormones and neurotransmitters; they contain granules that may be either argentaffinic or argyrophilic. SYN: enterochromaffin cells, Kulchitsky cells.
entodermal c. SYN: endodermal c..
ependymal c. a c. lining the central canal of the spinal cord (those of pyramidal shape) or one of the brain ventricles (those of cuboidal shape).
epidermic c. one of the cells of the epidermis.
epithelial c. one of the many varieties of cells that form epithelium.
epithelial reticular c. one of the many-branched epithelial cells that collectively form the supporting stroma for lymphocytes in the thymus; believed to produce thymosin and other factors that control thymic function.
epithelioid c. 1. a nonepithelial c. having certain characteristics of epithelium; 2. large mononuclear histiocytes having certain epithelial characteristics, particularly in areas of granulomatous inflammation where they are polygonal and have eosinophilic cytoplasm.
erythroid c. a c. of the erythrocytic series.
ethmoid cells ethmoidal air cells; evaginations of the mucous membrane of the middle and superior meatuses of the nasal cavity into the ethmoidal labyrinth forming multiple small paranasal sinuses; they are subdivided into anterior, middle and posterior ethmoidal sinuses. See anterior ethmoidal cells, middle ethmoidal cells, posterior ethmoidal cells. SYN: cellulae ethmoidales [TA] , ethmoid air cells [TA] , ethmoidal cells [TA] , antra ethmoidalia, ethmoidal sinuses, sinus ethmoidales.
ethmoid air cells [TA] SYN: ethmoid cells.
ethmoidal cells [TA] SYN: ethmoid cells.
external pillar cells pillar cells.
exudation c. SYN: exudation corpuscle.
Fañanás c. a specialized astrocyte found in the cerebellar cortex.
fasciculata c. a c. of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex that contains numerous lipid droplets due to the presence of corticosteroids.
fat c. a connective tissue c. distended with one or more fat globules, the cytoplasm usually being compressed into a thin envelope, with the nucleus at one point in the periphery. SYN: adipocyte, adipose c..
fat-storing c. a multilocular fat-filled c. present in the perisinusoidal space in the liver. SYN: lipocyte.
Ferrata c. SYN: hemohistioblast.
flame c. primitive, ciliated excretory c. in trematodes; the movement of the cilia on this c. within the miracidium larva within a schistosome egg indicates egg viability.
foam cells cells with abundant, pale-staining, finely vacuolated cytoplasm, usually histiocytes that have ingested or accumulated material that dissolves during tissue preparation, especially lipids. SEE ALSO: lipophage.
follicular epithelial c. a c. lining a follicle such as that of the thyroid gland.
follicular ovarian cells cells of an ovarian follicle that surround the developing ovum; they form the stratum granulosum ovarii and cumulus oophorus.
foreign body giant c. a multinucleate “c.” or syncytium formed around particulate matter in chronic inflammatory reactions, formed by a fusion of macrophages.
formative c. inner c. mass c. of the blastocyst; collectively, these cells give rise to the embryo.
foveolar cells of stomach theca cells of the foveolae of the stomach.
fuchsinophil c. a c. with a special affinity for fuchsin.
fusiform cells of cerebral cortex spindle-shaped cells in the sixth layer of the cerebral cortex.
G cells enteroendocrine cells that secrete gastrin, found primarily in the mucosa of the pyloric antrum of the stomach.
gamma c. of pancreas SYN: C c. (1) .
ganglion c. originally, any nerve c. (neuron); in current usage, a neuron the c. body of which is located outside the limits of the brain and spinal cord, hence forming part of the peripheral nervous system; ganglion cells are either 1) the pseudounipolar cells of the sensory spinal and cranial nerves (sensory ganglia), or 2) the peripheral multipolar motor neurons innervating the viscera (visceral or autonomic ganglia). SYN: gangliocyte.
ganglion cells of dorsal spinal root pseudounipolar nerve c. bodies in the ganglia of the dorsal spinal nerve roots; the sensory spinal nerves are composed of the peripheral axon branches of these sensory ganglion cells, whereas the central axon branch of each such c. enters the spinal cord as a component of the dorsal root.
ganglion cells of retina the nerve cells of the retina whose central processes (axons) form the optic nerve; their peripheral processes synapse with the bipolar cells and through them with the rod and cone cells; these c. bodies are round or flask-shaped and vary considerably in size. SEE ALSO: ganglionic layer.
Gaucher cells large, finely and uniformly vacuolated cells derived from the reticuloendothelial system, and found especially in the spleen, lymph nodes, liver, and bone marrow of patients with Gaucher disease; Gaucher cells contain kerasin (a cerebroside), which accumulates as a result of a genetically determined absence of the enzyme glucosylceramidase.
gemistocytic c. SYN: gemistocytic astrocyte.
germ c. SYN: sex c..
germinal c. a c. from which other cells proliferate.
ghost c. 1. a dead c. in which the outline remains visible, but without other cytoplasmic structures or stainable nucleus; 2. an erythrocyte after loss of its hemoglobin.
giant c. a c. of large size, often with many nuclei.
Gierke cells small cells characteristic of the substantia gelatinosa (lamina II) of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
gitter c. a lipid-laden microglial phagocyte commonly seen at the edge of healing brain infarcts, a result of cellular phagocytosis of lipid from necrotic or degenerating brain cells. SYN: compound granule c., gitterzelle. [Ger. Gitterzelle, fr. Gitter, lattice, wire-net]
glia cells neuroglia.
glitter cells polymorphonuclear leukocytes that stain pale blue with gentian violet and contain cytoplasmic granules that exhibit brownian movement; observed in urine sediment and characteristic of pyelonephritis.
globoid c. a large c. of mesodermal origin that is found clustered in the intracranial tissues in globoid c. leukodystrophy.
glomerulosa c. a c. of the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex that is the source of aldosterone; the cells are arranged in spherical or oval groups.
goblet c. an epithelial c. that becomes distended with a large accumulation of mucous secretory granules at its apical end, giving it the appearance of a goblet. SYN: beaker c., caliciform c., chalice c..
Golgi cells Golgi type I neuron, Golgi type II neuron.
Golgi epithelial c. a glial c. found in the cerebellar cortex. See Bergmann fibers, under fiber.
Goormaghtigh cells SYN: juxtaglomerular cells.
granule cells 1. small nerve c. bodies in the external and internal granular layers of the cerebral cortex; 2. small nerve c. bodies in the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex.
granule c. of connective tissue SYN: mast c..
granulosa c. a c. of the membrana granulosa lining the vesicular ovarian follicle that becomes a luteal c. of the corpus luteum after ovulation.
granulosa lutein cells cells derived from the membrana granulosa of a mature ovarian follicle that secrete both estrogen and progesterone, and form the major component of the corpus luteum.
great alveolar cells cuboidal cells connected with the squamous pulmonary alveolar cells and having in their cytoplasm lamellated bodies (cytosomes) that represent the source of the surfactant that coats the alveoli. SYN: granular pneumonocytes, type II cells.
guanine c. a c. whose cytoplasm contains glistening crystals of guanine.
gustatory cells SYN: taste cells.
gyrochrome c. gyrochrome.
hair cells sensory epithelial cells present in the organ of Corti, in the maculae and cristae of the membranous labyrinth of the ear, and in taste buds; they are characterized by having long stereocilia or kinocilia (or both) which, with the light microscope, appear as fine hairs. SEE ALSO: vestibular hair cells, cochlear hair cells, taste cells.
hairy cells medium-sized leukocytes that have features of reticuloendothelial cells and multiple cytoplasmic projections (hairs) on the c. surface, but which may be a variety of B lymphocyte; they are found in hairy c. leukemia.
Haller c. a variant of ethmoidal air c. developing into the floor of the orbit adjacent to the natural ostium of the maxillary sinus. A diseased Haller c. is capable of obstructing that ostium and producing a maxillary sinusitis.
heart failure c. macrophage in the lung during left heart failure that often carries large amounts of hemosiderin. SEE ALSO: siderophore.
HeLa cells the first continuously cultured human malignant cells, derived from a cervical carcinoma of a patient, Henrietta Lacks; used in the cultivation of viruses.
helmet c. a schistocyte shaped like a military helmet, seen in hemolytic anemia.
helper cells SYN: T helper cells.
HEMPAS cells the abnormal erythrocytes of type II congenital dyserythropoietic anemia. See HEMPAS.
Hensen c. one of the supporting cells in the organ of Corti, immediately to the outer side of the cells of Deiters.
heteromeric c. SYN: commissural c..
hilus cells cells in the hilus of the ovary that produce androgens; they are thought to be the ovarian counterpart of the interstitial cells of the testis. SYN: Berger cells.
hobnail c. c. characteristic of a clear c. adenocarcinoma; a round expansion of clear cytoplasm projects into the lumen of neoplastic tubules, but the basal part of the c. containing the nucleus is narrow.
Hofbauer c. a large c. in the connective tissue of the chorionic villi; it appears to be a type of phagocyte.
horizontal c. of Cajal a small fusiform c. found in the superficial layer of the cerebral cortex with its long axis placed horizontally. SYN: Cajal c. (1) .
horizontal cells of retina cells in the outer part of the inner nuclear layer of the retina that lie with their axes more or less parallel with the surface. They are thought to connect the rods of one part of the retina with cones of another part.
horny c. SYN: corneocyte.
Hortega cells SYN: microglia.
host c. a c. ( e.g., a bacterium) in which a vector can be propagated.
Hürthle c. a large, granular eosinophilic c. derived from thyroid follicular epithelium by accumulation of mitochondria, e.g., in Hashimoto disease. SYN: Askanazy c..
I c. a cultured skin fibroblast containing membrane-bound inclusions; characteristic of mucolipidosis II. SYN: inclusion c..
immunologically activated c. an immunocyte that is in an elevated state of reactivity capable of carrying out an immune response.
immunologically competent c. a small lymphocyte capable of being immunologically activated by exposure to a substance that is antigenic (immunogenic) for the respective c.; activation involves either the capacity to produce antibody or the capacity to participate in c.-mediated immunity.
inclusion c. SYN: I c..
indifferent c. an undifferentiated, nonspecialized c..
inducer c. an old term for T helper 1 subset.
innocent bystander c. the destruction of a c. by an immune process even though that c. was not directly targeted.
intercapillary c. SYN: mesangial c..
interdigitating reticulum c. an antigen-presenting c. in the paracortex of lymph nodes, interacting with T lymphocytes.
internal pillar cells pillar cells.
interstitial cells 1. cells between the seminiferous tubules of the testis that secrete testosterone; SYN: Leydig cells. 2. cells derived from the theca interna of atretic follicles of the ovary; they resemble luteal cells and are an important source of estrogens; 3. pineal cells similar to glial cells with long processes.
irritation c. SYN: Türk c..
islet c. one of the cells of the pancreatic islets.
Ito cells fat-containing cells lining hepatic sinusoids.
Jurkat cells a line of T cells often employed in immunologic research, originally derived from a Burkitt lymphoma.
juvenile c. SYN: metamyelocyte.
juxtaglomerular cells cells, located at the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle that secrete renin and form a component of the juxtaglomerular complex; they are modified smooth muscle cells primarily of the afferent arteriole of the renal glomerulus. SYN: Goormaghtigh cells.
K cells SYN: killer cells.
karyochrome c. karyochrome.
keratinized c. SYN: corneocyte.
killer cells cytotoxic cells involved in antibody-dependent c.-mediated immune responses; they may be T lymphocytes with receptors for the Fc portion of IgG molecules, and lyse or damage IgG coated target cells without mediation of complement. See antibody-dependent c.-mediated cytotoxicity. SYN: K cells, null cells (1) .
Kulchitsky cells SYN: enteroendocrine cells.
Kupffer cells phagocytic cells of the mononuclear phagocyte series found on the luminal surface of the hepatic sinusoids. SYN: stellate cells of liver.
lacis c. (lah-se′) one of the cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus found at the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle. [Fr. lacis, meshwork]
Langerhans cells 1. dendritic clear cells in the epidermis, containing distinctive granules that appear rod- or racket-shaped in section, but lacking tonofilaments, melanosomes, and desmosomes; they carry surface receptors for immunoglobulin (Fc) and complement (C3), and are believed to be antigen fixing and processing cells of monocytic origin; active participants in cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity. 2. cells seen in eosinophilic granuloma and lymphoma of the lungs.
Langhans cells 1. multinucleated giant cells seen in tuberculosis and other granulomatous diseases; the nuclei are arranged in an arciform manner at the periphery of the cells; SYN: Langhans-type giant cells. 2. SYN: cytotrophoblastic cells.
Langhans-type giant cells SYN: Langhans cells (1) .
LE c. a polymorphonuclear leukocyte containing an amorphous round body that is a phagocytosed nucleus from another c. plus serum antinuclear globulin (IgG) and complement; formed in vitro in the blood of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. SYN: lupus erythematosus c..
Leishman chrome cells basophilic granular leukocytes (basophils) observed in the circulating blood of some persons with blackwater fever.
lepra cells distinctive, large, mononuclear phagocytes (macrophages) with a foamlike cytoplasm, and also poorly staining saclike structures resulting from degeneration of such cells, observed characteristically in leprous inflammatory reactions; indistinct staining results from numerous, fairly closely packed leprosy bacilli, which are acid-fast and resistant to staining by ordinary methods.
Leydig cells SYN: interstitial cells (1) .
light cells of thyroid SYN: C c. (2) .
lining c. SYN: littoral c..
Lipschütz c. SYN: centrocyte (1) .
littoral c. the cells lining the lymphatic sinuses of lymph nodes and the blood sinuses of bone marrow. SYN: lining c.. [L. littoralis, the seashore]
Loevit c. obsolete term for erythroblast.
lupus erythematosus c. SYN: LE c..
luteal c., lutein c. a c. of the corpus luteum of the ovary that is derived from the granulosa cells of the preovulatory follicle; it secretes progesterone and estrogen.
lymph c. SYN: lymphocyte.
lymphoid c. white blood cells of the immune system.
M c. SYN: microfold c..
macroglia c. SYN: astrocyte.
malpighian c. a c. of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis.
Marchand wandering c. a c. of the mononuclear phagocyte system.
marrow c. any c. of bone marrow, especially hemopoietic cells.
Martinotti c. a small multipolar nerve c. with short branching dendrites scattered through various layers of the cerebral cortex; its axon ascends toward the surface of the cortex.
mast c. a connective tissue c. that contains coarse, basophilic, metachromatic secretory granules; the granules contain heparin, histamine and eosinophilic chemotactic factor. These cells are involved in immediate hypersensitivity reactions and play a role in the regulation of the composition of ground substance. SYN: granule c. of connective tissue, labrocyte, mastocyte, tissue basophil.
mastoid cells [TA] numerous small intercommunicating cavities in the mastoid process of the temporal bone that empty into the mastoid or tympanic antrum. SYN: cellulae mastoideae [TA] , mastoid air cells, mastoid sinuses.
mastoid air cells SYN: mastoid cells.
memory B cells b lymphocytes that mediate immunologic memory; these allow for enhanced immunologic reaction when an immunologically competent organism is reexposed to an antigen.
memory T cells t lymphoctyes that mediate immunologic memory; these allow for enhanced immunologic reaction when an immunologically competent organism is reexposed to an antigen.
Merkel tactile c. SYN: tactile meniscus.
mesangial c. a phagocytic c. in the capillary tuft of the renal glomerulus, interposed between endothelial cells and the basement membrane in the central or stalk region of the tuft. SYN: deep c., intercapillary c..
mesenchymal cells fusiform or stellate cells found between the ectoderm and endoderm of young embryos; the shape of the cells in fixed material is indicative of the fact that in life they were moving from their place of origin to areas where they would become reaggregated and specialized; most mesenchymal cells are derived from mesoderm, but in the cephalic region they also develop from neural crest or surface ectoderm; they are the most strikingly pluripotential cells in the embryonic body, developing at different locations into any of the types of connective or supporting tissues, to smooth muscle, to vascular endothelium, and to blood cells.
mesoglial cells SYN: mesoglia.
mesothelial c. one of the flat cells of mesodermal origin that form the superficial layer of the serosal membranes lining the body cavities of the abdomen and thorax.
Mexican hat c. SYN: target c. (1) .
Meynert cells solitary pyramidal cells found in the cortex in the region of the calcarine fissure.
microfold c. specialized intestinal epithelial cells found in association with the lymphoid follicles in Peyer patches of the ileum; characterized by elaborate invaginations of their apical c. surface that harbor numerous lymphocytes and macrophages; believed to phagocytose antigens and present them to underlying lymphoid cells. SYN: M c..
microglia cells, microglial cells SYN: microglia.
middle cells SYN: middle ethmoidal cells.
middle ethmoidal cells [TA] the middle group of air cells of the ethmoidal sinuses; each sinus communicates with the middle meatus of the nasal cavity. SYN: cellulae ethmoidales mediae [TA] , middle cells, middle ethmoidal air cells, middle ethmoidal sinuses, sinus ethmoidales mediae.
middle ethmoidal air cells SYN: middle ethmoidal cells.
midget bipolar cells bipolar cells in the inner nuclear layer of the retina that synapse with individual cone cells in the outer plexiform layer; other larger bipolar cells in the inner nuclear layer synapse with both rod and cone cells; the axons of both types synapse in the inner plexiform layer with the dendrites of the ganglion cells.
migratory c. SYN: ameboid c..
Mikulicz cells foamy macrophages containing Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis; found in the mucosal nodules in rhinoscleroma.
mirror-image c. 1. a c. whose nuclei have identical features and are placed in the cytoplasm in similar fashion; 2. a binucleate form of Reed-Sternberg c. often found in Hodgkin disease; the twin nuclei are disposed in relation to an imaginary plane between them like a single nucleus together with its image in a mirror.
mitral cells large nerve cells in the olfactory lobe of the brain whose dendrites synapse (in glomeruli) with axons of the olfactory receptor cells of the nasal mucous membrane, and whose axons pass centrally in the olfactory tract to the olfactory cortex.
monocytoid c. a c. having morphologic characteristics of a monocyte but which is nonphagocytic.
mossy c. one of the two types of neuroglia cells, consisting of a rather large body with numerous short branching processes.
mother c. a c. which, by division, gives rise to two or more daughter cells. SYN: brood c., metrocyte, parent c..
motor c. a neuron whose axon innervates peripheral effector cells such as muscle fibers or gland cells.
mucoalbuminous cells SYN: mucoserous cells.
mucoserous cells glandular cells intermediate in histologic characteristics between serous and mucous cells. SYN: mucoalbuminous cells, seromucous cells.
mucous c. a c. secreting mucus; e.g., a goblet c..
mucous neck c. one of the acidic mucin-secreting cells in the neck of a gastric gland.
Müller radial cells SYN: Müller fibers (2) , under fiber.
multipolar c. a nerve c. with a number of dendrites arising from the c. body.
mural c. a nonendothelial c. enclosed within the basement membrane of retinal capillaries.
myeloid c. specifically, any young c. that develops into a mature granulocyte of blood, but frequently used as a synonym for marrow c..
myoepithelial c. a smooth muscle-like c. of ectodermal origin, found between the epithelium and basement membrane in a number of organs such as mammary, sweat, and lacrimal glands.
myoid cells flattened smooth muscle-like cells of mesodermal origin that lie just outside the basal lamina of the seminiferous tubule. SYN: peritubular contractile cells.
Nageotte cells cells found in the cerebrospinal fluid, one or two per cubic millimeter in health, but in greater numbers in various diseases.
natural killer cells large granular lymphocytes which do not express markers of either T or B c. lineage. These cells do possess Fc receptors for IgG and can kill target cells using antibody-dependent c.-mediated cytotoxicity. NK cells can also use perforin to kill cells in the absence of antibody. Killing occurs without previous sensitization. SYN: NK cells.
nerve c. SYN: neuron.
neurilemma cells SYN: Schwann cells.
neuroendocrine c. 1. See neuroendocrine (2) . 2. SYN: paraneurone.
neuroendocrine transducer c. an endocrine c. that releases its hormonal product into the bloodstream only upon receipt of a nervous impulse.
neuroepithelial cells SYN: neuroepithelium.
neuroglia cells neuroglia.
neurolemma cells SYN: Schwann cells.
neurosecretory cells nerve cells, such as those of the hypothalamus, that elaborate a chemical substance (such as a releasing factor, neuropeptide, or, more rarely, a true hormone) that influences the activity of another structure ( e.g., anterior lobe of the hypophysis). See also neurosecretion.
nevus c. the c. of a pigmented cutaneous nevus that differs from a normal melanocyte in that it lacks dendrites. SYN: nevocyte.
nevus c., A-type melanocytes in the epidermis in pigmented nevi, resembling epithelial cells and frequently containing melanin.
nevus c., B-type small, usually non-pigmented melanocytes in the mid-dermis in pigmented nevi.
nevus c., C-type non-pigmented spindle-shaped melanocytes in the lower dermis in pigmented nevi.
Niemann-Pick c. SYN: Pick c..
NK cells SYN: natural killer cells.
nonclonogenic c. a c. that does not give rise to a colony of cells (large numbers of cells that are genetically identical); may undergo two or more c. divisions, but all daughter cells are destined to die or differentiate (losing all potential to divide).
null cells 1. SYN: killer cells. 2. large granular lymphocytes that lack surface markers or membrane-associated proteins of either B or T lymphocytes.
nurse cells SYN: Sertoli cells.
oat c. SYN: small c..
OKT cells old term for cells recognized by monoclonal antibodies to T lymphocyte antigens; OKT-3 cells are T lymphocytes as a class, because all share a common leukocyte differentiation antigen; OKT-4 cells are helper cells; OKT-8 cells are suppressor cells. OKT-4/OKT-8 expresses the ratio of helper to suppressor cells, sometimes used as a measure of the functional status of the immune system and thus a basis for clinical diagnosis and prognosis. Current usage favors using CD designations. [Ortho-Kung T c.]
olfactory cells SYN: olfactory receptor cells.
olfactory receptor cells very slender nerve cells, with large nuclei and surmounted by six to eight long, sensitive cilia in the olfactory epithelium at the roof of the nose; they are the receptors for smell. SYN: olfactory cells, Schultze cells.
oligodendroglia cells oligodendroglia.
Onodi c. a variant of a posterior ethmoidal air c. in intimate relationship with the optic nerve just distal to the optic chiasm.
Opalski c. a characteristically altered glial c. in the basal ganglia and thalamus in hepatocerebral degeneration and Wilson disease.
osseous c. SYN: osteocyte.
osteochondrogenic c. one of the undifferentiated cells in the inner layer of the periosteum of an endochondrally developing bone capable of developing into an osteoblast or a chondroblast.
osteogenic c. one of the cells in the inner layer of the periosteum that forms osseous tissue.
osteoprogenitor c. a mesenchymal c. that differentiates into an osteoblast. SYN: preosteoblast.
oxyntic c. SYN: parietal c..
oxyphil c. c. of the parathyroid gland that increase in number with age; the cytoplasm contains numerous mitochondria and stains with eosin. Similar cells, and tumors composed of them, are found in salivary glands and the thyroid; in the latter, also called Hürthle c..
P c. a characteristic specialized c., with probable pacemaker function, found in the S-A node and A-V junction.
packed human blood cells whole blood from which plasma has been removed; may be prepared any time during the dating period of the whole blood from which it is derived, but not later than 6 days after the blood has been drawn if separation of plasma and cells is achieved by centrifugation.
Paget cells relatively large, neoplastic epithelial cells (carcinoma cells) with hyperchromatic nuclei and abundant palely staining cytoplasm; in Paget disease of the breast, such cells occur in neoplastic epithelium in the ducts and in the epidermis of the nipple, areola, and adjacent skin.
pagetoid cells atypical melanocytes resembling Paget cells, q.v., found in some cutaneous melanomas of the superficial spreading type.
Paneth granular cells cells, located at the base of intestinal glands of the small intestine, which contain large acidophilic refractile granules and may produce lysozyme. SYN: Davidoff cells.
parafollicular cells SYN: C c. (2) .
paraganglionic cells cells of the embryonic sympathetic nervous system that become chromaffin cells.
paraluteal c. SYN: theca lutein c..
paralutein c. SYN: theca lutein c..
parenchymal c. parenchyma.
parenchymatous c. of corpus pineale SYN: pinealocyte.
parent c. SYN: mother c..
parietal c. one of the cells of the gastric glands; it lies upon the basement membrane, covered by the chief cells, and secretes hydrochloric acid that reaches the lumen of the gland through fine intracellular and intercellular canals (canaliculi). SYN: acid c., oxyntic c..
peptic c. SYN: zymogenic c..
pericapillary c. SYN: pericyte.
peripolar c. a granular c. located where the parietal and visceral capsules of the renal corpuscle meet; part of the c. faces the filtration space of Bowman.
perithelial c. SYN: pericyte.
peritubular contractile cells SYN: myoid cells.
permissive c. a c. in which the late phase of viral infection follows the early phase and c. death is coupled with massive synthesis of virus; E.G., monkey cells are permissive for SV40.
pessary c. a red blood c. in which the hemoglobin has disappeared from the center, leaving only the periphery visible.
phalangeal c. the supporting cells of the organ of Corti, attached to the basement membrane and receiving the hair cells between their free extremities. SEE ALSO: phalanx (2) . SYN: Deiters cells (1) .
photo c. a light-detecting electronic device used to measure x-ray transmission through a patient for automatic termination of the exposure or to calculate a digital image.
photoreceptor cells rod and cone cells of the retina.
physaliphorous c. cells containing a bubbly or vacuolated cytoplasm, e.g., as characteristically seen in chordoma.
Pick c. a relatively large, rounded or polygonal, mononuclear c., with indistinctly or palely staining, foamlike cytoplasm that contains numerous droplets of a phosphatide, sphingomyelin; such cells are widely distributed in the spleen and other tissues, especially those rich in reticuloendothelial components, in patients with Niemann-Pick disease. SYN: Niemann-Pick c..
pigment c. a c. containing pigment granules.
pigment cells of iris cells of the stromal layer of the iris; in dark eyes (but not in blue) they contain granules of pigment.
pigment cells of retina cells in the outermost layer of the retina that contain pigment granules.
pigment c. of skin SYN: melanocyte.
pillar cells cells forming the outer and inner walls of the tunnel in the organ of Corti. SYN: Corti pillars, Corti rods, pillar cells of Corti, tunnel cells.
pillar cells of Corti SYN: pillar cells.
pineal cells cells of the corpus pineale or pinealocyte.
plasma c. an ovoid c. with an eccentric nucleus; the cytoplasm is strongly basophilic because of the abundant RNA in its endoplasmic reticulum; plasma cells are derived from B lymphocytes and are active in the formation and secretion of antibodies. SYN: plasmacyte.
pluripotent cells primordial cells that may still differentiate into various specialized types of tissue elements; e.g., mesenchymal cells.
polar c. SYN: polar body.
polychromatic c. a primitive erythrocyte in bone marrow, with basophilic material as well as hemoglobin (acidophilic) in the cytoplasm. SYN: polychromatophil c..
polychromatophil c. SYN: polychromatic c..
posterior cells SYN: posterior ethmoidal cells.
posterior ethmoidal cells [TA] the posterior group of air cells of the ethmoidal sinuses; each sinus communicates with the superior meatus of the nasal cavity. SYN: cellulae ethmoidales posteriores [TA] , posterior cells, posterior ethmoidal air cells, sinus ethmoidales posteriores.
posterior ethmoidal air cells SYN: posterior ethmoidal cells.
pregnancy cells hypophysial chromophobe cells that increase in number and accumulate eosinophil granules during pregnancy.
pregranulosa cells capsular cells surrounding the primordial ova in the embryonic ovary; they are derived from celomic epithelium.
prickle c. one of the cells of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis; so called because of typical shrinkage artifacts that occur in histologic preparations, resulting in intercellular bridges at points of desmosomal adhesion. SYN: spine c..
primary embryonic c. in a very young embryo, a c. still capable of differentiation.
primitive reticular c. SYN: reticular c..
primordial c. a c. from a group that constitutes the primordium of an organ or part of the embryo.
primordial germ c. the most primitive undifferentiated sex c., found initially outside the gonad. SYN: gonocyte.
prolactin c. SYN: mammotroph.
pseudo-Gaucher c. a plasma c., microscopically resembling a Gaucher c., found in the bone marrow in some cases of multiple myeloma.
pseudounipolar c. SYN: unipolar neuron.
pseudoxanthoma c. relatively large phagocytic cells (macrophages) that contain numerous small lipid vacuoles or hemosiderin (or both), in organizing hemorrhagic or inflammatory lesions.
pulpar c. the specific macrophagic c. of the spleen substance.
Purkinje cells SYN: Purkinje c. layer.
pus c. SYN: pus corpuscle.
pyramidal cells neurons of the cerebral cortex which, in sections perpendicular to the cortical surface, exhibit a triangular shape with a long apical dendrite directed toward the surface of the cortex; there are also lateral dendrites, and a basal axon that descends to deeper layers.
pyrrol c., pyrrhol c. a c. of the mononuclear macrophage system that has a special affinity for pyrrol blue, taking up the dye by a process of pinocytosis.
Raji c. a c. of a cultured line of lymphoblastoid cells derived from a Burkitt lymphoma; it possesses numerous receptors for certain complement components and is thus suitable for use in detection of immune complexes. It expresses certain complement receptors as well as Fc receptors for immunoglobulin G.
reactive c. SYN: gemistocytic astrocyte.
red blood c. (rbc, RBC) SYN: erythrocyte.
Reed c. SYN: Reed-Sternberg c..
Reed-Sternberg c. large transformed lymphocytes, probably B c. in origin, generally regarded as pathognomonic of Hodgkin lymphoma; a typical c. has a pale-staining acidophilic cytoplasm and one or two large nuclei showing marginal clumping of chromatin and unusually conspicuous deeply acidophilic nucleoli; binucleate Reed-Sternberg c. frequently shows a mirror-image form (mirror-image c.). SYN: Reed c., Sternberg c., Sternberg-Reed c..
Renshaw cells inhibitory interneurons that are innervated by collaterals from motoneurons and in turn form synapses with the same and adjacent motoneurons to exert inhibition; identified physiologically and by intracellular injection technic.
resting c. a quiescent c.; one not undergoing mitosis.
resting wandering c. SYN: fixed macrophage.
restructured c. the viable c. produced by fusion of a karyoplast with a cytoplast.
reticular c. c. with processes making contact with those of other similar cells to form a cellular network ensheathing a network of reticular fibers, which constitutes the stroma of all lymphoid organs except the thymus. SYN: primitive reticular c..
reticularis c. a c. of the zona reticularis of the innermost part of the adrenal cortex.
reticuloendothelial c. a c. of the reticuloendothelial system.
rhagiocrine c. SYN: macrophage.
Rieder cells abnormal myeloblasts (12 to 20 μm in diameter) in which the nucleus may be widely and deeply indented ( i.e., suggestive of lobulation), or may actually be a bi- or multilobate structure; such cells are frequently observed in acute leukemia, and probably represent a more rapid maturation of the nucleus than that of the cytoplasm.
rod nuclear c. SYN: band c..
rod c. of retina SYN: rod (2) .
Rolando cells the nerve cells in Rolando gelatinous substance of the spinal cord.
rosette-forming cells term usually used for T lymphocytes with an affinity for sheep erythrocytes and which, when suspended in serum, bind the uncoated, nonsensitized erythrocytes in a rosette formation.
sarcogenic c. SYN: myoblast.
satellite cells neuroglial cells surrounding the c. body of a ganglion c. in the spinal, cranial, and autonomic ganglia.
satellite c. of skeletal muscle an elongated spindle-shaped c. occupying depressions in the sarcolemma and between it and the basal lamina; believed to play a role in muscle repair and regeneration by fusing with adjacent myofiber. SYN: sarcoplast.
scavenger c. SYN: phagocyte.
Schilling band c. SYN: band c..
Schultze cells SYN: olfactory receptor cells.
Schwann cells cells of ectodermal (neural crest) origin that compose a continuous envelope around each nerve fiber of peripheral nerves; such cells are comparable to the oligodendroglia cells of brain and spinal cord; like the latter, they may form membranous expansions that wind around axons and thus form the axon's myelin sheath. SYN: neurilemma cells, neurolemma cells.
segmented c. a polymorphonuclear leukocyte matured beyond the band c. so that two or more lobes of the nucleus occur.
sensitized c. 1. a c. that has been either exposed to antigen or opsonized with antibodies and/or complement. 2. a small, “committed,” c. derived, by division and differentiation, from a resting lymphocyte; 3. a c., including a bacterial c., that has combined with specific antibody to form a complex capable of reacting with complement components;
sensory c. a c. in the peripheral nervous system that receives afferent (sensory) input; sensory receptor cells.
septal c. a round pale c. of the lungs in the septa between the pulmonary alveoli.
seromucous cells SYN: mucoserous cells.
serous c. a c., especially of the salivary gland, that secretes a watery or thin albuminous fluid, as opposed to a mucous c.. SYN: albuminous c. (1) .
Sertoli cells elongated cells in the seminiferous tubules that ensheathe spermatids, providing a microenvironment that supports spermiogenesis; they secrete androgen-binding protein and establish the blood-testis barrier by forming tight junctions with adjacent Sertoli cells. SYN: nurse cells.
sex c. a spermatozoon or an ovum. SYN: germ c..
Sézary c. an atypical T lymphocyte seen in the peripheral blood in the Sézary syndrome; it has a large convoluted nucleus and scanty cytoplasm containing PAS-positive vacuoles.
shadow cells SYN: smudge cells.
sickle c. an abnormal, crescentic erythrocyte that is characteristic of sickle c. anemia, resulting from an inherited abnormality of hemoglobin (hemoglobin S) causing decreased solubility at low oxygen tension. SYN: crescent c., drepanocyte, meniscocyte.
signet ring cells SYN: castration cells.
silver c. one of a number of cells seen in plaques of multiple sclerosis, having round or oval nuclei, the body of the c. containing many yellow or light brown particles; the cells are characteristic of multiple sclerosis, but are found in other conditions, including syphilis.
skein c. SYN: reticulocyte.
small c. a short, blunty spindle-shaped c. that contains a relatively large, hyperchromatic nucleus, frequently observed in some forms of undifferentiated bronchogenic carcinoma. SYN: oat c..
small cleaved c. a lymphoid c. of follicular center c. origin that has an irregularly shaped nucleus with clumped chromatin, absent nucleoli, and one or more clefts in the nuclear membrane.
smudge cells immature leukocytes of any type that have undergone partial breakdown during preparation of a stained smear or tissue section, because of their greater fragility; smudge cells are seen in largest numbers in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. SYN: basket c. (2) , Gumprecht shadows, shadow cells.
somatic cells the cells of an organism, other than the germ cells.
sperm c. SYN: spermatozoon.
spider c. 1. SYN: astrocyte. 2. a c. in a rhabdomyoma of the heart, with central nucleus and cytoplasmic mass connected to the c. wall by strands of cytoplasm separated by clear glycogen-filled areas.
spindle c. a fusiform c., such as those in the deeper layers of the cerebral cortex.
spine c. SYN: prickle c..
splenic cells large round ameboid cells (macrophages) in the splenic pulp.
spur c. a spiculated red c. with 5–10 spiny projections of varying length distributed irregularly over the c. surface; seen in patients with liver disease and abetalipoproteinemia.
squamous c. a flat scalelike epithelial c..
squamous alveolar cells highly attentuated squamous cells that form the gas-permeable epithelium lining the alveoli of the lungs. SYN: type I cells.
stab c. SYN: band c..
staff c. SYN: band c..
standard c. an electrical c. having a definite known voltage; used to calibrate other electric cells.
stellate cells of cerebral cortex small star-shaped cells in the second and fourth layers of the cortex, and large stellate cells in the deeper part of the third layer in the visual cortex.
stellate cells of liver SYN: Kupffer cells.
stem c. 1. any precursor c.; 2. a c. whose daughter cells may differentiate into other c. types.
Sternberg c. SYN: Reed-Sternberg c..
Sternberg-Reed c. SYN: Reed-Sternberg c..
stichochrome c. stichochrome.
strap c. an elongated tumor c. of uniform width that may show cross-striations; found in rhabdomyosarcoma.
supporting c. SYN: sustentacular c..
suppressor cells cells of the immune system that inhibit or help to terminate an immune response, e.g., suppressor macrophages and suppressor T cells.
surface mucous cells of stomach cells lining the gastric surface and foveolae; an acid-resistant mucous product at the apical end of each c. that apparently diffuses out to lubricate and protect the mucosal surface. SYN: theca cells of stomach.
sustentacular c. one of the ordinary elongated cells resting on the basement membrane that surround and serve as a support to the shorter specialized cells in certain organs, such as the labyrinth of the inner ear or olfactory epithelium. SYN: supporting c..
sympathetic formative c. a neuroblast of the embryonic autonomic nervous system.
sympathicotropic cells large epithelioid cells in the hilum of the ovary associated with unmyelinated nerve fibers.
sympathochromaffin c. the c. type in the embryonic suprarenal gland from which both sympathetic ganglion cells and chromaffin cells are developed.
synovial c. fibrotoplastlike cells that form 1–6 epithelioid layers in the synovial membrane of joints; believed to contribute proteoglycans and hyaluronate to the synovial fluid.
T c. SYN: T lymphocyte.
Tγ cells a subset of T cells that have an Fc receptor for immunoglobulin G molecules.
Tμ cells t helper cells that have an Fc receptor for immunoglobulin M molecules.
tactile c. one of the epithelioid cells of a corpusculum tactus. SYN: touch c..
tanned red cells erythrocytes subjected to mild treatment with chemicals such as tannic acid so that they adsorb onto their surface soluble antigens; used in hemagglutination tests.
target c. 1. an erythrocyte with a dark center surrounded by a light band that again is encircled by a darker ring; it thus resembles a shooting target; such cells appear in target-c. anemias or after splenectomy; SYN: Mexican hat c.. 2. a c. lysed by cytotoxic T lymphocytes, as in graft rejection.
tart c. a monocyte with an engulfed nucleus in which the structure is still well preserved.
taste cells darkly staining cells in a taste bud that appear to have extending into the gustatory pore long hairlike microvilli containing a number of closely packed microtubules; the taste cells stand in synaptic contact with sensory nerve fibers of the facial, glossopharyngeal, or vagus nerves. SYN: gustatory cells.
T cytotoxic cells (Tc) SYN: cytotoxic c. (1) .
TDTH cells a functional subset of T helper cells that are involved in delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions.
tendon cells elongated fibroblastic cells arranged in rows between the collagenous tendon fibers.
theca lutein c. a steroid secretory c. of the corpus luteum that comes from the theca interna of the ovarian follicle at the time of ovulation and secretes progesterone under the control of prolactin. SYN: paraluteal c., paralutein c..
theca cells of stomach SYN: surface mucous cells of stomach.
T helper cells (Th) a subset of lymphocytes that secrete various cytokines that regulate the immune response: subset 1, which synthesize gamma interferon and interleukin 2 and are involved in c.-mediated immunity; subset 2, which synthesize interleukins 4, 5, 10, and are involved in immunoglobulin synthesis. SYN: helper cells.
T helper subset 1 cells a subset of CD4⁺ T cells that can secrete interferon gamma and IL-2 and are responsible for cellular immunity.
T helper subset 2 cells a subset of CD4⁺ T cells that synthesize IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 and facilitate immunoglobulin synthesis.
Tiselius electrophoresis c. the special container in a Tiselius apparatus containing the solution to be analyzed electrophoretically.
Toker c. an epithelial c. with clear cytoplasm found in 10% of normal nipples; contains keratin 7, like Paget carcinoma cells, from which it must be distinguished cytologically.
totipotent c. an undifferentiated c. capable of developing into any type of body c..
touch c. SYN: tactile c..
Touton giant c. a xanthoma c. in which the multiple nuclei are grouped around a small island of nonfoamy cytoplasm.
transducer c. any c. responding to a mechanical, thermal, photic, or chemical stimulus by generating an electrical impulse synaptically transmitted to a sensory neuron in contact with the c..
transitional c. any c. thought to represent a phase of development from one form to another.
tubal air cells (of pharyngotympanic tube) [TA] occasional small air cells in the inferior wall of the pharyngotympanic tube, near the tympanic orifice, communicating with the tympanic cavity. SYN: cellulae pneumaticae tubae auditivae [TA] , air cells of auditory tube.
tufted c. a particular type of c. in the olfactory bulb comparable to the bulb's mitral c. with respect to afferent and efferent relationships, but smaller and more superficially located.
tunnel cells SYN: pillar cells.
Türk c. a relatively large, immature c. with certain morphologic features resembling those of a plasma c., although the nuclear pattern is similar to that of a myeloblast; found in circulating blood only in pathologic conditions. SYN: irritation c., Türk leukocyte.
tympanic cells [TA] numerous groovelike depressions in the walls of the tympanic cavity, communicating with the tubal air cells. SYN: cellulae tympanicae [TA] , tympanic air cells.
tympanic air cells SYN: tympanic cells.
type I cells SYN: squamous alveolar cells.
type II cells SYN: great alveolar cells.
Tzanck cells acantholytic epithelial cells seen in the Tzanck test.
undifferentiated c. a primitive c. that has not assumed the morphologic and functional characteristics it will later acquire.
unipolar c. SYN: unipolar neuron.
vasoformative c. SYN: angioblast (1) .
veil c. an antigen-presenting c. that has veil-like cytoplasmic processes and circulates in the blood and lymph. SYN: veiled cells (1) .
veiled cells 1. SYN: veil c.. 2. See Langerhans cells.
vestibular hair cells cells in the sensory epithelium of the maculae and cristae of the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear; afferent and efferent nerve fibers of the vestibular nerve end synaptically upon them; from the apical end of each c. a bundle of stereocilia and a kinocilium extend into the statoconial membrane of the maculae and the cupula of the cristae.
Virchow cells 1. the lacunae in osseous tissue containing the osteocytes; 2. an obsolete term for the osteocytes themselves; 3. SYN: corneal corpuscles, under corpuscle.
virus-transformed c. a c. that has been genetically changed to a tumor c., the change being subsequently transmitted to all descendent cells; cells transformed by oncogenic RNA viruses continue to produce virus in high concentration without being killed; DNA tumor virus-transformed cells develop (along with other changes) tumor-associated antigens and rarely produce virus.
visual receptor cells the rod and cone cells of the retina.
vitreous c. a c. occurring in the peripheral part of the vitreous body that may be responsible for production of hyaluronic acid and possibly of collagen. SYN: hyalocyte.
wandering c. SYN: ameboid c..
Warthin-Finkeldey cells giant cells with multiple overlapping nuclei, found in lymphoid tissue in measles, especially during the prodromal stage.
wasserhelle c. SYN: water-clear c. of parathyroid.
water-clear c. of parathyroid a variety of chief c., so called because the cytoplasm contains much glycogen that is not preserved or stained in the usual preparation. SYN: wasserhelle c..
white blood c. (WBC) SYN: leukocyte.
WI-38 cells the first normal human cells, derived from fetal lung tissue, continuously cultivated. [Wistar Institute]
wing c. one of the polyhedral cells in the corneal epithelium beneath the surface layer.
yolk cells primitive embryonic cells lying between the endoderm and mesoderm; they probably give rise to the endothelium of vitelline vessels.
zymogenic c. a c. that secretes an enzyme; specifically a chief c. of a gastric gland or an acinar c. of the pancreas. SYN: albuminous c. (2) , chief c. of stomach, peptic c..

cella
cella, gen. and pl. cellae (sel′a, sel′e)

A room or cell. [L. storeroom, or compartment]
c. media SYN: pars centralis ventriculi lateralis.

cellicolous
cellicolous (se-lik′o-lus)

Living within cells. [L. cella, cells, + colo, to abide in]

cellobiase
cellobiase (sel-o-bi′as)

SYN: β-d-glucosidase.

cellobiose
cellobiose (sel-o-bi′os)

A disaccharide obtained from cellulose and lichenin; a glucose-β(1→4)-glucoside, differing only from maltose in the nature of the glycosidic bond.

cellohexose
cellohexose (sel-o-heks′os)

SYN: d-glucose.

celloidin
celloidin (se-loy′din)

A solution of pyroxylin in ether and alcohol, used for embedding histologic specimens.

cellon
cellon (sel′on)

SYN: tetrachloroethane.

cellona
cellona (sel-o′na)

A cellulose bandage impregnated with plaster of Paris.

cellula
cellula, gen. and pl. cellulae (sel′u-la, -le)

1. [NA] In gross anatomy, a small but macroscopic compartment. SYN: cellule. 2. In histology, a cell. [L. a small chamber, dim. of cella]
cellulae coli SYN: haustra of colon, under haustrum.
cellulae ethmoidales [TA] SYN: ethmoid cells, under cell. SEE ALSO: anterior ethmoidal cells, under cell, middle ethmoidal cells, under cell, posterior ethmoidal cells, under cell.
cellulae ethmoidales anteriores [TA] SYN: anterior ethmoidal cells, under cell.
cellulae ethmoidales mediae [TA] SYN: middle ethmoidal cells, under cell.
cellulae ethmoidales posteriores [TA] SYN: posterior ethmoidal cells, under cell.
cellulae mastoideae [TA] SYN: mastoid cells, under cell.
cellulae pneumaticae tubae auditivae [TA] SYN: tubal air cells (of pharyngotympanic tube), under cell.
cellulae tympanicae [TA] SYN: tympanic cells, under cell.

cellular
cellular (sel′u-lar)

1. Relating to, derived from, or composed of cells. 2. Having numerous compartments or interstices. [L. cellula, dim. of cella, storeroom]

cellularity
cellularity (sel-u-lar′i-te)

The degree, quality, or condition of cells that are present.

cellulase
cellulase (sel′u-las)

Endo-1,4-β-glucase;an enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of 1,4-β-glucoside links in cellulose, lichenin, and other β-d-glucans; found in a variety of microorganisms in soil and in the digestive tracts of herbivores. Used to produce digestive tablets and in the removal of cellulose from foods for special diets.

cellule
cellule (sel′ul)

SYN: cellula (1) .

cellulicidal
cellulicidal (sel′u-li-si′dal)

Destructive to cells. [cellula + L. caedo, to kill]

cellulifugal
cellulifugal (sel-u-lif′u-gal)

Moving from, or extending in a direction away from, a cell or cell body; denoting certain cells repelled by other cells, or processes extending from the body of a cell. [cellula + L. fugio, to flee]

cellulin
cellulin (sel′u-lin)

SYN: cellulose.

cellulipetal
cellulipetal (sel-u-lip′e-tal)

Moving toward, or extending in a direction toward, a cell or cell body. [cellula + L. peto, to seek]

cellulite
cellulite (sel′u-lit)

1. Colloquial term for deposits of fat and fibrous tissue causing dimpling of the overlying skin. 2. SYN: lipoedema.

cellulitis
cellulitis (sel-u-li′tis)

Inflammation of subcutaneous, loose connective tissue (formerly called cellular tissue).
acute scalp c. deep inflammation of the scalp without suppuration.
anaerobic c. infection with subcutaneous soft tissues with any of a variety of anaerobic bacteria, usually a mixed culture including Bacteroides species, anaerobic cocci, and clostridia.
dissecting c. SYN: perifolliculitis abscedens et suffodiens.
eosinophilic c. recurrent c. followed by brawny edematous skin lesions or sometimes urticarial papular, annular, or gyrate lesions; affected skin and subcutis are heavily infiltrated by eosinophils and histiocytes, with scattered small necrotic foci (flame figures); of varied etiology; sometimes follows an arthropod bite. SYN: Wells syndrome.
gangrenous c. infection of soft tissue with organisms that produce extensive tissue necrosis and local vascular occlusions; streptococci, clostridia, and anaerobes are known causes, but most cases recently have been polymicrobial. SYN: necrotizing c..
necrotizing c. SYN: gangrenous c..
orbital c. c. that involves the tissue layers posterior to the orbital septum.
pelvic c. SYN: parametritis.
periorbital c. SYN: preseptal c..
preseptal c. infection involving the superficial tissue layers anterior to the orbital septum. SYN: periorbital c..

cellulosan
cellulosan (sel′u-lo-san)

SYN: hemicellulose.

cellulose
cellulose (sel′u-los)

A linear B1→4 glucan, composed of cellobiose residues, differing in this respect from starch, which is comprised of maltose residues; it forms the basis of vegetable and wood fiber and is the most abundant organic compound; useful in providing bulk in the diet. SYN: cellulin. [L. cellula, cell, + -ose]
c. acetate a polymer commonly used as a support medium for electrophoresis.
c. acetate phthalate a reaction product of phthalic anhydride and a partial acetate ester of c.; used as a tablet-coating agent.
carboxymethyl c. c. in which some of the OH groups are modified to contain &cbond;CH₂&cbond;COOH groups; used in column chromatography. SYN: CM-c..
O-diethylaminoethyl c. c. to which diethylaminoethyl groups have been attached; used in anion-exchange chromatography. SYN: DEAE-c..
microcrystalline c. purified, partially depolymerized c., prepared by treating α-c., obtained as a pulp from fibrous plant material, with mineral acids; used as a tablet diluent.
oxidized c. 1. cellulosic acid in the form of an absorbable gauze; used as a hemostatic in operations where ligation is not feasible (capillary or venous bleeding from small vessels) because cellulosic acid has a pronounced affinity for hemoglobin and produces an artificial clot; 2. a sterile absorbable substance prepared by the oxidation of cotton containing not less than 16% and not more than 22% of carboxyl. SEE ALSO: oxycellulose.
TEAE-c. c. to which triethylaminoethyl groups have been attached; used in ion-exchange chromatography. SYN: O-(triethylaminoethyl) c..
O-(triethylaminoethyl) c. SYN: TEAE-c..

cellulosic acid
cellulosic acid (sel-u-los′ik)

See oxidized cellulose.

celo- celo-

1. The celom. [G. koiloma, hollow (celom)] 2. Hernia. [G. kele, hernia] 3. The abdomen. SEE ALSO: celio-. [G. koilia, belly]

celom
celom, celoma (se′lom, se-lo′ma)

1. The cavity between the splanchnic and somatic mesoderm in the embryo. 2. SYN: body cavity. [G. koiloma, a hollow]
extraembryonic c. that portion of the c. that extends beyond the confines of the embryonic body.

celomic
celomic (se-lom′ik)

Relating to the body cavity.

celophlebitis
celophlebitis (se-lo-fle-bi′tis)

Inflammation of a vena cava. SYN: cavitis. [G. koilos, hollow, + phlebitis]

celoscope
celoscope (se′lo-skop)

Rarely used term for an optic device for examining the interior of a body cavity. [G. koilos, hollow, + skopeo, to view]

celoscopy
celoscopy (se-los′ko-pe)

Rarely used term for examination of any body cavity with an optical instrument.

celosomia
celosomia (se-lo-so′me-a)

Congenital protrusion of the abdominal or thoracic viscera, usually with a defect of the sternum and ribs as well as of the abdominal walls. SYN: kelosomia. [G. kele, hernia, + soma, body]

Celovirus
Celovirus (sel′o-vi-rus)

An adenovirus found in chickens.

celozoic
celozoic (se-lo-zo′ik)

Inhabiting any of the cavities of the body; applied to certain parasitic protozoa, chiefly gregarines. [G. koilos, hollow, + zoikos, pertaining to animals]

Celsius
Celsius

Anders, Swedish astronomer, 1701–1744. See C. scale.

Celsius
Celsius (C)

See C. scale.

cement
cement (se-ment′) [TA]

1. A layer of bonelike mineralized tissue covering the dentin of the root and neck of a tooth that serves to anchor the fibers of the periodontal ligament. SYN: cementum [TA] , substantia ossea dentis, tooth c.. 2. In dentistry, a nonmetallic material used for luting, filling, or permanent or temporary restorative purposes, made by mixing components into a plastic mass that sets, or as an adherent sealer in attaching various dental restorations in or on the tooth. [see cementum]
composite dental c. an organic dental c. modified by the inclusion of inorganic materials treated with a coupling agent to bond them to the polymers.
copper phosphate c. a dental preparation, the combination of a solution of orthophosphoric acid with a c. powder (usually zinc oxide) modified with varying proportions of copper oxide.
dental c. c. (2) .
glass ionomer c. a dental c. produced by mixing a powder prepared from a calcium aluminosilicate glass with an aqueous solution of polyacrylic acid. [ion + -mer (1)]
inorganic dental c. a dental c. consisting usually of metallic salts or oxides which, when mixed with a specific liquid, form a plastic mass that sets.
intercellular c. a hypothetical adhesive substance formerly believed to occur between some epithelial cells.
modified zinc oxide-eugenol c. dental c. obtained by mixing zinc oxide and eugenol with one or more additives.
organic dental c. a dental c. consisting mainly of synthetic polymers.
polycarboxylate c. a powder containing primarily zinc oxide mixed with a liquid containing polyacrylic acid which reacts to form a hard crystalline mass upon standing; when used to lute metal castings to teeth, it has the potential of bonding to the calcium contained in tooth structure as well as to any base metals contained in the casting.
resin c. a monomer or monomer/polymer system used as a dental luting agent; used in cementation of restorations or orthodontic brackets to the teeth.
silicate c. a dental filling material prepared by mixing a modified phosphoric acid solution with a powdered silica alumina fluoride glass.
tooth c. SYN: c. (1) . See c. (2) .
unmodified zinc oxide-eugenol c. a dental c. obtained by mixing zinc oxide and eugenol without modifiers.
zinc phosphate c. a powder, containing primarily zinc oxide mixed with a liquid containing orthophosphoric acid to form a hard crystalline mass on standing, used in dentistry as a luting agent for cast metal restorations and orthodontic bands, and as a temporary restorative material, or a base under restorations, particularly in deep cavities.

cementation
cementation (se-men-ta′shun)

1. The process of attaching parts by means of a cement. 2. In dentistry, attaching a restoration to natural teeth by means of a cement.

cementicle
cementicle (se-men′ti-kl)

A calcified spherical body, composed of cementum lying free within the periodontal membrane, attached to the cementum or imbedded within it.

cementification
cementification (se-men′ti-fi-ka′shun)

Metaplastic production of cementum or cementoid within a less differentiated connective tissue, e.g., c. of a fibroma.

cementoblast
cementoblast (se-men′to-blast)

A cell of mesenchymal origin concerned with the formation of the layer of cementum on the roots of teeth. [L. cementum, cement, + G. blastos, germ]

cementoblastoma
cementoblastoma (se-men′to-blas-to′ma)

A benign odontogenic tumor of functional cementoblasts; it appears as a mixed radiolucent-radiopaque lesion attached to a tooth root and may cause expansion of the bone cortex or be associated with pain. SYN: benign c., true cementoma.
benign c. SYN: c..

cementoclasia
cementoclasia (se-men-to-kla′ze-a)

Destruction of cementum by cementoclasts. [L. cementum, cement, + G. klasis, fracture]

cementoclast
cementoclast (se-men′to-klast)

One of the multinucleated giant cells, identical with osteoclasts, that are associated with the resorption of cementum. [L. cementum, cement, + G. klastos, broken]

cementocyte
cementocyte (se-men′to-sit)

An osteocyte-like cell with numerous processes, trapped in a lacuna in the cementum of the tooth. [L. cementum, cement, + G. kytos, cell]

cementodentinal
cementodentinal (se-men′to-den′ti-nal)

SYN: dentinocemental.

cementogenesis
cementogenesis (se-men′to-jen′e-sis)

The development of the cementum over the root dentin of a tooth. [cementum + G. genesis, production]

cementoma
cementoma (se-men-to′ma)

Nonspecific term referring to any benign cementum-producing tumor; four types are recognized: 1) periapical cemental dysplasia, 2) central ossifying fibroma, 3) cementoblastoma, 4) sclerotic cemental mass. When the type is not specified, c. usually refers to periapical cemental dysplasia. [L. cementum, cement, + G. -oma, tumor]
gigantiform c. the familial occurrence of cemental masses in the jaws; inherited as an autosomal dominant characteristic. SEE ALSO: sclerotic cemental mass.
true c. SYN: cementoblastoma.

cementum
cementum (se-men′tum) [TA]

SYN: cement (1) . [L. caementum, rough quarry stone, fr. caedo, to cut]
afibrillar c. c. which, with the electron microscope, appears as laminated, electron-dense reticular material that sometimes overlies the enamel of the tooth.
primary c. c. that has no cementocytes; may cover the entire root of the tooth, but often is missing on the apical third of the root.
secondary c. c. that forms on the root surface after eruption; it contains cementocytes.

cenesthesia
cenesthesia (se-nes-the′ze-a)

The general sense of bodily existence; the sensation caused by the functioning of the internal organs. SYN: coenesthesia. [G. koinos, common, + aisthesis, sensation]

cenesthesic
cenesthesic, cenesthetic (se-nes-the′zik, -sik; -thet′ik)

Relating to cenesthesia.

ceno- ceno-

1. Shared in common. [G. koinos, common] 2. New, fresh. [G. kainos, new] 3. Emptiness (rare). SEE ALSO: coeno-. [G. kenos, empty]

cenocyte
cenocyte (se′no-sit)

A multinucleate cell or hypha without cross walls, characteristic of the hyphae of zygomycetes. SEE ALSO: nonseptate mycelium. SYN: coenocyte. [G. koinos, common, + kytos, cell]

cenocytic
cenocytic (se-no-sit′ik)

Pertaining to or having characteristics of a cenocyte. SYN: coenocytic.

cenosite
cenosite (se′no-sit)

A facultative commensal organism; one that can sustain itself apart from its usual host. [G. koinos, common, + sitos, food]

cenotrope
cenotrope (se′no-trop)

A scientifically more accurate term than the earlier “instinct”, denoting the behavior pattern shown by all members of a large group having the same biologic equipment and same experience. [G. koinos, common, + trope, a turning]

censor
censor (sen′sor)

In psychoanalytic theory, the psychic barrier that prevents certain unconscious thoughts and wishes from coming to consciousness unless they are so cloaked or disguised as to be unrecognizable. [L. a judge, critic, fr. censeo, to value, judge]

censoring
censoring (sen′sor-ing)

In epidemiology, (1) Loss of subjects from a follow-up study for unknown reasons. (2) Observations with unknown values from one end of a frequency distribution, beyond a measurement threshold.

census
census

An enumeration of a population, originally for taxation and military purposes, now with many other purposes; basic facts about all persons—age, sex, occupation, nature of residence, etc.— are recorded in the c., which often also includes some information about health status. [L., fr. censeo, to count]

center
center (sen′ter) [TA]

1. The middle point of a body; loosely, the interior of a body. A c. of any kind, especially an anatomical c.. 2. A group of nerve cells governing a specific function. SYN: centrum [TA] . [L. centrum; G. kentron]
active c. the part of a macromolecule at which a substrate or ligand, upon binding, produces biologic activity; for an enzyme, this is the catalytic c., the site on an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction.
anospinal c. the c. in the spinal cord that controls the contraction of the anal sphincter.
birthing c. a facility, usually in a hospital, that provides labor and delivery services in a comfortable, homelike setting.
Broca c. the posterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus of the left or dominant hemisphere, corresponding approximately to Brodmann area 44; Broca identified this region as an essential component of the motor mechanisms governing articulated speech. SYN: Broca area, Broca field, motor speech c..
Budge c. SYN: ciliospinal c..
catalytic c. active c..
cell c. SYN: cytocentrum.
chondrification c. a site of earliest cartilage formation in the body.
ciliospinal c. the preganglionic motor neurons in the first thoracic segment of the spinal cord which give rise to the sympathetic innervation that eventually influences the dilator muscle of the eye's pupil. SYN: Budge c..
dentary c. a specific ossification c. of the mandible that gives rise to the lower border of its outer plate.
diaphysial c. primary c. of ossification in the shaft of a long bone.
epiotic c. the c. of ossification of the petrous part of the temporal bone that appears posterior to the posterior semicircular canal.
expiratory c. the region of the medulla oblongata that is electrically active during expiration and where electrical stimulation produces sustained expiration.
feeding c. a region of the lateral zone of the hypothalamus, electrical stimulation of which in the rat elicits uninterrupted eating; destruction of the region causes long-lasting anorexia.
germinal c. of Flemming the lightly staining c. in a lymphatic nodule in which the predominant cells are large lymphocytes and macrophages. SYN: reaction c..
inspiratory c. the region of the medulla oblongata that is electrically active during inspiration and where electrical stimulation produces sustained inspiration.
Kerckring c. an occasional independent ossification c. in the occipital bone; it appears in the posterior margin of the foramen magnum at about the sixteenth week of gestation. SYN: Kerckring ossicle.
medullary c. SYN: centrum semiovale.
microtubule-organizing c. a locus in interphase and mitotic cells from which most microtubules radiate; in the c. of this c. is the centriole; this c. determines the polarity of cellular microtubules.
motor speech c. SYN: Broca c..
ossific c. SYN: ossification c..
c. of ossification SYN: ossification c.. SYN: centrum ossificationis [TA] .
ossification c. [TA] the site of earliest bone formation via accumulation of osteoblasts within connective tissue (membranous ossification) or of earliest destruction of cartilage prior to onset of ossification (endochondral ossification). SYN: c. of ossification, ossific c., point of ossification, punctum ossificationis.
primary c. of ossification SYN: primary ossification c.. SYN: centrum ossificationis primarium [TA] .
primary ossification c. [TA] this is the first site where bone begins to form in the shaft of a long bone or in the body of an irregular bone. SYN: primary c. of ossification, primary point of ossification, punctum ossificationis primarium.
reaction c. SYN: germinal c. of Flemming.
respiratory c. the region in the medulla oblongata concerned with integrating afferent information to determine the signals to the respiratory muscles; the inspiratory and expiratory centers considered together.
c. of ridge the buccolingual midline of the residual ridge.
c. of rotation a point or line around which all other points in a body move. See axis.
satiety c. a term referring to the region of the ventromedial nucleus in the hypothalamus; destruction of this small region in the rat leads to continuous eating and extreme obesity.
secondary c. of ossification SYN: secondary ossification c.. SYN: centrum ossificationis secundarium [TA] .
secondary ossification c. [TA] this is the c. of bone formation appearing later than the punctum ossificationis primarium, usually in epiphysis. SYN: punctum ossificationis secundarium, secondary c. of ossification, secondary point of ossification.
semioval c. SYN: centrum semiovale.
sensory speech c. SYN: Wernicke c..
speech centers areas of the cerebral cortex centrally involved in speech function; one is in the left inferior frontal gyrus, a second one in the supramarginal, angular, and first and second temporal gyri. SEE ALSO: Broca c., Wernicke c..
sphenotic c. one of the paired centers of ossification of the sphenoid bone.
vasomotor c. diffuse area of the reticular formation in the lateral medulla containing neurons that control vascular tone; consists of separate vasodepressor and vasopressor areas.
vital c. c. essential to life; usually refers to the centers located in the medulla oblongata which are necessary for the maintenance of respiration and circulation.
Wernicke c. the region of the cerebral cortex thought to be essential for understanding and formulating coherent, propositional speech; it encompasses a large region of the parietal and temporal lobes near the lateral sulcus of the left cerebral hemisphere; corresponding approximately to Brodmann areas 40, 39, and 22. SYN: sensory speech c., Wernicke area, Wernicke field, Wernicke region, Wernicke zone.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

The federal facility for disease eradication, epidemiology, and education headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, which encompasses the Center for Infectious Diseases, Center for Environmental Health, Center for Health Promotion and Education, Center for Prevention Services, Center for Professional Development and Training, and Center for Occupational Safety and Health. Formerly named Center for Disease Control (1970), Communicable Disease Center (1946).

centesis
centesis (sen-te′sis)

Puncture, especially when used as a suffix, as in paracentesis. [G. kentesis, puncture, fr. kenteo, to prick, pierce]

centi- centi- (c)

Prefix used in the SI and metric systems to signify one hundredth (10⁻²). [L. centum, one hundred]

centibar
centibar (sen′ti-bar)

One hundredth of a bar.

centigrade
centigrade (C) (sen′ti-grad)

1. Basis of the former temperature scale in which 100 degrees separated the melting and boiling points of water. See Celsius scale. 2. One hundredth of a circle, equal to 3.6° of the astronomical circle. [L. centum, one hundred, + gradus, step, degree]

centigram
centigram (sen′ti-gram)

One hundredth of a gram; 0.15432358 grain.

centile
centile (sen′til)

One-hundredth. See quantile. [L. centum, one hundred, + -ilis, adj. suffix]

centiliter
centiliter (sen′ti-le-ter)

10 mL; one hundredth of a liter; 162.3073 minims (U.S.).

centimeter
centimeter (cm) (sen′ti-me-ter)

One hundredth of a meter; 0.3937008 inch.
cubic c. (cc, c.c.) one thousandth of a liter; 1 mL.

centimorgan
centimorgan (cM) (sen′ti-mor-gan)

See morgan.

centinormal
centinormal (sen-ti-nor′mal)

One-hundredth normal; denoting the concentration of a solution.

centipede
centipede (sen′ti-ped)

A venomous predatory arthropod of the order Chilopoda, characterized by one pair of legs per leg-bearing segment. The venom is injected through the first pair of leglike appendages, modified into piercing claws; the bites may be painful and locally necrotic, but seldom are dangerous, except to very young children. Genera found in the U.S. include Scutigera, Lithobius, Scolopendra, and Geophilus. [L. centum, hundred, + pes (ped-), foot]

centipoise
centipoise (sen′ti-poyz)

One hundredth of a poise.

centra
centra (sen′tra)

Plural of centrum.

centrad
centrad (sen′trad)

1. Toward the center. 2. A unit of measurement of the refracting strength of a prism; it corresponds to the deviation of a ray of light, the arc of which is ¹/₁₀₀ of the radius of the circle, or 0.57°.

centrage
centrage (sen′traj)

The condition in which the optical centers of all the reflecting and refracting surfaces of an optical system are on the same axis.

centralis
centralis (sen-tra′lis)

Central; in the center. [L.]

centre médian de Luys
centre médian de Luys (sen′tr ma-de-an)

SYN: centromedian nucleus. [Fr.]

centrencephalic
centrencephalic (sen′tren-se-fal′ik)

Relating to the center of the encephalon.

centri- centri- (sen′tri)

Combining form denoting center.

centric centric (sen′trik)

Having a center (of a specific kind or number) or having a specific thing as its center (of interest, focus, etc.). [G. kentron, center]

centriciput
centriciput (sen-tris′i-put)

The central portion of the upper surface of the skull, between the occiput and the sinciput. [L. centrum, center, + caput, head]

centrifugal
centrifugal (sen-trif′u-gal)

1. Denoting the direction of the force pulling an object outward (away) from an axis of rotation. 2. Sometimes, by analogy, extended to describe any movement away from a center. Cf.:eccentric (2) . [L. centrum, center, + fugio, to flee]

centrifugalization
centrifugalization (sen-trif′u-gal-i-za′shun)

SYN: centrifugation.

centrifugalize
centrifugalize (sen-trif′u-gal-iz)

SYN: centrifuge (2) .

centrifugation
centrifugation (sen-trif-u-ga′shun)

Subjection to sedimentation, by means of a centrifuge, of solids suspended in a fluid. SYN: centrifugalization.
band c. SYN: density gradient c..
density gradient c. ultracentrifugation of substances in concentrated solutions of cesium salts or of sucrose; at equilibrium, the medium exhibits a concentration (hence density) gradient increasing in the direction of centrifugal force and the substances of interest collect in layers at the levels of their densities. See isopycnic zone. SYN: band c., zone c..
zone c. SYN: density gradient c..

centrifuge
centrifuge (sen′tri-fooj)

1. An apparatus by means of which particles in suspension in a fluid are separated by spinning the fluid, the centrifugal force throwing the particles to the periphery of the rotated vessel. 2. To submit to rapid rotary action, as in a c.. SYN: centrifugalize.

centrilobular
centrilobular (sen-tri-lob′u-lar)

At or near the center of a lobule, e.g., of the liver.

centriole
centriole (sen′tre-ol)

Tubular structures, 150 nm by 300 to 500 nm, with a wall having 9 triple microtubules, usually seen as paired organelles lying in the cytocentrum; centrioles may be multiple and numerous in some cells, such as the giant cells of bone marrow. [G. kentron, a point, center]
anterior c. SYN: proximal c..
distal c. the c. in the developing spermatozoon from which the flagellum develops. SYN: posterior c..
posterior c. SYN: distal c..
proximal c. the c. that lies in a depression in the wall of the posterior portion of the nucleus of the developing spermatozoon. SYN: anterior c..

centripetal
centripetal (sen-trip′e-tal)

1. SYN: afferent. 2. Denoting the direction of the force pulling an object toward an axis of rotation. SYN: axipetal. [L. centrum, center, + peto, to seek]

centro- centro-

Combining form denoting center. [G. kentron]

centroblast
centroblast (sen′tro-blast)

A lymphocyte with a large non-cleaved nucleus. [centro- + G. blastos, germ]

Centrocestus
Centrocestus (sen-tro-ses′tus)

A genus of extremely small fish-borne flukes (family Heterophyidae) that may produce intestinal lesions similar to those caused by Heterophyes heterophyes. C. formosana has been reported in humans in Taiwan. [G. kentron, point, center, + kestos, belt, both words fr. kenteo, to pierce]

centrocyte
centrocyte (sen′tro-sit)

1. A cell whose protoplasm contains single and double granules of varying size stainable with hematoxylin; seen in lesions of lichen planus. SYN: Lipschütz cell. 2. A lymphocyte with a cleaved nucleus. 3. A nondividing, activated B cell that expresses membrane immunoglobulin. [centro- + G. kytos, cell]

centrokinesia
centrokinesia (sen′tro-ki-ne′se-a)

Movement excited by a stimulus of central origin. [centro- + G. kinesis, movement]

centrokinetic
centrokinetic (sen′tro-ki-net′ik)

1. Relating to centrokinesia. 2. SYN: excitomotor.

centrolecithal
centrolecithal (sen-tro-les′i-thal)

Denoting an ovum in which the deutoplasm accumulates centrally. [centro- + G. lekithos, yolk]

centromere
centromere (sen′tro-mer)

1. The nonstaining primary constriction of a chromosome which is the point of attachment of the spindle fiber; provides the mechanism of chromosome movement during cell division; the c. divides the chromosome into two arms, and its position is constant for a specific chromosome: near one end (acrocentric), near the center (metacentric), or between (submetacentric). [centro- + G. meros, part]

centroplasm
centroplasm (sen′tro-plazm)

The substance of the cytocentrum. [centro- + G. plasma, thing formed]

centrosome
centrosome (sen′tro-som)

SYN: cytocentrum. [centro- + G. soma, body]

centrosphere
centrosphere (sen′tro-sfer)

The specialized, often gelated cytoplasm of the cytocentrum. Contains the centrioles from which the astral fibers (microtubules) extend during mitosis. SYN: astrocele, statosphere. [centro- + G. sphaira, a ball, sphere]

centrostaltic
centrostaltic (sen-tro-stal′tik)

Relating to the center of motion. [centro- + G. stallein, set forth, fetch]

centrum
centrum, pl .centra (sen′trum, sen′tra) [TA]

SYN: center. [L. fr. G. kentron]
c. medianum SYN: centromedian nucleus.
c. medullare SYN: c. semiovale.
c. ossificationis [TA] SYN: center of ossification.
c. ossificationis primarium [TA] SYN: primary center of ossification.
c. ossificationis secundarium [TA] SYN: secondary center of ossification.
c. ovale SYN: c. semiovale.
c. semiovale the great mass of white matter composing the interior of the cerebral hemisphere; the name refers to the general shape of this white core in horizontal sections of the hemisphere. SYN: c. medullare, c. ovale, medullary center, semioval center, Vicq d'Azyr c. semiovale, Vieussens c..
c. tendineum diaphragmatis [TA] SYN: central tendon of diaphragm.
c. tendineum perinei [TA] SYN: central tendon of perineum.
c. of a vertebra 1. the ossification center of the central mass of the body of a vertebra; 2. body of vertebra (as distinct from the arches).
Vicq d'Azyr c. semiovale SYN: c. semiovale.
Vieussens c. SYN: c. semiovale.
Willis c. nervosum SYN: celiac ganglia, under ganglion.

Centruroides
Centruroides (sen-tru-roy′dez)

A genus of North American scorpions, the commonest species of which are C. gracilis, the margarite scorpion; C. vittatus, the stripe-back scorpion; and C. sculpturatus, the deadly sculptured scorpion. SEE ALSO: Scorpionida.

centum
centum (c) (sen′tum)

One hundred. [L. one hundred]

cenuris
cenuris, coenuris (se-nu′ris)

A tapeworm bladderworm with multiple inverted scoleces attached to the inner germinative layer; produced by taeniid cestodes of the genus Multiceps, typically found in the brain or tissues of herbivores and the adult worm in the intestine of wolves, dogs, or other canids; rare cases of c. infections in humans have been reported. [G. kenos, empty, + G. uris, tail]

cenurosis
cenurosis, cenuriasis (sen-u-ro′sis, sen-u-ri′a-sis)

Disease produced by the presence of a cenuris cyst that, in sheep, causes a brain infection known as “gid” for the giddy gait induced in the infected animal; human c. has been reported but is extremely unusual, in contrast with hydatid disease. SYN: coenurosis.

cephaeline
cephaeline (sef-a′e-len)

An alkaloid of ipecac; an emetic and amebicide.

Cephaelis
Cephaelis (sef-a-e′lis)

SYN: Uragoga. [G. kephale, head, + eilo, to roll up, pack close]

cephal- cephal-

See cephalo-.

cephalad
cephalad (sef′a-lad)

In a direction toward the head. SEE ALSO: cranial (1) .

cephalalgia
cephalalgia (sef′al-al′je-a)

SYN: headache. [cephal- + G. algos, pain]
benign coital c. SYN: coital headache.
histaminic c. SYN: cluster headache.
Horton c. SYN: cluster headache.

cephaledema
cephaledema (sef′al-e-de′ma)

Edema of the head.

cephalemia
cephalemia (sef-a-le′-me-a)

Congestion, active or passive, of the brain. [cephal- + G. haima, blood]

cephalexin
cephalexin (sef-a-lek′sin)

A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from cephalosporin C..

cephalhematocele
cephalhematocele (sef′al-he-mat′o-sel)

A cephalhematoma under the pericranium communicating with the dural sinuses. SYN: cephalohematocele. [cephal- + G. haima, blood, + kele, tumor]

cephalhematoma
cephalhematoma (sef′al-he-ma-to′ma)

A collection of blood due to an effusion of blood beneath the periosteum frequently in a newborn as a result of birth trauma; contrasted with caput succedaneum, in which the effusion overlies the periosteum and consists of serum. SYN: cephalohematoma. [cephal- + G. haima, blood, + -oma, tumor]

cephalhydrocele
cephalhydrocele (sef-al-hi′dro-sel)

An accumulation of serous or watery fluid under the pericranium. [cephal- + G. hydor, water, + kele, tumor]

cephalic
cephalic (se-fal′ik)

SYN: cranial (1) .

cephalin
cephalin (sef′a-lin)

A term formerly applied to a group of phosphatidic esters resembling lecithin but containing either 2-ethanolamine or l-serine in the place of choline; these are now known as phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine. They are widely distributed in the body, especially in the brain and spinal cord, and are used as local hemostatics and as reagents in liver function test. SYN: kephalin.

cephaline
cephaline (sef′a-lin)

Denoting members of the protozoan suborder Cephalina (order Eugregarinida), characterized by bodies divided into chambers (anterior protomerite and posterior deutomerite, or anterior epimerite, protomerite, and terminal deutomerite); all are parasites of invertebrates.

cephalitis
cephalitis (sef-a-li′tis)

Obsolete term for encephalitis.

cephalization
cephalization (sef′al-i-za′shun)

1. Evolutionary tendency for important functions of the nervous system to move forward in the brain. 2. Initiation and concentration of the growth tendency at the anterior end of the embryo.

cephalo- cephalo-, cephal-

The head. [G. kephale]

cephalocaudal
cephalocaudal (sef′a-lo-kaw′dal)

Relating to both head and tail, i.e., to the long axis of the body. [cephalo- + L. cauda, tail]

cephalocele
cephalocele (sef′a-lo-sel)

Protrusion of part of the cranial contents, e.g., meningocele, encephalocele. SEE ALSO: encephalocele.

cephalocentesis
cephalocentesis (sef′a-lo-sen-te′sis)

Passage of a hollow needle or trocar and cannula into the brain to drain or aspirate an abscess or the fluid of a hydrocephalus. [cephalo- + G. kentesis, puncture]

cephalochord
cephalochord (sef′a-lo-kord)

Intracranial portion of the notochord in the embryo.

cephalodidymus
cephalodidymus (sef′a-lo-did′i-mus)

Conjoined twins fused except in the cephalic region; a variety of duplicitas posterior. See conjoined twins, under twin. [cephalo- + G. didymos, twin]

cephalodiprosopus
cephalodiprosopus (sef′a-lo-di-pros′o-pus)

Asymmetrical conjoined twins with the head of the autosite carrying a reduced parasitic head. See conjoined twins, under twin, diprosopus. [cephalo- + G. di-, two, + prosopon, face]

cephalodynia
cephalodynia (sef′a-lo-din′e-a)

Headache. [cephalo- + G. odyne, pain]

cephalogenesis
cephalogenesis (sef′a-lo-jen′e-sis)

Formation of the head in the embryonic period. [cephalo- + G. genesis, production]

cephaloglycin
cephaloglycin (sef′a-lo-gli′sin)

A semisynthetic broad-spectrum antibiotic produced from cephalosporin C..

cephalogram
cephalogram (sef′a-lo-gram)

SYN: cephalometric radiograph.

cephalogyric
cephalogyric (sef′a-lo-ji′rik)

Relating to rotation of the head. [cephalo- + G. gyros, a circle]

cephalohematocele
cephalohematocele (sef′a-lo-he-mat′o-sel)

SYN: cephalhematocele.

cephalohematoma
cephalohematoma (sef′a-lo-he-ma-to′ma)

SYN: cephalhematoma.

cephalohemometer
cephalohemometer (sef′a-lo-he-mom′e-ter)

An instrument showing the degree of intracranial blood pressure. [cephalo- + G. haima, blood, + metron, measure]

cephalomegaly
cephalomegaly (sef′a-lo-meg′a-le)

Enlargement of the head. [cephalo- + G. megas, great]

cephalomelus
cephalomelus (sef-a-lom′e-lus)

Malformed individual with an accessory limb, resembling a leg or arm, growing from the head. [cephalo- + G. melos, a limb]

cephalomeningitis
cephalomeningitis (sef′a-lo-men-in-ji′tis)

Obsolete term for meningitis. [cephalo- + G. meninx (mening-), membrane]

cephalometer
cephalometer (sef-a-lom′e-ter)

An instrument used to position the head to produce oriented, reproducible lateral and posterior-anterior head films. SYN: cephalostat. [cephalo- + G. metron, measure]

cephalometrics
cephalometrics (sef-a-lo-met′riks)

In oral surgery and orthodontics: 1. The scientific measurement of the bones of the cranium and face, utilizing a fixed, reproducible position for lateral radiographic exposure of skull and facial bones. SEE ALSO: cephalometry. 2. A scientific study of the measurements of the head with relation to specific reference points; used for evaluation of facial growth and development, including soft tissue profile. [cephalo- + G. metron, measure]

cephalometry
cephalometry (sef-a-lom′e-tre)

Scientific measurements, often taken by means of radiographic imaging, of the head in the living, or of the cadaver head with soft tissues in place, utilizing specific reference points and sufficient standardization to allow reproducible results. Commonly used to document age based on cephalic growth (as in obstetric ultrasonography) or to plan or measure progress in cephalic remodeling (as in orthodontics). SEE ALSO: craniometry, cephalometrics. [cephalo- + G. metron, measure]
ultrasonic c. measurement of the fetal head by ultrasound.

cephalomotor
cephalomotor (sef′a-lo-mo′ter)

Relating to movements of the head.

Cephalomyia
Cephalomyia (sef′a-lo-mi′ya)

Former name for Oestrus. [cephalo- + G. myia, fly]

cephalont
cephalont (sef′a-lont)

Adult stage of a cephaline gregarine, a sporozoan parasite commonly found in arthropods and other invertebrate hosts. The body is usually divided by a septum into an anterior epimerite and protomerite and a posterior deutomerite; acephaline gregarines lack a dividing septum. [cephalo- + G. on (ont-), being]

cephalopagus
cephalopagus (sef-a-lop′a-gus)

Conjoined twins with heads fused but the remainder of the bodies separate. See conjoined twins, under twin. SEE ALSO: craniopagus, duplicitas posterior. [cephalo- + G. pagos, something fixed]

cephalopelvic
cephalopelvic (sef′a-lo-pel′vik)

Pertaining to the size of the fetal head in relation to the maternal pelvis.

cephalopelvimetry
cephalopelvimetry (sef′a-lo-pel-vim′e-tre)

Radiographic measurement of the dimensions of the pelvis and the fetal head; the technique has been largely abandoned. SYN: pelvicephalography, pelvocephalography. [cephalo- + pelvimetry]

cephalopharyngeus
cephalopharyngeus (sef′a-lo-fa-rin′je-us)

See superior pharyngeal constrictor (muscle).

cephaloridine
cephaloridine (sef-a-lor′i-den)

A broad-spectrum antimicrobial derived from cephalosporin C..

cephalorrhachidian
cephalorrhachidian (sef′a-lo-ra-kid′e-an)

Relating to the head and the spine. [cephalo- + G. rhachis, spine]

cephalosporanic acid
cephalosporanic acid (sef′a-lo-spor-an′ik)

The basic chemical nucleus upon which cephalosporin antibiotic derivatives are based.

cephalosporin
cephalosporin (sef′a-lo-spor′in)

This is an antibiotic produced by a Cephalosporium, but since the antibiotic was discovered the name Cephalosporium has been removed and the new name is Acremonium.
c. C an antibiotic whose activity is due to the 7-aminocephalosporanic acid portion of the cephalosporanic acid molecule; it is effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but is less potent than c. N. Addition of side chains produced semisynthetic broad spectrum antibiotics with greater antibacterial activity than that of c. C; the antibiotic activity is due to interference with bacterial cell-wall synthesis.
c. N an antibiotic active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactivated by penicillinase; on hydrolysis it yields penicillamine. SYN: penicillin N, synnematin B.
c. P a steroid antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium, chemically related to fusidic and helvolic acids, that is active only against Gram-positive bacteria.

cephalosporinase
cephalosporinase (sef′a-lo-spor′i-nas)

SYN: β-lactamase.

Cephalosporium
Cephalosporium (sef′a-lo-spo′re-um)

Former name of Acremonium.

cephalostat
cephalostat (sef′a-lo-stat)

SYN: cephalometer. [cephalo- + G. statos, stationary]

cephalothin
cephalothin (sef-a-lo′thin)

Chemically modified cephalosporin C, a broad-spectrum antibiotic.

cephalothoracic
cephalothoracic (sef′a-lo-tho-ras′ik)

Relating to the head and the chest.

cephalothoracopagus
cephalothoracopagus (sef′a-lo-thor-a-kop′a-gus)

Conjoined twins with the bodies fused in the cephalic and thoracic regions. See conjoined twins, under twin. [cephalo- + G. thorax, chest, + pagos, something fixed]
c. asymmetros SYN: c. monosymmetros.
c. disymmetros a form of c. with the fused head showing equally developed faces directed laterally.
c. monosymmetros a form of c. in which only one of the faces is well developed. SYN: c. asymmetros.

cephalotome
cephalotome (sef′a-lo-tom)

Instrument formerly used for cutting into the fetal head to permit its compression in cases of dystocia. [cephalo- + G. tome, a cutting]

cephalotomy
cephalotomy (sef-a-lot′o-me)

Formerly used operation of cutting into the head of the fetus.

cephalotoxin
cephalotoxin (sef′a-lo-tok′sin)

A poison, believed to be a protein, found in the salivary glands of cephalopods (octopus). SEE ALSO: eledoisin.

cephalotribe
cephalotribe (sef′a-lo-trib)

Forcepslike instrument, with strong blades and a screw handle, formerly used to crush the fetal head in cases of dystocia. [G. tribo, to rub, bruise]

cephamycins
cephamycins (sef′a-mi′sin)

A family of β-lactam antibiotics (similar to penicillin and cephalosporins) produced by various Streptomyces species.

cephapirin sodium
cephapirin sodium (sef-a-pi′rin)

A semisynthetic broad spectrum antibiotic derived from cephalosporin C; it is used by injection.

cephradine
cephradine (sef′ra-den)

A semisynthetic broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from cephalosporin C; used orally and by injection.

ceptor
ceptor (sep′ter, tor)

SYN: receptor (2) . [L. capio, pp. captus, to take]
chemical c. c. that initiates chemical reactions in response to the appropriate stimuli.
contact c. a nerve c. in the surface layer of skin or mucous membrane by means of which impulses contributed by direct physical impact are received.
distance c. a nerve mechanism of one of the organs of special sense whereby the subject is brought into relation with the distant environment.

-ceptor -ceptor

Combining form denoting taker, receiver. [L. capio, pp. captus, to take]

cera
cera (se′ra)

SYN: wax (1) . [L.]

ceraceous
ceraceous (se-ra′shus)

Waxen. [L. cera, wax]

ceramidase
ceramidase (ser-am′i-das)

An enzyme that hydrolyzes ceramides into sphingosine and a fatty acid; acylsphirgosine deacylase. A deficiency of this enzyme is associated with Farber disease.

ceramide
ceramide (ser′a-mid)

Generic term for a class of sphingolipid, N-acyl (fatty acid) derivatives of a long chain base or sphingoid such as sphinganine or sphingosine; e.g., CH₃(CH₂)₁₂CH&dbond;CH&cbond;CHOH&cbond;CH(CH₂OH)&cbond;NH&cbond;CO&cbond;R, where R is the fatty-acyl residue, attached in this example to 4-sphingenine (sphingosine) in amide linkage. Ceramides accumulate in individuals with Farber disease.
c. dihexoside the accumulated glycolipid noted in glycolipid lipidosis.
c. lactosidase a hydrolytic enzyme (a β-galactosidase) that acts on c. lactoside, producing glucosylceramide and galactose. A deficiency of this enzyme can result in c. lactoside liposis. Cf.:cytolipin.
c. lactoside a lactosylceramide that accumulates in individuals with ceremide lactoside liposis. Cf.:cytolipin.
c. 1-phosphorylcholine SYN: sphingomyelins.
c. saccharide SYN: glycosphingolipid.

cerasin
cerasin (ser′a-sin)

SYN: kerasin.

cerat- cerat-

See kerat-.

cerate
cerate (se′rat)

A rarely used unctuous solid preparation, harder than an ointment, containing sufficient wax to prevent it from melting when applied to the skin. [L. cera, wax]

ceratin
ceratin (ser′a-tin)

SYN: keratin.

cerato- cerato-

See kerato-.

ceratocricoid
ceratocricoid (ser′a-to-kri′koyd)

Relating to the inferior cornua of the thyroid cartilage and to the cricoid cartilage, or the cricothyroid articulation. SYN: keratocricoid.

ceratohyal
ceratohyal (ser′a-to-hi′al)

Relating to one of the cornua of the hyoid bone. SYN: keratohyal.

Ceratophyllidae
Ceratophyllidae (ser′a-to-fil′i-de)

A family of mammal and bird fleas, many of which have a wide host range and serve as important vectors of plague, sustaining the infection among wild and domestic rodent hosts. Important genera include Nosopsyllus and Ceratophyllus. [G. keras, horn, + phyllodes, like leaves]

Ceratophyllus
Ceratophyllus (ser-a-tof′-a-lus)

A genus of fleas (family Ceratophyllidae) found in temperate climates; includes important fleas of poultry such as C. niger, the western chicken flea, and C. gallinae, the European chicken flea, although these fleas have a wide range of hosts, including humans. [cerat- (kerat-) + G. phyllon, leaf]
C. punjatensis a species of flea abundant on wild and domestic rodents in India; may serve as a liaison agent between wild rodents and humans in the transmission of plague.

cercaria
cercaria, pl .cercariae (ser-ka′re-a, -re-e)

The free-swimming trematode larva that emerges from its host snail; it may penetrate the skin of a final host (as in Schistosoma of humans), encyst on vegetation (as in Fasciola), in or on fish (as in Clonorchis), or penetrate and encyst in various arthropod hosts. Body and tail are greatly varied in form, and specialized function is adapted to the particular life cycle demands of each species. SEE ALSO: sporocyst (1) , redia. [G. kerkos, tail]

cerci
cerci (ser′si)

Plural of cercus.

cerclage
cerclage (sair-klazh′)

1. Bringing into close opposition and binding together the ends of an obliquely fractured bone by a ring or by an encircling, tightly drawn wire loop. 2. Operation for retinal detachment in which the choroid and retinal pigment epithelium are brought in contact with the detached sensory retina by a band encircling the sclera posterior to the insertion of the ocular rectus muscles. 3. The placing of a nonabsorbable suture around an incompetent cervical os. [Fr. an encircling, hooping, banding]

cercocystis
cercocystis (ser-ko-sis′tis)

A specialized form of tapeworm cysticercoid larva that develops within the vertebrate host villus rather than in an invertebrate host; e.g., the c. of Hymenolepis nana in its direct or egg-borne cycle in man. SEE ALSO: cysticercus, cysticercoid. [G. kerkos, tail, + kystis, bladder]

cercomer
cercomer (ser′ko-mer)

The caudal appendage of a larval cestode, the procercoid stage of pseudophyllid cestodes; it may also be found on the cysticercoid larvae of taenioid cestodes, as well as in many of the hymenolepidids ( e.g., Hymenolepis nana). This appendage frequently bears the hooks originally used by the hexacanth in clawing its way into the intermediate host in which the procercoid or other larval stage develops. [G. kerkos, tail + meros, part]

cercomonad
cercomonad (ser-ko-mo′nad)

Common name for members of the genus Cercomonas.

Cercomonas
Cercomonas (ser-ko-mo′nas)

A genus of freshwater and coprophilic protozoan flagellates in which members have one anterior and one posterior flagellum. Species have been described from the intestine or feces of humans and several types of domestic livestock, but have usually proved to be other genera such as Trichomonas or Chilomastix. [G. kerkos, tail + monas (monad-), unit, monad]

Cercopithecoidea
Cercopithecoidea (ser′ko-pith-e-koy′de-a)

One of the three superfamilies of the suborder Anthropoidea; includes apes, Old World monkeys, and humans. [G. kerkos, tail, + pithekos, monkey]

Cercopithecus
Cercopithecus (ser-ko-pith-e′kus)

A genus of the family Cercopithecidae, represented by guenons and common African monkeys.

cercus
cercus, gen. and pl. cerci (ser′kus, ker′kus; -se, -ke)

1. A stiff hairlike structure. 2. A pair of specialized sensory appendages on the 11th abdominal segment of most insects. [Mod. L., fr. G. kerkos, tail]

cerea flexibilitas
cerea flexibilitas (se′re-a flek-si-bil′i-tas)

“Waxy flexibility,” in which the limb remains where placed; often seen in catatonia. [L.]

cerebellar
cerebellar (ser-e-bel′ar)

Relating to the cerebellum.

cerebellin
cerebellin (ser-e-bel′in)

A cerebellum-specific hexadecapeptide localized in the perikarya and dendrites of cerebellar Purkinje cells; used as a marker for Purkinje cell maturation studies of neural development.

cerebellitis
cerebellitis (ser-e-bel-i′tis)

Obsolete term for inflammation of the cerebellum.

cerebello- cerebello-

The cerebellum. [L. cerebrum, brain, + -ellum, dim. suff.]

cerebellolental
cerebellolental (ser-e-bel′o-len′tal)

Relating to the cerebellum and the lens of the eye.

cerebellomedullary
cerebellomedullary (ser-e-bel′o-med′u-lar-e)

Relating to the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata.

cerebello-olivary
cerebello-olivary (ser-e-bel′o-ol′i-var-e)

Relating to the connections of the cerebellum with the inferior olive.

cerebellopontine
cerebellopontine (ser-e-bel′o-pon′ten)

Relating to the cerebellum and the pons; denoting especially the c. recess or angle between these two structures.

cerebellorubral
cerebellorubral (ser-e-bel′o-roo′bral)

Relating to the connections of the cerebellum with the red nucleus. [cerebello- + L. ruber, red]

cerebellum
cerebellum, pl .cerebella (ser-e-bel′um, -bel′a) [TA]

The large posterior brain mass lying dorsal to the pons and medulla and ventral to the tentorium cerebelli and posterior portion of the cerebrum; it consists of two lateral hemispheres united by a narrow middle portion, the vermis. [L. dim. of cerebrum, brain]

cerebr- cerebr-

See cerebro-.

cerebral
cerebral (ser′e-bral, se-re′bral)

Relating to the cerebrum.

cerebration
cerebration (ser-e-bra′shun)

Activity of the mental processes; thinking. SEE ALSO: mentation, cognition.

cerebri- cerebri-

See cerebro-.

cerebriform
cerebriform (se-re′bri-form)

Resembling the external fissures and convolutions of the brain. [cerebri- + L. forma, shape, appearance, nature]

cerebritis
cerebritis (ser-e-bri′tis)

Focal inflammatory infiltrates in the brain parenchyma.
suppurative c. inflammation (phlegmon) of the brain with suppuration.

cerebro- cerebro-, cerebr-, cerebri-

The cerebrum. SEE ALSO: encephalo-. [L. cerebrum, brain]

cerebrocuprein
cerebrocuprein (ser′e-bro-koo′pre-in)

SYN: cytocuprein.

cerebroma
cerebroma

SYN: encephaloma.

cerebromalacia
cerebromalacia (ser′e-bro-ma-la′she-a)

SYN: encephalomalacia.

cerebromeningitis
cerebromeningitis (ser′e-bro-men-in-ji′tis)

SYN: meningoencephalitis.

cerebron
cerebron (ser′e-bron)

SYN: phrenosin.

cerebronic acid
cerebronic acid (ser-e-bron′ik)

A constituent of brain cerebrosides and other glycolipids. SYN: phrenosinic acid.

cerebropathia
cerebropathia (ser′e-bro-path′e-a)

SYN: encephalopathy.

cerebropathy
cerebropathy (ser-e-brop′a-the)

SYN: encephalopathy.

cerebrophysiology
cerebrophysiology (ser′e-bro-fiz-e-ol′o-je)

The physiology of the cerebrum.

cerebrosclerosis
cerebrosclerosis (ser′e-bro-skler-o′sis)

Encephalosclerosis, hardening of the cerebral hemispheres. [cerebro- + G. sklerosis, hardening]

cerebroside
cerebroside (ser′e-bro-sid)

A class of glycosphingolipid; specifically, a monoglycosylceramide (ceramide monosaccharide), the sugar being attached to the &cbond;CHOH&cbond; moiety of the sphingoid. Cerebrosides are found in the myelin sheath of nerve tissue; e.g., kerasin, nervon, oxynervon, phrenosin, these names also being used for the fatty acid involved. C. is sometimes prefixed by gluco-, galacto-, etc., in place of the correct glucosylceramide, etc. The sulfate esters of cerebrosides are among the sulfatidates.
c.-sulfatase, c. sulfatidase an enzyme that cleaves sulfate from a sulfated glycosphingolipid (such as a c. 3-sulfate).

cerebrosidosis
cerebrosidosis (ser′e-bro-si-do′sis)

A lipidosis as in Gaucher disease.

cerebrospinal
cerebrospinal (ser′e-bro-spi-nal, se-re′bro-)

Relating to the brain and the spinal cord. SYN: encephalorrhachidian, encephalospinal.

cerebrosterol
cerebrosterol (ser′e-bro-ster′ol)

A hydroxylated cholesterol found in the brain and spinal cord.

cerebrotomy
cerebrotomy (ser-e-brot′o-me)

Incision of the brain. [cerebro- + G. tome, incision]

cerebrovascular
cerebrovascular (ser′e-bro-vas′ku-lar)

Relating to the blood supply to the brain, particularly with reference to pathologic changes.

cerebrum
cerebrum, pl .cerebracerebrums (ser′e-brum, se-re′brum; -bra; -brumz) [TA]

Originally referred to the largest portion of the brain, including practically all parts within the skull except the medulla, pons, and cerebellum; it now usually refers only to the parts derived from the telencephalon and includes mainly the cerebral hemispheres (cerebral cortex and basal ganglia). [L., brain]

cerecloth
cerecloth (ser′kloth)

Gauze or cheese cloth impregnated with wax containing an antiseptic; used in surgical dressings. [L. cera, wax]

Cerenkov
Cerenkov

(Cherenkov) Pavel A., Russian physicist and Nobel laureate, *1904. See C. radiation.

ceresin
ceresin (ser′e-sin)

A natural mixture of hydrocarbons of high molecular weight; a substitute for beeswax, also used in dentistry for impressions. SYN: cerin, cerosin, earth wax, mineral wax (2) , purified ozokerite.

cerin
cerin (se′rin)

SYN: ceresin.

Cerithidea
Cerithidea (ser-i-thid′e-a)

A genus of marine and brackish water operculate (prosobranch) snails that serve as first intermediate hosts of a number of trematodes. C. cingulata serves as host for Heterophyes heterophyes in Japan and Southeast Asia; C. scalariformis for cercariae that induce swimmer's itch in the southeastern U.S. from Florida to Texas.

cerium
cerium (Ce) (ser′e-um)

A metallic element, atomic no. 58, atomic wt. 140.115. [fr. Ceres, the planetoid]
c. oxalate a mixture of the oxalates of c., lanthanum, and other rare earths; has been used in the treatment of vomiting.

cero- cero-

Wax. [L. cera, wax]

ceroid
ceroid (se′royd)

A waxlike, golden or yellow-brown pigment first found in fibrotic livers of choline-deficient rats, and also known to be present in some of the cirrhotic livers (and certain other tissues) of human beings. C. is acid fast, insoluble in fat solvents, and probably a type of lipofuscin, although differing from true lipofuscins by failing to stain with Schmorl ferric-ferricyanide reduction stain; it also exhibits autofluorescence. Accumulates in Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. [L. cera, wax, + G. eidos, appearance]

ceroplasty
ceroplasty (se′ro-plas-te)

The manufacture of wax models of anatomic and pathologic specimens or of skin lesions. [G. keros, wax, + plasso, to mold]

cerosin
cerosin (ser′o-sin)

SYN: ceresin.

cerotinic acid
cerotinic acid (ser-o-tin′ik)

A long-chain fatty acid found in natural waxes, wool fat, and certain lipids.

certifiable
certifiable (ser-ti-fi′a-bl)

Denoting a person showing disordered behavior of sufficient gravity to justify involuntary mental hospitalization.

certification
certification (ser′ti-fi-ka′shun)

1. Acknowledgment by a medical specialty board of successful completion of requirements for recognition as a specialist. 2. The court procedure by which a patient is committed to a mental institution. 3. Involuntary mental hospitalization.

certified nurse-midwife
certified nurse-midwife (C.N.M.)

A registered nurse with at least a master's degree in nursing and advanced education in the management of the entire maternity cycle. Achieved through an organized program of study and national testing by the American College of Nurse-Midwives.

certify
certify (ser′ti-fi)

To commit a patient to a mental hospital in accordance with the laws of the state. [L. certus, certain, + facio, to make]

cerulean
cerulean (se-roo′le-an)

SYN: blue. [L. caeruleus, blue, fr. caelum, sky]

cerulein
cerulein (se-roo′le-in)

A decapeptide with hypotensive activity; stimulates smooth muscle and increases digestive secretions; it is similar in structure to cholecystokinin and the gastrins, but much more potent as a stimulant to gallbladder contraction; also stimulates release of insulin. It inhibits fatty acid biosynthesis. [fr. Cephalosporium caerulea, from which isolated]

ceruloplasmin
ceruloplasmin (se-roo′lo-plaz-min)

A blue, copper-containing α-globulin of blood plasma, with a molecular weight of about 122,000 and 6 or 7 atoms of copper per molecule; involved in copper transport and regulation, and can reduce O₂ directly without known intermediates; has ferroxidase and polyamine oxidase activities. C. is absent in congenital Wilson disease. [L. caeruleus, dark blue]

cerumen
cerumen (se-roo′men)

The soft, brownish yellow, waxy secretion (a modified sebum) of the ceruminous glands of the external auditory meatus. SYN: ear wax, earwax. [L. cera, wax]
c. inspissatum, inspissated c. dried earwax plugging the external auditory canal.

ceruminal
ceruminal (se-roo′mi-nal)

Relating to cerumen.

ceruminolytic
ceruminolytic (se-roo′mi-no-lit′ik)

One of several substances instilled into the external auditory canal to soften wax. [cerumen, + G. lysis, a loosening]

ceruminoma
ceruminoma (se-roo-mi-no′ma)

A usually benign adenomatous tumor of ceruminous glands of the external auditory canal.

ceruminosis
ceruminosis (se-roo-mi-no′sis)

Excessive formation of cerumen.

ceruminous
ceruminous (se-roo′mi-nus)

Relating to cerumen.

ceruse
ceruse (se′roos)

SYN: lead carbonate. [L. cerussa]

cerveau isolé
cerveau isolé (ser-vo′ e-so-la′)

An animal with its mesencephalon transected; it breathes spontaneously but is unresponsive, with abnormal pupils (usually dilated) and a continuous sleep pattern in the electroencephalogram. Cf.:encéphale isolé. [Fr. detached brain]

cervical
cervical (ser′vi-kal)

Relating to a neck, or cervix, in any sense. SYN: cervicalis. [L. cervix (cervic-), neck]

cervicalis
cervicalis (ser-vi-ka′lis)

SYN: cervical.
c. ascendens 1. SYN: iliocostalis cervicis (muscle). 2. SYN: ascending cervical artery.

cervicectomy
cervicectomy (ser-vi-sek′to-me)

Excision of the cervix uteri. SYN: trachelectomy. [cervix + G. ektome, excision]

cervices
cervices (ser′vi-sez)

Plural of cervix.

cervicitis
cervicitis (ser-vi-si′tis)

Inflammation of the mucous membrane, frequently involving also the deeper structures, of the cervix uteri. SYN: trachelitis.

cervico- cervico-

A cervix, or neck, in any sense. [L. cervix, neck]

cervicobrachial
cervicobrachial (ser′vi-ko-bra′ke-al)

Relating to the neck and the arm.

cervicobuccal
cervicobuccal (ser′vi-ko-buk′al)

Relating to the buccal region of the neck of a premolar or molar tooth.

cervicodynia
cervicodynia (ser′vi-ko-din′e-a)

Neck pain. [cervico- + G. odyne, pain]

cervicofacial
cervicofacial (ser′vi-ko-fa′shal)

Relating to the neck and the face.

cervicography
cervicography (ser-vi-kog′ra-fe)

Technique, equivalent to colposcopy, for photographing part or all of the uterine cervix. [cervix + G. grapho, to write]

cervicolabial
cervicolabial (ser′vi-ko-la′be-al)

Relating to the labial region of the neck of an incisor or canine tooth.

cervicolingual
cervicolingual (ser′vi-ko-ling′gwal)

Relating to the lingual region of the cervix of a tooth.

cervicolinguoaxial
cervicolinguoaxial (ser′vi-ko-ling′gwo-ak′se-al)

Referring to the point angle formed by the junction of the cervical (gingival), lingual, and axial walls of a cavity.

cervico-occipital
cervico-occipital (ser′vi-ko-ok-sip′i-tal)

Relating to the neck and the occiput.

cervicoplasty
cervicoplasty (ser′vi-ko-plas-te)

Rearrangement of tissue of the cervix uteri or the neck.

cervicoscopy
cervicoscopy

SYN: visual inspection with acetic acid.

cervicothoracic
cervicothoracic (ser′vi-ko-thor-as′ik)

Relating to: 1. The neck and thorax; 2. The transition between the neck and thorax; 3. The fusion of these vertebrae.

cervicotomy
cervicotomy (ser-vi-kot′o-me)

Incision into the cervix uteri. SYN: trachelotomy. [cervico- + G. tome, incision]

cervicovesical
cervicovesical (ser′vi-ko-ves′i-kal)

Relating to the cervix of the uterus and the bladder.

cervilaxin
cervilaxin

SYN: relaxin.

cervix
cervix, gen. cervicis, pl .cervices (ser′viks, ser-vi′sis, -sez) [TA]

1. SYN: neck. 2. Any necklike structure. 3. SYN: c. of uterus. [L. neck]
c. of the axon the constricted portion of the axon just before the myelin sheath begins.
c. columnae posterioris a slight constriction of the posterior gray column of the spinal cord, seen on cross-section just behind the gray commissure.
c. dentis [TA] SYN: neck of tooth.
strawberry c. macular erythema of the uterine c., characteristic of vaginitis due to Trichomonas vaginalis.
c. of tooth neck of tooth.
c. uteri [TA] SYN: c. of uterus.
c. of uterus [TA] the lower part of the uterus extending from the isthmus of the uterus into the vagina. It is divided into supravaginal and vaginal parts by its passage through the vaginal wall. SYN: c. uteri [TA] , c. (3) [TA] , neck of uterus, neck of womb.
c. vesicae urinariae [TA] SYN: neck of (urinary) bladder.

ceryl
ceryl (ser′il)

The hydrocarbon radical C₂₆H₅₃&cbond; of c. alcohol (hexacosanol). SYN: hexacosyl.

cesarean
cesarean (se-za′re-an)

Denoting a c. section, which was included under lex cesarea, Roman law (715 B.C.); not because performed at the birth of Julius Caesar (100 B.C.).

cesium
cesium (Cs) (se′ze-um)

A metallic element, atomic no. 55, atomic wt. 132.90543; a member of the alkali metal group. ¹³⁷Cs (half-life equal to 30.1 years) is used in the treatment of certain malignancies. [L. caesius, bluish gray]

Cestan
Cestan

Raymond, French neurologist, 1872–1934. See C.-Chenais syndrome.

Cestoda
Cestoda (ses-to′da)

A subclass of tapeworms (class Cestoidea), containing the typical members of this group, including the segmented tapeworms that parasitize humans and domestic animals. SYN: Eucestoda. [G. kestos, girdle]

Cestodaria
Cestodaria (ses-to-da′re-a)

A subclass of the class Cestoidea, containing tapeworms that lack a scolex and are unsegmented (monozoic), in contrast to the typical tapeworms in the subclass Cestoda; larvae of c. (called lycophora) characteristically have 10 hooklets rather than six. C. are believed to be primitive tapeworms, parasitizing the intestine and celomic cavities of certain fish and a few reptiles.

cestode
cestode, cestoid (ses′tod, -toyd)

Common name for tapeworms of the class Cestoidea or its subclasses, Cestoda and Cestodaria.

cestodiasis
cestodiasis (ses-to-di′a-sis)

Disease caused by infection with a cestode.

Cestoidea
Cestoidea (ses-toy′de-a)

The tapeworms, a class of platyhelminth flatworms characterized by lack of an alimentary canal and, in typical forms (subclass Cestoda), by a segmented body with a scolex or holdfast organ at one end; adult worms are vertebrate parasites, usually found in the small intestine. [G. kestos, girdle, + eidos, form]

cetaceum
cetaceum (se-ta′she-um)

SYN: spermaceti. [G. ketos, a whale]

cetalkonium chloride
cetalkonium chloride (set′al-ko′ne-um)

An antibacterial agent.

cethexonium bromide
cethexonium bromide (set-heks-o′ne-um)

An antiseptic.

cetostearyl alcohol
cetostearyl alcohol (se-to-ste′a-ril)

A component of the hydrophilic ointment ingredient known as emulsifying wax; a mixture of solid aliphatic alcohols consisting chiefly of stearyl and cetyl alcohols.

cetraria
cetraria (se-tra′re-a)

The dried plant, C. islandica (family Parmeliaceae), a lichen, not a moss, used as a demulcent and as a folk remedy for bronchitis. SYN: Iceland moss. [L. caetra, a short Spanish shield (from shape of the apothecia)]

cetrimonium bromide
cetrimonium bromide (se-tri-mo′ne-um)

An antiseptic.

cetyl
cetyl (se′til)

The univalent radical C₁₆H₃₃&cbond; of c. alcohol.
c. alcohol the 16-carbon alcohol corresponding to palmitic acid, so called because it is isolated from among the hydrolysis products of spermaceti; it is used as an emulsifying aid and in the preparation of “washable” (oil in water emulsions) ointment bases. SYN: 1-hexadecanol, palmityl alcohol.
c. palmitate a wax; the chief constituent of spermaceti.

cetylpyridinium chloride
cetylpyridinium chloride (se′til-pi-ri-din′e-um)

The monohydrate of the quaternary salt of pyridine and cetyl chloride; a cationic detergent with antiseptic action against nonsporulating bacteria.

cetyltrimethylammonium bromide
cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (se′til-tri-me′thil-a-mo′ne-um)

A mixture of dodecyl-, tetradecyl-, and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromides; an odorless surface-active agent, readily soluble in water; a disinfectant with a strong bacteriostatic action, used for the sterilization of instruments and utensils.

cevadilla
cevadilla (se-va-dil′a)

SYN: sabadilla. [Sp. dim. of cebada, barley]

cevadine
cevadine (sev′a-den)

An alkaloid occurring in the seeds of Schoenocaulon officinale (Sabadilla officinarum), family Liliaceae; highly irritating to skin and mucous membranes. SEE ALSO: veratrine.

cevitamic acid
cevitamic acid (sev-i-tam′ik)

SYN: ascorbic acid.

CF
CF

Abbreviation for citrovorum factor; coupling factor.

Cf
Cf

Symbol for californium.

CFF
CFF

Abbreviation for critical fusion frequency. See critical flicker fusion frequency.

CG
CG

Abbreviation for chorionic gonadotropin; phosgene.

CGA
CGA

Abbreviation for catabolite gene activator.

cGMP
cGMP

Abbreviation for cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate.

CGP
CGP

Abbreviation for chorionic “growth hormone-prolactin”.

CGRP
CGRP

Abbreviation for calcitonin gene-related peptide.

CGS
CGS, cgs

Abbreviation for centimeter-gram-second. See centimeter-gram-second system, centimeter-gram-second unit.

CH
CH

Abbreviation for crown-heel length.

Chaddock
Chaddock

Charles G., U.S. neurologist, 1861–1936. See C. reflex, C. sign.

Chadwick
Chadwick

James R., U.S. gynecologist, 1844–1905. See C. sign.

chaeta
chaeta (ke′ta)

SYN: seta. [Mod. L. fr. G. chaite, stiff hair]

chafe
chafe (chaf)

To cause irritation of the skin by friction. [Fr. chauffer, to heat, fr. L. calefacio, to make warm]

Chagas
Chagas

Carlos, Brazilian physician, 1879–1934. See C. disease, C.-Cruz disease.

chagoma
chagoma (sha-go′ma)

Small granuloma in the skin caused by early multiplication of Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas disease).

chain
chain (chan)

1. In chemistry, a series of atoms held together by one or more covalent bonds. 2. In bacteriology, a linear arrangement of living cells that have divided in one plane and remain attached to each other. 3. A series of reactions. 4. In anatomy, a linked series of structures, e.g., ossicular c., c. ganglia, under ganglion. SEE ALSO: sympathetic trunk. [L. catena]
A c. 1. the shorter polypeptide component of insulin containing 21 amino acyl residues, beginning with a glycyl residue (NH₂-terminus); insulin is formed by the linkage of an A c. to a B c. by two disulfide bonds; the amino-acid composition of the A c. is a function of species; 2. in general, one of the polypeptides in a multiprotein complex.
B c. 1. the longer polypeptide component of insulin containing 30 amino acyl residues, beginning with a phenylalanyl residue (NH₂-terminus); insulin is formed by the linkage of a B c. to an A c. by two disulfide bonds; the amino acid composition of the B c. is a function of species; 2. the light c. of an immunoglobulin.
behavior c. related behaviors in a series in which each response serves as a stimulus for the next response.
C c. SYN: C-peptide.
cold c. a system of protection against high environmental temperatures for heat-labile vaccines, sera, and other biological preparations.
electron-transport c. SYN: respiratory c..
ganglionic c. SYN: sympathetic trunk.
heavy c. a polypeptide c. of high molecular weight (about 400–500 amino acyl residues), as the γ, α, μ, δ, or ε chains in immunoglobulin, determining the immunoglobulin class and subclass. This c. also determines if complement can be bound and if the c. can pass through the placenta. There are two identical chains in each immunoglobulin. SYN: H c..
J c. a glycopeptide, cysteine-rich polypeptide that is bonded to polymeric IgA and IgM; its function is to ensure correct polymerization of the subunits of IgA and IgM and to be secreted externally. [joining c.]
L c. SYN: light c..
light c. a polypeptide c. of low molecular weight (about 200 amino acyl residues), as the κ or λ chains in immunoglobulin. There are two identical light chains in each immunoglobulin monomer. SYN: L c..
long c. in bacteriology, a continuous line of more than eight cells.
ossicular c. SYN: auditory ossicles, under ossicle.
respiratory c. a sequence of energy-liberating oxidation-reduction reactions whereby electrons are accepted from reduced compounds and eventually transferred to oxygen with the formation of water. SYN: cytochrome system, electron-transport c., electron-transport system.
short c. in bacteriology, a string of two to eight cells.
side c. 1. a c. of noncyclic atoms linked to a benzene ring, or to any cyclic c. compound; 2. the atoms of an α-amino acid other than the α-carboxyl group, the α-amino group, the α-carbon, and the hydrogen attached to the α-carbon.

chaining
chaining (chan′ing)

Learning related behaviors in a series in which each response serves as a stimulus for the next response.

chalasia
chalasia, chalasis (ka-la′ze-a, -la′sis)

Inhibition and relaxation of any previously sustained contraction of muscle, usually of a synergic group of muscles. [G. chalao, to loosen]

chalaza
chalaza (ka-la′za)

1. SYN: chalazion. 2. Suspensory ligament of the yolk in a bird's egg. [G. hail; a small tubercle, a sty (Galen)]

chalazion
chalazion, pl .chalazia (ka-la′ze-on, -ze-a)

A chronic inflammatory granuloma of a meibomian gland. SYN: chalaza (1) , meibomian cyst, tarsal cyst. [G. dim. of chalaza, a sty]
acute c. SYN: hordeolum internum.
collar-stud c. a c. that extends through the tarsal plate anteriorly (c. externum) and toward the conjunctiva.

chalcone
chalcone (kal′kon)

The parent compound of a series of plant pigments. All are flavonoids and typically are yellow to orange in color. SYN: benzalacetophenone.

chalcosis
chalcosis (kal-ko′sis)

Chronic copper poisoning. SYN: chalkitis. [G. chalkos, copper, brass]
c. lentis a cataract caused by excessive intraocular copper. SYN: copper cataract, sunflower cataract.

chalicosis
chalicosis (kal-i-ko′sis)

Pneumoconiosis caused by the inhalation of dust incident to the occupation of stone cutting. SYN: flint disease. [G. chalix, gravel]

chalk
chalk (chawk)

SYN: calcium carbonate. [L. calx]
French c. SYN: talc.
prepared c. purified native calcium carbonate, usually molded into cones; used as a mild astringent and antacid.

chalkitis
chalkitis (kal-ki′tis)

SYN: chalcosis. [G. chalkos, copper, brass]

chalone
chalone (ka′lon)

Originally, a hormone ( e.g., enterogastrone) that inhibits rather than stimulates; now, any one of a number of mitotic inhibitors (often glycoproteins) elaborated by a tissue and active only on that type of tissue, regardless of species; thus, a reversible tissue-specific mitotic inhibitor. [G. + chalao, to relax, + -one]

chalybeate
chalybeate (kal-ib′e-at)

Obsolete term for impregnated with or containing iron salts and for a therapeutic agent containing iron. [G. chalyps (chalyb-), steel]

chamber
chamber (cham′ber) [TA]

A compartment or enclosed space. SEE ALSO: camera. [L. camera]
altitude c. a decompression c. for simulating a high altitude environment, particularly its low barometric pressure. SYN: high altitude c..
anechoic c. a room designed to absorb all sound so as to eliminate all echoes; used for research on hearing and sensory deprivation.
anterior c. of eyeball [TA] the space between the cornea anteriorly and the iris/pupil posteriorly, filled with a watery fluid (aqueous humor) and communicating through the pupil with the posterior c.. SYN: camera anterior bulbi [TA] , camera (1) [TA] , camera oculi anterior, camera oculi major.
aqueous chambers the combined anterior and posterior chambers of the eye containing the aqueous humor. See anterior c. of eyeball, posterior c. of eyeball. SEE ALSO: anterior segment.
counting c. a device for counting microscopic objects suspended in fluid, as cells and platelets in dilute whole blood or bacteria in broth culture. It consists of a microscope slide containing a shallow cavity of uniform depth whose floor is ruled with a grid and which, when closed with a cover glass, holds a precise volume of fluid. A calculation based on the number of objects counted within the grid lines, the dilution of the fluid, and the volume of the counting c. yields an estimate of the concentration of objects in the fluid before dilution. SEE ALSO: hemocytometer.
decompression c. a c. for exposing organisms to pressures below that of the atmosphere.
chambers of eyeball [TA] the cavities within the eyeball: anterior and posterior chambers, filled with aqueous, and the postremal (vitreous) c., occupied by the vitreous. SEE ALSO: anterior c. of eyeball, posterior c. of eyeball, postremal c. of eyeball. SYN: camerae bulbi [TA] .
high altitude c. SYN: altitude c..
hyperbaric c. a c. providing pressures greater than atmospheric, commonly used to treat decompression sickness and to provide hyperbaric oxygenation.
ionization c. a c. for detecting ionization of the enclosed gas; used for determining intensity of ionizing radiation. SEE ALSO: Geiger-Müller counter.
posterior c. of eyeball the ringlike space, filled with aqueous humor, between the iris/pupil anteriorly and the lens and ciliary body posteriorly. SYN: camera posterior bulbi [TA] , camera oculi minor, camera oculi posterior.
postremal c. of eyeball [TA] the large space between the lens and the retina; it is filled with the vitreous body. SYN: camera postrema [TA] , camera vitrea bulbi&star, camera vitrea&star, vitreous c.&star, posterior segment of eyeball, vitreous camera, vitreous c. of eye.
pulp c. that portion of the pulp cavity which is contained in the crown or body of the tooth.
relief c. a recess in the impression surface of a denture to reduce or eliminate pressure from that specific area of the mouth.
Sandison-Clark c. a c. that can be fitted over a hole punched in a rabbit's ear, so that tissue will grow to fill the defect between two transparent plates; if the distance between the plates is small, the living tissue can be studied microscopically.
sinuatrial c. the common c. formed by the single embryonic atrium and the right and left horns of the sinus venosus.
vitreous c. postremal c. of eyeball.
vitreous c. of eye SYN: postremal c. of eyeball.
Zappert counting c. a special, standardized glass slide used for counting cells (especially erythrocytes and leukocytes) and other particulate material in a measured volume of fluid; the central portion is precisely ground in such a manner that the uniformly flat surface is exactly 0.1 mm lower than that of two parallel ridges on which a special, uniformly flat coverslip may be placed; accurately etched lines on the flat central portion form the boundaries of groups of squares of known areas, thereby providing the basis for determining the volume of fluid in which the cells are counted. Glass slides of this type are frequently known as hemocytometers.

Chamberlain
Chamberlain

W. Edward, U.S. radiologist, 1891–1947. See C. line.

Chamberlen
Chamberlen

Peter, English obstetrician, 1560–1631. See C. forceps.

chamecephalic
chamecephalic (kam-e-se-fal′ik)

Having a flat head; denoting a skull with a vertical index of 70 or less; similar to tapinocephalic. SYN: chamecephalous. [G. chamai, on the ground (low, stunted), + kephale, head]

chamecephalous
chamecephalous (kam-e-sef′a-lus)

SYN: chamecephalic.

chameprosopic
chameprosopic (kam′e-pro-sop′ik)

Having a broad face. [G. chamai (adv.), on the ground (low, spread out), + prosopikos, facial]

chamfer
chamfer (sham′fer)

A marginal finish on an extracoronal cavity preparation of a tooth which describes a curve from an axial wall to the cavosurface. [fr. O.Fr. chanfrein(t), beveled edge]

chamomile
chamomile (kam′o-mil)

The flowering heads of Anthemis nobilis (family Compositae); a stomachic. SYN: camomile. [G. chamaimelon, c., fr. chamai, on the ground, + melon, apple]

Champy
Champy

Christian, French physician, *1885. See C. fixative.

Chanarin
Chanarin

I., 20th century British hematologist. See Dorfman-C. syndrome.

Chance
Chance

G.Q., 20th century British radiologist. See C. fracture.

chancre
chancre (shan′ker)

The primary lesion of syphilis, which begins at the site of cutaneous or mucosal infection after an interval of 10–30 days as a papule or area of infiltration, of dull red color, hard, and insensitive; the center usually becomes eroded or breaks down into an ulcer that heals slowly after 4–6 weeks. Finding Treponema pallidum on dark-field examination is diagnostic, except in oral ulcers, in which T. microdentium is normally present. SYN: hard c., hard sore, hard ulcer, syphilitic ulcer (1) . [Fr. indirectly from L. cancer]
hard c. SYN: c..
mixed c. a sore resulting from simultaneous inoculation of a site with syphilis and chancroid.
monorecidive c. a c. that recurs at the site of a previously healed lesion.
c. redux a second c. occurring in a syphilitic subject, possibly an allergic reaction without the presence of the specific spirochete.
soft c. SYN: chancroid.
sporotrichositic c. the initial lesion at the site of skin infection in sporotrichosis.
tularemic c. the primary lesion, usually of finger, thumb, or hand, in tularemia.

chancriform
chancriform (shang′kri-form)

Resembling chancre.

chancroid
chancroid (shang′kroyd)

An infectious, painful, ragged venereal ulcer at the site of infection by Haemophilus ducreyi, beginning after an incubation period of 3–7 days; seen more commonly in men; Gram-negative streptobacilli may be identified by staining material from the ulcer. SYN: soft chancre, soft sore, soft ulcer, venereal sore, venereal ulcer. [chancre + G. eidos, resemblance]

chancroidal
chancroidal (shang-kroy′dal)

Relating to or of the nature of chancroid.

chancrous
chancrous (shang′krus)

Characterized by having a chancre.

Chandler
Chandler

Paul A., U.S. ophthalmologist, *1896. See C. syndrome.

change
change (chanj)

An alteration; in pathology, structural alteration of which the cause and significance is uncertain. SYN: shift.
Armanni-Ebstein c. SYN: Armanni-Ebstein kidney.
Baggenstoss c. distention of pancreatic acini by proteinaceous secretion, seen in dehydration.
Crooke hyaline c. replacement of cytoplasmic granules of basophil cells of the anterior pituitary by homogeneous hyaline material; a characteristic finding in Cushing syndrome, but usually not present in the cells of a basophil adenoma. SYN: Crooke hyaline degeneration.
fatty c. SYN: fatty metamorphosis.
c. of life colloquialism for 1. menopause; 2. climacteric.
reactive changes term in the Bethesda classification system for reporting cervical/vaginal cytologic diagnosis that refers to changes benign in nature, associated with inflammation (including typical repair), atrophy with inflammation, radiation, an intrauterine device, and other nonspecific causes. SEE ALSO: Bethesda system, AGUS, LSIL, HSIL.
trophic changes changes resulting from interruption of nerve supply. SEE ALSO: neurotrophic atrophy.

Changeux
Changeux

Jean-Pierre, French 20th century biochemist. See Monod-Wyman-C. model.

channel
channel (chan′el)

A furrow, gutter, or groovelike passageway. SEE ALSO: canal. [L. canalis]
ion c. a specific macromolecular protein pathway, with an aqueous “pore,” that traverses the lipid bilayer of a cell's plasma membrane and maintains or modulates the electrical potential across this barrier by allowing controlled influx or exit of small inorganic ions such as Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻, and Ca²⁺. It plays an important role in propagation of the action potential in neurons, but also may control transduction of extracellular signals and contraction in muscle cells. In general, ion channels are characterized by their selectivity for certain ions, their specific regulation or gating of these ions, and their specific sensitivity to toxins.
ligand-gated c. a class of ion channels whose ionic permeability is regulated by cell membrane receptors that respond to specific extracellular chemical signals.
transnexus c. a hexagonal 15–20Å hydrophilic c. capable of transporting small ions between cardiac muscle cells.
voltage-gated c. a class of ion channels that open and close in response to change in the electrical potential across the plasma membrane of the cell; voltage-gated Na⁺ c.'s are important for conducting action potential along nerve cell processes.

channelopathies
channelopathies (chan-el-op′ath-ez)

SYN: ion channel disorders, under disorder. [channel + G. pathos, disease]

Chantemesse
Chantemesse

André, French bacteriologist, 1851–1919. See C. reaction.

chaos
chaos (ka′os)

1. State of such total disorganization that it has no constructive predicates. 2. A state in which no causal relationships are operating. [G., primeval formless void]
mathematical c. a dynamic system so sensitive to its precise current state (which in practice will never be known exactly) that its behavior, though deterministic, is indistinguishable from random.

chaotropic
chaotropic (ka-o-trop′ik)

Pertaining to chaotropism.

chaotropism
chaotropism (ka-o-trop′izm)

The property of certain substances, usually ions ( e.g., SCN⁻, ClO₄⁻, guanidinium), to disrupt the structure of water and thereby promote the solubility of nonpolar substances in polar solvents ( e.g., water), the unfolding of proteins, the elution from or movement through a chromatographic medium of an otherwise tightly bound substance, etc. [G. chaos, disorder, confusion, + trope, a turning]

CHAP
CHAP

Acronym for cyclophosphamide, hexamethylmelamine, doxorubicin (Adriamycin), and cisplatin, a chemotherapy regimen used in the treatment of ovarian cancer.

chaperone
chaperone (shap-e-ron)

1. A protein required for the proper folding and/or assembly of another protein or protein complex. 2. One who accompanies a physician during examination of a patient of the opposite sex (from the physician). [Eng. escort, protector, fr. Fr. chaperon, hood, fr. chape, cape, fr. L.L. cappa, fr. L. caput, head]

chappa
chappa (chap′pa)

A disease marked by subcutaneous nodules, the size of a pigeon's egg, which break down, release a fatty looking material, and form ulcers; the eruption is preceded by severe muscular and articular pains. [W. Af.]

chapped
chapped (chapt)

Having or pertaining to skin, especially of the hands, that is dry, scaly, and fissured, owing to the action of cold or to the excess rate of evaporation of moisture from the skin surface. See hand eczema. [M.E. chap, to chop, split]

character
character (kar′ak-ter)

An attribute in individuals that is amenable to formal and logical analysis and may be used as the basis of generalizations about classes and other statements that transcend individuality. SYN: characteristic (1) . [G. charakter, stamp, mark, fr. charasso, to engrave]
acquired c. a c. developed in a plant or animal as a result of environmental influences during the individual's life.
classifiable c. a c. that allows individuals to be sorted into distinct but not quantitative classes, e.g., blood types.
compound c. an inherited c. dependent upon two or more distinct genes.
denumerable c. classifiable c. that is also countable ( e.g., number of progeny, number of teeth). SYN: discrete c..
discrete c. SYN: denumerable c..
dominant c. an inherited c. determined by one kind of allele. See phenotype.
inherited c. a discrete attribute of an animal or plant that is transmitted at one genetic locus from generation to generation in accordance with Mendel law. See gene. SYN: unit c..
mendelian c. an inherited c. under the control of a single locus (although perhaps modified by genes at other loci).
primary sex characters the sex glands, testes or ovaries, and the accessory sex organs.
recessive c. an inherited c. determined by an allele in homozygous state only. See dominance of traits.
secondary sex characters those characters peculiar to the male or female that develop at puberty, e.g., men's beards and women's breasts.
sex-linked c. an inherited c. determined by a gene on a gonosome. See gene.
unit c. SYN: inherited c..

character armor
character armor

A habitual pattern of organized defenses against anxiety.

characteristic
characteristic (kar′ak-ter-is′tik)

1. SYN: character. 2. Typical or distinctive of a particular disorder.
receiver operating c. (ROC) a plot of the sensitivity of a diagnostic test as a function of nonspecificity (one minus the specificity). The ROC curve indicates the intrinsic properties of a test's diagnostic performance and can be used to compare the relative merits of competing procedures.

characterization
characterization (kar′ak-ter-i-za′shun)

The discernment, description, or attributing of distinguishing traits.
denture c. modification of the form and color of the denture base and/or teeth to produce a more lifelike appearance.

charas
charas (char′as)

A resin obtained from mature leaves of selected varieties of Cannabis sativa; used for smoking.

charbon
charbon (shar-bawn′)

SYN: anthrax (2) . [Fr. coal]

charcoal
charcoal (char′kol)

Carbon obtained by heating or burning wood with restricted access of air. SYN: carbo.
activated c. the residue from the destructive distillation of various organic materials, treated to increase its adsorptive power; used in diarrhea, as an antidote in various forms of poisoning, and in purification processes in industry and research. SYN: medicinal c..
animal c. c. produced by incomplete combustion of animal tissues, especially bone. SYN: animal black, bone black, bone c..
bone c. SYN: animal c..
medicinal c. SYN: activated c..
vegetable c. c. obtained by charring vegetable tissues, especially the wood of willow, beech, birch, or oak. SYN: wood c..
wood c. SYN: vegetable c..

Charcot
Charcot

Jean M., French neurologist, 1825–1893. See C. arteries, C. disease, C. intermittent fever, C. gait, C. joint, C. syndrome, C. triad, C. vertigo, C.-Leyden crystals, under crystal, C.-Neumann crystals, under crystal, C.-Robin crystals, under crystal, C.-Böttcher crystalloids, under crystalloid, C.-Marie-Tooth disease, C.-Weiss-Baker syndrome, Erb-C. disease.

Chargaff
Chargaff

Erwin, Austrian-U.S. biochemist, *1905. See C. rule.

charge transfer
charge transfer

See c. complex.

charlatan
charlatan (shar′la-tan)

A medical fraud claiming to cure disease by useless procedures, secret remedies, and worthless diagnostic and therapeutic machines. SYN: quack. [Fr., fr. It. ciarlare, to prattle]

charlatanism
charlatanism (shar′la-tan-izm)

A fraudulent claim to medical knowledge; treating the sick without knowledge of medicine or authority to practice medicine. SYN: quackery.

Charles
Charles

Jacques, French physicist, 1746–1823. See C. law.

charley horse
charley horse (char′le hors)

Localized pain or muscle stiffness following a contusion of a muscle. [slang]

Charlton
Charlton

Willy, German physician, *1889. See Schultz-C. phenomenon, Schultz-C. reaction.

Charnley
Charnley

Sir John, English orthopedic surgeon, 1911–1982. See C. hip arthroplasty.

Charrière
Charrière

Joseph F.B., French instrument maker, 1803–1876. See C. scale.

chart
chart

1. A recording of clinical data relating to a patient's case. 2. SYN: curve (2) . 3. In optics, symbols of graduated size for measuring visual acuity, or test types for determining far or near vision. See Snellen test types. [L. charta, sheet of papyrus]
Amsler c. a 10-cm square divided into 5-mm squares upon which an individual may project a defect in the central visual field. SYN: Amsler grid.
isometric c. a c. or graph that displays three dimensions on a plane surface.
Levey-Jennings c. SYN: quality control c..
Pickles c. day-by-day plots of new cases of infectious disease used to demonstrate the progress of an epidemic in a small, relatively isolated population.
quality control c. a c. illustrating the allowable limits of error in laboratory test performance, the limits being a defined deviation from the mean of a control serum, most commonly ±2 SD. SEE ALSO: quality control. SYN: Levey-Jennings c..
Tanner growth c. a series of charts showing distribution of parameters of physical development, such as stature, growth curves, and skinfold thickness, for children by sex, age, and stages of puberty.
Walker c. a system of plotting the relative fetal and placental sizes.

Charters
Charters

W.J., U.S. dentist. See C. method.

charting
charting

Making a record in tabular or graph form of the progress of a patient's condition. SYN: clinical recording.

Chassaignac
Chassaignac

Edouard P.M., French surgeon, 1804–1879. See C. space, C. tubercle.

Chaudhry
Chaudhry

Anand P. See Gorlin-C.-Moss syndrome.

Chauffard
Chauffard

Anatole M.E., French physician, 1855–1932. See C. syndrome, Still-C. syndrome.

chaulmoogra oil
chaulmoogra oil (chawl-moo′gra)

The fixed oil expressed from seeds of Taraktogenos kurzii and Hydnocarpus wightiana (family Flacourtiaceae); formerly used in the treatment of leprosy. SYN: gynocardia oil, hydnocarpus oil.

Chaussier
Chaussier

François, French physician, 1746–1828. See C. line, C. sign.

Chayes
Chayes

Herman E.S., U.S. prosthodontist, 1880–1933. See C. method.

Ch.B.
Ch.B.

Abbreviation for Chirurgiae Baccalaureus, Bachelor of Surgery.

Ch.D.
Ch.D.

Abbreviation for Chirurgiae Doctor, Doctor of Surgery.

Cheadle
Cheadle

Walter B., English pediatrician, 1835–1910. See C. disease.

Cheatle
Cheatle

Sir George L., British surgeon, 1865–1951. See C. slit.

checkbite
checkbite (chek′bit)

SYN: interocclusal record.

checkerberry oil
checkerberry oil (chek′er-bar′e)

SYN: methyl salicylate.

Chédiak
Chédiak

Moisés, 20th century Cuban physician. See C.-Higashi disease, C.-Steinbrinck-Higashi anomaly, C.-Steinbrinck-Higashi syndrome.

cheek
cheek (chek)

The side of the face forming the lateral wall of the mouth. SYN: bucca, gena, mala (1) . [A. S. ceáce]

cheil- cheil-

See cheilo-.

cheilalgia
cheilalgia, chilalgia (ki-lal′je-a)

Pain in the lip. [cheil- + G. algos, pain]

cheilectomy
cheilectomy, chilectomy (ki-lek′to-me)

1. Excision of a portion of the lip. 2. Chiseling away bony irregularities at osteochondral margin of a joint cavity that interfere with movements of the joint. [cheil- + G. ektome, excision]

cheilectropion
cheilectropion, chilectropion (ki-lek-tro′pe-on)

Eversion of the lips or a lip. [cheil- + G. ektropos, a turning out]

cheilion
cheilion (ki′le-on)

A cephalometric point located at the angle (corner) of the mouth. [G. cheilos, lips]

cheilitis
cheilitis, chilitis (ki-li′tis)

Inflammation of the lips or of a lip. SEE ALSO: cheilosis. [cheil- + G. -itis, inflammation]
actinic c. SYN: solar c..
angular c. inflammation and fissuring radiating from the commissures of the mouth secondary to predisposing factors such as lost vertical dimension in denture wearers, nutritional deficiencies, atopic dermatitis, or Candida albicans infection. SYN: angular stomatitis, commissural c., perlèche.
commissural c. SYN: angular c..
contact c. inflammation of the lips resulting from contact with a primary irritant or specific allergen, including ingredients of lipsticks. SYN: c. venenata.
c. exfoliativa an exfoliative dermatitis; it may be related to atopic dermatitis or to contact sensitivity.
c. glandularis an acquired disorder, of unknown etiology, of the lower lip characterized by swelling, ulceration, crusting, mucous gland hyperplasia, abscesses, and sinus tracts. SYN: Baelz disease, myxadenitis labialis, Volkmann c..
c. granulomatosa chronic, diffuse, soft swelling of the lips, of unknown etiology, microscopically characterized by noncaseating granulomatous inflammation. SEE ALSO: Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome. SYN: Meischer syndrome.
impetiginous c. pyoderma of the lips with yellow crusts due to Staphylococcus aureus or streptococcal infection.
solar c. mucosal atrophy with drying, crusting, and fissuring of the vermilion border of the lower lip in older fair-skinned individuals, resulting from chronic exposure to sunlight; dysplastic (premalignant) changes are noted microscopically, analogous to solar keratosis. SYN: actinic c..
c. venenata SYN: contact c..
Volkmann c. SYN: c. glandularis.

cheilo- cheilo-, cheil-

Lips. SEE ALSO: chilo-, labio-. [G. cheilos, lip]

cheilognathoglossoschisis
cheilognathoglossoschisis (ki′lo-nath′o-glos-os′ki-sis)

Associated condition of cleft mandible and lower lip, and bifid tongue. [cheilo- + G. gnathos, jaw, + glossa, tongue, + schisis, cleft]

cheilognathopalatoschisis
cheilognathopalatoschisis (ki′lo-nath′o-pal-a-tos′ki-sis)

SYN: cheilognathouranoschisis.

cheilognathouranoschisis
cheilognathouranoschisis (ki-lo-nath′o-u-ra-nos′ki-sis)

Cleft lip with cleft upper jaw and palate. SYN: cheilognathopalatoschisis. [cheilo- + G. gnathos, jaw, + ouranos, sky (roof of mouth), + schisis, cleft]

cheilophagia
cheilophagia, chilophagia (ki-lo-fa′je-a)

Biting of the lips. [cheilo- + G. phago, to eat]

cheiloplasty
cheiloplasty (ki′lo-plas-te)

Old term for plastic surgery of the lips. [cheilo- + G. plastos, formed]

cheilorrhaphy
cheilorrhaphy (ki-lor′a-fe)

Suturing of the lip. [cheilo- + G. rhaphe, suture]

cheilosis
cheilosis, chilosis (ki-lo′sis)

A condition characterized by dry scaling and fissuring of the lips, attributed by some to riboflavin and other nutritional deficiencies. SEE ALSO: cheilitis. [cheil- + G. -osis, condition]

cheilotomy
cheilotomy (ki-lot′o-me)

Incision into the lip. [cheilo- + G. tome, incision]

cheir- cheir-

See cheiro-.

cheiralgia
cheiralgia (kir-al′je-a, -jya)

Obsolete term for pain and paresthesia in the hand.
c. paresthetica compression neuropathy of the superficial branch of the radial nerve, marked by pain and paresthesia over the course of the nerve.

cheirarthritis
cheirarthritis (ki′rar-thri′tis)

Obsolete term for inflammation of the joints of the hand. SYN: chirarthritis. [cheir- + arthritis]

cheiro- cheiro-, cheir-

Hand. SEE ALSO: chiro-. [G. cheir, a hand]

cheirognostic
cheirognostic (ki′rog-nos′tik)

Able to distinguish between right and left, as of the hands or of which side of the body is touched. SYN: chirognostic. [cheiro- + G. gnostikos, perceptive]

cheirokinesthesia
cheirokinesthesia (ki′ro-kin-es-the′ze-a)

The subjective sensation of movement of the hands. SYN: chirokinesthesia. [cheiro- + G. kinesis, movement, + aisthesis, sensation]

cheirokinesthetic
cheirokinesthetic (ki′ro-kin-es-thet′ik)

Relating to cheirokinesthesia.

cheirology
cheirology, chirology (ki-rol′o-je)

SYN: dactylology. [cheiro- + G. logos, word]

cheiromegaly
cheiromegaly, chiromegaly (ki′ro-meg′a-le)

SYN: macrocheiria. [cheiro- + G. megas, large]

cheiropodalgia
cheiropodalgia (ki′ro-po-dal′je-a)

Rarely used term for pain in the hands and in the feet. SYN: chiropodalgia. [cheiro- + G. pous, foot, + algos, pain]

cheiropompholyx
cheiropompholyx (ki-ro-pom′fo-liks)

SYN: dyshidrosis. [cheiro- + G. pompholyx, a bubble, fr. pomphos, a blister]

cheirospasm
cheirospasm (ki′ro-spazm)

Rarely used term for spasm of the muscles of the hand, as in writers' cramp. SYN: chirospasm. [cheiro- + G. spasmos, spasm]

chelate
chelate (ke′lat)

1. To effect chelation. 2. Pertaining to chelation. 3. A complex formed through chelation.

chelation
chelation (ke-la′shun)

Complex formation involving a metal ion and two or more polar groupings of a single molecule; thus, in heme, the Fe²⁺ ion is chelated by the porphyrin ring. C. can be used to remove an ion from participation in biological reactions, as in the c. of Ca²⁺ of blood by EDTA, which thus acts as an anticoagulant. [G. chele, claw]

chelicera
chelicera, pl .chelicerae (ke-lis′i-ra, -i-re)

One of the two anterior appendages of arachnids; in ticks and parasitic mites, the chelicerae are piercing and cutting structures, and constitute important feeding organs. [G. chele, claw, + keras, horn]

chelidon
chelidon (kel′e-don)

SYN: cubital fossa. [G. c., a swallow, because of fancied resemblance to the shape of a swallow's tail]

cheloid
cheloid (ke′loyd)

SYN: keloid.

chem- chem-

See chemo-.

chemexfoliation
chemexfoliation (kem′eks-fo-le-a′shun)

A chemosurgical technique designed to remove acne scars or treat chronic skin changes caused by exposure to sunlight. SYN: chemical peeling.

chemiatry chemiatry (kem′i-a-tre)

Obsolete term for iatrochemistry.

chemical
chemical (kem′i-kal)

Relating to chemistry.

chemicocautery
chemicocautery (kem′i-ko-kaw′ter-e)

SYN: chemocautery.

chemiluminescence
chemiluminescence (kem′e-loo-min-es′ens)

Light produced by chemical action usually at, or below, room temperature. SYN: chemoluminescence.

chemiotaxis
chemiotaxis (kem′e-o-taks′is)

SYN: chemotaxis.

chemise
chemise (shem-ez′)

A square of gauze fastened to a catheter passed through its center; used to retain a tampon packed around the catheter inserted into a wound, such as that resulting from a perineal resection. [Fr. shirt]

chemist
chemist (kem′ist)

1. A specialist or expert in chemistry. 2. Pharmacist (British).

chemistry
chemistry (kem′is-tre)

1. The science concerned with the atomic composition of substances, the elements, and their interreactions, as well as the formation, decomposition, and properties of molecules. 2. The chemical properties of a substance. 3. Chemical processes. [G. chemeia, alchemy]
analytic c. the application of c. to the determination and detection of composition and identification of specific substances.
applied c. the application of the theories and principles of c. to practical purposes.
biologic c. SYN: biochemistry.
clinical c. 1. the c. of human health and disease; 2. c. in connection with the management of patients, as in a hospital laboratory.
ecologic c. 1. c. that concentrates on the effects of human-made chemicals on the environment as well as the development of agents that are not harmful to the environment; 2. the study of the molecular interactions between species and between species and the environment.
epithermal c. so-called “hot atom” c.; the science concerned with the chemical reactions of recoil atoms and free radicals produced in low energy nuclear processes.
inorganic c. the science concerned with compounds not involving carbon-containing molecules.
macromolecular c. the c. of macromolecules ( e.g., proteins, nucleic acids) and polymers (nylon, polyethylene, etc).
medicinal c. SYN: pharmaceutical c..
nuclear c. the science concerned with the c. of nuclear reactions and processes.
organic c. that branch of c. concerned with covalently linked atoms, centering around carbon compounds of this type; originally, and still including, the c. of natural products.
pharmaceutical c. medicinal c. in its application to the analysis, development, preparation, and the manufacture of drugs. SYN: medicinal c., pharmacochemistry.
physiologic c. SYN: biochemistry.
radiopharmaceutical c. the science concerned with the labeling of pharmaceuticals with radionuclides.
synthetic c. the formation or building up of complex compounds by uniting the more simple ones.

chemo- chemo-, chem-

Chemistry. [G. chemeia, alchemy]

chemoattractants
chemoattractants (kem′a-trak′tinz)

Chemical substances that influence the migration of cells. [chem- + attract + -i]

chemoautotroph
chemoautotroph (kem′o-aw′to-trof, ke′mo)

An organism that depends on chemicals for its energy and principally on carbon dioxide for its carbon. SYN: chemolithotroph. [chemo- + G. autos, self, + trophikos, nourishing]

chemoautotrophic
chemoautotrophic (kem′o-aw-to-trof′ik, ke′mo-)

Pertaining to a chemoautotroph. SYN: chemolithotrophic.

chemobiodynamics
chemobiodynamics (kem′o-bi-o-di-nam′iks, ke′mo-)

Study devoted to elucidation of correlations between the chemical constitution of various materials and their ability to modify the function and morphology of biological systems. [chemo- + G. bios, life, + dynamis, power]

chemocautery
chemocautery (kem′o-kaw-ter-e, ke′mo-)

Any substance that destroys tissue upon application. SYN: chemical cautery, chemicocautery.

chemoceptor
chemoceptor (ke′mo-sep-tor)

SYN: chemoreceptor.

chemodectoma
chemodectoma (kem′o-dek-to′ma, ke′mo-)

Aortic body, carotid body, chemoreceptor, or glomus jugulare tumor; nonchromaffin paraganglioma; receptoma; a relatively rare, usually benign neoplasm originating in the chemoreceptor tissue of the carotid body, glomus jugulare, and aortic bodies; consisting histologically of rounded or ovoid hyperchromatic cells that tend to be grouped in an alveoluslike pattern within a scant to moderate amount of fibrous stroma and a few large thin-walled vascular channels. Cf.:paraganglioma. SYN: aortic body tumor, carotid body tumor, nonchromaffin paraganglioma. [chemo- + G. dektes, receiver, fr. dechomai, to receive, + -oma, tumor]

chemodectomatosis
chemodectomatosis (kem′o-dek-to-ma-to′sis, ke′mo-)

Multiple tumors of perivascular tissue of carotid body or presumed chemoreceptor type, which have been reported in the lungs as minute neoplasms.

chemodifferentiation
chemodifferentiation (kem′o-dif-er-en-she-a′shun, ke′mo-)

Differentiation of the cellular chemical constituents in the embryo prior to cytodifferentiation; sometimes recognizable histochemically. SYN: invisible differentiation.

chemoheterotroph
chemoheterotroph (kem′o-het′er-o-trof, ke′mo-)

SYN: chemoorganotroph. [chem- + G. heteros, other, + trophe, nourishment]

chemoheterotrophic
chemoheterotrophic (kem′o-het-er-o-trof′ik, ke′mo-)

SYN: chemoorganotrophic.

chemoimmunology
chemoimmunology (kem′o-im-u-nol′o-je, ke′mo-)

An obsolete term for immunochemistry.

chemokines
chemokines (ke′mo-kinz)

Several groups composed of usually 8–10 kD polypeptide cytokines that are chemokinetic and chemotactic stimulating leukocyte movement and attraction. SYN: intercrines. [chemo- + G. kineo, to set in motion]

chemokinesis
chemokinesis (kem′o-ki-ne′sis, ke′mo-)

Stimulation of an organism by a chemical. [chemo- + G. kinesis, movement]

chemokinetic
chemokinetic (kem′-o-ki-net′ik, ke′mo-)

Referring to chemokinesis.

chemolithotroph
chemolithotroph (kem′o-lith′o-trof, ke′mo-)

SYN: chemoautotroph.

chemolithotrophic
chemolithotrophic (kem′o-lith-o-trof′ik, ke′mo-)

SYN: chemoautotrophic.

chemolithotrophy
chemolithotrophy (kem′o-lith′o-trof-e)

The utilization of inorganic compounds or ions to obtain reducing equivalents and energy. [chemo- + G. lithos, stone, mineral, + trophe, nourishment]

chemoluminescence
chemoluminescence (kem′o-loo-min-es′ens, ke′mo-)

SYN: chemiluminescence.

chemolysis
chemolysis (kem-ol′i-sis)

Chemical decomposition. [chemo- + G. lysis, dissolution]

chemonucleolysis
chemonucleolysis (kem′o-noo-kle-ol′i-sis, ke′mo-)

Injection of chymopapain into the nucleus pulposus of an intervertebral disk. A therapeutic option for the treatment of a herniated nucleus pulposis, e.g., “slipped disk.”

chemoorganotroph
chemoorganotroph (kem′o-or′ga-no-trof, ke′mo-)

An organism that depends on organic chemicals for its energy and carbon. SYN: chemoheterotroph. [chemo- + G. organon, organ, + trophe, nourishment]

chemoorganotrophic
chemoorganotrophic (kem′o-or-ga-no-trof′ik, ke′mo-)

Pertaining to a chemoorganotroph. SYN: chemoheterotrophic.

chemopallidectomy
chemopallidectomy (kem′o-pal-i-dek′to-me, ke′mo-)

Destruction of the globus pallidus by injection of a chemical agent. SYN: chemopallidotomy. [chemo- + globus pallidus + G. ektome, excision]

chemopallidothalamectomy
chemopallidothalamectomy (kem′o-pal′i-do-thal-a-mek′to-me, ke′mo-)

Destruction of portions of the globus pallidus and thalamus by injection of a chemical substance. [chemo- + globus pallidus + thalamus + G. ektome, excision]

chemopallidotomy
chemopallidotomy (kem′o-pal-i-dot′o-me, ke′mo-)

SYN: chemopallidectomy. [chemo- + globus pallidus + G. tome, incision]

chemoprevention
chemoprevention

The use of drugs or other agents to inhibit the development or progression of malignant changes in cells.

chemoprophylaxis
chemoprophylaxis (kem′o-pro′fi-lak′sis, ke′mo-)

Prevention of disease by the use of chemicals or drugs.

chemoreception
chemoreception (kem-o-re-sep′shun)

The ability to perceive chemicals in the environment that are odorants or tastants. SYN: chemosensation.

chemoreceptive
chemoreceptive (ke-mo-re-sep′tiv)

Relating to chemoreception.

chemoreceptor
chemoreceptor (ke′mo-re-sep′tor)

Any cell that is activated by a change in its chemical milieu and results in a nerve impulse. Such cells can be either 1) “transducer” cells innervated by sensory nerve fibers ( e.g., the gustatory receptor cells of the taste buds; cells in the carotid body sensitive to changes in the oxygen and carbon dioxide content of the blood); or 2) nerve cells proper, such as the olfactory receptor cells of the olfactory mucosa, and certain cells in the brainstem that are sensitive to changes in the composition of the blood or cerebrospinal fluid. SYN: chemoceptor.
medullary c. the chemoreceptors in or near the ventrolateral surface of the medulla that are stimulated by local acidity.
peripheral c. the chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies that are stimulated by chemical changes in the composition of the blood such as hypoxia.

chemoreflex
chemoreflex (kem-o-re′fleks, ke-mo-)

A reflex initiated by the stimulation of chemoreceptors, e.g., of a carotid body.

chemoresistance
chemoresistance (kem′o-re-zis′tans, ke′mo-)

The resistance of bacteria or malignant cells to the inhibiting action of certain chemical substances used in treatment.

chemoresponse
chemoresponse (ke-mo-re-sponz′)

A reaction to chemical stimulation.

chemosensation
chemosensation (ke-mo-sen-ssa′shun)

SYN: chemoreception.

chemosensitive
chemosensitive (kem-o-sen′si-tiv, ke-mo-)

Capable of perceiving changes in the chemical composition of the environment, e.g., changes in the oxygen and carbon dioxide content of the blood.

chemoserotherapy
chemoserotherapy (kem′o-se-r′o-thar-a-pe, ke′mo-)

An obsolete treatment of disease with a combination of drugs and serum.

chemosis
chemosis (ke-mo′sis)

Edema of the bulbar conjunctiva, forming a swelling around the cornea. [G. cheme, a yawning, the cockle (from its gaping shell)]

chemosmosis
chemosmosis (kem-os-mo′sis)

Chemical reaction between substances initially separated by a membrane. [chem- + G. osmos, a thrusting, an impulsion]

chemostat
chemostat (kem′o-stat)

A fermenter for microbial growth in which the ratio of growth to synthesis of secondary products is controlled by the rate at which new medium is added to the culture.

chemosurgery
chemosurgery (kem′o-ser-jer-e, ke′mo-)

Excision of diseased tissue after it has been fixed in situ by chemical means.
Mohs c. a technique for removal of skin tumors with a minimum of normal tissue, by prior necrosis with zinc chloride paste, mapping of the tumor site, and excision and microscopic examination of frozen section of thin horizontal layers of tissue, until all of the tumor is removed. More recently, the preliminary step of chemical necrosis has been omitted. SYN: microscopically controlled surgery, Mohs micrographic surgery, Mohs surgery.

chemosynthesis
chemosynthesis (ke-m′o-sin′the-sis)

1. Chemical synthesis. 2. Chemolithotrophy.

chemotactic
chemotactic (ke-mo-tak′tik)

Relating to chemotaxis.

chemotaxis
chemotaxis (ke-mo-tak′sis)

1. Movement of cells or organisms in response to chemicals, whereby the cells are attracted (positive c.) or repelled (negative c.) by substances exhibiting chemical properties. 2. The migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages toward higher concentrations of certain fragments of complement. SYN: chemiotaxis, chemotropism. [chemo- + G. taxis, orderly arrangement]

chemothalamectomy
chemothalamectomy (kem′o-thal-a-mek′to-me, ke′mo-)

Chemical destruction of a part of the thalamus, usually for relief of pain or dyskinesia. SYN: chemothalamotomy. [chemo- + thalamus, + G. ektome, excision]

chemothalamotomy
chemothalamotomy (kem′o-thal-a-mot′o-me, ke′mo-)

SYN: chemothalamectomy.

chemotherapeutic
chemotherapeutic (kem′o-thar-a-pu′tik, ke′mo-)

Relating to chemotherapy.

chemotherapeutics
chemotherapeutics (kem′o-thar-a-pu′tiks, ke′mo)

The branch of therapeutics concerned with chemotherapy.

chemotherapy
chemotherapy (kem′o-thar-a-pe, ke′mo-)

Treatment of disease by means of chemical substances or drugs; usually used in reference to neoplastic disease. SEE ALSO: pharmacotherapy.
adjuvant c. c. given in addition to surgical therapy, in order to reduce the risk of local or systemic relapse.
combination c. c. with more than one drug, to benefit from their dissimilar toxicities.
consolidation c. repetitive cycles of treatment during the immediate post-remission period, used especially for leukemia. SYN: intensification c..
cytostatic c. c. that does not allow tumor cell proliferation, but may not kill cells.
cytotoxic c. c. designed to kill tumor cells.
induction c. use of c. as initial treatment before surgery or radiotherapy of a malignancy.
intensification c. SYN: consolidation c..
salvage c. use of c. in a patient with recurrence of a malignancy following initial treatment, in hope of a cure or prolongation of life. SYN: salvage therapy.

chemotic
chemotic (ke-mot′ic)

Relating to chemosis.

chemotransmitter
chemotransmitter (kem-o-trans′mit-er, ke-mo-)

A chemical substance produced to diffuse across the space between cells (synapse) and cause responses of neurons or effector cells.

chemotroph
chemotroph (ke-mo-trof)

An organism that obtains its energy by the oxidation of inorganic or organic nutrients ( i.e., exogenous chemical sources).

chemotropism
chemotropism (ke-mot′ro-pi-zum)

SYN: chemotaxis. [chemo- + G. tropos, direction, turn]

Chenais
Chenais

Louis J., French physician, 1872–1950. See Cestan-C. syndrome.

Cheney
Cheney

William D., U.S. radiologist, *1918. See C. syndrome.

chenodeoxycholic acid
chenodeoxycholic acid (ke′no-de-oks-e-ko′lik)

A major bile acid in many vertebrates, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine, which facilitates cholesterol excretion and fat absorption; administered to dissolve cholesterol gallstones. SYN: chenodiol.

chenodiol
chenodiol (ke-no-di′ol)

SYN: chenodeoxycholic acid.

chenopodium
chenopodium (ke-no-po′de-um)

The dried ripe fruit of C. ambrosoides (family Chenopodiaceae), American wormwood, from which a volatile oil is distilled and used as an anthelmintic. SYN: Jesuit tea, Mexican tea, wormseed (2) . [G. chen, goose, + pous (pod-), foot]

Cherenkov
Cherenkov

See Cerenkov.

cherry juice
cherry juice (char′e)

The juice expressed from the fresh ripe fruit of Prunus cerasus, containing not less than 1.0% of malic acid; used as a flavoring agent, and as a vehicle for cough syrups and other preparations for oral administrations.

cherubism
cherubism (che-r′ub-izm) [MIM*118400]

Hereditary giant cell lesions of the jaws beginning in early childhood; multilocular radiolucencies and progressive symmetric painless swelling of the jaws; bilateral; occurs with no associated systemic manifestations. SYN: fibrous dysplasia of jaws. [Hebr. kerubh, cherub]

chest
chest

The anterior wall of the thorax. SEE ALSO: thorax. SYN: pectus. [A.S. cest, a box]
alar c. SYN: flat c..
barrel c. a c. permanently resembling the shape of a barrel, i.e., with increased anteroposterior diameter, roughly equaling the lateral diameter; usually with some degree of kyphosis; seen in cases of emphysema.
flail c. loss of stability of thoracic cage following fracture of sternum, ribs, or both; can cause respiratory failure.
flat c. a c. in which the anteroposterior diameter is shorter than the average. SYN: alar c., pterygoid c..
foveated c., funnel c. SYN: pectus excavatum.
keeled c. SYN: pectus carinatum.
phthinoid c. a long narrow c., the lower ribs being more oblique than usual and sometimes reaching almost to the crest of the ilium, with the scapulae projecting backward, the manubrium sterni depressed, and Louis angle sharper than normal; such a c. was once considered indicative of pulmonary tuberculosis.
pigeon c. SYN: pectus carinatum.
pterygoid c. SYN: flat c..

Cheyne
Cheyne

John, Scottish physician, 1777–1836. See C.-Stokes psychosis, C.-Stokes respiration.

chi
chi (ki)

1. The 22nd letter of the Greek alphabet, &c.;. 2. In chemistry, denotes the 22nd in a series. 3. Symbol for the dihedral angle between the α-carbon and the side chains of amino acids in peptides and proteins.

Chiari
Chiari

Johann B., German obstetrician, 1817–1854. See C.-Frommel syndrome.

Chiari
Chiari

Hans, German pathologist, 1851–1916. See Arnold-C. deformity, Arnold-C. malformation, Arnold-C. syndrome, C. disease, C. net, C. syndrome, C. II syndrome, C.-Budd syndrome, Budd-C. syndrome.

chiasm
chiasm (ki′azm)

1. An intersection or crossing of two lines. 2. [TA] In anatomy, a decussation or crossing of two fibrous bundles, such as tendins, nerves, or tracts. 3. In cytogenetics, the site at which two homologous chromosomes make contact (thus appearing to be crossed), enabling the exchange of genetic material during the prophase stage of meiosis. SYN: chiasma [TA] . [G. chiasma]
Camper c. SYN: tendinous c. of the digital tendons.
optic c. [TA] a flattened quadrangular body in front of the tuber cinereum and infundibulum, the point of crossing or decussation of the axons of the optic nerves; axons from the nasal retina cross to the opposite side while axons from the temporal retina run directly caudal without crossing, some pass transversely on the posterior surface between the two optic tracts and others pass transversely on the anterior surface between the two optic nerves. SYN: chiasma opticum [TA] , optic decussation.
tendinous c. of the digital tendons [TA] crossing of the tendons, the passage of the tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus (flexor digitorum longus in the foot) through the interval left by the decussation of the fibers of the tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis (flexor digitorum brevis in the foot). SYN: chiasma tendinum [TA] , Camper c..

chiasma
chiasma, pl .chiasmata (ki-az′ma, ki-az′ma-ta) [TA]

SYN: chiasm. [G. c., two crossing lines, fr. the letter chi, 3]
c. opticum [TA] SYN: optic chiasm.
c. tendinum [TA] SYN: tendinous chiasm of the digital tendons.

chiasmapexy
chiasmapexy (ki-as′ma-pek-se)

Surgical fixation of the optic chiasma. [G. chiasma, decussation, + pexis, fixation]

chiasmatic
chiasmatic (ki-az-mat′ik)

Relating to a chiasm.

chickenpox
chickenpox (chik′en-poks)

SYN: varicella.

Chick-Martin test
Chick-Martin test

See under test.

chicle
chicle (chik′el)

1. The partially evaporated viscous, milky juice from Manilkara zapotilla (sapotaceae), which is native to the West Indies, Mexico, and Central America. 2. A mixture of gutta with triterpene alcohols. Used in the manufacture of chewing gum. [Sp., from Nahuatl chictli]

Chievitz
Chievitz

Johan H., Danish anatomist, 1850–1901. See C. layer, C. organ.

chigger
chigger (chig′er)

The six-legged larva of Trombicula species and other members of the family Trombiculidae; a bloodsucking stage of mites that includes the vectors of scrub typhus.

chigoe
chigoe (chig′o)

Common name for Tunga penetrans.

chil- chil-

See chilo-.

Chilaiditi
Chilaiditi

Demetrius, Austrian radiologist, *1883. See C. syndrome.

chilblain
chilblain (chil′blan)

Erythema, itching, and burning, especially of the dorsa of the fingers and toes, and of the heels, nose, and ears caused by vascular constriction on exposure to extreme cold (usually associated with high humidity); lesions can be single or multiple, and can become blistered and ulcerated. SYN: erythema pernio, perniosis. [chill + A.S. blegen, a blain]

CHILD
CHILD

See C. syndrome.

childbearing
childbearing (child′bar-ing)

Pregnancy and parturition.

childbirth
childbirth (child′berth)

The process of labor and delivery in the birth of a child. SEE ALSO: birth, accouchement. SYN: parturition.

childhood
childhood (child′hud)

The period of life between infancy and puberty.

chill
chill

1. A sensation of cold. 2. A feeling of cold with shivering or shaking and pallor, accompanied by an elevation of temperature in the interior of the body; usually a symptom of an infectious disease due to the invasion of the blood by toxins. SYN: rigor (2) . [A.S. cele, cold]
smelter's chills SYN: smelter's fever.

chilo- chilo-, chil-

Lips. SEE ALSO: cheilo-. [G. cheilos, lip]

chilomastigiasis
chilomastigiasis (ki′lo-mas-ti-gi′a-sis)

Infection with protozoan flagellates of the genus Chilomastix, such as C. mesnili of the human cecum. SYN: chilomastosis.

Chilomastix
Chilomastix (ki-lo-mas′tiks)

A genus of protozoan flagellates parasitic in the large intestine of humans and other primates, and in many other mammals, birds, amphibia, and reptiles; it is ordinarily nonpathogenic, but one species, C. mesnili, may be an occasional cause of diarrhea in children. [chilo- + G. mastix, whip]

chilomastosis
chilomastosis (ki′lo-mas-to′sis)

SYN: chilomastigiasis.

Chilopoda
Chilopoda (ki-lop′o-da)

A class of centipedes (phylum Arthropoda). [chilo- + G. pous, foot]

chilopodiasis
chilopodiasis (ki′lo-po-di′a-sis)

Invasion of one of the cavities, especially the nasal cavity, by a species of Chilopoda.

chimera
chimera (ki-mer′a, ki-)

1. In experimental embryology, the individual produced by grafting an embryonic part of one animal on to the embryo of another, either of the same or of another species. 2. An organism that has received a transplant of genetically and immunologically different tissue, such as bone marrow. 3. Dizygotic twins that retain each other as immunologically distinct types of erythrocytes. 4. A protein fusion in which two different proteins are linked via peptide bonds; usually genetically engineered. Chimeric antibodies may have the Fab fragment from one species fused with the Fc fragment from another. 5. Any macromolecule fusion formed by two or more macromolecules from different species or from different genes. [L. Chimaera, G. Chimaira, mythic monster (lit. a she-goat)]
radiation c. an individual that has been subjected to whole body irradiation in order to lower immune response to foreign donor cells and therefore has the immunologic characteristics of both host and donor after a bone marrow graft from the antigenically different donor.

chimeric
chimeric (ki-mer′ik)

1. Relating to a chimera. Cf.:mosaicism. 2. Composed of parts that are of different origin and are seemingly incompatible.

chimerism
chimerism (ki-me-r′izm)

The state of being a chimera.

chimpanzee
chimpanzee (chim-pan′ze, chim′pan-ze′)

Generic name for the apes Pan panisus and P. troglodytes. [African dial.]

chin
chin [TA]

The prominence formed by the anterior projection of the mandible, or lower jaw. SYN: mentum [TA] . [A.S. cin]
double c. SYN: buccula.

chiniofon
chiniofon (ki-n′e-o-fon)

A mixture of 7-iodo-8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid and sodium bicarbonate, used in the treatment of amebic dysentery.

chinoleine
chinoleine (chin′o-le-in)

SYN: quinoline (1) .

chip
chip

A small fragment resulting from breakage, cutting, or avulsion.
bone chips small pieces of cancellous bone generally used to fill in bony defects and to promote reossification.

chip-blower
chip-blower

An instrument for blowing the debris out of, or drying, a tooth cavity that is being excavated for a filling; it consists of a rubber bulb with a metal nozzle.

chiral
chiral (ki′ral)

Denoting an object, such as a molecule in a given configuration or conformation, that possesses chirality. A c. molecule has no plane, axis, or center of symmetry.

chirality
chirality (ki-ral′i-te)

The property of nonidentity of an object with its mirror image; used in chemistry with respect to stereochemical isomers. [G. cheir, hand]

chirarthritis
chirarthritis (ki-rar-thri′tis)

SYN: cheirarthritis.

chiro- chiro-, chir-

The hand. SEE ALSO: cheiro-. [G. cheir, hand]

chirognostic
chirognostic (ki-rog-nos′tik)

SYN: cheirognostic.

chirokinesthesia
chirokinesthesia (ki-ro-kin-es-the′ze-a)

SYN: cheirokinesthesia.

chiropodalgia
chiropodalgia (ki′ro-po-dal′je-a)

SYN: cheiropodalgia.

chiropodist
chiropodist (ki-rop′o-dist)

SYN: podiatrist. [chiro- + G. pous, foot]

chiropody
chiropody (ki-rop′o-de)

SYN: podiatry.

chiropompholyx
chiropompholyx (ki-ro-pom′fo-liks)

SYN: dyshidrosis.

chiropractic
chiropractic (ki-ro-prak′tik)

A system that, in theory, uses the recuperative powers of the body and the relationship between the musculoskeletal structures and functions of the body, particularly of the spinal column and the nervous system, in the restoration and maintenance of health. [chiro- + G. praktikos, efficient]

chiropractor
chiropractor (ki-ro-prak′tor)

One who is licensed and certified to practice chiropractic.

Chiropsalmus
Chiropsalmus

A genus of the invertebrate phylum Cnidaria that includes the sea wasp.
C. quadrumanus the sea wasp, the most venomous jellyfish inhabiting the waters surrounding the United States. SEE ALSO: jellyfish. SYN: box jelly, sea wasp.

Chiroptera
Chiroptera (ki-rop′ter-a)

The bats, an order of placental mammals of worldwide distribution, characterized by a modification of the forelimbs that enables them to fly. They are capable of emitting ultrasonic sounds that enable them to echolocate, find flying insect prey, and avoid objects in the dark. Though mostly insectivorous, some species feed on nectar, fruit, fish, and blood; the blood-feeding and insectivorous species are important reservoir hosts of rabies. [chiro- + G. pteron, wing]

chiroscope
chiroscope (ki′ro-skop)

A haploscopic instrument used for coordinating hand and eye as the patient draws while looking through it. [chiro- + G. skopeo, to view]

chirospasm
chirospasm (ki′ro-spazm)

SYN: cheirospasm.

chirurg.
chirurg.

Abbreviation for L. chirurgicalis, surgical.

chirurgeon
chirurgeon (ki-rer′jon)

Obsolete term for surgeon. [G. cheirourgos, fr. cheir, hand, + ergon, work]

chirurgery
chirurgery (ki-rer′jer-e)

Obsolete term for surgery. [G. cheirourgia]

chirurgical
chirurgical (ki-rer′ji-kal)

Obsolete term for surgical. [L. surgical, fr. chirurgia, surgery, fr. G. cheirourgia, handicraft, fr. cheir, hand + ergon, work]

chisel
chisel (chiz′l)

A single beveled end-cutting blade with a straight or angled shank used with a thrust along the axis of the handle for cutting or splitting dentin and enamel.
binangle c. a c. with an angled shank to which a second angle is added in order to bring the cutting edge nearly in line with the axis of the handle so as to restore balance and to prevent it from turning about the axis; used when a c. must be angled for access.

chi-square
chi-square (ki′ skwar)

A statistical technique whereby variables are categorized to determine whether a distribution of scores is due to chance or experimental factors.

chitin
chitin (ki′tin)

A linear polymer of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, linked β(1→4), similar in structure to cellulose and the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature, comprising the horny substance in the exoskeleton of beetles, crabs, certain microorganisms, etc., as well as in some plants and fungi.

chitinase
chitinase (ki′ti-nas)

An enzyme catalyzing the random hydrolysis of β(1→4) linkages in chitin (ultimately releasing N-acetyl-d-glucosamine); some enzymes of this type display lysozyme activity. SYN: poly-β-glucosaminidase.

chitinous
chitinous (ki′tin-us)

Of or relating to chitin.

chitobiose
chitobiose (ki-to-bi′os)

The disaccharide repeating unit in chitin; differs from cellobiose only in the presence of an N-acetylamino group on carbon-2 in place of the hydroxyl group. However, the nonacetylated form is also referred to as c..

chitosamine
chitosamine (ki-to′sa-men)

d-Glucosamine. See glucosamine.

chiufa
chiufa (che-oo′fa)

An acute gangrenous proctitis and colitis with high fever, seen in southern Africa and South America at high altitudes; in women, the vulva and vagina may be affected. SYN: kanyemba.

CHL
CHL

Abbreviation for crown-heel length.

Chlamydia
Chlamydia (kla-mid′e-a)

The only genus of the family Chlamydiaceae, including all the agents of the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma-trachoma disease groups; c. are obligatory intracellular spherical or ovoid bacteria with a complex intracellular life cycle; the infective form is the elementary body, which penetrates the host cell, replicating as the rediculate body by binary fission; replication occurs in a vacuole called the inclusion body; c. lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls; the type species is C. trachomitis. Formerly called Betsonia. SYN: Chlamydozoon. [G. chlamys, cloak]
C. pneumoniae a bacterial species first isolated in 1986 and currently recognized as a common cause of pneumonia, bronchitis, rhinosinusitis, and pharyngitis in both adults and children. SYN: TWAR.C. pneumoniae is responsible for about 25% of cases of acute bronchitis and 10% of community-acquired pneumonia. Recent studies have suggested that it may also play a role in the genesis of cardiovascular disease and late-onset Alzheimer dementia. Like C. trachomatis and C. psittaci, this organism is an occasional cause of myocarditis and endocarditis. Elevated levels of antibody to C. pneumoniae are found in persons with acute myocardial infarction (MI), and in persons showing significant atheroma formation at autopsy, significantly more often than in control groups. The organism has been detected by immunocytochemistry, polymerase chain reaction, and electron microscopy in macrophages and smooth muscle cells of atheromatous plaques of the aorta, coronary arteries, and carotid arteries (surgical and autopsy specimens), but not in normal arteries. The incidence of acute infection in MI patients, as detected by throat culture, is higher than in the general public. A retrospective review of medical records of persons with acute MI showed that they were less likely than matched controls to have been treated during the preceding 3 years with tetracycline or quinolone antibiotics, which are active against C. pneumoniae. To date, however, prospective studies have not shown an association between the presence of IgG antibody to C. pneumoniae and an increased risk of atherothrombotic disease. Researchers have speculated that infection with C. pneumoniae may be one of several factors capable of initiating changes that culminate in atherosclerosis, or that reinfection may trigger coronary atherothrombosis. Antibody to C. pneumoniae is also found in persons with severe hypertension at about twice the incidence rate for the general public. In addition, the organism has been detected in microglia and astroglia of the hippocampus and temporal cortex in persons with late-onset Alzheimer disease with much greater frequency than in normal brains.
C. psittaci bacterial organisms that resemble C. trachomatis, but that form loosely bound intracytoplasmic microcolonies up to 12 μm in diameter, do not produce glycogen in sufficient quantity to be detected by iodine stains, and are not susceptible to sulfadiazine. Various strains of this species cause psittacosis in humans and ornithosis in nonpsittacine birds; pneumonitis in cattle, sheep, swine, cats, goats, and horses; enzootic abortion of ewes; bovine sporadic encephalomyelitis; enteritis of calves; epizootic chlamydiosis of muskrats and hares; encephalitis of opossum; and conjunctivitis of cattle, sheep, and guinea pigs.
C. trachomatis spherical nonmotile bacteria that are obligatory intracellular organisms; they form compact intracytoplasmic microcolonies up to 10 μm in diameter which (by division) give rise to infectious spherules 0.3 μm or more in diameter, accumulate glycogen for a limited period in sufficient quantity to be detected by iodine stain, and are usually susceptible to sulfadiazine, tetracycline, and quinalones; various strains of this species cause trachoma, inclusion and neonatal conjunctivitis, lymphogranuloma venereum, mouse pneumonitis, nonspecific urethritis, epididymitis, cervicitis, salpingitis, proctitis, and pneumonia; chief agent of bacterial sexually transmitted diseases in the U.S.; the type species of the genus Chlamy dia.

chlamydia
chlamydia, pl .chlamydiae (kla-mid′e-a, -mid′e-e)

A vernacular term used to refer to any member of the genus C..

Chlamydiaceae
Chlamydiaceae (kla-mid′e-a′se-e)

A family of the order Chlamydiales (formerly included in the order Rickettsiales) that includes the agents of the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma-trachoma group. The family contains small, coccoid, Gram-negative bacteria that resemble rickettsiae but that differ from them significantly by possessing a unique, obligately intracellular developmental cycle; intracytoplasmic microcolonies give rise to infectious forms by division. The classification of these organisms previously was in a state of flux, but they are now placed in a single genus, Chlamydia, the type genus of the family.

chlamydial
chlamydial (kla-mid′e-al)

Relating to or caused by any bacterium of the genus Chlamydia.

chlamydiosis
chlamydiosis (kla-mid-e-o′sis)

General term for diseases caused by Chlamydia species. SEE ALSO: ornithosis, psittacosis.

chlamydoconidium
chlamydoconidium (klam′i-do-ko-nid′e-um)

A thallic conidium that is thick-walled and may be terminal or intercalary. Seen in a form of asexual reproduction. [G. chlamys, cloak, + conidium]

Chlamydophrys
Chlamydophrys (kla-mid′o-fris)

A genus of shelled amebas, commonly found as fecal protozoans. [G. chlamys, cloak, + ophrys, brow]

Chlamydozoon
Chlamydozoon (klam′i-do-zo′on)

SYN: Chlamydia.

chloasma
chloasma (klo-az′ma)

Melanoderma or melasma characterized by the occurrence of extensive brown patches of irregular shape and size on the skin of the face and elsewhere; the pigmented facial patches if confluent are also called the mask of pregnancy, and are associated most commonly with pregnancy and use of oral contraceptives. SEE ALSO: melasma. [G. chloazo, to become green]
c. bronzinum a bronze-colored pigmentation, probably produced by hormone imbalance, occurring in gradually increasing areas on the face, neck, and chest in persons exposed continuously to the tropical sun; similar to c. of the temperate zone, but intensified because of strong sunlight. SYN: tropical mask.

chlophedianol hydrochloride
chlophedianol hydrochloride (klo-fe-di′a-nol)

An antitussive agent related chemically to the antihistamines.

chlor- chlor-, chloro-

1. Combining form denoting green. 2. Combining form denoting association with chlorine. [G. chloros, green]

chloracetic acid
chloracetic acid (klor-a-se′tik)

SYN: chloroacetic acid.

chloracne
chloracne (klor-ak′ne)

An acnelike eruption due to occupational contact, by inhalation or ingestion or through the skin, with certain chlorinated compounds (naphthalenes and diphenyls) used as insulators, insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides, including Agent Orange; keratinous plugs (comedones) form in the pilosebaceous orifices, and variously sized small papules (2 to 4 mm) develop. SYN: tar acne.

chloral
chloral (klor′al)

A thin oily liquid with a pungent odor, formed by the action of chlorine gas on alcohol. SYN: anhydrous c..
anhydrous c. SYN: c..
c. betaine the adduct formed by c. hydrate and betaine; it is slowly hydrolyzed in the alimentary tract to c. hydrate; used as a hypnotic and sedative.
c. hydrate a hypnotic, sedative, and anticonvulsant; it is also used externally as a rubefacient, anesthetic, and antiseptic.

chloral alcoholate
chloral alcoholate

A complex of chloral and ethanol. Prepared by refluxing trichloroacetaldehyde (chloral) or chloral hydrate with alcohol. Alleged to be an active constituent of a &dquor;Mickey Finn.&dquor;

chloralism
chloralism (klor′al-izm)

Habitual use of chloral compounds as an intoxicant, or the symptoms caused thereby.

chlorambucil
chlorambucil (klor-am′bu-sil)

A nitrogen mustard derivative that depresses lymphocytic proliferation and maturation. SYN: chloraminophene, chloroambucil.

chloramine B
chloramine B (klor′a-men)

A nontoxic antiseptic substance used in wound irrigation as a substitute for chloramine T.

chloramine T
chloramine T

A nontoxic but strong antiseptic used in the irrigation of wounds and infected cavities. SYN: chlorazene.

chloraminophene
chloraminophene (klor-am′i-no-fen)

SYN: chlorambucil.

chloramiphene
chloramiphene (klor-am′i-fen)

SYN: clomiphene citrate.

chloramphenicol
chloramphenicol (klor-am-fen′i-kol)

An antibiotic originally obtained from Streptomyces venezuelae. It is effective against a number of pathogenic microorganisms including Staphylococcus aureus, Brucella abortus, Friedländer bacillus, and the organisms of typhoid, typhus, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever; active by mouth. A serious reaction resulting in marrow damage with agranulocytosis or aplastic anemia may occur. Gray baby syndrome may occur in newborns due to a lack of glucoronyltransferase needed to metabolize the drug.
c. acetyl transferase (CAT) a bacterial enzyme often used as a marker for examining the control of eucaryotic gene expression.
c. palmitate same action and use as c.; was widely used in suspension for pediatric injections.
c. sodium succinate the water-soluble sodium succinate derivative of c., suitable for parenteral administration; antibacterial activity, uses, and side effects are similar to those of the parent compound.

chlorate
chlorate (klor′at)

A salt of chloric acid.

chlorazanil
chlorazanil (klo-raz′a-nil)

A diuretic.

chlorazene
chlorazene (klor′a-zen)

SYN: chloramine T.

chlorazol black E
chlorazol black E (klor′a-zol) [C.I. 30235]

An acid dye, used as a fat and general tissue stain, and to stain protozoa in fecal smears or in tissues.

chlorbenzoxamine
chlorbenzoxamine (klor-ben-zok′sa-men)

An anticholinergic agent. SYN: chlorbenzoxyethamine.

chlorbenzoxyethamine
chlorbenzoxyethamine (klor′ben-zok-se-eth′a-men)

SYN: chlorbenzoxamine.

chlorbetamide
chlorbetamide (klor-bet′a-mid)

An amebicide.

chlorbutol
chlorbutol (klor-bu′tol)

SYN: chlorobutanol.

chlorcyclizine hydrochloride
chlorcyclizine hydrochloride (klor-sik′li-zen)

An H₁ antihistaminic agent.

chlordane
chlordane (klor′dan)

A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an insecticide; it may be absorbed through the skin with resultant severe toxic effects: hyperexcitability of central nervous system, tremors, lack of muscular coordination, convulsions, and death; also causes damage to the liver, kidneys, and spleen. It is only mildly toxic to animals.

chlordantoin
chlordantoin (klor-dan′to-in)

A topical antifungal agent.

chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride
chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride (klor′di-az-e-pok′sid)

The hydrochloride of 7-chloro-2-methylamino-5-phenyl-3H-1,4-benzodiazepine-4-oxide; an antianxiety agent. An early benzodiazepine.

chloremia
chloremia (klor-e′-me-a)

1. SYN: chlorosis. 2. SYN: hyperchloremia.

chlorethene homopolymer
chlorethene homopolymer (klor′eth-en)

SYN: polyvinyl chloride.

chlorguanide hydrochloride
chlorguanide hydrochloride (klor-gwah′nid)

SYN: chloroguanide hydrochloride.

chlorhexidine hydrochloride
chlorhexidine hydrochloride (klor-hek′si-den)

A topical antiseptic.

chlorhydria
chlorhydria (klor-hi′dre-a)

SYN: hyperchlorhydria.

chloric acid
chloric acid (klor′ik)

An acid of pentavalent chlorine, HClO₃, existing only in solution and as chlorates.

chloride
chloride (klor′id)

A compound containing chlorine, at a valence of −1, as in the salts of hydrochloric acid.
carbamylcholine c. a cholinomimetic drug that reacts with and activates both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. It is slowly hydrolyzed and thus its effects far outlast those of acetylcholine. Used medically to stimulate smooth muscle, as in paralytic ileus following surgery.

chloridimetry
chloridimetry (klor-i-dim′e-tre)

The process of determining the amount of chlorides in the blood or urine, or in other fluids.

chloridometer
chloridometer (klor-i-dom′e-ter)

An apparatus for determining the amount of chlorides in blood or urine, or other fluids.

chloriduria
chloriduria (klor-i-doo′re-a)

SYN: chloruresis.

chlorin
chlorin (klor′in)

2,3-Dihydroporphin(e); 2,3-dihydroporphyrin;one of the root structures of the chlorophylls (for structure, see porphyrin). Addition of the two-carbon bridge (see structure of chlorophyll) to c. yields phorbin(e); addition of side chains yields the phorbides, distinguished by a number of arbitrary prefixes (those found in the chlorophylls are pheo- and bacteriopheophorbide); esterification of the propionic group by phytyl yields the respective phytins, and the addition of magnesium yields the chlorophylls (magnesium phytinates). See porphyrins.

chlorinated
chlorinated (klor′in-at-ed)

Having been treated with chlorine.

chlorindanol
chlorindanol (klor-in′da-nol)

A spermicide.

chlorine
chlorine (Cl) (klor′en)

1. A greenish, toxic, gaseous element; atomic no. 17, atomic wt. 35.4527; a halogen used as a disinfectant and bleaching agent in the form of hypochlorite or of c. water, because of its oxidizing power. One of the bioelements. 2. The molecular form of c. (1), Cl₂ (dichloride). [G. chloros, greenish yellow]

chlorine group
chlorine group

The halogens.

chloriodized
chloriodized (klor-i′o-dizd)

Containing both chlorine and iodine.

chloriodized oil
chloriodized oil

Chlorinated and iodized peanut oil formed by the chemical addition of iodine monochloride; formerly used for radiography of sinuses and bronchi. SYN: iodochlorol.

chloriodoquin
chloriodoquin (klor′e-o-do′kwin)

SYN: iodochlorhydroxyquin.

chlorisondamine chloride
chlorisondamine chloride (klor-i-son′da-men)

A quaternary ammonium compound with ganglionic blocking action similar to, but more potent than, hexamethonium and pentolinium; was used in the management of severe hypertension, including the malignant phase.

chlorite
chlorite (klor′it)

A salt of chlorous acid; the radical ClO₂⁻.

chlormadinone acetate
chlormadinone acetate (klor-mad′i-non)

A progesterone derivative used in conjunction with estrogen as an oral contraceptive.

chlormerodrin
chlormerodrin (klor-mer′od-rin)

A mercurial diuretic chemically related to meralluride.

chlormezanone
chlormezanone (klor-mez′a-non)

A muscle relaxant and tranquilizing agent with pharmacologic actions and uses similar to those of meprobamate.

chloro- chloro-

See chlor-.

chloroacetic acid
chloroacetic acid (klor′o-a-se′tik)

An acetic acid in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by chlorine. According to the number of atoms so displaced the acid is called monochloroacetic (chloroacetic), dichloroacetic, or trichloroacetic. SYN: chloracetic acid.

chloroacetophenone
chloroacetophenone (klor′o-as′e-to-fe′non)

A lacrimatory gas; used in training and in riot control.

chloroambucil
chloroambucil (klor-o-am′bu-sil)

SYN: chlorambucil.

chloroanemia
chloroanemia (klor′o-a-ne′me-a)

SYN: chlorosis.

chloroazodin
chloroazodin (klor-o-az′o-din)

A bactericidal agent used as a surgical antiseptic.

chlorobutanol
chlorobutanol (klor-o-bu′ta-nol)

A hypnotic sedative and local anesthetic; used chiefly in dermatologic preparations and as a preservative in multiple-dose vials for parenteral use. SYN: acetone chloroform, chlorbutol.

chlorocresol
chlorocresol (klor-o-kre′sol)

Used as an antiseptic and disinfectant; it is more active in acid than in alkaline solutions.

chlorocruorin
chlorocruorin (klor-o-kroo′or-in)

A greenish hemoglobin-like pigment found in certain worms; contains a porphyrin differing from protoporphyrin by a formyl group in place of the 2-vinyl group.

chloroethane
chloroethane (klor-o-eth′an)

SYN: ethyl chloride.

chloroethylene
chloroethylene (klor-o-eth′i-len)

SYN: vinyl chloride.

chloroform
chloroform (klor′o-form)

Formerly used by inhalation to produce general anesthesia; also used as a solvent. SYN: trichloromethane. [chlor(ine) + form(yl)]
acetone c. SYN: chlorobutanol.

chloroformism
chloroformism (klor′o-form-izm)

Habitual chloroform inhalation, or the symptoms caused thereby.

chloroguanide hydrochloride
chloroguanide hydrochloride (klor-o-gwah′nid)

An antimalarial drug. SYN: chlorguanide hydrochloride, proguanil hydrochloride.

chlorohemin
chlorohemin (klor-o-he′min)

SYN: hemin.

chloroma
chloroma (klo-ro′ma)

A condition characterized by the development of multiple localized green masses of abnormal cells (in most instances, myeloblasts), especially in relation to the periosteum of the skull, spine, and ribs; the clinical course is similar to that of acute myeloid leukemia, although the tumors may precede the findings in blood and bone marrow; observed more frequently in children and young adults. SEE ALSO: granulocytic sarcoma. [chloro- + G. -oma, tumor]

chloromethane
chloromethane (klor-o-meth′an)

A refrigerant with anesthetic properties when inhaled; it hydrolyzes to methanol. SYN: methyl chloride.

chlorometry
chlorometry (klo-rom′e-tre)

The measurement of chlorine content, or the use of analytical techniques involving the release or titration of chlorine.

chloropenia
chloropenia (klor-o-pe′ne-a)

A deficiency in chloride. [chloro- + G. penia, poverty]

chloropercha
chloropercha (klor-o-per′cha)

A solution of gutta-percha in chloroform, used in dentistry as an agent to lute gutta-percha filling material to the wall of a prepared root canal.

chlorophenol
chlorophenol (klor-o-fe′nol)

One of several substitution products obtained by the action of chlorine on phenol; used as antiseptics.

chlorophenothane
chlorophenothane (klor-o-fen′o-than)

SYN: dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane.

chlorophyll
chlorophyll (klor′o-fil)

The magnesium complex of the phorbin derivative found in photosynthetic organisms; light-absorbing green plant pigments that, in living plants, convert light energy into oxidizing and reducing power, thus fixing CO₂ and evolving O₂; the naturally occurring forms are c. a, b, c, and d. SEE ALSO: phorbin.
c. a magnesium(II) pheophytinate a [(pheophytinato a)magnesium(II)];the major pigment found in all oxygen-evolving photosynthetic organisms (higher plants, and red and green algae).
c. b (CH₃ at 7 replaced by CHO in the c. structure), magnesium(II) pheophytinate b [(pheophytinato b) magnesium(II)]; the c. generally characteristic of higher plants (including the Chlorophyta, Euglenaphyta, and green algae). Absent in other types of algae.
c. c the c. present in brown algae, diatoms, and flagellates. Two variants are known: c₁, in which two hydrogens are lost from C-17 and C-18, thus resembling phytoporphyrin, and the side chain at C-17 becomes an acrylic residue, &cbond;CH&dbond;CH₂COOH; c₂, in which the same changes are noted, but two more hydrogens are lost from the ethyl group at C-8, making this a vinyl residue like that at C-3. The two compounds can thus be named in terms of phytoporphyrin: magnesium 3¹,3²,17¹,17²-tetradehydro-13²-(methoxycarbonyl)phytoporphyrinate and magnesium 3¹,3²,8¹,8²,17¹,17²-hexadehydro-13²-(methoxycarbonyl)phytoporphyrinate.
c. d (&cbond;CH&dbond;CH₂ replaced by &cbond;CO&cbond;CH₃ in the c. structure), the c. found in red algae (Rhodophyceae ), together with c. a.
c. esterase SYN: chlorophyllase.
water-soluble c. derivatives the copper complex of sodium and/or potassium salts of saponified c., used topically for deodorization of chronic lesions and to promote wound repair.

chlorophyllase
chlorophyllase (klor-o-fil′-as)

A reversible hydrolyzing enzyme catalyzing the removal of the phytyl group from a chlorophyll, leaving a chlorophyllide. SYN: chlorophyll esterase.

chlorophyllide
chlorophyllide, chlorophyllid (klor′o-fil-id)

That which remains of a chlorophyll molecule when the phytyl group is removed.

chloropicrin
chloropicrin (klor-o-pik′rin)

A toxic lung irritant and lacrimatory gas; it also causes vomiting, colic, and diarrhea, and therefore is called vomiting gas. SYN: nitrochloroform.

chloroplast
chloroplast (klor′o-plast)

A plant cell inclusion body containing chlorophyll; occurs in cells of leaves and young stems. Site of photosynthesis in higher plants. [chloro- + G. plastos, formed]

chloroprednisone
chloroprednisone (klor-o-pred′ni-son)

A topical anti-inflammatory agent.

chloroprocaine hydrochloride
chloroprocaine hydrochloride (klor-o-pro′kan)

A local anesthetic similar in action and use to procaine hydrochloride.

chloropsia
chloropsia (klo-rop′se-a)

A condition in which objects appear to be colored green, as may occur in digitalis intoxication. SYN: green vision. [chloro- + G. opsis, eyesight]

chloropyramine
chloropyramine (klor-o-pir′a-men)

An H₁ antihistaminic agent.

chloroquine
chloroquine (klor′o-kwin)

An antimalarial agent used for the treatment and suppression of Plasmodium vivax, P. malariae, and P. falciparum; available as the phosphate and sulfate. It does not produce a radical cure because it has no effect on the exoerythrocytic stages; c.-resistant strains of P. falciparum have developed in Southeast Asia, Africa, and South America. It is also used for hepatic amebiasis and for certain skin diseases, e.g., lupus erythematosus and lichen planus.

chlorosis
chlorosis (klor-o′sis)

Rarely used term for a form of chronic hypochromic microcytic (iron deficiency) anemia, characterized by a great reduction in hemoglobin out of proportion to the decreased number of red blood cells; observed chiefly in females from puberty to the third decade and usually associated with diets deficient in iron and protein. SYN: asiderotic anemia, chloremia (1) , chloroanemia, chlorotic anemia, green sickness. [chloro- + G. -osis, condition]

chlorothen citrate
chlorothen citrate (klor′o-then)

An antihistaminic agent.

chlorothiazide
chlorothiazide (klor-o-thi′a-zid)

An orally effective diuretic inhibiting renal tubular reabsorption of sodium; used in the treatment of edema due to congestive heart failure, liver disease, pregnancy, premenstrual tension, and drugs; also used as an adjunct in the management of hypertension.
c. sodium c. suitable for parenteral administration.

chlorothymol
chlorothymol (klor-o-thi′mol)

An antibacterial for topical use. SYN: chlorthymol.

chlorotic
chlorotic (klo-rot′ik)

Pertaining to or having the characteristic features of chlorosis.

chlorotrianisene
chlorotrianisene (klor′o-tri-an′i-sen)

A synthetic estrogen derived from stilbene, active by mouth.

chlorous
chlorous (klor′us)

1. Relating to chlorine. 2. Denoting compounds of chlorine in which its valence is +3; e.g., c. acid.

chlorous acid
chlorous acid

HClO₂;an acid forming chlorites with bases.

chlorozotocin
chlorozotocin (klor′o-zo-to-sin)

A nitrogen mustard compound that is a chloroethylnitrosourea compound used in cancer chemotherapy; an antineoplastic.

chlorphenesin
chlorphenesin (klor-fen′e-sin)

A topical antifungal agent.
c. carbamate a skeletal muscle relaxant in which actions are exerted in the central nervous system.

chlorphenindione
chlorphenindione (klor-fen-in-di′on)

An anticoagulant related chemically to phenindione.

chlorpheniramine maleate
chlorpheniramine maleate (klor-fen-ir′a-men)

An H₁ antihistamine.

chlorphenol red
chlorphenol red (klor-fe′nol)

An acid-base indicator (MW 423, pK 6.0): yellow at pH values below 5.1, red above 6.7.

chlorphenoxamine
chlorphenoxamine (klor-fen-ok′sa-men)

Used in the management of idiopathic, arteriosclerotic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism, usually with concomitant administration of other anti-parkinsonian agents.

chlorphentermine hydrochloride
chlorphentermine hydrochloride (klor-fen′ter-men)

A sympathomimetic amine used as an anorexiant; resembles amphetamine.

chlorproguanil hydrochloride
chlorproguanil hydrochloride (klor-pro′gwah-nil)

The 3,4-dichloro homologue of chloroguanide; used for causal prophylaxis and suppression of falciparum malaria.

chlorpromazine
chlorpromazine (klor-pro′ma-zen)

A phenothiazine antipsychotic agent with antiemetic, antiadrenergic, and anticholinergic actions.
c. hydrochloride c. suitable for oral, intramuscular, and intravenous administration.

chlorpropamide
chlorpropamide (klor-pro′pa-mid)

An orally effective hypoglycemic agent related chemically and pharmacologically to tolbutamide; used in controlling hyperglycemia in selected patients with adult onset (type II) diabetes mellitus.

chlorprothixene
chlorprothixene (klor-pro-thik′sen)

An antipsychotic of the thioxanthene group; it also possesses antiemetic, adrenolytic, spasmolytic, and antihistaminic actions.

chlorquinaldol
chlorquinaldol (klor-kwin′al-dol)

A keratoplastic, antibacterial, and antifungal agent used in the treatment of cutaneous bacterial and mycotic infections.

chlortetracycline
chlortetracycline (klor′tet-ra-si′klen)

Active against a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms including hemolytic streptococci, staphylococci, typhoid bacilli, and brucellae, as well as against certain viruses. Also available as c. hydrochloride.

chlorthalidone
chlorthalidone (klor-thal′i-don)

An orally effective diuretic and antihypertensive agent, used in the treatment of edema associated with congestive heart failure, renal disease, hepatic cirrhosis, pregnancy, and premenstrual tension; it produces an increase in the excretion of sodium, chloride, potassium, and water.

chlorthenoxazin
chlorthenoxazin (klor-then-ok′sa-zin)

An antipyretic and analgesic.

chlorthymol
chlorthymol (klor-thi′mol)

SYN: chlorothymol.

chloruresis
chloruresis (klor-u-re′sis)

The excretion of chloride in the urine. SYN: chloriduria, chloruria.

chloruretic
chloruretic (klor-u-ret′ik)

Relating to an agent that increases the excretion of chloride in the urine, or to such an effect.

chloruria
chloruria (klor-u′re-a)

SYN: chloruresis.

chlorzoxazone
chlorzoxazone (klor-zok′sa-zon)

A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant used in the treatment of painful muscle spasm due to musculoskeletal disorder.

choanae
choanae (ko′an-a) [TA]

The opening into the nasopharynx of the nasal cavity on either side. SYN: posterior nasal apertures&star, isthmus pharyngonasalis, posterior nares, postnaris. [Mod. L. fr. G. choane, a funnel]
primary choana, primitive choana initial opening of the nasal pits and olfactory sac of the embryo into the rostral part of the primordial oronasal cavity, before the formation of the secondary palate.
secondary choana the definitive choana opening into the nasopharynx, after the nasal chambers have been lengthened by the formation of the secondary palate. SYN: internal nostril.

choanal
choanal (ko′a-nal)

Pertaining to a choana.

choanate
choanate (ko′an-at)

Having a funnel, i.e., with a ring or collar.

choanoflagellate
choanoflagellate (ko′an-o-flaj′e-lat)

SYN: choanomastigote.

choanoid
choanoid (ko′a-noyd)

Funnel-shaped. SYN: infundibuliform. [G. choane, funnel, + eidos, resemblance]

choanomastigote
choanomastigote (ko′an-o-mas′ti-got)

A term, in the series used to describe developmental stages of the parasitic flagellates, denoting the “barleycorn” form of the flagellate in the genus Crithidia characterized by a collarlike extension surrounding the anterior and through which the single flagellum emerges. SEE ALSO: amastigote, epimastigote, promastigote, trypomastigote. SYN: choanoflagellate, collared flagellate. [G. choane, a funnel, + mastix, whip]

Choanotaenia infundibulum
Choanotaenia infundibulum (ko-a-no-te′ne-a)

An important species of cosmopolitan tapeworm of fowls, occurring in the small intestine and transmitted by houseflies and stableflies; related to Dipylidium, the double-pored dog tapeworm. [G. choane, a funnel, + L., fr. G. tainia, tapeworm]

Chodzko reflex
Chodzko reflex

See under reflex.

choke
choke (chok)

1. To prevent respiration by compression or obstruction of the larynx or trachea; common expression for laryngospasm. 2. Any obstruction of the esophagus in herbivorous animals by a partly swallowed foreign body. [M.E. choken, fr. O.E. aceocian]

chokes
chokes (choks)

A manifestation of decompression sickness or altitude sickness characterized by dyspnea, coughing, and choking.

chol- chol-

See chole-.

cholagogic
cholagogic (ko-la-goj′ik)

SYN: cholagogue (2) .

cholagogue
cholagogue (ko′la-gog)

1. An agent that promotes the flow of bile into the intestine, especially as a result of contraction of the gallbladder. 2. Relating to such an agent or effect. SYN: cholagogic. [chol- + G. agogos, drawing forth]

cholaic acid
cholaic acid (ko-la′ik)

SYN: taurocholic acid.

cholalic acid
cholalic acid (ko-lal′ik)

SYN: cholic acid.

cholane
cholane, 5β-cholane (ko′lan)

Parent hydrocarbon of the cholanic acids (cholic acids); androstane with a &cbond;CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₂CH₃ group in the 17 position. 5α-C. is sometimes called allocholane. For structures, see steroids.

cholaneresis
cholaneresis (ko-la-ner′e-sis)

Increase in output of cholic acid or its conjugates. [cholane + G. hairesis, a taking]

cholangeitis
cholangeitis (ko′lan-je-i′tis)

SYN: cholangitis.

cholangiectasis
cholangiectasis (ko-lan-je-ek′ta-sis)

Dilation of the bile ducts, usually as a sequel to obstruction or from a congenital lack of a portion of the ductal wall. [chol- + G. angeion, vessel, + ektasis, a stretching]

cholangiocarcinoma
cholangiocarcinoma (ko-lan′je-o-kar-si-no′ma)

An adenocarcinoma, primarily in intrahepatic bile ducts, composed of ducts lined by cuboidal or columnar cells that do not contain bile, with abundant fibrous stroma; cirrhosis is usually absent.

cholangioenterostomy
cholangioenterostomy (ko-lan′je-o-en-ter-os′to-me)

Surgical anastomosis of bile duct to intestine.

cholangiofibrosis
cholangiofibrosis (ko-lan′je-o-fi-bro′sis)

Fibrosis of the bile ducts. [chol- + G. angeion, vessel, + fibrosis]

cholangiogastrostomy
cholangiogastrostomy (ko-lan′je-o-gas-tros′to-me)

Formation of a communication between a bile duct and the stomach. [chol- + G. angeion, vessel, + gaster, belly, + stoma, mouth]

cholangiogram
cholangiogram (ko-lan′je-o-gram)

The radiographic record of the bile ducts obtained by cholangiography.

cholangiography
cholangiography (ko-lan-je-og′ra-fe)

Radiographic examination of the bile ducts with contrast medium. [chol- + G. angeion, vessel, + grapho, to write]
cystic duct c. radiography of the biliary system after introduction of contrast medium through the cystic duct.
intravenous c. c. of bile ducts opacified by hepatic secretion of an intravenously injected contrast medium.
percutaneous c. radiography of the biliary system after introduction of contrast medium by inserting a needle through the skin, inferior to the right costal margin, into the substance of the liver or into the gallbladder.
percutaneous transhepatic c. (PTHC) contrast radiographic examination of biliary system performed by injection of radiopaque dye through a percutaneously placed needle inserted into an intrahepatic bile duct.

cholangiole
cholangiole (ko-lan′je-ol)

A ductule occurring between a bile canaliculus and an interlobular bile duct. SYN: canal of Hering. [chol- + G. angeion, vessel, + -ole, small]

cholangiolitis
cholangiolitis (ko-lan′je-o-li′tis)

Inflammation of the small bile radicles or cholangioles.

cholangioma
cholangioma (ko-lan′je-o′ma)

A neoplasm of bile duct origin, especially within the liver; may be either benign or malignant (cholangiocarcinoma). [chol- + G. angeion, vessel, + -oma, tumor]

cholangiopancreatography
cholangiopancreatography (ko-lan′je-o-pan-kre-a-tog′ra-fe)

Contrast radiographic examination of the bile and pancreatic ducts after the injection of radiopaque dye.
endoscopic retrograde c. (ERCP) a method of c. using an endoscope to inspect and cannulate the ampulla of Vater, with injection of contrast medium for radiographic examination of the pancreatic, hepatic, and common bile ducts.

cholangioscopy
cholangioscopy (ko-lan-je-os′ko-pe)

Visual examination of bile ducts utilizing a fiberoptic endoscope. [chol- + G. angeion, vessel, + skopeo, to examine]

cholangiostomy
cholangiostomy (ko-lan-je-os′to-me)

Formation of a fistula into a bile duct. [chol- + G. angeion, vessel, + stoma, mouth]

cholangiotomy
cholangiotomy (ko-lan-ji-ot′o-mi)

Incision into a bile duct. [chol- + G. angeion, vessel, + tome, incision]

cholangitis
cholangitis (ko-lan-ji′tis)

Inflammation of a bile duct or the entire biliary tree. SYN: angiocholitis, cholangeitis. [chol- + G. angeion, vessel, + -itis, inflammation]
ascending c. SYN: c. lenta.
c. lenta (len-ta′) low-grade bacterial infection of the biliary tract; sometimes a cause of fever of unknown origin. SYN: ascending c..
primary sclerosing c. recurrent or persistent obstructive jaundice, frequently with ulcerative colitis, due to extensive obliterative fibrosis of the extrahepatic or intrahepatic bile ducts; generally progresses to cirrhosis, portal hypertension, and liver failure; seen most commonly in young men.
recurrent pyogenic c. repeated attacks of c., most commonly noted among Asians living in Asia, associated with the presence of multiple intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile duct stricutures and stones.

cholanic acid
cholanic acid (ko-lan′ik)

SYN: cholic acid.

cholanopoiesis
cholanopoiesis (ko′lan-o-poy-e′sis)

Synthesis by the liver of cholic acid or its conjugates, or of natural bile salts. [chol- + G. ano, upward, + poiesis, making]

cholanopoietic
cholanopoietic (ko′lan-o-poy-et′ik)

Pertaining to or promoting cholanopoiesis.

cholanthrene
cholanthrene (ko-lan′thren)

A polycyclic, somewhat carcinogenic hydrocarbon, structural parent of the highly carcinogenic 3 (or 20)-methylcholanthrene.

cholascos
cholascos (ko-las′kos)

Rarely used term for escape of bile into the free peritoneal cavity. [chol- + G. askos, bag]

cholate
cholate (ko′lat)

A salt or ester of a cholic acid.
c. ligase an enzyme that converts c., coenzyme A, and ATP, to choloyl-coenzyme A, AMP, and pyrophosphate. SYN: cholyl-coenzyme A synthetase.
c. synthetase, c. thiokinase c.-CoA ligase.

chole- chole-, chol-, cholo-

Bile. Cf.:bili-. [G. chole]

cholecalciferol
cholecalciferol (ko′le-kal-sif′er-ol)

(5Z,7E)-(3S)-9,10-Secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-trien-3-ol;formed by breakage of the 9,10 bond in 7-dehydrocholesterol by ultraviolet irradiation, yielding a double bond between C-10 and C-19; probably the vitamin D of animal origin found in the skin, fur, and feathers of animals and birds exposed to sunlight, and also in butter, brain, fish oils, and egg yolk. SYN: vitamin D₃. SYN: calciol.

cholechromopoiesis
cholechromopoiesis (ko′le-kro-mo-poy-e′sis)

Synthesis of bile pigments by the liver. [chole- + G. chroma, color, + poiesis, making]

cholecyst
cholecyst (ko′le-sist)

SYN: gallbladder.

cholecystagogic
cholecystagogic (ko′le-sis-ta-goj′ik)

Stimulating activity of the gallbladder.

cholecystagogue
cholecystagogue (ko-le-sis′ta-gog)

A substance that stimulates activity of the gallbladder. [chole- + G. kystis, bladder, + agogos, leader]

cholecystatony
cholecystatony (ko′le-sis-tat′o-ne)

Atonia, weakness, or failure of function of the gallbladder. [chole- + G. kystis, bladder, + atonia, atony]

cholecystectasia
cholecystectasia (ko′le-sis-tek-ta′ze-a)

Rarely used term for dilation of the gallbladder. [chole- + G. kystis, bladder, + ektasis, extension]

cholecystectomy
cholecystectomy (ko′le-sis-tek′to-me)

Surgical removal of the gallbladder. [chole- + G. kystis, bladder, + ektome, excision]

cholecystenterostomy
cholecystenterostomy (ko′le-sist-en-ter-os′to-me)

Formation of a direct communication between the gallbladder and the intestine. SYN: enterocholecystostomy. [chole- + G. kystis, bladder, + enteron, intestine, + stoma, mouth]

cholecystenterotomy
cholecystenterotomy (ko′le-sist-en-ter-ot′o-me)

Incision of both intestine and gallbladder. SYN: enterocholecystotomy. [chole- + G. kystis, bladder, + enteron, intestine, + tome, a cutting]

cholecystic
cholecystic (ko-le-sis′tik)

Relating to the cholecyst, or gallbladder.

cholecystis
cholecystis (ko-le-sis′tis)

SYN: gallbladder. [chole- + G. kystis, bladder]

cholecystitis
cholecystitis (ko′le-sis-ti′tis)

Inflammation of the gallbladder. [chole- + G. kystis, bladder, + -itis, inflammation]
acute c. inflammation and/or hemorrhagic necrosis, with variable infection, ulceration, and neutrophilic infiltration of the gallbladder wall; usually due to impaction of a stone in the cystic duct.
chronic c. chronic inflammation of the gallbladder, usually secondary to lithiasis, with lymphocytic infiltration and fibrosis that may produce marked thickening of the wall.
emphysematous c. c. due to infection with gas-producing bacteria, giving rise to gas in the gallbladder.
xanthogranulomatous c. chronic c. with conspicuous nodular infiltration by lipid macrophages; may be associated with biliary obstruction by calculi.

cholecystoduodenostomy
cholecystoduodenostomy (ko-le-sis′to-doo-o-de-nos′to-me)

Establishment of a direct communication between the gallbladder and the duodenum. SYN: duodenocholecystostomy, duodenocystostomy (1) . [chole- + G. kystis, bladder, + L. duodenum + G. stoma, mouth]

cholecystogastrostomy
cholecystogastrostomy (ko-le-sis′to-gas-tros′to-me)

Establishment of a communication between the gallbladder and the stomach. [chole- + G. kystis, bladder, + gaster, stomach, + stoma, mouth]

cholecystogram
cholecystogram (ko-le-sis′to-gram)

The radiographic record of gallbladder structure and function obtained by cholecystography.

cholecystography
cholecystography (ko-le-sis-tog′ra-fe)

Radiographic study of the gallbladder after oral administration of a cholecystopaque; or scintigraphic imaging of the gallbladder and central bile ducts after administration of a radiopharmaceutical secreted by the liver. SYN: Graham-Cole test. [chole- + G. kystis, bladder, + grapho, to write]

cholecystoileostomy
cholecystoileostomy (ko-le-sis′to-il-e-os′to-me)

Establishment of a communication between the gallbladder and the ileum. [chole- + G. kystis, bladder, + ileum + G. stoma, mouth]

cholecystojejunostomy
cholecystojejunostomy (ko-le-sis′to-je-joo-nos′to-me)

Establishment of a communication between the gallbladder and the jejunum. [chole- + G. kystis, bladder, + jejunum, + G. stoma, mouth]

cholecystokinase
cholecystokinase (ko-le-sis-to-ki′nas)

An enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of cholecystokinin.

cholecystokinetic
cholecystokinetic (ko′le-sis′to-ki-net′ik)

Promoting emptying of the gallbladder.

cholecystokinin
cholecystokinin (CCK) (ko′le-sis-to-ki′nin)

A polypeptide hormone (the human peptide has 33 residues) liberated by the upper intestinal mucosa on contact with gastric contents; stimulates contraction of the gallbladder and secretion of pancreatic juice. SEE ALSO: sincalide. SYN: pancreozymin.

cholecystolithiasis
cholecystolithiasis (ko-le-sis′to-li-thi′a-sis)

Presence of one or more gallstones in the gallbladder. [chole- + G. kystis, bladder, + lithos, stone]

cholecystolithotripsy
cholecystolithotripsy (ko-le-sis′to-lith′o-trip-se)

Fragmentation of a gallstone most commonly by the application of transcutaneously applied sonic energy focused on the stone. [chole- + G. kystis, bladder, + lithos, stone, + tripsis, a rubbing]

cholecystomy
cholecystomy (ko-le-sis′to-me)

SYN: cholecystotomy.

cholecystopaque
cholecystopaque (ko-le-sis′to-pak)

A radiographic contrast medium that opacifies the gallbladder following oral administration, by virtue of hepatic secretion and gallbladder concentration; used in cholecystography.

cholecystopathy
cholecystopathy (ko′le-sis-top′a-the)

Disease of the gallbladder.

cholecystopexy
cholecystopexy (ko-le-sis′to-pek-se)

Suture of the gallbladder to the abdominal wall. [chole- + G. kystis, bladder, + pexis, fixation]

cholecystorrhaphy
cholecystorrhaphy (ko′le-sis-tor′a-fe)

Suture of an incised or ruptured gallbladder. [chole- + G. kystis, bladder, + rhaphe, sewing]

cholecystosonography
cholecystosonography (ko-le-sis′to-so-nog′ra-fe)

Ultrasonic examination of the gallbladder. [cholecysto- + sonography]

cholecystostomy
cholecystostomy (ko′le-sis-tos′to-me)

Establishment of a fistula into the gallbladder. [chole- + G. kystis, bladder, + stoma, mouth]

cholecystotomy
cholecystotomy (ko′le-sis-tot′o-me)

Incision into the gallbladder. SYN: cholecystomy. [chole- + G. kystis, bladder, + tome, incision]
laparoscopic c. minimally invasive surgical technique for removal of the gallbladder whereby four or five small (less than 10 mm) incisions are used for the insertion of a laparoscope and various instruments into the abdominal cavity, therefore avoiding the traditional incision.

choledoch
choledoch (ko′le-dok)

SYN: bile duct (1) . [G. choledochos, containing bile, fr. chole, bile, + dechomai, to receive]

choledoch- choledoch-

See choledocho-.

choledochal
choledochal (ko-le-dok′al, ko-led′o-kal)

Relating to the common bile duct.

choledochectomy
choledochectomy (ko-led-o-kek′to-me)

Surgical removal of a portion of the common bile duct. [choledoch- + G. ektome, excision]

choledochendysis
choledochendysis (ko′led-o-ken′di-sis)

SYN: choledochotomy. [choledoch- + G. endysis, an entering in]

choledochiarctia
choledochiarctia (ko′led-o-ki-ark′te-a)

Obsolete term for stenosis of the gall duct. [choledoch- + L. artus (improperly arctus), narrow]

choledochitis
choledochitis (ko-led-o-ki′tis)

Inflammation of the common bile duct. [choledoch- + G. -itis, inflammation]

choledocho- choledocho-, choledoch-

The ductus choledochus (the common bile duct). [G. choledochos, containing bile, fr. chole, bile, + dechomai, to receive]

choledochocholedochostomy
choledochocholedochostomy (ko-led′o-ko-ko-led′o-kos′to-me)

Operative joining of divided portions of common bile duct. [choledocho- + choledocho- + G. stoma, mouth]

choledochoduodenostomy
choledochoduodenostomy (ko-led′o-ko-doo′o-de-nos′to-me)

Formation of a communication, other than the natural one, between the common bile duct and the duodenum. [choledocho- + duodenum + G. stoma, mouth]

choledochoenterostomy
choledochoenterostomy (ko-led′o-ko-en-ter-os′to-me)

Establishment of a communication, other than the natural one, between the common bile duct and any part of the intestine. [choledocho- + G. enteron, intestine, + stoma, mouth]

choledochojejunostomy
choledochojejunostomy (ko-led′o-ko-je-joo-nos′to-me)

Anastomosis between the common bile duct and the jejunum. [choledocho- + jejuno- + G. stoma, mouth]

choledocholith
choledocholith (ko-led′o-ko-lith)

Stone in the common bile duct. [choledocho- + G. lithos, stone]

choledocholithiasis
choledocholithiasis (ko-led′o-ko-lith-i′a-sis)

Presence of a stone in the common bile duct.

choledocholithotomy
choledocholithotomy (ko-led′o-ko-li-thot′o-me)

Incision of the common bile duct for the extraction of a stone. [choledocho- + G. lithos, stone, + tome, incision]

choledocholithotripsy
choledocholithotripsy (ko-led′o-ko-lith′o-trip-se)

Fragmentation of a gallstone in the common bile duct either by transcutaneous sonic energy or endoscopically directed laser. SYN: choledocholithotrity. [choledocho- + G. lithos, stone, + tripsis, rubbing]

choledocholithotrity
choledocholithotrity (ko-led′o-ko-li-thot′ri-te)

SYN: choledocholithotripsy.

choledochoplasty
choledochoplasty (ko-led′o-ko-plas-te)

Rearrangement of tissues of the common bile duct. [choledocho- + G. plastos, formed]

choledochorrhaphy
choledochorrhaphy (ko-led-o-kor′ra-fe)

Suturing together the divided ends of the common bile duct. [choledocho- + G. rhaphe, suture]

choledochostomy
choledochostomy (ko-led-o-kos′to-me)

Establishment of a fistula into the common bile duct. [choledocho- + G. stoma, mouth]

choledochotomy
choledochotomy (ko-led-o-kot′o-me)

Incision into the common bile duct. SYN: choledochendysis. [choledocho- + G. tome, incision]

choledochous
choledochous (ko-led′o-kus)

Containing or conveying bile.

choledochus
choledochus (ko-led′o-kus)

SYN: bile duct (1) . [see choledoch]

choleglobin
choleglobin (ko-le-glo′bin)

A pigmented compound of globin and iron porphyrin (with an open ring due to cleavage of the α-methene bridge by α-methyl oxygenase); the first intermediate in the degradation of hemoglobin, further degraded successively to verdohemochrome, biliverdin, and bilirubin. SYN: bile pigment hemoglobin, green hemoglobin, verdohemoglobin.

cholehematin
cholehematin (ko-le-he′ma-tin)

A red pigment in the bile of herbivorous animals; derived from chlorophyll and a product of hematin oxidation.

cholehemia
cholehemia (ko-le-he′me-a)

SYN: cholemia. [chole- + G. haima, blood]

choleic
choleic (ko-le′ik)

SYN: cholic.

choleic acids
choleic acids

Compounds of bile acids and sterols.

cholelith
cholelith (ko′le-lith)

SYN: gallstone. [chole- + G. lithos, stone]

cholelithiasis
cholelithiasis (ko′le-li-thi′a-sis)

Presence of concretions in the gallbladder or bile ducts. SYN: chololithiasis.

cholelithotomy
cholelithotomy (ko′le-li-thot′o-me)

Operative removal of a gallstone. [chole- + G. lithos, stone, + tome, incision]

cholelithotripsy
cholelithotripsy (ko-le-lith′o-trip-se)

Rarely used term for the crushing of a gallstone. [chole- + G. lithos, stone, + tripsis, a rubbing]

cholelithotrity
cholelithotrity (ko-le-li-thot′ri-te)

Rarely used term for the crushing of a gallstone. [chole- + G. lithos, stone, + L. tero, pp. tritus, to rub]

cholemesis
cholemesis (ko-lem′e-sis)

Vomiting of bile. [chole- + G. emesis, vomiting]

cholemia
cholemia (ko-le′me-a)

The presence of bile salts in the circulating blood. SYN: cholehemia. [chole- + G. haima, blood]

cholemic
cholemic (ko-le′mik)

Relating to cholemia.

cholepathia
cholepathia (ko-le-path′e-a)

1. Disease of bile ducts. 2. Irregularity in contractions of the bile ducts.
c. spastica spastic contraction of the bile ducts.

choleperitonitis
choleperitonitis (ko′le-per-i-to-ni′tis)

SYN: bile peritonitis.

cholepoiesis
cholepoiesis (ko′le-poy-e′sis)

Formation of bile. SYN: cholopoiesis. [chole- + G. poiesis, making]

cholepoietic
cholepoietic (ko′le-poy-et′ik)

Relating to the formation of bile.

cholera
cholera (kol′er-a)

An acute epidemic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. A soluble toxin elaborated in the intestinal tract by the bacterium activates the adenylate cylase of the mucosa, causing active secretion of an isotonic fluid resulting in profuse watery diarrhea, extreme loss of fluid and electrolytes, and dehydration and collapse, but no gross morphologic change in the intestinal mucosa. SYN: Asiatic c.. [L. a bilious disease, fr. G. chole, bile]
Asiatic c. SYN: c..
c. infantum old term for a disease of infants, characterized by vomiting, profuse watery diarrhea, fever, prostration, and collapse.
c. morbus old term for acute severe gastroenteritis of unknown etiology, marked by severe colic, vomiting, and diarrhea with watery stools; formerly common during hot weather.
pancreatic c. SYN: diarrhea pancreatica.
c. sicca an old term for a malignant form of disease seen during epidemics of Asiatic c. in which death occurs without diarrhea.
typhoid c. old term for c. (2) with predominantly cerebral manifestations such as confusion or dementia.

choleragen
choleragen (kol′er-a-jen)

A term suggested for a factor(s) produced during growth in vitro of the cholera vibrio and causes diarrhea. [cholera + G. -gen, producing]

choleraic
choleraic (kol′er-a′ik)

Relating to cholera.

choleraphage
choleraphage (kol′er-a-faj)

Bacteriophage of Vibrio cholerae. [cholera + G. phago, to eat]

choleresis
choleresis (ko-ler-e′sis)

The secretion of bile, as opposed to the expulsion of bile, by the gallbladder. [chole- + G. hairesis, a taking]

choleretic
choleretic (kol-er-et′ik)

1. Relating to choleresis. 2. An agent, usually a drug, that stimulates the liver to increase output of bile.

cholerheic
cholerheic (kol-e-re′ik)

Denoting diarrhea produced secondary to unabsorbed bile salts. [chole- + G. hairesis, a taking]

choleric
choleric (kol′er-ik)

SYN: bilious (3) .

choleriform
choleriform (kol′er-i-form)

Resembling cholera. SYN: choleroid.

cholerigenic
cholerigenic, cholerigenous (kol′er-i-jen′ik, -ij′en-us)

Causing or engendering cholera.

cholerine
cholerine (kol′er-en)

A mild form of diarrhea seen during epidemics of Asiatic cholera.

choleroid
choleroid (kol′er-oyd)

SYN: choleriform.

cholerrhagia
cholerrhagia (ko-le-ra′je-a)

Extensive flow of bile. [chole- + G. rhegnymi, to burst forth]

cholerrhagic
cholerrhagic (ko-le-raj′ik)

Referring to the flow of bile.

cholescintigraphy
cholescintigraphy (ko-le-sin-tig′ra-fe)

Examination of the gall bladder and bile ducts by nuclear medicine scanning; radionuclide cholecystography. [chole- + scintigraphy]

cholestane
cholestane (ko′les-tan)

The parent hydrocarbon of cholesterol. For structure, see steroids.

cholestanol
cholestanol (ko-les′tan-ol)

Differing from cholesterol in the absence of the double bond.

cholestanone
cholestanone (ko-les′tan-on)

An oxidation product of cholestanol, differing from it in the presence of a ketone oxygen in place of the 3-hydroxyl group; an isomer of coprostanone.

cholestasia
cholestasia, cholestasis (ko-les-ta′se-a, -les′ta-sis)

An arrest in the flow of bile; c. due to obstruction of bile ducts is accompanied by formation of plugs of inspissated bile in the small ducts, canaliculi in the liver, and elevation of serum direct bilirubin and some enzymes. [chole- + G. stasis, a standing still]

cholestasis
cholestasis (-les′ta-sis)

See cholestasia.
intrahepatic c. of pregnancy intrahepatic c. with centrilobular bile staining without inflammatory cells or proliferation of mesenchymal cells; clinically characterized by pruritus and/or icterus; of unknown cause but associated with high estrogen levels. SYN: c. of pregnancy, cholestatic hepatosis icterus gravidarum, recurrent jaundice of pregnancy.
c. of pregnancy SYN: intrahepatic c. of pregnancy.

cholestatic
cholestatic (ko-les-tat′ik)

Tending to diminish or stop the flow of bile.

cholesteatoma
cholesteatoma (ko-les-te-a-to′ma)

1. A mass of keratinized squamous cell epithelium and cholesterol in the middle ear, usually resulting from chronic otitis media, with squamous metaplasia or extension of squamous epithelium inward to line an expanding cystic cavity that may involve the mastoid and erode surrounding bone. 2. An epidermoid cyst arising in the central nervous system in humans or animals. [cholesterol + G. stear (steat-), tallow, + -oma, tumor]

cholesteatomatous
cholesteatomatous (ko-les-te-a-to′ma-tus)

Of or pertaining to cholesteatoma.

cholestenone
cholestenone (ko-les′ten-on)

A dehydrocholestanone, differing from cholestanone by the presence of a double bond between carbons 4 and 5.

cholesteremia
cholesteremia (ko-les-ter-e′me-a)

The presence of enhanced quantities of cholesterol in the blood. SYN: cholesterinemia, cholesterolemia. [cholesterol + G. haima, blood]

cholesterinemia
cholesterinemia (ko-les′ter-in-e′me-a)

SYN: cholesteremia.

cholesterinosis
cholesterinosis (ko-les′ter-in-o′sis)

SYN: cholesterolosis.

cholesterinuria
cholesterinuria (ko-les′ter-i-noo′re-a)

SYN: cholesteroluria. [cholesterin + G. ouron, urine]

cholesterol
cholesterol (ko-les′ter-ol)

5-Cholesten-3β-ol (cholestane with a 5,6 double bond and a 3β-hydroxyl group); the most abundant steroid in animal tissues, especially in bile and gallstones, and present in food, especially food rich in animal fats; circulates in the plasma complexed to proteins of various densities and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atheroma formation in arteries. SEE ALSO: lipoprotein.

cholesterolemia
cholesterolemia (ko-les′ter-ol-e′me-a)

SYN: cholesteremia. [cholesterol + G. haima, blood]

cholesterologenesis
cholesterologenesis (ko-les′ter-ol-o-jen′e-sis)

The biosynthesis of cholesterol.

cholesterolosis
cholesterolosis (ko-les′ter-ol-o′sis)

1. A condition resulting from a disturbance in metabolism of lipids, characterized by deposits of cholesterol in tissue, as in Tangier disease. 2. Cholesterol crystals in the anterior chamber of the eye, as in aphakia with associated retinal separation. SYN: cholesterinosis.

cholesteroluria
cholesteroluria (ko-les′ter-ol-oo′re-a)

The excretion of cholesterol in the urine. SYN: cholesterinuria.

cholestyramine
cholestyramine (ko-les′ter-a-men)

An anion exchange resin used to bind dietary cholesterol and hence prevent its systemic absorption. Used to treat hypercholesteremia. Can bind many acidic drugs in the gastrointestinal tract and prevent their absorption.

choleuria
choleuria (ko-le-u′re-a)

SYN: biliuria.

cholic
cholic (ko′lik)

Relating to the bile. SYN: choleic.

cholic acid
cholic acid

A family of steroids comprising the bile acids (or salts), generally in conjugated form ( e.g., glycocholic and taurocholic acids). Chemically, cholic acids are cholan-24-oic (cholanic) acids (the terminal C₂₄ of cholane becoming a &cbond;COOH group); biologically, cholic acids are derived from cholesterol (a cholestane derivative) and display varying degrees of oxidation (OH groups) and orientation at positions 3, 7, and 12. It is these oxidations and orientations that distinguish the several c.; e.g., c. is 3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid, deoxycholic acid is 3α,12α-dihydroxy-5β-cholanic acid. C. is a naturally occurring detergent that aids in the digestion of fats. SYN: cholalic acid, cholanic acid.

cholicele
cholicele (ko′li-sel)

Enlargement of the gallbladder due to retained fluids. [G. chole, bile, + kele, tumor]

choline
choline (ko′len)

(2-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium ion;found in most animal tissues either free or in combination as lecithin (phosphatidylcholine), acetate (acetylcholine), or cytidine diphosphate (cytidine diphosphocholine). It is included in the vitamin B complex; as acetylcholine (c. esterified with acetic acid), it is essential for synaptic transmission. Several salts of c. are used in medicine. SYN: lipotropic factor, transmethylation factor.
c. acetylase SYN: c. acetyltransferase.
c. acetyltransferase an enzyme catalyzing the condensation of c. and acetyl-coenzyme A, forming O-acetylcholine and coenzyme A. SYN: c. acetylase.
activated c. SYN: cytidine diphosphocholine.
c. chloride a lipotropic agent.
c. dihydrogen citrate a lipotropic agent.
c. esterase I SYN: acetylcholinesterase.
c. esterase II SYN: cholinesterase.
c. kinase an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of O-phosphocholine and ADP from c. and ATP. SYN: c. phosphokinase.
c. phosphatase SYN: phospholipase D.
c. phosphate cytidylyltransferase an enzyme that catalyzes a key step in lecithin biosynthesis: CTP + phosphocholine ⇆ pyrophosphate + CDP-c..
c. phosphokinase SYN: c. kinase.
c. salicylate c. salt of salicyclic acid, an analgesic and antipyretic (because of the salicylate moiety).
c. theophyllinate SYN: oxtriphylline.

cholinephosphotransferase
cholinephosphotransferase (ko′len-fos-fo-trans′fer-as)

An enzyme catalyzing the reaction between CDP-choline and 1,2-diacylglycerol to form a phosphatidylcholine and CMP. The last step in lecithin biosynthesis.

cholinergic
cholinergic (kol-in-er′jik)

Relating to nerve cells or fibers that employ acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter. Cf.:adrenergic. [choline + G. ergon, work]

cholinester
cholinester (ko′lin-es-ter)

An ester of choline; e.g., acetylcholine.

cholinesterase
cholinesterase (ko-lin-es′ter-as)

One of a family of enzymes capable of catalyzing the hydrolysis of acylcholines and a few other compounds. In mammals, found in white matter of brain, liver, heart, pancreas, and serum. It is also found in cobra venom. SEE ALSO: acetylcholinesterase. SYN: choline esterase II, nonspecific c., “s”-type c..
“e”-type c. SYN: acetylcholinesterase. [“e” as in erythrocyte]
nonspecific c. SYN: c..
specific c. SYN: acetylcholinesterase.
“s”-type c. SYN: c.. [“s” as in serum]
true c. SYN: acetylcholinesterase.

cholinesterase reactivator
cholinesterase reactivator

A drug that reacts directly with the alkylphosphorylated enzyme to free the active unit; the drugs used therapeutically to reactivate phosphorylated forms of acetylcholinesterase are oximes, e.g., diacetylmonoxime, monoisonitrosoacetone, 2-pralidoxime.

cholinoceptive
cholinoceptive (ko′lin-o-sep′tiv)

Referring to chemical sites in effector cells with which acetylcholine unites to exert its actions. Cf.:adrenoceptive. [acetylcholine + L. capio, to take]

cholinolytic
cholinolytic (ko′lin-o-lit′ik)

Preventing the action of acetylcholine. [acetylcholine + G. lysis, loosening]

cholinomimetic
cholinomimetic (kol′i-no-mi-met′ik)

Having an action similar to that of acetylcholine, the substance liberated by cholinergic nerves; term proposed to replace the less accurate term, parasympathomimetic. Cf.:adrenomimetic. [acetylcholine + G. mimetikos, imitating]

cholinoreactive
cholinoreactive (ko′lin-o-re-ak′tiv)

Responding to acetylcholine and related compounds.

cholinoreceptors
cholinoreceptors (kol′i-no-re-sep′terz, -torz)

See cholinergic receptors, under receptor.

cholistine sulphomethate sodium
cholistine sulphomethate sodium (ko-lis′ten sul-fo-meth′at)

SYN: colistimethate sodium.

cholo- cholo-

See chole-.

chololithiasis
chololithiasis (kol-o-li-thi′a-sis)

SYN: cholelithiasis.

choloplania
choloplania (kol-o-pla′ne-a)

The presence of bile salts in the blood or tissues. [cholo- + G. plane, a wandering]

cholopoiesis
cholopoiesis (ko-lo-poy-e′sis)

SYN: cholepoiesis.

cholorrhea
cholorrhea (kol-o-re′a)

Obsolete term for an excessive secretion of bile. [cholo- + G. rhoia, a flow]

choloscopy
choloscopy (ko-los′ko-pe)

Rarely used term for cholangioscopy. [cholo- + G. skopeo, to view]

cholothorax
cholothorax (ko-lo-thor′aks)

Bile in the pleural cavity.

choloyl
choloyl (ko′lo-il)

The radical of cholic acid or cholate.

choluria
choluria (ko-loo′re-a)

SYN: biliuria. [G. chole, bile, + ouron, urine]

cholyl-coenzyme A
cholyl-coenzyme A (ko′lil-ko-en′zim)

A condensation product of cholic acid and coenzyme A; an intermediate in the formation of bile salts from bile acids, such as taurocholic acid from cholic acid.
cholyl-coenzyme A synthetase SYN: cholate ligase.

chondral
chondral (kon′dral)

SYN: cartilaginous. [G. chondros, cartilage]

chondralloplasia
chondralloplasia (kon′dral-o-pla′ze-a)

Occurrence of cartilage in abnormal situations in the bony skeleton. [G. chondros, cartilage, + allos, other, + plasia, formed]

chondrectomy
chondrectomy (kon-drek′to-me)

Excision of cartilage. [G. chondros, cartilage, + ektome, excision]

chondrification
chondrification (kon′dri-fi-ka′shun)

Conversion into cartilage. [G. chondros, cartilage, + L. facio, to make]

chondrify
chondrify (kon′dri-fi)

To become cartilaginous.

chondrio- chondrio-

See chondro-.

chondritis
chondritis (kon-dri′tis)

Inflammation of cartilage. [G. chondros, cartilage, + -itis, inflammation]
costal c. SYN: costochondritis.

chondro- chondro-, chondrio-

1. Cartilage or cartilaginous. 2. Granular or gritty substance. [G. chondrion, dim. of chondros, groats (coarsely ground grain), grit, gristle, cartilage]

chondroblast
chondroblast (kon′dro-blast)

A dividing cell of growing cartilage tissue. SYN: chondroplast. [chondro- + G. blastos, germ]

chondroblastoma
chondroblastoma (kon′dro-blas-to′ma)

A benign tumor arising in the epiphyses of long bones, consisting of highly cellular tissue resembling fetal cartilage.

chondrocalcin
chondrocalcin (kon′dro-kal-sin)

A 69,000 molecular weight protein believed to play a role in mineralization in hard tissue.

chondrocalcinosis
chondrocalcinosis (kon′dro-kal-si-no′sis)

Calcification of cartilage. [chondro- + calcium + G. -osis, condition]
articular c. [MIM*118600] a disease characterized by deposits of calcium pyrophosphate crystals free of urate in synovial fluid, articular cartilage, and adjacent soft tissue; causes various forms of arthritis commonly characterized by goutlike attacks of pain, swelling of joints, and radiologic evidence of calcification in articular cartilage (pseudogout); inherited as an autosomal dominant trait in some cases, and associated with certain diseases in others.

chondroclast
chondroclast (kon′dro-klast)

A multinucleated cell (giant cell) involved in the resorption of calcified cartilage; morphologically identical to osteoblasts. [chondro- + G. klastos, broken in pieces]

chondrocostal
chondrocostal (kon-dro-kos′tal)

SYN: costochondral. [chondro- + L. costa, rib]

chondrocranium
chondrocranium (kon-dro-kra′ne-um)

A cartilaginous skull; the cartilaginous parts of the developing skull. [chondro- + G. kranion, skull]

chondrocyte
chondrocyte (kon′dro-sit)

A nondividing cartilage cell; occupies a lacuna within the cartilage matrix. SYN: cartilage cell. [chondro- + G. kytos, a hollow (cell)]
isogenous chondrocytes a clone of cartilage cells derived from one cell by division; occur in a cluster called an isogenous nest.

chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis
chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis (kon-dro-der-ma-ti′tis nod-u-lar′is kron′i-ka hel′i-sis)

A benign, chronic, small, painful nodule (or nodules) on the helix of the ear in the elderly, which may occasionally become ulcerated and results from habitually sleeping on the affected side.

chondrodysplasia
chondrodysplasia (kon′dro-dis-pla′ze-a) [MIM*118650]

SYN: chondrodystrophy. [chondro- + G. dys, bad, + plasis, a molding]
c. calcificans congenita [MIM*118650] autosomal dominant inheritance characterized by asymmetric calcifications and dysplastic skeletal changes, less frequent occurrence of congenital cataracts and ichthyosis compared to other forms, and relatively good prognosis. SYN: Conradi disease, Conradi-Hünermann disease.
Nance-Sweeney c. SYN: chondrodystrophy with sensorineural deafness.
c. punctata a developmental disorder characterized by epiphyseal stippling, coronal clefting of the vertebrae, dwarfism with rhizomelic shortening of the limbs, joint contractures, congenital cataracts, ichthyosis, and mental retardation. Autosomal dominant and recessive and X-linked forms exist. SYN: dysplasia epiphysialis punctata, hypoplastic fetal chondrodystrophy, stippled epiphysis.
rhizomelic c. punctata [MIM*215100] autosomal recessively inherited lethal c. caused by mutation in the PEX 7 gene encoding the peroxisomal type 2 targeting signal (PTS2) receptor on chromosomal 6q.

chondrodystrophy
chondrodystrophy (kon-dro-dis′tro-fe)

A disturbance in the development of the cartilage primordia of the long bones, especially the region of the epiphysial plates, resulting in arrested growth of the long bones and dwarfism in which the extremities are abnormally short, but the head and trunk are essentially normal; autosomal recessive inheritance. SYN: chondrodysplasia. [chondro- + G. dys, bad, + trophe nourishment]
asphyxiating thoracic c. SYN: asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy.
asymmetric c. SYN: enchondromatosis.
hereditary deforming c. 1. SYN: hereditary multiple exostoses, under exostosis. 2. SYN: enchondromatosis.
hypoplastic fetal c. SYN: chondrodysplasia punctata.
myotonic c. a rare congenital disease that causes myotonia, muscular hypertrophy, joint and long bone abnormalities, and weakness. SYN: Schwartz-Jampel disease.
c. with sensorineural deafness [MIM*215150] a skeletal dysplasia characterized by dwarfism, flat nasal bridge, cleft palate, sensorineural deafness, large epiphyses, and flattening of the vertebral bodies; autosomal recessive inheritance, caused by mutation in the type XI collagen gene (COL11A2) on chromosome 6p; dominant forms exist. SYN: Nance-Insley syndrome, Nance-Sweeney chondrodysplasia, OSMED, otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia.

chondroectodermal
chondroectodermal (kon′dro-ek-to-der′mal)

Relating to ectodermally derived cartilage; e.g., branchial cartilages that have developed from the neural crest.

chondrofibroma
chondrofibroma (kon′dro-fi-bro′ma)

SYN: chondromyxoid fibroma.

chondrogenesis
chondrogenesis (kon-dro-jen′e-sis)

Formation of cartilage. [chondro- + G. genesis, origin]

chondroglossus
chondroglossus (kon-dro-glos′us)

See c. muscle. [chondro- + G. glossa, tongue]

chondroid
chondroid (kon′droyd)

1. Resembling cartilage. SYN: cartilaginoid. 2. Uncharacteristically developed cartilage, primarily cellular with a basophilic matrix and thin or nonexistent capsules. [chondro- + G. eidos, resemblance]

chondroitin
chondroitin (kon-dro′i-tin)

A (muco)polysaccharide (proteoglycan) composed of alternating residues of β-d-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-d-galactosamine sulfate in alternating β(1-3) and β(1-4) linkages; present among the ground substance materials in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue.
c. sulfate A c. with sulfuric residues esterifying the 4-hydroxyl groups of the galactosamine residues; found in connective tissue.
c. sulfate B SYN: dermatan sulfate.
c. sulfate C c. with sulfuric residues esterifying the 6-hydroxyl groups of the galactosamine residues.

chondrology
chondrology (kon-drol′o-je)

The study of cartilage. [chondro- + G. logos, treatise]

chondrolysis
chondrolysis (kon-drol′i-sis)

Disappearance of articular cartilage as the result of disintegration or dissolution of the cartilage matrix and cells.

chondroma
chondroma (kon-dro′ma)

A benign neoplasm derived from mesodermal cells that form cartilage. [chondro- + G. -oma, tumor]
extraskeletal c. a c. located in soft tissues, usually of the fingers, hands, and feet, not connected to underlying bone or periosteum.
juxtacortical c. SYN: periosteal c..
periosteal c. a c. that develops from periosteum or periosteal connective tissue. SYN: juxtacortical c..

chondromalacia
chondromalacia (kon′dro-ma-la′she-a)

Softening of any cartilage. [chondro- + G. malakia, softness]
c. fetalis an intrauterine form of c. in which the fetus is born dead with soft pliable limbs.
generalized c. SYN: relapsing polychondritis.
c. of larynx the presence of soft laryngeal cartilage, most often seen in epiglottis of young children. SYN: laryngomalacia.
c. pate′llae a softening of the articular cartilage of the patella; may cause patellalgia.
systemic c. SYN: relapsing polychondritis.

chondromatosis
chondromatosis (kon′dro-ma-to′sis)

Presence of multiple tumor-like foci of cartilage.
synovial c. c. or osteocartilaginous nodules occurring in the synovial membrane of a joint. SYN: synovial osteochondromatosis.

chondromatous
chondromatous (kon-dro′ma-tus)

Pertaining to or manifesting the features of a chondroma.

chondrome
chondrome (kon′drom)

The genetic information contained in all of the mitochondria of a cell. [mitochondria + -ome]

chondromere
chondromere (kon′dro-mer)

A cartilage unit of the fetal axial skeleton developing within a single metamere of the body; a primordial cartilaginous vertebra together with its costal component. [chondro- + G. meros, part]

chondromyxoma
chondromyxoma (kon′dro-mik-so′ma)

SYN: chondromyxoid fibroma.

chondronectin
chondronectin (kon-dro-nek′tin)

A glycoprotein of cartilage matrix that mediates the adhesion of chondrocytes to type II collagen. [chondro- + L. necto, to bind, + -in]

chondro-osseous
chondro-osseous (kon-dro-os′e-us)

Relating to cartilage and bone, either as a mixture of the two tissues or as a junction between the two, such as the union of a rib and its costal cartilage.

chondro-osteodystrophy
chondro-osteodystrophy (kon′dro-os′te-o-dis′tro-fe)

Term used for a group of disorders of bone and cartilage which includes Morquio syndrome and similar conditions. SYN: osteochondrodystrophia deformans, osteochondrodystrophy.

chondropathy
chondropathy (kon-drop′a-the)

Any disease of cartilage. [chondro- + G. pathos, suffering]

chondropharyngeus
chondropharyngeus (kon′dro-far-in-je′us)

See middle constrictor (muscle) of pharynx.

chondrophyte
chondrophyte (kon′dro-fit)

An abnormal cartilaginous mass that develops at the articular surface of a bone. [chondro- + G. phytos, a growth]

chondroplast
chondroplast (kon′dro-plast)

SYN: chondroblast. [chondro- + G. plastos, formed]

chondroplasty
chondroplasty (kon′dro-plas-te)

Reparative or plastic surgery of cartilage. [chondro- + G. plastos, formed]

chondroporosis
chondroporosis (kon′dro-por-o′sis)

Condition of cartilage in which spaces appear, either normal (in the process of ossification) or pathologic. [chondro- + L. porosus, porous]

chondrosarcoma
chondrosarcoma (kon′dro-sar-ko′ma)

A malignant neoplasm derived from cartilage cells, occurring most frequently in pelvic bones or near the ends of long bones, in middle-aged and older people; most chondrosarcomas arise de novo, but some may develop in a preexisting benign cartilaginous lesion.

chondrosin
chondrosin, chondrosine (kon′dro-sin)

A disaccharide composed of one molecule of d-glucuronic acid and one of d-galactosamine (chondrosamine); a component of the chondroitins.

chondroskeleton
chondroskeleton (kon′dro-skel′e-ton)

A skeleton formed of hyaline cartilage; e.g., that of the human embryo or of certain adult fishes such as the shark or ray.

chondrosternal
chondrosternal (kon-dro-ster′nal)

1. Relating to a sternal cartilage. 2. Relating to the costal cartilages and the sternum.

chondrosternoplasty
chondrosternoplasty (kon-dro-ster′no-plas-te)

Surgical correction of malformations of the sternum.

chondrotome
chondrotome (kon′dro-tom)

A very stiff scalpel-shaped knife used in cutting cartilage. SYN: cartilage knife. [chondro- + G. tome, cutting]

chondrotomy
chondrotomy (kon-drot′o-me)

Division of cartilage. [chondro- + G. tome, a cutting]

chondrotrophic
chondrotrophic (kon-dro-trof′ik)

Influencing the nutrition and thereby the development and growth of cartilage. [chondro- + G. trophe, nourishment]

chondroxiphoid
chondroxiphoid (kon-dro-zif′oyd)

Relating to the xiphoid or ensiform cartilage. [chondro- + G. xiphos, sword, + eidos, appearance]

chondrus
chondrus (kon′drus)

1. SYN: cartilage. 2. The plant C. crispus, Fucus crispus, or Gigartina mamillosa (family Gigartinaceae); a demulcent in chronic and intestinal disorders. SYN: carrageen (1) , carragheen, Irish moss, pearl moss. [G. chondros, gristle]

CHOP
CHOP

Acronym for cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone, a chemotherapy regimen for treatment of lymphomas.

Chopart
Chopart

François, French surgeon, 1743–1795. See C. amputation, C. joint.

chord- chord-

Cord. SEE ALSO: cord-. [G. chorde]

chorda
chorda, pl .chordae (kor′da, -de) [TA]

A tendinous or a cord-like structure. SEE ALSO: cord. [L., cord]
c. arteriae umbilicalis [TA] SYN: cord of umbilical artery.
c. chirurgicalis surgical catgut. [L.]
c. dorsalis SYN: notochord (2) .
false chordae tendineae [TA] tendinous cords that, unlike the true chordae tendineae, do not attach to the leaflets of the atrioventricular valves. Instead they connect papillary muscles to each other or to the ventricular wall (including the interventricular septum), or merely pass between two points on the ventricular wall (including the septum). SYN: chordae tendineae falsae [TA] , chordae tendineae spuriae&star, false tendinous cords&star.
c. magna SYN: calcaneal tendon.
c. obliqua membranae interosseae antebrachii [TA] SYN: oblique cord of interosseous membrane of forearm.
c. spermatica SYN: spermatic cord.
c. spinalis SYN: spinal cord.
chordae tendineae cordis [TA] SYN: chordae tendineae of heart.
chordae tendineae falsae [TA] SYN: false chordae tendineae.
chordae tendineae of heart [TA] the tendinous strands running from the papillary muscles to the leaflets of the atrioventricular valves (mitral and tricuspid). Based on their shape, position, or specific area of attachment to the leaflets, several varieties have been described: fan-shaped chordae, rough zone chordae, free-edge chordae, deep chordae, and basal chordae. SYN: chordae tendineae cordis [TA] , tendinous cords&star.
chordae tendineae spuriae false chordae tendineae.
c. tympani [TA] a nerve given off from the facial nerve in the facial canal which passes through the posterior canaliculus of the c. tympani into the tympanic cavity, crosses over the tympanic membrane and handle of the malleus, and passes out through the anterior canaliculus of the c. tympani in the petrotympanic fissure to join the lingual branch of the mandibular nerve in the infratemporal fossa; it conveys taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and carries parasympathetic preganglionic fibers to the submandibular ganglion, for innervation of the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands. SYN: cord of tympanum, parasympathetic root of submandibular ganglion, radix parasympathica ganglii submandibularis, tympanichord.
c. umbilicalis SYN: umbilical cord.
c. vertebralis obsolete term for notochord (2) .
c. vocalis, pl .chordae vocales SYN: vocal fold.
chordae willisii SYN: Willis cords, under cord.

chordal
chordal (kor′dal)

Relating to any chorda or cord, especially to the notochord.

chorda-mesoderm
chorda-mesoderm (kor-da-mes′o-derm)

That part of the epiblast of a young embryo that has the potentiality of forming notochord and mesoderm.

Chordata
Chordata (kor-da′ta)

The phylum that includes the vertebrates, defined by possession of: 1) a single dorsal nerve cord (the brain and spinal cord of mammals); 2) a cartilaginous rod, the notochord, which forms dorsal to the primitive gut in the early embryo, and is surrounded and replaced by the vertebral column in the subphylum vertebrata; 3) by presence at some stage in development of gill slits in the pharynx or throat. [L. chorda, fr. G. chorde, a string]

chordate
chordate (kor′dat)

An animal of the phylum Chordata.

chordee
chordee (kor-de′)

1. Painful erection of the penis in gonorrhea or Peyronie disease, with curvature resulting from lack of distensibility of the corpus cavernosum urethrae. SYN: gryposis penis. 2. Ventral curvature of the penis, most apparent on erection, as seen in hypospadias. [Fr. corded]

chorditis
chorditis (kor-di′tis)

Inflammation of a cord; usually a vocal cord. [G. chorde, cord, + -itis, inflammation]
c. vocalis inferior an inflammation limited mainly to the undersurface of the vocal cords and adjacent parts. SYN: chronic subglottic laryngitis.

chordoma
chordoma (kor-do′ma)

A rare neoplasm of skeletal tissue in adults, derived from persistent portions of the notochord; composed of cells arranged in lobules, with abundant myxoid stroma; some cells contain vacuoles that resemble soap bubbles (physaliphorous cells); most frequently in region clivus or lumbar-sacral cord. [(noto)chord + G. -oma, tumor]

chordoskeleton
chordoskeleton (kor-do-skel′e-ton)

The part of the embryonic skeleton that develops in conjunction with the notochord.

chorea
chorea (kor-e′a)

Irregular, spasmodic, involuntary movements of the limbs or facial muscles, often accompanied by hypotonia. The location of the responsible cerebral lesion is not known. [L. fr. G. choreia, a choral dance, fr. choros, a dance]
c.-acanthocytosis a slowly progressive familial c. with associated mental deterioration, diminished deep tendon reflexes, bilateral atrophy of the putamen and caudate nuclei and acanthocytosis (thorny appearance of blood erythrocytes); the disorder typically begins around late adolescence; inheritance is usually autosomal recessive. SYN: acanthocytosis with c..
acanthocytosis with c. SYN: c.-acanthocytosis.
acute c. SYN: Sydenham c..
benign familial c. a rare, nonprogressive movement disorder characterized by c. and athetosis appearing in early childhood, most commonly manifested as gait ataxia and upper limb coordination. Intellect is unaffected. Probably autosomal-dominance inheritance with incomplete penetrance.
chronic progressive c. SYN: Huntington c..
dancing c. SYN: procursive c..
degenerative c. SYN: Huntington c..
electric c. 1. progressively fatal spasmodic disorder, possibly of malarial origin, occurring chiefly in Italy; 2. a severe form of Sydenham c., in which the spasms are rapid and of a specially jerky character.
fibrillary c. SYN: myokymia.
c. gravidarum sydenham c. occurring in pregnancy.
habit c. SYN: tic.
hemilateral c. SYN: hemichorea.
Henoch c. SYN: spasmodic tic.
hereditary c. SYN: Huntington c..
Huntington c. [MIM*143100] a neurodegenerative disorder, with onset usually in the third or fourth decade, characterized by c. and dementia; pathologically, there is bilateral marked atrophy of the putamen and the head of the caudate nucleus. Autosomal dominant inheritance with complete penetrance, caused by mutation associated with trinucleotide repeat expansion in the Huntington gene (HD) on chromosome 4p. SYN: chronic progressive c., degenerative c., hereditary c., Huntington disease.
hysterical c. conversion hysteria in which involuntary, quick, and purposeless (choreiform) movements constitute the chief feature.
juvenile c. SYN: Sydenham c..
laryngeal c. a spasmodic tic involving the muscles, resulting in a halting manner of speaking, as in spasmotic dysphonia.
c. minor SYN: Sydenham c..
Morvan c. SYN: myokymia.
posthemiplegic c. SYN: posthemiplegic athetosis.
procursive c. a form in which the patient whirls around, runs forward, or exercises a sort of rhythmic dancing movement. SYN: dancing c..
rheumatic c. SYN: Sydenham c..
rhythmic c. patterned movement in conversion hysteria.
saltatory c. rhythmic dancing movements, as in procursive c..
senile c. a disorder resembling Sydenham c., not associated with cardiac disease or dementia, occurring in the aged.
Sydenham c. a postinfectious c. appearing several months after a streptococcal infection with subsequent rheumatic fever. The c. typically involves the distal limbs and is associated with hypotonia and emotional lability. Improvement occurs over weeks or months and exacerbations occur without associated infection recurrence. SYN: acute c., c. minor, juvenile c., rheumatic c., Sydenham disease.

choreal
choreal (kor-e′al)

Relating to chorea.

choreic
choreic (kor-e′ik)

Relating to or of the nature of chorea.

choreiform
choreiform (kor-e′i-form)

SYN: choreoid.

choreo- choreo-

Chorea.

choreoathetoid
choreoathetoid (kor′e-o-ath′e-toyd)

Pertaining to or characterized by choreoathetosis.

choreoathetosis
choreoathetosis (kor′e-o-ath-e-to′sis)

Abnormal movements of body of combined choreic and athetoid pattern. [choreo- + G. athetos, unfixed, + -osis, condition]
congenital c. SYN: double athetosis.

choreoid
choreoid (kor′e-oyd)

Resembling chorea. SYN: choreiform.

chorio- chorio-

Any membrane, especially that which encloses the fetus. [G. chorion, membrane]

chorioadenoma
chorioadenoma (ko′re-o-ad-e-no′ma)

A benign neoplasm of chorion, especially with hydatidiform mole formation.
c. destruens hydatidiform mole in which there is an unusual degree of invasion of the myometrium or its blood vessels, causing hemorrhage, necrosis, and occasionally rupture of the uterus or embolism of molar tissue to the lungs; there is marked proliferation of the trophoblast, but avascular villi may also be found. SYN: invasive mole.

chorioallantoic
chorioallantoic (ko′re-o-al-an-to′ik)

Pertaining to the chorioallantois.

chorioallantois
chorioallantois (ko′re-o-a-lan′to-is)

Extraembryonic membrane formed by the fusion of the allantois with the serosa or false chorion. In mammals it forms the fetal portion of the placenta; in avian embryos it is fused with the shell.

chorioamnionitis
chorioamnionitis (ko′re-o-am′ne-o-ni′tis)

Infection involving the chorion, amnion, and amniotic fluid; usually the placental villi and decidua are also involved.

chorioangioma
chorioangioma (ko′re-o-an-je-o′ma)

Benign tumor of placental blood vessels (hemangioma), usually of no clinical significance; large tumors may be associated with placental insufficiency and fetal hydrops; in some instances, the stroma is edematous and may resemble myxomatous tissue. SEE ALSO: chorioangiosis. [chorion + angioma]

chorioangiomatosis
chorioangiomatosis (ko′re-o-an′je-o-ma-to′sis)

SYN: chorioangiosis.

chorioangiosis
chorioangiosis (ko′re-o-an-je-o′sis)

An abnormal increase in the number of vascular channels in placental villi; severe c. is associated with a high incidence of neonatal death and major congenital malformations. SYN: chorioangiomatosis. [chorio- + G. angeion, vessel, + -osis, condition]

choriocapillaris
choriocapillaris (ko′re-o-kap-i-la′ris)

SYN: capillary lamina of choroid.

choriocarcinoma
choriocarcinoma (ko′re-o-kar-si-no′ma)

A highly malignant neoplasm derived from placental syncytial trophoblasts and cytotrophoblasts which forms irregular sheets and cords, which are surrounded by irregular “lakes” of blood; villi are not formed; neoplastic cells invade blood vessels. Hemorrhagic metastases develop relatively early in the course of the illness, and are frequently found in the lungs, liver, brain, and vagina, and various other pelvic organs; c. may follow any type of pregnancy, especially hydatidiform mole, and occasionally originates in teratoid neoplasms of the ovaries or testes. SYN: chorioepithelioma.

choriocele
choriocele (ko′re-o-sel)

A hernia of the choroid coat of the eye through a defect in the sclera. [chorio- + G. kele, hernia]

chorioepithelioma
chorioepithelioma (ko′re-o-ep-i-the-le-o′ma)

SYN: choriocarcinoma.

choriogonadotropin
choriogonadotropin (ko′re-o-gon′a-do-tro-pin)

SYN: chorionic gonadotropin.

chorioid- chorioid-, chorioido-

For words beginning thus and not found here, see choroid-, choroido-.

choriomammotropin
choriomammotropin (ko′re-o-mam′o-tro-pin)

SYN: human placental lactogen.

choriomeningitis
choriomeningitis (ko-re-o-men-in-ji′tis)

A cerebral meningitis in which there is a more or less marked cellular infiltration of the meninges, often with a lymphocytic infiltration of the choroid plexuses, particularly of the third and fourth ventricles.
lymphocytic c. a form of viral meningitis that usually occurs in young adults during the fall and winter months. Caused by a virus carried by the common house mouse. SEE ALSO: lymphocytic c. virus.

chorion
chorion (ko′re-on)

The multilayered, outermost fetal membrane consisting of extraembryonic somatic mesoderm, trophoblast, and, on the maternal surface, villi bathed by maternal blood; as pregnancy progresses, part of the c. becomes the definitive fetal placenta. SYN: chorionic sac, membrana serosa (1) . [G. c., membrane enclosing the fetus]
c. frondosum the part of the c. where the villi persist, forming the fetal part of the placenta. SYN: shaggy c..
c. laeve the portion of the c. from which the villi disappear in the later stages of pregnancy. SYN: smooth c..
previllous c. SYN: primitive c..
primitive c. the c. before its villi are well formed. SYN: previllous c..
shaggy c. SYN: c. frondosum.
smooth c. SYN: c. laeve.

chorionic
chorionic (ko-re-on′ik)

Relating to the chorion.

chorioretinal
chorioretinal (ko-re-o-ret′i-nal)

Relating to the choroid coat of the eye and the retina. SYN: retinochoroid.

chorioretinitis
chorioretinitis (ko′re-o-ret-i-ni′tis)

SYN: retinochoroiditis.
c. sclopetaria proliferation of fibrous tissue in the choroid and retina as the result of contusion of the sclera by a high velocity missile. [L. sclopetum, 14th century Italian handgun]

chorioretinopathy
chorioretinopathy (ko′re-o-ret-i-nop′a-the)

A primary abnormality of the choroid with extension to the retina. SEE ALSO: choroidopathy.

chorista
chorista (ko-ris′ta)

A focus of tissue that is histologically normal per se, but is not normally found in the organ or structure in which it is located; e.g., tissue displaced, during development, from its normal site. Cf.:choristoma. [G. choristos, separated]

choristoblastoma
choristoblastoma (ko-ris′to-blas-to′ma)

An autonomous neoplasm composed of relatively undifferentiated cells of a choristoma. [choristoma + blastoma]

choristoma
choristoma (ko-ris-to′ma)

A mass formed by maldevelopment of tissue of a type not normally found at that site. [G. choristos, separated, + -oma]

choroid
choroid (ko′royd) [TA]

The middle vascular tunic of the eye lying between the pigment epithelium and the sclera. SYN: choroidea [TA] . [G. choroeides, a false reading for chorioeides, like a membrane]

choroidal
choroidal (ko-roy′dal)

Relating to the choroid (choroidea).

choroidea
choroidea (ko-royd′e-a) [TA]

SYN: choroid. [see choroid]

choroideremia
choroideremia (ko-roy-der-e′me-a) [MIM*303100]

Progressive degeneration of the choroid in males, occasionally in females, beginning with peripheral pigmentary retinopathy, followed by atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium and of the choriocapillaris, night blindness, progressive constriction of visual fields, and finally complete blindness; X-linked inheritance caused by mutation in the Rab escort protein-1 (REP1) gene on Xq; heterozygous females show a pigmentary retinopathy but without visual defect or peripheral progression. SYN: progressive choroidal atrophy, progressive tapetochoroidal dystrophy. [choroid + G. eremia, absence]

choroiditis
choroiditis (ko-roy-di′tis)

Inflammation of the choroid. Cf.:choroidopathy, chorioretinopathy. SYN: posterior uveitis.
anterior c. disseminated c. restricted to peripheral choroid.
areolar c. inflammation of the choroid, with prominent pigment proliferation occurring first in the macular region and then more peripherally.
diffuse c. a widespread exudative inflammation of the choroid, with progressive resolution of older lesions as new ones occur.
disseminated c. chronic inflammation of the choroid, with multiple isolated foci.
exudative c. a circumscribed inflammation of the choroid, often with multiple lesions.
juxtapupillary c. c. adjacent to the optic disk.
metastatic c. inflammation of the choroid arising from microbial emboli.
multifocal c. macular, peripapillary, and peripheral c., often designated presumed ocular histoplasmosis.
posterior c. disseminated c. restricted to the central choroid.
proliferative c. the dense scar tissue produced by severe c..
suppurative c. purulent inflammation of the choroid.
vitiliginous c. SYN: bird shot retinochoroiditis.

choroido- choroido-

The choroid.

choroidocyclitis
choroidocyclitis (ko-roy′do-si-kli′tis)

Inflammation of the choroid coat and the ciliary body. [choroido- + G. kyklos, circle]

choroidopathy
choroidopathy (ko-roy-dop′a-the)

Noninflammatory degeneration of the choroid.
areolar c. a slowly progressive pigmentary degeneration in young persons; characterized by black foci closely set together and coalescent at the posterior pole and macular region. SYN: central areolar choroidal atrophy, central areolar choroidal sclerosis.
central serous c. an idiopathic sensory retinal detachment in the macula; more common in males. SYN: central angiospastic retinopathy, central serous retinopathy.
Doyne honeycomb c. obsolete term for macular drusen.
geographic c. SYN: serpiginous c..
helicoid c. SYN: serpiginous c..
myopic c. chronic degeneration of the sclera and choroid with posterior staphyloma, accompanying high myopia.
serpiginous c. bilateral acquired abnormality of retinal pigment epithelium and choroid in which irregular multiple progressive swelling is followed by atrophic scars in linear patterns. SYN: geographic c., helicoid c..

choroidosis
choroidosis (ko′-roy-do′sis)

Obsolete term for choroidopathy.

Chotzen
Chotzen

F., 20th century German physician. See C. syndrome.

Christensen
Christensen

Erna, Danish neuropathologist, 1906–1967. See C.-Krabbe disease.

Christian
Christian

Henry A., U.S. internist, 1876–1951. See C. disease, C. syndrome, Hand-Schüller-C. disease, Weber-C. disease.

Christison
Christison

Sir Robert, Scottish physician, 1797–1882. See C. formula.

Christmas Christmas

Surname of a child (Stephen C.) with the disease subsequently called C. disease; first case studied in detail. See C. disease, C. factor. SEE ALSO: C. factor, hemophilia B.

chrom- chrom-, chromat-, chromato-, chromo-

Color. [G. chroma]

chromaffin
chromaffin (kro′maf-in)

Giving a brownish yellow reaction with chromic salts; denoting certain cells in the medulla of the adrenal glands and in paraganglia. SYN: chromaphil, chromatophil (3) , chromophil (3) , chromophile, pheochrome (1) . [chrom- + L. affinis, affinity]

chromaffinoma
chromaffinoma (kro-maf-in-o′ma)

A neoplasm composed of chromaffin cells occurring in the medullae of adrenal glands, the organs of Zuckerkandl, or the paraganglia of the thoracolumbar sympathetic chain; may secrete catecholamines. SEE ALSO: pheochromocytoma. SYN: chromaffin tumor.

chromaffinopathy
chromaffinopathy (kro′maf-in-op′a-the)

Obsolete term for any pathologic condition of chromaffin tissue, as in the medullae of adrenal glands or the organs of Zuckerkandl. [chromaffin + G. pathos, suffering]

chroman
chroman, chromane (kro′man, -man)

Fundamental unit of the tocopherols (vitamin E). SEE ALSO: chromanol, chromene, chromenol.

chromanol
chromanol (kro′man-ol)

6-Hydroxychroman (6-c.) is the fundamental unit of the tocopherols (vitamin E), tocols, and tocotrienols, as well as of ubi-, toco-, and phyllochromanol. SEE ALSO: chroman, chromene, chromenol. SYN: hydroxychroman.

chromaphil
chromaphil (kro′ma-fil)

SYN: chromaffin.

chromat- chromat-

See chrom-.

chromate
chromate (kro′mat)

A salt of chromic acid.
sodium c. Cr 51 anionic hexavalent radioactive chromium in the form of sodium c. (Na₂⁵¹CrO₄) with a half-life of 27.8 days; used for the determination of circulating red cell volume and red cell survival time.

chromatic
chromatic (kro-mat′ik)

Of or pertaining to color or colors; produced by, or made in, a color or colors.

chromatid
chromatid (kro′ma-tid)

Each of the two strands formed by longitudinal duplication of a chromosome that becomes visible during prophase of mitosis or meiosis; the two chromatids are joined by the still undivided centromere; after the centromere has divided at metaphase and the two chromatids have separated, each c. becomes a chromosome. [G. chroma, color, + -id (2),]

chromatin
chromatin (kro′ma-tin)

The genetic material of the nucleus, consisting of deoxyribonucleoprotein, which occurs in two forms during the phase between mitotic divisions: 1) as heterochromatin, seen as condensed, readily stainable clumps; 2) as euchromatin, dispersed lightly staining or nonstaining material. During mitotic division the c. condenses into chromosomes. [G. chroma, color]
heteropyknotic c. SYN: heterochromatin.
oxyphil c. SYN: oxychromatin.
sex c. a small condensed mass of the inactivated X-chromosome usually located just inside the nuclear membrane of the interphase nucleus; the number of sex c. bodies per nucleus is one less than the number of X-chromosomes, hence normal males and females with Turner syndrome (XO) have none (sex c. negative), normal females and males with Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) have one, and XXX-females have two c. masses. For technical reasons only about half the cells in a preparation show typical masses. SEE ALSO: Lyon hypothesis. SYN: Barr c. body.

chromatinolysis
chromatinolysis (kro′ma-ti-nol′i-sis)

SYN: chromatolysis.

chromatinorrhexis
chromatinorrhexis (kro-mat′i-no-rek′sis)

Fragmentation of the chromatin. [chromatin + G. rhexis, rupture]

chromatism
chromatism (kro′ma-tizm)

1. Abnormal pigmentation. 2. SYN: chromatic aberration. [G. chroma, color]

chromato- chromato-

See chrom-.

chromatogenous
chromatogenous (kro-ma-toj′e-nus)

Producing color; causing pigmentation. [chromato- + -gen, producing]

chromatogram
chromatogram (kro-mat′o-gram)

The graphic record produced by chromatography.

chromatograph
chromatograph (kro-mat′o-graf)

To perform chromatography.

chromatographic
chromatographic (kro′mat-o-graf′ik)

Pertaining to chromatography.

chromatography
chromatography (kro-ma-tog′ra-fe)

The separation of chemical substances and particles (originally plant pigments and other highly colored compounds) by differential movement through a two-phase system. The mixture of materials to be separated is percolated through a column or sheet of some suitable chosen absorbent ( e.g., an ion-exchange material); the substances least absorbed are least retarded and emerge the earliest; those more strongly absorbed emerge later. SYN: absorption c.. [chromato- + G. grapho, to write]
absorption c. SYN: c..
adsorption c. c. in which separation of substances is achieved by the difference in degree of adsorption of the compounds to a stationary phase.
affinity c. c. where the absorbent has a unique chemical affinity for a particular component of the passing solution. SYN: affinity column.
column c. a form of partition, adsorption, ion exchange, or affinity c. in which one phase is liquid (aqueous) flowing down a column packed with the second phase, a solid; the dissolved substances form a partition between the solid and liquid phases depending on the chemical and physical conditions of each phase; the more strongly adsorbed solutes reach the bottom of the column later than the less strongly adsorbed ones.
gas c. a chromatographic procedure in which the mobile phase is a mixture of gases or vapors, which are separated in the process by their differential adsorption on a stationary phase.
gas-liquid c. (GLC) gas c., with the stationary phase being liquid rather than solid.
gel filtration c. gel filtration.
high-performance liquid c. (HPLC) a chromatographic technology used to separate and quantitate mixtures of substances in solution. A sample is injected into a moving stream of solvent that flows through a column and detector. Separation during passage through the column occurs by absorption, partition, ion exchange, or size exclusion. The technique is commonly used in laboratories to measure organic compounds including steroid hormones, pesticides and poisons, toxic and carcinogenic compounds, and drugs. SYN: high-pressure liquid c..
high-pressure liquid c. (HPLC) SYN: high-performance liquid c..
ion exchange c. c. in which cations or anions in the mobile phase are separated by electrostatic interactions with the stationary phase. SEE ALSO: anion exchange, cation exchange.
liquid-liquid c. c. in which both the moving phase and the stationary (or reverse-moving) phase are liquids, as in countercurrent distribution.
paper c. partition c. in which the moving phase is a liquid and the stationary phase is paper.
partition c. the separation of similar substances by repeated divisions between two immiscible liquids, so that the substances, in effect, cross the partition between the liquids in opposite directions; where one of the liquids is bound as a film on filter paper, the process is termed paper partition c. or paper c..
reversed phase c. a form of partitionary c. in which the stationary phase is less polar than the mobile phase.
thin-layer c. (TLC) c. through a thin layer of cellulose or similar inert material supported on a glass or plastic plate.
two-dimensional c. paper c. in which a spot, located originally in one corner of a sheet, is developed in one direction along one side of the sheet, after which the sheet is rotated 90° and developed, with another solvent, in the new direction; the resultant spots are thus spread over the entire paper, giving a “map” or “fingerprint.” Also generalized to include c. followed by electrophoresis (or vice versa), column c. followed by paper c., etc.

chromatoid
chromatoid (kro′ma-toyd)

A refractile substance composed of chromatin, thought to be a nonglycogen food reserve contained within the cytoplasm of certain protozoa; seen in cysts of Entamoeba histolytica as rounded bars or chromatoidal bodies in contrast to the splintery form of c. bodies in cysts of Entamoeba coli. [chromato- + G. eidos, form]

chromatokinesis
chromatokinesis (kro′ma-to-ki-ne′sis)

Rearrangement of the chromatin into various forms. [chromato- + G. kinesis, movement]

chromatolysis
chromatolysis (kro-ma-tol′i-sis)

The disintegration of the granules of chromophil substance (Nissl bodies) in a nerve cell body that may occur after exhaustion of the cell or damage to its peripheral process; other changes considered part of c. include swelling of the perikaryon and shifting of the nucleus from its central position to the periphery. SYN: chromatinolysis, chromolysis, tigrolysis. [chromato- + G. lysis, dissolution]
central c. c. associated with significant axonal injury. SYN: retrograde c..
retrograde c. SYN: central c..
transsynaptic c. SYN: transsynaptic degeneration.

chromatolytic
chromatolytic (kro-ma-to-lit′ik)

Relating to chromatolysis.

chromatometer
chromatometer (kro-ma-tom′e-ter)

SYN: colorimeter. [chromato- + G. metron, measure]

chromatopectic
chromatopectic (kro′ma-to-pek′tik)

Relating to or causing chromatopexis. SYN: chromopectic.

chromatopexis
chromatopexis (kro′ma-to-pek′sis)

The fixation of color or staining fluid, i.e., as the liver functions in forming bilirubin. SYN: chromopexis. [chromato- + G. pexis, fixation]

chromatophil
chromatophil (kro-mat′o-fil)

1. SYN: chromophilic. 2. SYN: chromophil (2) . 3. SYN: chromaffin.

chromatophilia
chromatophilia (kro′ma-to-fil′e-a)

SYN: chromophilia.

chromatophilic
chromatophilic, chromatophilous (kro-ma-to-fil′ik, -tof′i-lus)

SYN: chromophilic.

chromatophobia
chromatophobia (kro′ma-to-fo′be-a)

SYN: chromophobia.

chromatophore
chromatophore (kro-mat′o-for)

1. A colored plastid, due to the presence of chlorophyll or other pigments, found in certain forms of protozoa. 2. Melanophage; a pigment-bearing phagocyte found chiefly in the skin, mucous membrane, and choroid coat of the eye, and also in melanomas. 3. SYN: chromophore. 4. A colored plastid in plants; e.g., chloroplasts, leukoplasts, etc. [chromato- + G. phoros, bearing]

chromatophorotropic
chromatophorotropic (kro′ma-to-for′o-trop′ik)

Denoting the attraction of chromatophores to the skin or other organs. [chromatophore + G. tropos, a turning]

chromatoplasm
chromatoplasm (kro′ma-to-plazm)

The part of the cytoplasm containing pigment.

chromatopsia
chromatopsia (kro-ma-top′se-a)

A condition in which objects appear to be abnormally colored or tinged with color; designated according to the color seen: xanthopsia, yellow vision; erythropsia, red vision; chloropsia, green vision; cyanopsia, blue vision. SYN: chromatic vision, colored vision, tinted vision. Cf.:dyschromatopsia. [chromato- + G. opsis, vision]

chromatosome
chromatosome (kro-ma′to-som)

A nucleosome with one bound histone-1 protein.

chromatotropism
chromatotropism (kro-mat′ro-pizm)

1. A change of color. 2. The phenomenon of orientation in response to color. [chromato- + G. trope, turn]

chromaturia
chromaturia (kro-ma-too′re-a)

Abnormal coloration of the urine. [chromato- + G. ouron, urine]

chrome
chrome (krom)

Chromium, especially as a source of pigment. [G. chroma, color]

-chrome -chrome

A word termination indicating relationship to color. [G. chroma color]

chromene
chromene (kro′men)

2H-1-Benzopyran;fundamental unit of the tocopherolquinones. SEE ALSO: chroman, chromanol, chromenol.

chromenol
chromenol (kro′men-ol)

6-Hydroxychromene (6-c.) is the fundamental unit of the tocopherolquinones (oxidized tocopherol) and plastochromenol-8. SEE ALSO: chroman, chromanol, chromene. SYN: hydroxychromene.

chrome red
chrome red

Basic lead chromate.

chromesthesia
chromesthesia (kro-mes-the′ze-a)

1. The color sense. 2. A condition in which nonvisual stimuli, such as taste or smell, cause the perception of color. [G. chroma, color, + aisthesis, sensation]

chrome yellow
chrome yellow [C.I. 77600]

A fine yellow powder used in paints and dyes. SYN: lead chromate, Leipzig yellow, lemon yellow, Paris yellow.

chromhidrosis
chromhidrosis (krom-hi-dro′sis)

A rare condition characterized by the excretion of sweat containing pigment. SYN: chromidrosis. [chrom- + G. hidros, sweat]
apocrine c. excretion of colored sweat, usually black, from apocrine glands.

chromic acid
chromic acid (kro′mik)

H₂CrO₄ or H₂Cr₂O₇;a strong oxidizing agent formed by dissolving chromium trioxide (CrO₃) in water. Has been used in solution as a topical antiseptic.

chromidia
chromidia (kro-mid′e-a)

Plural of chromidium.

chromidiation
chromidiation (kro-mid-e-a′shun)

SYN: chromidiosis.

chromidiosis
chromidiosis (kro-mid-e-o′sis)

An outpouring of nuclear substance and chromatin into the cell protoplasm. SYN: chromidiation.

chromidium
chromidium, pl .chromidia (kro-mid′e-um, -e-a)

A basophilic particle or structure in the cell cytoplasm, rich in RNA, often found in specialized cells. [G. chroma, color, + -idion, a diminutive termination]

chromidrosis
chromidrosis (kro-mi-dro′sis)

SYN: chromhidrosis.

chromium
chromium (Cr) (kro′me-um)

A metallic element, atomic no. 24, atomic wt. 51.9961. A dietary essential bioelement. ⁵¹Cr (half-life of 27.70 days) is used as a diagnostic aid in many disorders ( e.g., gastrointestinal protein loss). [G. chroma, color]
c. trioxide CrO₃;chromic acid, a strong oxidizing agent used as a caustic in the removal of warts and other small growths from the skin and genitals; the hydrated acid, H₂CrO₄, forms variously colored salts with potassium, lead, and other bases.

chromo- chromo-

See chrom-.

Chromobacterium
Chromobacterium (kro-mo-bak-ter′e-um)

A genus of bacteria containing Gram-negative, motile rods. These microorganisms produce a violet pigment (violacein) and are occasionally pathogenic to humans and other animals. The type species is C. violaceum.
C. violaceum type species of the genus C.; it is found in soil and water.

chromoblast
chromoblast (kro′mo-blast)

An embryonic cell with the potentiality of developing into a pigment cell. [chromo- + G. blastos, germ]

chromoblastomycosis
chromoblastomycosis (kro′mo-blas′to-mi-ko′sis)

A localized chronic mycosis of the skin and subcutaneous tissues characterized by skin lesions so rough and irregular as to present a cauliflowerlike appearance; caused by dematiaceous fungi such as Phialophora verrucosa, Exophiala (wangiella) dermatitidis, Fonsecaea pedrosoi, F. compacta, and Cladosporium carrionii; fungal cells resembling copper pennies form rounded sclerotic bodies in tissue, with epidermal hyperplasia and intraepidermal microabscesses. SYN: chromomycosis. [chromo- + G. blastos, germ, + myke, fungus, + -osis, condition]

chromocenter
chromocenter (kro′mo-sen-ter)

SYN: karyosome.

chromocyte
chromocyte (kro′mo-sit)

Any pigmented cell, such as a red blood corpuscle. [chromo- + G. kytos, cell]

chromogen
chromogen (kro′mo-jen)

1. A substance, itself without definite color, that may be transformed into a pigment; denoting especially benzene and its homologs toluene, xylene, quinone, naphthalene, and anthracene, from which the aniline dyes are manufactured. 2. A microorganism that produces pigment. 3. A compound, containing a chromophore, that is colorless if that chromophore is removed.
Porter-Silber chromogens yellow phenylhydrazones formed by the reaction of 17,21-dihydroxy-20-oxosteroids with a phenylhydrazine-ethanol-sulfuric acid reagent; used chiefly to determine plasma cortisol concentrations and the urinary output of 17-hydroxycorticoids.

chromogenesis
chromogenesis (kro-mo-jen′e-sis)

Production of coloring matter or pigment, often via an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. [chromo- + G. genesis, production]

chromogenic
chromogenic (kro-mo-jen′ik)

1. Denoting a chromogen. 2. Relating to chromogenesis.

chromogranins
chromogranins (kro′mo-gran-inz)

Soluble proteins of chromaffin granules; c. A, an acidic glycoprotein, accounts for approximately half of the total protein of the granule matrix.

chromoisomerism
chromoisomerism (kro′mo-i-som′er-izm)

Isomerism in which the isomers display different colors.

chromolipid
chromolipid (kro-mo-lip′id)

SYN: lipochrome (1) .

chromolysis
chromolysis (kro-mol′i-sis)

SYN: chromatolysis.

chromomere
chromomere (kro′mo-mer)

1. A condensed segment of a chromonema; densely staining bands visible in chromosomes under certain conditions. 2. SYN: granulomere. [chromo- + G. meros, a part]

chromometer
chromometer (kro-mom′e-ter)

SYN: colorimeter.

chromomycosis
chromomycosis (kro′mo-mi-ko′sis)

SYN: chromoblastomycosis. [chromo- + G. mykes, fungus, + -osis, condition]

chromone
chromone (kro′mon)

4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one;fundamental unit of various plant pigments and other substances. SEE ALSO: flavone, chromene, chroman.

chromonema
chromonema, pl .chromonemata (kro-mo-ne′ma, -ma-ta)

The coiled filament in which the genes are located, which extends the entire length of a chromosome and exhibits an intensely positive Feulgen test for DNA. SYN: chromatic fiber. [chromo- + G. nema, thread]

chromonychia
chromonychia (kro-mo-nik′e-a)

Abnormality in the color of the nails. [chromo- + G. onyx (onych-), nail]

chromopectic
chromopectic (kro-mo-pek′tik)

SYN: chromatopectic.

chromopexis
chromopexis (kro-mo-pek′sis)

SYN: chromatopexis.

chromophil
chromophil, chromophile (kro′mo-fil, kro′mo-fil)

1. SYN: chromophilic. 2. A cell or any histologic element that stains readily. SYN: chromatophil (2) . 3. SYN: chromaffin. [chromo- + G. phileo, to love]

chromophilia
chromophilia (kro-mo-fil′e-a)

The property possessed by most cells of staining readily with appropriate dyes. SYN: chromatophilia. [chromo- + G. phileo, to love]

chromophilic
chromophilic, chromophilous (kro-mo-fil′ik, -mof′i-lus)

Staining readily; denoting certain cells and histologic structures. SYN: chromatophil (1) , chromatophilic, chromatophilous, chromophil (1) , chromophile.

chromophobe
chromophobe (kro′mo-fob)

Resistant to stains, staining with difficulty or not at all; denoting certain degranulated cells in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. SYN: chromophobic. [chromo- + G. phobos, fear]

chromophobia
chromophobia (kro-mo-fo′be-a)

1. Resistance to stains on the part of cells and tissues. 2. A morbid dislike of colors. SYN: chromatophobia. [chromo- + G. phobos, fear]

chromophobic
chromophobic (kro-mo-fo′bik)

SYN: chromophobe. [chromo- + phobos, fear]

chromophore
chromophore (kro′mo-for)

The atomic grouping upon which the color of a substance depends. SYN: chromatophore (3) , color radical. [chromo- + G. phoros, bearing]

chromophoric
chromophoric, chromophorous (kro-mo-for′ik, -mof′or-us)

1. Relating to a chromophore. 2. Producing or carrying color; denoting certain microorganisms.

chromophototherapy
chromophototherapy (kro′mo-pho′to-thar′a-pe)

SYN: chromotherapy. [chromo- + photo- + G. therapeia, medical treatment]

chromoplast
chromoplast (kro′mo-plast)

A plastid filled with carotenoid pigments.

chromoplastid
chromoplastid (kro-mo-plas′tid)

A pigmented plastid, containing chlorophyll, formed in certain protozoans. [chromo- + G. plastos, formed, + -id (2)]

chromoprotein
chromoprotein (kro-mo-pro′ten)

One of a group of conjugated proteins, consisting of a combination of pigment ( i.e., a colored prosthetic group) with a protein; e.g., hemoglobin.

chromosomal
chromosomal (kro′mo-so′mal)

Pertaining to chromosomes.

chromosome
chromosome (kro′mo-som)

One of the bodies (normally 46 in somatic cells in humans) in the cell nucleus that is the bearer of genes, has the form of a delicate chromatin filament during interphase, contracts to form a compact cylinder segmented into two arms by the centromere during metaphase and anaphase stages of cell divison, and is capable of reproducing its physical and chemical structure through successive cell divisons. In bacteria and other prokaryotes, the c. is not enclosed within a nuclear membrane and not subject to a mitotic mechanism. Prokaryotes may have more than one c.. [chromo- + G. soma, body]
accessory c. a supernumerary c. that is not an exact replica of any of the chromosomes in the normal cellular complement. SYN: monosome (1) , odd c., unpaired allosome, unpaired c..
acentric c. a fragment of a c. lacking a centromere and unable to attach to the mitotic spindle, therefore unable to take part in the division of a nucleus and randomly distributed in daughter cells. SYN: acentric fragment.
acrocentric c. a c. with the centromere placed very close to one end so that the short arm is very small, often with a satellite.
bivalent c. a pair of chromosomes temporarily united.
Christchurch c. an obsolete term describing an abnormal small acrocentric c. (no. 21 or 22) with complete or almost complete deletion of the short arm; found in cultured leukocytes in some cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, also in some normal relatives of patients.
derivative c. an anomalous c. generated by translocation. SYN: translocation c..
dicentric c. a c. with two centromeres that may result from reciprocal translocation.
double minute chromosomes paired, extrachromosomal elements lacking centromeres, often associated with a drug resistance gene.
fragile X c. an X c. with a fragile site near the end of the long arm, resulting in the appearance of an almost detached fragment; demonstrated only under special culture conditions; frequently associated with X-linked mental retardation. See Renpenning syndrome.
giant c. 1. SYN: polytene c.. 2. SYN: lampbrush c..
heterotypical c. c. that pairs with an unequal partner, e.g., the X and Y chromosomes.
homologous chromosomes members of a single pair of chromosomes.
lampbrush c., lamp-brush c. 1. a large c. found in oocytes of certain animals characterized by many fine lateral projections giving the appearance of a test tube brush or lampbrush. 2. multiply looped chromosomal area of the chromatin of some species. SYN: giant c. (2) .
late replicating c. a c. (often anomalous) that is shown, e.g., by incorporation of a labeled nucleotide, to undergo delayed duplication preliminary to mitosis; formerly used as a means of distinguishing members of a group of chromosomes.
marker c. a c. with cytologically distinctive characteristics.
metacentric c. a c. with a centrally placed centromere that divides the c. into two arms of approximately equal length.
mitochondrial c. the DNA component of mitochondria, the chief function of which is synthesis of adenosine triphosphate and the management of cellular energy; the c. contains some 16,000 base pairs arranged in a circle. The inheritance is matrilineal, and the mutation rate is unusually high; since each cell contains thousands of copies,s a mutant form may assume an almost continuous gradation as in a galtonian process. Most of the mutations known have their impact on the respiratory chain.
nonhomologous chromosomes chromosomes that are not members of the same pair.
nucleolar c. a c. regularly associated with a nucleolus.
odd c. SYN: accessory c..
Philadelphia c. (Ph1) an abnormally shortened c. 22, formed by translocation of a portion of the long arm of c. 22 to c. 9; found in cultured leukocytes of many patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia.
polytene c. a stage of c. division that forms the giant c. found in the salivary gland of dipterous insects; the great width is the result of repeated divisions of the chromonema without subsequent lengthwise separation of the filaments. SYN: giant c. (1) .
c. puffs expansions of particular c. regions; sites of RNA syntheses.
ring c. a c. with ends joined to form a circular structure. The ring form is abnormal in humans but the normal form of the c. in certain bacteria.
sex chromosomes the pair of chromosomes responsible for sex determination. In humans and most animals, the sex chromosomes are designated X and Y; females have two X chromosomes, males have one X and one Y c. In certain birds, insects, and fishes the sex chromosomes are designated Z and W; males have two Z chromosomes, females may have one Z and one W c., or one Z and no W c.. SYN: gonosome.
submetacentric c. a c. with the centromere so placed that it divides the c. into two arms of strikingly unequal length.
telocentric c. a c. with a terminal centromere; such chromosomes in humans are unstable and arise by misdivision or breakage near the centromere and are usually eliminated within a few cell divisions.
translocation c. SYN: derivative c..
unpaired c. SYN: accessory c..
W c., X c., Y c., Z c. sex chromosomes.
c. walking sequential isolation of overlapping sequences of DNA ( i.e., clones); with this procedure large regions of the c. can be spanned. SYN: overlap hybridization.
yeast artificial chromosomes (YAC) yeast DNA sequences that have incorporated into them very large foreign DNA fragments; the recombinant DNA is then introduced into the yeast by transformation; the use of yeast artificial chromosomes permits the cloning of large genes with their flanking regulatory sequences.

chromosome pairing
chromosome pairing

The process in synapsis whereby homologous chromosomes align opposite each other before disjoining in the formation of the daughter cell; the apposition permits exchange of genetic material in crossing-over.

chromotherapy
chromotherapy (kro-mo-thar′a-pe)

Treatment of disease by colored light. SYN: chromophototherapy.

chromotoxic
chromotoxic (kro-mo-tok′sik)

Caused by a toxic action on the hemoglobin, as in c. hyperchromemia, or resulting from the destruction of hemoglobin.

chromotrichia
chromotrichia (kro-mo-trik′e-a)

Colored or pigmented hair. [chromo- + G. thrix (trich-), hair]

chromotrichial
chromotrichial (kro-mo-trik′e-al)

Pertaining to the coloring of hair.

chromotrope
chromotrope (kro′mo-trop)

Any of several dyes containing chromotropic acid and which have the property of changing from red to blue on afterchroming.

chromotrope 2R
chromotrope 2R [C.I. 16570]

A red acid dye used as a counterstain and for staining red blood cells in sections.

chromotropic acid
chromotropic acid (kro′mo-trop-ik)

Used as a reagent and in chromotropes.

chronaxia
chronaxia (kro-nak′se-a)

SYN: chronaxie.

chronaxie
chronaxie (kro′nak-se)

A measurement of excitability of nervous or muscular tissue; the shortest duration of an effective electrical stimulus having a strength equal to twice the minimum strength required for excitation. SYN: chronaxia, chronaxis, chronaxy. [G. chronos, time, + axia, value]

chronaximeter
chronaximeter (kro-nak-sim′e-ter)

An instrument for measuring chronaxie.

chronaximetry
chronaximetry (kro-nak-sim′e-tre)

The measurement of chronaxie. [G. chronos, time, + axia, value, + metrein, to measure]

chronaxis
chronaxis (kro-nak′sis)

SYN: chronaxie.

chronaxy
chronaxy (kro′nak-se)

SYN: chronaxie.

chronic
chronic (kron′ik)

1. Referring to a health-related state, lasting a long time. 2. Referring to exposure, prolonged or long-term, sometimes meaning also low intensity. 3. The U.S. National Center for Health Statistics defines a c. condition as one of 3 months' duration or longer. [G. chronos, time]

chronicity
chronicity (kron-is′i-te)

The state of being chronic.

chrono- chrono-

Time. [G. chronos]

chronobiology
chronobiology (kron′o-bi-ol′o-je)

That aspect of biology concerned with the timing of biological events, especially repetitive or cyclic phenomena in individual organisms. [chrono- + G. bios, life, + logos, study]

chronognosis
chronognosis (kron-og-no′sis)

Perception of the passage of time. [chrono- + G. gnosis, knowledge]

chronograph
chronograph (kron′o-graf)

An instrument for graphic measurement and recording brief periods of time. [chrono- + G. grapho, to record]

chronometry
chronometry (kro-nom′e-tre)

Measurement of intervals of time. [chrono- + G. metron, measure]
mental c. study of the duration of mental and behavorial processes.

chrono-oncology
chrono-oncology (kron′o-on-kol′o-je)

The study of the influence of biological rhythms on neoplastic growth; also used to describe anti-cancer treatment based on the timing of drug administration. [G. chronos, time, + oncology]

chronopharmacology
chronopharmacology (kron′o-far-ma-kol′o-je)

A branch of chronobiology concerned with the effects of drugs upon the timing of biological events and rhythms, and the relation of biological timing to the effects of drugs.

chronophobia
chronophobia (kron′o-fo′be-a)

Morbid fear of the duration or immensity of time.

chronophotograph
chronophotograph (kron-o-fo′to-graf)

A photograph taken as one of a series for the purpose of showing successive phases of a motion.

chronotaraxis
chronotaraxis (kron′o-ta-rak′sis)

Distortion or confusion of the sense of time. [chrono- + G. taraxis, confusion]

chronotherapy
chronotherapy (kro′no-ther′a- pe)

The practice of administering chemotherapy at certain times of the day that are thought to be optimal for enhanced activity or lessened toxicity. SEE ALSO: chrono-oncology. [chrono- + therapy]

chronotropic
chronotropic (kron′o-trop′ik)

Affecting the rate of rhythmic movements such as the heartbeat.

chronotropism
chronotropism (kron-ot′ro-pizm)

Modification of the rate of a periodic movement, e.g., the heartbeat, through some external influence. [chrono- + G. trope, turn, change]
negative c. retardation of movement, especially of the heart rate.
positive c. acceleration of movement, especially of the heart rate.

chroococcals
chroococcals (kro-o-kok-alz)

A class of cyanobacteria in which the cells are solitary or colonial. [Chroococcus fr. G. chros, chroos, color, + coccus]

chrys- chrys-, chryso-

Gold; corresponds to L. auro-. [G. chrysos]

chrysanthemum-carboxylic acids
chrysanthemum-carboxylic acids (kri-san′the-mum-kar-bok′si-lik)

Cyclopropane carboxylic acids substituted in one position by two methyl groups, the other by 2-methyl-1-propenyl (chrysanthemum monocarboxylic acid) or by 3-methoxy-2-methyl-3-oxo-1-propenyl (chrysanthemum dicarboxylic acid methyl ester); these acids, esterified with allethrolone or pyrethrolone, are the allethrins and pyrethrins, respectively.

Chrysaora
Chrysaora (kris′-a-or-a)

A genus of the invertebrate phylum Cnidaria that includes the sea nettle.
C. quinquecirrha the sea nettle, a jellyfish that can inflict moderate to severe stings. SEE ALSO: jellyfish. SYN: sea nettle.

chrysarobin
chrysarobin (kris-a-ro′bin)

An extract of Goa powder; a complex mixure of reduction products of chrysophanic acid, emodin, and emodin monomethyl ether; used locally in ringworm, psoriasis, and eczema. [G. chrysos, gold, + Brazil Ind. araroba, bark]

chrysazine
chrysazine (kris′a-zin)

SYN: danthron.

chrysiasis
chrysiasis (kri-si′a-sis)

A permanent slate-gray discoloration of the skin and sclera resulting from deposition of gold in macrophages. SYN: auriasis, aurochromoderma. [G. chrysos, gold]

chrysocyanosis
chrysocyanosis (kris′o-si-a-no′sis)

Pigmentation of skin due to reaction to therapeutic use of gold salts.

chrysoidin
chrysoidin (kris′oy-din) [C.I. 11270]

A dye (MW 249) made from aniline, used in histology and as an indicator (changing from orange to yellow at pH 4.0 to 7.0); also employed as a substitute for Bismarck brown. C. citrate and c. thiocyanate are used as antiseptics.

Chrysomyia
Chrysomyia (kris-o-mi′ya)

A genus of myiasis-producing fleshflies (family Calliphoridae) with medium-sized metallic-colored adults; includes the Old World screw worm, C. bezziana (sometimes called Cochliomyia bezziana), which is a primary invader, comparable to Cochliomyia hominivorax, the New World screw worm fly, whereas C. megacephala is an Old World equivalent to Cochliomyia macellaria, both being secondary or saprophytic invaders. [G. chrysos, gold, + myia, fly]

Chrysops
Chrysops (kris′ops)

The deerfly, a genus of biting flies with about 80 North American species, characterized by a splotched wing pattern; C. discalis is a vector of Francisella tularensis in the U.S.; C. dimidiatus and C. silaceus are the principal vectors of Loa loa in west Africa. [G. chrysos, gold, + ops, eye]

Chrysosporium parvum
Chrysosporium parvum (kris-o-spor′e-um par′vum)

Former name for Emmonsia parva.

chrysotherapy
chrysotherapy (kris-o-thar′a-pe)

Treatment of disease by the administration of gold salts. SYN: aurotherapy. [G. chrysos, gold]

chunking
chunking (chunk′ing)

The process within short-term memory of combining disparate items of information so that they take up as little as possible of the limited space in short-term memory; e.g., combining into one percept the three individual letters making up the word “cat”.

Churg
Churg

Jacob, U.S. pathologist, *1910. See C.-Strauss syndrome.

chutta
chutta (chut′a)

Cancer of the roof of the mouth developing in Asians who smoke cigars with the lighted end inside the mouth. A similar association has been reported from South America and Sardinia.

Chvostek
Chvostek

Franz, Austrian surgeon, 1834–1884. See C. sign.

chyl- chyl-

See chylo-.

chylangioma
chylangioma (ki-lan-je-o′ma)

A mass of prominent, dilated lacteals and larger intestinal lymphatic vessels. [chyl- + G. angeion, vessel, + -oma, tumor]

chylaqueous
chylaqueous (ki-la′kwe-us)

Referring to watery chyle. [chyl- + L. aqua, water]

chyle
chyle (kil)

A turbid white or pale yellow fluid taken up by the lacteals from the intestine during digestion and carried by the lymphatic system via the thoracic duct into the circulation. The milky appearance is due to chylomicrons in the lymph. [G. chylos, juice]

chylemia
chylemia (ki-le′me-a)

The presence of chyle in the circulating blood. [chyl- + G. haima, blood]

chylidrosis
chylidrosis (ki-li-dro′sis)

Sweating of a milky fluid resembling chyle. [chyl- + G. hidros, sweat]

chylifaction
chylifaction (ki-li-fak′shun)

SYN: chylopoiesis. [chyl- + L. facio, to make]

chylifactive
chylifactive (ki-li-fak′tiv)

SYN: chylopoietic.

chyliferous
chyliferous (ki-lif′er-us)

Conveying chyle. SYN: chylophoric. [chyl- + L. fero, to carry]

chylification
chylification (ki′li-fi-ka′shun)

SYN: chylopoiesis.

chyliform
chyliform (ki′li-form)

Resembling chyle.

chylo- chylo-, chyl-

Chyle. [G. chylos, juice.]

chylocele
chylocele (ki′lo-sel)

An effusion of chyle into the tunica vaginalis propria and space of the tunica vaginalis testis. [chylo- + G. kele, tumor]
parasitic c. SYN: elephantiasis scroti.

chylocyst
chylocyst (ki′lo-sist)

SYN: cisterna chyli. [chylo- + G. kystis, bladder]

chylomediastinum
chylomediastinum (ki′lo-me-de-as-ti′num)

Abnormal presence of chyle in the mediastinum.

chylomicron
chylomicron, pl .chylomicrachylomicrons (ki-lo-mi′kron, -mi′kra, -mi′kronz)

A large lipid droplet (between 0.8 and 5 nm in diameter) of reprocessed lipid synthesized in epithelial cells of the small intestine and containing triacylglycerols, cholesterol esters, and several apolipoproteins ( e.g., A-I, B-48, C-I, C-II, C-III, E); the least dense (less than 1.006 g/mL) of the plasma lipoproteins that functions as a transport vehicle. [chylo- + G. micros, small]

chylomicronemia
chylomicronemia (ki′lo-mi-kro-ne′me-a)

The presence of chylomicrons, especially an increased number, in the circulating blood, as in type I familial hyperlipoproteinemia. SEE ALSO: familial c. syndrome.

chylopericardium
chylopericardium (ki′lo-par-i-kar′de-um)

A milky pericardial effusion resulting from obstruction of the thoracic duct, from trauma, or of idiopathic origin.

chyloperitoneum
chyloperitoneum (ki′lo-par-i-to-ne′um)

SYN: chylous ascites.

chylophoric
chylophoric (ki-lo-for′ik)

SYN: chyliferous. [chylo- + G. phoros, bearing]

chylopleura
chylopleura (ki-lo-ploor′a)

SYN: chylothorax.

chylopneumothorax
chylopneumothorax (ki′lo-noo-mo-thor′aks)

Free chyle and air in the pleural space.

chylopoiesis
chylopoiesis (ki′lo-poy-e′sis)

Formation of chyle in the intestine. SYN: chylifaction, chylification. [chylo- + G. poiesis, a making]

chylopoietic
chylopoietic (ki′lo-poy-et′ik)

Relating to chylopoiesis. SYN: chylifactive.

chylorrhea
chylorrhea (ki-lo-re′a)

The flow or discharge of chyle. [chylo- + G. rhoia, flow]

chylosis
chylosis (ki-lo′sis)

The formation of chyle from the food in the intestine, its digestion and absorption by the intestinal mucosa, and its mixture with the blood and conveyance to the tissues.

chylothorax
chylothorax (ki-lo-thor′aks)

An accumulation of chylous fluid in the pleural space. SYN: chylopleura, chylous hydrothorax.

chylous
chylous (ki′lus)

Relating to chyle.

chyluria
chyluria (ki-loo′re-a)

The passage of chyle in the urine; a form of albiduria. [chyl- + G. ouron, urine]

chymase
chymase (ki′mas)

SYN: chymosin.

chyme
chyme (kim)

The semifluid mass of partly digested food passed from the stomach into the duodenum. SYN: pulp (3) [TA] , chymus. [G. chymos, juice]

chymification
chymification (ki-mi-fi-ka′shun)

SYN: chymopoiesis. [G. chymos, juice, + L. facio, to make]

chymopapain
chymopapain (ki′mo-pap-a′in)

A cysteine proteinase similar to papain in specificity; on rare occasions, it is used to shrink slipped disks as an alternative to surgery; used as a meat tenderizer. It is the major endopeptidase of papaya.

chymopoiesis
chymopoiesis (ki′mo-poy-e′sis)

The production of chyme; the physical state of food (semifluid) brought about by digestion in the stomach. SYN: chymification. [G. chymos, juice, chyme, + poiesis, a making]

chymorrhea
chymorrhea (ki-mo-re′a)

The flow of chyme. [G. chymos, juice, + rhoia, flow]

chymosin
chymosin (ki′mo-sin)

An aspartic proteinase structurally homologous with pepsin, formed from prochymosin; the milk-curdling enzyme obtained from the glandular layer of the stomach of the calf. Acts on a single peptide bond (&cbond;Phe&cbond;Met&cbond;) in κ-casein. SYN: chymase, pexin, rennase, rennet, rennin.

chymosinogen
chymosinogen (ki-mo-sin′o-jen)

SYN: prochymosin.

chymostatin
chymostatin (ki′mo-sta-tin)

An oligopeptide that is known to inhibit chymotrypsin-like proteases ( e.g., cathepsin A, B, and D, and papain).

chymotrypsin
chymotrypsin (ki-mo-trip′sin)

C. A or B; a serine proteinase of the gastrointestinal tract that preferentially cleaves carboxyl links of hydrophobic amino acids, particularly at tyrosyl, tryptophanyl, phenylalanyl, and leucyl residues; synthesized in the pancreas as chymotrypsinogen, and subsequently converted to π-, δ-, and finally α-c. by successive trypsin-dependent cleavages; proposed for use in the treatment of inflammation and edema associated with trauma and to facilitate intracapsular cataract extraction; c. A has the specificity above, c. B is homologous to c. A, and c. C has a broader specificity ( e.g., additionally acting on carboxyl links of methionyl, glutaminyl, and asparaginyl residues).

chymotrypsinogen
chymotrypsinogen (ki′mo-trip-sin′o-jen)

The precursor of chymotrypsin. Converted to π-chymotrypsin by the action of trypsin.

chymous
chymous (ki′mus)

Relating to chyme.

chymus
chymus (ki′mus)

SYN: chyme.

chytide
chytide

A skin wrinkle.

Ci
Ci

Abbreviation for curie.

Ciaccio
Ciaccio

Carmelo, Italian pathologist, 1877–1956. See C. stain.

Ciaccio
Ciaccio

Giuseppe V., Italian anatomist, 1824–1901. See C. glands, under gland.

cib.
cib.

Abbreviation for L. cibus, food.

cibophobia
cibophobia (si-bo-fo′be-a)

Fear of eating, or loathing for, food. [L. cibus, food, + G. phobos, fear]

CIC
CIC

Abbreviation for completely in the canal hearing aid.

CIC
CIC

Abbreviation for clean intermittent bladder catheterization.

cicatrectomy
cicatrectomy (sik-a-trek′to-me)

Excision of a scar. [L. cicatrix, scar, + G. ektome, excision]

cicatrices
cicatrices (si-ka′tri-sez)

Plural of cicatrix.

cicatricial
cicatricial (sik-a-trish′al)

Relating to a scar.

cicatricotomy
cicatricotomy, cicatrisotomy (sik′a-tri-kot′o-me, -sot′o-me)

Cutting a scar. [L. cicatrix, scar, + G. tome, cutting]

cicatrix
cicatrix, pl .cicatrices (sik′a-triks, si-ka′triks; sik-a-tri′sez)

A scar. [L.]
brain c. a scarring of the brain resulting from injury (reactive gliosis), characterized by proliferation of mesodermal (vascular) and ectodermal (glial) elements. SEE ALSO: isomorphous gliosis.
filtering c. SYN: filtering bleb.
meningocerebral c. scarring and adhesions involving contiguous brain and meninges; typically caused by head injury.
vicious c. a c. that by its contraction causes a deformity.

cicatrizant
cicatrizant (sik-at′ri-zant)

1. Causing or favoring cicatrization. 2. An agent with such action.

cicatrization
cicatrization (sik′a-tri-za′shun)

1. The process of scar formation. 2. The healing of a wound otherwise than by first intention.

ciclopiroxolamine
ciclopiroxolamine (si-klo-pir′oks ol′a-men)

A broad-spectrum antifungal agent used to treat a variety of fungus and yeast skin infections.

cicutoxin
cicutoxin (sik-u-tok′sin)

A toxic principle present in water hemlock, Cicuta virosa (family Umbelliferae); pharmacologic action is similar to that of picrotoxin.

-cide -cide

A word ending denoting an agent that kills ( e.g., insecticide), or the act of killing ( e.g., suicide). [L. -cida, -cidium, fr. caedo,to kill]

CIDP
CIDP

Abbreviation for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy.

ciguatera ciguatera ( se′gwah-tar′a)

An acute toxic syndrome with predominantly gastrointestinal and neuromuscular features induced by ingestion of the flesh or viscera of various marine fish of the Caribbean and tropical Pacific reefs that contain ciguatoxin. [Sp. fr. cigua, sea snail] Sporadic cases of c. occur along the east coast of the United States from Vermont to southern Florida and in the U.S. Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, and Hawaii. Occasional outbreaks result from group consumption of large catches of contaminated fish. The condition is probably underreported, many cases being dismissed as viral syndromes or seasickness. The lipid-soluble, heat-stable toxin is produced by the dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus, which is epiphytic on red and brown algae. Herbivorous fish foraging on reef algae consume the flagellates and are in turn consumed by carnivorous fish; the toxin becomes increasingly concentrated as it passes up the food chain. The heads and viscera of affected fish contain higher concentrations than other parts. Some 400 species of fish have been associated with human intoxication, including particularly predators such as amberjack, barracuda, grouper, moray eels, red snapper, sea bass, Spanish mackerel, and surgeon fish. Contaminated fish look, smell, and taste normal, and ciguatoxin is not destroyed by cooking, drying, salting, or freezing. Symptoms come on 3–12 hours after exposure (occasionally within minutes) and include vomiting and diarrhea, myalgia, dysesthesia and paresthesia of the extremities and perioral region, pruritus, headache, weakness, and diaphoresis. Bradycardia and hypotension may occur. A few deaths due to respiratory paralysis have been reported. Toxic effects usually resolve spontaneously in about 1 week but residual symptoms may persist for months. Repeated exposure can increase the sensitivity of an individual to the toxin. Diagnosis is confirmed by identification of toxin in uneaten portions of seafood or in the patient's serum. Treatment is purely supportive.

ciguatoxin
ciguatoxin (seg-wa-tok′sin)

A marine saponin of unknown structure but with the empirical formula C₃₅H₆₅NO₈; the toxic substance causing ciguatera.

cilastatin sodium
cilastatin sodium (si-la-stat′in)

An inhibitor of the renal dipeptidase, dehydropeptidase 1, used, in conjunction with antibiotics subject to metabolism in the kidneys, to increase therapeutic response to the antibiotic.

cili- cili-

See cilio-.

cilia
cilia (sil′e-a)

Plural of cilium.

ciliary
ciliary (sil′e-ar-e)

1. Relating to any cilia or hairlike processes, specifically, the eyelashes. 2. Relating to certain of the structures of the eyeball. [Mod. L. ciliaris, relating to or resembling an eyelid, or eyelash, fr. L. cilium, eyelid]

ciliastatic
ciliastatic (sil-e-a-stat′ik)

Denoting a drug or condition that slows or stops the beating of cilia (generally used with reference to respiratory mucous membrane cilia).

Ciliata
Ciliata (sil-e-a′ta)

Formerly considered a class of Protozoa whose members bear cilia or structures derived from them, such as cirri or membranelles, but now placed within the phylum Ciliophora. Typical members, such as Paramecium or Balantidium coli (a parasite of humans) possess two distinctive nuclei, a macronucleus and a micronucleus; only the latter bears the hereditary material exchanged in conjugation, a form of sexual reproduction found only in the C.. [L. cilium, eyelid]

ciliated
ciliated (sil′e-a-ted)

Having cilia.

ciliates
ciliates (sil′e-ats)

Common name for members of the Ciliata.

ciliectomy
ciliectomy (sil-e-ek′to-me)

SYN: cyclectomy.

cilio- cilio-, cili-

Cilia or meaning ciliary, in any sense; eyelashes. [L. cilium, eyelid (eyelash)]

ciliocytophthoria
ciliocytophthoria (sil′e-o-si-to- thor′e-a)

Detached ciliary tufts (remnants of ciliated epithelium) that can be seen in a variety of body fluids, especially peritoneal, amnionic, and respiratory specimens; they are motile and can be confused with ciliated or flagellated protozoa. [Pl. of ciliocytophthorium, fr. cilio- + cyto- + G. phthora corruption, decay, + -ium, noun suffix]

ciliogenesis
ciliogenesis (sil′e-o-jen′e-sis)

The formation of cilia.

Ciliophora
Ciliophora (sil′e-of′o-ra)

A phylum of protozoa that includes the abundant free-living ciliates and the sessile suctorians; formerly classified as a subphylum of the phylum Protozoa. [cilio- + G. phoros, bearing]

cilioretinal
cilioretinal (sil′e-o-ret′i-nal)

Pertaining to the ciliary body and the retina.

cilioscleral
cilioscleral (sil′e-o-skle′ral)

Relating to the ciliary body and the sclera.

ciliospinal
ciliospinal (sil′e-o-spi′nal)

Relating to the ciliary body and the spinal cord; denoting in particular the c. center.

ciliotoxicity
ciliotoxicity (sil′e-o-tok-sis′i-te)

The characteristic of a drug or other substance that impairs ciliary activity (generally refers to respiratory mucous membrane cilia) ( e.g., tobacco smoke).

cilium
cilium, pl .cilia (sil′e-um, -a)

1. [NA] SYN: eyelash. 2. A motile extension of a cell surface, e.g., of certain epithelial cells, containing nine longitudinal double microtubules arranged in a peripheral ring, together with a central pair. [L. an eyelid]

Cillobacterium
Cillobacterium (sil′o-bak-ter′e-um)

An obsolete genus of motile, anaerobic bacteria containing Gram-positive, straight or curved rods.

cimetidine
cimetidine (si-met′i-den)

A histamine analogue and antagonist used to treat peptic ulcer and hypersecretory conditions by blocking histamine H₂ receptor sites, thus inhibiting gastric acid secretion.

Cimex
Cimex (si′meks)

A genus of bedbugs of the family Cimicidae in the order Hemiptera, with flat, reddish-brown, wingless bodies, prominent lateral eyes, a three-jointed beak, and a characteristic odor from thoracic stink glands; an abundant pest in human abodes. Although its bite produces characteristic linear groups of pruritic wheals with a central hemorrhagic punctum, the bedbug is not a proven vecter of human disease, with the possible exception of hepatitis B. [L. c., bug, L. lectulus, a bed]
C. hemipterus a bedbug frequently found in the tropics.
C. lectularius the common bedbug.

Cimino
Cimino

James E., U.S. nephrologist, *1928. See Brescia-C. fistula.

cIMP
cIMP

Abbreviation for cyclic inosine 3,5-monophosphate.

cin- cin-

See cine-.

cinanesthesia
cinanesthesia (sin′an-es-the′ze-a)

SYN: kinanesthesia.

cinanserin hydrochloride
cinanserin hydrochloride (si-nan′ser-in)

A serotonin inhibitor.

cinchol
cinchol (sin′kol)

SYN: β-sitosterol.

cinchona
cinchona (sin-ko′na)

The dried bark of the root and stem of various species of C., a genus of evergreen trees (family Rubiaceae), native of South America but cultivated in various tropical regions. The cultivated bark contains 7 to 10% of total alkaloids; about 70% is quinine. C. contains more than 20 alkaloids, of which two pairs of isomers are most important: quinine and quinidine, and cinchonidine and cinchonine. SYN: bark (2) , c. bark, Jesuits bark, Peruvian bark, quina, quinaquina, quinquina. [C., fr. Countess of Chinch′on]

cinchonic
cinchonic (sin-kon′ik)

Relating to cinchona.

cinchonine
cinchonine (sin′ko-nen)

A quinoline alkaloid prepared from the bark of several species of Cinchona; a tonic and antimalarial agent. Several c. salts are available.

cinchonism
cinchonism (sin′ko-nizm)

Poisoning by cinchona, quinine, or quinidine; characterized by tinnitus, headache, deafness, and occasionally, anaphylactoid shock. SYN: quininism.

cinchophen
cinchophen (sin′ko-fen)

An analgesic, antipyretic, and uricosuric agent that may produce liver damage and gastric lesions; used in experimental animals to produce gastric ulcer.

cinclisis
cinclisis (sing′kli-sis)

Rapid repetition of a movement, e.g., rapidly repeated winking. [G. kingklizo, to wag the tail, change constantly]

cine- cine-, cin-

Movement, usually relating to motion pictures. SEE ALSO: kin-. [G. kineo, to move]

cineangiocardiography
cineangiocardiography (sin′e-an′je-o-kar-de-og′ra-fe)

Motion pictures of the passage of a contrast medium through chambers of the heart and great vessels.

cinefluorography
cinefluorography (sin′e-flor-og′ra-fe)

SYN: cineradiography.

cinefluoroscopy
cinefluoroscopy (sin′e-flor-os′ko-pe)

SYN: cineradiography.

cinegastroscopy
cinegastroscopy (sin′e-gas-tros′ko-pe)

Motion pictures of gastroscopic observations.

cinematics
cinematics (sin-e-mat′iks)

SYN: kinematics.

cineole
cineole, cineol (sin′e-ol, -ol)

A stimulant expectorant obtained from the volatile oil of Eucalyptus globulus and other species of Eucalyptus. SYN: cajeputol, cajuputol, eucalyptol.

cinephotomicrography
cinephotomicrography (sin′e-fo′to-mi-krog′ra-fe)

The making of a motion picture of microscopic objects; time lapse photography is often used.

cineplastics
cineplastics (sin-e-plas′tiks)

SYN: cineplastic amputation.

cineradiography
cineradiography (sin′e-ra-de-og′ra-fe)

Radiography of an organ in motion, e.g., the heart, the gastrointestinal tract. SYN: cinefluorography, cinefluoroscopy, cineroentgenography.

cinerea
cinerea (si-ne′re-a)

1. The gray matter of the brain and other parts of the nervous system. 2. Obsolete term for mantle layer. [L. fem. of cinereus, ashy, fr. cinis, ashes]

cinereal
cinereal (si-ne′re-al)

Relating to the gray matter of the nervous system.

cineritious
cineritious (si-ner-ish′us)

Ashen; denoting the gray matter of the brain, spinal cord, and ganglia.

cineroentgenography
cineroentgenography (sin′e-rent-gen-og′ra-fe)

SYN: cineradiography.

cineseismography
cineseismography (sin′e-siz-mog′ra-fe)

A technique for measuring movements of the body by continuous photographic recording of shaking or vibration.

cinetoplasm
cinetoplasm, cinetoplasma (sin-et′o-plazm, sin-et-o-plaz′ma)

SYN: kinetoplasm.

cingulate
cingulate (sin′gu-lat)

Relating to a cingulum.

cingulectomy
cingulectomy (sin-gu-lek′to-me)

SYN: cingulotomy. [cingulum + G. ektome, excision]

cingulotomy
cingulotomy (sin-gu-lot′o-me)

Formerly, a unilateral or bilateral surgical excision of the anterior half of the cingulate gyrus, but now accomplished by electrolytic destruction of the anterior cingulate gyrus and callosum. SYN: cingulectomy. [cingulum + G. tome, a cutting]

cingulum
cingulum, gen. cinguli, pl .cingula (sin′gu-lum, -le, -la) [TA]

1. SYN: girdle. 2. A well-marked fiber bundle passing longitudinally in the white matter of the cingulate gyrus; the bundle extends from the region of the anterior perforated substance back over the dorsal surface of the corpus callosum; behind the latter's splenium it curves down and then forward in the white matter of the parahippocampal gyrus; composed largely of fibers from the anterior thalamic nucleus to the cingulate and parahippocampal gyri, it also contains association fibers connecting these gyri with the frontal cortex, and their various subdivisions with each other. [L. girdle, fr. cingo, to surround]
c. dentis [TA] SYN: c. of tooth.
c. membri inferioris pelvic girdle.
c. membri superioris pectoral girdle.
c. pectorale [TA] SYN: pectoral girdle.
c. pelvici [TA] SYN: pelvic girdle.
c. of tooth [TA] a U- or W-shaped ridge at the base of the lingual surface of the crown of the upper incisors and cuspid teeth, the lateral limbs running for a short distance along the linguoproximal line angles, the central portion just above the gingiva. SYN: c. dentis [TA] , basal ridge (2) , lingual lobe.

cinnamaldehyde
cinnamaldehyde (sin-a-mal′de-hid)

Chief constituent of cinnamon oil. SYN: cinnamic aldehyde.

cinnamate
cinnamate (sin′a-mat)

A salt or ester of cinnamic acid.

cinnamein
cinnamein (sin′am-e-in)

SYN: benzyl cinnamate.

cinnamene
cinnamene (sin′a-men)

SYN: styrene.

cinnamic
cinnamic (si-nam′ik)

Relating to cinnamon.

cinnamic acid
cinnamic acid

Obtained from cinnamon oil, Peruvian and tolu balsams, or storax. It has been used in lupus as paint and in infectious diseases to promote leukocytosis. SYN: cinnamylic acid, phenylacrylic acid.

cinnamic alcohol
cinnamic alcohol

SYN: styrone.

cinnamic aldehyde
cinnamic aldehyde

SYN: cinnamaldehyde.

cinnamon
cinnamon (sin′a-mon)

1. The dried bark of Cinnamomum loureirii Nees (family Lauraceae), an aromatic bark used as a spice and, in medicine, as an adjuvant, carminative, and aromatic stomachic. SYN: Saigon c.. 2. The dried inner bark of the shoots of Cinnamomum zeylanicum. SYN: Ceylon c.. SYN: cassia bark. [L. fr. G. kinnamomon, c.]
cassia c. Cinnamomum cassia Nees (family Lauraceae); the unofficial source of most of the c. in the shops; the source of c. oil. SYN: Chinese c..
Ceylon c. SYN: c. (2) .
Chinese c. SYN: cassia c..
Saigon c. SYN: c. (1) .

cinnamon oil
cinnamon oil

The volatile oil distilled with steam from the leaves and twigs of Cinnamomum cassia; it contains not less than 80% by volume of the total aldehydes of c.. SYN: cassia oil.

cinnamylic acid
cinnamylic acid (sin-a-mil′ik)

SYN: cinnamic acid.

cinnarizine
cinnarizine (si-nar′i-zen)

An H₁ antihistaminic. SYN: cinnipirine.

cinnipirine
cinnipirine (si-nip′i-ren)

SYN: cinnarizine.

cinocentrum
cinocentrum (sin-o-sen′trum)

SYN: cytocentrum.

cinoxacin
cinoxacin (si-noks′a-sin)

A synthetic organic acid, chemically related to nalidixic acid, used as an antibacterial to treat urinary tract infections.

cinoxate
cinoxate (si-nok′sat)

An ultraviolet screen for topical application on the skin.

cion
cion (si′on)

Archaic term for uvula. [G. kion, pillar, the uvula]

ciprofloxacin hydrochloride
ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (sip-ro-floks′a-sin)

A synthetic fluoroquinolone broad-spectrum antibacterial with activity against a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms.

cirantin
cirantin (sir-an′tin)

SYN: hesperidin.

circadian
circadian (ser-ka′de-an)

Relating to biologic variations or rhythms with a cycle of about 24 hours. Cf.:infradian, ultradian. [L. circa, about, + dies, day]

circellus
circellus (sir-sel′us)

A small circle. [L.]
c. venosus hypoglossi SYN: venous plexus of canal of hypoglossal nerve.

circhoral
circhoral (ser-ko′ral)

Occurring cyclically about once an hour.

circinate
circinate (ser′si-nat)

Circular; ring-shaped. [L. circinatus, made round, pp. of circino, to make round, fr. circinus, a pair of compasses]

circle
circle (ser′kl)

1. [TA] In anatomy, a ring-shaped structure or group of structures, as formed by anastomosing arteries or veins, or by connected (communicating) nerves, 2. A line or process with every point approximately equidistant from the center. SYN: circulus [TA] . [L. circulus]
arterial c. of cerebrum SYN: cerebral arterial c..
articular vascular c. SYN: articular vascular plexus. See articular vascular network.
Carus c. SYN: Carus curve.
cerebral arterial c. [TA] the roughly pentagonally shaped c. of vessels on the ventral aspect of the brain in the area of the optic chiasm, hypothalamus, and interpeduncular fossa; formed, sequentially and in anterior to posterior direction, by the anterior communicating artery, the two anterior cerebral, the two internal carotid, the two posterior communicating, and the two posterior cerebral arteries. SYN: circulus arteriosus cerebri [TA] , arterial c. of cerebrum, c. of Willis.
closed c. a circuit for administration of an inhalation anesthetic in which there is complete rebreathing with carbon dioxide absorption.
defensive c. obsolete term for the addition of a secondary affection that limits or arrests the progress of the primary affection, as thought to occur when pneumothorax supervenes on pulmonary tuberculosis, the former having a therapeutic effect on the latter.
greater arterial c. of iris SYN: major arterial c. of iris.
Haller c. 1. SYN: vascular c. of optic nerve. 2. SYN: areolar venous plexus.
Huguier c. anastomosis around the isthmus of the uterus (junction of the cervix with the body) between the right and left uterine arteries.
least confusion c. in the configuration of rays emerging from a spherocylindrical lens system, the place where diverging rays of the lens first forming a line image are balanced by converging rays of the second lens.
lesser arterial c. of iris SYN: minor arterial c. of iris.
major arterial c. of iris an arterial c. at the ciliary border of the iris. SYN: circulus arteriosus iridis major [TA] , major circulus arteriosus of iris [TA] , greater arterial c. of iris.
minor arterial c. of iris an arterial c. near the pupillary margin of the iris. SYN: circulus arteriosus iridis minor [TA] , minor circulus arteriosus of iris [TA] , lesser arterial c. of iris.
Pagenstecher c. in the case of a freely movable abdominal tumor, the mass is moved throughout its entire range, its position at intervals being marked on the abdominal wall; when these points are joined, a c. is formed, the center of which marks the point of attachment of the tumor.
Ridley c. SYN: circular sinus (1) .
rolling c. a mechanism for the replication of circular DNA.
semi-closed c. a circuit for administration of an inhalation anesthetic in which partial rebreathing with carbon dioxide absorption is combined with loss from the circuit of a portion of respired gases through valves.
vascular c. 1. the c. around the mouth formed by the inferior and superior labial arteries; 2. SYN: areolar venous plexus.
vascular c. of optic nerve [TA] a network of branches of the short ciliary arteries on the sclera around the point of entrance of the optic nerve. SYN: circulus vasculosus nervi optici [TA] , circulus arteriosus halleri, circulus zinnii, Haller c. (1) , Zinn corona, Zinn vascular c..
venous c. of mammary gland SYN: areolar venous plexus.
vicious c. the mutually augmenting action of two independent diseases or phenomena, or of a primary and secondary affection;
Vieth-Müller c. a geometric c. passing through the optical centers of two eyes by which points adjacent to the point of fixation, both lying on the c., theoretically fall on corresponding retinal points.
c. of Willis SYN: cerebral arterial c..
Zinn vascular c. SYN: vascular c. of optic nerve.

circuit
circuit (ser′kit)

The path or course of flow of cases or electric or other currents. [L. circuitus, a going round, fr. circum, around, + eo, pp. itus, to go]
anesthetic c. equipment used during inhalation anesthesia to regulate concentrations of inhaled gases; includes a reservoir bag and usually directional valves, breathing tubes, and a carbon dioxide absorber.
Papez c. a long circuitous conduction chain in the mammalian forebrain, leading from the hippocampus by way of the fornix to the mammillary body and thence returning to the hippocampus by way of, sequentially, the anterior thalamic nuclei, cingulate gyrus, and parahippocampal gyrus.
reverberating c. a theory of periodic conduction through the cerebral cortex of trains of impulses traveling in circuits of neurons.
signal-processing circuits the electronic hardware of hearing aids that allows alteration in the amplification of various bands of frequencies of the acoustic signal.

circulation
circulation (ser-ku-la′shun)

Movements in a circle, or through a circular course, or through a course that leads back to the same point; usually referring to blood c. unless otherwise specified. [L. circulatio]
assisted c. application of external devices to improve pressure, flow, or both in the heart or arteries.
blood c. the course of the blood from the heart through the arteries, capillaries, and veins back again to the heart.
capillary c. the course of the blood through the capillaries.
collateral c. c. maintained in small anastomosing vessels when the main vessel is obstructed.
compensatory c. c. established in dilated collateral vessels when the main vessel of the part is obstructed.
cross c. c. to an animal or one of its parts from the c. of another animal.
embryonic c. the basic plan of the c. of a young mammalian embryo, at first similar to that in aquatic forms, with an unpartitioned heart and conspicuous aortic arches in the branchial region; as gestation progresses, the arrangement of the major blood vessels gradually approaches that of an adult, but the routing of blood through the heart, characteristic of an adult, cannot be attained until lung breathing begins at birth.
enterohepatic c. c. of substances such as bile salts which are absorbed from the intestine and carried to the liver, where they are secreted into the bile and again enter the intestine.
extracorporeal c. the c. of blood outside of the body through a machine that temporarily assumes an organ's functions, e.g., through a heart-lung machine or artificial kidney.
fetal c. the c. which serves the fetus in utero, with the placental circuit responsible for supplying oxygen and nutritive material and for eliminating CO₂ and nitrogenous wastes. SEE ALSO: embryonic c..
greater c. SYN: systemic c..
hypophysial portal c. SYN: portal hypophysial c..
hypothalamohypophysial portal c. SYN: portal hypophysial c..
lesser c. SYN: pulmonary c..
lymph c. the slow passage of lymph through the lymphatic vessels and glands.
placental c. the c. of blood through the placenta during intrauterine life, serving the needs of the fetus for aeration, absorption, and excretion; also, maternal c. through the intervillous space of the placenta.
portal c. 1. c. of blood to the liver from the small intestine, the right half of the colon, and the spleen via the portal vein; sometimes specified as the hepatic portal c.; 2. more generally, any part of the systemic c. in which blood draining from the capillary bed of one structure flows through a larger vessel(s) to supply the capillary bed of another structure before returning to the heart; e.g., the hypothalamohypophysial portal system.
portal hypophysial c. a capillary network that carries hypophyseotropic hormones from the hypothalamus, where they are secreted into blood, to their sites of action in the anterior hypophysis. See portal c., pituitary gland, hypothalamus. SYN: hypophyseoportal system, hypophysial portal c., hypophysial portal system, hypophysioportal system, hypothalamohypophysial portal c., hypothalamohypophysial portal system (1) .
pulmonary c. the passage of blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary artery to the lungs and back through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium. SYN: lesser c..
Servetus c. obsolete eponym for the pulmonary c..
systemic c. the c. of blood through the arteries, capillaries, and veins of the general system, from the left ventricle to the right atrium. SYN: greater c..
thebesian c. (the-be′se-an) the system of smaller veins in the myocardium.

circulatory
circulatory (ser′ku-la-to-re)

1. Relating to the circulation. 2. SYN: sanguiferous.

circulus
circulus, gen. and pl. circuli (ser′ku-lus, -li) [TA]

SYN: circle. 2. A circle formed by connecting arteries, veins, or nerves. [L. dim. of circus, circle]
c. arteriosus cerebri [TA] SYN: cerebral arterial circle.
c. arteriosus halleri SYN: vascular circle of optic nerve.
c. arteriosus iridis major [TA] SYN: major arterial circle of iris.
c. arteriosus iridis minor [TA] SYN: minor arterial circle of iris.
c. articularis vasculosus SYN: articular vascular plexus.
major c. arteriosus of iris [TA] SYN: major arterial circle of iris.
minor c. arteriosus of iris [TA] SYN: minor arterial circle of iris.
c. vasculosus nervi optici [TA] SYN: vascular circle of optic nerve.
c. venosus halleri SYN: areolar venous plexus.
c. venosus ridleyi SYN: circular sinus (1) .
c. zinnii SYN: vascular circle of optic nerve.

circum- circum-

A circular movement, or a position surrounding the part indicated by the word to which it is joined. SEE ALSO: peri-. [L. around]

circumanal
circumanal (ser-kum-a′nal)

Surrounding the anus. SYN: perianal, periproctic.

circumarticular
circumarticular (ser′kum-ar-tik′u-lar)

Surrounding a joint. SYN: periarthric, periarticular. [circum- + L. articulus, joint]

circumaxillary
circumaxillary (ser-kum-ak′si-lar-e)

Around the axilla. SYN: periaxillary.

circumbulbar
circumbulbar (ser-kum-bul′bar)

SYN: peribulbar.

circumcise
circumcise (ser′kum-siz)

To remove the prepuce or other tissue by circumferential incision (circumcision).

circumcision
circumcision (ser-kum-sizh′un)

1. Operation to remove part or all of the prepuce. 2. Cutting around an anatomic part ( e.g., the areola of the breast). SYN: peritectomy (2) . [L. circumcido, to cut around, fr. circum, around, + caedo, to cut]
female c. a broad term referring to many forms of female genital cutting, ranging from removal of the clitoral prepuce to the removal of the q.v., clitoris, labia minora and parts of the labia majora, and infibulation; done for cultural, not medical, reasons.

circumcorneal
circumcorneal (ser-kum-kor′ne-al)

SYN: pericorneal.

circumductio
circumductio [TA]

SYN: circumduction.

circumduction
circumduction (ser-kum-duk′shun) [TA]

1. Movement of a part, e.g., an extremity, in a circular direction. 2. SYN: cycloduction. SYN: circumductio [TA] . [circum- + L. duco, pp. ductus, to draw]

circumference
circumference (c) (ser-kum′fer-ens) [TA]

The outer boundary, especially of a circular area. SYN: circumferentia [TA] . [L. circumferentia, a bearing around]
articular c. of head of radius [TA] the portion of the head of the radius that articulates with the radial notch of the ulna. SYN: circumferentia articularis capitis radii [TA] .
articular c. of head of ulna [TA] the portion of the head of the ulna that articulates with the ulnar notch of the radius. SYN: circumferentia articularis capitis ulnae [TA] .

circumferentia
circumferentia (ser-kum-fer-en′she-a) [TA]

SYN: circumference. [L. a bearing around]
c. articularis capitis radii [TA] SYN: articular circumference of head of radius.
c. articularis capitis ulnae [TA] SYN: articular circumference of head of ulna.

circumflex
circumflex (ser′kum-fleks)

Describing an arc of a circle or that which winds around something; denotes several anatomic structures: arteries, veins, nerves, and muscles. [circum- + L. flexus, to bend]

circumgemmal
circumgemmal (ser-kum-jem′al)

Surrounding a budlike or bulblike body; denoting a mode of nerve termination by fibrils surrounding an end bulb. SYN: perigemmal. [circum- + L. gemma, a bud]

circumintestinal
circumintestinal (ser′kum-in-tes′ti-nal)

SYN: perienteric.

circumlental
circumlental (ser-kum-len′tal)

SYN: perilenticular.

circummandibular
circummandibular (ser′kum-man-dib′u-lar)

Around or about the mandible.

circumnuclear
circumnuclear (ser-kum-noo′kle-ar)

SYN: perinuclear.

circumocular
circumocular (ser-kum-ok′u-lar)

Around the eye. SYN: periocular, periophthalmic. [circum- + L. oculus, eye]

circumoral
circumoral (ser-kum-or′al)

SYN: perioral. [circum- + L. os (oris), mouth]

circumorbital
circumorbital (ser-kum-or′bi-tal)

Around the orbit. SYN: periorbital (2) .

circumrenal
circumrenal (ser-kum-re′nal)

SYN: perinephric. [circum- + L. ren, kidney]

circumscribed
circumscribed (ser′kum-skribd)

Bounded by a line; limited or confined. SYN: circumscriptus. [circum- + L. scribo, to write]

circumscriptus
circumscriptus (ser-kum-skrip′tus)

SYN: circumscribed. [L.]

circumstantiality
circumstantiality (ser′kum-stan-she-al′i-te)

A disturbance in the thought process, either voluntary or involuntary, in which one gives an excessive amount of detail (circumstances) that is often tangential, elaborate, and irrelevant, to avoid making a direct statement or answer to a question; observed in schizophrenia and in obsessional disorders. Cf.:tangentiality. [L. circum-sto, pr. p. -stans, to stand around]

circumvallate
circumvallate (ser-kum-val′at)

Denoting a structure surrounded by a wall, as the c. (vallate) papillae of the tongue. [circum- + L. vallum, wall]

circumvascular
circumvascular (ser-kum-vas′ku-lar)

SYN: perivascular. [circum- + L. vasculum, vessel]

circumventricular
circumventricular (ser′kum-ven-trik′u-lar)

Around or in the area of a ventricle, as are the c. organs.

circumvolute
circumvolute (ser-kum-vol′oot)

Twisted around; rolled about. [L. circum-volvo, pp. -volutus, to roll around]

cirrhogenous
cirrhogenous, cirrhogenic (sir-roj′e-nus, -ro-jen′ik)

Rarely used term for tending to the development of cirrhosis. [G. kirrhos, yellow (liver), + -gen, producing]

cirrhonosus
cirrhonosus (sir-ron′o-sus)

A disease of the fetus marked anatomically by a yellow staining of the peritoneum and pleura. [G. kirrhos, yellow (liver), + nosos, disease]

cirrhosis
cirrhosis (sir-ro′sis)

Endstage liver disease characterized by diffuse damage to hepatic parenchymal cells, with nodular regeneration, fibrosis, and disturbance of normal architecture; associated with failure in the function of hepatic cells and interference with blood flow in the liver, frequently resulting in jaundice, portal hypertension, ascites, and ultimately biochemical and functional signs of hepatic failure. [G. kirrhos, yellow (liver), + -osis, condition]
alcoholic c. c. that frequently develops in chronic alcoholism, characterized in an early stage by enlargement of the liver due to fatty change with mild fibrosis, and later by Laënnec c. with contraction of the liver.
biliary c. c. due to biliary obstruction, which may be a primary intrahepatic disease or secondary to obstruction of extrahepatic bile ducts; the latter may lead to cholestasis and proliferation in small bile ducts with fibrosis, but marked disturbance of the lobular pattern is infrequent. SEE ALSO: primary biliary c..
capsular c. of liver SYN: Glisson c..
cardiac c. an extensive fibrotic reaction within the liver as a result of chronic constrictive pericarditis or prolonged congestive heart failure; true c. with fibrous bridging of lobules is unusual. SYN: cardiac liver, congestive c., pseudocirrhosis, stasis c..
congestive c. SYN: cardiac c..
cryptogenic c. c. of unknown etiology, with no history of alcoholism or previous acute hepatitis.
fatty c. early nutritional c., especially in alcoholics, in which the liver is enlarged by fatty change, with mild fibrosis.
Glisson c. chronic perihepatitis with thickening and subsequent contraction, resulting in atrophy and deformity of the liver. SYN: capsular c. of liver.
Hanot c. SYN: primary biliary c..
juvenile c. SYN: chronic active hepatitis.
Laënnec c. c. in which normal liver lobules are replaced by small regeneration nodules, sometimes containing fat, separated by a fairly regular framework of fine fibrous tissue strands (hob-nail liver); usually due to chronic alcoholism. Can cause severe impairment of liver function, portal hypertension with ascites and esophageal varices, and life-threatening complications. SYN: portal c..
necrotic c. SYN: postnecrotic c..
nutritional c. c. occurring in persons or animals with general or specific dietary deficiencies; methionine and cystine deficiency may produce changes of c. in animals, but it is uncertain whether malnutrition in humans leads to c. or only to reversible fatty infiltration of the liver.
periportal c. c. of the liver with wide bands of fibrosis surrounding large segments of liver, with regenerative nodules.
pigment c. c. of the liver associated with dark brown discoloration seen in hemochromatosis.
pigmentary c. c. resulting from excessive deposits of iron in the liver, usually seen in hemochromatosis.
pipe stem c. c. of the liver with fingerlike fibrosis predominantly around portal tracts, seen in schistosomiasis. Leads to portal hypertension but rarely to functional failure of the liver.
portal c. SYN: Laënnec c..
posthepatitic c. SYN: chronic active hepatitis.
postnecrotic c. c. characterized by necrosis involving whole hepatic lobules, with collapse of the reticular framework to form large scars; regeneration nodules are also large; may follow viral or toxic necrosis, or develop as a result of ischemic necrosis. SYN: necrotic c..
primary biliary c. a condition occurring mainly in middle-aged women, characterized by obstructive jaundice with hyperlipemia, pruritis, and hyperpigmentation of the skin; no obstruction of large bile ducts or proliferation of small bile ducts is found; the liver shows c. with marked portal infiltration by lymphocytes and plasma cells, and frequently by epithelioid cell granulomas; serum antimitochondrial antibodies are present in 85–90% of patients. SYN: Hanot c..
pulmonary c. fibrosis of the lungs; usually interstitial pulmonary fibrosis.
stasis c. SYN: cardiac c..
syphilitic c. c. of the liver occurring as a result of tertiary or congenital syphilis.
toxic c. c. of the liver resulting from chronic poisoning, as by lead or carbon tetrachloride.

cirrhotic
cirrhotic (sir-rot′ik)

Relating to or affected with cirrhosis or advanced fibrosis.

cirri
cirri (sir′i)

Plural of cirrus.

cirrose
cirrose, cirrous (sir′os, sir′us)

Relating to or having cirri.

cirrus
cirrus, pl .cirri (sir′rus, -ri)

A structure formed from a cluster or tuft of fused cilia, constituting one of the sensory or locomotor organs of certain ciliate protozoa. [L. a curl]

cirsoid
cirsoid (ser′soyd)

SYN: variciform. [G. kirsos, varix, + eidos, appearance]

cirsomphalos
cirsomphalos (ser-som′fa-los)

Rarely used term for caput medusae [G. kirsos, varix, + omphalos, umbilicus]

cirsophthalmia
cirsophthalmia (ser-sof-thal′me-a)

Varicose dilation of the conjunctival blood vessels. [G. kirsos, varix, + ophthalmos, eye]

CIS
CIS

Abbreviation for carcinoma in situ.

cis- cis-

1. Prefix (in italics) meaning on this side, on the near side; opposite of trans-. 2. In genetics, a prefix denoting the location of two or more genes on the same chromosome of a homologous pair, in coupling. 3. In organic chemistry (in italics), a form of geometric isomerism in which similar functional groups are attached on the same side of the plane that includes two adjacent, fixed carbon atoms ( e.g., the 2- and 3-OH groups of ribofuranose) in a ring structure. See entgegen. 4. In organic chemistry, a form of geometric isomerism with regard to carbon-carbon double bonds. Identical functional groups on the same side of the double bond are c.. When the four moieties attached to the carbons of the double bond are all different, then the E/Z nomenclature has to be followed. SYN: zusammen (1) . See entgegen, zusammen. [L.]

cisplatin
cisplatin (sis′pla-tin)

A chemotherapeutic agent with antitumor activity; c. binds DNA and interferes with DNA synthesis; strongly emetogenic.

cistern
cistern (sis′tern) [TA]

1. [TA] Any cavity or enclosed space serving as a reservoir, especially for chyle, lymph, or cerebrospinal fluid. 2. An ultramicroscopic space occurring between the membranes of the flattened sacs of the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi complex, or the two membranes of the nuclear envelope. SYN: cisterna [TA] . [L. cisterna]
ambient c. [TA] a c. located on the lateral aspect of the midbrain and dorsally continuous with the quadrigeminal c.; the ambient c. is sometimes defined as including the quadrigeminal c.. SYN: cisterna ambiens [TA] .
basal c. SYN: interpeduncular c..
cerebellomedullary c. the largest of the subarachnoid cisterns between the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata; it is divided into a posterior cerebellomedullary c. [TA] located between the cerebellum and the dorsal surface of the medulla (also called cisterna magna), and a lateral cerebellomedullary c. [TA] located between the cerebellum and the lateral aspect of the medulla.
c. of chiasm SYN: chiasmatic c..
chiasmatic c. [TA] a dilation of the subarachnoid space below and anterior to the optic chiasm. SYN: cisterna chiasmatis [TA] , c. of chiasm.
chyle c. cisterna chyli.
c. of cytoplasmic reticulum cisterna.
c. of great cerebral vein quadrigeminal c..
interpeduncular c. [TA] a dilation of the subarachnoid space rostral to the basilar pons and ventral and caudal to the mammillary bodies where the arachnoid membrane stretches across between the two temporal lobes over the base of the diencephalon. See interpeduncular fossa. SYN: cisterna interpeduncularis [TA] , basal c., cisterna basalis, cisterna cruralis, Tarin space.
c. of lamina terminalis [TA] located immediately rostral to the lamina terminalis. SYN: cisterna laminae terminalis [TA] .
lateral cerebellomedullary c. [TA] See cerebellomedullary c.. SYN: cisterna cerebellomedullaris lateralis [TA] .
c. of lateral cerebral fossa an elongated expansion of the subarachnoid space where the arachnoid bridges over the opening of the Sylvian fissure. SYN: cisterna fossae lateralis cerebri [TA] .
lumbar c. [TA] enlargement of the subarachnoid space between the conus medullaris of spinal cord (about vertebral level L2) and inferior end of subarachnoid space and dura mater (about vertebral level S2); occupied by the dorsal and ventral roots constituting the cauda equina, the terminal filum, and cerebrospinal fluid. Site for lumbar puncture and spinal anesthesia.
c. of nuclear envelope SYN: cisterna caryothecae.
Pecquet c. SYN: cisterna chyli.
pericallosal c. [TA] located immediately adjacent to the full length of the corpus callosum, contains portions of pericallosal artery, a branch of the anterior cerebral artery. SYN: cisterna pericallosa [TA] .
pontine c. SYN: pontocerebellar c..
pontocerebellar c. [TA] located on lateral aspects of the pons at its junction with the cerebellum, may be divided into superior and inferior portions. SYN: cisterna pontocerebellaris [TA] , cisterna pontis, pontine c., prepontine c..
posterior cerebellomedullary c. [TA] See cerebellomedullary c.. SYN: cisterna cerebellomedullaris posterior [TA] , cisterna magna&star.
prepontine c. SYN: pontocerebellar c..
quadrigeminal c. [TA] an expansion of the subarachnoid space extending forward between the corpus callosum and the thalamus; it encloses the internal cerebral veins which caudally join to form the vena magna cerebri (Galen vein). SYN: cisterna quadrigeminalis [TA] , c. of great cerebral vein&star, cisterna venae magnae cerebri&star, Bichat canal, superior c..
quadrigeminal c. [TA] slightly enlarged portion of the subarachnoid space located immediately dorsal to the tectum of the mesencephalon; contains parts of the great cerebral vein and of the medial posterior choroidal arteries.
subarachnoid cisterns [TA] widening portions of the subarachnoid space within the cranium where the arachnoid bridges over a depression on the surface of the brain. SYN: cisternae subarachnoideae [TA] .
superior c. SYN: quadrigeminal c..
Sylvian c. the subarachnoid space associated with the lateral cerebral sulcus (Sylvian fissure); contains the M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery and the origin of lenticulostriate arteries, and proximal parts of the middle cerebral artery.

cisterna
cisterna, gen. and pl. cisternae (sis-ter′na, -ter′ne) [TA]

SYN: cistern. [L. an underground cistern for water, fr. cista, a box]
c. ambiens [TA] SYN: ambient cistern.
c. basalis SYN: interpeduncular cistern.
c. caryothecae the space between the internal and external membranes of the nuclear envelope; may be continuous in places with cisterns of the endoplasmic reticulum. SYN: cistern of nuclear envelope, perinuclear space.
c. cerebellomedullaris lateralis [TA] SYN: lateral cerebellomedullary cistern.
c. cerebellomedullaris posterior [TA] SYN: posterior cerebellomedullary cistern. See cerebellomedullary cistern.
c. chiasmatica [TA]
c. chiasmatis [TA] SYN: chiasmatic cistern.
c. chyli [TA] a dilated sac at the lower end of the thoracic duct into which the intestinal trunk and two lumbar lymphatic trunks open; it occurs inconsistently and when present is located posterior to the aorta on the anterior aspect of the bodies of the first and second lumbar vertebrae. SYN: chyle cistern&star, ampulla chyli, chylocyst, Pecquet cistern, Pecquet reservoir, receptaculum chyli, receptaculum pecqueti.
c. cruralis SYN: interpeduncular cistern.
c. fossae lateralis cerebri [TA] SYN: cistern of lateral cerebral fossa.
c. interpeduncularis [TA] SYN: interpeduncular cistern.
c. laminae terminalis [TA] SYN: cistern of lamina terminalis.
c. lumbalis [TA] SYN: LUMBAR CISTERN51.
c. magna posterior cerebellomedullary cistern.
c. pericallosa [TA] SYN: pericallosal cistern.
c. perilymphatica SYN: perilymphatic space.
c. pontis SYN: pontocerebellar cistern.
c. pontocerebellaris [TA] SYN: pontocerebellar cistern.
c. quadrigeminalis [TA] SYN: quadrigeminal cistern. See cistern of great cerebral vein.
cisternae subarachnoideae [TA] SYN: subarachnoid cisterns, under cistern.
subsurface c. a cistern of the endoplasmic reticulum that lies close to the plasma membrane; such cisternae occur especially in the cell bodies of neurons.
terminal cisternae pairs of transversely oriented tubules of the sarcoplasmic reticulum occurring at regular intervals in skeletal muscle fibers; together with an intermediate T tubule they make up a triad.
c. venae magnae cerebri quadrigeminal cistern.

cisternal
cisternal (sis-ter′nal)

Relating to a cisterna.

cisternography
cisternography (sis′tern-og′ra-fe)

The radiographic study of the basal cisterns of the brain after the subarachnoid introduction of an opaque or other contrast medium, or a radiopharmaceutical with a suitable detector. [cisterna + G. grapho, to write]
cerebellopontine c. the radiographic study of the cerebellopontine angle and contiguous structures after the introduction of a radiopaque contrast medium into the subarachnoid space.
radionuclide c. scintigraphic imaging of the cisterns at the base of the brain following subarachnoid injection of a gamma-emitting radiopharmaceutical.

cistron
cistron (sis′tron)

1. The smallest functional unit of heritability; a length of chromosomal DNA associated with a single biochemical function. Under classical concepts, a gene might consist of more than one c.; in modern molecular biology, the c. is essentially equivalent to the structural gene. 2. The genetic unit defined by the cis/trans test. [cis tr-ans + -on]

cisvestism
cisvestism, cisvestitism (sis-ves′tizm, -ves′ti-tizm)

The practice of dressing in clothes inappropriate to one's position or status. Cf.:transvestism. [L. cis, on the near side of, + vestio, to dress]

Citellus
Citellus (si-tel′us)

Former name for genus Spermophilus. [Mod. L.]

cito disp.
cito disp.

Abbreviation for L. cito dispensetur, let it be dispensed quickly.

citral
citral (sit′ral)

A monoterpene aldehyde consisting of both geometric isomers found in oils from lemon, orange, verbena, and lemon grass; c.-A is the trans-isomer and c.-B is the cis-isomer (neral).

citrase
citrase, citratase (sit′ras, -ra-tas)

SYN: citrate lyase.

citrate
citrate (sit′rat, si′trat)

A salt or ester of citric acid; used as anticoagulants because they bind calcium ions.
c. aldolase SYN: c. lyase.
ATP c. (pro-3S)-lyase an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of ATP, c., and coenzyme A to form ADP, orthophosphate, oxaloacetate, and acetyl-CoA. An important step in fatty acid biosynthesis. SYN: c.-cleavage enzyme.
c. lyase c. (pro-3S)-lyase;an enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of c. to oxaloacetate and acetate, in the absence of coenzyme A. SYN: citrase, citratase, c. aldolase.
c. synthase c. (si)-synthase;an enzyme catalyzing the condensation of oxaloacetate, water, and acetyl-CoA, forming c. and coenzyme A; an important step in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. SYN: condensing enzyme, oxaloacetate transacetase.

citrated
citrated (sit′ra-ted)

Containing a citrate; specifically denoting blood serum or milk to which has been added a solution of potassium or sodium citrate, or both.

citric acid
citric acid (sit′rik)

2-Hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid;the acid of citrus fruits, widely distributed in nature and a key intermediate in intermediary metabolism.

citrin
citrin (sit′rin)

SYN: vitamin P.

Citrobacter
Citrobacter (sit′ro-bak-ter)

A genus of motile bacteria (family Enterobacteriaceae) containing Gram-negative rods which use citrate as a source of carbon; the motile cells are peritrichous. Fermentation of lactose by these organisms is delayed or absent; they produce trimethylene glycol from glycerol. The type species is C. freundii.
C. amalonatica a bacterial species found in feces, soil, water, and sewage; isolated from clinical specimens as an opportunistic pathogen. SYN: Levinea amalonatica.
C. diversus a bacterial species found in feces, soil, water, sewage, and food; isolated from urine, throat, nose, sputum, and wounds; reported in cases of neonatal meningitis where it frequently is severe, resulting in brain abscess formation. SYN: C. koseri, Levinea diversus, Levinea malonatica.
C. freundii a bacterial species found in water, feces, and urine; it is an inhabitant of the normal intestine, but it may occur in alimentary infections and in infections of the urinary tract, gallbladder, middle ear, and meninges; it is the type species of the genus C..
C. koseri SYN: C. diversus.

citronella
citronella (sit-ro-nel′a)

Cymbopogon (Andropogon) nardus (family Gramineae); a fragrant grass of Ceylon, from which is distilled a volatile oil (c. oil) used as a perfume and insect repellent.

citronellal
citronellal (sit′-ro-nel′al)

Principal volatile ingredient of lemon grass and citronella oil. Used in soap perfumes and as an insect repellent.

citrulline
citrulline (sit′rul-en)

N⁵-(Aminocarbonyl)-l-ornithine; α-amino-δ-ureidovaleric; 5-ureidonorvaline;an amino acid formed from l-ornithine in the course of the urea cycle as well as a product in nitric oxide biosynthesis; also found in watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) and in casein. Elevated in individuals with a deficiency of argininosuccinate synthetase or argininosuccinate lyase.

citrullinemia
citrullinemia (sit′rul-i-ne′me-a) [MIM*215700]

Urea cycle disorder in which citrulline concentrations in the blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid are elevated, because of deficiency of arginosuccinate synthetase (ASS); manifested clinically by lethargy, vomiting, ammonia intoxication, and mental retardation with onset usually in infancy; autosomal recessive inheritance, caused by mutation in the ASS gene on chromosome 9 in some patients.

citrullinuria
citrullinuria (sit′rul-i-noo′re-a)

Enhanced urinary excretion of citrulline; a manifestation of citrullinemia.

Civatte
Civatte

Achille, French dermatologist, 1877-1956. See C. bodies, under body, poikiloderma of C..

Civinini
Civinini

Filippo, Italian anatomist, 1805–1844. See C. canal, C. ligament, C. process.

CJD
CJD

Abbreviation for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

CK
CK

Abbreviation for creatine kinase.

Cl
Cl

Symbol for chlorine.

cladiosis
cladiosis (klad-e-o′sis)

A dermatophytosis resembling sporotrichosis, characterized by verrucous lesions and ascending lymphangitis; caused by Scopulariopsis blochii. See Scopulariopsis. [G. klados, branch or root, + -osis, condition]

Clado
Clado

Spiro, French gynecologist, 1856–1905. See C. anastomosis, C. band, C. ligament, C. point.

Cladorchis watsoni
Cladorchis watsoni (kla-dor′kis wat-so′ni)

Incorrect term for Watsonius watsoni.

cladosporiosis
cladosporiosis (klad′o-spo-re-o′sis)

Infection with a fungus of the genus Cladosporium.
cerebral c. cerebral phaeohyphomycosis, a mycotic brain infection usually due to Cladosporium trichoides (Xylohypha bantianum).

Cladosporium
Cladosporium (klad-o-spor′i-um)

A genus of fungi having dematiaceous or dark-colored conidiophores with oval or round spores, commonly isolated in soil or plant residues. [G. klados, a branch, + sporos, seed]
C. carrionii a species of fungi that is a cause of chromoblastomycosis in humans.
C. cladosporioides a species reported to cause local infection at the site of a skin test in an HIV-infected patient.
C. werneckii SYN: Exophiala werneckii.
C. (Xylohypha) bantianum a species of fungi that causes cerebral cladosporiosis; probably synonymous with C. trichoides.

clairvoyance
clairvoyance (klar-voy′ans)

Perception of objective events (past, present, or future) not ordinarily discernible by the senses; a type of extrasensory perception. [Fr.]

clamoxyquin hydrochloride
clamoxyquin hydrochloride (klam-ok′si-kwin)

An amebicide.

clamp
clamp (klamp)

An instrument for compression or holding a structure. Cf.:forceps. [M.E., fr. Middle Dutch klampe]
Cope c. a c. used in excision of colon and rectum.
Crafoord c. a c. used in heart, lung, and vascular operations.
Crile c. a c. for temporary stoppage of blood flow.
Fogarty c. a c. with rubber-shod blades having serrated surfaces, to provide an atraumatic grip on tissues.
Gant c. a right-angled c. used in hemorrhoidectomy.
Gaskell c. an instrument for crushing the atrioventricular bundle in experimental animals and thus producing heart block.
gingival c. a springlike metal piece encircling or grasping the cervix of a tooth and shaped so as to retract the gingival tissue.
Kelly c. a curved hemostat without teeth, introduced for gynecological surgery.
Kocher c. a heavy, straight hemostat with interlocking teeth on the tip.
liver-shod c. a c. with jaws covered by cloth to minimize injury to structures such as bowel when c. is closed.
Mikulicz c. a c. used to crush walls between proximal and distal colon in two-stage colectomy.
Mixter c. a right angle c..
Mogen c. a circumcision instrument. [Hebrew star]
mosquito c. a small hemostat, straight or curved, with or without teeth; used to hold delicate tissue or for hemostasis. SYN: mosquito forceps.
Ochsner c. a straight hemostat with teeth.
patch c. SYN: patch clamping.
Payr c. a large, slightly curved c. used in gastrectomy or enterectomy.
Potts c. a fine-toothed, multiple-point, vascular fixation c. that imparts limited trauma to the vessel while securely holding it.
Rankin c. a three-bladed c. used in resection of colon.
right angle c. a c. with a short 90° bend to its tip frequently used for dissection or passage of ligatures around vessels.
rubber dam c. a springlike metal piece encircling or grasping the cervix of a tooth and so shaped as to prevent a rubber dam from coming off the tooth.
rubber-shod c. a small rubber-tipped c. that holds sutures in place during surgery.

clamp connection
clamp connection

In fungi, a short hypha which bypasses a hyphal septum and is attached to the two cells adjacent to the septum; characteristic of most members of the phylum Basidiomycetes.

clapotage
clapotage, clapotement (kla-po-tahz′, kla-pot-mawn′)

The splashing sound heard on succussion of a dilated stomach. [Fr.]

Clapton
Clapton

Edward, English physician, 1830–1909. See C. line.

Clara
Clara

Max, Austrian anatomist, 1899–1966. See C. cell.

clarificant
clarificant (kla-rif′i-kant)

An agent that makes a turbid liquid clear. [L. clarus, clear, + facio, to make]

clarification
clarification (klar′i-fi-ka′shun)

The process of making a turbid liquid clear. SYN: lucidification.

Clark
Clark

Leland, Jr., U.S. biochemist, *1918. See C. electrode.

Clark
Clark

Eliot R., U.S. anatomist, 1881–1963. See Sandison-C. chamber.

Clark
Clark

Alonzo, U.S pharmacologist, 1807–1887. See C. weight rule.

Clark
Clark

Wallace H., Jr., U.S. dermatopathologist, *1924. See C. level.

Clarke
Clarke

Jacob A.L., English anatomist, 1817–1880. See C. column, C. nucleus.

Clarke
Clarke

Cecil. See C.-Hadfield syndrome.

clasmatocyte
clasmatocyte (klaz-mat′o-sit)

Obsolete term for macrophage. [G. klasma, a fragment, + kytos, a hollow (cell)]

clasmatosis
clasmatosis (klaz-ma-to′sis)

The extension of pseudopodia-like processes in unicellular organisms and blood cells by plasmolysis rather than by a true formation of pseudopodia. [G. klasma, a fragment, + -osis, condition]

clasp
clasp

1. A part of a removable partial denture that acts as a direct retainer and/or stabilizer for the denture by partially surrounding or contacting an abutment tooth. 2. A direct retainer of a removable partial denture, usually consisting of two arms joined by a body which connects with an occlusal rest; at least one arm of a c. usually terminates in the infrabulge (gingival convergence) area of the tooth enclosed.
bar c. 1. a c. whose arms are bar-type extensions from major connectors or from within the denture base; the arms pass adjacent to the soft tissues and approach the point of contact on the tooth in a gingivo-occlusal direction; 2. a c. consisting of two or more separate arms located opposite to each other on the tooth; the bar arms arise from the framework or from a connector and may traverse the soft tissue; one arm (bar), the retentive arm, usually terminates in the infrabulge (gingival convergence) area of the tooth; the other, the reciprocal arm, usually terminates on the suprabulge (occlusal convergence) area. SYN: Roach c..
circumferential c. 1. a c. that encircles more than 180° of a tooth, including opposite angles, and which usually contacts the tooth throughout the extent of the c., at least one terminal being in the infrabulge (gingival convergence) area; 2. a c. consisting of two circumferential c. arms, both of which originate from the same minor connector and are located on opposite surfaces of the abutment tooth.
continuous c. SYN: continuous bar retainer.
extended c. a c. that extends from its minor connector along the lingual and/or facial surface of two or more teeth.
Roach c. SYN: bar c..

class
class (klas)

In biologic classification, the next division below the phylum (or subphylum) and above the order. [L. classis, a c., division]

classification
classification (klas′i-fi-ka′shun)

A systematic arrangement into classes or groups based on perceived common characteristics; a means of giving order to a group of disconnected facts.
adansonian c. the c. of organisms based on giving equal weight to every character of the organism; this principle has its greatest application in numerical taxonomy. [M. Adanson]
Angle c. of malocclusion a c. of different types of malocclusion, based on the mesiodistal relationship of the permanent molars upon their eruption and locking, and comprised of three classes; Class I: normal relationship of the jaws, wherein the mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary first molar occludes in the buccal groove of the mandibular first permanent molar; Class II: distal relationship of the mandible, wherein the distobuccal cusp of the maxillary first permanent molar occludes in the buccal groove of the mandibular first molar, and further classified as Division 1, labioversion of maxillary incisor teeth, and Division 2, linguoversion of maxillary central incisors, both of which may be unilateral conditions; Class III: mesial relationship of the mandible, wherein the mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary first molar occludes in the embrasure between the mandibular first and second permanent molars, further classified as a unilateral condition.
Arneth c. a c. of the polymorphonuclear neutrophils according to the number of their nuclear lobes. See Arneth stages, under stage.
Astler-Coller c. a staging system that is a modification of Dukes c. for colon cancer.
Bethesda c. SYN: Bethesda system.
Black c. a c. of cavities of the teeth based upon the tooth surface(s) involved.
Caldwell-Moloy c. a c. of the variations in the female pelvis; namely gynecoid, android, anthropoid, and platypelloid pelvis, based on the type of the posterior and anterior segments of the inlet.
Cummer c. a listing of several types of removable partial dentures in accordance with the distribution of direct retainers.
DeBakey c. consists of three types: Type I extends into the transverse arch and distal aorta and type II is confined to the ascending aorta; type III dissections begin in the descending aorta, with type IIIA extending toward the diaphragm and type IIIB extending below it.
Denver c. a system of nomenclature for human mitotic chromosomes, based on length and position of the centromere. [Denver, Colorado, where agreed upon]
Dukes c. a c. of the extent of invasion of a resected adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum commonly modified as follows: A (Dukes A), confined to the mucosa; B₁, into the muscularis mucosae; B₂, through the muscularis mucosae; C₁, limited to the bowel wall, with nodal metastases; C₂, through the bowel wall, with nodal metastases.
FAB c. French-American-British c. of acute leukemias based on the study of microscopic features and cytochemistry of blast cells; it subdivides acute myelogenous leukemias into 8 groups (M₀–M₇) and acute lymphoblastic leukemias into 3 groups (L₁–L₃); widely used in clinical practice. SYN: French-American-British c..
French-American-British c. SYN: FAB c..
Gell and Coombs C. (gel koomz) a c. system that differentiates the 4 types of hypersensitivity reactions: Type I: anaphylactic reactions, Type II: cytotoxic reactions, Type III: immune complex reactions, and Type IV: cell-mediated/delayed hypersensitivity reactions.
International Labour Organization C. ILO 1980 International C. of Radiographs of the Pneumoconioses; a system for qualitative and semiquantitative description of the chest radiographic findings caused by pneumoconiosis, designed for epidemiologic studies; supersedes classifications of 1950, 1958, 1968, and 1971.
Jansky c. the c. of human blood groups now designated O, A, B, and AB.
Kennedy c. a listing of several forms of partially edentulous jaws in accordance with the distribution of the missing teeth.
Kiel c. c. of non-Hodgkin lymphoma into low-grade malignancy (lymphocytic, lymphoplasmacytoid, centrocytic, and centroblastic-centrocytic types) and high-grade malignancy (centroblastic, lymphoblastic of Burkitt or convoluted cell, and immunoblastic types). SYN: Lennert c..
Lancefield c. a serologic c. dividing hemolytic streptococci into groups (A to O) which bear a definite relationship to their sources, based upon precipitation tests depending upon group-specific substances that are carbohydrate in nature; e.g., Group A contains strains most pathogenic for humans; B, strains from mastitis in cows and from normal milk, including strains from the human throat and vagina; C, strains from various lower animals, including a number from cattle and the human throat; D, strains from cheese and humans; E, strains from certified milk; F, strains mainly from the human throat, associated with tonsillitis; G, strains from humans, a few from monkeys and dogs; and H, K, and O, nonpathogenic strains occasionally from normal human respiratory tracts.
Lennert c. SYN: Kiel c..
Lukes-Collins c. a c. of lymphomas according to the immunologic nature of the cell of origin, based on histologic and clinical data.
multiaxial c. a procedure used in DSM-III-R for diagnosing patients on five axes: 1) psychiatric syndrome present; 2) patient's history of personality and developmental disorders; 3) possible nonmental medical disorders; 4) severity of psychosocial stressors; 5) highest level of adaptive functioning in the past year.
New York Heart Association c. a functional c. to assess cardiovascular disability. Class I: patients with cardiac disease without limitation of physical activity. Ordinary activity does not cause symptoms. Class II: patients with cardiac disease with slight limitation of activity; comfortable at rest. Ordinary physical activity results in fatigue, palpitation, dyspnea or angina. Class III: patients with cardiac disease producing marked limitation of activity: comfortable at rest. Less than ordinary physical activity causes symptoms. Class IV: patients with cardiac disease resulting in inability to carry on any physical activity without discomfort. Symptoms may be present even at rest.
Rappaport c. a histologic c. of lymphomas in use before the availability of recent methods for identification of B- and T-type lymphocytes.
REAL c. a c. of lymphoma first published in 1994 and based on the correlation of clinical features of lymphomas with their histopathology and immunophenotype and genotype of neoplastic cells; groups lymphoproliferative diseases into chronic leukemia/lymphoma, nodal or extranodal lymphoma, acute leukemia lymphoma, plasma cell disorders, and Hodgkin disease. [Revised European-American llymphoma c.]
Runyon c. a c. scheme for mycobacteria other than Mycobacterium tuberculosis that divides species into four categories: 1) photochromogens, species that produce a yellow to brown carotene pigment when grown in the presence of light; 2) scotochromogens, which produce pigment in presence or absence of light; 3) nonpigmented, which do not produce pigment; and 4) rapid growers, which grow on solid media in 5–10 days rather than 4–8 weeks. This c. has no clinical or genetic significance but remains of limited value in identification of some clinical isolates.
Rye c. c. of Hodgkin disease according to lymphocyte predominance, nodular sclerosing, mixed cellularity, and lymphocyte depletion types. [Rye, NY, 1965]
Salter-Harris c. of epiphysial plate injuries the c. of epiphysial plate injuries into five groups (I to V), according to the pattern of damage to epiphysis, physis, and/or metaphysis; the c. correlates with different prognoses regarding the effects of the injury on subsequent growth and subsequent deformity of the epiphysis.
Tessier c. an anatomical c. of facial, craniofacial, and laterofacial clefts that utilizes the orbit as the primary structure for reference. Fifteen locations for clefts are differentiated.

class switch
class switch

Change in the isotype of antibody produced after a B cell has encountered an antigen.

clastic
clastic (klas′tik)

Breaking up into pieces, or exhibiting a tendency so to break or divide. [G. klastos, broken]

clastogen
clastogen (klas′to-jen)

An agent ( e.g., certain chemicals, x-rays, ultraviolet light) that causes breaks in chromosomes. [G. klastos, broken, + genos, birth]

clastogenic
clastogenic (klas-to-jen′ik)

Relating to the action of a clastogen.

clathrate
clathrate (klath′rat)

A type of inclusion compound in which small molecules are trapped in the cagelike lattice of macromolecules. [L. clathrare, pp. -atus, to furnish with a lattice]

clathrin
clathrin (klath′rin)

The principal constituent of a polyhedral protein lattice that coats eukaryotic cell membranes (vesicles) and coated pits and appears to be involved in protein secretion. This protein also occurs in synaptic vesicles. [L. clathri, lattice]

Clauberg
Clauberg

Karl W., German bacteriologist, *1893. See C. test, C. unit.

Claude
Claude

Henri, French psychiatrist, 1869–1945. See C. syndrome.

claudication
claudication (klaw-di-ka′shun)

Limping, usually referring to intermittent c.. [L. claudicatio, fr. claudico, to limp]
intermittent c. a condition caused by ischemia of the muscles; characterized by attacks of lameness and pain, brought on by walking, chiefly in the calf muscles; however, the condition may occur in other muscle groups. SYN: Charcot syndrome, myasthenia angiosclerotica.
neurogenic c. c. with neurologic injury, usually in association with lumbar spinal stenosis.

claudicatory
claudicatory (klaw′di-ka-tor-e)

Relating to claudication, especially intermittent claudication.

Claudius
Claudius

Friedrich M., German anatomist, 1822–1869. See C. cells, under cell, C. fossa.

Clausen Clausen

J., Danish physician. See Dyggve-Melchior-C. syndrome.

claustra
claustra (klaws′tra)

Plural of claustrum.

claustral
claustral (klaws′tral)

Relating to the claustrum.

claustrophobia
claustrophobia (klaw-stro-fo′be-a)

A morbid fear of being in a confined place. [L. claustrum, an enclosed space, + G. phobos, fear]

claustrophobic
claustrophobic (klaw-stro-fo′bik)

Relating to or suffering from claustrophobia.

claustrum
claustrum, pl .claustra (klaws′trum, klaws′tra)

1. One of several anatomic structures bearing a resemblance to a barrier. 2. [TA] A thin, vertically placed lamina of gray matter lying close to the putamen, from which it is separated by the external capsule. C. consists of two parts: 1) an insular part and 2) a temporal part between putamen and the temporal lobe. Cells of the c. have reciprocal connections with sensory areas of the cerebral cortex. [L. barrier]
c. gutturis, c. oris obsolete term for soft palate.
c. virginale an obsolete term for hymen.

clausura
clausura (klaw-soo′ra)

SYN: atresia. [L. a lock, bolt, fr. claudo, to close]

clava
clava (kla′va)

SYN: gracile tubercle. [L. a club]

claval
claval (kla′val)

Relating to the clava.

clavate
clavate (kla′vat)

Club-shaped. [L. clava, a club]

Claviceps purpurea
Claviceps purpurea (klav′i-seps poor-poo′re-a)

See ergot. [L. clava, club, + caput, head]

clavicle
clavicle (klav′i-kl) [TA]

A doubly curved long bone that forms part of the shoulder girdle. Its medial end articulates with the manubrium sterni at the sternoclavicular joint, its lateral end with the acromion of the scapula at the acromioclavicular joint. SYN: clavicula [TA] , collar bone.

clavicula
clavicula, pl .claviculae (kla-vik′oo-la, -li) [TA]

SYN: clavicle. [L. c., a small key, fr. clavis, key]

clavicular
clavicular (kla-vik′u-lar)

Relating to the clavicle.

claviculus
claviculus, pl .claviculi (kla-vik′u-lus, -li)

One of the perforating collagen fibers of bone. [Mod. L. dim. of L. clavus, a nail]

clavulanic acid
clavulanic acid (klav-u-lan′ik)

A beta-lactam structurally related to the penicillins that inactivate β-lactamase enzymes in penicillin-resistant organisms; usually used in combination with penicillins to enhance and broaden the spectrum of the penicillins.

clavus
clavus, pl .clavi (kla′vus, -vi)

1. A small conical callosity caused by pressure over a bony prominence, usually on a toe. SYN: corn. [L. a nail, wart, corn]

claw
claw (klaw)

A sharp, slender, usually curved nail on the paw of an animal. [L. clavus, a nail]

clawfoot
clawfoot (klaw′fut)

A condition of the foot characterized by hyperextension at the metatarsophalangeal joint and flexion at the interphalangeal joints, as a fixed contracture.

clawhand
clawhand (klaw′hand)

Atrophy of the interosseous muscles of the hand with hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal joints and flexion of the interphalangeal joints; develops as a result of nerve injury either at the spinal cord or peripheral nerve level.

Claybrook
Claybrook

Edwin B., U.S. surgeon, 1871–1931. See C. sign.

CLB
CLB

Abbreviation for cyanobacterialike, coccidialike or Cryptosporidium-like organisms that have now been identified as coccidia in the genus Cyclospora (C. cayetanensis).

cleaning
cleaning (klen′ing)

In dentistry, a procedure whereby accretions are removed from the teeth or from a dental prosthesis. SEE ALSO: dental prophylaxis.
ultrasonic c. in dentistry, the use of a high-frequency vibrating point to remove deposits from tooth structure; also the process of c. dentures by placing them in a special liquid in a container that generates high-frequency vibrations.

clearance
clearance (kler′ans)

1. (C with a subscript indicating the substance removed)Removal of a substance from the blood, e.g., by renal excretion, expressed in terms of the volume flow of arterial blood or plasma that would contain the amount of substance removed per unit of time; measured in mL/min. Renal c. of any substance except urea or free water is calculated as the urine flow in mL/min multiplied by the urinary concentration of the substance divided by the arterial plasma concentration of the substance; normal human values are commonly expressed per 1.73 m² body surface area. 2. A condition in which bodies may pass each other without hindrance, or the distance between bodies. 3. Removal of something from some place; e.g., “esophageal acid c.” refers to removal from the esophagus of some acid that has refluxed into it from the stomach, evaluated by the time taken for restoration of a normal pH in the esophagus.
p-aminohippurate c. a good measure of renal plasma flow, which it slightly underestimates; when a low plasma concentration of p-aminohippurate (PAH) is maintained by intravenous infusion, the kidney extracts and excretes almost all of the PAH from the plasma before it reaches the renal vein.
creatinine c. measurement of the c. of endogenous creatinine, used for evaluating the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
endogenous creatinine c. a term distinguishing measurements based on the creatinine normally present in plasma; since no infusion is necessary, an average value may be obtained by collecting urine for a long period, e.g., 24 hours.
exogenous creatinine c. a term distinguishing measurements based on infusing creatinine intravenously to raise its plasma concentration and facilitate its accurate chemical determination.
free water c. the amount of water excreted in the urine beyond that which would accompany the excreted solutes if the urine were isosmotic with plasma; it represents the loss of body water in excess of solute tending to raise body osmolality and making urine hyposmotic. Unlike other clearances, it is calculated by subtracting the osmolal c. from the actual volume of urine excreted per minute. A negative value for free water c. represents the amount of water that the body has reclaimed from isosmotic tubule fluid to make the urine hyperosmotic and to lower body osmolality.
interocclusal c. SYN: freeway space.
inulin c. an accurate measure of the rate of filtration through the renal glomeruli, because inulin filters freely with water and is neither excreted nor reabsorbed through tubule walls. Inulin is not a normal constituent of plasma and must be infused continously to maintain a steady plasma concentration and a steady rate of urinary excretion during the measurement. Inulin c. in a normal adult person is about 120 mL/min (range 100–150) per 1.73 m² body surface area.
isotope c. the rate at which an isotope is removed (usually by blood flow) from a tissue or organ such as the brain.
maximum urea c. the urea c. when the urine flow exceeds 2 ml/min; normal value is about 75 mL blood/min per 1.73 m² body surface area.
mucociliary c. the movement of the mucous covering of the respiratory epithelium by the beating of cilia: rapid, forward (effective) stroke and slow, return (recovery) stroke.
occlusal c. a condition in which the opposing occlusal surfaces may glide over one another without any interfering projection.
osmolal c. the volume of urine that would be excreted per minute if the urinary solutes were accompanied by just enough water to make the urine isosmotic with plasma, i.e., so that the solute excretion did not change the osmolality of body fluids. To calculate it, the volume of urine excreted per minute is multiplied by the urinary osmolality (usually measured by freezing point depression) and divided by the plasma osmolality. Osmolal c. is less than actual urine flow when urine is hyposmotic and exceeds it when urine is hyperosmotic.
standard urea c. the value obtained when the square root of the urine flow (when below 2 mL/min) is multiplied by the urine urea concentration and divided by the whole blood urea concentration; represents an old empirical adjustment for the effect of low urine flow on urea excretion; sometimes corrected for body size by dividing by some function of body weight or surface area. Later, plasma concentration was substituted for blood concentration in the calculation. The normal value is about 54 mL/min per 1.73 m² in an adult person. SYN: Van Slyke formula.
urea c. the volume of plasma (or blood) that would be completely cleared of urea by one minute's excretion of urine; originally calculated as urine flow multiplied by urine urea concentration divided by concentration of urea in whole blood rather than plasma, representing blood urea c. rather than plasma urea c..

clearer
clearer (kler′er)

An agent, used in histological preparations, which is miscible in both the dehydrating or fixing fluid and the embedding substance.

cleavage
cleavage (klev′ij)

1. Series of mitotic cell divisions occurring in the ovum immediately following its fertilization. SYN: segmentation (2) . SEE ALSO: c. division. 2. Splitting of a complex molecule into two or more simpler molecules. SYN: scission (2) . 3. Linear clefts in the skin indicating the direction of the fibers in the dermis. SEE ALSO: tension lines, under line. 4. Midline depression or furrow between mature female breasts (common).
abnormal c. of cardiac valve congenital malformation of a valve leaflet with a defect extending from the free margin.
adequal c. c. resulting in the formation of blastomeres of approximately equal size.
complete c. SYN: holoblastic c..
determinate c. c. resulting in blastomeres each capable of developing only into a particular embryonic structure.
discoidal c. meroblastic c. limited to the small cap (animal pole) of protoplasm of large-yolked eggs, such as the telolecithal eggs of birds.
enamel c. the splitting of enamel in a plane parallel to the direction of the enamel rods.
equal c. c. producing blastomeres of like size.
equatorial c. c. in which the plane of cytoplasmic division is at right angles to the axis of the ovum.
holoblastic c. c. in which the blastomeres are completely separated; the entire egg participates in cell division. SYN: complete c., total c..
hydrolytic c. SYN: hydrolysis.
incomplete c. SYN: meroblastic c..
indeterminate c. c. resulting in blastomeres of similar developmental potencies, each capable, when isolated, of producing an entire embryonic body.
meridional c. c. in a plane through the axis of the zygote.
meroblastic c. incomplete separation of the blastomeres, with the divisions being limited to the nonyolked portion of the egg. SYN: incomplete c..
phosphoroclastic c. SYN: phosphorolysis.
progressive c. in fungi, a type of sporulation in which c. planes in the cytoplasm first produce protospores and then sporangiospores in a sporangium.
pudendal c. SYN: pudendal cleft.
subdural c. SYN: subdural space.
superficial c. meroblastic c. with the divisions limited to the peripheral (surface) cytoplasm of a centrolecithal egg.
thioclastic c. the splitting of a bond in fashion analogous to hydrolysis or phosphorolysis except that the elements of a substituted hydrogen sulfide (usually coenzyme A) are added across the break.
total c. SYN: holoblastic c..
unequal c. c. producing blastomeres of different sizes at the two poles.
yolk c. segmentation of the vitellus.

cleaver
cleaver (kle′ver)

A heavy knife for cutting or chopping.
enamel c. an instrument with a heavy shank and a very short blade at about 90° to the axis of the handle; used with a hoeing motion to strip enamel from the axial surfaces of a tooth in preparation for a crown.

cleft
cleft (kleft) [TA]

A fissure.
anal c. SYN: intergluteal c..
branchial clefts a bilateral series of slitlike openings into the pharynx through which water is drawn by aquatic animals; in the walls of the clefts are the vascular gill filaments that take up oxygen from the water passing through the clefts; sometimes loosely applied to the branchial ectodermal grooves of mammalian embryos, which are imperforate, rudimentary homologues of complete gill clefts. SYN: gill clefts.
cholesterol c. a space caused by the dissolving out of cholesterol crystals in sections of tissue embedded in paraffin.
complete posterior laryngeal c. See laryngotracheoesophageal c..
facial c. a c. resulting from incomplete merging or fusion of embryonic processes normally uniting in the formation of the face, e.g., c. lip or c. palate. SYN: prosopoanoschisis.
first visceral c. SYN: hyomandibular c..
gill clefts SYN: branchial clefts.
gingival c. a fissure associated with pocket formation and lined by mixed gingival and pocket epithelium.
gluteal c. SYN: intergluteal c..
hyobranchial c. the c. caudal to the hyoid arch of the embryo.
hyomandibular c. the c. between the hyoid and mandibular arches of the embryo; the external auditory meatus is developed from its dorsal portion. SYN: first visceral c..
intergluteal c. [TA] the sulcus between the buttocks (nates). SYN: crena analis [TA] , crena ani&star, crena interglutealis&star, natal c.&star, anal c., crena clunium, gluteal c..
interneuromeric clefts clefts between the neuromeric or segmental elevations in the primitive rhombencephalon.
Larrey c. SYN: trigonum sternocostale.
laryngotracheoesophageal c. absence of fusion of the musculature or cricoid cartilaginous laminae of varying severity: type 1, submucous c. of the interarytenoid muscles (known also as occult posterior laryngeal c. or submucous laryngeal c.); type 2, partial cricoid c. (known also as partial posterior laryngeal c.); type 3, total cricoid c. (known also as laryngotracheoesophageal c. or total cricoid c.); and type 4, extension of the c. into the esophagus.
Maurer clefts SYN: Maurer dots, under dot.
median maxillary anterior alveolar c. an asymptomatic midline defect of the maxillary anterior ridge; the result of a failure of fusion or development of the lateral halves of the palate.
natal c. intergluteal c..
oblique facial c. SYN: prosoposchisis.
occult posterior laryngeal c. See laryngotracheoesophageal c..
partial cricoid c. See laryngotracheoesophageal c..
partial posterior laryngeal c. See laryngotracheoesophageal c..
posterior laryngeal c. laryngotracheoesophageal c. (type 2 or 3).
pudendal c. [TA] the c. between the labia majora. SYN: rima pudendi [TA] , fissura pudendi, pudendal cleavage, pudendal slit, rima vulvae, urogenital c., vulvar slit.
residual c. the remnants of the pituitary diverticulum that occur between the pars distalis and pars intermedia; a distinct lumen is present in some animals, but, in humans, is present only during prenatal development and sometimes in young children. SYN: residual lumen.
Schmidt-Lanterman clefts SYN: Schmidt-Lanterman incisures, under incisure.
subdural c. SYN: subdural space.
submucous laryngeal c. See laryngotracheoesophageal c..
synaptic c. the space about 20 nm wide between the axolemma and the postsynaptic surface. SEE ALSO: synapse.
total cricoid c. See laryngotracheoesophageal c..
urogenital c. SYN: pudendal c..
visceral c. any c. between two branchial (visceral) arches in the embryo.

cleid- cleid-

See cleido-.

cleidagra
cleidagra, clidagra (kli-dag′ra)

Rarely used term for a sudden severe pain in the clavicle, resembling gout. [cleid- + G. agra, seizure]

cleidal
cleidal (kli′dal)

Relating to the clavicle. SYN: clidal.

cleido- cleido-, cleid-

The clavicle; also spelled clido-, clid-. [G. kleis, bar, bolt]

cleidocostal
cleidocostal (kli-do-kos′tal)

Relating to the clavicle and a rib. SYN: clidocostal. [cleido- + L. costa, rib]

cleidocranial
cleidocranial (kli′do-kra′ne-al)

Relating to the clavicle and the cranium. SYN: clidocranial. [G. kleis, clavicle, + kranion, cranium]

cleidotomy
cleidotomy (kli-dot′o-me)

Cutting the clavicle of a dead fetus to effect a vaginal delivery. [cleido- + -tomy]

-cleisis -cleisis

Closure. [G. kleisis, a closing]

cleistothecium
cleistothecium (klis-to-the′se-um)

In fungi, an ascocarp that is closed, with randomly dispersed asci. [G. kleistos, enclosed, + theke, box]

Cleland
Cleland

W. Wallace, U.S. biochemist, *1930. See C. reagent.

clemastine
clemastine (klem′as-ten)

An H₁ antihistaminic. SYN: meclastine.

cleoid
cleoid (kle′oyd)

A dental instrument with a pointed elliptical cutting end, used in excavating cavities or carving fillings and waxes. [A. S. cle, claw + G. eidos, resemblance]

cleptoparasite
cleptoparasite (klep-to-par′a-sit)

A parasite that develops on the prey of the parasite's host. [G. klepto, to steal, + parasite]

Cléret
Cléret

M. Francois, French physician, 1876–1968. See Launois-C. syndrome.

Clevenger
Clevenger

Shobal V., U.S. neurologist, 1843–1920. See C. fissure.

CLIA
CLIA

Abbreviation for Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments.

click
click (klik)

A slight, sharp sound.
ejection c. a clicking ejection sound. See sound.
mitral c. the opening snap of the mitral valve.
systolic c. a sharp, clicking sound heard during cardiac systole; when heard in early systole it is usually an ejection sound; in late systole the c. usually signifies mitral insufficiency, as in the dysfunction of the mitral valvular apparatus when it prolapses into the left atrium during systole (see Barlow syndrome); rarely may also be due to pleuropericardial adhesions or other extracardiac mechanisms.

clicking
clicking (klik′ing)

A snapping, crepitant noise noted on excursions of the temporomandibular articulation, due to an asynchronous movement of the disk and condyle.

clid- clid-

See clido-.

clidal
clidal (kli′dal)

SYN: cleidal.

clidinium bromide
clidinium bromide (kli-din′e-um)

An anticholinergic.

clido- clido-, clid-

The clavicle. SEE ALSO: cleido-. [G. kleis, bar, bolt]

clidocostal
clidocostal (kli-do-kos′tal)

SYN: cleidocostal.

clidocranial
clidocranial (kli-do-kra′ne-al)

SYN: cleidocranial.

climacophobia
climacophobia (kli′ma-ko-fo′be-a)

Morbid fear of stairs or of climbing. [G. klimax, ladder, + phobos, fear]

climacteric
climacteric (kli-mak′ter-ik, kli-mak-ter′ik)

1. The period of endocrinal, somatic, and transitory psychologic changes occurring in the transition to menopause. 2. A critical period of life. SYN: climacterium. [G. klimakter, the rung of a ladder]

climacterium
climacterium (kli-mak-ter′e-um)

SYN: climacteric.

climatology
climatology (kli-ma-tol′o-je)

The study of climate and its relation to disease.

climatotherapy
climatotherapy (kli′ma-to-thar′a-pe)

Treatment of disease by removal of the patient to a region having a climate more favorable for recovery.

climax
climax (kli′maks)

1. The height or acme of a disease; its stage of greatest severity. 2. SYN: orgasm. [G. klimax, staircase]

climograph
climograph (kli′mo-graf)

A diagram showing the effect of climate on health. [G. klima, climate, + grapho, to record]

clindamycin
clindamycin (klin-da-mi′sin)

An antibacterial and antibiotic.

cline
cline (klin)

A systematic relation between location and the frequencies of alleles; lines connecting points of equal frequency are termed isoclines, and the direction of the c. at any point is at right angles to an isocline. [G. klino, to slope]

clinic
clinic (klin′ik)

1. An institution, building, or part of a building where ambulatory patients are cared for. 2. An institution, building, or part of a building in which medical instruction is given to students by means of demonstrations in the presence of the sick. 3. A lecture or symposium on a subject relating to disease. [G. kline, bed]

clinical
clinical (klin′i-kl)

1. Relating to the bedside of a patient or to the course of the disease. 2. Denoting the symptoms and course of a disease, as distinguished from the laboratory findings of anatomical changes. 3. Relating to a clinic. [G. kline, bed, + -al]

Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA)

Federal legislation, and the personnel and procedures established by it under the aegis of the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), for the surveillance and regulation of all clinical laboratory procedures in the U.S.The C. of 1988 (CLIA '88) were passed by Congress in response to public concerns about the quality of laboratory testing, particularly in physician office laboratories and in Pap smear interpretation. This legislation brought all 150,000 U.S. clinical laboratories, including physician office laboratories, under uniform regulations. A clinical laboratory is defined as any facility where materials derived from the human body are examined for the purpose of providing information for the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of disease or the assessment of health. Standards applied to laboratory personnel and procedures are based on test complexity and potential harm to the patient. The regulations establish application procedures and fees for CLIA registration, enforcement and surveillance methods, and sanctions applicable when laboratories fail to meet standards. CLIA regulations define three categories of testing complexity: waived, moderate, and high. A subcategory for physician-performed microscopy exists at the moderate complexity level. For tests of moderate or high complexity, the laboratory must participate in a continuing program of proficiency testing whereby an independent laboratory periodically submits specimens of known composition for testing. The imposition and enforcement of CLIA regulations have elicited opposition, particularly from private physicians performing office testing. Opponents of the legislation claim that, while there is little, if any, demonstrable evidence that the CLIA rules have resulted in an improvement in patient care, regulation of office laboratories impedes the ability of physicians to serve their patients' needs. Patients and third-party payers have had to absorb increases in the cost of laboratory testing due to compliance with CLIA regulations. In addition, about one-third of physicians have discontinued some or all office testing as a result of CLIA. This has led to added inconvenience and expense for both patients and physicians. Particularly for children, the poor, and the elderly, the difficulty of arranging repeated visits and of complying with monitoring schedules decreases the quality of overall patient care. Delayed receipt by physicians of laboratory test results diminishes patient compliance, leads to delays or errors in diagnosis, and requires the use of anticipatory treatment, which leads to unnecessary expense and in some cases avoidable hospitalization.

clinician
clinician (klin-ish′un)

A health professional engaged in the care of patients, as distinguished from one working in other areas.

clinicopathologic
clinicopathologic (klin′i-ko-path-o-loj′ik)

Pertaining to the signs and symptoms manifested by a patient, and also the results of laboratory studies, as they relate to the findings in the gross and histologic examination of tissue by means of biopsy or autopsy, or both.

clino- clino-

A slope (inclination or declination) or bend. [G. klino, to slope, incline, or bend]

clinocephalic
clinocephalic, clinocephalous (kli-no-se-fal′ik, -sef′a-lus)

Relating to clinocephaly.

clinocephaly
clinocephaly (kli′no-sef′a-le)

Craniosynostosis in which the upper surface of the skull is concave, presenting a saddle-shaped appearance in profile. SYN: saddle head. [clino- + G. kephale, head]

clinodactyly
clinodactyly (kli′no-dak′ti-le)

Permanent deflection of one or more fingers. [clino- + G. daktylos, finger]

clinography
clinography (klin-og′ra-fe)

Graphic representation of the signs and symptoms exhibited by a patient. [G. kline, bed, + grapho, to write]

clinoid
clinoid (kli′noyd)

1. Resembling a four-poster bed. 2. SYN: c. process. [G. kline, bed, + eidos, resemblance]

clioquinol
clioquinol (kli-o-kwin′ol)

SYN: iodochlorhydroxyquin.

clioxanide
clioxanide (kli-ok′sa-nid)

An anthelmintic.

clip
clip (klip′)

1. A fastener used to hold a part or thing together with another. 2. A fastener used to close off a small vessel.
wound c. a metal clasp or device for surgical approximation of skin incisions.

clithrophobia
clithrophobia (klith-ro-fo′be-a)

Morbid fear of being locked in. [G. kleithron, a bolt, + phobos, fear]

clition
clition (klit′e-on)

A craniometric point in the middle of the highest part of the clivus on the sphenoid bone. [G. klitos, a declivity]

clitoridean
clitoridean (klit′o-ri-de′an)

Relating to the clitoris.

clitoridectomy
clitoridectomy (klit′o-ri-dek′to-me)

Removal of the clitoris. [clitoris + G. ektome, excision]

clitoriditis
clitoriditis (klit′o-ri-di′tis)

Inflammation of the clitoris. SYN: clitoritis. [clitoris + G. -itis, inflammation]

clitoris
clitoris, pl .clitorides (klit′o-ris, -tor′i-dez; kli′to-ris) [TA]

A cylindric, erectile body, rarely exceeding 2 cm in length, situated at the most anterior portion of the vulva and projecting between the branched limbs or laminae of the labia minora, which form its prepuce and frenulum. It consists of a glans, a corpus, and two crura, and is the homolog of the penis in the male, except that it is not perforated by the urethra and does not possess a corpus spongiosum. [G. kleitoris]

clitorism
clitorism (klit′o-rizm)

Prolonged and usually painful erection of the clitoris; the analogue of priapism.

clitoritis
clitoritis (klit-o-ri′tis)

SYN: clitoriditis.

clitoromegaly
clitoromegaly (klit′or-o-meg′a-le)

An enlarged clitoris. [clitoris + G. megas, great]

clitoroplasty
clitoroplasty (klit′o-ro-plas′te)

Any plastic surgery procedure on the clitoris. [clitoris + G. plastos, formed]

clival
clival (kli′val)

Pertaining to the clivus.

clivus
clivus, pl .clivi (kli′vus, -ve) [TA]

1. A downward sloping surface. 2. [TA] The sloping surface from the dorsum sellae to the foramen magnum composed of part of the body of the sphenoid and part of the basal part of the occipital bone. SYN: Blumenbach c.. [L. slope]
Blumenbach c. SYN: c. (2) .
c. ocularis the sloping walls of the fovea leading to the foveola.

cloaca
cloaca (klo-a′ka)

1. In early embryos, the endodermally lined chamber into which the hindgut and allantois empty. 2. In birds and monotremes, the common chamber into which open the hindgut, bladder, and genital ducts. [L. sewer]
ectodermal c. the proctodeum of the embryo.
endodermal c. terminal portion of the hindgut internal to the cloacal membrane of the embryo.
persistent c. a condition in which the urorectal fold has failed to divide the c. of the embryo into rectal and urogenital portions. SYN: sinus urogenitalis, urogenital sinus (2) .

cloacal
cloacal (klo-a′kal)

Pertaining to the cloaca.

clobazam
clobazam (klo-ba-zam)

A novel benzodiazepine psychotherapeutic agent in which the nitrogens in the heterocyclic ring are in the 1,5- rather than in the more usual 1,4- positions; an anxiolytic.

clobetasol propionate
clobetasol propionate (klo-ba′ta-sol)

An anti-inflammatory corticosteroid usually used in topical preparations.

clocortolone
clocortolone (klo-kor′to-lon)

An anti-inflammatory corticosteroid usually used in topical preparations; available as the acetate and the pivalate.

clofazimine
clofazimine (klo-faz′i-men)

A tuberculostatic and leprostatic agent.

clofenamide
clofenamide (klo-fen′a-mid)

A diuretic. SYN: monochlorphenamide.

clofibrate
clofibrate (klo′fi-brat)

An antilipemic agent that reduces plasma levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and uric acid; used in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis.

clogestone acetate
clogestone acetate (klo-jes′ton)

A progestational agent.

clomacran phosphate
clomacran phosphate (klo′ma-kran)

A tranquilizer.

clomegestone acetate
clomegestone acetate (klo-me-jes′ton)

A progestational drug.

clomiphene citrate
clomiphene citrate (klo′mi-fen)

An analog of the nonsteroid estrogen, chlorotrianisene; a pituitary gonadotropin stimulant used therapeutically to induce ovulation; it competes with estrogen at the hypothalamic level, interrupting the negative feedback system and resulting in increased gonadotropin secretion; use often results in multiple births. SYN: chloramiphene.

clomipramine hydrochloride
clomipramine hydrochloride (klo-mip′ra-men)

An antidepressant.

clonal
clonal (klo′nal)

Pertaining to a clone.

clonazepam
clonazepam (klo-na′ze-pam)

An anticonvulsant drug in the benzodiazepine class.

clone
clone (klon)

1. A colony or group of organisms (or an individual organism), or a colony of cells derived from a single organism or cell by asexual reproduction, all having identical genetic constitutions. 2. To produce such a colony or individual. 3. A short section of DNA that has been copied by means of gene cloning. See cloning. 4. A homogeneous population of DNA molecules. [G. klon, slip, cutting used for propagation]
cDNA c. a duplex DNA, representing an mRNA, carried in a cloning vector.
genomic c. a cell with a vector containing a fragment of DNA from a different organism.

clonic
clonic (klon′ik)

Relating to or characterized by clonus.

clonicity
clonicity (klon-is′i-te)

The state of being clonic.

clonicotonic
clonicotonic (klon′i-ko-ton′ik)

Both clonic and tonic; said of certain forms of muscular spasm.

clonidine hydrochloride
clonidine hydrochloride (klo′ni-den)

An antihypertensive agent with central and peripheral actions; it stimulates adrenergic receptors in the brain leading to reduced sympathetic nervous system output; used as an adjunct to lessen drug withdrawal symptoms.

cloning cloning (klon′ing)

1. Growing a colony of genetically identical cells or organisms in vitro. 2. Transplantation of a nucleus from a somatic cell to an ovum, which then develops into an embryo; many identical embryos can thus be generated by asexual reproduction. 3. With blastocysts, dividing a cluster of cells through microsurgery and transferring one-half of the cells to a zona pellucida that has been emptied of its contents. The resulting embryos, genetically identical, may be implanted in an animal for gestation. 4. A recombinant DNA technique used to produce millions of copies of a DNA fragment. The fragment is spliced into a c. vehicle ( i.e., plasmid, bacteriophage, or animal virus). The c. vehicle penetrates a bacterial cell or yeast (the host), which is then grown in vitro or in an animal host. In some cases, as in the production of genetically engineered drugs, the inserted DNA becomes activated and alters the chemical functioning of the host cell.The successful c. of an apparently normal and fertile sheep has shown the possibilities of the technique, but announcement of a proposal to clone a human being has generated controversy and threats of legal prohibition. Opponents of human c. object to the experimental creation of human embryos that would never have the opportunity for implantation and whose eventual destruction would be tantamount to abortion. Many bioethics authorities object even to implantation of an artificially created human embryo into a human uterus. Supporters of c. research fear that legal prohibition will impede needed investigations into human reproduction and infertility. In 1997 the National Bioethics Advisory Commission, after considering the scientific and ethical dimensions of c., recommended a 5-year ban on all human c. research. Nineteen European nations have signed an agreement prohibiting the artificial genetic replication of human beings.
A/T c. c. of fragments where the only overhanging (or uncomplemented) ends are the A or T bases; occurs often in use of specific enzymes to cut or make DNA fragments.
positional c. SYN: reverse genetics.

clonism
clonism (klon′izm)

A long continued state of clonic spasms.

clonogenic
clonogenic (klo-no-jen′ik)

Arising from or consisting of a clone.

clonograph
clonograph (klon′o-graf)

An instrument for registering the movements in clonic spasm. [G. klonos, tumult, + grapho, to write]

clonorchiasis
clonorchiasis (klo-nor-ki′a-sis)

A disease caused by the fluke Clonorchis sinensis, affecting the distal bile ducts of humans and other fish-eating animals after ingestion of raw, smoked, or undercooked fish or raw crayfish; initial infection may be benign, but repeated or chronic infection induces an intense proliferative and granulomatous condition. SYN: clonorchiosis.

clonorchiosis
clonorchiosis (klo-nor-ke-o′sis)

SYN: clonorchiasis.

Clonorchis sinensis
Clonorchis sinensis (klo-nor′kis si-nen′sis)

The Asiatic liver fluke, a species of trematodes (family Opisthorchiidae) that in the Far East infects the bile passages of humans and other fish-eating animals; cyprinoid fish serve as chief second intermediate hosts, and various operculate snails serve as the first intermediate hosts. SYN: Opisthorchis sinensis.

clonus
clonus (klo′nus)

A form of movement marked by contractions and relaxations of a muscle, occurring in rapid succession seen with, among other conditions, spasticity and some seizure disorders. SEE ALSO: contraction. [G. klonos, a tumult]
ankle c. a rhythmic contraction of the calf muscles following a sudden passive dorsiflexion of the foot, the leg being semiflexed.
toe c. alternating movements of flexion and extension of the great toe following forcible extension at the metatarsophalangeal joint.
wrist c. rhythmical contractions and relaxations of the muscles of the forearm excited by a forcible passive extension of the hand.

clopamide
clopamide (klo-pam′id)

A diuretic and antihypertensive agent.

Cloquet
Cloquet

Hippolyte, French anatomist, 1787–1840. See C. space.

Cloquet
Cloquet

Jules G., French anatomist, 1790–1883. See C. canal, C. hernia, C. septum, proximal deep inguinal lymph node.

clorazepate
clorazepate (klor-az′e-pat)

The mono- or dipotassium salt is used as an anti-anxiety agent; a benzodiazepine prodrug for nordiazepam.

clorprenaline hydrochloride
clorprenaline hydrochloride (klor-pren′a-len)

A bronchodilator. SYN: isoprophenamine hydrochloride.

clostridia
clostridia (klos-trid′e-a)

Plural of clostridium.

clostridial
clostridial (klos-trid′e-al)

Relating to any bacterium of the genus Clostridium.

clostridiopeptidase A
clostridiopeptidase A (klos-trid′e-o-pep′ti-das)

SYN: Clostridium histolyticum collagenase.

clostridiopeptidase B
clostridiopeptidase B

SYN: clostripain.

Clostridium
Clostridium (klos-trid′e-um)

A genus of anaerobic (or anaerobic, aerotolerant), spore-forming, motile (occasionally nonmotile) bacteria (family Bacillaceae) containing Gram-positive rods; motile cells are peritrichous. Many of the species are saccharolytic and fermentative, producing various acids and gases and variable amounts of neutral products; other species are proteolytic, some attacking proteins with putrefaction or more complete proteolysis. Some species fix free nitrogen. These organisms sometimes produce exotoxins; they are generally found in soil and in the mammalian intestinal tract, where they may cause disease. The type species is C. butyricum. [G. kloster, a spindle]
C. bifermentans a bacterial species found in putrid meat and gaseous gangrene; also commonly found in soil, feces, and sewage. Its pathogenicity (largely due to an edema-producing toxin) varies from strain to strain.
C. botulinum a bacterial species that occurs widely in nature and is a frequent cause of food poisoning (botulism) from preserved meats, fruits, or vegetables that have not been properly sterilized before canning. The main types, A to F, are characterized by antigenically distinct, but pharmacologically similar, very potent neurotoxins, each of which can be neutralized only by the specific antitoxin; group C toxin contains at least two components; the recorded cases of human botulism have been due mainly to types A, B, E, and F; infant botulism occurs when colonization of the gastrointestinal tract with C. botulinum results in absorption of the toxin through the gastrointestinal wall; type Cα causes botulism in domestic and wild water fowl; Cβ and D are associated with intoxications in cattle. Type E is usually associated with improperly processed fish products.
C. butyricum a bacterial species that occurs in naturally soured milk, in naturally fermented starchy plant substances, and in soil; formerly considered nonpathogenic, it is now known to include neurotoxin-producing strains; the type species of the genus C..
C. cadaveris a bacterial species found in a human feces and in the pleural fluid of a sheep; it is not pathogenic for guinea pigs or rabbits, but has been a rare cause of gas gangrene in humans.
C. carnis a bacterial species found in a rabbit inoculated with soil; it is pathogenic for laboratory animals, in which an exotoxin produces edema, necrosis, and death.
C. chauvoei a bacterial species that causes blackleg, black quarter, or symptomatic anthrax in cattle and other animals and that produces an exotoxin.
C. cochlearium a bacterial species found in human war wounds and septic infections; it is not pathogenic for guinea pigs.
C. difficile (di-fi′-sel) a bacterial species found in feces of humans and animals. It colonizes newborn infants, who are spared from toxin induced diarrheal disease. Pathogenic for human beings, guinea pigs, and rabbits; frequent cause of colitis and diarrhea following antibiotic use. Found to be a cause of pseudomembranous colitis and associated with a number of intestinal diseases that are linked to antibiotic therapy; also the chief cause of nosocomial diarrhea. [L. difficult]
C. fallax a bacterial species found in war wounds, appendicitis, and black leg of sheep; it produces a weak exotoxin.
C. haemolyticum a bacterial species found in cattle dying of icterohemoglobinuria; it is pathogenic and toxic for guinea pigs and rabbits and produces an unstable, hemolytic toxin.
C. histolyticum a bacterial species found in war wounds, where it induces necrosis of tissue; it produces cytolytic exotoxins that cause local necrosis and sloughing on injection; it is not toxic on feeding; it is pathogenic for small laboratory animals.
C. innominatum a bacterial species found in septic and gangrenous war wounds.
C. nigrificans former name for Desulfotomaculum nigrificans.
C. novyi a bacterial species consisting of three types, A, B, and C; type A, from a case of gaseous gangrene and from human necrotic hepatitis, produces γ-toxin (a hemolytic lecithinase); B, from black disease (infectious necrotic hepatitis) of sheep, produces β-toxin (a hemolytic lecithinase); and C, found in bacillary osteomyelitis of water buffaloes, does not produce toxin. SYN: C. oedematiens.
C. oedematiens SYN: C. novyi.
C. parabotulinum a bacterial species containing formerly referred to as C. botulinum types A and B; the types are identified by protection tests with known type antitoxin; it produces a powerful exotoxin and is pathogenic for humans and other animals.
C. paraputrificum a bacterial species found in feces (especially of infants), gaseous gangrene, and postmortem fluid and tissue cultures; it is not pathogenic for rabbits or guinea pigs.
C. perfringens a bacterial species that is the chief causative agent of gas gangrene in humans and a cause of gas gangrene in other animals, especially sheep; it may also be involved in causing enteritis, appendicitis, and puerperal fever; it is one of the most common causes of food poisoning in the U. S. This organism is found in soil, water, milk, dust, sewage, and the intestinal tract of humans and other animals. SYN: C. welchii, gas bacillus, Welch bacillus.
C. ramosum a bacterial species found in the natural cavities of humans and other animals as well as in seawater and in feces; it is also found in association with mastoiditis, otitis, pulmonary gangrene, putrid pleurisy, appendicitis, intestinal infections, balanitis, liver abscess, osteomyelitis, septicemia, and urinary infections. It was formerly the type species of the obsolete genus Ramibacterium.
C. septicum a bacterial species found in malignant edema of animals, in human war wounds, and in cases of appendicitis; it is pathogenic for guinea pigs, rabbits, mice, and pigeons and produces an exotoxin that is lethal and hemolytic. SYN: Vibrion septique.
C. sordellii a bacterial strain that produces multiple toxins including a lecithinase, hemolysin, and a fibrinolysin, which result in edema and potentially fatal hypotension, and necrotic infections in humans. It is especially associated with abdominal and gynecologic posttraumatic and postoperative wound infection; also causes big head in rams.
C. sphenoides a bacterial species found in gangrenous war wounds; it is not pathogenic for guinea pigs or rabbits.
C. sporogenes a bacterial species found in intestinal contents, gaseous gangrene, and soil; it is not pathogenic for guinea pigs or rabbits, but does produce a slight, temporary, local tumefaction.
C. tertium a bacterial species found in wounds, but that is nonpathogenic for laboratory animals.
C. tetani the bacterial species that causes tetanus; it produces a potent exotoxin (neurotoxin) that is intensely toxic for humans and other animals when formed in tissues or injected, but not when ingested.
C. thermosaccharolyticum a bacterial species of thermophilic bacteria found in “hard swell” of canned goods; it is not pathogenic to laboratory animals.
C. welchii SYN: C. perfringens.

clostridium
clostridium, pl .clostridia (klos-trid′e-um, -a)

A vernacular term used to refer to any member of the genus C..

Clostridium histolyticum collagenase
Clostridium histolyticum collagenase

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of collagen, preferentially at peptide bonds on the amino side of a glycylprolyl sequence. SYN: clostridiopeptidase A, collagenase A, collagenase I, microbial collagenase.

Clostridium histolyticum proteinase B
Clostridium histolyticum proteinase B

SYN: clostripain.

clostripain
clostripain (klos′tri-pan)

A cysteine proteinase cleaving preferentially at the carboxyl side of arginyl and lysyl residues. It also has an esterase activity. SYN: clostridiopeptidase B, Clostridium histolyticum proteinase B.

closure
closure (klo′zhur)

1. The completion of a reflex pathway. 2. The place of coupling between stimuli in the establishment of conditioned learning. 3. To achieve or experience a sense of completion in a mental task.
flask c. in dentistry, the procedure of bringing the two halves or parts of a flask together; trial flask closures are preliminary closures made to eliminate excess denture-base material and to ensure that the mold is completely filled; the final flask c. is the last c. of a flask before curing, following trial packing of the mold with denture-base material.
velopharyngeal c. the apposition of the velum (soft palate) and the upper pharyngeal walls as in deglutition and in some speech sounds.

closylate
closylate (klo′si-lat)

USAN-approved contraction for p-chlorobenzenesulfonate.

clot
clot (klot)

1. To coagulate, said especially of blood. 2. A soft, nonrigid, insoluble mass formed when a liquid ( e.g., blood or lymph) gels. [O.E. klott, lump]
agonal c. intravascular thrombosis ascribed to the process of dying.
antemortem c. a blood c., found at autopsy, formed in any of the heart cavities or the great vessels before death.
blood c. the coagulated phase of blood; the soft, coherent, jelly-like red mass resulting from the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, thereby entrapping the red blood cells (and other formed elements) within the coagulated plasma.
chicken fat c. c. formed in vitro or postmortem from leukocytes and plasma of sedimented blood.
currant jelly c. a jellylike mass of red blood cells and fibrin formed by the in vitro or postmortem clotting of whole or sedimented blood.
laminated c. a c. formed in a succession of layers such as occurs in the natural course of an aneurysm.
passive c. a c. formed in an aneurysmal sac consequent to the cessation or slowing of circulation through the aneurysm.
postmortem c. a c. formed in the heart or great vessels after death.

clotrimazole
clotrimazole (klo-trim′a-zol)

An antifungal agent used topically to treat a variety of fungal and yeast infections.

clottage
clottage (klot′ij)

Obsolete term for blocking of any canal or duct by a blood clot.

Cloudman
Cloudman

Arthur M., U.S. zoologist and pathologist, *1901. See C. melanoma.

clove oil
clove oil (klov)

SYN: oil of clove.

cloxacillin sodium
cloxacillin sodium (klok-sa-sil′in)

A penicillinase-resistant penicillin.

clozapine
clozapine (klo′za-pen)

A sedative and antipsychotic tricyclic dibenzodiazepine regarded as atypical because of low central antidopaminergic activity.

CLQ
CLQ

Abbreviation for cognitive laterality quotient.

clubbing
clubbing (klub′ing)

A condition affecting the fingers and toes in which proliferation of distal soft tissues, especially the nail beds, results in thickening and widening of the extremities of the digits; the nails are abnormally curved nail beds excessively compressible, and skin over them red and shiny. See Hippocratic nails, under nail.
hereditary c. [MIM*119900] simple hereditary c. of the digits without associated pulmonary or other progressive disease, often more severe in males; most common in black patients; autosomal dominant inheritance. SYN: acropachy.

clubfoot
clubfoot (klub′fut)

SYN: talipes equinovarus.

clubhand
clubhand (klub′hand)

Congenital or acquired angulation deformity of the hand associated with partial or complete absence of radius or ulna; usually with intrinsic deformities in the hand in congenital variants.
radial c. c. with angular deviation toward radial side of limb associated with partial or complete absence of the radius.
ulnar c. c. with angular deviation toward ulnar side of limb associated with partial or complete absence of the ulna.

clump
clump (klump)

To form into clusters, small aggregations, or groups. [A.S. clympre, a lump]

clumping
clumping (klump-ing)

The massing together of bacteria or other cells suspended in a fluid.

cluneal
cluneal (kloo′ne-al)

Pertaining to the clunes.

clunes
clunes (kloo′nez)

buttocks. [pl. of L. clunis, buttock]

clupanodonic acid
clupanodonic acid (kloo-pan′o-don′ik)

An ω-3 fatty acid with 22 carbons and five double bonds; found in fish oils and phospholipids in brain.

cluster of differentiation
cluster of differentiation

Cell membrane molecules that are used to classify leukocytes into subsets. CD molecules are classified by monoclonal antibodies. There are four general types: type I transmembrane proteins have their COOH-termini in the cytoplasm and their NH2-termini outside the cell; type II transmembrane proteins have their NH2-termini in the cytoplasm and their COOH-termini outside the cell; type III transmembrane proteins cross the plasma membrane more than once and hence may form transmembrane channels; and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (type IV), which are tethered to the lipid bilayer via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor.
CD1a a type I transmembrane protein found on thymocytes, Langerhans cell, brain astrocytes, and dermal cells that is involved in nonclassical antigen presentation or is a receptor for an undefined ligand or hormone; expressed in patients with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, histiocytosis X, and thymomas.
CD1b a type I transmembrane protein found on cortical thymocytes, dermal cells, and brain astrocytes that is involved in nonclassical antigen presentation or is a receptor for an undefined ligand or hormone; expressed in patients with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, T-cell lymphoma, and thymomas.
CD1c a type I transmembrane protein found on cortical thymocytes, dermal cells, and brain astrocytes that is involved in nonclassical antigen presentation or is a receptor for an undefined ligand or hormone; expressed in patients with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemias, and B cells in severe combined immunodeficiency disease.
CD2 a type I transmembrane protein found on thymocytes, T cells, and some natural killer cells that acts as a ligand for CD58 and CD59 and is involved in signal transduction and cell adhesion; expressed in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and T-cell lymphoma.
CD2r a type I transmembrane protein found on T cells and some natural killer cells that is unrelated to binding sites for CD58 and CD59; expressed on activated T cells in autoimmune diseases.
CD3 a type I transmembrane protein found on T cells that forms the signal transduction unit for the T cell; expressed in patients with T-cell lymphomas.
CD4 a type I transmembrane protein found on helper/inducer T cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells that is involved in T-cell recognition of antigens; expressed in mycosis fungoides, Sézary syndrome, and T-cell lymphomas.
CD5 a type I transmembrane protein found on T cells, thymocytes, and some B cells that is a ligand for CD72 and is involved in cellular activation or adhesion; expressed in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and T-cell lymphoma.
CD6 a type I transmembrane protein found on T cells, medullary thymocytes, some cortical thymocytes, a few B cells, and in brain. CD6 is phosphorylated on cellular activation and possibly plays a role in signal transduction; expressed in some B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemias.
CD7 a type I transmembrane protein found on thymocytes, some T cells, monocytes, natural killer cells, and hemopoietic stem cells; expressed in patients with mycosis fungoides, some patients with T-cell acute lymphoblastic lymphoma, and a few patients with acute nonlymphocytic lymphoma.
CD8 a type I transmembrane protein found on suppressor (cytotoxic) T cells, some natural killer cells, and most thymocytes that is involved in T-cell antigen recognition; expressed in some T-cell lymphomas and large granular lymphocyte leukemias.
CD9 a type III transmembrane protein found on platelets, megakaryocytes, monocytes, pre-B cells, eosinophils, basophils, and activated T cells; plays a role in signal transduction leading to platelet activation and aggregation; expressed in some T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemias and some acute nonlymphocytic leukemias.
CD10 a type II transmembrane protein found on pre-B cells, germinal-center B cells, some neutrophils, kidney cells, T-cell precursors, and epithelial cells that acts as a zinc metalloprotease cleaving peptide bonds on the amino side of hydrophobic amino acids; expressed in acute lymphocytic leukemia and follicular-center–cell lymphomas.
CD11a a type I transmembrane protein found on lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages that facilitates cell adhesion and cell activation; expressed in lymphomas.
CD11b a type I transmembrane protein found on monocytes, macrophages, granulocytes, some B cells, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells that facilitates cell adhesion, phagocytosis, and/or chemotaxis; expressed in some B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemias, most acute nonlymphocytic leukemias, and some hairy cell leukemias.
CD11c a type I transmembrane protein found on monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and some B cells that induces cellular activation and helps trigger neutrophil respiratory burst; expressed in hairy cell leukemias, acute nonlymphocytic leukemias, and some B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemias.
CDw12 a membrane protein found on monocytes, neutrophils, and platelets; the function of this moiety is unknown.
CD13 a type II transmembrane protein found on myeloid cells that acts as a zinc-binding metalloprotease catalyzing removal of NH2-terminal amino acids from peptides; expressed in some types of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia.
CD14 a transmembrane protein found on monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, some B cells, and dendritic cells that is involved in signal transduction leading to oxidative burst and/or synthesis of tumor necrosis factor-α; expressed in some patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia and in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
CD15 a phosphatidylinositol-anchored transmembrane protein found on neutrophils and which may be involved in phagocytosis; expressed in patients with Hodgkin disease, some B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemias, acute lymphoblastic leukemias, and most acute nonlymphocytic leukemias.
CD15s a transmembrane protein found on neutrophils, monocytes, myeloid cells, and some T cells that serves as the major ligand for CD62E; expressed on squamous cell carcinomas.
CD16 a type I transmembrane protein found on natural killer cells and macrophages that is involved in directing NK cell activation.
CD16b a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein present on neutrophils; deficient in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinemia and expressed in large granular lymphocytic leukemias and natural killer cell leukemias.
CDw17 a type I transmembrane protein found on monocytes, neutrophils, and platelets that may play a role in granule content packaging or exocytosis.
CD18 a type I transmembrane protein found on lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, some B cells, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells that appears active in signal transduction; expressed in some patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, most acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, and some hairy cell leukemia.
CD19 a type I transmembrane protein found on all B cells and B-cell precursors and some follicular dendritic cells that acts as an accessory molecule for B cell signal transduction; expressed in all B-cell neoplasms.
CD20 a type III transmembrane protein found on B cells that forms a calcium channel in the cell wall allowing for the influx of calcium required for cell activation; expressed in B-cell lymphomas, hairy cell leukemia, and B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
CD21 a type I transmembrane protein found on B cells, follicular dendritic cells, pharyngeal and cervical epithelial cells, some thymocytes, and some T cells that plays a role in signal transduction; expressed in hairy cell leukemia, B-cell lymphoma, and some T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemias.
CD22 a type I transmembrane protein found in the cytoplasm of pre-B cells and on the surface of mature B cells that facilitates signal transduction; expressed in patients with hairy cell leukemias and in some with B-cell lymphomas.
CD22α a type I transmembrane protein found on mature B cells that facilitates adhesion of B cells to monocytes and red blood cells.
CD22β a type I transmembrane protein found on mature B cells that facilitates adhesion of B cells to CD4-positive T cells.
CD23 a type II transmembrane protein found on mature B cells, monocytes, activated macrophages, eosinophils, platelets, and dendritic cells that enhances capture and processing of antigen complexed with IgE.
CD24 a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein present on B cells, pre-B cells, neutrophils, and a few thymocytes that may play a role in inducing B-cell proliferation and differentiation; expressed in patients with B-cell lymphomas and some with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemias.
CD25 a type I transmembrane protein present on activated T cells, activated B cells, some thymocytes, myeloid precursors, and oligodendrocytes that associates with CD122 to form a heterodimer that can act as a high-affinity receptor for IL-2; expressed in most B-cell neoplasms, some acute nonlymphocytic leukemias, and neuroblastomas.
CD26 a type II transmembrane protein present on mature T cells, some B cells, apical membranes of epithelial and endothelial cells, kidney, intestinal brush borders, and liver bile canaliculi that combines with collagen and associates with adenosine deaminase.
CD27 a type I transmembrane protein present on mature T cells, medullary thymocytes, and some B cells that is a ligand for CD70 and serves as a member of the nerve growth factor family; expressed in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
CD28 a type I transmembrane protein present on most CD4 T cells, many CD8 T cells, and most plasma cells that enhances the transcription and stability of IL-2 messenger RNA.
CD29 a type I transmembrane protein present on some CD4 helper T cells, platelets, and dendritic cells that is involved in cell-cell or cell-matrix adhesion.
CD30 a type I transmembrane protein present on activated T and B cells that may play a role in cell activation and/or differentiation; expressed in Hodgkin disease, some T-cell lymphomas, and anaplastic large cell lymphomas.
CD30l a type III transmembrane protein present on activated T cells and monocytes that can induce differential responses in CD30-expressing cells ranging from growth to cell death.
CD31 a type I transmembrane protein present on myeloid cells, platelets, endothelial cells, natural killer cells, monocytes, and subsets of CD4-positive T cells that acts as a cosignal transducer for macrophages, inducing respiratory burst; plays a key role in the transmigration of leukocytes through intercellular junctions of vascular endothelium and mediates calcium-dependent heterophilic aggregation; expressed in neoplastic endothelial cells.
CD32 a type I transmembrane protein present on monocytes, B cells, neutrophils, placental trophoblasts, and endothelium; acts as a signal transducer for IgG-mediated phagocytosis and neutrophil and monocyte oxidative burst; transduces an inhibitory signal on B cells and may play a role in placental IgG transport.
CD33 a type I transmembrane protein present on myeloid cells and myeloid precursors; expressed in many acute nonlymphoblastic leukemias and some B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemias.
CD34 a type I transmembrane protein present on myeloid cells and myeloid precursors that plays a role in signal transduction; expressed in some acute nonlymphocytic leukemias and some acute lymphocytic leukemias.
CD35 a type I transmembrane protein present on monocytes, granulocytes, dendritic cells, red blood cells, some T cells, and glomerular podocytes that facilitates phagocytosis and/or binding of immune complexes; expressed in Wilms tumor.
CD36 a transmembrane protein present on monocytes, platelets, megakaryocytes, umbilical vein, small-vessel endothelium, reticulocytes, and mammary epithelium that may be involved in signal transduction; expressed in myeloproliferative disorders.
CD37 a type III transmembrane protein present on mature B cells, some T cells, and monocytes that may play a role in ion transport; expressed on B-cell lymphomas, B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and hairy cell leukemia.
CD38 a transmembrane protein present on macrophages, dendritic cells, and activated cells of the natural killer, B- and T-cell lines that can facilitate B-cell adhesion.
CD39 a transmembrane protein present on macrophages, dendritic cells, and activated lymphoid cells that facilitates B-cell adhesion.
CD40 a type I transmembrane protein present on mature B cells, monocytes, dendritic cells, and epithelial cells involved in signal transduction leading to cell activation, proliferation, adhesion, and/or differentiation; expressed in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemias, lymphomas, and some carcinomas.
CD40l a type II transmembrane protein present on activated CD4-positive T cells, a few activated CD8-activated T cells, and blood basophils; a ligand for CD40 that induces activation, proliferation, and/or differentiation of CD40-expressing cells.
CD41 a type I transmembrane protein present on platelets and megakaryocytes that serves as a receptor for fibrinogen, fibronectin, vitronectin, von Willebrand factor, and other factors and facilitates platelet adhesion and aggregation.
CD42 a type I transmembrane protein present on platelets and megakaryocytes that mediates platelet binding to damaged blood vessels.
CD43 a type I transmembrane protein present on thymocytes, T cells, granulocytes, monocytes, natural killer cells, platelets, brain, activated B cells, plasma cells, and hemopoietic stem cells that serves as a ligand for CD54 and facilitates cell-cell adhesion; expressed on some myelomas and lymphomas.
CD44 a type I transmembrane protein present on T cells, pre-B cells, monocytes, neutrophils, CNS white matter, fibroblasts, skeletal muscle, and medullary thymocytes; facilitates lymphocyte binding to endothelial venules and assists in adhesion.
CD45 a type I transmembrane protein present on all hemopoietic cells except erythrocytes that assists in cell activation; expressed in lymphomas, B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, hairy cell leukemia, and acute nonlymphocytic leukemia.
CD46 a type I transmembrane protein present on thymocytes, T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, monocytes, neutrophils, platelets, endothelial cells, epithelial cells, fibroblasts, placenta, and sperm that protects against complement-mediated damage.
CD47 a transmembrane protein without tissue specificity that is involved in membrane cation flux.
CD48 a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane protein present on T cells, B cells, thymocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, bronchial epithelium, and salivary gland that may play a role in signal transduction on T cells; absent or defective in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.
CD49a a type I transmembrane protein present on activated T and B cells, monocytes, neurovascular endothelium, and smooth muscle that forms a receptor for collagen and laminin; expressed on melanomas.
CD49b a type I transmembrane protein present on platelets, T cells, B cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells involved in platelet adhesion of collagen; may be expressed in melanomas.
CD49c a type I transmembrane protein present on B cells, kidney glomerulus, thyroid, and some basement membranes that may play a role in cell-cell adhesion; expressed in most cultured cell lines.
CD49d a type I transmembrane protein present on B and T cells, natural killer cells, eosinophils, monocytes, erythroblasts, thymocytes, and myoblasts that facilitates cell-cell adhesion and leukocyte migration and aids in lymphocyte activation; expressed in melanomas.
CD49e a type I transmembrane protein present on monocytes, neutrophils, leukocytes, fibroblasts, platelets, and myoblasts that helps form a receptor for fibronectin and activates the sodium-hydrogen antiporter; may serve an accessory role to T-cell activation.
CD49f a type I transmembrane protein present on platelets, macrophages, monocytes, thymocytes, T cells, and adherent cell lines that forms a receptor for invasion and laminin; expressed in some acute lymphocytic leukemias.
CD50 a type I transmembrane protein present on thymocytes, B cells, monocytes, and neutrophils; involved in intracellular adhesion.
CD51 a type I transmembrane protein present on endothelial cells, monocytes, macrophages, platelets, some B cells, osteoclasts, and uterine cells; plays a role in platelet aggregation and/or endothelial cell adhesion and in monocyte migration.
CD52 a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane protein present on thymocytes, T cells, B cells, some granulocytes, seminal vesicles, epididymis, and spermatozoa; plays a role in signal transduction.
CD53 a type III transmembrane protein present on leukocytes, platelets, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts; contributes to the transduction of CD2-generated signals in T cells and natural killer cells; facilitates cytoplasmic calcium flux in B cells, monocytes, and granulocytes; and plays a role in activation of the monocyte oxidative burst; expressed in hemopoietic neoplasms and myelomas.
CD54 a type I transmembrane protein present on leukocytes and endothelial cells and inducible on lymphocytes, dendritic cells, keratinocytes, chondrocytes, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells; acts as a ligand for CD11 and CD18 and aids in intercellular adhesion.
CD55 a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane protein present on all hemopoietic cells and spermatozoa that neutralizes complement activation; absent or defective in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.
CD57 a membrane protein present on natural killer cells, some T cells, a few B cells, and monocytes of unknown function; expressed in large granular lymphocyte leukemias.
CD58 a membrane protein present on many hemopoietic cells and fibroblasts that acts as a ligand for CD2 and may be involved in T-cell function.
CD59 a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane protein present on many hemopoietic cells, vascular endothelium, epithelial cells, and placenta that inhibits membrane complement attack and may be involved in T-cell signal transduction; absent or defective in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.
CDw60 a membrane protein present on T-cell subsets, some monocytes, and platelets that may play a role in signal transduction leading to cell activation; present on cutaneous T-cell lymphomas.
CD61 a membrane protein present on platelets, megakaryocytes, endothelial cells, osteoclasts, and uterine cells that facilitates platelet aggregation and adhesion.
CD62e a type I transmembrane protein present on endothelium that facilitates adhesion of neutrophils, monocytes, and some T cells to vascular endothelium; enhanced expression occurs at sites of chronic inflammation.
CD62l a type I transmembrane protein present on B cells, T cells, neutrophils, thymocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, erythroid and myeloid progenitor cells, and natural killer cells that functions as a peripheral lymph node homing receptor and facilitates binding to endothelium at inflammatory sites; found on many malignant leukocytes.
CD62p a type I transmembrane protein present on activated platelets, endothelial cells, and megakaryocytes that facilitates adhesion of monocytes and neutrophils to activated platelets and to endothelial cells.
CD63 a type III transmembrane protein present on activated platelets, monocytes, macrophages, and in secretory granules of vascular endothelial cells and platelet-dense granules; facilitates adhesion to activated endothelium.
CD64 a type I transmembrane protein present on monocytes, megakaryocytes, and activated neutrophils that acts as a high-affinity receptor for IgG; present in some cases of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia.
CDw65 a membrane protein present on myeloid cells and some monocytic cells that is involved in signal transduction leading to formation of the respiratory burst; present in some acute nonlymphocyte leukemias.
CD66a a type I transmembrane protein, present on neutrophils, histiocytes, some myeloid progenitor cells, and the brush border of colonic epithelial cells, that facilitates adhesion and neutrophilic activation; expressed in chronic myelocytic leukemia and some cases of acute lymphocytic leukemia.
CD66b a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane protein present on neutrophils that induces aggregation and activation; expressed in chronic myelocytic leukemia.
CD66c a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane protein present on neutrophils that induces aggregation and activation; expressed in chronic myelocytic leukemia.
CD66d a type I transmembrane protein present on neutrophils that facilitates adhesion and neutrophil activation; expressed in chronic myelocytic leukemia.
CD66e a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane protein present in tissues derived from all three germ layers during embryogenesis and adult colon epithelial cells that facilitates calcium-independent adhesion during embryogenesis; expressed in most colon carcinomas and other carcinomas.
CD68 a type I transmembrane protein present on monocytes, macrophages, osteoclasts, mast cells, cytoplasmic granules, activated platelets, and large lymphocytes; expressed in neuroma Schwann cells, in nerves undergoing wallerian degeneration, in myeloid cell tumors, and in anaplastic lymphomas and epithelial tumors.
CD69 a type II transmembrane protein present on platelets, CD4-positive or CD8-positive thymocytes, activated lymphocytes, and activated T or natural killer cells that functions as a signal transducer, enhancing cell activation and/or platelet aggregation.
CD70 a type II transmembrane protein present on activated B cells and some activated T cells that enhances activation of T cells; expressed in Reed-Sternberg cells, some lymphomas, and monocyte lineage–derived tumors.
CD71 a type II transmembrane protein present on activated or proliferating cells that facilitates cellular iron uptake; expressed in many acute leukemias and some lymphomas.
CD72 a type II transmembrane protein present on all B cells and macrophages that plays a role in signal transduction or adhesion; expressed in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, B-cell lymphomas, and B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
CD73 a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane protein present on some B cells, some T cells, thymocytes, some epithelial and endothelial cells, and dendritic cells; expressed on most B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias, breast carcinomas, and large granular leukocyte leukemias.
CD74 a type II transmembrane protein present on B cells, monocytes, dendritic cells, and activated T cells that prevents binding of endogenous peptides; expressed in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, hairy cell leukemia, and large granular leukocyte lymphomas.
CDw75 a type II transmembrane protein present on mature B cells and some T cells that may facilitate B-cell adhesion; expressed in B-cell lymphomas of follicular cell origin.
CDw76 a membrane protein present on mature B cells, some T cells, melanocytes, endothelial cells, hepatocytes, and kidney tubular cells; expressed in mature B-cell lymphomas and B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemias.
CD77 a membrane protein present on germinal center B cells, follicular dendritic cells, endothelium, and some epithelial cells which may act as a receptor for toxins of Escherichia coli or Shigella dysenteriae; expressed in Burkitt lymphomas and B-cell lymphomas of follicular center cell origin.
CDw78 a membrane protein present on B-cells and tissue macrophages that may be involved in signal transduction; expressed in some acute lymphoblastic leukemias, B-cell lymphomas, and some acute nonlymphocytic leukemias.
CD79a a type I transmembrane protein present on B cells that mediates signal transduction; expressed in mature B-cell neoplasms.
CD79b a type I transmembrane protein on B cells that mediates signal transduction; expressed in B-cell tumors and B-cell acute leukoblastic leukemias.
CD80 a type I transmembrane protein on activated B cells, activated monocytes, activated follicular dendritic cells, and some activated T cells that provide a costimulatory signal to T cells during antigen presentation; expressed in B lymphoblastoid cells.
CD81 a type III transmembrane protein present on many cell types, including lymphocytes, that facilitates signal transduction; expressed on lymphomas, leukemias, melanomas, and neuroblastomas.
CD82 a type III transmembrane protein present on epithelial cells, endothelium, and activated lymphocytes that may play a role in calcium flux.
CD83 a type I transmembrane protein, present on dendritic cells, Langerhans cells, B cells, and interdigitating reticular cells, that may play a role in antigen presentation or the cellular interactions that follow lymphocyte activation.
CDw84 a membrane protein present on monocytes, early B cells, platelets, germinal-center B cells, mantle-zone B cells, and circulating lymphocytes.
CD85 a membrane protein present on plasma cells, B cells, and monocytes.
CD86 a membrane protein present on some germinal-center B cells, mitogen-activated B cells, and monocytes that serves as a B-cell activator; expressed in anaplastic large cell lymphomas, on Reed-Sternberg cells, and on Epstein Barr virus–transformed B cells.
CD87 a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane protein present on activated T cells, monocytes, and activated neutrophils that plays a role in cell-surface plasminogen activation; expressed on macrophages at sites of inflammation.
CD88 a type III transmembrane protein present on neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils, mast cells, and smooth muscle cells that helps trigger chemotaxis and aids in cellular activation, respiratory burst, and degranulation; expressed in monocytoid tumors.
CD89 a type I transmembrane protein present on neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and some T and B cells that assists in triggering granulocyte respiratory burst; expressed in monocytoid tumors.
CDw90 a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane protein of unknown function present on prothymocytes and in brain and other nonlymphoid tissues.
CD91 a membrane protein on monocytes and macrophages that may facilitate endocytosis.
CDw92 a membrane protein present on neutrophils, platelets, and monocytes; of unknown function.
CD93 a membrane protein present on neutrophils, monocytes, and endothelial cells; of unknown function.
CD94 a membrane protein expressed on natural killer cells and a few T cells that stimulates natural killer cell cytolysis and release of tumor necrosis factor.
CD95 a type I transmembrane protein present on T cells and myeloid cells that may induce apoptosis.
CD96 a type I transmembrane protein present on T cells, natural killer cells, and activated B cells that is expressed primarily upon cellular activation, suggesting ligand-binding activity.
CD97 a membrane protein of unknown function present on monocytes and mature granulocytes.
CD98 a type II transmembrane protein present on monocytes, cardiac muscle cells, endothelial cells, T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells; probably involved in regulating calcium fluxes; increased on T cells in some autoimmune disease or in chronic hepatitis.
CD99 a type I transmembrane protein present on thymocytes, lymphocytes, and myeloid cells involved in rosette formations with sheep erythrocytes.
CD99r a type I transmembrane protein similar to CD99 but present on myeloid cells.
CD100 a membrane protein present on hemopoietic cells that can induce proliferative responses.
CDw101 a membrane protein of unknown function present on neutrophils, monocytes, and some T cells.
CD102 a type I transmembrane protein present on endothelial cells, platelets, monocytes, dendritic cells, subsets of lymphocytes, and in splenic sinusoids that may facilitate recirculation of memory T cells.
CD103 a type I transmembrane protein present on intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes, some circulating leukocytes, and some T cells that facilitates adhesion to epithelia; expressed in hairy cell leukemia and some B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemias.
CD104 a type I transmembrane protein present on epithelia and thymocytes that facilitates adhesion of cells to the extracellular matrix; expressed in squamous cell carcinoma.
CD105 a type II transmembrane protein present on endothelium, proerythryoblasts, activated monocytes and macrophages, and follicular dendritic cells that may play a role in adhesion; expressed in leukemic cells of B-lymphoid and myeloid origin.
CD106 a type I transmembrane protein present on activated endothelial cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, marrow stroma, myoblasts, and myotubules that facilitates recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation.
CD107a a type I transmembrane protein present on activated platelets; increased expression noted on transformation of cells with metastatic potential and on embryonic cells.
CD107b a type I transmembrane protein present on activated platelets; increased expression noted on transformation of cells with metastatic potential and on embryonic cells.
CDw108 a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein of unknown function present on activated T cells.
CDw109 a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane protein of unknown function present on activated T cells, activated platelets, and endothelial cells.
CD115 a type I transmembrane protein present on placenta, macrophages, monocytes, and monocyte-precursors that is involved in proliferation and differentiation of monocytes and their progenitors; expressed in choriocarcinomas.
CDw116 a type I transmembrane protein present on monocytes, granulocytes, endothelial cells, dendritic cells, and fibroblasts that stimulates cell proliferation and differentiation; expressed in osteogenic sarcoma and breast and lung carcinomas.
CD117 a type I transmembrane protein present on hemopoietic progenitors, mast cells, melanocytes, spermatogonia, oocytes, and some natural killer cells that assists in signal transduction to transfected cell lines; expressed in colon carcinomas.
CD120a a type I transmembrane protein present on many cell types that has a high affinity for tumor necrosis factors.
CD120b a type I transmembrane protein present on many cell types that has a high affinity for tumor necrosis factors.
CDw121a a type I transmembrane protein present on T cells, thymocytes, chondrocytes, synovial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and hepatocytes that aids in stimulation of cellular proliferation and/or activation.
CDw121b a type I transmembrane protein present on B cells, monocytes, and macrophages that is involved in interaction with interleukins.
CDw122 a type I transmembrane protein present on activated T cells, B cells, monocytes, and natural killer cells that may complex with CD25.
CD123 a type I transmembrane protein present on pluripotent stem cells and committed hemopoietic progenitor cells that is involved in cell proliferation and/or differentiation.
CDw124 a type I transmembrane protein present on mature B cells, T cells, epithelium, hemopoietic precursors, and fibroblasts that induces cell proliferation and/or activation; expressed in lymphomas and pancreatic, hepatic, and bladder tumors.
CD125 a type I transmembrane protein present on eosinophils and basophils that stimulates cellular proliferation and/or differentiation.
CD126 a type I transmembrane protein present on plasma cells, leukocytes, epithelial cells, fibroblasts, neural cells, and hepatocytes that stimulates cell growth and/or differentiation; possible growth factor for myelomas.
CDw127 a type I transmembrane protein present on B-cell precursors, thymocytes, mature T cells, and monocytes that induces cell growth and/or differentiation.
CDw128 a type III transmembrane protein present on neutrophils, basophils, monocytes, keratinocytes, and some T cells that induces chemotaxis and/or cell activation; expressed on melanoma cells.
CD129 a type I transmembrane protein present on some T cells, myeloid and erythroid precursors, and mast cells that induces cell growth and/or differentiation; expressed in Hodgkin disease, large cell lymphomas, and megakaryoblastic leukemia.
CDw130 a type I transmembrane protein present on most leukocytes, epithelial cells, fibroblasts, hepatocytes, and neural cells; interacts with leukemia inhibitor factors, interleukins, and other cell-proliferative factors.

cluttering
cluttering (klut′er-ing)

A speech disorder usually occurring in childhood characterized by abnormally rapid rate, disturbed fluency, erratic rhythm, and poor articulation that makes it difficult to understand the speaker.

Clutton
Clutton

Henry H., British surgeon, 1850–1909. See C. joints, under joint.

clysis
clysis (kli′sis)

1. An infusion of fluid, usually subcutaneously, for therapeutic purposes. 2. Formerly, a fluid enema; later, the washing out of material from any body space or cavity by fluids. [G. klysis, a drenching by a clyster]

-clysis -clysis

Combining form referring to injection or enema. [G. klysis, a drenching by a clyster]

clyster
clyster (klis′ter)

An old term for enema. [G. klyster, fr. klyzo, fut. klyso, to wash out]

C.M.
C.M.

Abbreviation for Chirurgiae Magister, Master in Surgery.

CM- CM-

Symbol for carboxymethyl radical.

Cm
Cm

Symbol for curium.

cM
cM

Abbreviation for centimorgan.

cm
cm

Abbreviation for centimeter; c.² for square centimeter; c.³ for cubic centimeter.

CMA
CMA

Abbreviation for Certified Medical Assistant.

cmc
cmc

Abbreviation for critical micelle concentration.

CM-cellulose
CM-cellulose

SYN: carboxymethyl cellulose.

CMG
CMG

Abbreviation for cystometrogram.

CMI
CMI

Abbreviation for cell-mediated immunity.

CML
CML

1. Abbreviation for cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity. 2. Acronym for chronic myelogenous leukemia.

CMO
CMO

Abbreviation for calculated mean organism.

CMP
CMP

Symbol for cytidine 5′-monophosphate (secondarily, for any cytidine monophosphate).

c-mp1
c-mp1

A cell-surface receptor on megakaryocytes, platelets, and CD34-positive hematopoietic precursor cells; appears to be the receptor for regulation of megakaryocytopoiesis and platelet production.

CMT
CMT

Abbreviation for Certified Medical Transcriptionist. See medical transcriptionist.

CMV
CMV

1. Abbreviation for controlled mechanical ventilation; Cytomegalovirus. 2. A cancer drug combination treatment consisting of cisplatin, methotrexate, and vinblastine, used in the treatment of bladder and other malignancies.

cnemial
cnemial (ne′me-al)

Relating to the leg, especially to the shin. [G. kneme, leg]

cnemis
cnemis (ne′mis)

The shin. [G. knemis (knemid-), a legging]

cnida
cnida, pl .cnidae (ni′da, ni′de)

SYN: nematocyst. [G. knide, nettle]

cnidocyst
cnidocyst (ni′do-sist)

SYN: nematocyst.

Cnidospora
Cnidospora (ni-do-spor′a)

SYN: Microspora. [G. knide, nettle, sea nettle, + sporos, seed]

Cnidosporidia
Cnidosporidia (ni′do-spo-rid′ea)

SYN: Microsporida. [G. knide, nettle, sea nettle, + Mod. L., fr. G. sporos, seed]

C.N.M.
C.N.M.

Abbreviation for certified nurse-midwife.

CNS
CNS

1. Abbreviation for central nervous system. 2. Symbol for the thiocyanate radical, C.⁻ or &cbond;C..

CO
CO

Symbol for carbon monoxide.

Co
Co

Symbol for cobalt; coccygeal.

58Co
⁵⁸Co

Symbol for cobalt-58.

60Co
⁶⁰Co

Symbol for cobalt-60.

57Co
⁵⁷Co

Symbol for cobalt-57.

co- co-

See con-.

CoA
CoA

Abbreviation for coenzyme A.

coacervate
coacervate (ko-as′er-vat)

An aggregate of colloidal particles separated out of an emulsion (coacervation) by the addition of some third component (coacervating agent). [L. coacervare, pp. -atus, to collect in a mass]

coacervation
coacervation (ko-as-er-va′shun)

Formation of a coacervate.

coadaptation
coadaptation (ko′ad-ap-ta′shun)

The operation of selection jointly on two or more loci.

coagglutination
coagglutination (ko-a-gloo′tin-a′shun)

Aggregation of particulate antigens bound with agglutinins of more than one specificity.

coagula
coagula (ko-ag′u-la)

Plural of coagulum.

coagulable
coagulable (ko-ag′u-la-bl)

Capable of being coagulated or clotted.

coagulant
coagulant (ko-ag′u-lant)

1. An agent that causes, stimulates, or accelerates coagulation, especially with reference to blood. 2. SYN: coagulative.

coagulate
coagulate (ko-ag′u-lat)

1. To convert a fluid or a substance in solution into a solid or gel. 2. To clot; to curdle; to change from a liquid to a solid or gel. [L. coagulo, pp. -atus, to curdle]

coagulation
coagulation (ko-ag-u-la′shun)

1. Clotting; the process of changing from a liquid to a solid, said especially of blood ( i.e., blood c.). In vertebrates, blood c. is a result of cascade regulation from fibrin. 2. A clot or coagulum. 3. Transformation of a sol into a gel or semisolid mass; e.g., the c. of the white of an egg by means of boiling. In any colloidal suspension, the dispersion of the disperse phase from the continuous phase is greatly reduced, thereby leading to a complete or partial separation of the latter; usually an irreversible phenomenon unless the basic nature of the substance is chemically altered.
disseminated intravascular c. (DIC) a hemorrhagic syndrome that occurs following the uncontrolled activation of clotting factors and fibrinolytic enzymes throughout small blood vessels; fibrin is deposited, platelets and clotting factors are consumed, and fibrin degradation products inhibit fibrin polymerization, resulting in tissue necrosis and bleeding. SEE ALSO: consumption coagulopathy.

coagulative
coagulative (ko-ag′u-la-tiv)

Causing coagulation. SYN: coagulant (2) .

coagulopathy
coagulopathy (ko-ag-u-lop′a-the)

A disease affecting the coagulability of the blood.
consumption c. a disorder in which marked reductions develop in blood concentrations of platelets with exhaustion of the coagulation factors in the peripheral blood; often used as a synonym for disseminated intravascular coagulation.

coagulum
coagulum, pl .coagula (ko-ag′u-lum, -la)

A clot or a curd; a soft, nonrigid, insoluble mass formed when a sol. undergoes coagulation. [L. a means of coagulating, rennet]

co-alcoholic
co-alcoholic (ko-al-ko-hol′ik)

1. The person(s) who enables an alcoholic by assuming responsibilities on the alcoholic's behalf, minimizing or denying the problem drinking, or making amends for the alcoholic's behavior. 2. Pertaining to the c. or to co-alcoholism. SEE ALSO: splinting.

co-alcoholism
co-alcoholism (ko-al′ko-hol-izm)

The constellation of attitudes, attributes, and behaviors of the person who enables the alcoholic, which are necessary for the attainment of a symbiotic balance between alcoholic and co-alcoholic. SEE ALSO: symbiosis.

coalescence
coalescence (ko-a-les′ens)

Fusion of originally separate parts. SYN: concrescence (1) .

coal oil
coal oil (kol)

SYN: petroleum.

coal tar
coal tar

A by-product obtained during the destructive distillation of bituminous coal; a very dark semisolid of characteristic naphthalenelike odor and a sharp, burning taste; used in the treatment of skin diseases.

coapt
coapt (ko′apt)

To join or fit together.

coaptation
coaptation (ko-ap-ta′shun)

Joining or fitting together of two surfaces; e.g., the lips of a wound or the ends of a broken bone. [L. co-apto, pp. -aptatus, to fit together]

coarct
coarct (ko-arkt′)

To restrict or press together. SYN: coarctate (1) . [L. co-arcto, pp. -arctatus, to press together]

coarctate
coarctate (ko-ark′tat)

1. SYN: coarct. 2. Pressed together.

coarctation
coarctation (ko-ark-ta′shun)

A constriction, stricture, or stenosis.
aortic c. congenital narrowing of the aorta, usually located just distal to the left subclavian artery, causing upper-extremity hypertension, excess left ventricular workload, and diminished blood flow to the lower extremities and abdominal viscera.
reversed c. aortic arch syndrome in which blood pressure in the arms is lower than in the legs.

coarctectomy
coarctectomy (ko′ark-tek′to-me)

Excision of a coarctation (of the aorta).

coarctotomy
coarctotomy (ko-ark-tot′o-me)

Division of a stricture. [coarct + G. tome, cutting]

CoAS&cbond;
CoAS&cbond;, CoASH

Symbols for the coenzyme A radical and reduced coenzyme A, respectively.

coat
coat (kot)

1. The outer covering or envelope of an organ or part. 2. One of the layers of membranous or other tissues forming the wall of a canal or hollow organ. See tunic.
buffy c. the upper, lighter portion of the blood clot (coagulated plasma and white blood cells), occurring when coagulation is delayed so that the red blood cells have had time to settle; the portion of centrifuged, anticoagulated blood which contains leukocytes and platelets. SYN: crusta inflammatoria, crusta phlogistica, leukocyte cream.
muscular c. muscular layer.
muscular c. of bronchi muscular layer of bronchi.
muscular c. of colon muscular layer of colon.
muscular c. of ductus deferens muscular layer of ductus deferens.
muscular c. of esophagus muscular layer of esophagus.
muscular c. of female urethra muscular layer of female urethra.
muscular c. of gallbladder muscular layer of gallbladder.
muscular c. of intermediate part of male urethra muscular layer of intermediate part of (male) urethra.
muscular c. of intermediate part of male urethra muscular layer of prostatic urethra.
muscular c. of large intestine muscular layer of large intestine.
muscular c. of male urethra SYN: muscular layer of male urethra.
muscular c. of pharynx muscular layer of pharynx.
muscular c. of prostatic urethra SYN: muscular layer of prostatic urethra.
muscular c. of rectum muscular layer of rectum.
muscular c. of small intestine muscular layer of small intestine.
muscular c. of spongy part of male urethra muscular layer of spongy (male) urethra.
muscular c. of stomach muscular layer of stomach. SEE ALSO: oblique fibers of muscular layer of stomach, under fiber.
muscular c. of trachea muscular layer of trachea.
muscular c. of ureter muscular layer of ureter.
muscular c. of urinary bladder muscular layer of urinary bladder.
muscular c. of uterine tube muscular layer of uterine tube.
muscular c. of uterus SYN: myometrium.
muscular c. of vagina muscular layer of vagina.
sclerotic c. SYN: sclera.
serous c. serosa.
serous c. of peritoneum serosa of peritoneum.

coating
coating (kot′ing)

A covering; a layer of some substance spread over a surface.
antireflection c. a film of magnesium fluoride spread on a lens to minimize reflections.

CoA transferases
CoA transferases [EC 2.8.3.x]

Thiaphorases;enzymes transferring CoA from acetyl-CoA or succinyl-CoA to other acyl radicals.

Coats
Coats

George, British ophthalmologist, 1876–1915. See C. disease.

cobalamin
cobalamin (Cbl) (ko-bal′a-min)

General term for compounds containing the dimethylbenzimidazolylcobamide nucleus of vitamin B₁₂.
ATP c. adenoxyltransferase an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of ATP, water, and c. to form orthophosphate, pyrophosphate, and adenoxylcobalamin. Adenosylcobalamin is required by methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. A deficiency of ATP c. adenosyltransferase will lead to methylmalonic acidemia.
c. concentrate the dried, partially purified product resulting from the growth of selected Streptomyces cultures or other c.-producing microorganisms; contains at least 500 μg of c. in each gram.

cobalt
cobalt (Co) (ko′bawlt)

A steel-gray metallic element, atomic no. 27, atomic wt. 58.93320; a bioelement and a constituent of vitamin B₁₂; certain of its compounds are pigments, e.g., c. blue. [Ger. kobalt, goblin or evil spirit]

cobalt-57
cobalt-57 (⁵⁷Co)

Half-life, 271.8 days; decays by electron capture with emission of a medium energy (122.06 keV) gamma ray. Used as a diagnostic aid with some metabolic disorders.

cobalt-58
cobalt-58 (⁵⁸Co)

Positron emitter with half-life of 70.88 days.

cobalt-60
cobalt-60 (⁶⁰Co)

Half-life, 5.271 years; emits beta particles and energetic gamma rays, for which reason it is used in radiation teletherapy and diagnostics in place of radium (radon) or x-rays. It is also used as a diagnostic aid in vitamin B₁₂-related problems.

cobaltous chloride
cobaltous chloride (ko-bawl′tus)

Used in the treatment of various types of refractory anemia to improve the hematocrit, hemoglobin, and erythrocyte count.

Cobb
Cobb

Stanley, U.S. neuropathologist, 1887–1968. See C. syndrome.

cobra
cobra (ko′bra)

Most cobras are members of the highly venomous snake genus, Naja (family Elapidae); six species are recognized, all African except for the Asiatic c.; typical behavior includes spreading of the neck (hood), rearing one-third of the body off of the ground, and, in some species, the spitting of venom, which is primarily neurotoxic. There are also cobras that belong to the genera Pseudohaje, Hemachatus, and Ophiophagus. [Port. snake, from L. coluber, snake]

cobrotoxin
cobrotoxin (ko′bro-tok-sin)

A polypeptide of 62 residues; action on cells is similar to that of melittin in that it promotes disruption of membranes; used as an investigational antirheumatic agent. SYN: cobra toxin, direct lytic factor of cobra venom.

cobyric acid
cobyric acid (ko-bir′ik)

The hexa-amide of cobyrinic acid; a part of the vitamin B₁₂ structure. SYN: cobyrinamide, factor V_1a.

cobyrinamide
cobyrinamide (ko-bir-in′a-mid)

SYN: cobyric acid.

cobyrinic acid
cobyrinic acid (ko-bir-in′ik)

Corrin with 8 methyl groups at positions 1, 2, 5, 7, 12 (2), 15, and 17; &cbond;CH₂COOH groups at positions 2, 7, and 18; &cbond;CH₂CH₂COOH groups at positions 3, 8, 13, and 17; and divalent cobalt centered among the four nitrogens. The acid side chains are designated, in numeric order, a, b, c, d, e, f, and g. It is a part of the vitamin B₁₂ structure.

COC
COC

Abbreviation for cathodal opening contraction.

coca
coca (ko′ka)

The dried leaves of Erythroxylon c., yielding not less than 0.5% of ether-soluble alkaloids; the source of cocaine and several other alkaloids. [S. Am.]

cocaine cocaine (ko-kan′)

C₁₇H₂₁N_O4; Benzoylmethylecgonine;a crystalline alkaloid obtained from the leaves of Erythroxylon coca (family Erythroxylaceae) and other species of Erythroxylon, or by synthesis from ecgonine or its derivatives; a potent central nervous system stimulant, vasoconstrictor, and topical anesthetic, widely abused as a euphoriant and associated with the risk of severe adverse physical and mental effects.The coca bush is indigenous to Bolivia and Peru, where for centuries natives have chewed its leaves along with limestone pellets or plant ashes in order to withstand hunger, thirst, and fatigue. During the 19th century c. was widely used in medicine as a stimulant, antidepressant, and topical anesthetic, but because of its strong potential for inducing dependency it is no longer administered systemically. Its popularity as a recreational drug waned slightly after amphetamines became available in the 1920s but returned in the 1960s. C. is generally sold on the street as the hydrochloride salt, a fine white powder known as “coke,” “C,” “snow,” “flake,” or “blow.” Street dealers cut or adulterate it with inert substances such as cornstarch, talcum powder, and sugar, or with active drugs such as procaine and benzocaine. In powder form it is usually “snorted” into the nostrils, although it may also be absorbed through the buccal, vaginal, or rectal mucosa or injected. A smokable form of c. can be prepared from the hydrochloride by a process called “free-basing.” Production of pure free-base c. is hazardous because it employs highly flammable solvents. The drug commonly called “crack” is a crude form of free base prepared from c. hydrochloride with ammonia or sodium bicarbonate and water. The hardened product of this process is cracked into irregular fragments called “rock,” “ready rock,” “french fries,” or “teeth.” Street use of crack exploded upon its introduction in the 1980s, causing increases in emergency department admissions for c. overdose, drug-related deaths, and births of c.-dependent babies. Administration of c. quickly produces intense euphoria, accompanied by a sense of increased energy, alertness, and self-confidence and diminished need for food and sleep. Pulse, blood pressure, and respiratory rate are increased. Higher doses can lead to bizarre or violent behavior, paranoia, chest pain, tremors, seizures, coma, and death due to coronary artery spasm or respiratory arrest. Smoked crack c. reaches the brain more quickly than snorted c.. The effects of either form wear off in less than 30 minutes, to be succeeded by profound depression, irritability, and fatigue (“coke crash”). Prolonged use of c. leads to chronic symptoms including restlessness, irritability, depression, insomnia, and a reversible psychosis characterized by paranoia, hallucinations, and delusions. Repeated snorting of c. causes rhinitis, which can culminate in perforation of the nasal septum. C. is not truly addictive because tolerance does not develop; in fact, some regular users note increasing sensitivity to its physical and psychologic effects. But psychological dependency can develop in less than 2 weeks. Withdrawal is associated with intense craving for another dose; sustained abstinence may lead to anxiety, depression, and disorders of appetite and sleep.
crack c. a derivative of c., usually smoked, resulting in a brief, intense high. Crack is relatively inexpensive and extremely addictive. See street drug.
c. hydrochloride a water-soluble salt used for local anesthesia of the eye or mucous membranes.

cocainization
cocainization (ko′kan-i-za′shun)

Production of topical anesthesia of mucous membranes by the application of cocaine.

cocarboxylase
cocarboxylase (ko-kar-boks′i-las)

SYN: thiamin pyrophosphate.

cocarcinogen
cocarcinogen (ko-kar′si-no-jen)

A substance that works symbiotically with a carcinogen in the production of cancer.

Coccaceae
Coccaceae (kok-ka′se-e)

An obsolete term for a family of Eubacteriales which included all the spherical cells dividing in one (Streptococcus), two (Micrococcus), or three (Sarcina) planes, then forming cells, pairs, tetrads, cubes or larger packets, or chains. [G. kokkos, a berry]

coccal
coccal (kok′al)

Relating to cocci.

cocci
cocci (kok′si)

Plural of coccus.

Coccidia
Coccidia (kok-sid′e-a)

A subclass of important protozoa (class Sporozoea, phylum Apicomplexa) in which the mature trophozoites are small and typically intracellular; schizogony and sporogony can occur in the same host, in contrast to the gregarines (subclass Gregarinia of class Sporozoea), which have large extracellular trophozoites in various invertebrates and do not reproduce by schizogony. SYN: Coccidiasina. [Mod. L., fr. G. kokkos, berry]

coccidia
coccidia (kok-sid′e-a)

Plural of coccidium.

coccidial
coccidial (kok-sid′e-al)

Relating to coccidia.

Coccidiasina
Coccidiasina (kok-sid′e-a-si′na)

SYN: Coccidia.

coccidioidal
coccidioidal (kok-sid-e-oy′dal)

Referring to the disease or to the infecting organism of coccidioidomycosis.

Coccidioides
Coccidioides (kok-sid-e-oy′dez)

A genus of fungi found in the soil of the semi-arid areas of the Southwestern U.S. and smaller areas throughout Central and South America, but has not been found elsewhere. The only pathogenic species, C. immitis, causes coccidioidomycosis. [coccidium + G. eidos, resemblance]

coccidioidin
coccidioidin (kok-sid-e-oy′din)

A sterile solution containing the by-products of growth of Coccidioides immitis; used as an intracutaneous skin test, diagnostically more valuable in non-endemic areas.

coccidioidoma
coccidioidoma (kok-sid′e-oy-do′ma)

A benign localized residual granulomatous lesion or scar in a lung following primary coccidioidomycosis.

coccidioidomycosis
coccidioidomycosis (kok-sid-e-oy′do-mi-ko′sis)

A variable, benign, severe, or sometimes fatal systemic mycosis due to inhalation of arthroconidia of Coccidioides immitis. In benign forms of the infection, the lesions are limited to the upper respiratory tract, lungs, and near lymph nodes; in a low percentage of cases, the disease disseminates to other visceral organs, meninges, bones, joints, and skin and subcutaneous tissues. SYN: Posadas disease. [coccidioides + G. mykes, fungus, + -osis, condition]
disseminated c. a severe, chronic, and progressive form of c. with spread from the lung to other organs. Patients with this disease are usually significantly immunocompromised.
primary c. a disease common in the San Joaquin Valley of California and certain additional areas in the southwestern U.S. as well as the Chaco region of Argentina, caused by inhalation of the arthroconidia of Coccidioides immitis; acute onset of respiratory symptoms accompanied by fever, aches, malaise, arthralgia, headache, and occasionally an early erythematous or papular eruption; erythema multiforme or erythema nodosum may appear. SYN: desert fever, San Joaquin fever, San Joaquin Valley disease, San Joaquin Valley fever, valley fever.
primary extrapulmonary c. a rare form of c. presenting near the site of local trauma with painless firm nodules occurring at one to two weeks, accompanied by regional adenopathy, with spontaneous healing in a few weeks.
secondary c. progressive or disseminated extrapulmonary granulomatous lesions following primary c.. SYN: coccidioidal granuloma.
subclinical c. a form of c. that does not come to medical attention because respiratory symptoms are mild and self-limited.

coccidiosis
coccidiosis (kok-sid-e-o′sis)

Group name for diseases due to any species of coccidia; a common and serious protozoan disease of many species of domestic animals and birds and many wild animals kept in captivity; both intestinal and pulmonary c. have been reported in humans with AIDS.

coccidiostat
coccidiostat (kok-sid′e-o-stat)

A chemical agent generally added to animal feed to partially inhibit or delay the development of coccidiosis.

coccidium
coccidium, pl .coccidia (kok-sid′e-um, -e-a)

Common name given to protozoan parasites (order Eucoccidiida) in which schizogony occurs within epithelial cells, generally in the intestine, but in some species in the bile ducts and kidney; the final product of sexual fusion and differentiation that occurs within the host, the oocyst, generally passes to the soil in the feces, undergoes sporulation, and then acts as the infective form for another host. Coccidia are parasitic in most domestic and wild birds and mammals, occasionally in humans, and are highly host-specific; the majority are nonpathogenic, but certain species rank among the most serious and economically important pathogens, causing coccidiosis in birds and mammals. See Isospora, Cryptosporidium. [Mod. L. dim. of G. kokkos, berry]

coccinella
coccinella (kok-sin-el′a)

SYN: cochineal.

coccinellin
coccinellin (kok-si-nel′in)

The coloring principle derived from cochineal.

coccobacillary
coccobacillary (kok′o-bas′i-lar-e)

1. Relating to a coccobacillus. 2. Of organisms exhibiting coccal, bacillary, and intermediate forms.

coccobacillus
coccobacillus (kok′o-ba-sil′us)

A short, thick bacterial rod of the shape of an oval or slightly elongated coccus. [G. kokkos, berry]

coccoid
coccoid (kok′oyd)

Resembling a coccus. [G. kokkos, berry, + eidos, resemblance]

cocculin
cocculin (kok′u-lin)

SYN: picrotoxin.

coccus
coccus, pl .cocci (kok′us, kok′si)

1. A bacterium of round, spheroidal, or ovoid form. 2. SYN: cochineal. [G. kokkos, berry]
Neisser c. SYN: Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Weichselbaum c. SYN: Neisseria meningitidis.

coccycephaly
coccycephaly (kok′si-sef′a-le)

A malformation in which the cephalic profile suggests a beak. [G. kokkyx, cuckoo, + kephale, head]

coccydynia
coccydynia (kok-se-din′e-a)

Pain in the coccygeal region. SYN: coccygodynia, coccyodynia. [coccyx + G. odyne, pain]

coccygeal
coccygeal (Co) (kok-sij′e-al)

Relating to the coccyx.

coccygectomy
coccygectomy (kok-se-jek′to-me)

Removal of the coccyx. [coccyx + G. ektome, excision]

coccygeus
coccygeus

See c. muscle.

coccygodynia
coccygodynia (kok′si-go-din′e-a)

SYN: coccydynia. [coccyx + G. odyne, pain]

coccygotomy
coccygotomy (kok-se-got′o-me)

Operation for freeing the coccyx from its attachments. [coccyx + G. tome, a cutting]

coccyodynia
coccyodynia (kok′se-o-din′e-a)

SYN: coccydynia.

coccyx
coccyx, gen. coccygis, pl .coccyges (kok′siks, -si-jis, -si-jes) [TA]

The small bone at the end of the vertebral column in humans, formed by the fusion of four rudimentary vertebrae; it articulates above with the sacrum. SYN: os coccygis [TA] , coccygeal bone, tail bone. [G. kokkyx, a cuckoo, the c.]

cochineal
cochineal (kotch′i-nel) [C.I. 75470]

The dried female insects, Coccus cacti, enclosing the young larvae, or the dried female insect, Dactylopius coccus, containing eggs and larvae, from which coccinellin is obtained; used as a red coloring agent and a stain. See carmine. SYN: coccinella, coccus (2) . [O.Sp. cochinilla, wood louse, fr. G. kokkinos, berry]

cochlea
cochlea, pl .cochleae (kok′le-a, le-e) [TA]

A conical cavity in the petrous portion of the temporal bone, forming one of the divisions of the labyrinth or internal ear. It consists of a spiral canal making two and a half turns around a central core of spongy bone, the modiolus; this spiral canal of the c. contains the membranous c., or cochlear duct, in which is the spiral organ (Corti). [L. snail shell]
membranous c. SYN: cochlear duct.

cochlear
cochlear (kok′le-ar)

Relating to the cochlea.
c. microphonic (kok′le-ar mi-kro-fon′ik) bioelectric potentials produced by the hair cells of the organ of Corti in response to sound that faithfully represent the frequency and intensity of the acoustic stimulation. SYN: c. potential, Wever-Bray phenomenon.

cochleare
cochleare (ko-kle′a, kok-le-a′re)

A spoon. [L.]
c. amplum a tablespoonful. [L.]
c. magnum a tablespoonful. [L.]
c. medium a dessertspoonful. [L.]
c. modicum a dessertspoonful. [L.]
c. parvum a teaspoonful. [L.]

cochleariform
cochleariform (kok-le-ar′i-form)

Spoon-shaped. [L. cochleare, spoon, + forma, form]

cochleate
cochleate (kok′le-at)

1. Resembling a snail shell. 2. Denoting the appearance of a form of plate culture. [L. cochlea, a snail shell]

cochleitis
cochleitis (ko-kle-i′tis)

Inflammation of the cochlea. [cochlea + G. -itis, inflammatio]

cochleosacculotomy
cochleosacculotomy (kok′le-o-sac-u-lot′o-me)

An operation for Ménière disease performed through the round window to create a shunt between the cochlear duct and the saccule.

cochleotopic
cochleotopic (ko-kle-o-top′ik)

Referring to the frequency-responsive organization of the central auditory pathways in the brain. [cochlea + G. topos, place, + -ic]

cochleovestibular
cochleovestibular (kok′le-o-ves-tib′u-lar)

Relating to the cochlea and the vestibule of the ear.

Cochliomyia
Cochliomyia (kok′le-o-mi′ya)

A genus of fleshflies (family Calliphoridae) whose larvae develop in decaying flesh or carrion or in wounds or sores.
C. americana incorrect name for C. hominivorax.
C. hominivorax the screw-worm fly, a species that is a serious pest of livestock from Mexico to Argentina and is the primary cause of myiasis in the western hemisphere; attracted by fresh blood, it deposits eggs on wounds, tick bites, or intact moist areas of the body, and the larvae invade living tissues, causing severe myiasis and often death; it is known to attack humans, especially in the nose, although wounds, eyes, and other body openings have also been attacked.

Cochrane
Cochrane

A.L., British epidemiologist, 1909–1988. See C. collaboration.

cocillana
cocillana (ko′se-lah′na)

The dried bark of Guarea rusbyi, a Bolivia tree, used as an expectorant in bronchitis.

Cockayne
Cockayne

Edward A., British physician, 1880–1956. See C. disease, C. syndrome, Weber-C. syndrome.

cocktail
cocktail (kok′tal)

A mixture that includes several ingredients or drugs.
Brompton c. a c. of morphine and cocaine usually used for analgesia in terminal cancer patients; the formulations vary, but typically it contains 15 mg of morphine hydrochoride and 10 mg of cocaine hydrochloride per 10 ml of the c.. [Brompton Chest Hospital, London, England, where developed]
Philadelphia c. SYN: Rivers c..
Rivers c. an intravenous slow injection of from 1000 to 2000 ml of 10% dextrose in isotonic saline to which thiamine hydrochloride and 25 units of insulin are added; used in acute alcoholism. SYN: Philadelphia c..

cocoa
cocoa (ko′ko)

A powder prepared from the roasted kernels of the ripe seed of Theobroma cacao (family Sterculiaceae); used in the preparation of c. syrup, a flavoring agent. SEE ALSO: cacao.

coconsciousness
coconsciousness (ko-kon′shus-nes)

1. A splitting of consciousness into two streams. 2. Awareness by one personality of the thoughts of another personality in dissociative disorder.

coconversion
coconversion (ko′kon-ver′shun)

The simultaneous correction of two sites on DNA during gene conversion.

cocto- cocto-

Prefix indicating boiled or modified by heat. [L. coctus, cooked]

coctolabile
coctolabile (kok-to-la′bil, -bil)

Subject to alteration or destruction when exposed to the temperature of boiling water.

coctostabile
coctostabile, coctostable (kok-to-sta′bil, -bil; -sta′bl)

Resisting the temperature of boiling water without alteration or destruction.

code
code (kod)

1. A set of rules, principles, or ethics. 2. Any system devised to convey information or facilitate communication. 3. Term used in hospitals to describe an emergency requiring situation trained members of the staff, such as a cardiopulmonary resuscitation team, or the signal to summon such a team. 4. A numeric system for ordering and classifying information, e.g., about diagnostic categories. [L. codex, book]
genetic c. the genetic information carried by the specific DNA molecules of the chromosomes; specifically, the system whereby particular combinations of three consecutive nucleotides in a DNA molecule control the insertion of one particular amino acid in equivalent places in a protein molecule. The genetic c. is almost universal throughout the prokaryotic, plant, and animal kingdoms. There are two known exceptions. In ciliated protozoans, the triplets AGA and AGG are read as termination signals instead of as l-arginine. This is also true of the human mitochondrial c., which, in addition, uses AUA as a c. for l-methionine (instead of isoleucine) and UGA for l-tryptophan (instead of a termination signal).
soundex c. a sequence of letters used for recording names phonetically, especially in record linkage.

codeine
codeine (ko′den)

Obtained from opium, which contains 0.7 to 2.5%, but usually made from morphine. Used as an analgesic and antitussive; drug dependence (physical and psychic) may develop, but c. is less liable to produce addiction than is morphine; c. is biotransformed to morphine, which accounts for most of c.'s effects. SYN: methylmorphine. [G. kodeia, head, poppy head]

Codex medicamentarius
Codex medicamentarius (ko′deks med′i-ka-men-tar′e-us)

The official title of the French Pharmacopeia. [L. a book pertaining to drugs]

coding
coding

Translation of information, e.g., diagnoses, questionnaire responses, into numbered categories for entry into a data processing system.
place c. frequency c. as determined by the activation of the organ of Corti from the base to the apex of the cochlea in a gradation with higher frequencies transmitted from near the base and lower frequencies from near the apex.

cod liver oil
cod liver oil

The partially destearinated fixed oil extracted from the fresh livers of the codfish (Gadus morrhuae) and other species of the family Gadidae, containing vitamins A and D; used as a supplementary source of vitamins A and D.

Codman
Codman

Ernest Amory, U.S. surgeon, 1869–1940. See C. triangle, C. tumor.

codogenic
codogenic (ko-do-jen-ik)

Formed by a code; specifically, the genetic code.

codominant
codominant (ko-dom′i-nant)

In genetics, denoting an equal degree of dominance of two genes, both being expressed in the phenotype of the individual; e.g., genes A and B of the ABO blood group are c.; individuals with both are type AB.

codon
codon (ko′don)

A set of three consecutive nucleotides in a strand of DNA or RNA that provides the genetic information to code for a specific amino acid which will be incorporated into a protein chain or serve as a termination signal. SYN: triplet (3) . [code + -on]
amber c. the termination c. UAG.
initiating c. the trinucleotide AUG (or sometimes GUG) that codes for the first amino acid in protein sequences, formylmethionine; the latter is often removed post-transcriptionally. SYN: start c..
initiation c. a specific mRNA sequence (usually AUG, but sometimes GUG) that is the signal for the addition of fMet-tRNA and the beginning of translation.
nonsense c. SYN: termination c..
ochre c. the termination c. UAA.
opal c. SYN: umber c..
punctuation c. SYN: termination c..
start c. SYN: initiating c..
stop c. SYN: termination c..
termination c. trinucleotide sequence (UAA, UGA, or UAG) that specifies the end of translation or transcription. Cf.:amber c., ochre c., umber c.. SYN: nonsense c., punctuation c., stop c., termination sequence, termination signal.
umber c. the termination c. UGA. SYN: opal c..

coe- coe-

For words so beginning, and not found here, see ce-.

coefficient
coefficient (ko-e-fish′ent)

1. The expression of the amount or degree of any quality possessed by a substance, or of the degree of physical or chemical change normally occurring in that substance under stated conditions. 2. The ratio or factor that relates a quantity observed under one set of conditions to that observed under standard conditions, usually when all variables are either 1 or a simple power of 10. [L. co- + efficio (exfacio), to accomplish]
absorption c. 1. the milliliters of a gas at standard temperature and pressure that will saturate 100 mL of liquid; 2. the amount of light absorbed in passing through 1 cm of a 1 molar solution of a given substance, expressed as a constant in Beer-Lambert law; Cf.:specific absorption c.. 3. a measure of the rate of decrease of intensity of an x-ray beam in its passage through a substance, resulting from a combination of scattering and conversion to other forms of energy.
activity c. (γ) activity (2) .
biological c. rarely used term denoting the energy expended by the body at rest.
Bunsen solubility c. (α) the milliliters of gas STPD dissolved per milliliter of liquid and per atmosphere (760 mm Hg) partial pressure of the gas at any given temperature.
c. of consanguinity SYN: c. of inbreeding.
correlation c. a measure of association that indicates the degree to which two variables have a linear relationship; this c., represented by the letter r, can vary between +1 and −1; when r = +1, there is a perfect positive linear relationship in which one variable relates directly with the other; when r = −1, there is a perfect negative linear relationship between the variables.
creatinine c. the number of milligrams of creatinine excreted daily per kilogram of body weight.
diffusion c. the mass of material diffusing across a unit area in unit time under a concentration gradient of unity. SYN: diffusion constant.
distribution c. the ratio of concentrations of a substance in two immiscible phases at equilibrium; the basis of many chromatographic separation procedures. SYN: partition c..
economic c. in growth and cultivation of microorganisms, the ratio of the mass produced to the substrate consumed.
extinction c. (ε) SYN: specific absorption c..
extraction c. the percentage of a substance removed from the blood or plasma in a single passage through a tissue; e.g., the extraction c. for p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) in the kidney is the difference between arterial and renal venous plasma PAH concentrations, divided by the arterial plasma PAH concentration.
filtration c. a measure of a membrane's permeability to water; specifically, the volume of fluid filtered in unit time through a unit area of membrane per unit pressure difference, taking into account both hydraulic and osmotic pressures.
Hill c. the slope of the line in a Hill plot; a measure of the degree of cooperativity. SYN: Hill constant.
hygienic laboratory c. SYN: Rideal-Walker c..
c. of inbreeding the probability that the progeny of a consanguineous marriage will be homozygous for a specific autosomal allele derived from a common ancestor. SYN: c. of consanguinity.
isotonic c. the amount of salts in the blood plasma, or the amount that should be added to distilled water in order to prepare an isotonic solution.
c. of kinship the probability that two genes at the same locus, picked at random from each of two individuals, are identical by descent.
lethal c. that concentration of disinfectant that kills bacteria at 20–25°C in the shortest period of time.
linear absorption c. that fraction of ionizing radiation absorbed in a unit thickness of a substance or tissue. SEE ALSO: absorption c. (3) . Cf.:attenuation.
Long c. SYN: Long formula.
molar absorption c. (ε) absorbance (of light) per unit path length (usually the centimeter) and per unit of concentration (moles per liter); a fundamental unit in spectrophotometry. SYN: absorbancy index (2) , absorptivity (2) , molar absorbancy index, molar absorptivity, molar extinction c..
molar extinction c. SYN: molar absorption c..
Ostwald solubility c. (Λ) the milliliters of gas dissolved per milliliter of liquid and per atmosphere (760 mm Hg) partial pressure of the gas at any given temperature. This differs from Bunsen solubility c. (α) in that the amount of dissolved gas is expressed in terms of its volume at the temperature of the experiment, instead of STPD. Thus, λ = α (1 + 0.00367t), where t = temperature in degrees Celsius.
oxygen utilization c. the extraction c. for oxygen in any given tissue.
partition c. SYN: distribution c..
permeability c. a c. associated with simple diffusion through a membrane that is proportional to the partition c. and the diffusion c. and inversely proportional to membrane thickness.
phenol c. SYN: Rideal-Walker c..
Poiseuille viscosity c. an expression of the viscosity as determined by the capillary tube method; the c. η = (πPr4t8vl), where P is the pressure difference between the inlet and outlet of the tube, r the radius of the tube, l its length, and v the volume of liquid delivered in the time t. If volume is in cubic centimeters, time is in seconds, and l and r are in centimeters, then η will be in poise.
reflection c. (σ) a measure of the relative permeability of a particular membrane to a particular solute; calculated as the ratio of observed osmotic pressure to that calculated from van't Hoff law; also equal to 1 minus the ratio of the effective pore areas available to solute and to solvent.
c. of relationship the probability that a gene present in one mate is also present in the other and is derived from the same source.
reliability c. an index of the consistency of measurement often based on the correlation between scores obtained on the initial test and a retest (test-retest reliability) or between scores on two similar forms of the same test (equivalent-form reliability).
respiratory c. SYN: respiratory quotient.
Rideal-Walker c. a figure expressing the disinfecting power of any substance; it is obtained by dividing the figure indicating the degree of dilution of the disinfectant that kills a microorganism in a given time by that indicating the degree of dilution of phenol that kills the organism in the same space of time under similar conditions. SYN: hygienic laboratory c., phenol c..
sedimentation c. (s) SYN: sedimentation constant.
selection c. (s) the proportion of progeny or potential progeny not surviving to sexual maturity; usually defined artificially by expressing the fitness of a phenotype as a fraction of the mean or optimal fitness to give the relative fitness, and subtracting this fraction from unity. If the mean size of family in the population is 3.2 and that for a particular genotype is 2.4 then the fitness of the phenotype is 2.4/3.2 = 0.75 and the selection c. = 1 − 0.75 = .25.
specific absorption c. (a) absorbance (of light) per unit path length (usually the centimeter) and per unit of mass concentration. Cf.:molar absorption c.. SYN: absorbancy index (1) , absorptivity (1) , extinction c., specific extinction.
temperature c. the fractional change in any physical property per degree rise in temperature.
ultrafiltration c. the filtration c. of a semipermeable membrane.
c. of variation (CV) the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean.
velocity c. the rate of transformation of a unit mass of substance in a chemical reaction.
c. of viscosity the value of the force per unit area required to maintain a unit relative velocity between two parallel planes a unit distance apart.

Coelenterata
Coelenterata (se-len-te-ra′ta)

One of the major phyla of invertebrates, to which such forms as jellyfish belong.

coelenterate
coelenterate (se-len′ter-at)

Common name for members of the Coelenterata.

coelom
coelom (se′lom)

SYN: body cavity.

coenesthesia
coenesthesia (ko-en-es-the′ze-a)

SYN: cenesthesia.

coeno- coeno-

Shared in common. SEE ALSO: ceno-. [G. koinos, common]

coenocyte
coenocyte (se′no-sit)

SYN: cenocyte.

coenocytic
coenocytic (se-no-sit′ik)

SYN: cenocytic.

coenurosis
coenurosis (se-noo-ro′sis)

SYN: cenurosis.

Coenurus
Coenurus (se-noo′rus)

Former generic name, now used to designate larval forms of taenioid cestodes in which a bladder is formed with a number of invaginated scoleces developing within; distinguished from a hydatid cyst by the absence of free-floating daughter cyst colonies budded off within the bladder; C. larvae are found in members of the genus Multiceps. [G. koinos, common, + oura, tail]
C. cerebralis the c. larvae of the tapeworm Multiceps multiceps, found in the brain and spinal cord of sheep, goats, and other ruminants (a few have been recorded in humans); adults are found in the intestine of dogs, foxes, coyotes, and jackals.
C. serialis the c. larvae of the tapeworm Multiceps serialis, found in subcutaneous and intramuscular tissues of rabbits and hares (a few have been recorded in humans); adult worms are found in the intestine of dogs, foxes, and jackals.

coenzyme
coenzyme (ko-en′zim)

A substance (excluding solo metal ions) that enhances or is necessary for the action of enzymes; coenzymes are of smaller molecular size than the enzymes themselves, are dialyzable and relatively heat-stable, and are usually easily dissociable from the protein portion of the enzyme; several vitamins are c. precursors. SYN: cofactor (1) .

coenzyme A
coenzyme A (CoA)

A coenzyme containing pantothenic acid, adenosine 3′-phosphate 5′-pyrophosphate, and cysteamine; involved in the transfer of acyl groups, notably in transacetylations.

coenzyme F
coenzyme F (ko-en′zim)

SYN: tetrahydrofolic acid.

coenzyme Q
coenzyme Q (CoQ, Q)

Quinones with isoprenoid side chains (specifically, ubiquinones) that mediate electron transfer between cytochrome b and cytochrome c; chemically similar to vitamins E and K, and to other tocopherols, quinones, and tocols.

coenzyme R
coenzyme R

SYN: biotin.

coeur
coeur (koor)

SYN: heart. [Fr.]
c. en sabot (awn sah-bo′) the radiographic configuration of the heart in the tetralogy of Fallot; the elevated apex gives a silhouette like that of a wooden shoe. SYN: sabot heart, wooden-shoe heart.

coevolution
coevolution (ko-ev-o-loo′shun)

The process whereby genes or gene fragments are changing together and not diverging.

cofactor
cofactor (ko′fak′ter, tor)

1. SYN: coenzyme. 2. An atom or molecule essential for the action of a large molecule; e.g., heme in hemoglobin, magnesium in chlorophyll. Solo metal ions are regarded as cofactors for proteins, but not as coenzymes.
cobra venom c. equivalent in action to C3B, which means that it can activate the alternative complement pathway.
molybdenum c. (mo-lib′de-num) a complex of molybdenum and molybdopterin required for a number of enzymes. A deficiency of this c. will result in lower activities of sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and aldehyde oxidase causing elevated levels of sulfite, thiosulfite, xanthine, etc.
platelet c. I SYN: factor VIII.
platelet c. II SYN: factor IX.

Coffey
Coffey

Robert, U.S. surgeon, 1869–1933. See C. suspension.

Coffin
Coffin

Grange S., U.S. pediatrician, *1923. See C.-Lowry syndrome, C.-Siris syndrome.

Cogan
Cogan

David G., U.S. ophthalmologist, 1908–1993. See C. syndrome, C.-Reese syndrome.

cognition
cognition (kog-ni′shun)

1. Generic term embracing the mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory. 2. Any process whereby one acquires knowledge. [L. cognitio]

cognitive
cognitive (kog′ni-tiv)

Pertaining to cognition.

cohesion
cohesion (ko-he′zhun)

The attraction between molecules or masses that holds them together. [L. co-haereo, pp. -haesus, to stick together]

Cohnheim
Cohnheim

Julius F., German histologist, pathologist, and physiologist, 1839–1884. See C. area, C. field.

cohoba
cohoba (ko-ho′ba)

A psychotomimetic hallucinogenic substance obtained from Acacia niopo (family Leguminosae), a Central American plant, Piptadenia peregrina, and other plants; among its constituents are bufotenine and dimethyltryptamine; used in native localities as snuff or enema.

cohort
cohort (ko′hort)

1. Component of the population born during a particular period and identified by period of birth so that its characteristics can be ascertained as it enters successive time and age periods. 2. Any designated group followed or traced over a period, as in an epidemiological c. study. [L. cohors, retinue, military unit]

coil
coil (koil)

1. A spiral or series of loops. 2. An object made of wire wound in a spiral configuration, used in electronic applications, or a loop of wire used as an antenna. 3. A spiral loop of wire used to embolize an artery to obstruct it.
detector c. a c. used in magnetic resonance imaging as an antenna to record radiofrequency emissions of stimulated nuclei, e.g., body c., head c..
random c. a structure of a macromolecule (typically, a biopolymer) which changes with time.
surface c. a detector c. applied directly to a body part for high resolution magnetic resonance imaging; often a single loop of metal.

coin-counting
coin-counting (koyn′kownt′ing)

A sliding movement of the tips of the thumb and index finger, occurring in paralysis agitans.

cointegrate
cointegrate

A structure resulting from replicative transposition where the transposon is duplicated.

coital
coital (ko′i-tal)

Pertaining to coitus.

Coiter
Coiter, Koyter

Volcher, Dutch surgeon and anatomist, 1534–1576. See C. muscle.

coition
coition (ko-ish′un)

SYN: coitus. [L. co-eo, pp. -itus, to come together]

coitophobia
coitophobia (ko′i-to-fo′be-a)

Morbid fear of sexual intercourse. [L. coitus, sexual intercourse, + G. phobos, fear]

coitus
coitus (ko′i-tus)

Sexual union between male and female. SYN: coition, copulation (1) , pareunia, sexual intercourse. [L.]
c. interruptus sexual intercourse that is interrupted before the male ejaculates.
c. reservatus c. in which ejaculation is postponed or suppressed.

Cokeromyces
Cokeromyces (ko′ker-o-mi′sez)

A fungal genus in the order Mucorales; a rare cause of disease in humans.

col
col (kol)

A craterlike area of the interproximal oral mucosa joining the lingual and buccal interdental papillae.

col- col-

See con-.

cola
cola (ko′la)

1. SYN: kola. 2. [L.] strain (imperative form).

colchicine
colchicine (kol′chi-sin) [USP]

An alkaloid obtained from Colchicum autumnale (family Liliaceae); used in the chronic treatment of gout. Inhibits microtuble formation.

Colchicum corm
Colchicum corm (kol′chi-kum)

Dried corm of Colchicum autumnale, the botanical source for colchicine, an alkaloidal drug used for the treatment of gout.

cold
cold (kold)

1. A low temperature; the sensation produced by a temperature notably below an accustomed norm or a comfortable level. 2. Popular term for a virus infection involving the upper respiratory tract and characterized by congestion of the mucous membrane, watery nasal discharge, and general malaise, with a duration of 3–5 days. SEE ALSO: rhinitis, coryza. SYN: frigid (1) .
head c. SYN: acute rhinitis.
rose c. allergic rhinitis occurring in the spring and early summer.

cold-blooded
cold-blooded (kold-blud′ed)

SYN: poikilothermic.

Coldman
Coldman

Andrew James, 20th century Canadian epidemiologist (1952-). See Goldie-C. hypothesis.

Cole
Cole

Laurent, French pathologist, *1903. See Benedict-Hopkins-C. reagent.

Cole
Cole

Rufus Ivory, U.S. physician, 1872–1966.

Cole
Cole

Warren Henry, surgeon, *1898. Co-developer with E. A. Graham of cholecystography, first described in 1924. See Graham-C. test.

Cole-Cecil murmur
Cole-Cecil murmur

See under murmur.

colectasia
colectasia (ko-lek-ta′ze-a)

Distention of the colon. [G. kolon, colon, + ektasis, a stretching]

colectomy
colectomy (ko-lek′to-me)

Excision of a segment or all of the colon. [G. kolon, colon, + ektome, excision]

coleo- coleo-

Sheath, specifically, the vagina. [G. koleos, sheath]

Coleoptera
Coleoptera (ko-le-op′ter-a)

An order of insects, the beetles, characterized by the possession of a pair of hard, horny wing covers overlying a pair of delicate membranous flying wings; it is the largest of the insect orders with the largest number of species of any animal or plant order. [G. koleos, sheath + pteron, wing]

coleoptosis
coleoptosis (ko-le-op′to-sis)

SYN: coloptosis.

coleotomy
coleotomy (kol-e-ot′o-me)

SYN: colpotomy. [G. koleos, sheath, + tome, incision]

colestipol
colestipol (ko-les′ti-pol)

An antilipemic drug resembling cholestyramine.

colet.
colet.

Abbreviation for L. coletur, let it be strained.

colibacillosis
colibacillosis (ko′li-bas-i-lo′sis)

Diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium Escherichia coli. Often called enteric c..

colibacillus
colibacillus, pl .colibacilli (ko′li-ba-sil′us)

SYN: Escherichia coli.

colic
colic (kol′ik)

1. Relating to the colon. 2. Spasmodic pains in the abdomen. 3. In young infants, paroxysms of gastrointestinal pain, with crying and irritability, due to a variety of causes, such as swallowing of air, emotional upset, or overfeeding. [G. kolikos, relating to the colon]
appendicular c. colicky pain occurring early in acute appendicitis. SYN: vermicular c..
biliary c. intense spasmodic pain felt in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen from impaction of a gallstone in the cystic duct. SYN: gallstone c., hepatic c..
copper c. an affection similar to lead c. occurring in chronic poisoning by copper.
Devonshire c. SYN: lead c..
gallstone c. SYN: biliary c..
gastric c. colicky pain associated with gastritis or peptic ulcer.
hepatic c. SYN: biliary c..
infantile c. episodes of abdominal pain due to abnormal muscular contraction of the intestine in infants.
lead c. severe colicky abdominal pain, with constipation, symptomatic of lead poisoning. SYN: Devonshire c., painter's c., Poitou c., saturnine c..
meconial c. abdominal pain of newborn infants.
menstrual c. intermittent cramplike lower abdominal pains associated with menstruation.
ovarian c. lower abdominal pain due to torsion or twisting of an ovary, as with an ovarian cyst.
painter's c. SYN: lead c..
pancreatic c. severe colicky abdominal pain, resembling that of biliary c., caused by the passage of a pancreatic calculus.
Poitou c. SYN: lead c..
renal c. severe colicky pain caused by the impaction or passage of a calculus in the ureter or renal pelvis.
salivary c. periodic attacks of pain in the region of a salivary duct or gland, accompanied by an acute swelling of the gland, occurring in cases of salivary calculus.
saturnine c. SYN: lead c..
tubal c. lower abdominal pain due to spasmodic contraction of the oviduct excited by a blood clot, other irritant, or the injection of gas or oil.
ureteral c. paroxysm of pain due to abrupt obstruction of ureter from a calculus or blood clot in most instances.
uterine c. painful cramps of the uterine muscle sometimes occurring at the menstrual period, or in association with uterine disease.
vermicular c. SYN: appendicular c..
zinc c. c. resulting from chronic zinc poisoning.

colica
colica (kol′i-ka)

A colic artery. See artery.

colicin
colicin (kol′i-sin)

Bacteriocin produced by strains of Escherichia coli and by other enterobacteria (Shigella and Salmonella) that carry the necessary plasmids. Many are toxic to related bacterial strains and bind to specific cellular receptors interfering with normal function. [(Escherichia) coli + bacteriocin]

colicinogeny
colicinogeny (kol′i-si-noj′e-ne)

The bacterial property of producing a colicin.

colicky
colicky (kol′i-ke)

Denoting or resembling the pain of colic.

colicoplegia
colicoplegia (kol′i-ko-ple′je-a)

Lead poisoning marked by both colic and palsy. [G. kolikos, suffering from colic, + plege, stroke]

colimycin
colimycin (ko-li-mi′sin)

SYN: colistin.

colinearity
colinearity (kol′in-e-ar′i-te)

1. Lying in a straight line. 2. The phenomona that the orderings of the corresponding elements of DNA, the RNA transcribed from it, and the amino acid sequence translated from the RNA are identical. [L. collineo, to direct in a straight line]

colipase
colipase (ko′lip-as)

A small protein in pancreatic juice that is essential for the efficient action of pancreatic lipase. This cofactor inhibits the surface denaturation of the lipase. [co- + lipase]

coliphage
coliphage (ko′li-faj, kol′i-)

A bacteriophage with an affinity for one or another strain of Escherichia coli. In general, coliphages, like other bacteriophages, are known by symbols that have significance only as a means of laboratory identification; additional notations, however, specifically identify variant characteristics, e.g., λdgal denotes the deficient prophage (c.) λ, which carries the bacterial gene gal (galactose). [(Escherichia) coli + bacteriophage]

coliplication
coliplication (ko′li-pli-ka′shun)

SYN: coloplication.

colipuncture
colipuncture (ko′li-punk-choor)

SYN: colocentesis.

colistimethate sodium
colistimethate sodium (ko-lis-ti-meth′ate)

Contains the pentasodium salt of the penta(methanesulfonic acid) derivative of colistin A as the major component, with a small proportion of the pentasodium salt of the same derivative of colistin B; an effective antibiotic against most Gram-negative bacilli (except Proteus), given intramuscularly. SEE ALSO: colistin sulfate, polymyxin. SYN: cholistine sulphomethate sodium, colistin sulfomethate sodium.

colistin
colistin (ko-lis′tin)

A mixture of cyclic polypeptide antibiotics from a strain of Bacillus polymyxa; separable into polymyxins. SYN: colimycin.
c. sulfate the sulfate salt of an antibacterial substance produced by the growth of a strain of Bacillus polymyxa, consisting primarily of c. A with small amounts of c. B; it is effective against most Gram-negative bacteria (except Proteus); given orally for intestinal antibacterial action. SEE ALSO: colistimethate sodium, polymyxin.
c. sulfomethate sodium SYN: colistimethate sodium.

colitis
colitis (ko-li′tis)

Inflammation of the colon. [G. kolon, colon, + -itis, inflammation]
amebic c. inflammation of the colon in amebiasis.
collagenous c. c. occurring mostly in middle-aged women and characterized by persistent watery diarrhea and a deposit of a band of collagen beneath the basement membrane of colon surface epithelium.
c. cystica profunda intramural mucus-containing cysts of the large bowel; the condition may be mistaken for mucinous carcinoma but is not neoplastic.
c. cystica superficialis a form of c. in which there is superficial cyst formation in the colon.
granulomatous c. changes, identical to those of regional enteritis, involving the colon.
hemorrhagic c. abdominal cramps and bloody diarrhea, without fever, attributed to a self-limited infection by a strain of Escherichia coli.
mucous c. an affection of the mucous membrane of the colon characterized by colicky pain, constipation or diarrhea (sometimes alternating), and passage of mucous or slimy pseudomembranous shreds and patches. SYN: mucocolitis, myxomembranous c..
myxomembranous c. SYN: mucous c..
pseudomembranous c. SYN: pseudomembranous enterocolitis.
ulcerative c. a chronic disease of unknown cause characterized by ulceration of the colon and rectum, with rectal bleeding, mucosal crypt abscesses, inflammatory pseudopolyps, abdominal pain, and diarrhea; frequently causes anemia, hypoproteinemia, and electrolyte imbalance, and is less frequently complicated by peritonitis, toxic megacolon, or carcinoma of the colon.
uremic c. c. characterized by hemorrhages in the mucosa, occurring in renal failure, possibly owing to the irritant effect of ammonia formed by breakdown of increased urea in the intestinal secretions.

colitose
colitose (kol′i-tos)

A polysaccharide somatic antigen of Salmonella species.

colla
colla (kol′a)

Plural of collum.

collaboration
collaboration

Cochrane c. a worldwide network of clinical epidemiologists who review and publish results of randomized controlled trials. The aim is to provide improved data for use in evidence-based medicine and for setting clinical practice guidelines. SEE ALSO: evidence-based medicine, clinical practice guidelines, under guideline.

collacin
collacin (kol′a-sin)

Degenerated collagen. SYN: collastin.

collagen
collagen (kol′la-jen)

The major protein (comprising over half of that in mammals) of the white fibers of connective tissue, cartilage, and bone, that is insoluble in water but can be altered to easily digestible, soluble gelatins by boiling in water, dilute acids, or alkalis. It is high in glycyl, l-alanyl, l-prolyl, and l-4-hydroxyprolyl residues, but is low in sulfur and has no l-tryptophanyl residues. It comprises a family of genetically distinct molecules all of which have a unique triple helix configuration of three polypeptide subunits known as α-chains; at least 13 types of c. have been identified, each with a different polypeptide chain. SEE ALSO: c. fiber. SYN: ossein, osseine, ostein, osteine. [G. koila, glue, + -gen, producing]
type I c. the most abundant c., which forms large well-organized fibrils having high tensile strength.
type II c. c. unique to cartilage, nucleus pulposis, notochord, and vitreous body; it forms as thin highly glycosylated fibrils.
type III c. c. characteristic of reticular fibers.
type IV c. a less distinctly fibrillar form of c. characteristic of basement membranes.

collagenase
collagenase (kol-a′je-nas)

A proteolytic enzyme that acts on one or more of the collagens.
microbial c. SYN: Clostridium histolyticum c..

collagenase A
collagenase A, collagenase I

SYN: Clostridium histolyticum collagenase.

collagenation
collagenation (kol′a-je-na′shun)

SYN: collagenization.

collagenic
collagenic (kol-a-jen′ik)

SYN: collagenous.

collagenization
collagenization (ko-laj′e-ni-za′shun)

1. Replacement of tissues or fibrin by collagen. 2. Synthesis of collagen by fibroblasts. SYN: collagenation.

collagenolytic
collagenolytic (ko-laj′e-no-lit′ik)

Causing the lysis of collagen, gelatin, and other proteins containing proline. [collagen + G. lysis, dissolving]

collagenosis
collagenosis (ko-laj-i-no′sis)

See collagen disease.
reactive perforating c. a rare skin disorder characterized by extrusion of collagen fibers through the epidermis; usually begins in infancy or childhood and appears clinically as recurrent umbilicated papules that resolve spontaneously. The condition may be inherited or acquired; the latter is associated with diabetes and renal insufficiency and differs from Kyrle disease in that follicular involvement is absent.

collagenous
collagenous (ko-laj′e-nus)

Producing or containing collagen. SYN: collagenic.

collapse
collapse (ko-laps′)

1. A condition of extreme prostration, similar or identical to hypovolemic shock and due to the same causes. 2. A state of profound physical depression. 3. A falling together of the walls of a structure. 4. The failure of a physiologic system. 5. The falling away of an organ from its surround structure e.g., c. of the lung. [L. col-labor, pp. -lapsus, to fall together]
absorption c. pulmonary c. due to rapid complete obstruction of a large bronchus.
circulatory c. failure of the circulation, either cardiac or peripheral.
c. of dental arch movement of teeth to fill a space which would normally be filled by another, missing tooth, creating a malpositioning of adjacent and opposing teeth.
massive c. relatively sudden atelectasis of an entire lung or of a lobe.
pressure c. pulmonary c. due to external compression of the lung, as by a pleural effusion or pneumothorax.
pulmonary c. secondary atelectasis due to bronchial obstruction, pleural effusion or pneumothorax, cardiac hypertrophy, or enlargement of other structures adjacent to the lungs.

collar
collar (kol′ar)

A band, usually denoting one encircling the neck.
renal c. in the embryo, a ring of veins around the aorta below the origin of the superior mesenteric artery.

collarette
collarette (kol′er-et′)

1. The sinuous, scalloped line in the iris that divides the central pupillary zone from the peripheral ciliary zone and marks the embryonic site of the atrophied minor vascular circle of the iris. 2. Brittle scales encircling eyelashes in staphylococcal blepharitis. SYN: iris frill.

collastin
collastin (kol-as′tin)

SYN: collacin.

collateral
collateral (ko-lat′er-al)

1. Indirect, subsidiary, or accessory to the main thing; side by side. 2. A side branch of a nerve axon or blood vessel.

collectins
collectins

A family of molecules that recognize and opsonize microbes during the preimmune response of a host and may activate the complement pathway.

Colles
Colles

Abraham, Irish surgeon, 1773–1843. See C. fascia, C. fracture, C. ligament, C. space.

Collet
Collet

Frédéric-Justin, French otolaryngologist, 1870–1965.

colliculectomy
colliculectomy (ko-lik-u-lek′to-me)

Excision of the colliculus seminalis.

colliculus
colliculus, pl .colliculi (ko-lik′u-lus, -li) [TA]

A small elevation above the surrounding parts. [L. mound, dim. of collis, hill]
c. of arytenoid cartilage [TA] the elevation on the anterolateral surface of the arytenoid cartilage above the triangular fovea. SYN: c. cartilaginis arytenoideae [TA] .
c. cartilaginis arytenoideae [TA] SYN: c. of arytenoid cartilage.
facial c. [TA] prominent portion of the medial eminence, just rostral to the medullary striae in the rhomboidal fossa; it is formed by the internal genu of the facial nerve and the abducens nucleus around which the facial fibers curve. SYN: c. facialis [TA] , abducens eminence, eminentia abducentis, eminentia facialis, facial eminence, facial hillock.
c. facialis [TA] SYN: facial c..
c. inferior [TA] SYN: inferior c..
inferior c. [TA] the ovoid, paired, inferior eminence of the laminae of mesencephalic tectum; it receives the lateral lemniscus and projects by way of the brachium of inferior c. to the medial geniculate body of the thalamus, and is thus an essential way-station in the central auditory pathway. SYN: c. inferior [TA] , corpus quadrigeminum posterius, inferior nasal c., posterior quadrigeminal body.
inferior nasal c. SYN: inferior c..
seminal c. [TA] an elevated portion of the urethral crest upon which open the two ejaculatory ducts and the prostatic utricle. SYN: c. seminalis [TA] , c. urethralis, seminal hillock, verumontanum.
c. seminalis [TA] SYN: seminal c..
superior c. [TA] the paired, larger, rounded anterior eminence of the laminae of mesencephalic tectum; major afferent connections of the superficial layers are the retina and striate cortex; input to deep layers of the c. are polymodal. Its efferent connections are with the lower brainstem and spinal cord (tectobulbar tract and tectospinal tract) and with the pulvinar and other cell groups in the caudal part of the thalamus; participates in extrageniculate visual pathway. The layers of the superior c. from superficial to deep are: zonal layer (stratum zonale), superficial gray layer (stratum griseum superficial), optic layer (stratum opticum), intermediate gray layer (stratum griseum intermedium), intermediate white layer (stratum medullare intermedium), deep gray layer (stratum griseum profundum), deep white layer (stratum medullare profundum). SYN: c. superior [TA] , anterior quadrigeminal body, corpus quadrigeminum anterius.
c. superior [TA] SYN: superior c..
c. urethralis SYN: seminal c..

Collier
Collier

James S., English physician, 1870–1935. See C. tract, C. sign.

colligation
colligation (kol-i-ga′shun)

1. A combination in which the components are distinguishable from one another. 2. The bringing of isolated events into a unified experience. 3. The formation of a covalent bond by means of two combining groups. [L. cum, together, + ligo, to bind]

colligative
colligative (ko-lig′a-tiv)

1. Depending on numbers of particles. 2. Referring to properties of solutions that depend only on the concentration of dissolved substances and not on their nature ( e.g., osmotic pressure, elevation of boiling point, vapor pressure lowering, freezing point depression).

collimation
collimation (kol-i-ma′shun)

The method, in radiology, of restricting and confining the x-ray beam to a given area and, in nuclear medicine, of restricting the detection of emitted radiations from a given area of interest. [L. collineo, to direct in a straight line]

collimator
collimator (kol′i-ma-ter)

A device of high absorption coefficient material used in collimation.

Collins Collins

See Lukes-C. classification, Treacher C. syndrome.

colliotomy
colliotomy (kol-e-ot′o-me)

Obsolete term for adhesiotomy. [G. kolla, glue, + G. tome, incision]

Collip
Collip

James B., Canadian endocrinologist, 1892–1965. See Noble-C. procedure, Anderson-C. test.

colliquation
colliquation (kol-i-kwa′shun)

1. Excessive discharge of fluid. 2. Liquefaction in the process of necrosis. [L. col-, together, + liquo, pp. liquatus, to cause to melt]

colliquative
colliquative (ko-lik′wa-tiv)

Denoting or characteristic of colliquation.

Collis
Collis

John Leighton, British thoracic surgeon, *1911. See C. gastroplasty, C.-Nissen fundoplication, C.-Belsey fundoplication, C.-Belsey procedure.

collodion
collodion (ko-lo′de-on)

A liquid made by dissolving pyroxylin or gun cotton in ether and alcohol; on evaporation it leaves a glossy contractile film; used as a protective for cuts or as a vehicle for the local application of medicinal substances. SYN: collodium. [Mod. L. collodium, fr. G. kolla, glue]
blistering c. SYN: cantharidal c..
cantharidal c. a powdered chloroform extract of cantharides in flexible c.; a vesicant. SYN: blistering c., c. vesicans.
flexible c. a mixture of camphor, castor oil, and c., or a mixture of castor oil, Canada turpentine, and c., used for the same purposes as c., but its film possesses the advantage, for certain conditions, of not contracting.
hemostatic c. SYN: styptic c..
iodized c. a 5% solution of iodine in flexible c.; a counterirritant.
salicylic acid c. a keratolytic agent used in the treatment of corns and verrucae.
styptic c. tannic acid in flexible c.; an astringent and local hemostatic. SYN: hemostatic c., styptic colloid, xylostyptic ether.
c. vesicans SYN: cantharidal c..

collodium
collodium (ko-lo′de-um)

SYN: collodion. [G. kolla, glue, + eidos, appearance]

colloid
colloid (kol′oyd)

1. Aggregates of atoms or molecules in a finely divided state (submicroscopic), dispersed in a gaseous, liquid, or solid medium, and resisting sedimentation, diffusion, and filtration, thus differing from precipitates. SEE ALSO: hydrocolloid. 2. Gluelike. 3. A translucent, yellowish, homogeneous material of the consistency of glue, less fluid than mucoid or mucinoid, found in the cells and tissues in a state of c. degeneration. SYN: colloidin. 4. The stored secretion within follicles of the thyroid gland. For individual colloids not listed below, see the specific name. [G. kolla, glue, + eidos, appearance]
bovine c. SYN: conglutinin.
dispersion c. SYN: dispersoid.
emulsion c. SYN: emulsoid.
hydrophil c., hydrophilic c. SYN: emulsoid.
hydrophobic c. SYN: suspensoid.
irreversible c. a c. that is not again soluble in water after having been dried at ordinary temperature. SYN: unstable c..
lyophilic c. SYN: emulsoid.
lyophobic c. SYN: suspensoid.
protective c. a c. that has the power of preventing the precipitation of suspensoids under the influence of an electrolyte.
c. pseudomilium SYN: c. milium.
reversible c. a c. that is again soluble in water after having been dried at ordinary temperature. SYN: stable c..
stable c. SYN: reversible c..
styptic c. SYN: styptic collodion.
suspension c. SYN: suspensoid.
thyroid c. the semifluid material that occupies the lumen of thyroid follicles; it mainly contains thyroglobulin.
unstable c. SYN: irreversible c..

colloidal
colloidal (ko-loyd′al)

Denoting or characteristic of a colloid.

colloidin
colloidin (ko-loy′din)

SYN: colloid (3) .

colloid milium
colloid milium (kol′loyd mil′e-um)

Yellow papules developing in sun-damaged skin of the head and backs of the hands, composed of colloid material in the dermis resembling amyloid but with a different ultrastructure. Filaments less than 2.0 nm in diameter are present that may be a form of elastic tissue produced by actinically damaged fibroblasts. SYN: colloid pseudomilium, elastosis colloidalis conglomerata. [L. milium, millet]

colloidoclasia
colloidoclasia, colloidoclasis (ko-loy-do-kla′se-a, -sis)

Obsolete term for a rupture of the colloid equilibrium in the body. [colloid + G. klasis, fracture]

colloidoclastic
colloidoclastic (ko-loy-do-klas′tik)

Obsolete term denoting colloidoclasia.

colloidogen
colloidogen (ko-loy′do-jen)

A substance capable of giving rise to a colloidal solution or suspension.

colloxylin
colloxylin (ko-lok′si-lin)

SYN: pyroxylin. [G. kolla, glue, + xylinos, woody, fr. xylon, wood]

collum
collum, pl .colla (kol′um, kol′a)

neck. [L.]
c. anatomicum humeri [TA] SYN: anatomical neck of humerus.
c. chirurgicum humeri [TA] SYN: surgical neck of humerus.
c. costae [TA] SYN: neck of rib.
c. dentis SYN: neck of tooth.
c. femoris [TA] SYN: neck of femur.
c. fibulae [TA] SYN: neck of fibula.
c. folliculi pili SYN: neck of hair follicle.
c. glandis [TA] SYN: neck of glans.
c. humeri anatomical neck of humerus, surgical neck of humerus.
c. mallei [TA] SYN: neck of malleus.
c. mandibulae [TA] SYN: neck of mandible.
c. ossis femoris SYN: neck of femur.
c. radii [TA] SYN: neck of radius.
c. scapulae [TA] SYN: neck of scapula.
c. tali [TA] SYN: neck of talus.
c. vesicae neck of (urinary) bladder.
c. vesicae biliaris [TA] SYN: neck of gallbladder.
c. vesicae felleae neck of gallbladder.

collutorium
collutorium (kol-u-to′re-um)

SYN: mouthwash. [Mod. L. fr. col-luo, pp. -lutus, to wash thoroughly]

collutory
collutory (kol′u-tor-e)

SYN: mouthwash. [L. colluere, to rinse]

collyrium
collyrium (ko-lir′e-um)

Originally, any preparation for the eye; now, an eyewash. [G. kollyrion, poultice, eye salve]

colo- colo-

The colon. [G. kolon]

coloboma
coloboma (kol-o-bo′ma)

Any defect, congenital, pathologic, or artificial, especially of the eye due to incomplete closure of the optic fissure. [G. koloboma, lit., the part taken away in mutilation, fr. koloboo, to dock, mutilate]
c. of choroid a congenital defect of the choroid and retinal pigment epithelium exposing the sclera; the defect is usually situated below the optic disk in the region of the fetal (choroid) fissure.
Fuchs c. a congenital inferior crescent on the choroid at the edge of the optic disk; not associated with myopia. SYN: congenital conus.
c. iridis 1. retention of the choroid fissure causing a congenital cleft of the iris, often associated with c. of the choroid; 2. obsolete term for the iris defect resulting from a large surgical iridectomy.
c. lentis a segment of the lens equator devoid of zonular fibers, giving the appearance of a notch.
c. lobuli congenital fissure of the lobule of the ear.
macular c. a defect of the central retina as a result of arrested development or intrauterine retinal inflammation.
c. of optic nerve a congenital notch in the formation of the optic nerve, appearing as a craterlike excavation at the optic disk. See optic pit.
c. palpebrale a congenital notch in the eyelid margin.
c. of vitreous a congenital indentation of the vitreous body by mesenchyme; associated with severe myopia.

colocentesis
colocentesis (ko′lo-sen-te′sis)

Puncture of the colon with a trochar or scalpel to relieve distention. SYN: colipuncture, colopuncture. [colo- + G. kentesis, a puncture]

colocolic
colocolic (ko-lo-kol′ik)

From colon to colon; said of a spontaneous or induced anastomosis between two parts of the colon.

colocolostomy
colocolostomy (ko′lo-ko-los′to-me)

Establishment of a communication between two noncontinuous segments of the colon. [colo- + colo- + G. stoma, mouth]

colocynth
colocynth (kol′o-sinth)

The peeled dried fruit of Citrullus colcynthis (family Cucurbitaceae), an herb of the sandy shores of the Mediterranean, resembling somewhat the watermelon plant; formerly widely used as a cathartic and laxative. SYN: bitter apple. [G. kolokynthe, the round gourd or pumpkin]

colocystoplasty
colocystoplasty (ko-lo-sis′to-plas-te)

Enlargement of the urinary bladder by attaching a segment of colon to it.

coloenteritis
coloenteritis (ko′lo-en-ter-i′tis)

SYN: enterocolitis.

colohepatopexy
colohepatopexy (ko-lo-hep′a-to-pek′se)

Attachment of the colon to the liver by adhesions. [colo- + G. hepar (hepat-), liver, + pexis, fixation]

cololysis
cololysis (ko-lol′i-sis)

Procedure of freeing the colon from adhesions. [colo- + G. lysis, loosening]

colominic acid
colominic acid (kol-o-min′ik)

Polymer of α(1,5)-N-acetylneuraminic acid; found in Escherichia coli.

colon
colon (ko′lon) [TA]

The division of the large intestine extending from the cecum to the rectum. [G. kolon]
c. ascendens [TA] SYN: ascending c..
ascending c. [TA] the portion of the c. between the ileocecal orifice and the right colic flexure. SYN: c. ascendens [TA] .
c. descendens [TA] SYN: descending c..
descending c. [TA] the part of the c. extending from the left colic flexure to the pelvic brim. SYN: c. descendens [TA] .
giant c. SYN: megacolon.
iliac c. that portion of the descending c. which occupies the left iliac fossa, between the crest of the left ilium and the pelvic brim.
irritable c. tendency to colonic hyperperistalsis, sometimes with colicky pains and diarrhea.
lead-pipe c. the scarred rigid c. of advanced ulcerative colitis. SYN: stove-pipe c..
c. pelvinum SYN: sigmoid c..
sigmoid c. [TA] the part of the c. describing an S-shaped curve between the pelvic brim and the third sacral segment; it is continuous with the rectum. SYN: c. sigmoideum [TA] , c. pelvinum, flexura sigmoidea, sigmoid flexure.
c. sigmoideum [TA] SYN: sigmoid c..
spastic c. nonspecific term used to describe symptoms such as abdominal pain, flatulence, and alternating diarrhea with constipation thought to reflect increased muscular function of the c..
stove-pipe c. SYN: lead-pipe c..
transverse c. [TA] the part of the c. between the right and left colic flexures. It may extend somewhat transversely across the abdomen, but more often sags centrally, frequently to subumbilical levels. SYN: c. transversum [TA] .
c. transversum [TA] SYN: transverse c..

colonalgia
colonalgia (ko-lon-al′je-a)

Rarely used term for pain in the colon. [colon + G. algos, pain]

colonic
colonic (ko-lon′ik)

Relating to the colon.

colonization
colonization (kol′on-i-za′shun)

1. SYN: innidiation. 2. The formation of compact population groups of the same type of microorganism, as the colonies that develop when a bacterial cell begins reproducing. 3. The care of certain persons, e.g., lepers, mental patients, in community groups.
genetic c. propagation of a gene by a host into which the gene has been introduced, naturally or artificially.

colonogram
colonogram (ko-lon′o-gram)

Graphic recording of movements of the colon.

colonometer
colonometer (ko′lo-nom′e-ter)

A device for counting bacterial colonies.

colonopathy
colonopathy (ko-lo-nop′a-the)

Rarely used term for any disordered condition of the colon. SYN: colopathy.
fibrosing c. colonic fibrosis seen in cystic fibrosis patients, thought to be due to pancreatins.

colonorrhagia
colonorrhagia (ko-lon-o-ra′je-a)

Rarely used term for colorrhagia.

colonorrhea
colonorrhea (ko′lon-o-re′a)

SYN: colorrhea.

colonoscope
colonoscope (ko-lon′o-skop)

A long, flexible fiberoptic endoscope.

colonoscopy
colonoscopy (ko-lon-os′ko-pe)

Visual examination of the inner surface of the colon by means of a colonoscope. SYN: coloscopy. [colon + G. skopeo, to view]

colony
colony (kol′o-ne)

1. A group of cells growing on a solid nutrient surface, each arising from the multiplication of an individual cell; a clone. 2. A group of people with similar interests, living in a particular location or area. [L. colonia, a c.]
daughter c. a secondary c. growing on the surface of an older c.; it is smaller and may have characteristics different from those of the mother c..
filamentous c. in bacteriology, a c. composed of long, interwoven, irregularly disposed threads.
H c. a c. of motile organisms forming a thin film of growth. Cf.:O c.. [Ger. Hauch, breath]
lenticular c. a bacterial c. shaped like a lentil or a double-convex lens.
mother c. a c. which gives rise to a secondary c. (a daughter c.), the latter growing on the surface of the former; the mother c. is larger than the daughter c., and the characteristics of the colonies may differ.
mucoid c. a c. showing viscous or sticky growth typical of an organism producing large quantities of a carbohydrate capsule.
O c. growth of a nonmotile bacterium in discrete, compact colonies in contrast to a film of growth produced by some motile bacteria. Cf.:H c.. [Ger. ohne Hauch, without breath]
rough c. a bacterial c. with a granular, flattened surface; this type of c. is usually associated with loss of virulence with respect to that of smooth colonies.
smooth c. a bacterial c. with a glistening, rounded surface; this type of c. is usually associated with increased virulence with respect to that of rough colonies.
spheroid c. a c. of protozoa in which the individual cells are held together in a coherent spherical mass by a gelatinoid material.

colopathy
colopathy (ko-lop′a-the)

SYN: colonopathy.

colopexostomy
colopexostomy (ko′lo-peks-os′to-me)

Rarely used term for establishment of connection between the lumen of the colon and the skin after the colon's fixation to the abdominal wall. [colo- + G. pexis, fixation, + stoma, mouth]

colopexotomy
colopexotomy (ko′lo-pek-sot′o-me)

Rarely used term for incision into the colon after its fixation to the abdominal wall. [colo- + G. pexis, fixation, + tome, incision]

colopexy
colopexy (kol′o-pek-se)

Attachment of a portion of the colon to the abdominal wall. [colo- + G. pexis, fixation]

colophony
colophony (ko-lof′o-ne)

SYN: rosin. [Colophon, Summit, a town in Ionia]

coloplication
coloplication (ko′lo-pli-ka′shun)

Reduction of the lumen of a dilated colon by making folds or tucks in its walls. SYN: coliplication. [colo- + Mod. L. plica, fold]

coloproctitis
coloproctitis (ko′lo-prok-ti′tis)

Inflammation of both colon and rectum. SYN: colorectitis, proctocolitis, rectocolitis. [colo- + G. proktos, anus (rectum), + -itis, inflammation]

coloproctostomy
coloproctostomy (ko′lo-prok-tos′to-me)

Establishment of a communication between the rectum and a discontinuous segment of the colon. SYN: colorectostomy. [colo- + G. proktos, anus (rectum), + stoma, mouth]

coloptosis
coloptosis, coloptosia (ko-lop-to′sis, -to′se-a)

Downward displacement, or prolapse, of the colon, especially of the transverse portion. SYN: coleoptosis. [colo- + G. ptosis, a falling]

colopuncture
colopuncture (ko-lo-punk′choor)

SYN: colocentesis.

color
color (kul′or)

1. That aspect of the appearance of objects and light sources that may be specified as to hue, lightness (brightness), and saturation. 2. That portion of the visible (370–760 nm) electromagnetic spectrum specified as to wavelength, luminosity, and purity. [L.]
complementary colors pairs of different colors of light that produce white light when combined.
confusion colors a set of colors (usually of colored wools), cream, buff, pale blue, gray, brown, green, violet, etc., used in tests for c. blindness.
extrinsic c. c. applied to the external surface of a dental prosthesis.
intrinsic c. the addition of c. pigment within the material of a dental prosthesis.
opponent c. pairs of c. that share c. channels in the retina (red-green, blue-yellow, black-white).
primary c. the three colors of the retinal cone pigments (red, green, blue) that may be combined to match any hue. SYN: simple c..
pure c. a visual sensation produced by light of a specific wavelength.
reflected colors those colors seen in light falling upon a pigmented surface.
saturated c. a c. containing a minimum amount of whiteness.
simple c. SYN: primary c..
structural c. a c. created by an optical effect ( e.g., via interference, refraction, or diffraction). Many naturally occurring blues fall in this class. Cf.:natural pigment. SYN: schemochromes.
tone c. SYN: timbre.

colorectal
colorectal (kol′o-rek′tal)

Relating to the colon and rectum, or to the entire large bowel.

colorectitis
colorectitis (ko′lo-rek-ti′tis)

SYN: coloproctitis.

colorectostomy
colorectostomy (ko′lo-rek-tos′to-me)

SYN: coloproctostomy.

colorimeter
colorimeter (kol-er-im′e-ter)

An optic device for determining the color and/or intensity of the color of a liquid. SYN: chromatometer, chromometer.
Duboscq c. an early apparatus for measuring the depth of tint in a fluid by comparing it with a standard fluid; glass cylinders are immersed in each of two cups, with one containing standard fluid and the other the fluid to be tested; on looking through the cylinders, the tints are equalized by raising or lowering the cylinder in one cup, and the extent of this raising or lowering is indicated on a scale and gives the exact difference in tint.

colorimetric
colorimetric (kol-er-i-met′rik)

Relating to colorimetry.

colorimetry
colorimetry (kol-er-im′e-tre)

A procedure for quantitative chemical analysis, based on comparison of the color developed in a solution of the test material with that in a standard solution; the two solutions are observed simultaneously in a colorimeter, and quantitated on the basis of the absorption of light.

color match
color match

The result of adjusting color mixtures until all visually apparent differences are minimal.

colorrhagia
colorrhagia (ko-lo-ra′je-a)

An abnormal discharge from the colon. [colo- + G. rhegnymi, to burst forth]

colorrhaphy
colorrhaphy (ko-lor′a-fe)

Suture of the colon. [colo- + G. rhaphe, suture]

colorrhea
colorrhea (ko-lo-re′a)

Rarely used term for diarrhea thought to originate from a condition confined to or affecting chiefly the colon. SYN: colonorrhea. [colo- + G. rhoia, a flow]

color solid
color solid

A schematic arrangement of color in space, the attributes of hue, saturation, and brightness being represented by cylindrical coordinates.

color triangle
color triangle

A graph on which chromaticity coordinates are plotted.

coloscopy
coloscopy (ko-los′ko-pe)

SYN: colonoscopy. [colo- + G. skopeo, to view]

colosigmoidostomy
colosigmoidostomy (ko′lo-sig-moy-dos′to-me)

Establishment of an anastomosis between any other part of the colon and the sigmoid colon.

colostomy
colostomy (ko-los′to-me)

Establishment of an artificial connection between the lumen of the colon and the skin. [colo- + G. stoma, mouth]

colostrorrhea
colostrorrhea (ko-los-tror-re′a)

Abnormally profuse secretion of colostrum. [colostrum, + G. rhoia, flow]

colostrous
colostrous (ko-los′trus)

Containing colostrum.

colostrum
colostrum (ko-los′trum)

A thin white opalescent fluid, the first milk secreted at the termination of pregnancy; it differs from the milk secreted later by containing more lactalbumin and lactoprotein; c. is also rich in antibodies which confer passive immunity to the newborn. SYN: foremilk. [L.]

colotomy
colotomy (ko-lot′o-me)

Incision into the colon. [colo- + G. tome, incision]

Colour Index
Colour Index

A publication concerned with the chemistry of dyes, with each listed dye identified by a five-digit C. number, e.g., methylene blue is C. 52015.

colp- colp-

See colpo-.

colpatresia
colpatresia (kol-pa-tre′ze-a)

SYN: vaginal atresia. [colp- + G. atretos, imperforate]

colpectasis
colpectasis, colpectasia (kol-pek′ta-sis, -pek-ta′si-a)

Distention of the vagina. [colp- + G. aktasis, stretching]

colpectomy
colpectomy (kol-pek′to-me)

SYN: vaginectomy. [colp- + G. ektome, excision]

colpo- colpo-, colp-

The vagina. SEE ALSO: vagino-. [G. kolpos, fold or hollow]

colpocele
colpocele (kol′po-sel)

1. A hernia projecting into the vagina. SYN: vaginocele. 2. SYN: colpoptosis. [colpo- + G. kele, hernia]

colpocleisis
colpocleisis (kol-po-kli′sis)

Operation for obliterating the lumen of the vagina. [colpo- + G. kleisis, closure]

colpocystoplasty
colpocystoplasty (kol-po-sis′to-plas-te)

Plastic surgery to repair the vesicovaginal wall. [colpo- + G. kystis, bladder, + plastos, formed]

colpocystotomy
colpocystotomy (kol′po-sis-tot′o-me)

Incision into the bladder through the vagina. [colpo- + G. kystis, bladder, + tome, incision]

colpocystoureterotomy
colpocystoureterotomy (kol′po-sis′to-u-re-ter-ot′o-me)

Incision into the ureter by way of the vagina and the bladder. [colpo- + G. kystis, bladder, + oureter, ureter, + tome, incision]

colpodynia
colpodynia (kol-po-din′e-a)

SYN: vaginodynia. [colpo- + G. odyne, pain]

colpohysterectomy
colpohysterectomy (kol′po-his-ter-ek′to-me)

SYN: vaginal hysterectomy. [colpo- + G. hystera, uterus, + ektome, excision]

colpohysteropexy
colpohysteropexy (kol-po-his′ter-o-pek-se)

Operation for fixation of the uterus performed through the vagina. [colpo- + G. hystera, uterus, + pexis, fixation]

colpohysterotomy
colpohysterotomy (kol′po-his-ter-ot′o-me)

SYN: vaginal hysterotomy. [colpo- + G. hystera, uterus, + tome, incision]

colpomicroscope
colpomicroscope (kol-po-mi′kro-skop)

Special microscope for direct visual examination of the cervical tissue.

colpomicroscopy
colpomicroscopy (kol′po-mi-kros′ko-pe)

Direct observation and study of cells in the vagina and cervix magnified in vivo, in the undisturbed tissue, by means of a colpomicroscope.

colpomycosis
colpomycosis (kol′po-mi-ko′sis)

SYN: vaginomycosis.

colpomyomectomy
colpomyomectomy (kol′po-mi-o-mek′to-me)

SYN: vaginal myomectomy. [colpo- + myoma + G. ektome, excision]

colpoperineoplasty
colpoperineoplasty (kol′po-par-i-ne′o-plas-te)

SYN: vaginoperineoplasty. [colpo- + perineum, + G. plastos, formed]

colpoperineorrhaphy
colpoperineorrhaphy (kol′po-par-i-ne-or′a-fe)

SYN: vaginoperineorrhaphy. [colpo- + perineum, + G. rhaphe, sewing]

colpopexy
colpopexy (kol′po-pek-se)

SYN: vaginofixation. [colpo- + G. pexis, fixation]

colpoplasty
colpoplasty (kol′po-plas-te)

SYN: vaginoplasty. [colpo- + G. plastos, formed]

colpopoiesis
colpopoiesis (kol′po-poy-e′sis)

Surgical construction of a vagina. [colpo- + G. poiesis, a making]

colpoptosis
colpoptosis, colpoptosia (kol-po-to′sis, -to′se-a; kol-pop-to′sis)

Prolapse of the vaginal walls. SYN: colpocele (2) . [colpo- + G. ptosis, a falling]

colporectopexy
colporectopexy (kol-po-rek′to-pek-se)

Repair of a prolapsed rectum by suturing it to the wall of the vagina. [colpo- + rectum + G. pexis, fixation]

colporrhaphy
colporrhaphy (kol-por′a-fe)

Repair of a rupture of the vagina by excision and suturing of the edges of the tear. [colpo- + G. rhaphe, suture]

colporrhexis
colporrhexis (kol-po-rek′sis)

SYN: vaginal laceration. [colpo- + G. rhexis, rupture]

colposcope
colposcope (kol′po-skop)

Endoscopic instrument that magnifies cells of the vagina and cervix in vivo to allow direct observation and study of these tissues.

colposcopy colposcopy (kol-pos′ko-pe)

Examination of vagina and cervix by means of an endoscope. [colpo- + G. skopeo, to view] C. is used chiefly to identify areas of cervical dysplasia in women with abnormal Pap smears and as an aid in biopsy or excision procedures including cautery, cryotherapy, laser vaporization, and loop electrosurgical excision. The colposcope is a stationary instrument with self-contained lighting and magnification adjustable from 2× to 20× or higher. It is used in conjunction with a standard vaginal speculum to view the cervix, particularly the transformation zone, and the vaginal mucosa. A green filter enhances visualization of blood vessels and identification of abnormal (punctate, mosaic, or atypical) vascular patterns. Application of 5% acetic acid solution accentuates areas of increased cellular protein and increased nuclear density, which are likely to represent zones of squamous cell change. Lugol solution (iodine-potassium iodide), which stains only squamous epithelial cells that have a normal glycogen content, may also be applied to delineate abnormal squamous epithelium. Colposcopically directed cervical biopsy is the procedure of choice following a Pap smear showing atypical squamous cells of uncertain significance, low-grade or high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, koilocytosis, carcinoma in situ, or higher grade carcinomas.

colpospasm
colpospasm (kol′po-spazm)

Spasmodic contraction of the vagina.

colpostat
colpostat (kol′po-stat)

Appliance for use in the vagina, such as a radium applicator, for treatment of cancer of the cervix. [colpo- + G. statos, standing]

colpostenosis
colpostenosis (kol′po-sten-o′sis)

Narrowing of the lumen of the vagina. [colpo- + G. stenosis, narrowing]

colpostenotomy
colpostenotomy (kol′po-sten-ot′o-me)

Surgical correction of a colpostenosis. [colpo- + G. stenosis, narrowing, + tome, incision]

colposuspension
colposuspension (kol′po-sus-pen′shun)

Suture fixation of the lateral vaginal fornix to Cooper ligament on each side, as a modification and enhancement of the standard Marshall-Marchetti-Kranz urethrovesical suspension for stress urinary incontinence due to cystocele. [colpo- + suspension]

colpotomy
colpotomy (kol-pot′o-me)

A cutting operation in the vagina. SYN: coleotomy, vaginotomy. [colpo- + G. tome, incision]

colpoureterotomy
colpoureterotomy (kol′po-u-re-ter-ot′o-me)

Incision into a ureter through the vagina. [colpo- + G. tome, incision]

colpoxerosis
colpoxerosis (kol-po-ze-ro′sis)

Abnormal dryness of the vaginal mucous membrane. [colpo- + G. xerosis, dryness]

Coltivirus
Coltivirus (kol′te-vi-rus)

A genus in the family Reoviridae that causes Colorado tick fever. [Colorado tick fever + virus]

Colubridae
Colubridae (kol-u′bri-de)

A family of largely nonpoisonous or mildly poisonous snakes comprising over 1000 species, found in North and South America, Asia, and Africa. [L. coluber, serpent]

columbium
columbium (Cb) (kol-um′be-um)

Former name for niobium. [Columbia, name for America]

columella
columella, pl .columellae (kol-oo-mel′a, -mel′e)

1. A column, or a small column. SYN: columnella. 2. In fungi, a sterile invagination of a sporangium, as in Zygomycetes. [L. dim. of columna, column]
c. cochleae SYN: modiolus of angle of mouth.
c. nasi the fleshy lower margin (termination) of the nasal septum.

column
column (kol′um) [TA]

1. An anatomic part or structure in the form of a pillar or cylindric funiculus. SEE ALSO: fascicle. 2. A vertical object (usually cylindrical), mass, or formation. SYN: columna [TA] . [L. columna]
affinity c. SYN: affinity chromatography.
anal columns [TA] a number of vertical ridges in the mucous membrane of the upper half of the anal canal formed as the caliber of the canal is sharply reduced from that of the rectal ampulla. SYN: columnae anales [TA] , Morgagni columns, rectal columns.
anterior c. [TA] the pronounced, ventrally oriented ridge of gray matter in each half of the spinal cord; it corresponds to the anterior or ventral horn appearing in transverse sections of the cord, and contains the motor neurons innervating the skeletal musculature of the trunk, neck, and extremities. SEE ALSO: gray columns. SYN: columna anterior [TA] .
anterior gray c. SYN: central and lateral intermediate substances, under substance.
anterior c. of medulla oblongata SYN: pyramid of medulla oblongata.
anterolateral c. of spinal cord SYN: lateral funiculus.
Bertin columns SYN: renal columns.
branchial efferent c. SYN: special visceral efferent c..
Burdach c. SYN: cuneate fasciculus.
Clarke c. SYN: posterior thoracic nucleus.
dorsal c. of spinal cord SYN: posterior c..
c. of fornix [TA] that part of the fornix that curves down rostral to the dorsal thalamus and adjacent to the interventricular foramen of Monro, then continues through the hypothalamus to the mamillary body; consisting primarily of fibers originating in the hippocampus and subiculum, the c. of fornix is the direct continuation of the body of the fornix. SYN: columna fornicis [TA] , anterior pillar of fornix.
general somatic afferent c. in the embryo, a c. of gray matter in the hindbrain and spinal cord, represented in the adult by the sensory nuclei of the trigeminal nerve and relay cells in the dorsal horn.
general somatic efferent c. a c. of gray matter in the embryo, represented in the adult by the nuclei of the oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, and hypoglossal nerves and by motor neurons of the ventral horn of the spinal cord.
general visceral afferent c. a c. of gray matter in the hindbrain and spinal cord of the embryo, developing into the nucleus of the solitary tract and relay cells of the spinal cord.
general visceral efferent c. a c. of gray matter in the hindbrain and spinal cord of the embryo, represented in the adult by the dorsal nucleus of the vagus, the superior and inferior salivatory and Edinger-Westphal nuclei and the visceral motor neurons of the spinal cord.
Goll c. SYN: gracile fasciculus.
Gowers c. SYN: anterior spinocerebellar tract.
gray columns the three somewhat ridge-shaped masses of gray matter (anterior, posterior, and intermediate columns) that extend longitudinally through the center of each lateral half of the spinal cord; in transverse sections these columns appear as gray horns and are therefore commonly called ventral or anterior, dorsal or posterior, and lateral horn, respectively. SYN: columnae griseae [TA] .
intermediate c. [TA] the intermediate region of the spinal cord gray matter located between the posterior and anterior horns. This area contains a number of nuclei that collectively comprise spinal lamina VIII [TA] of Rexed. The nuclei of the intermediate c., or intermediate zone, are the intermediolateral nucleus in the lateral horn, central intermediate substance, posterior or dorsal thoracic nucleus (nucleus of Clarke), lateral intermediate substance, intermediomedial nucleus, sacral parasympathetic nuclei [TA] (nuclei parasympathici sacrales [TA]), nucleus of pudendal nerve [TA] (nucleus nervi pudendi), portions of the spinal reticular formation [TA] (formatio reticularis spinalis [TA]), and the anterior medial nucleus [TA] (nucleus medialis anterior [TA]). SYN: columna intermedia [TA] , intermediate region [TA] , intermediate zone [TA] .
intermediolateral cell c. of spinal cord SYN: intermediolateral nucleus.
lateral c. a slight protrusion of the gray matter of the spinal cord into the lateral funiculus of either side, especially marked in the thoracic region where it encloses preganglionic motor neurons of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system; it corresponds to the lateral horn appearing in transverse sections of the spinal cord. SEE ALSO: gray columns. SYN: columna lateralis, lateral c. of spinal cord.
lateral c. of spinal cord SYN: lateral c..
Lissauer c. SYN: dorsolateral fasciculus.
Morgagni columns SYN: anal columns.
posterior c. [TA] the pronounced, dorsolaterally oriented ridge of gray matter in each lateral half of the spinal cord, corresponding to the posterior or dorsal horn appearing in transverse sections of the cord. SYN: columna posterior [TA] , dorsal c. of spinal cord, posterior c. of spinal cord (1) .
posterior c. of spinal cord 1. SYN: posterior c.. 2. in clinical parlance, the term often refers to the posterior funiculus of the spinal cord.
rectal columns SYN: anal columns.
renal columns [TA] the prolongations of cortical substance separating the pyramids of the kidney. SYN: columnae renales [TA] , Bertin columns.
Rolando c. a slight ridge on either side of the medulla oblongata related to the descending trigeminal tract and nucleus.
rugal columns of vagina SYN: vaginal columns.
Sertoli columns Sertoli cells, under cell.
special somatic afferent c. a c. of gray matter in the hindbrain of the embryo, represented in the adult by the nuclei of the auditory and vestibular nerves.
special visceral efferent c. a c. of gray matter in the hindbrain of the embryo, represented in the adult by the trigeminal and facial nuclei and the nucleus ambiguus. SYN: branchial efferent c..
spinal c. SYN: vertebral c..
c. of Spitzka-Lissauer dorsolateral fasciculus.
Stilling c. SYN: posterior thoracic nucleus.
Türck c. SYN: anterior corticospinal tract.
vaginal columns two slight longitudinal ridges, anterior and posterior, in the vaginal mucous membrane, each marked by a number of transverse mucosal folds. SYN: columnae rugarum, rugal columns of vagina.
ventral white c. [TA] SYN: white commissure.
vertebral c. [TA] the series of vertebrae that extend from the cranium to the coccyx, providing support and forming a flexible bony case for the spinal cord. SYN: columna vertebralis [TA] , spine (2) [TA] , backbone, dorsal spine, rachis, spina dorsalis, spinal c., vertebrarium.

columna
columna, gen. and pl. columnae (ko-lum′na, -ne) [TA]

SYN: column. [L.]
columnae anales [TA] SYN: anal columns, under column.
c. anterior [TA] SYN: anterior column.
columnae carneae SYN: trabeculae carneae (of right and left ventricles), under trabecula.
c. fornicis [TA] SYN: column of fornix.
columnae griseae [TA] SYN: gray columns, under column.
c. intermedia [TA] SYN: intermediate column.
c. lateralis SYN: lateral column.
c. posterior [TA] SYN: posterior column.
columnae renales [TA] SYN: renal columns, under column.
columnae rugarum SYN: vaginal columns, under column.
c. vertebralis [TA] SYN: vertebral column.

columnella
columnella, pl .columnellae (ko-lum-nel′a, -nel′e)

SYN: columella (1) . [L. dim. of columna, a column; another form of columella]

colypeptic
colypeptic (ko-le-pep′tik)

Rarely used term for retarding digestion. [G. kolyo, to hinder, + pepsis, digestion]

com- com-

See con-.

coma
coma (ko′ma)

1. A state of profound unconsciousness from which one cannot be roused; may be due to the action of an ingested toxic substance or of one formed in the body, to trauma, or to disease. [G. koma, deep sleep, trance] 2. An aberration of spherical lenses; occurring in cases of oblique incidence ( e.g., the image of a point becomes comet-shaped). [G. kome, hair] 3. SYN: c. aberration.
delayed c. after hypoxia c. that develops a few days to 3 weeks after an acute hypoxic insult; the latter was usually severe enough to cause an initial bout of c., which cleared, and was followed by a transient interval of apparent normality. SYN: severe postanoxic encephalopathy.
diabetic c. c. that develops in severe and inadequately treated cases of diabetes mellitus and is commonly fatal, unless appropriate therapy is instituted promptly; results from reduced oxidative metabolism of the central nervous system that, in turn, stems from severe ketoacidosis and possibly also from the histotoxic action of the ketone bodies and disturbances in water and electrolyte balance. SYN: Kussmaul c..
hepatic c. c. that occurs with advanced hepatic insufficiency and portal-systemic shunts, caused by elevated blood ammonia levels; characteristic findings include asterixis in the precoma stage and paroxysms of bilaterally synchronous triphasic waves on EEG examination.
hyperosmolar (hyperglycemic) nonketotic c. (hi′per-os-mo-lar) a complication seen in diabetes mellitus in which very marked hyperglycemia occurs (such as levels over 800 mg/dL) causing osmotic shifts in water in brain cells and resulting in c.. It can be fatal or lead to permanent neurologic damage. Ketoacidosis does not occur in these cases. SYN: nonketotic hyperglycemia.
hypoglycemic c. a metabolic encephalopathy caused by hypoglycemia; usually seen in diabetics, and due to exogenous insulin excess.
hypoventilation c. c. seen with advanced lung failure and resultant hypoventilation. SYN: CO₂ narcosis, hypoxic-hypercarbic encephalopathy, pulmonary encephalopathy.
Kussmaul c. SYN: diabetic c..
metabolic c. c. resulting from diffuse failure of neuronal metabolism, caused by such abnormalities as intrinsic disorders of neuron or glial cell metabolism, or extracerebral disorders that produce intoxication or electrolyte imbalances.
thyrotoxic c. c. preceding death in severe hyperthyroidism, as in thyroid storm or thyrotoxic crisis.
trance c. SYN: lethargic hypnosis.
uremic c. a metabolic encephalopathy caused by renal failure.

comatose
comatose (ko′ma-tos)

In a state of coma.

combination
combination (kom-bi-na′shun)

1. The act of combining ( i.e., by joining, uniting, or otherwise bringing into close association) separate entities. 2. The state of being so combined.
binary c. the name of a species of bacteria consisting of two parts: a generic name and a specific epithet.
new c. the new name that results from the transfer of a microorganism from one genus to another; the generic name changes but, in most cases, the specific epithet remains the same.

combinatorial
combinatorial (kom′bin-a-tor′e-al)

Any system using a random assortment of components at any positions in the linear arrangement of atoms, i.e., a c. library of mutations could contain positions where all four bases have been randomly inserted.

combustible
combustible (kom-bus′ti-bl)

Capable of combustion.

combustion
combustion (kom-bus′chun)

Burning, the rapid oxidation of any substance accompanied by the production of heat and light. [L. comburo, pp. -bustus, to burn up]
slow c. decay.
spontaneous c. the ignition of a mass of material by heat developed within it by the oxidation of the substances composing it without external ignition.

Comby
Comby

Jules, French pediatrician, 1853–1947. See C. sign.

comedo
comedo, pl .comedoscomedones (kom′e-do, ko-me′do; kom′e-doz; kom-e-do′nez)

A dilated hair follicle infundibulum filled with keratin squamae, bacteria, particularly Propionibacterium acnes, and sebum; the primary lesion of acne vulgaris. [L. a glutton, fr. com-edo, to eat up]
closed c. a c. with a narrow or obstructed opening on the skin surface; closed comedos may rupture, producing a low-grade dermal inflammatory reaction. SYN: whitehead (2) .
open c. a c. with a wide opening on the skin surface capped with a melanin-containing blackened mass of epithelial debris.
solar c. SYN: Favre-Racouchot disease.

comedocarcinoma
comedocarcinoma (ko-me′do-kar-si-no′ma)

Form of carcinoma of the breast or other organ in which plugs of necrotic malignant cells may be expressed from the ducts.

comedogenic
comedogenic (kom′e-do-jen′ik)

Tending to promote the formation of comedones. [comedo + G. genesis, production]

comedonecrosis
comedonecrosis (kom′e-do-nek-ro′sis)

A type of necrosis occurring with glands in which there is central luminal inflam- mation with devitalized cells, usually occurring in the breast in intraductal carcinoma. [comedo + necrosis]

comes
comes, pl .comites (ko′mez, kom′i-tez)

A blood vessel accompanying another vessel or a nerve; the veins accompanying an artery, often two in number, are called venae comitantes or venae comites. [L. a companion, fr. com-, together, + eo, pp. itus, to go]

comitance
comitance (kom′e-tans)

A characteristic of strabismus in which the misalignment of the eyes is maintained in all directions of gaze.

comitant
comitant (komitant)

Having comitance; in a c. strabismus the same angle of misalignment of the eyes is maintained in all directions of gaze. SYN: concomitant.

commensal
commensal (ko-men′sal)

1. Pertaining to or characterized by commensalism. 2. An organism participating in commensalism.

commensalism
commensalism (ko-men′sal-izm)

A symbiotic relationship in which one species derives benefit and the other is unharmed; e.g., Entamoeba coli in the human large intestine. Cf.:metabiosis, mutualism, parasitism. [L. con-, with, together, + mensa, table]
epizoic c. SYN: phoresis (2) .

comminuted
comminuted (kom′i-noo-ted)

Broken into several pieces; denoting especially a fractured bone. [L. com-minuo, pp. -minutus, to make smaller, break into pieces, fr. minor, less]

comminution
comminution (kom-i-noo′shun)

A breaking into several pieces.

commissura
commissura, gen. and pl. commissurae (kom-i-sur′a, -sur′e) [TA]

SYN: commissure. [L. a joining together, seam, fr. com- mitto, to send together, combine]
c. alba anterior [TA] SYN: white commissure.
c. alba posterior [TA] SYN: white commissure.
c. anterior [TA] SYN: anterior commissure.
c. anterior grisea substantia intermedia centralis.
c. bulborum [TA] SYN: commissure of bulbs.
c. cinerea SYN: interthalamic adhesion.
c. colliculorum inferiorum [TA] See commissure of inferior colliculus.
c. colliculorum superiorum [TA] See commissure of superior colliculus.
c. epithalamica SYN: c. posterior.
c. fornicis [TA] the triangular subcallosal plate of commissural fibers resulting from the converging of the right and left fornix bundles which exchange numerous fibers and which curve back in the contralateral fornix to end in the hippocampus of the opposite side. SYN: commissure of fornix [TA] , c. hippocampi, delta fornicis, hippocampal commissure, psalterium, transverse fornix.
c. grisea posterior [TA] See gray commissure.
c. grisea 1. SYN: interthalamic adhesion. 2. See substantia intermedia centralis.
c. grisea anterior See gray commissure.
c. habenularum [TA] the connection between the right and left habenular nuclei; the decussation of fibers of the two striae medullares, forming the dorsal portion of the peduncle of the pineal body. SYN: habenular commissure [TA] , commissure of habenulae.
c. hippocampi SYN: c. fornicis.
c. labiorum [TA] SYN: commissure of lips.
c. labiorum anterior [TA] SYN: anterior labial commissure.
c. labiorum posterior [TA] SYN: posterior labial commissure.
c. lateralis palpebrum [TA] SYN: lateral palpebral commissure.
c. medialis palpebrum [TA] SYN: medial palpebral commissure.
c. palpebrarum lateralis SYN: lateral palpebral commissure.
c. palpebrarum medialis SYN: medial palpebral commissure.
c. posterior [TA] a thin band of white matter, crossing from side to side beneath the habenula of the pineal body and over the aditus ad aqueductum cerebri; it is largely composed of fibers interconnecting the left and right pretectal region and related cell groups of the midbrain; dorsally, it marks the junction of the diencephalon and mesencephalon. SYN: c. epithalamica, posterior commissure.
c. supraoptica dorsalis [TA] the commissural fibers that lie above and behind the optic chiasm. SYN: dorsal supraoptic commissure, Ganser commissure, Gudden commissure, Meynert commissure.
c. ventralis alba SYN: white commissure.

commissural
commissural (kom-i-sur′al)

Relating to a commissure.

commissure
commissure (kom′i-shur) [TA]

1. Angle or corner of the eye, lips, or labia. 2. A bundle of nerve fibers passing from one side to the other in the brain or spinal cord. SYN: commissura [TA] .
anterior c. [TA] a round bundle of nerve fibers that crosses the midline of the brain near the anterior limit of the third ventricle. It consists of a smaller anterior part (pars anterior commissurae anterioris [TA]), the fibers of which pass in part to the olfactory bulbs, and a larger posterior part (pars posterior commissurae anterioris [TA]), which interconnects the left and right temporal lobes. SYN: commissura anterior [TA] .
anterior gray c. [TA] See gray c..
anterior labial c. [TA] the junction of the labia majora anteriorly at the mons pubis. SYN: commissura labiorum anterior [TA] .
anterior c. of the larynx the junction of the vocal cords anteriorly in the larynx.
anterior white c. [TA] SYN: white c..
c. of bulbs [TA] a narrow median band that connects the two masses of erectile tissue (the bulbus vestibuli) on either side of the vaginal orifice. SYN: commissura bulborum [TA] , c. of vestibular bulb, intermediate part of vestibular bulb, pars intermedia commissurae bulborum.
c. of cerebral hemispheres SYN: corpus callosum.
dorsal supraoptic c. SYN: commissura supraoptica dorsalis.
c. of fornix [TA] SYN: commissura fornicis.
Ganser c. SYN: commissura supraoptica dorsalis.
gray c. [TA] narrow bands of gray substance spanning the midline dorsal to the central canal (posterior gray c. [TA], commissura griesa posterior [TA]) and ventral to the central canal (anterior gray c. [TA], commissura grisea anterior [TA])
Gudden c. SYN: commissura supraoptica dorsalis.
c. of habenulae SYN: commissura habenularum.
habenular c. [TA] SYN: commissura habenularum.
hippocampal c. SYN: commissura fornicis.
c. of inferior colliculus [TA] nerve fibers on the midline between the two inferior colliculi connecting the colliculi and containing some fibers originating from nontectal nuclei.
labial c. [TA] junction of upper and lower lip which occurs at corner of mouth. SEE ALSO: angle of mouth.
lateral palpebral c. [TA] the union of the upper and lower eyelids adjacent to the lateral angle. SYN: commissura lateralis palpebrum [TA] , commissura palpebrarum lateralis.
c. of lips the junction of the lips lateral to the angle of the mouth. SYN: commissura labiorum [TA] , junction of lips.
medial palpebral c. [TA] the union of the upper and lower eyelids adjacent to the medial angle. SYN: commissura medialis palpebrum [TA] , commissura palpebrarum medialis.
Meynert c. SYN: commissura supraoptica dorsalis.
posterior c. SYN: commissura posterior.
posterior gray c. [TA] See gray c..
posterior labial c. [TA] a slight fold uniting the labia majora posteriorly in front of the anus. SYN: commissura labiorum posterior [TA] .
posterior c. of the larynx SYN: interarytenoid fold.
c. of superior colliculus [TA] nerve fibers interconnecting corresponding and noncorresponding portions of the two superior colliculi across the midline; may contain fibers originating outside the tectum. SYN: brachium colliculi superioris [TA] .
ventral white c. [TA] SYN: white c..
c. of vestibular bulb SYN: c. of bulbs.
Wernekinck c. the decussation of the brachia conjunctiva before their entrance into the red nucleus of the tegmentum.
white c. a narrow band of white matter that crosses the midline of the spinal cord dorsal to the central canal and posterior gray c. (posterior white c. [TA]) and ventral to the central canal and the anterior gray c. (anterior white c. [TA]). SYN: anterior white c. [TA] , commissura alba anterior [TA] , commissura alba posterior [TA] , ventral white column [TA] , ventral white c. [TA] , commissura ventralis alba.

commissurotomy
commissurotomy (kom′i-sur-ot′o-me)

1. Surgical division of any commissure, fibrous band, or ring via an incision or disruption e.g., balloon inflation. 2. SYN: midline myelotomy.
mitral c. opening the narrowed mitral orifice for the relief of mitral stenosis.

commitment
commitment (ko-mit′ment)

Legal consignment, by certification, or voluntarily, of an individual to a mental hospital or institution. [L. com-mitto, to deliver, consign]

common vehicle spread
common vehicle spread

Spread of disease agent from a source that is common to those who acquire the disease, e.g., water, milk, air, syringe contaminated by infectious or noxious agents.

commotio
commotio (ko-mo′she-o)

SYN: concussion (2) . [L. a moving, commotion, fr. commoveo, pp. -motus, to set in motion, agitate]
c. cerebri SYN: brain concussion.
c. retinae concussion of the retina that may produce a milky edema in the posterior pole that clears up after a few days.

communicable
communicable (ko-mun′i-ka-bl)

Capable of being communicated or transmitted; said especially of disease.

communicans
communicans, pl .communicantes (ko-mu′ni-kans, ko-mu-ni-kan′tez)

Communicating; connecting or joining. [L. pres. p. of communico, pp. -atus, to share with someone, make common]

communication
communication (ko-mu-ni-ka′shun)

1. An opening or connecting passage between two structures. 2. In anatomy, a joining or connecting, said of fibrous, solid structures, e.g., tendons and nerves. Anastomosis is incorrectly used as a synonym. 3. Information or ideas transmitted from one party to another. [L. communicatio]
human c. the production and reception of oral, written, signed, or gestured information among human beings; involves the use of symbols known as language received through the auditory, tactile, proprioceptive, and visual systems and generated through voice and speech, writing, manual signs, and gestures; c. among humans may at times involve the vestibular, olfactory, and gustatory senses.
simultaneous c. SYN: total c..
total c. an approach to the education of deaf children that uses a combination of sign language, finger spelling, and oral c.. SEE ALSO: oral auditory method, manual visual method, combined methods, under method. SYN: simultaneous c..

community
community (ko-mu′ni-te)

A given segment of a society or a population.
biotic c. SYN: biocenosis.
therapeutic c. a specially structured mental hospital or c. health center milieu that provides an effective environment for behavioral changes in patients through resocialization and rehabilitation.

community mental health center
community mental health center

A mental health treatment center located in a neighborhood catchment area close to the homes of patients, introduced in the 1960s via new federal legislation designed to replace the large state hospitals, which usually were located in remote rural areas; features include offering a series of comprehensive services by one or more members of the four mental health professions, provision of continuity of care, participation of consumers in the centers, community location to provide accessibility, a combination of indirect or preventive and direct services, the use of program-centered as well as case-centered consultation, a requirement for program evaluation, and various linkages to a variety of health and human services.

comorbidity
comorbidity (ko-mor-bid′i-te)

A concomitant but unrelated pathologic or disease process; usually used in epidemiology to indicate the coexistence of two or more disease processes. [co- + L. morbidus, diseased]

compacta
compacta (kom-pak′ta)

SYN: stratum compactum.

compages thoracis
compages thoracis (kom-pa′jez tho-ra′sis)

SYN: thoracic cage.

comparascope
comparascope (kom-par′a-skop)

A microscope accessory by means of which an observer may directly compare simultaneously the findings in two microscopic preparations. [L. comparo, to compare, + G. skopeo, to view]

compartimentum
compartimentum

SYN: compartment.
c. antebrachii anterius [TA] SYN: anterior compartment of forearm.
c. antebrachii extensorum posterior compartment of forearm.
c. antebrachii flexorum anterior compartment of forearm.
c. antebrachii posterius [TA] SYN: posterior compartment of forearm.
c. brachii anterius [TA] SYN: anterior compartment of arm.
c. brachii extensorum posterior compartment of arm.
c. brachii flexorum [TA] SYN: anterior compartment of arm.
c. brachii posterius [TA] SYN: posterior compartment of arm.
c. cruris SYN: lateral compartment of leg.
c. cruris anterius [TA] SYN: anterior compartment of leg.
c. cruris extensorum anterior compartment of leg.
c. cruris fibularium lateral compartment of leg.
c. cruris flexorum posterior compartment of leg.
c. cruris laterale peroneorum [TA] SYN: lateral compartment of leg.
c. cruris posterius [TA] SYN: posterior compartment of leg.
c. femoris adductorum medial compartment of thigh.
c. femoris anterius [TA] SYN: anterior compartment of thigh.
c. femoris extensorum [TA] SYN: anterior compartment of thigh.
c. femoris flexorum posterior compartment of thigh.
c. femoris mediale [TA] SYN: medial compartment of thigh.
c. femoris posterius [TA] SYN: posterior compartment of thigh.

compartment
compartment

1. Partitioned off portion of a larger bound space; a separate section or chamber; the compartments of the limbs are bound deeply by bones and intermuscular septa and superficially by deep fascia and generally are not in communication with the other compartments, and thus infection or increased pathologic pressure may be limited to a c.; muscles contained within the compartments of the limbs share similar functions and innervation. 2. A separate division; specifically, a structural or biochemical portion of a cell that is separated from the rest of the cell. SYN: compartimentum.
adductor c. of thigh medial c. of thigh.
anterior c. of arm [TA] anterior portion of the space enclosed by the brachial fascia, separated from the posterior c. by the humerus and the lateral and medial intermuscular septa that extend from it; contains muscles that produce flexion, all innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve. SYN: compartimentum brachii anterius [TA] , compartimentum brachii flexorum [TA] , flexor c. of arm&star.
anterior c. of forearm [TA] anterior portion of the space enclosed by the antebrachial fascia, separated from the posterior c. by the radius and ulna and by the intervening interosseous membrane; the spaces are demarcated superficially by the subcutaneous border of the ulna and the (pulse of the) radial artery; contains the pronators of the forearm, flexors of the wrist, and long flexors of the digits, innervated by the median (mostly) and ulnar nerves; is unusual among limb compartments since it communicates via the carpal tunnel with the midpalmar space. SYN: compartimentum antebrachii anterius [TA] , compartimentum antebrachii flexorum&star, flexor c. of forearm&star.
anterior c. of leg [TA] anterior portion of space enclosed by the deep fascia of the leg, separated from the posterior c. by the tibia and fibula by the intervening interosseous membrane, and from the lateral c. by the anterior intermuscular septum; contains the dorsiflexors of the foot and long extensors of the toes, all innervated by the deep fibular (peroneal) nerve. SYN: compartimentum cruris anterius [TA] , compartimentum cruris extensorum&star, extensor c. of leg&star, dorsiflexor c. of leg.
anterior c. of thigh [TA] anterior portion of the space enclosed by the fascia lata, separated from the medial and lateral compartments by the medial and lateral intermuscular septa, respectively; contains the shaft of the femur and the muscles that produce flexion at hip and/or extension at the knee, innervated by the femoral nerve. SYN: compartimentum femoris anterius [TA] , compartimentum femoris extensorum [TA] , extensor c. of thigh&star, c. of thigh for extensors of knee, c. of thigh for flexors of hip.
dorsiflexor c. of leg SYN: anterior c. of leg.
extensor c. of arm posterior c. of arm.
extensor c. of forearm posterior c. of forearm.
extensor c. of leg anterior c. of leg.
extensor c. of thigh anterior c. of thigh.
fibular c. of leg lateral c. of leg.
flexor c. of arm anterior c. of arm.
flexor c. of forearm anterior c. of forearm.
flexor c. of leg posterior c. of leg.
flexor c. of thigh posterior c. of thigh.
lateral c. of leg [TA] lateral portion of space enclosed by the deep fascia of the leg, separated from the anterior and posterior compartments by the anterior and posterior intermuscular septa of leg, respectively; contains evertors of the foot, innervated by the superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve. SYN: compartimentum cruris laterale peroneorum [TA] , compartimentum cruris fibularium&star, fibular c. of leg&star, peroneal c. of leg&star, compartimentum cruris.
medial c. of thigh [TA] medial portion of the space enclosed by the fascia lata, separated from the anterior and posterior compartments by the medial and posterior femoral intermuscular septa, respectively; contains muscles that adduct the thigh at the hip joint, all of which are innervated by the obturator nerve. SYN: compartimentum femoris mediale [TA] , adductor c. of thigh&star, compartimentum femoris adductorum&star.
nonplasmatic c. c. surrounded by a single biomembrane ( E.G., vacuoles, lysosomes).
peroneal c. of leg lateral c. of leg.
plantarflexor c. of leg SYN: posterior c. of leg.
plasmatic c. c. surrounded by a double biomembrane and containing polynucleotides ( E.G., mitochondria).
posterior c. of arm [TA] posterior portion of the space enclosed by the brachial fascia, separated from the anterior c. by the humerus and the lateral and medial intermuscular septa that extend from it; contains the triceps muscles that extend the forearm at the elbow joint and are innervated by the radial nerve. SYN: compartimentum brachii posterius [TA] , compartimentum brachii extensorum&star, extensor c. of arm&star.
posterior c. of forearm [TA] posterior portion of the space enclosed by the antebrachial fascia, separated from the anterior c. by the radius and ulna and by the intervening interosseous membrane; the spaces are demarcated superficially by the subcutaneous border of the ulna and the (pulse of the) radial artery; contains a supinator of the forearm, extensors of the hand at the wrist, and long extensors of the digits, all innervated by the radial nerve. SYN: compartimentum antebrachii posterius [TA] , compartimentum antebrachii extensorum&star, extensor c. of forearm&star.
posterior c. of leg [TA] posterior portion of space enclosed by the deep fascia of the leg, separated from the anterior c. by the tibia and fibula by the intervening interosseous membrane, and from the lateral c. by the posterior intermuscular septum of the leg; contains the plantarflexors of the foot and long flexors of the toes, all innervated by the tibial nerve. SYN: compartimentum cruris posterius [TA] , compartimentum cruris flexorum&star, flexor c. of leg&star, plantarflexor c. of leg.
posterior c. of thigh [TA] posterior portion of the space enclosed by the fascia lata, separated from the medial and anterior compartments by the posterior and lateral intermuscular septa, respectively; contains the hamstring muscles (extensor of the thigh at the hip joint and flexors of the leg at the knee joint) and the short head of the biceps; all innervated by the sciatic nerve (the former by the tibial nerve portion, the latter by the fibular nerve portion). SYN: compartimentum femoris posterius [TA] , compartimentum femoris flexorum&star, flexor c. of thigh&star, c. of thigh for extensors of hip joint, c. of thigh for flexors of knee.
c. of thigh for extensors of hip joint SYN: posterior c. of thigh.
c. of thigh for extensors of knee SYN: anterior c. of thigh.
c. of thigh for flexors of hip SYN: anterior c. of thigh.
c. of thigh for flexors of knee SYN: posterior c. of thigh.

compartmentation
compartmentation (kom-part′ment-a′shun)

The division of a cell into different regions, either structurally or biochemically.

compatibility
compatibility (kom-pat-i-bil′i-te)

The condition of being compatible.

compatible
compatible (kom-pat′i-bl)

1. Capable of being mixed without undergoing destructive chemical change or exhibiting mutual antagonism; said of the elements in a properly constructed pharmaceutical mixture. 2. Denoting the ability of two biologic entities to exist together without nullification of, or deleterious effects on, the function of either; e.g., blood, tissues, or organs that cause no reaction when transfused or no rejection when transplanted. 3. Denoting satisfactory relationships between two or more people as in work or in marriage or in sexual activities. [L. con-, with, + patior, to suffer]

compensation
compensation (kom-pen-sa′shun)

1. A process in which a tendency for a change in a given direction is counteracted by another change so that the original change is not evident. 2. An unconscious mechanism by which one tries to make up for fancied or real deficiencies. [L. com-penso, pp. -atus, to weigh together, counterbalance]
attenuation c. SYN: time-gain c..
depth c. SYN: time-gain c..
gene dosage c. the putative mechanism that adjusts the X-linked phenotypes of males and females to compensate for the haploid state in males and the diploid state in females. It is now largely ascribed to lyonization which compensates the mean of the dose but not its variance, which is greater in females.
time-gain c. (TGC) in ultrasonography, an increase in receiver gain with time to compensate for loss in echo amplitude with depth, usually due to attenuation. SYN: attenuation c., depth c., time c. gain, time-compensated gain, time-varied gain control, time-varied gain.

compensatory
compensatory (kom-pen′sa-tor-e)

Providing compensation; making up for a deficiency or loss.

competence
competence (kom′pe-tens)

1. The quality of being competent or capable of performing an allotted function. 2. The normal tight closure of a cardiac valve. 3. The ability of a group of embryonic cells to respond to an inducer. 4. The ability of a (bacterial) cell to take up free DNA, which may lead to transformation. 5. In psychiatry, the mental ability to distinguish right from wrong and to manage one's own affairs, or to assist one's counsel in a legal proceeding. 6. The state of reactivity of a cell, tissue, or organism that allows it to respond to certain stimuli. [Fr. c., fr. L.L. competentia, congruity]
cardiac c. ability of the ventricles to pump the blood returning to the atria, so that atrial pressure does not rise abnormally.
immunologic c. capability of mounting an immunologic response.

competition
competition (kom-pe-tish′un)

The process by which the activity or presence of one substance interferes with, or suppresses, the activity of another substance with similar affinities.
antigenic c. c. that occurs when two different antigens, each of which can evoke an immunologic response when inoculated alone, are mixed and inoculated together; the response may be to only one, that to the other being largely or entirely suppressed.

complaint
complaint (kom-plant′)

A disorder, disease, or symptom, or the description of it. [O.Fr. complainte, fr. L. complango, to lament]
chief c. the primary symptom that a patient states as the reason for seeking medical care.

complement
complement (kom′ple-ment)

Ehrlich term for the thermolabile substance, normally present in serum, that is destructive to certain bacteria and other cells sensitized by a specific c.-fixing antibody. C. is a group of at least 20 distinct serum proteins, the activity of which is affected by a series of interactions resulting in enzymatic cleavages and which can follow one or the other of at least two pathways. In the case of immune hemolysis (classical pathway), the complex comprises nine components (designated C1 through C9) that react in a definite sequence and the activation of which is usually effected by the antigen-antibody complex; only the first seven components are involved in chemotaxis, and only the first four are involved in immune adherence or phagocytosis or are fixed by conglutinins. An alternative pathway (see properdin system) may be activated by factors other than antigen-antibody complexes and involves components other than C1, C4, and C2 in the activation of C3. SEE ALSO: component of c.. [L. complementum, that which completes, fr. com-pleo, to fill up]
heparin c. the protein component of heparin in blood.
c. pathways 1. the classical c. pathway (initiated usually by binding of C1 to IgG or IgM antibody to C1)is a complex of three subunits: C1q, C1r, and C1s. After C1q is bound, C1r (an overbar indicates enzymatic activity) cleaves C1s to C1s. C1s cleaves both C4 into C4a and C4b as well as C2 into C2a and C2b. C2b combines with C4b to form C4b2b, which is a C3 convertase. C3 convertase cleaves C3 into C3a and C3b. C3b joins C4bC2b to form a C5 convertase (also known as C4b2b3b), which cleaves C5 into C5a and C5b. Once C5b is bound to the cell surface the remainder of the c. components (C6–C9) as well as C5b form the membrane attack complex (MAC). MAC causes a hole in the cell membrane. 2. in the alternative c. pathway, surface-bound C3b binds Factor B, which is cleaved by Factor D into Ba and Bb. C3bBb is an unstable C3 convertase unless properdin (P) binds to it to form C3bBbP. The stable C3 convertase generates more C3b. When a complex of C3bBbC3b is formed, this is the alternative pathway C5 convertase. From C5b through C9, the classical and alternative pathways are the same. 3. In the lectin-binding pathway, mannose-binding protein (MBP) initiates the pathway, which then uses components of the classical c. pathway. Some of the “a” components of both pathways have various biologic activities, i.e., C3a is an anaphylatoxin.

complementarity
complementarity (kom-ple-men-tar′i-te)

1. The degree of base-pairing (A opposite U or T, G opposite C) between two sequences of DNA and/or RNA molecules. 2. The degree of affinity, or fit, of antigen- and antibody-combining sites.

complementation
complementation (kom′ple-men-ta′shun)

1. Functional interaction between two defective viruses permitting replication under conditions inhibitory to the single virus. 2. Interaction between two genetic units, one or both of which are defective, permitting the organism containing these units to function normally, whereas it could not do so if either unit were absent.
intergenic c. c. between pieces of genetic material that regulate the same function, such as a multienzyme pathway, but have defects in regions of separate genetic function; such c. permits synthesis of a normal end-product.
intragenic c. c. between pieces of genetic material, each of which has a different defect within the same locus; the resultant product of each is defective and nonfunctional, but the defective products may associate to produce a product which has some activity.

complex
complex (kom′pleks)

1. An organized constellation of feelings, thoughts, perceptions, and memories that may be in part unconscious and may strongly influence associations and attitudes. 2. In chemistry, the relatively stable combination of two or more compounds into a larger molecule without covalent binding. 3. A composite of chemical or immunologic structures. 4. A structural anatomic entity made up of three or more interrelated parts. 5. An informal term used to denote a group of individual structures known or believed to be anatomically, embryologically, or physiologically related. [L. complexus, woven together]
aberrant c. an anomalous electrocardiographic c., more specifically an abnormal ventricular c. caused by abnormal intraventricular conduction of a supraventricular impulse.
AIDS dementia c. (ADC) a subacute or chronic HIV-1 encephalitis, the most common neurologic complication in the later stages of HIV infection; manifested clinically as a progressive dementia, accompanied by motor abnormalities. SYN: AIDS dementia, HIV encephalopathy.
AIDS-related c. (ARC) manifestations of AIDS in persons who have not yet developed major deficient immune function, characterized by fever with generalized lymphadenopathy, diarrhea, weight loss, minor opportunistic infections, cytopenias.
amygdaloid c. [TA] SYN: amygdaloid body.
anomalous c. a c. in the electrocardiogram differing significantly from the physiologic type in the same lead.
antigen-antibody c. immune c..
antigenic c. a composite of different antigenic structures, such as a cell or a bacterium, or, by extension, a molecule containing two or more determinant groups of different antigenic specificities.
apical c. a set of anterior structures that characterize one or several developmental stages of members of the protozoan phylum Apicomplexa; includes the following structures, visible by electron microscopy: polar ring, conoid, rhoptries, micronemes, and subpellicular tubules.
atrial c. p wave in the electrocardiogram. SYN: auricular c..
auricular c. SYN: atrial c..
binary c. a noncovalent c. of two molecules; often referring to the enzyme-substrate c. in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Cf.:central c., Michaelis c.. SYN: enzyme-substrate c..
brain wave c. a specific combination of fast and slow electroencephalographic activity that recurs frequently enough to be identified as a discrete phenomenon.
brother c. SYN: Cain c..
Cain c. a rarely used term for extreme envy or jealousy of a brother, leading to hatred. SYN: brother c.. [Cain, biblical personage]
Carney c. an autosomal dominant condition of Cushing syndrome due to immunoglobulin-mediated ACTH receptor inhibition, cardiac and cutaneous myxomas, lentigines, melanotic schwannomas, and pituitary and testicular tumors.
castration c. 1. a child's fear of injury to the genitals by the parent of the same sex as punishment for unconcious guilt over oedipal feelings; 2. fantasied loss of the penis by a female or fear of its actual loss by a male; 3. unconscious fear of injury from those in authority. SYN: castration anxiety.
caudal pharyngeal c. the ultimobranchial body associated with the embryonic fourth and transitory fifth pharyngeal pouches.
central c. in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, the structural c. of the enzyme and all of the enzyme's substrates (or the enzyme with all of the enzyme's products) equivalent to the binary c. for a one-substrate enzyme. Cf.:binary c., Michaelis c..
charge transfer c. 1. a c. between two organic molecules in which an electron from one (the donor) is transferred to the other (the acceptor), becoming generally distributed throughout the latter; subsequent transfer of a hydrogen atom completes the reduction of the acceptor; such complexes are generally highly colored and may be so observed; 2. a network of hydrogen bridges at the catalytic center of certain proteases. SYN: charge transfer system.
Diana c. a rarely used term for ideas leading to the adoption of masculine traits and behavior in a female. [Diana, L. myth. char.]
diphasic c. a c. consisting of both positive and negative deflections.
EAHF c. a combination of allergies consisting of eczema, asthma and hay fever.
Eisenmenger c. the combination of ventricular septal defect with pulmonary hypertension and consequent right-to-left shunt through the defect, with or without an associated overriding aorta. SYN: Eisenmenger defect, Eisenmenger disease, Eisenmenger tetralogy.
Electra c. female counterpart of the Oedipus c. in the male; a term used to describe unresolved conflicts during childhood development toward the father which subsequently influence a woman's relationships with men. SYN: father c.. [Electra, daughter of Agamemnon]
electrocardiographic c. a deflection or group of deflections in the electrocardiogram.
enzyme-substrate c. SYN: binary c..
equiphasic c. SYN: isodiphasic c..
father c. SYN: Electra c..
femininity c. in psychoanalysis, the unconscious fear, in boys and men, of castration at the hands of the mother with resultant identification with the aggressor and envious desire for breasts and vagina.
Ghon c. SYN: Ghon tubercle.
Golgi c. SYN: Golgi apparatus.
H-2 c. term that denotes genes of the major histocompatibility c. in the mouse.
histocompatibility c. a family of fifty or more genes on the sixth human chromosome that code for cell surface proteins and play a role in the immune response.Histocompatibility genes control the production of proteins on the outer membranes of tissue and blood cells, especially lymphocytes, and are essential elements in cell-cell recognition and interaction. Surface proteins also determine the level and type of immune response, are involved in the presentation of antigens to the immune system, and may serve other biochemical and immunologic functions. In the case of allografts, the greater the histocompatibility (i.e., the closer the match between donor and recipient cell surface antigens), the less the likelihood of rejection. The major histocompatibility determinants are the human leukocyte antigens (HLA). HLA typing of a potential marrow donor and a potential transplant recipient is used to predict graft rejection and graft-versus-host disease.
HLA c. the major histocompatibility c. in humans. SEE ALSO: human leukocyte antigens, under antigen.
immune c. antigen combined with specific antibody, to which complement may also be fixed, and which may precipitate or remain in solution. Frequently associated with autoimmune disease.
inferiority c. a sense of inadequacy which is expressed in extreme shyness, diffidence, or timidity, or as a compensatory reaction in exhibitionism or aggressiveness.
inferior olivary c. [TA] the three nuclei that collectively form what is commonly called the inferior olivary nucleus. These are the principal olivary nucleus (with its dorsal, ventral, and lateral lamellae) and the medial accessory and posterior (dorsal) accessory olivary nuclei. SEE ALSO: principal olivary nucleus. SYN: complexus olivaris inferior [TA] .
iron-dextran c. a colloidal solution of ferric hydroxide in c. with partially hydrolyzed dextran; used in the treatment of iron deficiency anemias by intramuscular injection.
isodiphasic c. a diphasic c. whose positive and negative deflections are approximately equal. SYN: equiphasic c..
j-g c. SYN: juxtaglomerular c..
Jocasta c. a rarely used term for a mother's libidinous fixation on a son. [Jocasta, mother and wife of Oedipus]
junctional c. the attachment zone between epithelial cells, typically consisting of the zonula occludens, the zonula adherens, and the macula adherens (desmosome).
juxtaglomerular c. a c. consisting of the juxtaglomerular cells, which are modified smooth muscle cells in the wall of the afferent glomerular arteriole and sometimes also the efferent arteriole; extraglomerular mesangium lacis cells, which are located in the angle between the afferent and efferent glomerular arterioles; the macula densa of the distal convoluted tubule; and granular epithelial peripolar cells located at the angle of reflection of the parietal to the visceral capsule of the renal corpuscle; believed to provide some feedback control of extracellular fluid volume and glomerular filtration rate. SYN: j-g c., juxtaglomerular apparatus.
K c. high amplitude, diphasic frontocental slow waves in the electroencephalogram related to arousal from sleep by a sound; characteristic of sleep stages 2, 3, and 4.
α-keto acid dehydrogenase c. See α-keto acid dehydrogenase.
α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase c. SYN: α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.
Lear c. a rarely used term for a father's libidinous fixation on a daughter. [Lear, Shakespearean character]
MAC c. SYN: membrane attack c..
major histocompatibility c. (MHC) a group of linked loci, collectively termed H-2 c. in the mouse and HLA c. in humans, that codes for cell-surface histocompatibility antigens and is the principal determinant of tissue type and transplant compatibility. SEE ALSO: human leukocyte antigens, under antigen.
mediator c. co-activation proteins involved in RNA polymerase transcription of DNA segments.
membrane attack c. (MAC) a c. of complement components (C5–C9) that, when activated, bind to the membrane of a target cell, penetrating it with a hydrophobic residue exteriorly and a hydrophilic residue in the interior of the cell; this allows passage of ions and water, swelling of the cell and subsequent lysis. SYN: MAC c..
Meyenburg c. clusters of small bile ducts occurring in polycystic livers, separate from the portal areas.
Michaelis c. binary c. of an enzyme.
minor histocompatibility c. (MHC) genes outside of MHC that are present on various chromosomes that encode antigens contributing to graft rejection.
monophasic c. a c. in the electrocardiogram that is entirely negative or entirely positive.
multienzyme c. a structurally distinct and ordered collection of enzymes, often catalyzing successive steps in a metabolic pathway ( E.G., pyruvate dehydrogenase c.).
Oedipus c. a developmentally distinct group of associated ideas, aims, instinctual drives, and fears generally observed in male children 3 to 6 years old: coinciding with the peak of the phallic phase of psychosexual development, the child's sexual interest is attached primarily to the parent of the opposite sex and is accompanied by aggressive feelings toward the parent of the same sex; in psychoanalytic theory, it is replaced by the castration c.. [Oedipus, G. myth. char.]
ostiomeatal c. point where the frontal and maxillary sinuses normally drain into the nasal cavity; obstruction produces inflammation of affected sinus cavities. SYN: ostiomeatal unit.
persecution c. a feeling that others have evil designs against one's well-being.
primary c. SYN: Ranke c..
pyruvate dehydrogenase c. pyruvate dehydrogenase.
QRS c. portion of electrocardiogram corresponding to the depolarization of ventricular cardiac cells.
Ranke c. the typical lesions of primary pulmonary tuberculosis, consisting of a small peripheral focus of infection (Ghon focus), with hilar or paratracheal lymph node involement. SYN: primary c..
ribosome-lamella c. a cylindric cytoplasmic inclusion composed of concentrically arranged sheets of membranes alternating with rows of ribosomes; characteristic of the hairy cell in leukemic reticuloendotheliosis.
Shone c. an obstructive lesion of the mitral valve c. with left ventricular outflow obstruction and coarctation of the aorta.
sicca c. dryness of the mucous membranes, as of the eyes and mouth, in the absence of a connective tissue disease such as rheumatoid arthritis.
spike and wave c. a generalized, synchronous pattern seen on the electroencephalogram, consisting of a sharply contoured fast wave followed by a slow wave; particularly found in patients with generalized epilepsies. Spike and wave complexes are often characterized by their frequency, e.g., slow spike and wave, fast spike and wave.
superiority c. term sometimes given to the compensatory behavior, e.g., aggressiveness, self-assertion, associated with inferiority c..
superior olivary c. superior olivary nucleus.
symptom c. 1. See syndrome. 2. See c. (1) .
synaptinemal c. a submicroscopic structure interposed between the homologous chromosome pairs during synapsis. SYN: synaptonemal c..
synaptonemal c. SYN: synaptinemal c..
Tacaribe c. of viruses a group of arenaviruses (New World) that includes the antigenically related arboviruses Amapari, Junin, Latino, Machupo, Parana, Pichinde, Tacaribe, and Tamiami.
ternary c. term used to describe the tripartite combination of, for example, enzyme-cofactor-substrate or enzyme-substrate₁-substrate₂ for a multisubstrate enzyme, the active form involved in many enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
triple symptom c. SYN: Behçet syndrome.
VATER c. a constellation of vertebral defects, anal atresia, tracheoesophageal fistula with esophageal atresia, and renal and radial anomalies; associated with Fanconi anemia.
ventricular c. the continuous QRST waves of each beat in the electrocardiogram.
ventrobasal c. [TA] the large posterior part of the ventral nucleus of the thalamus receiving the somatic sensory lemnisci (medial lemniscus, spinothalamic tract, trigeminal lemniscus) and the ascending gustatory (taste) lemniscus and projecting in turn by way of the internal capsule to the cortex of the postcentral gyrus. This c. of nuclei is somatotopically organized and subdivided into a ventral posterolateral nucleus [TA] (nucleus ventralis posterolateralis [TA]) representing the leg, a ventral posterior intermediate nucleus representing the arm, and a ventral posteromedial nucleus [TA] (nucleus ventralis posteromedialis [TA]) representing the face and an arcuate nucleus of thalamus receiving the gustatory lemniscus. SYN: nuclei ventrobasales [TA] , ventrobasal nuclei (c.) [TA] , nucleus ventralis posterior thalami.

complexion
complexion (kom-plek′shun)

The color, texture, and general appearance of the skin of the face. [L. complexio, a combination, (later) physical condition]

complexity
complexity (kom-pleks′i-te)

The state of consisting of many interrelated parts.
chemical c. the number of different sequences in DNA as defined by hybridization kinetics.

complexus
complexus (kom-plek′sus)

Obsolete term for semispinalis capitis (muscle). [L. an embracing, encircling]
c. olivaris inferior [TA] SYN: inferior olivary complex.
c. stimulans cordis [TA] SYN: conducting system of heart.

compliance
compliance (kom-pli′ans)

1. A measure of the distensibility of a chamber expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. 2. The consistency and accuracy with which a patient follows the regimen prescribed by a physician or other health professional. Cf.:adherence (2) , maintenance. 3. A measure of the ease with which a structure or substance may be deformed. In medicine and physiology, usually a measure of the ease with which a hollow viscus ( e.g., lung, urinary bladder, gallbladder) may be distended, i.e., the volume change resulting from the application of a unit pressure differential between the inside and outside of the viscus; the reciprocal of elastance. [M.E. fr. O.Fr., fr. L. compleo, to fulfill]
bladder c. change in volume of bladder for a given change in pressure; can be calculated from a cytometrogram's pressure volume curve. SYN: c. of bladder, detrusor c..
c. of bladder SYN: bladder c..
detrusor c. SYN: bladder c..
dynamic c. of lung the value obtained when lung c. is estimated during breathing by dividing the tidal volume by the difference in instantaneous transpulmonary pressures at the ends of the respiratory excursions, when flow in the airway is momentarily zero; this value deviates markedly from static c. in patients in whom resistances and compliances are not uniform throughout the lung ( i.e., uneven time constants).
c. of heart the reciprocal of passive or diastolic stiffness of the ventricle of the heart, most commonly of the left ventricle; one may distinguish between c. of the muscle and c. of the supportive structures, although ordinarily both are considered together (chamber c.); a hypertrophied or scarred heart will manifest a stiff wall, i.e., decreased c..
specific c. 1. the c. of a structure divided by its initial volume; 2. more specifically for the lungs, the c. divided by the functional residual capacity.
static c. the value obtained when c. is measured at true equilibrium, i.e., in the absence of any motion.
thoracic c. that portion of total ventilatory c. ascribable to c. of the thoracic cage.
ventilatory c. the sum of dynamic c. of the lung and thoracic c..

complicated
complicated (kom′pli-ka-ted)

Made complex; denoting a disease upon which a morbid process or event has been superimposed, altering symptoms and modifying its course for the worse. [L. com-plico, pp. -atus, to fold together]

complication
complication (kom-pli-ka′shun)

A morbid process or event occurring during a disease that is not an essential part of the disease, although it may result from it or from independent causes.

component
component (kom-po′nent)

An element forming a part of the whole. [L. com-pono, pp. -positus, to place together]
anterior c. of force a force operating to move teeth anteriorly.
c. of complement (C) any one of the nine distinct protein units designated C1 through C9. See complement. SEE ALSO: complement pathways.
c. of force 1. one of the factors from which a resultant force may be compounded or into which it may be resolved; 2. one of the vectors into which a force may be resolved.
components of mastication the various jaw movements that are made during the act of mastication, as determined by the neuromuscular system, the temporomandibular articulations, the teeth, and the food being chewed; divided, for purposes of analysis or description, into opening, closing, left lateral, right lateral, and anteroposterior components.
components of occlusion the various factors involved in occlusion, such as the temporomandibular joint, the associated neuromusculature, the teeth, and the denture-supporting structures.
plasma thromboplastin c. (PTC) SYN: factor IX.
secretory c. a polypeptide chain found in external secretions ( e.g., tears, saliva, colostrum) associated with the immunoglobulins IgA and IgM. It also may occur in free form. The secretory piece is derived by proteolytic cleavage of the immunoglobulin receptor on epithelial cells.

composite
composite (kom-poz′-it)

A colloquial term for resin materials used in restorative dentistry. [L. compositus, put together, fr. compono, to put together]

composition
composition (kom-po-zish′un)

In chemistry, the kinds and numbers of atoms constituting a molecule. [L. compono, to arrange]
base c. the proportions of the four bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine or uracil) present in DNA or RNA; usually expressed as the percentage (mol %) of G plus C.
modeling c. SYN: modeling plastic.

compos mentis
compos mentis (kom′pos men′tis)

Of sound mind; usually used in its opposite form, non c.. [L. possessed of one's mind; compos, having control, + mens (ment-), mind]

compound
compound (kom′pownd)

1. In chemistry, a substance formed by the covalent or electrostatic union of two or more elements, generally differing entirely in physical characteristics from any of its components. 2. In pharmacy, denoting a preparation containing several ingredients. For compounds not listed here, see the specific chemical or pharmaceutical names. [through O.Fr., fr. L. compono]
acetone c. SYN: ketone body.
acyclic c. an organic c. in which the chain does not form a ring. SYN: aliphatic c., open chain c..
addition c. 1. strictly, a complex of two or more complete molecules in which each preserves its fundamental structure and no covalent bonds are made or broken ( e.g., hydrates of salts, adducts); 2. loosely, association of acids with basic organic compounds ( e.g., amines with HCl); 3. more loosely, addition of two molecules without loss of any atom, but forming new covalent bonds ( e.g., CH₂&dbond;CH₂ + Br₂ → BrCH₂&cbond;CH₂Br).
alicyclic compounds cyclic c..
aliphatic c. SYN: acyclic c..
APC c. an analgesic tablet drug combination containing aspirin, phenacetin, and caffeine. Very widely used in the 1940s through 1960s; original constituents of popular over-the-counter pain remedies. Use currently much diminished due to concerns about potential renal injury due to the phenacetin.
aromatic c. cyclic c..
carbamino c. any carbamic acid derivative formed by the combination of carbon dioxide with a free amino group to form an N-carboxy group, &cbond;NH&cbond;COOH, as in hemoglobin forming carbaminohemoglobin.
closed chain c. SYN: cyclic c..
condensation c. a c. resulting from the combination of two or more simple substances, with the splitting off of some other substance, such as alcohol or water; e.g., a peptide. Cf.:conjugated c..
conjugated c. a c. formed by the union of two compounds (as by the elimination of water between an alcohol and an organic acid to form an ester) and easily converted to the original compounds (hydrolysis). SEE ALSO: conjugation (4) . Cf.:condensation c..
cyclic c. any c. in which the constituent atoms, or any part of them, form a ring. Used mainly in organic chemistry where: 1) numerous compounds contain rings of carbon atoms (carbocyclic compounds) or carbon atoms plus one or more atoms of other types (heterocyclic compounds), usually nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; 2) where the atoms in the ring are all of the same element (homocyclic or isocyclic c.); 3) where the ring is saturated or contains nonconjugated double bonds (alicyclic c.), the c. is similar in properties to the corresponding acyclic c. ( e.g., cyclohexane resembles hexane); 4) where the ring contains conjugated double bonds in a closed loop in which there are 4n + 2 (where n is an integer) delocalized π electrons (Hückel rule) (aromatic c.; e.g., benzene, pyridine), it is more stable than the corresponding saturated ring and exhibits unusual chemical properties characteristic of itself and not of other types of rings or of acyclic compounds. These aromatic compounds have the ability to sustain an induced ring current. SYN: closed chain c., ring c..
genetic c. SYN: c. heterozygote.
glycosyl c. the c. formed between a sugar and another organic substance in which the OH of the reducing (hemiacetal) group of the former is removed; e.g., the natural nucleosides, in which a heterocyclic N becomes linked directly to the C-1 of ribose (or deoxyribose) to yield ribosyl compounds. Cf.:glycoside.
heterocyclic c. cyclic c..
high-energy compounds classically, a group of phosphoric esters whose hydrolysis takes place with a standard free energy change of −5 to −15 kcal/mol (or −20 to −63 kJ/mol) (in contrast to −1 to −4 kcal/mol, or −4 to −17 kJ/mol) for simple phosphoric esters like glucose 6-phosphate or α-glycerophosphates, thus being capable of driving energy-consuming reactions in living cells or reconstituted cell-free systems; adenosine 5′-triphosphate, with respect to the β- and γ-phosphates, is the best known and is regarded as the immediate energy source for most metabolic syntheses. Other examples include acid anhydrides, phosphoric esters of enols, phosphamic acid (R&cbond;NH&cbond;PO₃H₂) derivatives, acyl thioesters ( e.g., of coenzyme A), sulfonium compounds (R₃&cbond;S⁺), and aminoacyl esters of ribosyl moieties. SEE ALSO: high-energy phosphates, under phosphate.
homocyclic c. cyclic c..
impression c. SYN: modeling plastic.
inclusion c. the mechanical trapping of small molecules within spaces between other molecules; e.g., the inclusion of iodine molecules by starch molecules to form the well-known red-to-black “addition c.”
inorganic c. a c. in which the atoms or radicals consist of elements other than carbon and are typically held together by electrostatic forces rather than by covalent bonds; often are capable of dissociation into ions in polar solvents ( e.g., H₂O). Cf.:organic c..
isocyclic c. cyclic c..
Kendall compounds a group of corticosteroids. Kendall's c. A (11-dehydrocorticosterone, Kendall c. B (corticosterone), Kendall c. E (cortisone), Kendall c. F (cortisol). SYN: Kendall substance.
meso compounds compounds containing more than one asymmetric carbon atom, with configurations about them so balanced that the molecule as a whole possesses a plane of symmetry, although the individual carbon atoms do not; such compounds are not optically active; e.g., ribitol, mucic acid, meso-inositol, meso-cystine.
methonium compounds agents that either block impulses in ganglia ( e.g., hexamethonium) and are used in arterial hypertension or block at neuromuscular junctions and are used for neuromusclar paralysis in surgery ( e.g., decamethonium).
modeling c. SYN: modeling plastic.
nonpolar c. a c. composed of molecules that possess a symmetrical distribution of charge, so that no positive or negative poles exist, and that are not ionizable in solution; e.g., hydrocarbons. SEE ALSO: organic c..
open chain c. SYN: acyclic c..
organic c. a c. composed of atoms (some of which are carbon) held together by covalent (shared electron) bonds. Cf.:inorganic c..
polar c. a c. in which the electric charge is not symmetrically distributed, so that there is a separation of charge or partial charge and formation of definite positive and negative poles; e.g., H₂O. See also inorganic c..
Reichstein c. SYN: Reichstein substance.
ring c. SYN: cyclic c..
Wintersteiner c. F SYN: cortisone.

comprehension
comprehension (kom-pre-hen′shun)

Knowledge or understanding of an object, situation, event, or verbal statement.

compress
compress (kom′pres)

A pad of gauze or other material applied for local pressure. [L. com-primo, pp. -pressus, to press together]
graduated c. layers of cloth thickest in the center, becoming thinner toward the periphery.
wet c. gauze moistened with saline or antiseptic solution.

compression
compression (kom-presh′un)

A squeezing together; the exertion of pressure on a body in such a way as to tend to increase its density; the decrease in a dimension of a body under the action of two external forces directed toward one another in the same straight line.
c. of brain SYN: cerebral c..
cerebral c. pressure upon the intracranial tissues by an effusion of blood or cerebrospinal fluid, an abscess, a neoplasm, a depressed fracture of the skull, or an edema of the brain. SYN: c. of brain.
c. limiting a hearing aid circuit in which amplification is reduced at high input levels.
c. of tissue SYN: tissue displaceability.
wide dynamic range c. a hearing aid circuit in which amplification is increased across the frequency range at low input levels.

compressor
compressor (kom-pres′er, -or)

1. A muscle, contraction of which causes compression of any structure. 2. An instrument for making pressure on a part, especially on an artery to prevent loss of blood. SYN: compressorium.
c. urethrae [TA] part of female external urethral sphincter arising from the ischiopubic rami, posterior to the plane of the urethra, passing anteriorly and medially to fuse with the contralateral muscle anterior to the urethra and blending with the other parts of the external urethral sphincter (sphincter urethrovaginalis inferiorly and sphincter urethrae superiorly). SEE ALSO: external urethral sphincter.
c. venae dorsalis penis a variation of the bulbospongiosus muscle in which some fibers pass dorsal to the dorsal vein of the penis; thought at one time to be an important component in the mechanism of erection. SYN: Houston muscle.

compressorium
compressorium (kom-pres-or′e-um)

SYN: compressor (2) .

Compton
Compton

Arthur H., U.S. physicist and Nobel laureate, 1892–1962. See C. effect, C. scattering.

Compton scattering
Compton scattering

SYN: Compton effect.

compulsion
compulsion (kom-pul′shun)

Uncontrollable thoughts or impulses to perform an act, often repetitively, as an unconscious mechanism to avoid unacceptable ideas and desires which, by themselves, arouse anxiety; the anxiety becomes fully manifest if performance of the compulsive act is prevented; may be associated with obsessive thoughts. [L. com-pello pp. -pulsus, to drive together, compel]

compulsive
compulsive (kom-pul′siv)

Influenced by compulsion; of a compelling and irresistible nature.

computer
computer

A programmable electronic device that can be used to store and manipulate data in order to carry out designated functions; the two fundamental components are hardware, i.e., the actual electronic device, and software, i.e., the instructions or program used to carry out the function.

con- con-

With, together, in association; appears as com- before p, b, or m, as col- before l, and as co- before a vowel; corresponds to G. syn-. [L. cum, with, together]

conA
conA, con A

Abbreviation for concanavalin A.

conalbumin
conalbumin (kon-al-bu′min)

A glycoprotein containing d-mannose and d-galactose, constituting about 12% of total solids of egg white. It will bind iron ions. SYN: ovotransferrin.

conanine
conanine (kon′a-nen)

A steroid alkaloid; pregnane with a methylimino group bridging C-18 and C-20 (in α-configuration). SEE ALSO: conessine.

conarium
conarium (ko-na′re-um)

SYN: pineal body. [G. konarion (dim. of konos, cone), the pineal body]

conation
conation (ko-na′shun)

The conscious tendency to act, usually an aspect of mental process; historically aligned with cognition and affection, but more recently used in the wider sense of impulse, desire, purposeful striving. [L. conatio, an undertaking, effort]

conative
conative (kon′a-tiv)

Pertaining to, or characterized by, conation.

conatus
conatus (ko-nah′tus, -na′tus)

A striving toward self-preservation and self-affirmation. [L. attempt]

concameration
concameration (kon-kam-er-a′shun)

A system of interconnecting cavities. [L. concameratio, a vault; fr. concamero, pp. -atus, to vault over, fr. camera, a vault]

concanavalin A
concanavalin A (conA, con A) (kon-ka-nav′a-lin)

A phytomitogen, extracted from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) that agglutinates the blood of mammals and reacts with glucosans; like other phytohemagglutinins, conA stimulates T lymphocytes more vigorously than it does B lymphocytes.

concatamer
concatamer (kon-kat-a-mer)

A linear repeat of restriction fragments. [concatenate + -mer]

concatenate
concatenate (kon-kat′e-nat)

Denoting the arrangement of a number of structures, e.g., enlarged lymph glands, in a row like the links of a chain. [L. concateno, pp. -atus, to link together, fr. catena, a chain]

Concato
Concato

Luigi M., Italian physician, 1825–1882. See C. disease.

concave
concave (kon′kav)

Having a depressed or hollowed surface. [L. concavus, arched or vaulted]

concavity
concavity (kon-kav′i-te)

A hollow or depression, with more or less evenly curved sides, on any surface.

concavoconcave
concavoconcave (kon-ka′vo-kon′kav)

SYN: biconcave.

concavoconvex
concavoconvex (kon-ka′vo-kon′veks)

Concave on one surface and convex on the opposite surface.

concentration
concentration (c) (kon-sen-tra′shun)

1. A preparation made by extracting a crude drug, precipitating from the solution, and drying. 2. Increasing the amount of solute in a given volume of solution by evaporation of the solvent. 3. The quantity of a substance per unit volume or weight. In renal physiology, symbol U for urinary c., P for plasma c.; in respiratory physiology, symbol C for amount per unit volume in blood, F for fractional c. (mole fraction or volume per volume) in dried gas; subscripts indicate location and chemical species. [L. con-, together, + centrum, center]
Baermann c. preparation that relies on the principle that active nematode larvae will migrate from a fresh fecal specimen through several layers of gauze into tap water, from which the larvae can be recovered by centrifugation.
buffy coat c. centrifugation of whole blood containing anticoagulant to obtain a buffy coat layer containing white blood cells; blood films for staining can be prepared from this layer of cells and examined for the presence of parasites (trypanosomes and intracellular leishmaniae).
critical micelle c. (cmc) the c. at which an amphipathic molecule ( E.G., a phospholipid) will form a micelle.
fecal c. preparation using centrifugation and either flotation or sedimentation methods to separate parasitic elements from fecal debris.
formalin-ether sedimentation c. a sedimentation method to separate parasitic elements from fecal debris through centrifugation and the use of ether to trap debris in a separate layer from the parasites.
formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation c. a sedimentation method to separate parasitic elements from fecal debris through centrifugation and the use of ethyl acetate (substitute for ether) to trap debris in a separate layer from the parasites.
gravity c. a method of separating parasites from debris through gravity sedimentation of fecal suspensions.
M c. the maximum number of bacterial cells which can be produced in a unit volume of growth medium.
mean corpuscular hemoglobin c. (MCHC) Hgb/Hct;the average hemoglobin c. in a given volume of packed red cells, calculated from the hemoglobin therein and the hematocrit, in erythrocyte indices.
microhematocrit c. the centrifugation of whole, anticoagulated blood, using microhematocrit tubes, to obtain a buffy coat layer containing white blood cells; blood films for staining can be prepared from this layer of cells and examined for the presence of parasites (trypanosomes and intracellular leishmaniae).
minimal alveolar c. the end-alveolar c. of an inhalation anesthetic that prevents somatic response to a painful stimulus in 50% of individuals; an index of relative potency of inhalation anesthetics. SYN: minimal anesthetic c..
minimal anesthetic c. (MAC) SYN: minimal alveolar c..
minimal inhibitory c. (MIC) the lowest c. of antibiotic sufficient to inhibit bacterial growth when tested in vitro.
molar c. molar (4) .
normal c. (n) normal (3) .
zinc sulfate flotation c. a method using saturated zinc sulfate to separate parasitic elements from fecal debris through differences in specific gravity; most parasite cysts, oocysts, spores, eggs, and larvae can be found in the surface film after centrifugation.

concentric
concentric (kon-sen′trik)

Having a common center, such that two or more spheres, circles, or segments of circles are within one another.

concept
concept (kon′sept)

1. An abstract idea or notion. 2. An explanatory variable or principle in a scientific system. SYN: conception (1) . [L. conceptum, something understood, pp. ntr. of concipio, to receive, apprehend]
no-threshold c. that the biologic effect of radiation is proportional to dose, even for minutely small doses.
self-c. an individual's sense of self, including self-definition in the various social roles one enacts, including assessment of one's own status with respect to a single trait or to many human dimensions, using societal or personal norms as criteria.

concepti
concepti (kon-sep′ti)

Plural of conceptus.

conception
conception (kon-sep′shun)

1. SYN: concept. 2. Act of forming a general idea or notion. 3. Act of conceiving; the implantation of the blastocyte in the endometrium. [L. conceptio; see concept]
imperative c. a concept that does not arise from association but appears spontaneously and refuses to be banished.
retained products of c. fragments of fetal, placental, or membrane tissue remaining in utero following delivery or abortion, posing an increased risk of bleeding or infection.

conceptual
conceptual (kon-sep′chu-al)

Relating to the formation of ideas, usually higher order abstractions, to mental conceptions.

conceptus
conceptus, pl .concepti (kon-sep′tus, -sep′ti)

The product of conception, i.e., embryo or fetus and membranes.

concha
concha, pl .conchae (kon′ka, kon′ke) [tA]

In anatomy, a structure comparable to a shell in shape, as the auricle or pinna of the ear or a turbinate bone in the nose. [L. a shell]
c. of auricle [TA] the large hollow, or floor of the auricle, between the anterior portion of the helix and the antihelix; it is divided by the crus of the helix into the cymba above and the cavum below. SYN: c. auriculae [TA] , c. of ear.
c. auriculae [TA] SYN: c. of auricle.
c. bullosa abnormal pneumatization of the middle turbinate that may interfere with normal ventilation of sinus ostia and can result in recurrent sinusitis.
c. of ear SYN: c. of auricle.
highest c. SYN: supreme nasal c..
inferior nasal c. [TA] 1. a thin, spongy, bony plate with curved margins, on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity, separating the middle from the inferior meatus; it articulates with the ethmoid, lacrimal, maxilla, and palate bones; 2. the above bony plate and its thick mucoperiosteum containing an extensive cavernous vascular bed for heat exchange. SYN: c. nasalis inferior [TA] , inferior turbinated bone, turbinated body (2) .
middle nasal c. [TA] 1. the middle thin, spongy, bony plate with curved margins, part of the ethmoidal labyrinth, projecting from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and separating the superior meatus from the middle meatus; 2. the above bony plate and its thick mucoperiosteum containing a cavernous vascular bed for heat exchange. SYN: c. nasalis media [TA] , middle turbinated bone, turbinated body (2) .
Morgagni c. SYN: superior nasal c..
c. nasalis inferior [TA] SYN: inferior nasal c..
c. nasalis media [TA] SYN: middle nasal c..
c. nasalis superior [TA] SYN: superior nasal c..
c. nasalis suprema [TA] SYN: supreme nasal c..
Santorini c., c. santorini SYN: supreme nasal c..
sphenoidal conchae [TA] pyramidal paired ossicles, the spines of which are in contact with the medial pterygoid lamina, the bases forming the roof of the nasal cavity. SYN: conchae sphenoidales [TA] , Bertin bones, Bertin ossicles, sphenoidal turbinated bones.
conchae sphenoidales [TA] SYN: sphenoidal conchae.
superior nasal c. [TA] 1. the upper thin, spongy, bony plate with curved margins, part of the ethmoidal labyrinth, projecting from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and separating the superior meatus from the sphenoethmoidal recess; 2. the above bony plate and its thick mucoperiosteum, which is less vascular than that of the middle and inferior conchae. SYN: c. nasalis superior [TA] , Morgagni c., superior turbinated bone, turbinated body (2) .
supreme c. SYN: supreme nasal c..
supreme nasal c. [TA] a small c. frequently present on the posterosuperior part of the lateral nasal wall; it overlies the supreme nasal meatus. SYN: c. nasalis suprema [TA] , fourth turbinated bone, highest c., highest turbinated bone, Santorini c., c. santorini, supraturbinal, supreme c., supreme turbinated bone, turbinated body (2) .

conchoidal
conchoidal (kon-koy′dal)

Shaped like a shell; having alternate convexities and concavities on the surface. [concha + G. eidos, appearance]

concomitance
concomitance (kon-kom′i-tans)

In esotropia, one eye accompanying the other in all excursions, as in concomitant strabismus. [con- + L. comito-, pp. -atus, to accompany]

concomitant
concomitant

SYN: comitant.

concordance
concordance (kon-kor′dans)

1. Agreement in the types of data that occur in natural pairs. For example, in a trait like schizophrenia, a pair of identical twins is concordant if both are affected or both are unaffected; it is discordant if one of them only is affected. Likewise, the pairs might be non-identical twins, or sibs, or husband and wife, etc. 2. A negotiated, shared agreement between clinician and patient concerning treatment regimen(s), outcomes, and behaviors; a more cooperative relationship than those based on issues of compliance and noncompliance. [L. concordia, agreeing, harmony]

concordant
concordant (kon-kor′dant)

Denoting or exhibiting concordance.

concrement
concrement (kon′kre-ment)

A concretion; a deposit of calcareous material in a part. [L. con- cresco, to grow together]

concrescence
concrescence (kon-kres′ens)

1. SYN: coalescence. 2. In dentistry, the union of the roots of two adjacent teeth by cementum. [see concrement]

concretio cordis
concretio cordis (kon-kre′she-o kor′dis)

Extensive adhesion between parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium with partial or complete obliteration of the pericardial cavity. SYN: internal adhesive pericarditis.

concretion
concretion (kon-kre′shun)

The formation of solid material by aggregation of discrete units or particles. [L. cum, together, + crescere, to grow]

concretization
concretization (kon′kret-i-za′shun)

Inability to abstract with an overemphasis on specific details; seen in mental disorders, such as dementia and schizophrenia, and also normally in children. [L. con-cresco, pp. -cretus, to grow together, harden]

concussion
concussion (kon-kush′un)

1. A violent shaking or jarring. 2. An injury of a soft structure, as the brain, resulting from a blow or violent shaking. SYN: commotio. [L. concussio, fr. con- cutio, pp. -cussus, to shake violently]
brain c. a clinical syndrome due to mechanical, usually traumatic, forces; characterized by immediate and transient impairment of neural function, such as alteration of consciousness, disturbance of vision and equilibrium, etc. SYN: commotio cerebri.
spinal c. SYN: spinal cord c..
spinal cord c. injury to the spinal cord due to a blow to the vertebral column with transient or prolonged dysfunction below the level of the lesion. SYN: spinal c..

condensation
condensation (kon-den-sa′shun)

1. Making more solid or dense. 2. The change of a gas to a liquid, or of a liquid to a solid. 3. In psychoanalysis, an unconscious mental process in which one symbol stands for a number of others. 4. In dentistry, the process of packing a filling material into a cavity, using such force and direction that no voids result. [L. con-denso, pp. -atus, to make thick, condense]
aldol c. formation of an aldol (a β-hydroxy carbonyl compound) from two carbonyl compounds; the reverse reaction is an aldol cleavage; fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase catalyzes such a reaction.
Claisen c. the formation of a β-keto ester from two esters, one of which has an α-hydrogen atom; malate synthase, citrate synthase, and ATP citrate lyase all catalyze such reactions.

condense
condense (kon-dens′)

To pack; to increase the density of; applied particularly to insertion of gold foil or silver amalgam in a cavity prepared in a tooth.

condenser
condenser (kon-den′ser)

1. An apparatus for cooling a gas to a liquid, or a liquid to a solid. 2. In dentistry, a manual or powered instrument used for packing a plastic or unset material into a cavity of a tooth; variation in sizes and shapes allows conformation of the mass to the cavity outline. 3. The simple or compound lens on a microscope that is used to supply the illumination necessary for visibility of the specimen under observation. 4. SYN: capacitor.
Abbé c. a system of two or three wide-angle, achromatic, convex and planoconvex lenses that may be moved upward or downward beneath the stage of a microscope, thereby regulating the concentration of light (directly from a bulb or reflected from a mirror) that passes through the material to be examined on the stage.
automatic c. SYN: automatic plugger.
cardioid c. a type of dark-field c..
dark-field c. an apparatus for throwing reflected light through the microscope field, so that only the object to be examined is illuminated, the field itself being dark.
paraboloid c. a type of dark-field c..

condition
condition (kon-dish′un)

1. To train; to undergo conditioning. 2. A certain response elicited by a specifiable stimulus or emitted in the presence of certain stimuli with reward of the response during prior occurrence. 3. Referring to several classes of learning in the behavioristic branch of psychology. [L. conditio, fr. condico, to agree]
fibrocystic c. of the breast a benign disease common in women of the third, fourth, and fifth decades characterized by formation, in one or both breasts, of small cysts containing fluid which may appear as blue dome cysts; associated with stromal fibrosis and with variable degrees of intraductal epithelial hyperplasia and sclerosing adenosis. SYN: cystic hyperplasia of the breast.

conditioning
conditioning (kon-dish′un-ing)

The process of acquiring, developing, educating, establishing, learning, or training new responses in an individual. Used to describe both respondent and operant behavior; in both usages, refers to a change in the frequency or form of behavior as a result of the influence of the environment.
assertive c. SYN: assertive training.
aversive c. SYN: aversive training.
avoidance c. the technique whereby an organism learns to avoid unpleasant or punishing stimuli by learning the appropriate anticipatory response to protect it from further such stimuli. Cf.:escape c.. SYN: avoidance training.
classical c. a form of learning, as in Pavlov experiments, in which a previously neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus when presented together with an unconditioned stimulus. Also called stimulus substitution because the new stimulus evokes the response in question. SEE ALSO: respondent c.. SYN: stimulus substitution.
escape c. the technique whereby an organism learns to terminate unpleasant or punishing stimuli by making the appropriate new response which stops the delivery of such stimuli. Cf.:avoidance c.. SYN: escape training.
higher order c. the use of a previously conditioned stimulus to condition further responses, in much the same way unconditioned stimuli are used.
instrumental c. c. in which the response is a prerequisite to achieving some goal; often used as a synonym for operant c., but some psychologists make distinctions in the usages of these two terms.
operant c. a type of c. developed by Skinner in which an experimenter waits for the target response (head scratching) to be conditioned to occur (emitted) spontaneously, immediately after which the organism is given a reinforcer reward; after this procedure is repeated many times, the frequency of emission of the targeted response will have significantly increased over its pre-experiment base rate. SEE ALSO: schedules of reinforcement, under schedule. SYN: skinnerian c..
pavlovian c. SYN: respondent c..
respondent c. a type of c., first studied by I. P. Pavlov, in which a previously neutral stimulus (bell sound) elicits a response (salivation) as a result of pairing it (associating it contiguously in time) a number of times with an unconditioned or natural stimulus for that response (food shown to a hungry dog). SYN: pavlovian c..
second-order c. the use of a previously successfully conditioned stimulus as the unconditioned stimulus for further c..
skinnerian c. SYN: operant c..
trace c. c. when there is no temporal overlap between the c. stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus.

condom
condom (kon′dom)

Sheath or cover for the penis or vagina for use in the prevention of conception or infection during coitus.

conductance
conductance (kon-duk′tans)

1. A measure of conductivity; the ratio of the current flowing through a conductor to the difference in potential between the ends of the conductor; the c. of a circuit is the reciprocal of its resistance. 2. The ease with which a fluid or gas enters and flows through a conduit, air passage, or respiratory tract; the flow per unit pressure difference.

conduction
conduction (kon-duk′shun)

1. The act of transmitting or conveying certain forms of energy, such as heat, sound, or electricity, from one point to another, without evident movement in the conducting body. 2. The transmission of stimuli of various sorts by living protoplasm. [L. con- duco, pp. ductus, to lead, conduct]
aberrant ventricular c. abnormal intraventricular c. of a supraventricular beat, especially where surrounding beats are normally conducted. SYN: ventricular aberration.
accelerated c. any pathologically increased speed of c.; usually occurs between the atrium and ventricles as in the Wolff-Parkinson-White and Lown-Ganong-Levine syndromes; such accelerated pathways provide the bases for particular forms of reentry tachycardia.
air c. in relation to hearing, the transmission of sound to the inner ear through the external auditory canal and the structures of the middle ear.
anomalous c. c. of cardiac electrical impulses through any abnormal pathway.
antegrade c. SYN: anterograde c..
anterograde c. c. in the expected normal direction between any cardiac structures. SYN: antegrade c., forward c., orthograde c..
atrioventricular c. (AVC) , AV c. forward c. of the cardiac impulse from atria to ventricles via the AV node or any bypass tract, represented in the electrocardiogram by the PR interval. PH c. time is from the onset of the P wave to the first high-frequency component of the His bundle electrogram (normally 119 ± 38 msec); A-H c. time is from the onset of the first high-frequency component of the atrial electrogram to the first high-frequency component of the His bundle electrogram (normally 92 ± 38 msec); P-A c. time is from the onset of the P wave to the onset of the atrial electrogram (normally 27 ± 18 msec).
avalanche c. the discharge of an impulse from a neuron into a large number of neurons of the same physiologic system, thus producing the liberation of a very large amount of nervous energy by a given stimulus.
bone c. in relation to hearing, the transmission of sound to the inner ear through vibrations applied to the bones of the skull. SYN: osteophony.
concealed c. c. of an impulse through a part of the heart without direct evidence of its presence in the electrocardiogram; c. is inferred only because of its influence on the subsequent cardiac cycle.
decremental c. impaired c. in a portion of a fiber because of progressively lessening response of the unexcited portion of the fiber to the action potential coming toward it; it is manifested by decreasing speed of c., amplitude of action potential, and extent of spread of the impulse.
delayed c. first-degree AV block. See atrioventricular block, intraventricular block, bundle-branch block.
forward c. SYN: anterograde c..
intraatrial c. c. of the cardiac impulse through the atrial myocardium, represented by the P wave in the electrocardiogram.
intraventricular c. c. of the cardiac impulse through the ventricular myocardium, represented by the QRS complex in the electrocardiogram. HR c. time is from the onset of the first high frequency component of the His bundle electrogram to the onset of the QRS complex of the surface electrocardiogram (normally 43 ± 12 msec); HV c. time is from the onset of the first high-frequency component of the His bundle electrogram to the onset of the ventricular electrogram (normally approximates the HR interval but may be a little shorter). SYN: ventricular c..
nerve c. the transmission of an impulse along a nerve fiber.
orthograde c. SYN: anterograde c..
Purkinje c. c. of the cardiac impulse through the Purkinje system.
retrograde VA c. c. backward from the ventricles or from the AV node into and through the atria. SYN: retroconduction, ventriculoatrial c., VA c..
saltatory c. c. in which the nerve impulse jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next.
sinoventricular c. a rare form of c. of the sinus impulse during paralysis of the atrial muscle by hyperkalemia. The impulse leaves the sinus node and enters the internodal tracts rapidly achieving the junctional tissues but without inscribing a P wave due to the inactivation of the atrial muscle cells.
supernormal c. SYN: supranormal c..
supranormal c. transmission of an impulse during the brief period of the cardiac cycle when it would be expected to fail if it occurred outside this time interval; considered to be better than expected rather than better than normal. Cf.:supranormal excitability. SYN: supernormal c..
synaptic c. the c. of a nerve impulse across a synapse.
ventricular c. SYN: intraventricular c..
ventriculoatrial c. (VAC) , VA c. SYN: retrograde VA c..

conductivity
conductivity (kon-duk-tiv′i-te)

1. The power of transmission or conveyance of certain forms of energy, as heat, sound, and electricity, without perceptible motion in the conducting body. 2. The property, inherent in living protoplasm, of transmitting a state of excitation; e.g., in muscle or nerve.
hydraulic c. ease of pressure filtration of a liquid through a membrane; specifically, Kf = η(Q/A) (δx/δP), where Kf = hydraulic c., η = viscosity of the liquid being filtered, Q/A = volume of liquid filtered per unit time and unit area, and δx/δP = reciprocal of the pressure gradient through the membrane; solute concentrations should be identical on both sides of the membrane. Also applied more loosely to measurements on a total membrane of unknown area and thickness with unmeasured fluid viscosity (K = Q/δP).

conductor
conductor (kon-duk′ter, -tor)

1. A probe or sound with a groove along which a knife is passed in slitting open a sinus or fistula; a grooved director. 2. Any substance possessing conductivity.

conduit
conduit (kon′doo-it)

A channel.
apical-aortic c. a valved c. between the LV apex and aorta, used to treat severe otherwise unapproachable LV outflow tract obstruction.
ileal c. an isolated segment of ileum serving as a cutaneous replacement for the urinary bladder, into which ureters can be implanted, the lumen of which is connected to the skin; used following total cystectomy or other loss of normal bladder function requiring supravesical diversion. SYN: ileal bladder.

conduplicate
conduplicate (kon-doo′pli-kat)

Folded upon itself lengthwise. [L. con-, with, + duplico, pp. -atus]

conduplicato corpore
conduplicato corpore (kon-doo-pli-ka′to kor′por-e)

Condition in which the fetus is doubled up on itself in shoulder presentation.

condurango
condurango (kon-doo-rang′go)

The bark of Gonolobus c., Marsdenia c. (family Asclepiadaceae), a shrub of Ecuador and Peru; an aromatic bitter and astringent. [Peruv.]

condylar
condylar (kon′di-lar)

Relating to a condyle.

condylarthrosis
condylarthrosis (kon′di-lar-thro′sis)

A joint, like that of the knee, formed by condylar surfaces. [G. kondylos, condyle, + arthrosis, a jointing]

condyle
condyle (kon′dil) [TA]

A rounded articular surface at the extremity of a bone. SYN: condylus [TA] .
balancing side c. in dentistry, the mandibular c. on the side away from which the mandible moves in a lateral excursion.
c. of humerus [TA] the distal end of the humerus, including the trochlea, capitulum and the olecranon, coronoid and radial fossae. SYN: condylus humeri [TA] .
lateral c. [TA] c. farthest from the midline. SYN: condylus lateralis [TA] .
lateral c. of femur [TA] the lateral c. is longer than the medial c.. SYN: condylus lateralis femoris [TA] .
lateral c. of tibia [TA] the lateral c. is longer than the medial c.. SYN: condylus lateralis tibiae [TA] .
mandibular c. SYN: condylar process of mandible.
medial c. [TA] c. closest to midline. SYN: condylus medialis [TA] .
medial c. of femur [TA] the shorter c. closest to the midline. SYN: condylus medialis femoris [TA] .
medial c. of tibia [TA] the shorter c. closest to the midline. SYN: condylus medialis tibiae [TA] .
occipital c. [TA] one of two elongated oval facets on the undersurface of the occipital bone, one on each side of the foramen magnum, which articulate with the atlas. SYN: condylus occipitalis [TA] .
working side c. in dentistry, the mandibular c. on the side toward which the mandible moves in a lateral excursion.

condylectomy
condylectomy (kon-di-lek′to-me)

Excision of a condyle. [G. kondylos, condyle, + ektome, excision]

condylion
condylion (kon-dil′e-on)

A point on the lateral outer or medial inner surface of the condyle of the mandible. [G. kondylion, dim. of kondylos, condyle]

condyloid
condyloid (kon′di-loyd)

Relating to or resembling a condyle. [G. kondylodes, like a knuckle, fr. kondylos, condyle, + eidos, resemblance]

condyloma
condyloma, pl .condylomata (kon-di-lo′ma, -mah′ta)

A wartlike excrescence at the anus or vulva, or on the glans penis. [G. kondyloma, a knob]
c. acuminatum a contagious projecting warty growth on the external genitals or at the anus, consisting of fibrous overgrowths covered by thickened epithelium showing koilocytosis, due to sexual contact with infection by human papilloma virus; it is usually benign, although malignant change has been reported, associated with particular types of the virus. SYN: genital wart, venereal wart.
flat c. 1. SYN: c. latum. 2. a c. of the uterine cervix or other site caused by human papilloma virus infection and characterized histologically by koilocytosis without papillomatosis.
giant c. a large type of c. acuminatum found in the anus, vulva, or preputial sac of the penis of middle-aged, uncircumcised men; it tends to extend deeply and recur. SEE ALSO: verrucous carcinoma.
c. latum a secondary syphilitic eruption of flat-topped papules, occurring in groups covered by a necrotic layer of epithelial detritus, and secreting a seropurulent fluid; they are found at the anus and wherever contiguous folds of skin produce heat and moisture. SYN: flat c. (1) , moist papule, mucous papule.

condylomatous
condylomatous (kon-di-lo′ma-tus)

Relating to a condyloma.

condylotomy
condylotomy (kon-di-lot′o-me)

Division, without removal of a condyle. [G. kondylos, condyle, + tome, incision]

condylus
condylus (kon′di-lus) [TA]

SYN: condyle. [L. fr. G. kondylos, knuckle, the knuckle of any joint]
c. humeri [TA] SYN: condyle of humerus.
c. lateralis [TA] SYN: lateral condyle.
c. lateralis femoris [TA] SYN: lateral condyle of femur.
c. lateralis tibiae [TA] SYN: lateral condyle of tibia.
c. medialis [TA] SYN: medial condyle.
c. medialis femoris [TA] SYN: medial condyle of femur.
c. medialis tibiae [TA] SYN: medial condyle of tibia.
c. occipitalis [TA] SYN: occipital condyle.

cone
cone (kon)

1. A surface joining a circle to a point above the plane (containing the circle). 2. The photosensitive, outward-directed, conical process of a c. cell essential for sharp vision and color vision; cones are the only photoreceptor in the fovea centralis and become interspersed with increasing numbers of rods toward the periphery of the retina. SYN: c. cell of retina. 3. Metallic cylinder or truncated c., either circular or square in cross-section, used to confine a beam of x-rays. SYN: conus (1) . [G. konos, c.]
antipodal c. the set of astral rays of a dividing cell extending from the centriole in a direction opposite to the equatorial plate.
arterial c. SYN: conus arteriosus.
c. down to confine a beam of x-rays to a region of interest using a collimator or c. (3); colloq., to focus one's attention or activities.
elastic c. SYN: conus elasticus.
gutta-percha c. a c.-shaped, semirigid root canal filling material composed of gutta-percha and zinc oxide.
Haller cones SYN: lobules of epididymis, under lobule.
implantation c. SYN: axon hillock.
c. of light SYN: light reflex (3) .
medullary c. [TA] SYN: conus medullaris.
nerve growth c. a highly motile structure at the leading edge of an elongating axon.
ocular c. the c. of light in the interior of the eyeball with the base formed by the rays entering through the pupil and the apex focused on the retina.
Politzer luminous c. SYN: light reflex (3) .
pulmonary c. SYN: conus arteriosus.
retinal cones c. (2) .
silver c. pure silver c. with standard conical shape, used with cement to obturate dental root canals.
theca interna c. the conical thickening of thecal cells of an ovarian follicle with its apex pointed toward the surface.
twin c. two retinal cones fused together.
vascular cones SYN: lobules of epididymis, under lobule.

-cone -cone

The cusp of a tooth in the upper jaw.

conessi
conessi (ko-nes′e)

The bark of Holarrhena antidysenterica (family Apocynaceae), an Indian tree; used as an astringent and in the treatment of dysentery and amebiasis. SYN: kurchi bark. [E. Ind.]

conessine
conessine (kon′e-sen)

A steroid alkaloid derived from Holarrhena antidysenterica (conessi); a yellow astringent, used in the treatment of amebic dysentery and vaginal trichomoniasis. SYN: neriine, wrightine.

conexus
conexus, pl .conexus (ko-nek′sus)

SYN: connection. [L.]
c. intertendineus SYN: intertendinous connections of extensor digitorum, under connection.

confabulation
confabulation (kon′fab-u-la′shun)

The making of bizarre and incorrect responses, and a readiness to give a fluent but tangential answer, with no regard whatever to facts, to any question put; seen in amnesia and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. [L. con-fabulor, pp. -fabulatus, to talk together, fr. fabula, narrative]

confectio
confectio, gen. confectionis, pl .confectiones (kon-fek′she-o, -o′nis, -o′nez)

SYN: confection. [L. fr. conficio, pp. -fectus, to make ready, prepare]

confection
confection (kon-fek′shun)

A pharmaceutical preparation consisting of a drug mixed with honey or syrup; a soft solid, sometimes used as an excipient for pill masses. SYN: confectio, conserve, electuary. [L. confectio]

confertus
confertus (kon-fer′tus)

Arranged closely together; coalescing. [L. confercio, pp. -fertus, to cram together, fr. farcio, to fill full, cram]

confidentiality
confidentiality (kon′fi-den-she-al′i-te)

The statutorily protected right afforded to (and duty required of) specifically designated health professionals not to disclose information discerned during consultation with a patient. [L. con-fido, to trust, be assured]

configuration
configuration (kon-fig-u-ra′shun)

1. The general form of a body and its parts. 2. In chemistry, the spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule. The c. of a compound ( e.g., a sugar) is the unique spatial arrangement of its atoms such that no other arrangement of these atoms is superimposable thereon with complete correspondence, regardless of changes in conformation (i.e., twisting or rotation about single bonds); change of c. requires breaking and rejoining of bonds, as in going from d to l configurations of sugars. Cf.:conformation.
cis c. 1. See cis- (4) . 2. the property of two or more sites on the same molecule of DNA.

confinement
confinement (kon-fin′ment)

Lying-in; giving birth to a child. [L. confine (ntr.), a boundary, confine, fr. con- + finis, boundary]

conflict
conflict (kon′flikt)

Tension or stress experienced by an organism when satisfaction of a need, drive, motive, or wish is thwarted by the presence of other attractive or unattractive needs, drives, or motives.
approach-approach c. a situation of indecision and vacillation when an individual is confronted with two equally attractive alternatives.
approach-avoidance c. a situation of indecision and vacillation when the individual is confronted with a single object or event which has both attractive and unattractive qualities.
avoidance-avoidance c. a situation of indecision and vacillation when the individual is confronted with two equally unattractive alternatives.
c. of interest a c. between the professional or personal interests and needs of a health provider and his or her professional responsibilities toward a patient or other consumer.
interpersonal c. relating to a c. in the relations and social exchanges between persons. Cf.:intrapersonal c..
intrapersonal c. a c. that occurs solely in the psychological dynamics of the individual's own mind. See intrapsychic.
role c. the dilemma an individual experiences when required to play two different parts ( e.g., spouse and aggressive business competitor) that cannot be easily harmonized.

confluence
confluence (kon′floo-ens) [TA]

A flowing together; a joining of two or more streams. SYN: confluens [TA] . [L. confluens]
c. of sinuses [TA] a meeting place, at the internal occipital protuberance, of the superior sagittal, straight, occipital, drained by the two transverse sinuses of the dura mater. SYN: confluens sinuum [TA] .

confluens
confluens (kon-floo′enz) [TA]

SYN: confluence, confluence. [L.]
c. sinuum [TA] SYN: confluence of sinuses.

confluent
confluent (kon′floo-ent)

1. Joining; running together; denoting certain skin lesions which become merged, forming a patch; denoting a disease characterized by lesions which are not discrete, or distinct one from the other. 2. Denoting a bone formed by the blending together of two originally distinct bones. [L. con-fluo, to flow together]

confocal
confocal (kon-fo′kal)

See c. microscope.

conformation
conformation (kon-for-ma′shun)

The spatial arrangement of a molecule achieved by rotation of groups about single covalent bonds, without breaking any covalent bonds; the latter restriction differentiates c. from configuration (as in anomers and related stereoisomers) where a bond or bonds must be broken in going from one form (configuration) to another. C. is one of the most important aspects of sugar chemistry and is basic to an understanding of the chemical properties of sugars. Cf.:configuration.
boat c. Haworth conformational formulas of cyclic sugars.
envelope c. Haworth conformational formulas of cyclic sugars.

conformer
conformer (kon-for′mer)

A mold, usually of plastic material, used in surgical repair to maintain space in a cavity or to prevent closing by healing of an artificial or natural opening. [L. conformo, to fashion]

confounding
confounding

1. A situation in which the effects of two or more processes are not separated; the distortion of the apparent effect of an exposure on risk, brought about by the association with other factors that can influence the outcome. 2. A relationship between the effects of two or more causal factors observed in a set of data, such that it is not logically possible to separate the contribution of any single causal factor to the observed effects.

confrontation
confrontation (kon-fron-ta′shun)

The act by the therapist, or another patient in a therapy group, of openly interpreting a patient's resistances, attitudes, feelings, or effects upon either the therapist, the group, or its member(s).

confusion
confusion (kon-fu′zhun)

A mental state in which reactions to environmental stimuli are inappropriate because the person is bewildered, perplexed, or unable to orientate himself. [L. confusio, a confounding]

confusional
confusional (kon-fu′zhun-al)

Characterized by, or pertaining to, confusion.

congener
congener (kon′je-ner)

1. One of two or more things of the same kind, as of animal or plant with respect to classification. 2. One of two or more muscles with the same function. [L. con-, with, + genus, race]

congenerous
congenerous (kon-jen′er-us)

1. Having the same function; denoting certain muscles that are synergistic. 2. Derived from the same source, or of a similar nature. [see congener]

congenic
congenic (kon-jen′ik)

Relating to an inbred strain of animals produced by repeated crossing of one gene line onto another inbred (isogenic) line. [con- + G. genos, birth, + -ic]

congenital
congenital (kon-jen′i-tal)

Existing at birth, referring to certain mental or physical traits, anomalies, malformations, diseases, etc. which may be either hereditary or due to an influence occurring during gestation up to the moment of birth. SYN: congenitus. [L. congenitus, born with]

congenitus
congenitus (kon-jen′i-tus)

SYN: congenital. [L.]

congested
congested (kon-jes′ted)

Containing an abnormal amount of blood; in a state of congestion.

congestion
congestion (kon-jes′chun)

Presence of an abnormal amount of fluid in the vessels or passages of a part or organ; especially, of blood due either to increased influx or to an obstruction to outflow. SEE ALSO: hyperemia. [L. congestio, a bringing together, a heap, fr. con-gero, pp. -gestus, to bring together]
active c. c. due to an increased flow of arterial blood to a part.
brain c. increased volume of the intravascular compartment of the brain; often associated with brain swelling. SYN: encephalemia.
functional c. hyperemia occurring during functional activity of an organ. SYN: physiologic c..
hypostatic c. c. due to pooling of venous blood in a dependent part. SYN: hypostasis (2) .
passive c. c. caused by obstruction or slowing of the venous drainage, resulting in partial stagnation of blood in the capillaries and venules.
physiologic c. SYN: functional c..
venous c. overfilling and distention of the veins with blood as a result of mechanical obstruction or right ventricular failure.

congestive
congestive (kon-jes′tiv)

Relating to congestion.

conglobate
conglobate (kon-glo′bat)

Formed in a single rounded mass. [L. con-globo, pp. -atus, to gather into a globus, ball]

conglobation
conglobation (kon-glo-ba′shun)

An aggregation of numerous particles into one rounded mass.

conglomerate
conglomerate (kon-glom′e-rat)

Composed of several parts aggregated into one mass. [L. conglomero, pp. -atus, to roll together, fr. glomus, a ball]

conglutinant
conglutinant (kon-gloo′ti-nant)

Adhesive, promoting the union of a wound. [L. con-glutino, pp. -atus, to glue together, fr. gluten, glue]

conglutination
conglutination (kon-gloo-ti-na′shun)

1. SYN: adhesion (1) . 2. Agglutination of antigen(erythrocyte)-antibody-complement complex by normal bovine serum (and certain other colloidal materials); the procedure provides a means of detecting the presence of nonagglutinating antibody.

conglutinin
conglutinin (kon-gloo′ti-nin)

Bovine serum protein that, when absorbed by erythrocyte-antibody-complement complexes, causes them to agglutinate; it is comparatively thermostable and apparently dissociates when diluted with physiologic saline solution. SYN: bovine colloid.

congophilic
congophilic (kon-go-fil′ik)

Denoting any substance that takes a Congo red stain.

Congo red
Congo red (kong′go) [C.I. 22120]

An acid direct cotton dye, it is absorbed by amyloid and induces green fluorescence to amyloid in polarized light; used as a laboratory aid in the diagnosis of amyloidosis, as a histologic stain, and as an indicator (pH 3.0, blue-violet, to pH 5.0, red) in testing for free hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. See Bennhold C. stain.

coni
coni (ko′ni)

Plural of conus.

conic
conic, conical (kon′ik, kon′i-kal)

Resembling a cone.

-conid -conid

The cusp of a tooth in the lower jaw.

conidia
conidia (ko-nid′e-a)

Plural of conidium.

conidial
conidial (ko-nid′e-al)

Relating to a conidium.

Conidiobolus
Conidiobolus (ko-nid′e-o-bo′lus)

A genus of fungi containing two species, c. coronatus and c. incongruus, both of which cause zygomycosis (entomophthoramycosis).

conidiogenous
conidiogenous (ko-nid-e-oj′e-nus)

Denoting a cell that gives rise to a conidium, e.g., a phialide.

conidiophore
conidiophore (ko-nid′e-o-for)

A specialized hypha which bears conidia in fungi. [conidium + G. phoros, bearing]
Phialophore-type c. a type of spore formation, characteristic of the genus Phialophora, in which conidia are formed endogenously in flasklike conidiophores called phialids.

conidium
conidium, pl .conidia (ko-nid′e-um, -e-a)

An asexual spore of fungi borne externally in various ways. [Mod. L. dim. fr. G. konis, dust]

coniine
coniine (ko′ne-en)

The toxic active alkaloid of conium (hemlock); hydrobromide and hydrochloride salts have been used as an antispasmodic; principal toxin of poison hemlock (Conium maculatum).

coniofibrosis
coniofibrosis (ko′ne-o-fi-bro′sis)

Fibrosis produced by dust, especially of the lungs by inhaled dust. [G. konis, dust, + fibrosis]

coniolymphstasis
coniolymphstasis (ko′ne-o-limf′sta-sis)

Stasis of lymph caused by dust, presumably through the intervention of fibrosis. [G. konis, dust, + lymph + G. stasis, a standing]

coniometer
coniometer (ko-ne-om′e-ter)

A device for estimating the amount of dust in the air. [G. konis, dust, + metron, measure]

coniophage
coniophage (ko′ne-o-faj)

SYN: alveolar macrophage. [G. konis, dust, + phago to eat]

coniosis
coniosis (ko-ne-o′sis)

Any disease or morbid condition caused by dust. [G. konis, dust]

coniotomy
coniotomy (ko-ne-ot′o-me)

Incision of the laryngeal conus elasticus. SEE ALSO: cricothyrotomy.

conium
conium (ko-ne′um)

The dried unripe fruit of C. maculatum (family Umbelliferae), also known as spotted cowbane or spotted parsley; it has been used as a sedative, antispasmodic, and anodyne. SYN: hemlock. [L. fr. G. koneion, hemlock]

conization
conization (ko-ni-za′shun)

Excision of a cone of tissue, e.g., mucosa of the cervix uteri.
cautery c. removal of a cone shape of endocervical tissue with electrocautery.
cold knife c. obtaining a cone of endocervical tissue with a cold knife blade so as to preserve histological characteristics and avoid desiccating tissue.

conjugant
conjugant (kon′joo-gant)

A member of a mating pair of organisms or gametes undergoing conjugation. SEE ALSO: exconjugant. [L. con-jugo, to join]

conjugata
conjugata (kon-joo-ga′ta) [TA]

Conjugate diameters of the pelvis. See conjugate. [L. fem. of conjugatus, pp. of con-jugo, to join together]
c. anatomica [TA] SYN: anatomical conjugate.
c. diagonalis [TA] SYN: diagonal conjugate.
c. externa [TA] SYN: external conjugate.
c. recta [TA] SYN: straight conjugate.
c. vera [TA] SYN: true conjugate.

conjugate
conjugate (kon′joo-gat) [TA]

1. Joined or paired. SYN: conjugated. 2. C. diameters of the pelvis. The distance between any two specified points on the periphery of the pelvic canal. [L. conjugatus, joined together. See conjugata]
anatomical c. [TA] measure of pelvic dimension describing the distance between the sacral promontory and the inferior border of the pubic symphysis, measured manually per vagina or by ultrasonography. It is used to extrapolate the true c.. SYN: conjugata anatomica [TA] .
diagonal c. [TA] the anteroposterior dimension of the inlet that measures the clinical distance from the promontory of the sacrum to the lower margin of the symphysis pubica. SYN: conjugata diagonalis [TA] , diagonal c. diameter, false c. (1) .
effective c. the internal c. measured from the nearest lumbar vertebra to the symphysis, in spondylolisthesis. SYN: false c. (2) .
external c. [TA] the distance in a straight line between the depression under the last spinous process of the lumbar vertebrae and the upper edge of the pubic symphysis. SYN: conjugata externa [TA] , external c. diameter.
false c. 1. SYN: diagonal c.. 2. SYN: effective c..
folic acid c. a folate with three molecules of glutamic acid (pteropterin) instead of one, or with seven (pteroylheptaglutamic acid or vitamin B_c c.).
internal c. SYN: median c..
median c. [TA] distance from the promontory of the sacrum to the upper posterior edge of the pubic symphysis. SYN: anteroposterior diameter of the pelvic inlet, c. axis, c. diameter of pelvic inlet, c. of pelvic inlet, internal c..
obstetric c. SYN: true c..
obstetric c. of pelvic outlet the c. of the pelvic outlet lengthened by the posterior displacement of the coccyx.
c. of pelvic inlet SYN: median c..
c. of pelvic outlet SYN: straight c.. SEE ALSO: obstetric c. of pelvic outlet.
straight c. [TA] the distance from the tip of the coccyx to the lower edge of the pubic symphysis. SYN: conjugata recta [TA] , c. diameter of pelvic outlet, c. of pelvic outlet.
true c. [TA] the diameter that represents the shortest diameter through which the head must pass in descending into the superior strait and measures, by means of x-ray, the distance from the promontory of the sacrum to a point on the inner surface of the symphysis a few millimeters below its upper margin. SYN: conjugata vera [TA] , obstetric c. diameter, obstetric c..

conjugated
conjugated (kon′joo-gat-ed)

SYN: conjugate (1) .

conjugation
conjugation (kon-ju-ga′shun)

1. The union of two unicellular organisms or of the male and female gametes of multicellular forms followed by partition of the chromatin and the production of two new cells. 2. Bacterial c., effected by simple contact, usually by means of specialized pili through which transfer genes and other genes of the plasmid are transferred to recipient bacteria. 3. Sexual reproduction among protozoan ciliates, during which two individuals of appropriate mating types fuse along part of their lengths; their macronuclei degenerate and the micronuclei in each macronucleus divide several times (including a meiotic division); one of the resulting haploid pronuclei passes from each conjugant into the other and fuses with the remaining haploid nucleus in each conjugant; the organisms then separate (becoming exconjugants), undergo nuclear reorganization, and subsequently divide by asexual mitosis. 4. The combination, especially in the liver, of certain toxic substances formed in the intestine, drugs, or steroid hormones with glucuronic or sulfuric acid; a means by which the biologic activity of certain chemical substances is terminated and the substances made ready for excretion. 5. The formation of glycyl or tauryl derivatives of the bile acids. 6. An alternating sequence of multiple and single chemical bonds in a chemical compound in which there is some delocalization of π-electrons. 7. The joining together of two compounds. [L. con-jugo, pp. -jugatus, to join together]

conjunctiva
conjunctiva, pl .conjunctivae (kon-junk-ti′va, -ve) [TA]

The mucous membrane investing the anterior surface of the eyeball and the posterior surface of the lids. SYN: tunica c. [TA] . [L. fem. of conjunctivus, from conjungo, pp. -junctus, to bind together]
bulbar c. [TA] the part of the c. covering the anterior surface of the sclera and the surface epithelium of the cornea. SYN: tunica c. bulbi [TA] , conjunctival layer of bulb.
palpebral c. [TA] the part of the c. lining the posterior surface of the eyelids and continuous with the bulbar c. at the conjunctival fornices. SYN: tunica c. palpebrarum [TA] , conjunctival layer of eyelids.

conjunctival
conjunctival (kon-junk-ti′val)

Relating to the conjunctiva.

conjunctive
conjunctive (kon-junk′tiv)

Joining; connecting; connective.

conjunctiviplasty
conjunctiviplasty (kon-junk-ti′vi-plas-te)

SYN: conjunctivoplasty.

conjunctivitis
conjunctivitis (kon-junk-ti-vi′tis)

Inflammation of the conjunctiva. SYN: blennophthalmia (1) .
actinic c. SYN: ultraviolet keratoconjunctivitis.
acute contagious c. an obsolete term for an acute c. marked by intense hyperemia and profuse mucopurulent discharge. SYN: acute epidemic c., pinkeye.
acute epidemic c. SYN: acute contagious c..
acute hemorrhagic c. specific acute endemic c. with eyelid swelling, tearing, conjunctival hemorrhages, and follicles; usually caused by Enterovirus type 70.
acute viral c. an epidemic inflammation of the conjunctiva marked by follicles, especially in the lower fornix; may be caused by adenoviruses, herpesvirus, and Newcastle disease virus.
allergic c. an immunologic reaction mediated by immunoglobulin E associated with itching, redness, and tearing; it is typically seasonal and may affect up to 10% of the population.
angular c. a subacute bilateral conjunctival inflammation sometimes caused by the Moraxella bacillus, marked by redness of the lateral canthi and scanty, stringy discharge that adheres to the lashes. SYN: Moraxella c..
arc-flash c. SYN: ultraviolet keratoconjunctivitis.
c. arida SYN: xerophthalmia.
chemical c. conjunctival inflammation due to chemical irritants.
chronic c. a persistent, bilateral, conjunctival hyperemia with scanty exudation; there is a tendency toward remission and exacerbation.
chronic follicular c. indolent inflammation of the conjunctiva, with discrete follicles in fornices that may be infective, toxic, or irritant in nature.
cicatricial c. a chronic progressive ocular affection that produces scarring of the conjunctiva primarily and of the cornea sequentially.
diphtheritic c. a severe conjunctival inflammation caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae and characterized by an infiltrating membrane which on removal leaves a raw surface. SYN: membranous c..
follicular c. c. associated with hypertrophic lymphoid tissue in the conjunctival fornices.
giant papillary c. conjunctival inflammation characterized by large papillae and associated with sensitization to antigenic material present on the surface of a contact lens.
gonococcal c. a type of hyperacute, purulent c..
gonorrheal c. SYN: gonorrheal ophthalmia.
granular c. SYN: trachomatous c..
hyperacute purulent c. c. caused by Neisseria gonorrhea and marked by swollen congested conjunctiva, edematous eyelids, and a purulent discharge.
inclusion c. a follicular c. caused by Chlamydia trachomatis.
infantile purulent c. SYN: ophthalmia neonatorum.
larval c. c. due to imbedding of larvae in the eye. See ophthalmomyiasis.
ligneous c. c. characterized typically by woody induration of the upper tarsal conjunctiva, whitish pseudomembrane, and, in severe cases, corneal opacity; usually bilateral.
c. medicamentosa a c. caused by medicine or toxin instilled into the conjunctival sac. SYN: toxicogenic c..
membranous c. SYN: diphtheritic c..
molluscum c. c. associated with lesions of molluscum contagiosum of the eyelid.
Moraxella c. SYN: angular c..
necrotic infectious c. a unilateral, suppurative, necrotic inflammation of the conjunctiva characterized by scattered, elevated white spots in the fornices and palpebral conjunctiva, and ipsilateral swelling of preauricular, parotid, and submaxillary lymph glands. SYN: Pascheff c..
neonatal c. SYN: ophthalmia neonatorum.
Parinaud c. a chronic necrotic inflammation of the conjunctiva characterized by large, irregular, reddish follicles and regional lymphadenopathy.
Pascheff c. SYN: necrotic infectious c..
phlyctenular c. a circumscribed c. accompanied by the formation of small red nodules of lymphoid tissue (phlyctenulae) on the conjunctiva. SYN: phlyctenular ophthalmia.
pseudomembranous c. a nonspecific inflammatory reaction characterized by the appearance on the conjunctiva of a coagulated fibrinous plaque that may be peeled off from intact epithelium.
purulent c. a violently acute inflammation of the conjunctiva, with copious pus and a marked tendency for corneal involvement.
simple c. acute viral c., self-limited and of short duration.
snow c. SYN: ultraviolet keratoconjunctivitis.
spring c. SYN: vernal c..
squirrel plague c. one of the causes of Parinaud c.. SYN: tularemic c., c. tularensis.
swimming pool c. a nonspecific red eye that can be caused by pool chlorination, adenovirus, and rarely, Chlamydia.
toxicogenic c. SYN: c. medicamentosa.
trachomatous c. a chronic infection of the conjunctiva due to Chlamydia trachomatis, characterized by conjunctival follicles and subsequent cicatrization. SEE ALSO: trachoma. SYN: granular c..
tularemic c., c. tularensis SYN: squirrel plague c..
vernal c. a chronic, bilateral conjunctival inflammation with photophobia and intense itching that recurs seasonally during warm weather; characterized in the palpebral form by cobblestone papillae in the upper palpebral conjunctiva and in the bulbar form by gelatinous nodules adjacent to the corneoscleral limbus. SYN: spring c., spring ophthalmia, vernal catarrh, vernal keratoconjunctivitis.
welder's c. SYN: ultraviolet keratoconjunctivitis.

conjunctivochalasis
conjunctivochalasis (kon-junk′-ti-vo-kal′a-sis)

Condition in which redundant bulbar conjunctiva billows over the eyelid margin or covers the lower punctum. [conjunctiva + G. chalasis, a loosening]

conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy
conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy (kon-junk′ti-vo-dak′re-o-sis′to-ri-nos′to-me)

A procedure for providing lacrimal drainage when the canaliculi are closed; plastic tubes are inserted that extend from the conjunctival sac through the lacrimal sac to the nose; the opening so produced. [conjunctiva + G. dakryon, tear, + kystis, cyst, + ris (rhin-), nose, + stoma, mouth]

conjunctivodacryocystostomy
conjunctivodacryocystostomy (kon-junk′ti-vo-dak′re-o-sis-tos′to-me)

1. A surgical procedure through the conjunctiva, which provides an opening into the lacrimal sac. 2. The opening so produced. [conjunctiva + G. dakryon, tear, + kystis, sac, + stoma, mouth]

conjunctivoplasty
conjunctivoplasty (kon-junk-ti′vo-plas-te, kon-junk′ti-vo-)

Plastic surgery on the conjunctiva. SYN: conjunctiviplasty.

conjunctivorhinostomy
conjunctivorhinostomy (kon-junk′ti-vo-ri-nos′to-me)

1. A surgical procedure to construct a passageway through the conjunctiva into the nasal cavity. 2. The opening so produced. [conjunctiva + G. ris (rhin), nose, + stoma, mouth]

Conn
Conn

Harold J., U.S. microbiologist, 1886–1975. See Hucker-C. stain.

Conn
Conn

Jerome, U.S. physician, *1907. See C. syndrome.

connectins
connectins (kon-nek′tinz)

Collective term for the protein components of the cytoskeleton (connective tissue); originally described in muscle, but later observed in erythrocyte and other cell membranes.

connection
connection (ko-nek′shun)

A union of elements or things; a connecting structure. SYN: conexus, connexus.
ambiguous atrioventricular connections connections in which half the atrioventricular junction is connected concordantly and the other half is discordantly connected.
anomalous pulmonary venous connections, total or partial connections in which some or all of the pulmonary veins connect to the right atrium or one of its tributaries.
atrioventricular connections the five distinct and discrete ways in which the atrial chambers may be connected to the ventricles are concordant, discordant, ambiguous, double inlet, and univentricular.
concordant atrioventricular connections connections in which the atrial chambers connect to the morphologically appropriate ventricles.
discordant atrioventricular connections connections in which each atrium is connected with a morphologically inappropriate ventricle.
double inlet atrioventricular connections connections in which both atrial chambers connect to the same ventricle.
intertendinous connections of extensor digitorum [TA] fibrous bands passing obliquely between the diverging tendons of the extensor digitorum on the dorsum of the hand. SYN: connexus intertendinei musculi extensoris digitorum [TA] , conexus intertendineus, juncturae tendinum.
marrow-mesenchyme connections uninterrupted continuations between bone marrow and mesenchyme of fetal and newborn middle ears.
partial anomalous pulmonary venous connections See anomalous pulmonary venous connections, total or partial.
univentricular connections connections in which one of the atrial chambers is connected to a ventricle, but the other has no c. with the ventricular mass at all.

connector
connector (ko-nek′tor, -tor)

In dentistry, a part of a partial denture which unites its components.
major c. a plate or bar (lingual bar, palatal bar) used for the purpose of uniting partial denture bases.
minor c. the connecting link (tang) between the major c. or base of a partial denture and other units of the prosthesis, such as clasps, indirect retainers, and occlusal rests.
nonrigid c. a c. or joint that is not rigid or solid. SYN: stress-broken c., stress-broken joint.
rigid c. a c. that is solid or rigid, as a soldered joint.
stress-broken c. SYN: nonrigid c..

Connell
Connell

F. Gregory, U.S. surgeon, 1875–1968. See C. suture.

connexin 26
connexin 26 (kon-eks′in)

The gap junction protein, the gene for which (Cx26) when mutated, accounts for a major portion of recessive nonsyndromic hearing impairment.

connexins
connexins, connexons (kon-neks′inz, -onz)

Complex protein assemblies that traverse the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane and forms a continuous channel with a pore diameter of approximately 1.5 nm; a pair of connexons from two adjacent cells join to form a gap junction that bridges the 2–4-nm gap between the cells, resulting in both electrical and metabolic couplings; one type of c. makes up the gap junction in heart and may coordinate the beating of all muscle cells in one section of the heart.

connexus
connexus (ko-nek′sus)

SYN: connection. [L.]
c. intertendinei musculi extensoris digitorum [TA] SYN: intertendinous connections of extensor digitorum, under connection.

conoid
conoid (ko′noyd)

1. A cone-shaped structure. 2. Part of the apical complex characteristic of the protozoan subphylum, Apicomplexa; seen in sporozoites, merozoites, or other developmental stages of sporozoans, less well developed in the piroplasms (families Babesiidae and Theileriidae). The function of the c. is unknown, but it is thought to be an organelle of penetration into the host cell, possibly aided by a protrusible form of the c.. [G. konoeides, cone-shaped]
Sturm c. in optics, the pattern of rays formed after passage through a spherocylindrical combination.

conomyoidin
conomyoidin (ko-no-mi′oy-din)

Contractile protoplasm at the inner end of the inner segment of retinal cones; motility is most evident in fishes and amphibians, and slight or absent in mammals. [G. konos, cone, + mys, muscle, + eidos, resemblance]

conquinine
conquinine (kon′kwi-nen)

SYN: quinidine.

Conradi
Conradi

Andrew, Norwegian physician, 1809–1869. See C. line.

Conradi
Conradi

Erich, 20th century German physician. See C. disease.

consanguineous
consanguineous (kon-sang-gwin′e-us)

Denoting consanguinity. [L. cum, with, + sanguis, blood: consanguineus]

consanguinity
consanguinity (kon-sang-gwin′i-te)

Kinship because of common ancestry. SEE ALSO: relationship. [L. consanguinitas, blood relationship]

conscious
conscious (con′shus)

1. Aware; having present knowledge or perception of oneself, one's acts and surroundings. 2. Denoting something occurring with the perceptive attention of the individual, as a c. act or idea, distinguished from automatic or instinctive. [L. conscius, knowing]

consciousness
consciousness (con′shus-nes)

The state of being aware, or perceiving physical facts or mental concepts; a state of general wakefulness and responsiveness to environment; a functioning sensorium. [L. con-scio, to know, to be aware of]
clouding of c. a state in which the patient's mental state is clouded and thus not fully in contact with the environment.
double c. a condition in which one lives in two seemingly unrelated mental states, being, while in one, unaware of the other or of the acts performed in the other. SEE ALSO: dual personality.
field of c. the content of awareness at any given moment.

consensual
consensual (kon-sen′shoo-al)

1. With consent; by mutual agreement of all parties. 2. Pertaining to a reflex elicited by indirect stimulation of a receptor, as pupillary constriction in 1 eye when the other is stimulated by light. [L. con-sentio, pp. con-sensus, to agree, to feel at the same time + -al]

conservation
conservation (kon-ser-va′shun)

1. Preservation from loss, injury, or decay. 2. In sensorimotor theory, the mental operation by which an individual retains the idea of an object after its removal in time or space. [L. conservatio, a preserving, keeping]
c. of energy the principle that the total amount of energy in a closed system remains always the same, none being lost or created in any chemical or physical process or in the conversion of one kind of energy into another, within that system.

conservative
conservative (kon-ser′va-tiv)

Denoting treatment by gradual, limited, or well-established procedures, as opposed to radical.

conserve
conserve (kon′serv)

SYN: confection.

consolidant
consolidant (kon-sol′i-dant)

A substance that promotes healing or union.

consolidation
consolidation (kon-sol-i-da′shun)

Solidification into a firm dense mass; applied especially to inflammatory induration of a normally aerated lung due to the presence of cellular exudate in the pulmonary alveoli as commonly seen in pneumonia. [L. consolido, to make thick, condense, fr. solidus, solid]

conspecific
conspecific (kon-spe-sif′ik)

Of the same species. [L. con-, with, + specific]

conspicuity
conspicuity (kon-spi-ku′i-te)

The visibility of a structure of interest on a radiograph, a function of the inherent contrast of the structure and the complexity (noise) of the surrounding image.

constancy
constancy (kon′stan-se)

The quality of being unchanging [L. constantia, fr. consto, to stand still]
color c. unchanging perception of the color of an object despite changes in lighting or viewing conditions.
object c. 1. the tendency for objects to be perceived as unchanging despite variations in the positions in and conditions under which the objects are observed; e.g., a book's shape is always perceived as a rectangle regardless of the visual angle from which it is viewed. 2. in psychoanalysis, the relatively enduring emotional investment in another person.

constant
constant (kon′stant)

A quantity that, under stated conditions, does not vary with changes in the environment.
association c. 1. in experimental immunology, a mathematical expression of hapten-antibody interaction: average association c., K = [hapten-bound antibody]/[free antibody][free hapten]; 2. (K_a) the equilibrium c. involved in the association of two or more compounds or ions into a new compound; the reciprocal of the dissociation c.. SYN: binding c..
Avogadro c. SYN: Avogadro number.
binding c. SYN: association c..
decay c. the fractional change in the number of atoms of a radionuclide that occurs in unit time; the c. λ in the equation for the fraction (dN/N) of the number of atoms (N) of a radionuclide disintegrating in time dt, dN/N = −λdt. SYN: disintegration c., radioactive c., transformation c..
diffusion c. SYN: diffusion coefficient.
disintegration c. SYN: decay c..
dissociation c. (K_d, K) the equilibrium c. involved in the dissociation of a compound into two or more compounds or ions. The reciprocal of the association c. (2).
dissociation c. of an acid (K_d, K_a) expressed by the general equation [H⁺][A⁻]/[HA] = K_a, where HA is the undissociated acid.
dissociation c. of a base (K_b) expressed by the general equation [B⁺][OH⁻]/[BOH] = K_b, where BOH is the undissociated base.
dissociation c. of water expressed by the equation [H⁺][OH⁻] = K_w = 10⁻¹⁴ at 25°C.
equilibrium c. (K_eq) in the reaction A + B ⇆ C + D at equilibrium ( i.e., no net change in concentrations of A, B, C, or D), the concentrations of the four components are related by the equation K_eq = [C][D]/[A][B]; K_eq is the equilibrium c. If any component in the reaction has a multiplier ( e.g., H₂ ⇆ 2H), that multiplier appears as an exponent in the calculation of K ( e.g., K_eq = [H]²/[H₂]). When this equation is applied to the ionization of a substance in solution, K_eq is called the dissociation c. (K_d) and its negative logarithm (base 10) is the pK_d. SEE ALSO: Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, mass-action ratio.
Faraday c. (F) faraday.
flotation c. (S_f) characteristic sedimentation behavior of a lipoprotein fraction of plasma in a centrifugal field in a medium of appropriate density, achieved by adding a salt or D₂O to the plasma. SYN: negative S, Svedberg of flotation.
gas c. (R) R = 8.314 × 10⁷ ergs K⁻¹ mol⁻¹ = 8.314 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹.
Hill c. SYN: Hill coefficient.
Michaelis c. 1. the true dissociation c. for the enzyme-substrate binary complex in a single-substrate rapid equilibrium enzyme-catalyzed reaction (usually symbolized by K_s); 2. the concentration of the substrate at which half the true maximum velocity of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction is achieved (when velocities are measured under initial rate and steady state conditions); the ratio of rate constants (k₂ + k₃)/k₁ in the single-substrate enzyme-catalyzed reaction: E + S ⇆ ES ⇆ E + products where E represents the free enzyme, S is the substrate, and ES is the central binary complex. The expression for the Michaelis c. will be more complex for multisubstrate reactions. An apparent Michaelis c. is a c. determined either under conditions that are not strictly steady state and initial rate or one that varies with the concentration of one or more cosubstrates. See Michaelis-Menten equation. SYN: Michaelis-Menten c..
Michaelis-Menten c. (K_m) SYN: Michaelis c..
Newtonian c. of gravitation (G) a universal c. relating the gravitational force, F, attracting two masses, m₁ and m₂, toward each other when they are separated by a distance, r, in the equation: F = G(m₁m₂/r²); it has the value of 6.67259 × 10⁻⁸ dyne cm² g⁻² = 6.67259 × 10⁻¹¹ m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻² in SI units.
permeability c. a measure of the ease with which an ion can cross a unit area of membrane driven by a 1.0 mol/L difference in concentration; usually expressed in centimeters per second. Cf.:permeability coefficient.
Planck c. (h) a c., 6.6260755 × 10⁻³⁴ J &chmpnt; s or 6.6260755 × 10⁻²⁷ erg-seconds = 6.6260755 × 10⁻³⁴ J Hz⁻¹.
radioactive c. (Λ) SYN: decay c..
rate constants (k) proportionality constants equal to the initial rate of a reaction divided by the concentration of the reactant(s); e.g., in the reaction A → B + C, the rate of the reaction equals −d[A]/dt = k₁[A]. The rate c. k₁ is a unimolecular rate c. since there is only one molecular species reacting and has units of reciprocal time ( e.g., s⁻¹). For the reverse reaction, B + C → A, the rate equals −d[B]/dt = d[A]/dt = k₂[B][C]. The rate c. k₂ is a bimolecular rate c. and has units of reciprocal concentration-time ( e.g., M⁻¹ s⁻¹). SYN: velocity constants.
sedimentation c. the c. s in Svedberg equation for estimating the molecular weight of a protein from the rate of movement in a centrifugal field:where M is the molecular weight, R the gas c., T the absolute temperature, D the diffusion c. (in square centimeters per second), V the partial specific volume of the protein, ρ the density of the solvent. The c. s, with dimensions of time per unit of field force (s = d_{r_b}/dt ω²r_o where r_b is the position at time t, r₀ is the position at time 0, and ω is the angular velocity) is usually between 1 × 10⁻¹³ and 200 × 10⁻¹³ s. The Svedberg unit (S) is arbitrarily set at 1 × 10⁻¹³ s and is very often used to describe the sedimentation rate of macromolecules; e.g., 4S RNA. SYN: sedimentation coefficient.
specificity c. ratio of the maximum velocity (V_max) or k_cat to the true K_m value for a specific substrate in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.
time c. that part of a circuit that determines the time interval over which the rate of electrical events will be averaged; in pulmonary physiology, the factors determining rate of flow in the airways.
transformation c. SYN: decay c..
velocity constants (k) SYN: rate constants.

constellation
constellation (kon-stel-a′shun)

In psychiatry, all the factors that determine a particular action. [L.L. constellatio, fr. cum, together, + stella, star]

constipate
constipate (kon′sti-pat)

To cause constipation.

constipated
constipated (kon′sti-pat-ed)

Suffering from constipation.

constipation
constipation (kon-sti-pa′shun)

A condition in which bowel movements are infrequent or incomplete. SYN: costiveness. [L. con-stipo, pp. -atus, to press together]

constitution
constitution (kon-sti-too′shun)

1. The physical makeup of a body, including the mode of performance of its functions, the activity of its metabolic processes, the manner and degree of its reactions to stimuli, and its power of resistance to the attack of pathogenic organisms or other disease processes. 2. In chemistry, the number and kind of atoms in the molecule and the relation they bear to each other. [L. constitutio, c., disposition, fr. constituo, pp. -stitutus, to establish, fr. statuo, to set up]

constitutional
constitutional (kon-sti-too′shun-al)

1. Relating to a body's constitution. 2. General; relating to the system as a whole; not local.

constitutive
constitutive (kon-sti′too-tiv)

1. See c. enzyme. 2. In genetics, descriptive of a gene that is controlled by constantly active promoter.

constrictio
constrictio [TA]

SYN: constriction (1) .
c. bronchoaortica esophagea thoracic constriction of esophagus.
c. diaphragmatica esophagea diaphragmatic constriction of esophagus.
c. partis thoracicae esophagea [TA] SYN: thoracic constriction of esophagus.
c. pharyngoesophagealis [TA] SYN: pharyngoesophageal constriction.
c. phrenica esophagea [TA] SYN: diaphragmatic constriction of esophagus.

constriction
constriction (kon-strik′shun)

1. [TA] A normally or pathologically constricted or narrowed portion of a structure. SYN: constrictio [TA] . SEE ALSO: stricture, stenosis. 2. The act or process of binding or contracting, becoming narrowed; the condition of being constricted. squeezed. 3. A subjective sensation of pressure or tightness, as if the body or any part were tightly bound or squeezed. [L. con-stringo, pp. -strictus, to draw together]
broncho-aortic c. thoracic c. of esophagus.
diaphragmatic c. of esophagus [TA] normal narrowing of the esophagus, demonstrated radiographically following a barium swallow, caused by the passage of the esophagus through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm. SYN: constrictio phrenica esophagea [TA] , constrictio diaphragmatica esophagea&star, inferior esophageal c..
esophageal constrictions three narrowings of the esophagus normally demonstrated radiographically following a barium swallow. SEE ALSO: pharyngoesophageal c., thoracic c. of esophagus, diaphragmatic c. of esophagus. SYN: impressions of esophagus.
inferior esophageal c. SYN: diaphragmatic c. of esophagus.
middle esophageal c. SYN: thoracic c. of esophagus.
pharyngoesophageal c. [TA] normal narrowing of the alimentary tract, demonstrated radiographically following a barium swallow, at the junction of the pharynx with the esophagus (C5 vertebral level) caused by the tonic or active contraction of the cricopharyngeal part of the inferior constrictor of the pharynx (upper esophageal sphincter). SEE ALSO: cricopharyngeal part of inferior constrictor (muscle) of pharynx. SYN: constrictio pharyngoesophagealis [TA] , upper esophageal c..
primary c. the narrowing between the two arms of the chromosome represented by the centromere.
pyloric c. circular groove on the external aspect of the gut at the gastroduodenal junction overlying the pyloric sphincter, thus demarcating the pyloric orifice.
secondary c. a subsidiary narrowing of the chromosome associated in some cases with satellites, e.g., the short arms of acrocentric autosomes.
thoracic c. of esophagus [TA] normal left-sided narrowing of the esophagus, demonstrated radiographically following a barium swallow, at the T4–T5 vertebral level, where the esophagus is impressed by the left main bronchus and the arch of the aorta. SYN: constrictio partis thoracicae esophagea [TA] , broncho-aortic c.&star, constrictio bronchoaortica esophagea&star, middle esophageal c..
upper esophageal c. SYN: pharyngoesophageal c..
constrictions of ureter normal physiological narrowings of the ureter observable in a pyelogram; the uppermost occurs at the origin of the ureter from the renal pelvis; a second occurs as the ureter crosses the iliac vessels and pelvic brim; the inferiormost occurs as the ureter penetrates the wall of the urinary bladder.

constrictor
constrictor (kon-strik′ter, -tor)

1. Anything that binds or squeezes a part. SEE ALSO: inferior c. (muscle) of pharynx, middle c. (muscle) of pharynx, superior pharyngeal c. (muscle). 2. A muscle, the action of which is to narrow a canal; a sphincter. [L. fr. constringo, to draw together]

construct
construct (kon′strukt)

The combination of a bone graft, metal instrumentation, prosthetic devices and/or bone cement applied to a specific level of the spinal column in the setting of segmental spinal instability.

consultand
consultand (kon-sul′tand)

A person about whose future offspring the genetic counselor is to make predictions; not to be confused with proband. [consult (for counsel) + L. -andus, gerundive suffix]
dummy c. a person in the line of descent from the leading ancestor to the c. proper; for logical simplicity, the dummy c. is analyzed as if the c. proper.

consultant
consultant (kon-sul′tant)

1. A physician or surgeon who does not take full responsibility for a patient, but acts in an advisory capacity, deliberating with and counseling the attending physician or surgeon. 2. A member of a hospital staff who has no active service but stands ready to advise in any case, at the request of the attending physician or surgeon. [L. consulto, pp. -atus, to deliberate, ask advice]

consultation
consultation (kon-sul-ta′shun)

Meeting of two or more physicians or surgeons to evaluate the nature and progress of disease in a particular patient and to establish diagnosis, prognosis, and/or therapy.

consumption
consumption (kon-sump′shun)

1. The using up of something, especially the rate at which it is used. 2. Obsolete term for a wasting of the tissues of the body, usually tuberculous. [L. con-sumo, pp. -sumptus, to take up wholly, use up, waste]
oxygen c. (V_O2) 1. (Qo or Qo₂), the rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; units: microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; 2. (Vo₂), the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the c. of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body; units: milliliters of oxygen STPD used per minute or mmol/min.

consumptive
consumptive (kon-sump′tiv)

Relating to, or suffering from, consumption.

contact
contact (kon′takt)

1. The touching or apposition of two bodies. 2. A person who has been exposed to a contagious disease. [L. con- tingo, pp. -tactus, to touch, seize, fr. tango, to touch]
balancing c. 1. the contacts between upper and lower dentures on the balancing or mediotrusive side for the purpose of stabilizing the dentures; 2. the contacts between upper and lower dentures at the opposite side from the working or laterotrusive side (anteroposteriorly or laterally) for the purpose of stabilizing the dentures; 3. the contacts between upper and lower natural or artificial teeth at the opposite side from the working or laterotrusive side. SYN: balancing occlusal surface.
centric c. SYN: centric occlusion.
deflective occlusal c. a condition of tooth contacts which diverts the mandible from a normal path of closure to centric jaw relation. SYN: cuspal interference, interceptive occlusal c., premature c..
initial c. 1. the first meeting of opposing teeth upon elevation of the mandible toward the maxillae; 2. the initial occlusal c. of opposing teeth when the jaw is closed.
interceptive occlusal c. SYN: deflective occlusal c..
premature c. SYN: deflective occlusal c..
proximal c., proximate c. the area where the surfaces of two adjacent teeth in the same arch touch.
c. with reality correctly interpreting external phenomena in relation to the norms of one's social or cultural milieu.
working contacts working or occlusion; contacts of teeth made on the side of the occlusion toward which the mandible has been moved. SYN: working bite, working occlusion.

contactant
contactant (kon-tak′tant)

Any of a heterogeneous group of allergens that elicit manifestations of delayed hypersensitivity by direct contact with skin or mucosa.

contagion
contagion (kon-ta′jun)

1. SYN: contagium. 2. Transmission of infection by direct contact, droplet spread, or contaminated fomites. The term originated long before development of modern ideas of infectious disease and has since lost much of its significance, being included under the more inclusive term “communicable disease.” 3. Production via suggestion or imitation of a neurosis or psychosis in several or more members of a group. [L. contagio; fr. contingo, to touch closely]
psychic c. communication of a nervous disorder or lesser psychological symtoms by imitation, as in mass hysteria.

contagious
contagious (kon-ta′jus)

Relating to contagion; communicable or transmissible by contact with the sick or their fresh secretions or excretions.

contagiousness
contagiousness (kon-ta′jus-nes)

The quality of being contagious.

contagium
contagium (kon-ta′je-um)

The agent of an infectious disease. SYN: contagion (1) . [L. a touching]

containment
containment

The concept of regional or global eradication of communicable disease, proposed by Fred Lowe Soper (1893-1977) in 1949 for the eradication of smallpox.

contaminant
contaminant (kon-tam′i-nant)

An impurity; any material of an extraneous nature associated with a chemical, a pharmaceutical preparation, a physiologic principle, or an infectious agent.

contaminate
contaminate (kon-tam′i-nat)

To cause or result in contamination. [L. con-tamino, to mingle, corrupt]

contamination
contamination (kon-tam-i-na′shun)

1. The presence of an infectious agent on a body surface; also on or in clothes, bedding, toys, surgical instruments or dressings, or other inanimate articles or substances including water, milk, and food or that infectious agent itself. 2. In epidemiology, the situation that exists when a population being studied for one condition or factor also possesses other conditions or factors that modify results of the study. 3. Freudian term for a fusion and condensation of meanings of words, percepts, or motivations for behavior. 4. The presence of foreign material that adulterates or renders impure a material whose composition is degraded. [L. contamino, pp. -atus, to stain, defile]

content
content (kon′tent)

1. That which is contained within something else, usually in this sense in the plural form, contents. 2. In psychology, the form of a dream as presented to consciousness. 3. Ambiguous usage for concentration (3); e.g., blood hemoglobin c. could mean either its concentration or the product of its concentration and the blood volume. [L. contentus, fr. con- tineo, pp. -tentus, to hold together, contain]
carbon dioxide c. the total carbon dioxide available from serum or plasma following addition of acid; measured routinely in hospital laboratories as a component of electrolyte profiles.
GC c. the amount of guanine and cytosine in a polynucleic acid usually expressed in mole fraction (or percentage) of total bases; the melting temperature of such biopolymers varies with the GC c..
latent c. the hidden, unconscious meaning of thoughts or actions, especially in dreams or fantasies.
manifest c. those elements of fantasy and dreams which are consciously available and reportable.

contig
contig

See c. map.

contiguity
contiguity (kon-ti-gu′i-te)

1. Contact without actual continuity, e.g., the contact of the bones entering into the formation of a cranial suture. Cf.:continuity. 2. Occurrence of two or more objects, events, or mental impressions together in space (spatial c.) or time (temporal c.). [L. contiguus, touching, fr. contingo, to touch]

contiguous
contiguous (kon-tig′oo-us)

Adjacent or in actual contact.

continence
continence (kon′ti-nens)

1. The ability to retain urine and/or feces until a proper time for their discharge. 2. Moderation, temperance, or self-restraint in respect to the appetites, especially to sexual intercourse. [L. continentia, fr. con- tineo, to hold back]

continent
continent (kon′ti-nent)

Denoting continence.

continued
continued (kon-tin′ud)

Continuous; without intermission; said especially of protracted fever without apyretic intervals, such as typhoid fever, compared with the paroxysms of fever in malaria. [L. continuo, to join together, make continuous]

continuity
continuity (kon-ti-nu′i-te)

Absence of interruption, a succession of parts intimately united, e.g., the unbroken conjunction of cells and structures that make up a single bone of the skull. Cf.:contiguity. [L. continuus, continued]

contour
contour (kon′toor)

1. The outline of a part; the surface configuration. 2. In dentistry, to restore the normal outlines of a broken or otherwise misshapen tooth, or to create the external shape or form of a prosthesis. [L. con- (intens.), + torno, to turn (in a lathe), fr. tornus, a lathe]
flange c. the design of the flange of a denture.
gingival c. the shape or form of the gingiva, either natural or artificial, around the necks of the teeth. SYN: gum c..
gum c. SYN: gingival c..
height of c. See height of c..

contra- contra-

Opposed, against. SEE ALSO: counter-. Cf.:anti-. [L.]

contraangle
contraangle (kon′tra-ang′gl)

1. One of the double or triple angles in the shank of an instrument by means of which the cutting edge or point is brought into the axis of the handle. 2. An extension piece added to the end of a dental handpiece which, through a set of bevel gears, changes the angle of the axis of rotation of the bur in relation to the axis of the handpiece.

contraaperture
contraaperture (kon′tra-ap′er-choor)

SYN: counteropening.

contrabevel
contrabevel (kon′tra-bev′el)

A bevel located on the side opposite the customary side.

contraception
contraception (kon-tra-sep′shun)

Prevention of conception or impregnation.
emergency hormonal c. SYN: morning after pill. SYN: postcoital c..
postcoital c. SYN: emergency hormonal c..

contraceptive
contraceptive (kon-tra-sep′tiv)

1. An agent for the prevention of conception. 2. Relating to any measure or agent designed to prevent conception. [L. contra, against, + conceptive]
barrier c. a mechanical device designed to prevent spermatozoa from penetrating the cervical os; usually used in combination with a spermicidal agent, i.e., vaginal diaphragm.
combination oral c. a mixture of a steroid having progestational activity and an estrogen.
intrauterine c. device See intrauterine c. devices, under device.
oral c. any orally effective preparation designed to prevent conception.

contract
contract

1. (kon-trakt′)To shorten; to become reduced in size; in the case of muscle, either to shorten or to undergo an increase in tension. 2. (kon-trakt′)To acquire by contagion or infection. 3. (kon′trakt)An explicit bilateral commitment by psychotherapist and patient to a defined course of action to attain the goal of the psychotherapy. [L. con-traho, pp. -tractus, to draw together]

contractile
contractile (kon-trak′til)

Having the property of contracting.

contractility
contractility (kon-trak-til′i-te)

The ability or property of a substance, especially of muscle, of shortening, or becoming reduced in size, or developing increased tension.
cardiac c. a measure of cardiac pump performance, the degree to which muscle fibers can shorten when activated by a stimulus independent of preload and afterload.

contraction
contraction (C) (kon-trak′shun)

1. A shortening or increase in tension; denoting the normal function of muscle. 2. A shrinkage or reduction in size. 3. Heart beat, as in premature c..beat. [L. contractus, drawn together]
after-c. aftercontraction.
anodal closure c. (ACC, AnCC) obsolete term for the momentary c. of a muscle under the influence of the positive pole when the electrical circuit is established.
anodal opening c. (AnOC, AOC) obsolete term for the momentary c. of a muscle under the influence of the positive pole when the circuit is broken.
automatic c. SYN: automatic beat.
Braxton Hicks c. rhythmic myometrial activity occurring during the course of a pregnancy that usually causes no pain for the patient.
cathodal closure c. (CaCC, CCC) obsolete term for the momentary c. of a muscle under the influence of the negative pole when an electrical circuit is established.
cathodal opening c. (CaOC, COC) obsolete term for the momentary c. of a muscle under the influence of the negative pole when the circuit is broken.
closing c. c. produced at the time of closing of the circuit when using direct current to stimulate the muscle.
escape c. SYN: escape beat.
escape ventricular c. an escape beat arising in the ventricle.
fibrillary contractions contractions occurring spontaneously in individual muscle fibers; they are seen commonly a few days after damage to the motor nerves supplying the muscle, and this type of activity is distinguished from fasciculation, which is related to activation of motor units.
front-tap c. c. of the calf muscles when the anterior surface of the leg is struck. SYN: Gowers c..
Gowers c. SYN: front-tap c..
hourglass c. constriction of the middle portion of a hollow organ, such as the stomach or the gravid uterus.
hunger contractions strong contractions of the stomach associated with hunger pains.
idiomuscular c. SYN: myoedema.
isometric c. force development at constant length. Cf.:isotonic c..
isotonic c. shortening at constant force development. Cf.:isometric c.. SYN: isotonic exercise.
myotatic c. a reflex c. of a skeletal muscle that occurs as a result of stimulation of the stretch receptors in the muscle, i.e., as part of a myotatic reflex.
opening c. a c. produced at the time of opening the circuit when using direct current to stimulate the muscle or a motor nerve.
paradoxical c. a tonic c. of the anterior tibial muscles when a sudden passive dorsal flexion of the foot is made.
postural c. maintenance of muscular tension (usually isometric) sufficient to maintain posture.
premature c. extrasystole.
reflex detrusor c. normal coordinated function of the bladder with sustained contractions of the bladder matched by simultaneous relaxation of the sphincteric outlet mechanisms to empty the bladder.
tetanic c. tetanus (2) .
tonic c. sustained c. of a muscle, as employed in the maintenance of posture.
uterine c. rhythmic activity of the myometrium associated with menstruation, pregnancy, or labor.

contracture
contracture (kon-trak′choor)

Static muscle shortening due to tonic spasm or fibrosis, to loss of muscular balance, the antagonists being paralyzed or to a loss of motion of the adjacent joint. [L. contractura, fr. con-traho, to draw together]
Dupuytren c. a disease of the palmar fascia resulting in thickening and shortening of fibrous bands on the palmar surface of the hand and fingers resulting in a characteristic flexion deformity of the fourth and fifth digits.
fixed c. SYN: organic c..
functional c. muscular shortening that ceases during sleep or general anesthesia, caused by prolonged active muscle contraction.
ischemic c. of the left ventricle irreversible contraction of the left ventricle of the heart, seen as a complication in the early period of cardiopulmonary bypass and now avoided by appropriate cardioplegic solutions. SYN: myocardial rigor mortis, stone heart.
organic c. c., usually due to fibrosis within the muscle that persists whether the subject is conscious or unconscious. SYN: fixed c..
Volkmann c. ischemic c. resulting from irreversible necrosis of muscle tissue, produced by a compartment syndrome; classically involves the forearm flexor muscles.

contrafissura
contrafissura (kon′tra-fi-shoor′a)

Fracture of a bone, as in the skull, at a point opposite that where the blow was received. [L. contra, against, counter, + fissura, fissure]

contraindicant
contraindicant (kon-tra-in′di-kant)

Indicating the contrary, i.e., showing that a method of treatment that would otherwise be proper is inadvisable by special circumstances in the individual case.

contraindication
contraindication (kon-tra-in-di-ka′shun)

Any special symptom or circumstance that renders the use of a remedy or the carrying out of a procedure inadvisable, usually because of risk.

contralateral
contralateral (kon-tra-lat′er-al)

Relating to the opposite side, as when pain is felt or paralysis occurs on the side opposite to that of the lesion. SYN: heterolateral. [L. contra, opposite, + latus, side]
c. partner the corresponding structure on the opposite side.

contrast
contrast (kon′trast)

1. A comparison in which differences are demonstrated or enhanced. 2. In radiology, the difference between the image densities of two areas is the c. between them; this is a function of the number of x-ray photons transmitted or the strength of the signals emitted by the two regions and the response of the recording medium. [L. contra, against, + sto, pp. status, to stand]
simultaneous c. the enhancement of the visual sensation of white when a white object is viewed adjacent to a black object; the black object also appears blacker as a result of the contiguity of white. Adjacent complementary colors also appear brighter; e.g., green appears a brighter green and red a brighter red if these two colors are viewed side by side.
successive c. the visual effect caused by viewing a brightly colored object and then a gray surface; the latter appears tinged with the complementary color of the object. Viewing a surface colored in the complementary color of the object rather than in gray enhances the color intensity of the surface.

contrecoup
contrecoup (kawn-tr-koo′)

Denoting the manner of a contrafissura, as in the skull, at a point opposite that at which the blow was received. SEE ALSO: c. injury of brain. [Fr. counter-blow]

cont. rem.
cont. rem.

Abbreviation for L. continuenter remedia, continue the medicines.

control
control (kon-trol′)

1. (v.) To regulate, restrain, correct, restore to normal. 2. (n.) Ongoing operations or programs aimed at reducing a disease. 3. (n.) Members of a comparison group who differ in disease experience or allocation to a regimen from the subjects of a study. 4. (v). In statistics, to adjust or take into account extraneous influences. [Mediev. L. contrarotulum, a counterroll for checking accounts, fr. L. rotula, dim. of rota, a wheel]
autogenous c. regulation by the action of a gene product on the gene that codes for that product.
automatic gain c. (AGC) a feature of some hearing aids that reduces amplification at high-input intensity levels.
aversive c. c. of the behavior of another individual by use of psychologically noxious means; e.g., attempting to force better study habits by withholding a child's allowance, or withholding sexual contact unless the partner complies with a request.
biologic c. c. of living organisms, including vectors and reservoirs of disease, by using their natural enemies (predators, parasites, competitors).
birth c. 1. restriction of the number of offspring by means of contraceptive measures; 2. projects, programs, or methods to c. reproduction, by either improving or diminishing fertility.
idiodynamic c. nervous impulses from the medulla that preserve the normal trophic condition of the muscles.
negative c. regulation of an enzyme activity by an inhibitor of that enzyme or regulation of a protein by repression of transcription.
own controls a method of experimental c. in which the same subjects are used in both experimental and c. conditions.
positive c. regulation of an enzyme activity by an activator of that enzyme. Also, regulation via induction of a specific protein's biosynthesis or activation of a protein's processing.
quality c. the c. of laboratory analytical error by monitoring analytical performance with c. sera and maintaining error within established limits around the mean c. values, most commonly ±2 SD.
reflex c. nerve impulses transmitted to the muscles to maintain normal reflex action.
social c. the influence on the behavior of a person exerted by other persons or by society as a whole; e.g., through appropriate social norms, ostracism, or the criminal law.
stimulus c. the use of conditioning techniques to bring the target behavior of an individual under environmental c.. See classical conditioning.
synergic c. impulses transmitted from the cerebellum regulating the muscular activity of the synergic units of the body.
time-varied gain c. (TGC) SYN: time-gain compensation.
tonic c. nerve impulses that maintain a normal tonus or level of activity in muscle or other effector organs.
vestibulo-equilibratory c. nerve impulses transmitted from the semicircular canals, saccule, and utricle that serve to maintain the equilibrium of the body.

Control of Communicable Diseases Manual
Control of Communicable Diseases Manual (CCDM)

The internationally recognized authoritative manual, in the 17th (2000) edition, published by the American Public Health Association.

contusion
contusion (kon-too′shun)

Any mechanical injury (usually caused by a blow) resulting in hemorrhage beneath unbroken skin. SEE ALSO: bruise. [L. contusio, a bruising]
brain c. a bruising, usually of the surface, of the brain with extravasation of blood but without rupture of the pia-arachnoid; healing results in a superficial depressed sclerotic area, possibly with incorporated meninges. SEE ALSO: brain cicatrix.
scalp c. intracutaneous or subcutaneous extravasation of blood without gross disruption of skin.

conular
conular (kon′u-lar)

Cone-shaped.

Conus
Conus (ko′nus)

A genus of shellfish that inhabits the shores of some South Pacific islands. Several species, C. geographus, C. textilis, C. aulicus, C. tulipa, and C. marmoreus are poisonous, their sting or spine causing acute pain, edema, numbness, spreading paralysis, and sometimes coma and death.

conus
conus, pl .coni (ko′nus, -ni)

1. [TA] SYN: cone. 2. Posterior staphyloma in myopic choroidopathy. [L. fr. G. konos, cone]
c. arteriosus [TA] the left or anterosuperior, smooth-walled portion of the cavity of the right ventricle of the heart, which begins at the supraventricular crest and terminates in the pulmonary trunk. SYN: arterial cone, infundibulum (4) , pulmonary cone, pulmonary c..
congenital c. SYN: Fuchs coloboma.
distraction c. a c. in which the optic nerve passes through the scleral canal in a markedly oblique direction.
c. elasticus [TA] thicker lower portion of the elastic membrane of the larynx, extending between the cricoid cartilage and the vocal ligaments, the latter actually being a thickening of the free, superior margin of the c. elasticus; SYN: cricovocal membrane&star, elastic cone.
coni epididymidis lobules of epididymis, under lobule.
c. medullaris [TA] the tapering lower extremity of the spinal cord. SYN: medullary cone [TA] .
myopic c. SYN: myopic crescent.
pulmonary c. SYN: c. arteriosus.
supertraction c. a reddish yellow c. or ring at the nasal margin of the optic disk, produced by displacement of the retinal pigment epithelium and lamina vitrea of the choroid; occurs in high myopia.
coni vasculosi SYN: lobules of epididymis, under lobule.

convalescence
convalescence (kon-va-les′ens)

A period between the end of a disease and the patient's restoration to complete health. [L. con-valesco, to grow strong, fr. valeo, to be strong]

convalescent
convalescent (kon-va-les′ent)

1. Getting well or one who is getting well. 2. Denoting the period of convalescence.

convallaria
convallaria (kon-va-lar′e-a)

The flower, rhizome, and roots of C. majalis (family Liliaceae), lily of the valley; they contain glycosides with digitalis-like action ( e.g., convallatoxin). [L. convallis, an enclosed valley]

convection
convection (kon-vek′shun)

Conveyance of heat in liquids or gases by movement of the heated particles, as when the layer of water at the bottom of a heated pot rises or the warm air of a room ascends to the ceiling. [L. con-veho, pp. -vectus, to carry or bring together]

convergence
convergence (kon-ver′jens)

1. The tending of two or more objects toward a common point. 2. The direction of the visual lines to a near point. [L. con-vergere, to incline together]
accommodative c. the meter angle of c. expressed in diopters; equal to the product of the meter angles of c. times the interpupillary distance measured in centimeters.
amplitude of c. the distance between the near point and far point of c.. SYN: range of c..
angle of c. the angle that the visual axis makes with the median line when a near object is viewed.
far point of c. the point to which the visual lines are directed when c. is at rest.
near point of c. the point to which the visual lines are directed when c. is at its maximum.
negative c. the slight divergence of the visual axes when c. is at rest, as when observing the far point or during sleep.
positive c. inward deviation of the visual axes even when c. is at rest, as in cases of convergent squint.
range of c. SYN: amplitude of c..
unit of c. meter angle.

convergent
convergent (kon-ver′jent)

Tending toward a common point.

conversion
conversion (kon-ver′zhun)

1. SYN: transmutation. 2. An unconscious defense mechanism by which the anxiety which stems from an unconscious conflict is converted and expressed symbolically as a physical symptom; transformation of an emotion into a physical manifestation, as in c. hysteria. See c. hysteria. 3. In virology, the acquisition by bacteria of a new property associated with presence of a prophage. SEE ALSO: lysogeny. [L. con-verto, pp. -versus, to turn around, to change]

convertase
convertase (kon′ver-tas)

Proteases of complement that convert one component into another. See component of complement.

convertin
convertin (kon-ver′tin)

Active form of factor VII designated VIIa.

convex
convex (kon′veks, kon-veks′)

Applied to a surface that is evenly curved outward, the segment of a sphere. [L. convexus, vaulted, arched, c., fr. con-veho, to bring together]
high c. the segment of a sphere of short radius.
low c. the segment of a sphere of long radius.

convexity
convexity (kon-veks′i-te)

1. The state of being convex. 2. A convex structure.
cortical c. SYN: superolateral surface of cerebrum.

convexobasia
convexobasia (kon-vek-so-ba′se-a)

Forward bending of the occipital bone. [L. convexus, outwardly curved, + basis, foundation]

convexoconcave
convexoconcave (kon-vek′so-kon′kav)

Convex on one surface and concave on the opposite surface.

convexoconvex
convexoconvex (kon-vek′so-kon′veks)

SYN: biconvex.

convolute
convolute (kon′vo-loot)

Rolled together with one part over the other; in the shape of a roll or scroll. SYN: convoluted. [L. con-volvo, pp. -volutus, to roll together]

convoluted
convoluted (kon′vo-loo-ted)

SYN: convolute.

convolution
convolution (kon-vo-loo′shun)

1. A coiling or rolling of an organ. 2. Specifically, a gyrus of the cerebral or cerebellar cortex. [L. convolutio]
angular c. SYN: angular gyrus.
anterior central c. SYN: precentral gyrus.
ascending frontal c. SYN: precentral gyrus.
ascending parietal c. SYN: postcentral gyrus.
callosal c. SYN: cingulate gyrus.
cingulate c. SYN: cingulate gyrus.
first temporal c. SYN: superior temporal gyrus.
hippocampal c. SYN: parahippocampal gyrus.
inferior frontal c. SYN: inferior frontal gyrus.
inferior temporal c. SYN: inferior temporal gyrus.
middle frontal c. SYN: middle frontal gyrus.
middle temporal c. SYN: middle temporal gyrus.
posterior central c. SYN: postcentral gyrus.
second temporal c. SYN: middle temporal gyrus.
superior frontal c. SYN: superior frontal gyrus.
superior temporal c. SYN: superior temporal gyrus.
supramarginal c. SYN: supramarginal gyrus.
third temporal c. SYN: inferior temporal gyrus.
transitional c. SYN: transitional gyrus.
transverse temporal convolutions SYN: transverse temporal gyri, under gyrus.
Zuckerkandl c. SYN: subcallosal gyrus.

convulsant
convulsant (kon-vul′sant)

A substance that produces convulsions. SEE ALSO: eclamptogenic, epileptogenic.

convulsion
convulsion (kon-vul′shun)

1. A violent spasm or series of jerkings of the face, trunk, or extremities. 2. SYN: seizure (2) . [L. convulsio, fr. convello, pp. -vulsus, to tear up]
benign neonatal convulsions a familial, self-limited epilepsy, beginning at 2, 3, or 6 days of age and resolving spontaneously by six months of age; autosomal dominant inheritance.
clonic c. a c. in which the contractions are intermittent, the muscles alternately contracting and relaxing.
complex febrile c. a febrile c. that is prolonged (greater than 15 minutes' duration) or is associated with focal neurologic deficits.
febrile c. a brief seizure, lasting less than 15 minutes, seen in a neurologically normal infant or young child, associated with fever. SYN: febrile seizure.
hysterical c., hysteroid c. hysteria.
immediate posttraumatic c. a c. beginning very soon after injury.
infantile c. any c. occurring in infancy (0–2 years of age).
salaam convulsions SYN: infantile spasm.
tetanic c. SYN: tonic c..
tonic c. a c. in which muscle contraction is sustained. SYN: tetanic c..

convulsive
convulsive (kon-vul′siv)

Relating to convulsions; marked by or producing convulsions.

Cooke
Cooke

A. Bennett, U.S. physician, *1869. See C. speculum.

Cooley
Cooley

Thomas B., U.S. pediatrician, 1871–1945. See C. anemia.

Cooley
Cooley

Denton, U.S. cardiothoracic surgeon, *1920, noted for inventing many surgical instruments.

Coolidge
Coolidge

William D., U.S. physicist, 1873–1975. See C. tube.

Coomassie brilliant blue R-250
Coomassie brilliant blue R-250 [C.I. 42660]

A general protein stain used in electrophoresis because of its unusual sensitivity. [originally, a proprietary name of Imperial Chemical; Coomassie (Kumasi), Ghana]

Coombs
Coombs

Robin R.A., English veterinarian and immunologist, *1921. See Gell and C. reactions, under reaction, C. serum, C. test, direct C. test, indirect C. test.

Coombs
Coombs

Carey F., English physician, 1879–1932. See Carey C. murmur, C. murmur.

Cooper
Cooper

Sir Astley Paston, English anatomist and surgeon, 1768–1841. See C. fascia, C. hernia, C. herniotome, C. ligaments, under ligament, suspensory ligaments of C., under ligament.

cooperativity
cooperativity

A property of certain proteins (often enzymes) in which the binding curves or saturation curves or, in the case of enzymes, a plot of initial rates as a function of initial substrate concentration, are nonhyperbolic; suggests that the binding of a ligand has a different affinity at different ligand concentrations. Both allosterism and hysteresis are models that will display c.. Cf.:allosterism, hysteresis.
negative c. c. in which successive ligand molecules appear to bind with decreasing affinity.
positive c. c. in which successive ligand molecules appear to bind with increasing affinity.

Cooperia
Cooperia (koo-pe′re-a)

A genus of small, slender nematodes (family Trichostrongylidae) inhabiting the small intestine, rarely the abomasum, of ruminants; when fresh they are a bright pink color; they produce serious effects only when present in large numbers. In partly immune animals, these worms become enclosed in nodules in the wall of the intestine; they are less pathogenic in sheep and goats than the trichostrongyles Haemonchus, Ostertagia, and Trichostrongylus.
C. bisonis species that occurs in cattle, sheep, bison, and pronghorn antelopes.
C. curticei species that occurs in sheep, goats, and wild deer in Europe, although cosmopolitan in distribution.
C. fieldingi SYN: C. punctata.
C. oncophora species that occurs in cattle and domestic and wild sheep, but rarely in the horse; although worldwide in distribution, it is most common in the northern U.S. and Canada. SYN: Strongylus radiatus, Strongylus ventricosus.
C. pectinata species that occurs in cattle, sheep, water buffalo, dromedary camels, and various wild ruminants; it is common in the southern U.S.
C. punctata species that occurs mainly in cattle, less commonly in sheep, water buffalo, and several wild ruminants; although worldwide in distribution, it is especially widespread in North America and common in Hawaii. SYN: C. fieldingi.
C. spatulata a species that occurs in cattle and sheep in the southern U.S., Kenya, Australia, and Malaysia.

coordinate
coordinate

1. (ko-or′di-nit)Any of the scales or magnitudes that serve to define the position of a point. 2. (ko-or′di-nat)To perform the act of coordination. [see coordination]

coordination
coordination (ko-or′di-na′shun)

The harmonious working together, especially of several muscles or muscle groups in the execution of complicated movements. [L. co-, together, + ordino, pp. -atus, to arrange, fr. ordo (ordin-), arrangement, order]

co-ossification
co-ossification (ko-os′i-fi-ka′shun)

State of being joined by bone formation.

co-ossify
co-ossify (ko-os′i-fi)

To unite into one bone. [L. co-, together, + os, bone, + facio, to make]

copaiba
copaiba (ko-pi′ba)

The oleoresin of Copaifera officinalis and other species of Copaifera (family Leguminosae), a South American plant; c. oil is used as an expectorant, diuretic, and stimulant. SYN: balsam of c.. [Sp.]

COPD
COPD

Abbreviation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Cope
Cope

Sir Vincent Z., English surgeon, 1881–1974. See C. clamp.

cope
cope (kop)

1. The upper half of a flask in the casting art; hence applicable to the upper or cavity side of a denture flask. 2. An act that enables one to adjust to the environmental circumstances.

copepod
copepod (ko′pe-pod)

Any member of the order Copepoda.

Copepoda
Copepoda (ko-pep′o-da)

An order of abundant, free-living, freshwater and marine crustaceans of basic importance in the aquatic food chain in both the marine and freshwater environments; some species are commonly called water fleas. Some are ectoparasites of both cold-blooded and warm-blooded aquatic vertebrates; the parasitic copepods of fish and whales are often highly modified for deep penetration of the skin or for adherence by suckers and hooks ( e.g., the fish lice, Argulus). Certain copepods (Cyclops, Diaptomus) are important as intermediate hosts of the tapeworm Diphyllobothrium latum and of the nematode Dracunculus medinensis. [G. kope, an oar, + pous (pod-), a foot]

coping
coping (kop′ing)

1. A thin metal covering or cap. 2. An adaptive or otherwise successful method of dealing with individual or environmental situations that involve psychologic or physiologic stress or threat.
transfer c. in dentistry, a metallic, acrylic resin or other covering or cap used to position a die in an impression.

copolymer
copolymer (ko′pol-i-mer)

A polymer in which two or more monomers or base units are combined.
c.-1 acetate salt of a mixture of synthetic polypeptides composed of four amino acids; used to reduce the relapse rate with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.

copper
copper (Cu) (kop′er)

A metallic element, atomic no. 29, atomic wt. 63.546; several of its salts are used in medicine. A bioelement found in a number of proteins. [L. cuprum, orig. Cyprium, fr. Cyprus, where it was mined]
c. arsenite SYN: cupric arsenite.
c. bichloride SYN: cupric chloride.
c. chloride SYN: cupric chloride.
c. citrate SYN: cupric citrate.
c. dichloride SYN: cupric chloride.
c. sulfate, c. sulphate SYN: cupric sulfate.

copper-64
copper-64 (⁶⁴Cu)

Beta and positron emitter with a half-life of 12.82 hr. Used in the study of Wilson disease and in brain scans for tumors.

copper-67
copper-67 (⁶⁷Cu)

Beta and gamma emitter with a half-life of 2.580 days.

copperas
copperas (kop′er-as)

The impure commercial variety of ferrous sulfate.

copperhead
copperhead (kop′er-hed)

A poisonous snake of the genus Agkistrodon in the U.S.

copper pennies
copper pennies

SYN: sclerotic bodies, under body.

Coppet
Coppet

Louis de, French physicist, 1841–1911. See C. law.

coprecipitation
coprecipitation (ko′pre-sip-i-ta′shun)

Precipitation of unbound antigen along with an antigen-antibody complex; may occur particularly when a soluble complex is precipitated by a second antibody specific for the Fc fragment of the immunoglobulin of the complex.

copremesis
copremesis (kop-rem′e-sis)

SYN: fecal vomiting. [G. kopros, dung, + emesis]

copro- copro-

Filth, dung, usually used in referring to feces. SEE ALSO: scato-, sterco-. [G. kopros, dung]

coproantibodies
coproantibodies (kop′ro-an′ti-bod-ez)

Antibodies found in the intestine and in feces; they probably are formed by plasma cells in the intestinal mucosa and consist chiefly of the IgA class.

coprolalia
coprolalia (kop-ro-la′le-a)

Involuntary utterances of vulgar or obscene words; seen in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. SYN: coprophrasia. [copro- + G. lalia, talk]

coprolith
coprolith (kop′ro-lith)

SYN: fecalith. [copro- + G. lithos, stone]

coprology
coprology (kop-rol′o-je)

SYN: scatology (1) . [copro- + G. logos, study]

coproma
coproma (kop-ro′ma)

SYN: fecaloma. [copro- + G. -oma, tumor]

coprophagia
coprophagia (kop′ro-fa′jya)

The eating of excrement. SYN: coprophagy, scatophagy.

coprophagous
coprophagous (ko-prof′a-gus)

Feeding on excrement.

coprophagy
coprophagy (ko-prof′a-je)

SYN: coprophagia. [copro- + G. phago, to eat]

coprophil
coprophil, coprophilic (kop′ro-fil, -fil′ik)

1. Denoting microorganisms occurring in fecal matter. 2. Relating to coprophilia. [see coprophilia]

coprophile
coprophile (kop′ro-fil)

An organism that ingests fecal material from other organisms.

coprophilia
coprophilia (kop-ro-fil′e-a)

1. Attraction of microorganisms to fecal matter. 2. In psychiatry, a morbid attraction to, and interest in (with a sexual element), fecal matter. SYN: mysophilia. [copro- + G. philos, fond]

coprophobia
coprophobia (kop-ro-fo′be-a)

Morbid fear of defecation and feces. [copro- + G. phobos, fear]

coprophrasia
coprophrasia (kop-ro-fra′ze-a)

SYN: coprolalia.

coproplanesia
coproplanesia (kop-ro-plan-e′ze-a)

Rarely used term for passage of feces through a fistula or artificial anus. [copro- + G. planesis, a wandering]

coproporphyria
coproporphyria (kop′ro-por-fir′e-a)

Presence of coproporphyrins in the urine, as in variegate porphyria.
hereditary c. an inherited (autosomal dominant) disorder of a deficiency of coproporphyrinogen oxidase, resulting in overproduction of porphyrin precursors leading to neurological disturbances and photosensitivity.

coproporphyrin
coproporphyrin (kop-ro-por′fi-rin)

One of two porphyrin compounds found normally in feces as a decomposition product of bilirubin (hence, from hemoglobin); certain corproporphyrins are elevated in certain porphyrias. SEE ALSO: porphyrinogens.

coproporphyrinogen
coproporphyrinogen (kop′ro-por-fi-rin′o-jen)

See porphyrinogens.
c. oxidase an enzyme that catalyzes a step in porphyrin biosynthesis, reacting c. III and O₂ to form protoporphyrinogen IX and 2CO₂. A deficiency of this enzyme will result in hereditary coproporphyria.

coprostane
coprostane (kop-ros′tan)

The parent hydrocarbon of coprosterol.

coprostanone
coprostanone (kop-ros′tan-on)

5β-Cholestan-3-one, an oxidation product of coprosterol.

coprostasis
coprostasis (kop-ro-sta′sis)

Rarely used term for fecal impaction. [copro- + G. stasis, a standing]

coprostenol
coprostenol (kop-ros′ten-ol)

SYN: allocholesterol.

coprosterol
coprosterol (kop-ros′ter-ol)

5β-Cholastan-3β-ol;the main sterol of the feces produced by the reduction of cholesterol by intestinal bacteria. For structure of coprostane and cholestane, see steroids. SYN: 3β-coprostanol, stercorin.

coprostigmastane
coprostigmastane (kop-ro-stig-mas′tan)

The 5β isomer of stigmastane.

coprozoa
coprozoa (kop-ro-zo′a)

Protozoa that can be cultivated in fecal matter, although not necessarily living in feces within the intestine. [copro- + G. zoon, animal]

coprozoic
coprozoic (kop-ro-zo′ik)

Relating to coprozoa.

coptosis
coptosis (kop-to′sis)

A state of perpetual fatigue. [G. kopto, to tire, + osis, condition]

copula
copula (kop′u-la)

1. In anatomy, a narrow part connecting two structures, e.g., the body of the hyoid bone. 2. A swelling that is formed during the early development of the tongue by the medial portion of the second branchial arch; it is overgrown by the hypobranchial eminence and is not present in the adult tongue. 3. Obsolete term for zygote. [L. a bond, tie]
His c. SYN: hypobranchial eminence.
c. linguae SYN: hypobranchial eminence.

copulation
copulation (kop-u-la′shun)

1. SYN: coitus. 2. In protozoology, conjugation between two cells that do not fuse but separate after mutual fertilization; observed in the ciliophora, as in Paramecium. [L. copulatio, a joining]

copulines
copulines

Substances that occur in vaginal secretions; men who were exposed to c. rated women as more attractive, especially those women considered less attractive by controls tested with water. C. from ovulatory (but not menstrual or premenstrual) women caused a rise in salivary testosterone in men.

CoQ
CoQ

Abbreviation for coenzyme Q.

coquille
coquille (ko-kel′)

A spherical curved lens of uniform thickness. [Fr.]

cor
cor, gen. cordis (kor, kor′dis) [TA]

SYN: heart. [L.]
c. adiposum SYN: fatty heart (2) .
c. biloculare a heart in which the interatrial and interventricular septa are absent or incomplete.
c. bovinum (kor bo′vi-num) SYN: ox heart.
c. mobile a heart that moves unduly on change of bodily position; associated with large defects or absence (congenital or surgical) of the pericardium. SYN: movable heart.
c. pendulum an extreme form of c. mobile in which the heart appears to be suspended by the great vessels. SYN: pendulous heart.
c. pulmonale chronic c. p. is characterized by hypertrophy of the right ventricle resulting from disease of the lungs, except for lung changes in diseases that primarily affect the left side of the heart and pulmonary artery and excluding congenital heart disease; acute c. p. is characterized by dilation and failure of the right side of the heart due to pulmonary embolism. In both types, characteristic electrocardiogram changes occur, and in later stages there is usually right-sided cardiac failure.
c. triatriatum a heart with three atrial chambers, the left atrium being subdivided by a transverse septum with a single small opening which separates the openings of the pulmonary veins from the mitral valve. SYN: accessory atrium.
c. triloculare three-chambered heart due to absence of the interatrial or the interventricular septum.
c. triloculare biatriatum absence of the interventricular septum.
c. triloculare biventriculare absence of the interatrial septum.

coracidium
coracidium (ko-ra-sid′e-um)

The ciliated first-stage aquatic embryo of pseudophyllid and other cestodes with aquatic cycles; within the ciliated embryophore is a hooked larva, the hexacanth, that develops in the intermediate host, usually an aquatic crustacean, into the next larval stage, the procercoid.

coracoacromial
coracoacromial (kor′a-ko-a-kro′me-al)

Relating to the coracoid and acromial processes. SYN: acromiocoracoid.

coracobrachialis
coracobrachialis (kor′a-ko-bra-ke-a′lis)

Relating to the coracoid process of the scapula and the arm. SEE ALSO: c. muscle, coracobrachial bursa.

coracoclavicular
coracoclavicular (kor′a-ko-kla-vik′u-lar)

Relating to the coracoid process and the clavicle. SYN: scapuloclavicular (2) .

coracohumeral
coracohumeral (kor′a-ko-hu′mer-al)

Relating to the coracoid process and the humerus.

coracoid
coracoid (kor′a-koyd)

Shaped like a crow's beak; denoting a process of the scapula. [G. korakodes, like a crow's beak, fr. korax, raven, + eidos, appearance]

corallin
corallin (kor′a-lin)

SYN: aurin.
yellow c. a sodium salt of aurin.

cord
cord (kord) [TA]

1. In anatomy, any long ropelike structure. A small, cordlike structure composed of several to many longitudinally oriented fibers, vessels, ducts, or combinations thereof. SEE ALSO: chorda. 2. In histopathology, a line of tumor cells only one cell in width. SYN: fasciculus (2) [TA] , funiculus [TA] , funicle. [L. chorda, a string]
Bergmann cords SYN: medullary striae of fourth ventricle, under stria.
Billroth cords SYN: splenic cords.
condyle c. SYN: condylar axis.
dental c. an aggregation of epithelial cells forming the rudimentary enamel organ.
false tendinous cords false chordae tendineae, under chorda.
false vocal c. SYN: vestibular fold.
Ferrein cords SYN: vocal fold. See vocal fold.
gangliated c. SYN: sympathetic trunk.
genital c. one of a pair of mesenchymal ridges bulging into the caudal part of the celom of a young embryo and containing the mesonephric and paramesonephric duct.
germinal cords the gonadal cords of the embryonic ovary or testis. SYN: sex cords.
gonadal cords columns of germinal and follicle cells penetrating centripetally into the embryonic ovarian or testicular cortex.
gubernacular c. the content of the gubernacular canal, usually composed of remnants of dental lamina and connective tissue.
hepatic cords liver laminae as seen in sections.
lateral c. of brachial plexus [TA] in the brachial plexus, the bundle of nerve fibers formed by the anterior divisions of the superior and middle trunks which is located lateral to the axillary artery. This c. gives off the lateral pectoral nerve and terminates by dividing into the musculocutaneous nerve and the lateral root of the median nerve. SYN: fasciculus lateralis plexus brachialis [TA] .
lymph cords SYN: medullary cords (1) .
medial c. of brachial plexus [TA] in the brachial plexus, the bundle of nerve fibers formed by the anterior division of the inferior trunk which lies medial to the axillary artery; it gives off the medial pectoral nerve, the medial brachial cutaneous, and medial antebrachial cutaneous nerves and end by dividing into the medial root of the median nerves and the ulnar nerve. SYN: fasciculus medialis plexus brachialis [TA] .
medullary cords 1. cords of dense lymphoid tissue between the sinuses in the medulla of a lymph node; SYN: lymph cords. 2. SYN: rete cords.
nephrogenic c. a longitudinal dorsolateral tract of intermediate mesoderm; the primordium for both mesonephric and metanephric tubules.
nuchal c. loop(s) of umbilical c. around the fetal neck, posing risk of intrauterine hypoxia, fetal distress, or death.
oblique c. of interosseous membrane of forearm [TA] a slender band extending from the lateral part of the coronoid process of the ulna distad and laterad to the radius immediately distal to the bicipital tuberosity. SYN: chorda obliqua membranae interosseae antebrachii [TA] , oblique ligament of elbow joint, round ligament of elbow joint, Weitbrecht c., Weitbrecht ligament.
omphalomesenteric c. SYN: vitelline c..
posterior c. of brachial plexus [TA] in the brachial plexus, the bundle of nerve fibers formed by the posterior divisions of the upper, middle and lower trunks which lies posterior to the axillary artery; it gives rise to the upper and lower subscapular and thoracodorsal nerves, terminates by dividing into the axillary, and radial nerves. SYN: fasciculus posterior plexus brachialis [TA] .
psalterial c. SYN: stria vascularis of cochlear duct.
red pulp cords SYN: splenic cords.
rete cords primordial cell cords (medullary cords and sex cords) in the embryonic gonads that connect with some of the mesonephric tubules and from which the rete testis of the male and the rete ovarii of the female develop. SYN: medullary cords (2) .
sex cords SYN: germinal cords.
spermatic c. [TA] the c. formed by the ductus deferens and its associated structures extending from the deep inguinal ring through the inguinal canal into the scrotum. SEE ALSO: coverings of spermatic c., under covering. SYN: funiculus spermaticus [TA] , chorda spermatica, testicular c..
spinal c. [TA] the elongated cylindrical portion of the cerebrospinal axis, or central nervous system, which is contained in the spinal or vertebral canal. SYN: medulla spinalis [TA] , chorda spinalis, spinal marrow.
splenic cords the tissue occurring between the venous sinuses in the red pulp of the spleen. SYN: Billroth cords, red pulp cords.
tendinous cords chordae tendineae of heart, under chorda.
testicular c. SYN: spermatic c..
testis cords the germinal cords of the embryonic testis.
true vocal c. SYN: vocal fold.
c. of tympanum SYN: chorda tympani.
umbilical c. the definitive connecting stalk between the embryo or fetus and the placenta; at birth it is primarily composed of Wharton jelly in which the umbilical vessels are embedded. SYN: chorda umbilicalis, funiculus umbilicalis, funis (1) .
c. of umbilical artery [TA] the obliterated umbilical artery that persists as a fibrous c. passing upward alongside the bladder to the umbilicus. SYN: chorda arteriae umbilicalis [TA] , ligamentum umbilicale mediale, medial umbilical ligament.
vitelline c. a persistent yolk stalk in the form of a solid c. of tissue connecting ileum to umbilicus. SYN: omphalomesenteric c..
vocal c. SYN: vocal fold.
Weitbrecht c. SYN: oblique c. of interosseous membrane of forearm.
Wilde cords transverse markings on the corpus callosum.
Willis cords several fibrous cords crossing the superior sagittal sinus. SYN: chordae willisii.

cord- cord-

See chord-.

cordate
cordate (kor′dat)

Heart-shaped.

cordectomy
cordectomy (kor-dek′to-me)

Excision of a part or whole of a vocal cord. [G. chorde, cord, + ektome, excision]

cordial
cordial (kor′jul)

A sweet aromatic liquor. [Mediev. L. cordialis, fr. cor (cord-), heart]

cordianine
cordianine (kor-di′a-nen)

SYN: allantoin.

cordiform
cordiform (kor′di-form)

Heart-shaped. [L. cor (cord-), heart, + forma, shape]

cordis
cordis (kor′dis)

Of the heart. [gen. of L. cor, heart]
diastasis c. (di-as′ta-sis) any period of mechanical inactivity of the heart and particularly of the ventricles, usually appearing normally during slow heart rates when the ventricles complete their filling early and appear to be inactive.

cordocentesis
cordocentesis (cor-do-cen-te′sis)

Transabdominal blood sampling of the fetal umbilical cord, performed under ultrasound guidance. SYN: funipuncture. [cord + G. kentesis, puncture]

cordon sanitaire
cordon sanitaire (kor-don′ san-i-tayr′)

The barrier erected around a focus of infection. [Fr., sanitary barrier]

cordopexy
cordopexy (kor′do-pek-se)

1. Operative fixation of any displaced anatomic cord. 2. Lateral fixation of one or both vocal cords to correct glottic stenosis. [G. chorde, cord, + pexis, fixation]

cordotomy
cordotomy (kor-dot′o-me)

1. Any operation on the spinal cord. 2. Division of tracts of the spinal cord, which may be performed percutaneously (stereotactic c.) or after laminectomy (open c.) by various techniques such as incision or radio frequency coagulation. 3. Incision through the membranous portion of the vocal fold to widen the posterior glottis in bilateral vocal paralysis. [G. chorde, cord, + tome, a cutting]
anterolateral c. division of the anterolateral quadrant of the spinal cord to section the spinothalamic tract. SYN: anterolateral tractotomy, spinal tractotomy, spinothalamic c..
open c. c. (2) .
posterior column c. division of the posterior column of the spinal cord.
spinothalamic c. SYN: anterolateral c..
stereotactic c. c. (2) .

Cordylobia
Cordylobia (kor-di-lo′be-a)

A genus of calliphorid fleshflies. [G. kordyle, a cudgel, swelling, or tumor]
C. anthropophaga tumbu fly of Africa south of the Sahara; a species that causes a boil-like furuncular myiasis; many animals besides humans are attacked, especially domestic dogs, though rats are probably the chief reservoir of human infection.

cordylobiasis
cordylobiasis (kor′di-lo-bi′a-sis)

Infection of humans and animals with larvae of flies of the genus Cordylobia. SYN: African furuncular myiasis, tumbu dermal myiasis.

core
core (kor)

1. The central mass of necrotic tissue in a boil. 2. A metal casting, usually with a post in the canal of a tooth root, designed to retain an artificial crown. 3. A sectional record, usually of plaster of Paris or one of its derivatives, of the relationships of parts, such as teeth, metallic restorations, or copings. [L. cor, heart]
atomic c. the nucleus plus the nonvalence electrons.
central transactional c. the reticular activating system of the brain.

core- core-, coreo-, coro-

The pupil (of the eye). [G. kore, pupil]

co-receptor
co-receptor

A cell surface protein that increases the sensitivity of the antigen receptor to antigen by binding to other ligands.
B cell c. a complex of three proteins associated with the B-cell receptor (CR2, CD19, and TAPA-1).

corectopia
corectopia (kor-ek-to′pe-a)

Eccentric location of the pupil so that it is not in the center of the iris. [G. kore, pupil, + ektopos, out of place]

corelysis
corelysis (ko-re-li′sis)

A rarely used term for freeing of adhesions between lens capsule and the iris. [G. kore, pupil, + lysis, a loosening]

coremium
coremium (ko-re′me-um)

A sheaflike tuft of conidiophores. [G. korema, filth, refuse]

coreo- coreo-

See core-.

coreoplasty
coreoplasty (kor′e-o-plas-te)

The procedure to correct a misshapen, miotic, or occluded pupil. [G. kore, pupil, + plasso, to form]

corepexy
corepexy (kor′e-pek-se)

A suturing of the iris to modify the shape or size of the pupil.
purse-string c. a suture threaded along the pupillary margin and tied down to make a large pupil small.

corepraxy
corepraxy (kor′e-prak′se)

A procedure designed to widen a small pupil. [G. kore, pupil, + praxis, action]
laser c. the iris stroma is heated with a laser and the resultant contracture of iris tissue widens the pupil.
mechanical c. a procedure that lodges the pupillary margin in the groove of a device which, when widened, stretches the pupillary edge to make the pupil larger.

corepressor
corepressor (ko-re-pres′or)

A molecule, usually a product of a specific metabolic pathway, that combines with and activates a repressor produced by a regulator gene. The activated repressor then attaches to an operator gene site and inhibits activity of the structural genes. This homeostatic mechanism negatively regulates enzyme production in repressible enzyme systems.

Corey
Corey

R.B., U.S. chemist, 1897–1971. See Pauling-C. helix.

Cori
Cori

Gerty Theresa, Czech-U.S. biochemist and Nobel laureate, 1896–1957. See C. disease.

Cori
Cori

Carl F., Czech-U.S. biochemist and Nobel laureate, 1896–1984. See C. cycle, C. ester.

coria
coria (ko′re-a)

Plural of corium.

coriander
coriander (ko-re-an′der)

The dried ripe fruit of Coriandrum sativum (family Umbelliferae); a mild stimulant aromatic and a flavoring agent.

corium
corium, pl .coria (ko′re-um, -re-a)

dermis. [L. skin, hide, leather]

corn
corn (korn)

SYN: clavus (1) . [L. cornu, horn, hoof]
asbestos c. a granulomatous or hyperkeratotic lesion of the skin at the site of deposit of asbestos particles. SYN: asbestos wart.
hard c. the usual form of c. over a toe joint.
soft c. a c. formed by pressure between two toes, the surface being macerated and yellowish in color.

cornea
cornea (kor′ne-a) [TA]

The transparent tissue constituting the anterior sixth of the outer wall of the eye, with a 7.7-mm radius of curvature as contrasted with the 13.5 mm of the sclera; it consists of stratified squamous epithelium continuous with that of the conjunctiva, a substantia propria, substantially regularly arranged collagen imbedded in mucopolysaccharide, and an inner layer of endothelium. It is the chief refractory structure of the eye. [L. fem. of corneus, horny]
conical c. SYN: keratoconus.
c. farinata bilateral speckling of the posterior part of the corneal stroma. SYN: floury c..
floury c. SYN: c. farinata.
c. plana a congenital disorder in which the arc curvature of the c. is flatter than normal, leaving the eye hyperopic.
c. urica bilateral deposition of crystalline deposits of urea and sodium urate within corneal stroma.
c. verticillata congenital whorl-like opacities in the c.. SYN: Fleischer vortex.

corneal
corneal (kor′ne-al)

Relating to the cornea.

corneoblepharon
corneoblepharon (kor′ne-o-blef′a-ron)

Adhesion of the eyelid margin to the cornea. [cornea + G. blepharon, eyelid]

corneocyte
corneocyte (kor′ne-o-sit)

The dead keratin-filled squamous cell of the stratum corneum. SYN: horny cell, keratinized cell. [cornea, L. fem. of corneus, horny, + G. kytos, cell]

corneosclera
corneosclera (kor′ne-o-skler′a)

The combined cornea and sclera when considered as forming the external coat of the eyeball.

corneoscleral
corneoscleral (kor′ne-o-skler′al)

Pertaining to the cornea and sclera.

Corner
Corner

George W., U.S. anatomist, 1889–1981. See C.-Allen test, C.-Allen unit.

Corner
Corner

Edred M., English surgeon, 1873–1950. See C. tampon.

corneum
corneum (kor′ne-um)

See stratum c. epidermidis, stratum c. unguis. [L., ntr. of corneus, horny, fr. cornu, horn]

corniculate
corniculate (kor-nik′u-lat)

1. Resembling a horn. 2. Having horns or horn-shaped appendages. [L. corniculatus, horned]

corniculum
corniculum (kor-nik′u-lum)

A small cornu. [L. dim. of cornu, horn]
c. laryngis SYN: corniculate cartilage.

cornification
cornification (kor-ni-fi-ka′shun)

SYN: keratinization. [L. cornu, horn, + facio, to make]

cornified
cornified (kor′ni-fid)

SYN: keratinized.

corn oil
corn oil

The refined fixed oil expressed from the embryo of Zea mays (family Gramineae); a solvent. SYN: maise oil.

cornsilk
cornsilk (korn′silk)

SYN: zea.

corn smut
corn smut (korn′smut)

SYN: Ustilago maydis.

cornu
cornu, gen. cornus, pl .cornua (kor′noo, -nus, -noo-a)

1. [TA] SYN: horn. 2. Any structure composed of horny substance. 3. One of the coronal extensions of the dental pulp underlying a cusp or lobe. 4. The major subdivisions of the lateral ventricle in the cerebral hemisphere (the frontal horn, occipital horn, and temporal horn). SEE ALSO: lateral ventricle. 5. The major divisions of the gray columns of the spinal cord (anterior horn, lateral horn, posterior horn). [L. horn]
c. ammonis SYN: Ammon horn.
c. anterius [TA] SYN: anterior horn.
coccygeal c. two processes that project upward from the dorsum of the base of the coccyx to articulate with the sacral cornua. SYN: c. coccygeum [TA] , coccygeal horn, cornua coccygealia.
cornua coccygealia SYN: coccygeal c..
c. coccygeum [TA] SYN: coccygeal c..
c. cutaneum SYN: cutaneous horn.
cornua of falciform margin of saphenous opening See inferior horn of falciform margin of saphenous opening, superior horn of falciform margin of saphenous opening.
c. frontale ventriculi lateralis [TA] SYN: cornua of lateral ventricle.
cornua of hyoid bone See greater horn of hyoid bone, lesser horn of hyoid.
c. inferius [TA] SYN: inferior horn.
c. inferius cartilaginis thyroideae [TA] SYN: inferior horn of thyroid cartilage.
c. inferius marginis falciformis hiatus sapheni [TA] SYN: inferior horn of falciform margin of saphenous opening.
c. inferius ventriculi lateralis [TA] SYN: inferior horn of lateral ventricle.
c. laterale [TA] SYN: lateral horn.
cornua of lateral ventricle SYN: c. frontale ventriculi lateralis [TA] , c. occipitale ventriculi lateralis [TA] , c. temporale ventriculi lateralis [TA] .anterior horn (1) , inferior horn, posterior horn.
c. majus ossis hyoidei [TA] SYN: greater horn of hyoid bone.
c. minus ossis hyoidei [TA] SYN: lesser horn of hyoid.
c. occipitale ventriculi lateralis [TA] SYN: cornua of lateral ventricle.
c. posterius [TA] SYN: posterior horn.
c. posterius ventriculi lateralis [TA] SYN: posterior horn.
sacral c. [TA] the most caudal parts of the intermediate sacral crest. On each side they form the lateral margin of the sacral hiatus and articulate with the coccygeal cornua. SYN: c. sacrale [TA] , sacral horn&star.
c. sacrale [TA] SYN: sacral c..
c. of spinal cord SYN: posterior horn. See anterior horn (2) , lateral horn.
styloid c. SYN: lesser horn of hyoid.
c. superius cartilaginis thyroideae [TA] SYN: superior horn of thyroid cartilage.
c. superius marginalis falciformis [TA] SYN: superior horn of falciform margin of saphenous opening.
c. temporale ventriculi lateralis [TA] SYN: inferior horn of lateral ventricle.
c. temporale ventriculi lateralis [TA] SYN: cornua of lateral ventricle.
cornua of thyroid cartilage inferior horn of thyroid cartilage, superior horn of thyroid cartilage.
c. uteri [TA] SYN: uterine horn.

cornua
cornua (kor′noo-a)

Plural of cornu.

cornual
cornual (kor′noo-al)

Relating to a cornu.

coro- coro-

See core-.

corona
corona, pl .coronae (ko-ro′na, -ne) [TA]

SYN: crown. [L. garland, crown, fr. G. korone]
c. capitis the topmost part of the head. SYN: crown of head.
c. ciliaris [TA] the circular figure on the inner surface of the ciliary body, formed by the processes and folds (plicae) taken together. SYN: ciliary crown, ciliary wreath.
c. clinica SYN: clinical crown.
c. dentis SYN: crown of tooth.
c. glandis penis [TA] SYN: c. of glans penis.
c. of glans penis [TA] the prominent posterior border of the glans penis. SYN: c. glandis penis [TA] .
c. radiata 1. [TA] a fan-shaped fiber mass on the white matter of the cerebral cortex, composed of the widely radiating fibers of the internal capsule; 2. a single layer of columnar cells derived from the cumulus oophorus, which anchor on the pellucid zone of the oocyte in a secondary follicle. SYN: radiate crown.
c. seborrheica a red band at the hair line along the upper border of the forehead and temples occasionally observed in seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp.
c. veneris papular syphilitic lesions (secondary eruption) along the anterior margin of the scalp or on the back of the neck. SEE ALSO: crown of Venus.
Zinn c. SYN: vascular circle of optic nerve.

coronad
coronad (kor′o-nad)

In a direction toward any corona.

coronal
coronal (kor′o-nal) [TA]

Relating to a corona or the c. plane. SYN: coronalis [TA] .

coronale
coronale (kor-o-na′le)

1. SYN: frontal bone. 2. One of the two most widely separated points on the coronal suture at the poles of the greatest frontal diameter. [L. neuter of coronalis, pertaining to a corona, crown]

coronalis
coronalis (kor-o-na′lis) [TA]

SYN: coronal.

coronaria
coronaria (kor-o-na′re-a)

A coronary artery, of the heart.

coronarism
coronarism (kor′o-nar-izm)

1. SYN: coronary insufficiency. 2. SYN: angina pectoris. [coronary (artery) + -ism]

coronaritis
coronaritis (kor′o-na-ri′tis)

Inflammation of coronary artery or arteries.

coronary
coronary (kor′o-nar-e)

1. Relating to or resembling a crown. 2. Encircling;denoting various anatomical structures, e.g., nerves, blood vessels, ligaments. 3. Specifically, denoting the c. blood vessels of the heart and, colloquially, c. thrombosis. [L. coronarius; fr. corona, a crown]
cafe c. sudden collapse while eating that results from food impaction closing the glottis; often erroneously thought to stem from c. artery disease.

Coronaviridae
Coronaviridae (ko-ro′na-vir′i-de)

A family of single-stranded RNA-containing viruses with 3 or 4 major antigens corresponding to each of the major viral proteins; some of which cause upper respiratory tract infections in humans similar to the “common cold”; others cause animal infections (infectious avian bronchitis, swine encephalitis, mouse hepatitis, neonatal calf diarrhea, and others). The viruses resemble myxoviruses except for the petal-shaped projections that give an impression of the solar corona. Virions are 120–160 nm in diameter, enveloped, and ether-sensitive. Nucleocapsids are thought to be of helical symmetry; they develop in cytoplasm and are enveloped by budding into cytoplasmic vesicles. Coronavirus and Torovirus are the only recognized genera. [L. corona, garland, crown]

Coronavirus
Coronavirus (ko-ro′na-vi′rus)

A genus in the family Coronaviridae that is associated with upper respiratory tract infections and possibly gastroenteritis in man.

coronavirus
coronavirus (ko-ro′na-vi′rus)

Any virus of the family Coronaviridae.

coroner
coroner (kor′on-er)

An official whose duty it is to investigate sudden, suspicious, or violent death to determine the cause; in some communities, the office has been replaced by that of medical examiner. [L. corona, a crown]

coronion
coronion (ko-ro′ne-on)

The tip of the coronoid process of the mandible; a craniometric point. SYN: koronion. [G. korone, crow]

coronoid
coronoid (kor′o-noyd)

Shaped like a crow's beak; denoting certain processes and other parts of bones. [G. korone, a crow, + eidos, resembling]

coronoidectomy
coronoidectomy (kor′o-noy-dek′to-me)

Surgical removal of the coronoid process of the mandible. [coronoid + G. ektome, excision]

corpora
corpora (kor′por-a)

Plural of corpus.

corporeal
corporeal (kor-po′re-al)

Pertaining to the body, or to a corpus.

corporin
corporin (kor′po-rin)

Obsolete term for corpus luteum hormone.

corpse
corpse (korps)

SYN: cadaver. [L. corpus, body]

corps ronds
corps ronds (kor-ron′)

Dyskeratotic round cells occurring in the epidermis, with a central round basophilic mass surrounded by a clear halo; characteristically found in keratosis follicularis. [Fr. round bodies]

corpulence
corpulence, corpulency (kor′pu-lens, -len-se)

SYN: obesity. [L. corpulentia, magnification of corpus, body]

corpulent
corpulent (kor′pu-lent)

SYN: obese.

corpus
corpus, gen. corporis, pl .corpora (kor′pus, -por-is, -por-a) [TA]

1. SYN: body. 2. Any body or mass. 3. The main part of an organ or other anatomic structure, as distinguished from the head or tail. SEE ALSO: body, diaphysis, soma. [L. body]
c. adiposum [TA] SYN: fat-pad.
c. adiposum buccae [TA] SYN: buccal fat-pad.
c. adiposum fossae ischioanalis [TA]
c. adiposum fossae ischiorectalis SYN: fat body of ischioanal fossa.
c. adiposum infrapatellare [TA] SYN: infrapatellar fat-pad.
c. adiposum orbitae [TA] SYN: retrobulbar fat.
c. albicans a retrogressed c. luteum characterized by increasing cicatrization and shrinkage of the cicatricial core with an amorphous, convoluted, completely hyalinized lutein zone surrounding the central plug of scar tissue. SYN: albicans (2) , atretic c. luteum, c. candicans.
c. amygdaloideum [TA] SYN: amygdaloid body.
c. amylaceum, pl .corpora amylacea one of a number of small ovoid or rounded, sometimes laminated, bodies resembling a grain of starch and found in nervous tissue, in the prostate, and in pulmonary alveoli; of little pathological significance, and apparently derived from degenerated cells or proteinaceous secretions. SYN: amnionic corpuscle, amylaceous corpuscle, amyloid corpuscle, colloid corpuscle.
c. aorticum SYN: paraaortic bodies, under body.
c. arantii SYN: nodules of semilunar cusps, under nodule.
corpora arenacea small calcareous concretions in the stroma of the pineal and other central nervous system tissues. SYN: acervulus, brain sand, psammoma bodies (2) .
atretic c. luteum SYN: c. albicans.
c. atreticum SYN: atretic ovarian follicle.
corpora bigemina SYN: bigeminal bodies, under body.
c. callosum [TA] the great commissural plate of nerve fibers interconnecting the cortical hemispheres (with the exception of most of the temporal lobes which are interconnected by the anterior commissure). Lying at the floor of the longitudinal fissure, and covered on each side by the cingulate gyrus, it is arched from behind forward and is thick at each extremity (splenium [TA] and genu [TA]) but thinner in its long central portion (truncus [TA]); it curves back underneath itself at the genu to form the rostrum [TA] of the c. callosum. SYN: commissure of cerebral hemispheres.
c. candicans SYN: c. albicans.
corpora cavernosa recti SYN: anal cushions, under cushion.
c. cavernosum clitoridis [TA] SYN: c. cavernosum of clitoris.
c. cavernosum of clitoris [TA] one of the two parallel columns of erectile tissue forming the body of the clitoris; they diverge at the root to form the crura of the clitoris. SYN: c. cavernosum clitoridis [TA] , cavernous body of clitoris.
c. cavernosum conchae SYN: cavernous (vascular) plexus of conchae.
c. cavernosum penis [TA] one of two parallel columns of erectile tissue forming the dorsal part of the body of the penis; they are separated posteriorly, forming the crura of the penis. SYN: cavernous body of penis.
c. cavernosum urethrae SYN: c. spongiosum penis.
c. ciliare [TA] SYN: ciliary body.
c. claviculae [TA] SYN: shaft of clavicle.
c. clitoridis [TA] SYN: body of clitoris.
c. coccygeum [TA] SYN: coccygeal body.
c. costae [TA] SYN: body of rib.
c. dentatum SYN: dentate nucleus of cerebellum.
c. epididymidis [TA] SYN: body of epididymis.
c. femoris SYN: shaft of femur.
c. fibrosum the small fibrous cicatricial mass in the ovary formed following the atresia of an ovarian follicle; similar to a c. albicans but smaller.
c. fibulae [TA] SYN: shaft of fibula.
c. fimbriatum 1. SYN: fimbria hippocampi. 2. the outer, ovarian extremity of the oviduct.
c. fornicis [TA] SYN: body of fornix.
c. gastricum [TA] SYN: body of stomach.
c. geniculatum externum SYN: lateral geniculate body.
c. geniculatum internum SYN: medial geniculate body.
c. geniculatum laterale [TA] SYN: lateral geniculate body.
c. geniculatum mediale [TA] SYN: medial geniculate body.
c. glandulae sudoriferae SYN: body of sweat gland.
c. hemorrhagicum a hematoma with a lining formed by the thinned-out bright yellow lutein zone; gradual resorption of the blood elements leaves a cavity filled with a clear fluid, i.e., a c. luteum cyst. SYN: c. luteum hematoma.
c. highmori, c. highmorianum SYN: mediastinum of testis.
c. humeri [TA] SYN: shaft of humerus.
c. incudis [TA] SYN: body of incus.
c. juxtarestiforme SYN: juxtarestiform body.
c. linguae [TA] SYN: body of tongue.
c. luteum the yellow endocrine body, 1–1.5 cm in diameter, formed in the ovary at the site of a ruptured ovarian follicle immediately after ovulation; there is an early stage of proliferation and vascularization before full maturity; later, there is a festooned and bright yellowish lutein zone traversed by trabeculae of theca interna containing numerous blood vessels; the c. luteum secretes estrogen, as did the follicle, and also secretes progesterone. If pregnancy does not occur, it is called a c. luteum spurium, which undergoes progressive retrogression to a c. albicans. If pregnancy does occur, it is called a c. luteum verum, which increases in size, persisting to the fifth or sixth month of pregnancy before retrogression. SYN: yellow body.
c. luysi SYN: subthalamic nucleus.
c. mammae [TA] SYN: body of breast.
c. mammillare [TA] SYN: mammillary body.
c. mandibulae [TA] SYN: body of mandible.
c. maxillae [TA] SYN: body of maxilla.
c. medullare cerebelli [TA] the interior white substance of the cerebellum.
c. metacarpale [TA] SYN: shaft of metacarpal.
c. metatarsale [TA] SYN: shaft of metatarsal.
c. nuclei caudati [TA] SYN: body of caudate nucleus.
c. olivare SYN: oliva.
c. ossis femoris [TA] SYN: shaft of femur.
c. ossis hyoidei [TA] SYN: body of hyoid bone.
c. ossis ilii [TA] SYN: body of ilium.
c. ossis ischii [TA] SYN: body of ischium.
c. ossis metacarpalis the shaft of one of the metacarpal bones.
c. ossis pubis [TA] SYN: body of pubis.
c. ossis sphenoidalis SYN: body of sphenoid.
c. pampiniforme SYN: epoophoron.
c. pancreatis [TA] SYN: body of pancreas.
c. papillare SYN: stratum papillare corii.
corpora para-aortica [TA] SYN: paraaortic bodies, under body.
c. paraterminale SYN: subcallosal gyrus.
c. penis [TA] SYN: body of penis.
c. phalangis [TA] SYN: shaft of phalanx.
c. pineale [TA] SYN: pineal body.
c. pontobulbare SYN: pontobulbar body.
corpora quadrigemina SYN: quadrigeminal bodies, under body. See inferior colliculus, superior colliculus.
c. quadrigeminum anterius SYN: superior colliculus.
c. quadrigeminum posterius SYN: inferior colliculus.
c. radii [TA] SYN: shaft of radius.
c. restiforme [TA] SYN: restiform body.
c. spongiosum penis [TA] the median column of erectile tissue located between and ventral to the two corpora cavernosa penis; posteriorly it expands into the bulbus penis and anteriorly it terminates as the enlarged glans penis; it is traversed by the urethra. SYN: c. cavernosum urethrae, spongy body of penis.
c. spongiosum urethrae muliebris the submucous coat of the female urethra, containing a venous network that insinuates itself between the muscular layers, giving to them an erectile nature.
c. sterni [TA] SYN: body of sternum.
c. striatum [TA] SYN: striate body.
c. tali [TA] SYN: body of talus.
c. tibiae [TA] SYN: shaft of tibia.
c. trapezoideum [TA] SYN: trapezoid body.
c. triticeum SYN: triticeal cartilage.
c. ulnae [TA] SYN: shaft of ulna.
c. unguis [TA] SYN: body of nail.
c. uteri [TA] SYN: body of uterus.
c. vertebrae [TA] SYN: vertebral body.
c. vesicae [TA] SYN: body of bladder.
c. vesicae biliaris [TA] SYN: body of gallbladder.
c. vesicae felleae body of gallbladder.
c. vitreum [TA] SYN: vitreous body. SEE ALSO: vitreous.

corpuscle
corpuscle (kor′pus-l)

1. A small mass or body. 2. A blood cell. SYN: corpusculum. [L. corpusculum, dim. of corpus, body]
amnionic c. SYN: corpus amylaceum.
amylaceous c., amyloid c. SYN: corpus amylaceum.
articular corpuscles encapsulated nerve terminations within joint capsules. SYN: corpuscula articularia.
axis c., axile c. the central portion of a tactile c..
basal c. SYN: basal body.
Bizzozero c. SYN: platelet.
blood c. SYN: blood cell.
bone c. SYN: osteocyte.
bridge c. SYN: desmosome.
bulboid corpuscles SYN: Krause end bulbs, under bulb.
calcareous corpuscles rounded masses composed of concentric layers of calcium carbonate, characteristic of tapeworm tissue.
cement c. a cementocyte contained within a lacuna or crypt of the cementum of a tooth; an entrapped cementoblast.
chyle c. a cell of the same appearance as a leukocyte, present in chyle.
colloid c. SYN: corpus amylaceum.
colostrum c. one of numerous bodies present in the colostrum, supposed to be modified leukocytes containing fat droplets. SYN: Donné c., galactoblast.
concentrated human red blood c. c. prepared from one or more preparations of whole human blood that are not more than 14 days old and each of which has already been directly matched with the blood of the intended recipient.
corneal corpuscles connective tissue cells found between the laminae of fibrous tissue in the cornea. SYN: Toynbee corpuscles, Virchow cells (3) , Virchow corpuscles.
Dogiel c. an encapsulated sensory nerve ending.
Donné c. SYN: colostrum c..
dust corpuscles SYN: hemoconia.
Eichhorst corpuscles the globular forms sometimes occurring in the poikilocytosis of pernicious anemia.
exudation c. a cell present in an exudate that assists in the organization of new tissue. SYN: exudation cell, inflammatory c., plastic c..
genital corpuscles special encapsulated nerve endings found in the skin of the genitalia and nipple. SYN: corpuscula genitalia.
ghost c. SYN: achromocyte.
Gluge corpuscles large pus cells containing fat droplets.
Golgi c. Golgi-Mazzoni c..
Golgi-Mazzoni c. an encapsulated sensory nerve ending similar to a pacinian c. but simpler in structure.
Hassall concentric c. SYN: thymic c..
inflammatory c. SYN: exudation c..
lamellated corpuscles small oval bodies in the skin of the fingers, in the mesentery, tendons, and elsewhere, formed of concentric layers of connective tissue with a soft core in which the axon of a nerve fiber runs, splitting up into a number of fibrils that terminate in bulbous enlargements; they are sensitive to pressure. SYN: corpuscula lamellosa, pacinian corpuscles, Vater corpuscles, Vater-Pacini corpuscles.
lymph c., lymphatic c., lymphoid c. a mononuclear type of leukocyte formed in lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissue, and also in the blood.
malpighian corpuscles 1. SYN: renal c.. 2. SYN: splenic lymph follicles, under follicle.
Mazzoni c. a tactile c. apparently identical with Krause end bulb. SEE ALSO: Golgi-Mazzoni c..
Meissner c. SYN: tactile c..
Merkel c. SYN: tactile meniscus.
Mexican hat c. target cell anemia.
milk c. one of the fat droplets in milk.
molluscum c. SYN: molluscum body.
Negri corpuscles obsolete term for Negri bodies, under body.
Norris corpuscles decolorized red blood cells that are invisible or almost invisible in the blood plasma, unless they are appropriately stained.
oval c. SYN: tactile c..
pacchionian corpuscles SYN: arachnoid granulations, under granulation.
pacinian corpuscles SYN: lamellated corpuscles.
pessary c. an elongated red blood cell with hemoglobin concentrated in the peripheral portion.
phantom c. SYN: achromocyte.
plastic c. SYN: exudation c..
Purkinje corpuscles SYN: Purkinje cell layer.
pus c. one of the polymorphonuclear leukocytes that comprise the chief portion of the formed elements in pus. SYN: pus cell, pyocyte.
Rainey corpuscles rounded, ovoidal, or sickle-shaped spores or bradyzoites, 12–16 by 4–9 μm, found within the elongated cysts (Miescher tubes) of the protozoan Sarcocystis.
red c. SYN: erythrocyte.
renal c. the tuft of glomerular capillaries and the capsula glomeruli that encloses it. SYN: corpusculum renis, malpighian corpuscles (1) .
reticulated c. SYN: reticulocyte.
Ruffini corpuscles sensory end-structures in the subcutaneous connective tissues of the fingers, consisting of an ovoid capsule within which the sensory fiber ends with numerous collateral knobs.
salivary c. one of the leukocytes present in saliva.
Schwalbe c. SYN: taste bud.
shadow c. SYN: achromocyte.
splenic corpuscles SYN: splenic lymph follicles, under follicle.
tactile c. one of numerous oval bodies found in the dermal papillae of thick skin, especially those of the fingers and toes; they consist of a connective tissue capsule in which the axon fibrils terminate around and between a pile of wedge-shaped epithelioid cells; believed to be mechanoreceptors for tactile sensation. SYN: corpusculum tactus, Meissner c., oval c., touch c..
taste c. SYN: taste bud.
terminal nerve corpuscles generic term denoting specialized encapsulated nerve endings such as the articular, bulboid, genital, lamellated, and tactile corpuscles, and the tactile meniscus. SYN: corpuscula nervosa terminalia.
third c. SYN: platelet.
thymic c. small spherical bodies of keratinized and usually squamous epithelial cells arranged in a concentric pattern around clusters of degenerating lymphocytes, eosinophils, and macrophages; found in the medulla of the lobules of the thymus. SYN: Hassall bodies, Hassall concentric c., Virchow-Hassall bodies.
touch c. SYN: tactile c..
Toynbee corpuscles SYN: corneal corpuscles.
Traube c. SYN: achromocyte.
Tröltsch corpuscles minute spaces, resembling corpuscles, between the radial fibers of the drum membrane of the ear.
Valentin corpuscles small bodies, probably amyloid, found occasionally in nerve tissue.
Vater corpuscles SYN: lamellated corpuscles.
Vater-Pacini corpuscles SYN: lamellated corpuscles.
Virchow corpuscles SYN: corneal corpuscles.
white c. any type of leukocyte.
Zimmermann c. SYN: platelet.

corpuscula
corpuscula (kor-pus′ku-la)

Plural of corpusculum.

corpuscular
corpuscular (kor-pus′ku-lar)

Relating to a corpuscle.

corpusculum
corpusculum, pl .corpuscula (kor-pus′ku-lum, -ku-la)

SYN: corpuscle.
corpuscula articularia SYN: articular corpuscles, under corpuscle.
corpuscula bulboidea SYN: Krause end bulbs, under bulb.
corpuscula genitalia SYN: genital corpuscles, under corpuscle.
corpuscula lamellosa SYN: lamellated corpuscles, under corpuscle.
corpuscula nervosa terminalia SYN: terminal nerve corpuscles, under corpuscle.
c. renis, pl .corpuscula renis SYN: renal corpuscle.
c. tactus, pl .corpuscula tactus SYN: tactile corpuscle.

correction
correction (ko-rek′shun)

The act of reducing a fault; the elimination of an unfavorable quality.
occlusal c. 1. the c. of malocclusion, by whatever means is employed; 2. elimination of disharmony of occlusal contacts.
spontaneous c. of placenta previa the upward “migration” of the placenta away from the internal os by the differential growth rates of upper and lower uterine segments.

corrective
corrective (ko-rek′tiv)

1. Counteracting, modifying, or changing what is injurious. 2. A drug that modifies or corrects an undesirable or injurious effect of another drug. SYN: corrigent. [L. cor-rigo (conr-), pp. -rectus, to set right, fr. rego, to keep straight]

correlation
correlation (kor-e-la′shun)

1. The mutual or reciprocal relation of two or more items or parts. 2. The act of bringing into such a relation. 3. The degree to which variables change together.
product-moment c. a statistical procedure which yields the c. coefficient referred to as r (−1.00 to +1.00) and involves the actual values, rather than the ranks (rank order) of the measurements.
rank-difference c. the relationship between paired series of measurements, each ranked according to magnitude, which yields a coefficient known as rho; the value of rho varies from zero (no relationship) to +1.00 (perfect relationship).

Correra line
Correra line

See under line.

correspondence
correspondence (kor-e-spon′dens)

In optics, those points on each retina that have the same visual direction.
abnormal c. SYN: anomalous retinal c..
anomalous retinal c. abnormal c., a condition, frequent in strabismus, in which corresponding retinal points do not have the same visual direction; the fovea of one eye corresponds to an extrafoveal area of the fellow eye. SYN: abnormal c..
dysharmonious retinal c. a type of anomalous retinal c. in which the angle of the visual direction of the two retinas is different from the objective angle of the strabismus.
harmonious retinal c. a type of anomalous retinal c. in which the angle of the visual direction of the two retinas is equal to the objective angle of strabismus.

Corrigan
Corrigan

Sir Dominic J., Irish pathologist and clinician, 1802–1880. See C. disease, C. pulse, C. sign.

corrigent
corrigent (kor′i-jent)

SYN: corrective.

corrin
corrin (kor′in)

The cyclic system of four pyrrole rings forming corrinoids, which are the central structure of the vitamins B₁₂ and related compounds, differing from porphin (porphyrin) in that two of the pyrrole rings are directly linked (C-19 to C-1). [fr. core (of vitamin B₁₂ molecule)]

corrinoid
corrinoid (kor′rin-oid)

A compound containing a corrin ring.

corrode
corrode (ko-rod′)

To cause, or to be affected by, corrosion.

corrosion
corrosion (ko-ro′shun)

1. Gradual deterioration or consummation of a substance by another, especially by biochemical or chemical reaction. Cf.:erosion. 2. The product of corroding, such as rust. [L. cor-rodo (conr-), pp. -rosus, to gnaw]

corrosive
corrosive (ko-ro′siv)

1. Causing corrosion. 2. An agent that produces corrosion; e.g., a strong acid or alkali.

corrugator
corrugator (kor′u-ga-ter, -tor)

A muscle that draws together the skin, causing it to wrinkle. [L. cor-rugo (conr-), pp. -atus, to wrinkle, fr. ruga, a wrinkle]

cortex
cortex, gen. corticis, pl .cortices (kor′teks, -ti-sis, -ti-sez) [TA]

The outer portion of an organ, such as the kidney, as distinguished from the inner, or medullary, portion. [L. bark]
adrenal c. SYN: c. of suprarenal gland.
agranular c. cerebral c..
association c. generic term denoting the large expanses of the cerebral c. that are not sensory or motor in the customary sense, but are involved in advanced stages of sensory information processing, multisensory integration, or sensorimotor integration. SEE ALSO: cerebral c.. SYN: association areas.
auditory c. the region of the cerebral c. that receives the auditory radiation from the medial geniculate body, a thalamic cell group receiving auditory input from the cochlear nuclei in the rhombencephalon; it corresponds approximately to Brodmann areas 41 and 42 and is tonotopically organized. SYN: auditory area.
cerebellar c. the thin gray surface layer of the cerebellum, consisting of an outer molecular layer or stratum moleculare, a single layer of Purkinje cells (the Purkinje cell layer), and an inner granular layer or stratum granulosum. SYN: c. cerebelli [TA] .
c. cerebelli [TA] SYN: cerebellar c..
cerebral c. [TA] the gray cellular mantle (1–4 mm thick) covering the entire surface of the cerebral hemisphere of mammals; characterized by a laminar organization of cellular and fibrous components such that its nerve cells are stacked in defined layers varying in number from one, as in the archicortex of the hippocampus, to five or six in the larger neocortex; the outermost (molecular or plexiform) layer contains very few cell bodies and is composed largely of the distal ramifications of the long apical dendrites issued perpendicularly to the surface by pyramidal and fusiform cells in deeper layers. From the surface inward, the layers as classified in K. Brodmann's parcellation are: 1) molecular layer [TA]; 2) external granular layer [TA]; 3) external pyramidal layer [TA]; 4) internal granular layer [TA]; 5) internal pyramidal layer [TA]; and 6) multiform layer [TA], many of which are fusiform. This multilaminate organization is typical of the neocortex (homotypic c.; isocortex [TA] in O. Vogt terminology), which in humans covers the largest part by far of the cerebral hemisphere. The more primordial heterotypic c. or allocortex (Vogt) has fewer cell layers. A form of c. intermediate between isocortex and allocortex, called juxtallocortex (Vogt) covers the ventral part of the cingulate gyrus and the entorhinal area of the parahippocampal gyrus. On the basis of local differences in the arrangement of nerve cells (cytoarchitecture), Brodmann outlined 47 areas in the cerebral c. which, in functional terms, can be classified into three categories: motor c. (areas 4 and 6), characterized by a poorly developed internal granular layer (agranular c.) and prominent pyramidal cell layers; sensory c., characterized by a prominent internal granular layer (granular c. or koniocortex) and comprising the somatic sensory c. (areas 1 to 3), the auditory c. (areas 41 and 42), and the visual c. (areas 17 to 19); and association c., the vast remaining expanses of the cerebral c.. SYN: c. cerebri [TA] , pallium [TA] , brain mantle, mantle (2) .
c. cerebri [TA] SYN: cerebral c..
deep c. SYN: paracortex.
dysgranular c. the region of the cerebral c. that is transitional between the agranular c. of the precentral gyrus and the granular frontal c. (Brodmann area 8).
fetal adrenal c. an extensive area of the adrenal gland present in primates during fetal life and for a short period after birth; located between the definitive c. and the medulla, it contains large steroid-secreting cells arranged in a reticular pattern; involution of this zone in humans is largely completed by three months after birth. SYN: androgenic zone (2) , fetal reticularis (1) , fetal zone, provisional c..
frontal c. c. of the frontal lobe of the cerebral hemisphere; 1. originally, the entire cortical expanse anterior to the central sulcus, including the agranular motor and premotor c. (Brodmann areas 4 and 6), the dysgranular c. (area 8), and the granular frontal (prefrontal) c. anterior to the latter; 2. now more often refers to the granular frontal (prefrontal) c.. SYN: frontal area.
c. glandulae suprarenalis [TA] SYN: c. of suprarenal gland.
granular c. cerebral c..
c. of hair shaft the principal structural component of the hair shaft, composed of closely packed fusiform keratinized cells and invested by the cuticula pili.
heterotypic c. SYN: allocortex.
homotypic c. SYN: isocortex.
insular c. SYN: insula (1) .
laminated c. neocortex [TA] and allocortex [TA].
c. of lens [TA] the softer, more superficial part of the lens of the eye that encloses the central part or nucleus; its refractive power is less than that of the nucleus. SYN: c. lentis [TA] .
c. lentis [TA] SYN: c. of lens.
c. of lymph node [TA] the outer portion of the lymph node underneath its capsule, consisting of fibrous trabeculae separating densely packed masses of lymphocytes arranged in nodules and separated from the trabeculae and capsule by lymph sinuses. SYN: c. nodi lymphatici [TA] .
mastoid c. the plate of bone on the lateral surface of the mastoid process of the temporal bone.
motor c. the region of the cerebral c. most nearly immediately influencing movements of the face, neck and trunk, and arm and leg; it corresponds approximately to Brodmann areas 4 and 6 of the precentral gyrus and immediately adjacent portions of the superior and middle frontal gyri; its effects upon the motor neurons innervating the skeletal musculature are mediated by corticospinal fibers (pyramidal tract) and corticonuclear fibers and are particularly essential for the human capacity to perform finely graded movements of arm and leg. SYN: excitable area, motor area, Rolando area.
c. nodi lymphatici [TA] SYN: c. of lymph node.
olfactory c. SYN: piriform c..
orbitofrontal c. the cerebral c. covering the basal surface of the frontal lobes. SYN: fronto-orbital area.
ovarian c. [TA] the layer of the ovarian stroma lying immediately beneath the tunica albuginea, composed of connective tissue cells and fibers, among which are scattered primary and secondary (antral) follicles in various stages of development; the c. varies in thickness according to the age of the individual, becoming thinner with advancing years. SYN: c. ovarii [TA] , c. of ovary.
c. ovarii [TA] SYN: ovarian c..
c. of ovary SYN: ovarian c..
parastriate c. visual c..
peristriate c. visual c..
piriform c. the olfactory c., corresponding to the rostral half of the uncus; receiving its major afferents from the olfactory bulb, it is classified as allocortex. SEE ALSO: cerebral c.. SYN: olfactory c., piriform area.
prefrontal c. frontal c..
premotor c. a somewhat ill-defined term usually referring to the agranular c. of Brodmann area 6. SYN: premotor area.
primary visual c. visual c..
provisional c. SYN: fetal adrenal c..
renal c. [TA] the part of the kidney consisting of renal lobules in the outer zone beneath the capsule and also the lobules of the renal columns that are extensions inward between the pyramids; contains the renal corpuscles and the proximal and distal convoluted tubules. SYN: c. renalis [TA] .
c. renalis [TA] SYN: renal c..
secondary sensory c. a cortical region occupying the parietal operculum (upper lip of the lateral sulcus) closely posterior to the foot of the postcentral gyrus; like the primary somatic-sensory c. of the postcentral gyrus, this region receives sensory impulses originating in face, trunk, and limbs; projections to the s.s.c. are from the ventral basal complex (ventral posteromedial and posterolateral thalamic nuclei) and from the primary somesthetic c..
secondary visual c. visual c..
sensory c. formerly denoting specifically the somatic sensory c., but now used to refer collectively to the somatic sensory, auditory, visual, and olfactory regions of the cerebral c..
somatic sensory c., somatosensory c. the region of the cerebral c. receiving the somatic sensory radiation from the ventrobasal nucleus of the thalamus; it represents the primary cortical processing mechanism for sensory information originating at the body surfaces (touch) and in deeper tissues such as muscle, tendons, and joint capsules (position sense); it corresponds approximately to Brodmann areas 1, 2, 3 on the postcentral gyrus. SYN: somesthetic area.
striate c. visual c..
supplementary motor c. a region from which, by electrical stimulation, the musculature of all bodily parts can be activated, as it also can by stimulation of the motor c. of the precentral gyrus; the region corresponds approximately to the expansion of Brodmann area 6 over the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere; this area has largely a bilateral representation and is concerned primarily with tonic and postural motor activities.
suprarenal c. SYN: c. of suprarenal gland.
c. of suprarenal gland [TA] the outer part of the adrenal gland, consisting of three zones from without inward: zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis; this part of the adrenal c. yields steroid hormones such as corticosterone, deoxycorticosterone, and estrone. SYN: c. glandulae suprarenalis [TA] , adrenal c., suprarenal c..
temporal c. SYN: temporal lobe.
tertiary c. SYN: paracortex.
c. thymi [TA] SYN: c. of thymus.
c. of thymus [TA] the outer part of a lobule of the thymus; it surrounds the medulla and is composed of masses of closely packed lymphocytes. SYN: c. thymi [TA] .
visual c. the region of the cerebral c. occupying the entire surface of the occipital lobe, and composed of Brodmann areas 17–19. Area 17 (which is also called striate c. or area because the line of Gennari is grossly visible on its surface) is the primary visual c., receiving the visual radiation from the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus. The surrounding areas 18 (parastriate c. or area) and 19 (peristriate c. or area) are probably involved in subsequent steps of visual information processing; area 18 is referred to as the secondary visual c.. SYN: visual area.

cortexolone
cortexolone (kor-teks′o-lon)

A mineralocorticoid hormone from the adrenal cortex.

cortexone
cortexone (kor-teks′on)

SYN: deoxycorticosterone.

Corti
Corti

Marquis Alfonso, Italian anatomist, 1822–1876. See C. arch, C. canal, C. cells, under cell, C. ganglion, C. membrane, C. organ, C. pillars, under pillar, C. rods, under rod, C. auditory teeth, under tooth, C. tunnel, pillar cells of C., under cell.

cortical
cortical (kor′ti-kal)

Relating to a cortex.

corticalization
corticalization (kor′ti-kal-i-za′shun)

In phylogenesis, the migration of function from subcortical centers to the cortex. SYN: encephalization, telencephalization.

corticalosteotomy
corticalosteotomy (kor′ti-kal-os-te-ot′o-me)

An osteotomy through the cortex at the base of the dentoalveolar segment, which serves to weaken the resistance of the bone to the application of orthodontic forces.

corticectomy
corticectomy (kor-ti-sek′to-me)

Removal of a specific portion of the cerebral cortex. [cortic- + G. ektome, excision]

cortices
cortices (kor′ti-sez)

Plural of cortex.

corticifugal
corticifugal (kor-ti-sif′u-gal)

SYN: corticofugal.

corticipetal
corticipetal (kor-ti-sip′e-tal)

Passing in a direction toward the outer surface; denoting nerve fibers conveying impulses toward the cerebral cortex. SYN: corticoafferent. [L. cortex, rind, bark, + peto, to seek]

corticoafferent
corticoafferent (kor′ti-ko-af′er-ent)

SYN: corticipetal.

corticobulbar
corticobulbar (kor′ti-ko-bul′bar)

See c. fibers, under fiber, corticonuclear fibers, under fiber.

corticocerebellum
corticocerebellum (kor′ti-ko-ser-e-bel′um)

SYN: neocerebellum.

corticoefferent
corticoefferent (kor′ti-ko-ef′er-ent)

SYN: corticofugal.

corticofugal
corticofugal (kor′ti-ko-fu′gal)

Passing in a direction away from the outer surface; denoting especially nerve fibers conveying impulses away from the cerebral cortex. SYN: corticifugal, corticoefferent. [L. cortex, rind, bark, + fugio, to flee]

corticoid
corticoid (kor′ti-koyd)

1. Having an action similar to that of a hormone of the adrenal cortex. 2. Any substance exhibiting this action. 3. SYN: corticosteroid.

corticomedial
corticomedial (kor′ti-ko-me′de-al)

Cortical and medial; specifically used to refer to one of the two major cytological divisions of the amygdaloid complex. See corpus amygdaloideum.

corticosteroid
corticosteroid (kor′ti-ko-ster′oyd)

A steroid produced by the adrenal cortex ( i.e., adrenal corticoid); a corticoid containing a steroid. SYN: adrenocorticoid, corticoid (3) , cortin.

corticosterone
corticosterone (kor-ti-kos′ter-on)

A corticosteroid that induces some deposition of glycogen in the liver, sodium conservation, and potassium excretion; the principal glucocortoid in the rat.

corticothalamic
corticothalamic (kor′ti-ko-thal′a-mik)

Pertaining to cortex and thalamus; the term is applied to fibers projecting from the cerebral cortex to the thalamus, the c. fibers [TA].

corticotroph
corticotroph (kor′ti-ko-trof)

A cell of the adenohypophysis that produces adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

corticotropin
corticotropin (kor′ti-ko-tro′pin)

1. SYN: adrenocorticotropic hormone. 2. SYN: β-c.. [G. trope, a turning]
c.-zinc hydroxide purified c. absorbed on zinc hydroxide; same uses as c. but with a prolonged duration of action.

Corticoviridae
Corticoviridae (kor′ti-ko-vir′i-de)

Name for a family of nonenveloped, ether-sensitive bacterial viruses of medium size, with a lipid-containing capsid and genome of circular, double-stranded DNA (MW 5 × 10⁶), which accounts for about 12% of virion weight.

corticovirus
corticovirus

Only genus in family of Corticoviridae.

cortilymph
cortilymph (kor′te-limf)

The fluid in Corti tunnel.

cortin
cortin (kor′tin)

SYN: corticosteroid.

cortisol
cortisol (kor′ti-sol)

SYN: hydrocortisone.
c. acetate SYN: hydrocortisone acetate.

cortisone
cortisone (kor′ti-son)

A glucocorticoid not normally secreted in significant quantities by the human adrenal cortex. Endogenously, it is probably a metabolite of hydrocortisone but exhibits no biological activity until converted to hydrocortisone (cortisol); it acts upon carbohydrate metabolism and influences the nutrition and growth of connective (collagenous) tissues. It was the first glucocorticoid available for therapy. SYN: Wintersteiner compound F.

corundum
corundum (ko-run′dum)

Native crystalline aluminum oxide. [Hind. kurand]

Corvisart des Marets
Corvisart des Marets

Baron Jean N., French clinician, 1755–1821. See Corvisart facies.

corymbiform
corymbiform (ko-rim′bi-form)

Denoting the flowerlike clustering configuration of skin lesions in granulomatous diseases ( e.g., syphilis, tuberculosis). [L. corymbus, cluster, garland]

corynebacteria
corynebacteria (ko-ri′ne-bak-ter′e-a)

Plural of corynebacterium.

corynebacteriophage
corynebacteriophage (ko-ri′ne-bak-ter′e-o-faj)

Any one of the bacteriophages specific for corynebacteria.
β c. a DNA-containing bacteriophage that induces toxigenicity in strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae that are lysogenic for its prophage. SYN: β phage.

Corynebacterium
Corynebacterium (ko-ri′ne-bak-ter′e-um)

A genus of nonmotile (except for some plant pathogens), aerobic to anaerobic bacteria (family Corynebacteriaceae) containing irregularly staining, Gram-positive, straight to slightly curved, often club-shaped rods which, as a result of snapping division, may show a picket fence arrangement. These organisms are widely distributed in nature. The best known species are parasites and pathogens of humans and domestic animals. The type species is C. diphtheriae. [G. coryne, a club, + bacterium, a small rod]
C. acnes former name for Propionibacterium acnes.
C. amycolatum a species found as normal skin flora, it causes septicemia, frequently associated with venous access devices, and has also been recovered from urinary tract infections and mixed flora abscesses.
C. diphtheriae a bacterial species that causes diphtheria and produces a powerful exotoxin causing degeneration of various tissues, notably myocardium, in humans and experimental animals and catalyzes the ADP-ribosylation of elongation factor II; virulent strains of this organism are lysogenic; it is commonly found in membranes in the pharynx, larynx, trachea, and nose in cases of diphtheria; it is also found in apparently healthy pharynx and nose in carriers, and is occasionally found in the conjunctiva and in superficial wounds; it occasionally infects the nasal passages and wounds of horses; it is the type species of the genus C.. SYN: Klebs-Loeffler bacillus, Loeffler bacillus.
C. equi SYN: Rhodococcus equi.
C. glucuronolyticum a species isolated from patients with urinary tract infections.
C. haemolyticum former name for Arcanobacterium haemolyticum.
C. hofmannii former name for C. pseudodiphtheriticum.
C. jeikeium species associated with septicemia and skin lesions in immunocompromised patients, especially associated with venous access devices.
C. matruchotii a species recovered in mixed infections from human eye specimens.
C. minutissimum a bacterial species that is a component of normal skin flora, causes erythrasma in humans.
C. parvum former name for Propionibacterium acnes.
C. pseudodiphtheriticum a rarely pathogenic species found in normal throats. SYN: Hofmann bacillus.
C. striatum a bacterial species found in nasal mucus and in the throat; also found in udders of cows with mastitis; pathogenic to laboratory animals; a rare cause of infection to immnocompromised patients.
C. xerosis a bacterial species found in normal and diseased conjunctiva; there is no evidence that this organism is pathogenic.

corynebacterium
corynebacterium, pl .corynebacteria (ko-ri′ne-bak-ter′e-um, -a)

A vernacular term used to refer to any member of the genus C..

coryza
coryza (ko-ri′za)

SYN: acute rhinitis. [G.]
allergic c. SYN: hay fever.

Coryzavirus
Coryzavirus (ko-ri′za-vi′rus)

Obsolete name for Rhinovirus.

cosmesis
cosmesis (koz-me′sis)

A concern in therapeutics for the appearance of the patient; i.e., an operation that improves appearance. [G. kosmesis, an adorning, fr. kosmeo, to order, arrange, adorn, fr. kosmos, order]

cosmetic
cosmetic (koz-met′ik)

1. Relating to cosmesis. 2. Relating to the use of cosmetics.

cosmetics
cosmetics (koz-met′iks)

Composite term for a variety of camouflages applied to the skin, lips, hair, and nails for purposes of beautifying in accordance with cultural dictates.

cosmid
cosmid (koz′mid)

A recombinantly engineered plasmid, a circular DNA containing, in order: a plasmid origin of replication and a drug-resistance marker, the cos (cohesive end) site from bacteriophage λ, and a fragment of eukaryotic DNA to be cloned; cosmids are constructed to permit cloning of fragments of up to about 40,000 base pairs in length, with one or more unique restriction sites being necessary to facilitate cloning.

cosmopolitan
cosmopolitan (koz-mo-pol′i-tan)

In the biologic sciences, a term denoting worldwide distribution. [G. kosmos, universe, + polis, city-state]

costa
costa, gen. and pl. costae (kos′ta, -te)

1. [TA] [I–XII]. SYN: rib [I–XII]. 2. A rodlike internal supporting organelle that runs along the base of the undulating membrane of certain flagellate parasites such as Trichomonas. SYN: basal rod. [L.]
c. cervicalis [TA] SYN: cervical rib.
costae fluctuantes [XI–XII] SYN: floating ribs [XI–XII], under rib [I–XII].
costae fluitantes SYN: floating ribs [XI–XII], under rib [I–XII].
c. lumbalis [TA]
c. prima [I] [TA] SYN: first rib [I].
costae spuriae [VII–XII] [TA] SYN: false ribs, under rib [I–XII].
costae verae [I–VII] [TA] SYN: true ribs [I–VII], under rib [I–XII].

costal
costal (kos′tal)

Relating to a rib.

costalgia
costalgia (kos-tal′je-a)

SYN: pleurodynia. [L. costa, rib, + G. algos, pain]

costectomy
costectomy (kos-tek′to-me)

Excision of a rib. [L. costa, rib, + G. ektome, excision]

Costen
Costen

James B., U.S. otolaryngologist, 1895–1962. See C. syndrome.

costicartilage
costicartilage (kos-ti-kar′ti-lij)

SYN: costal cartilage.

costiform
costiform (kos′ti-form)

Rib-shaped. [L. costa, rib, + forma, form]

costive
costive (kos′tiv)

Pertaining to or causing constipation. [contraction from L. constipo, to press together]

costiveness
costiveness (kos′tiv-ness)

SYN: constipation.

costo- costo-

The ribs. [L. costa, rib]

costocentral
costocentral (kos-to-sen′tral)

SYN: costovertebral.

costochondral
costochondral (kos-to-kon′dral)

Relating to the costal cartilages. SYN: chondrocostal.

costochondritis
costochondritis (kos′to-kon-dri′tis)

Inflammation of one or more costal cartilages, characterized by local tenderness and pain of the anterior chest wall that may radiate, but without the local swelling typical of Tietze syndrome. SYN: costal chondritis. [costo- + G. chondros, cartilage, + -itis, inflammation]

costoclavicular
costoclavicular (kos-to-kla-vik′u-lar)

Relating to the ribs and the clavicle.

costocoracoid
costocoracoid (kos-to-kor′a-koyd)

Relating to the ribs and the coracoid process of the scapula.

costogenic
costogenic (kos-to-jen′ik)

Arising from a rib.

costoinferior
costoinferior (kos-to-in-fer′e-or)

Relating to the lower ribs.

costoscapular
costoscapular (kos-to-skap′u-lar)

Relating to the ribs and the scapula.

costoscapularis
costoscapularis (kos-to-skap-u-la′ris)

SYN: serratus anterior (muscle).

costosternal
costosternal (kos-to-ster′nal)

Pertaining to the ribs and the sternum.

costosternoplasty
costosternoplasty (kos-to-ster′no-plas-te)

Operation to correct a malformation of the anterior chest wall. [costo- + G. sternon, chest, + plastos, formed]

costosuperior
costosuperior (kos-to-soo-per′e-or)

Relating to the upper ribs.

costotome
costotome (kos′to-tom)

An instrument, knife or shears, designed for cutting through a rib.

costotomy
costotomy (kos-tot′o-me)

Division of a rib. [costo- + G. tome, a cutting]

costotransverse
costotransverse (kos-to-trans-vers′)

Relating to the ribs and the transverse processes of the vertebrae articulating with them. SYN: transversocostal.

costotransversectomy
costotransversectomy (kos′to-tranz-ver-sek′to-me)

Excision of a proximal portion of a rib and the articulating transverse process.

costovertebral
costovertebral (kos-to-ver′te-bral)

Relating to the ribs and the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae with which they articulate. SYN: costocentral, vertebrocostal (1) .

costoxiphoid
costoxiphoid (kos-to-zi′foyd)

Relating to the ribs and the xiphoid cartilage of the sternum.

cosubstrate
cosubstrate (ko-sub′strat)

The second or other substrate of a multisubstrate enzyme; often, specifically refers to the coenzyme.

cosyntropin
cosyntropin (ko-sin-tro′pin)

α^1-24- or β^1–24-Corticotropin;a synthetic corticotrophic agent, comprising the first 24 amino acyl residues of human ACTH, which sequence is found in several other species and which retains the full biologic activity of the complete ACTH; the remaining 15 residues differ among species and confer specific immunologic properties. SYN: tetracosactide, tetracosactin.

Cotard
Cotard

Jules, French neurologist, 1840–1887. See C. syndrome.

cotarnine
cotarnine (ko-tar′nen)

An alkaloidal principle, C₁₂H₁₅NO₄, derived from narcotine by oxidation; an astringent. [anagram of narcotine]

COTe
COTe

Abbreviation of cathodal opening tetanus.

cotinine
cotinine (ko′ti-nen)

One of the major detoxication products of nicotine; eliminated rapidly and completely by the kidneys. [anagram of nicotine]

cotranslational
cotranslational (ko′tranz-la′shun-al)

Any process involving the maturation or delivery of a protein that occurs during the process of translation.

cotransport
cotransport (ko-trans′port)

The transport of one substance across a membrane, coupled with the simultaneous transport of another substance across the same membrane in the same direction.

Cotte
Cotte

Gaston, French surgeon, 1879–1951. See C. operation.

Cotton
Cotton

Frank A., U.S. chemist, *1930. See C. effect.

cotton
cotton (kot′un)

The white, fluffy, fibrous covering of the seeds of a plant of the genus Gossypium (family Malvaceae); used extensively in surgical dressings. [Ar. qútun]
absorbent c. c. from which all fatty matter has been extracted, so that it readily takes up fluids.
purified c. absorbent c. in which the hairs of the seed of varieties of Gossypium and other allied species are freed from adhering impurities, deprived of fatty matter, bleached, and sterilized; used for tampons, etc.
soluble gun c. SYN: pyroxylin.
styptic c. absorbent c. wet with a dilute solution of ferric chloride, and then dried; applied locally as a hemostatic.

cottonpox
cottonpox (kot′un-poks)

Obsolete name for variola minor.

cottonseed oil
cottonseed oil (kot′un-sed)

The refined fixed oil obtained from the seed of cultivated plants of various varieties of Gossypium hirsutum or of other species of Gossypium (family Malvaceae); a solvent.

Cotunnius
Cotunnius, Cotugno

Domenico, Italian anatomist, 1736–1822. See C. aqueduct, C. canal, C. liquid, C. space, aqueductus cotunnii, liquor cotunnii.

cotyle
cotyle (kot′i-le)

1. Any cup-shaped structure. 2. SYN: acetabulum. [G. kotyle, anything hollow, the cup or socket of a joint]

cotyledon
cotyledon (kot-i-le′don)

1. See maternal c., fetal c.. 2. In plants, a seed leaf, the first leaf to grow from a seed. 3. A placental unit. See maternal c.. [G. kotyledon, any cup-shaped hollow]
fetal c. a unit of the fetal placenta supplied by the vessels of a stem villus; several such cotyledons may occur between two placental septa; traditionally called embryologists' c..
maternal c. a unit of the placenta made up of trophoblastic cells, fibrous tissue, and abundant blood vessels, which is visible grossly on the maternal surface as an irregularly shaped lobe circumscribed by a deep cleft and made up of a stem villus with numerous branching free villi and anchoring villi; placental vessels in the chorionic plate supply the stem villus and its branches, allowing gas and metabolite exchange across the trophoblastic layer with maternal blood in the intervillous space; traditionally called clinicians' c..

Cotylogonimus
Cotylogonimus (kot-i-lo-gon′i-mus)

A group of heterophyid flukes, now properly included in the genus Heterophyes. [G. kotyle, cup, + gonimos, productive]

cotyloid
cotyloid (kot′i-loyd)

1. Cup-shaped; cuplike. 2. Relating to the c. cavity or acetabulum. [G. kotyle, a small cup, + eidos, appearance]

cough
cough (kawf)

1. A sudden explosive forcing of air through the glottis, occurring immediately on opening the previously closed glottis, excited by mechanical or chemical irritation of the trachea or bronchi or by pressure from adjacent structures. 2. To force air through the glottis by a series of expiratory efforts. [echoic]
aneurysmal c. c. due to impingement of an aortic aneurysm on the recurrent laryngeal nerve or other nearby structures.
brassy c. loud metallic barking c. associated with subglottic edema.
habit c. a persistent c. due to a tic or to psychological causes.
privet c. an allergic c., occurring in China during May and June, supposed to be caused by inhalation of the pollen of a species of privet (Lingustrum); it is analogous to the laurel fever seen in New England.
reflex c. a c. excited reflexly by irritation in some distant part, as the ear or the stomach.
weaver's c. term for c., dyspnea, and sense of constriction of the chest, caused in persons working with mildewed yarns.
whooping c. SYN: pertussis.

coulomb
coulomb (C, Q) (koo-lom′)

The unit of electrical charge, equal to 3 × 10⁹ electrostatic units; the quantity of electricity delivered by a current of 1 A in 1 s equal to 1/96,485 faraday. [CA de C., Fr. physicist, 1736–1806]

coumaranone
coumaranone (koo-mar′a-non)

3(2H)-Benzofuranone;the basis of many plant products; e.g., aurone.

coumaric anhydride
coumaric anhydride (koo-ma′rik)

SYN: coumarin.

coumarin
coumarin (koo′ma-rin)

1. A general descriptive term applied to anticoagulants and other drugs derived from dicumarol, a component of the Tonka bean. 2. A fragrant neutral principle obtained from the Tonka bean, Dypterix odorata, and made synthetically from salicylic aldehyde; it is used to disguise unpleasant odors. SYN: coumaric anhydride, cumarin. [coumarou, native name of Tonka bean]

coumetarol
coumetarol (koo-met′a-rol)

An oral anticoagulant. SYN: cumetharol, cumethoxaethane.

Councilman
Councilman

William T., U.S. pathologist, 1854–1933. See C. body.

Councilmania
Councilmania (kown-sil-man′e-a)

Obsolete generic term for a group of amebae now recognized as Entamoeba. [W. Councilman]

counseling
counseling (kown′sel-ing)

A professional relationship and activity in which one person endeavors to help another to understand and to solve his or her adjustment problems; the giving of advice, opinion, and instruction to direct the judgment or conduct of another. See psychotherapy. [L. consilium, deliberation]
genetic c. the process whereby an expert in genetic disorders provides information about risk and clinical burden of a disorder or disorders to patients or relatives in families with genetic disorders as an aid to making informed and responsible decisions about marriage, children, early diagnosis, and prognosis.
marital c. the process whereby a trained counselor assists married couples to resolve problems that arise and trouble them in their relationship; husband and wife are seen by the same counselor in separate and joint c. sessions focusing on immediate family problems.
pastoral c. the use of psychotherapeutic methods by members of the clergy, members of a religious community, and/or lay therapists for parishioners seeking help with personal problems.

count
count (kownt)

1. A reckoning, enumeration, or accounting. 2. To enumerate or score.
Addis c. a quantitative enumeration of the red blood c., white blood c., and casts in a 12-hr urine specimen; used to follow the progress of known renal disease.
Arneth c. the percentage distribution of polymorphonuclear neutrophils, based on the number of lobes in the nuclei (from 1 to 5). SEE ALSO: Arneth index.
blood c. blood c..
CD4/CD8 c. The ratio of helper-inducer T lymphocytes to cytotoxic-suppressor T lymphocytes in peripheral blood. T-cell subset analysis is performed by flow cytometry of lymphocytes after incubation with fluorescently tagged monoclonal antibodies to the CD4 surface antigen found on helper-inducer T cells and the CD8 surface antigen found on cytotoxic-suppressor T cells. In healthy persons, the CD4/CD8 ratio ranges between 1.6 and 2.2.
epidermal ridge c. an index of the frequency of sweat pores on the fingertips by enumeration along a set of arbitrarily defined lines; a classic example of a galtonian trait determined almost exclusively by genetic factors.
filament-nonfilament c. a differential c. of the number of neutrophils showing nuclear division and those showing no such division.
total cell c. number of cells in a given area or volume.
viable cell c. number of cells in a given area or volume that are thriving.

counter
counter (kown′ter)

A device that counts, usually scintillations.
automated differential leukocyte c. an instrument using digital imaging or cytochemical techniques to differentiate leukocytes.
electronic cell c. an automatic blood cell c. in which cells passing through an aperture alter resistance and are counted as voltage pulses, or in which cells passing through a flow cell deflect light; some types of c. are capable of multiple simultaneous measurements on each blood sample; e.g., leukocyte count, red cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red cell indices.
Geiger-Müller c. an instrument for measuring radioactivity by counting the emission of radioactive particles; it consists of a metallic cylinder, negatively charged, in a tube containing a fine, positively charged wire at its center; radiations produce ionization of the gas molecules between the cylinder and the wire and result in an electrical discharge independent of the energy of the impinging particle or ray.
proportional c. a Geiger-Müller c. operating in the voltage range and under conditions in which pulse height is proportional to the energy of the particles or rays being counted, thus making discrimination between particles or rays of different energies possible.
scintillation c. an instrument used for the detection of radioactivity; the radiation is absorbed by a scintillator (a crystal or a compound, such as POPOP, in solution) which results in minute flashes of light that are detected by a photocathode. The resultant electron emission is amplified by a photomultiplier and an amplifier. SYN: scintillometer, spinthariscope.
well c. a scintillation crystal shaped with a central hole to receive a small sample, plus associated detector and electronics.
whole-body c. shielding and instrumentation, usually involving more than one detector, designed to evaluate the total-body burden of various gamma-emitting nuclides.

counter- counter-

Opposite, opposed, against. SEE ALSO: contra-. [L. contra, against]

counterbalancing
counterbalancing (kown-ter-bal′an-sing)

A procedure in behavorial research for distributing unwanted but unavoidable influences equally among the different experimental conditions or subjects.

counterconditioning
counterconditioning (kown′ter-kon-dish′un-ing)

Any of a group of specific behavior therapy techniques in which a second conditioned response ( e.g., approaching or even touching a snake) is introduced for the express purpose of counteracting or nullifying a previously conditioned or learned response (fear and avoidance of snakes).

countercurrent
countercurrent (kown′ter-ker′ent)

1. Flowing in an opposite direction. 2. A current flowing in a direction opposite to another current.

countercurrent exchanger
countercurrent exchanger

A system in which heat or chemicals passively diffuse across a membrane separating two c. streams so that at each end the fluid leaving along one side of the membrane nearly resembles, in temperature or composition, the fluid entering the other; e.g., the venae comites in the arms serve as a c. exchanger, the arterial blood serving to rewarm the cooler venous blood.

countercurrent multiplier
countercurrent multiplier

A system in which energy is used to transport material across a membrane separating two c. tubes connected at one end to form a hairpin shape; by this means a concentration can be achieved in the fluid in the hairpin bend, relative to the inflow and outflow fluids, that is much greater than the transport mechanism could produce between the two sides of the membrane at any point; e.g., the nephronic loops in the renal medulla act as countercurrent multipliers.

counterdie
counterdie (kown′ter-di)

The reverse image of a die, usually made of a softer and lower fusing metal than the die.

counterextension
counterextension (kown′ter-eks-ten′shun)

SYN: countertraction.

counterimmunoelectrophoresis
counterimmunoelectrophoresis (kown′ter-im′u-no-e-lek′tro-for-e′-sis)

A modification of immunoelectrophoresis in which antigen ( e.g., serum containing hepatitis B virus) is placed in wells cut in the sheet of agar gel toward the cathode, and antiserum is placed in wells toward the anode; antigen and antibody, moving in opposite directions, form precipitates in the area between the cells where they meet in concentrations of optimal proportions.

counterincision
counterincision (kown′ter-in-sizh′un)

A second incision in the region of a primary incision designed to take tension off the primary closure.

counterinvestment
counterinvestment (kown′ter-in-vest′ment)

SYN: anticathexis.

counterirritant
counterirritant (kown-ter-ir′i-tant)

1. An agent that causes irritation or a mild inflammation of the skin in order to relieve symptoms of a deep-seated inflammatory process. 2. Relating to or producing counterirritation. Enhances blood flow to affected area.

counterirritation
counterirritation (kown′ter-ir-i-ta′shun)

Irritation or mild inflammation (redness, vesication, or pustulation) of the skin excited for the purpose of relieving symptoms of an inflammation of the deeper structures.

counteropening
counteropening (kown′ter-o-pen-ing)

A second opening made at the dependent part of an abscess or other cavity containing fluid, which is not draining satisfactorily through a previous opening. SYN: contraaperture, counterpuncture.

counterphobic
counterphobic (kown-ter-fo′bik)

1. Denoting a state of actual preference, on the part of a phobic person, for the very situation of which that person is afraid. 2. Opposed to the phobic impulse, as in c. mastery of a feared action by repeated engagement in the action.

counterpulsation
counterpulsation (kown′ter-pul-sa′shun)

A means of assisting the failing heart by automatically removing arterial blood just before and during ventricular ejection and returning it to the circulation during diastole; a balloon catheter is inserted into the aorta and activated by an automatic mechanism triggered by the ECG.
intra-aortic balloon c. rhythmic inflation and deflation of a catheter-borne balloon placed in the aorta distal to the aortic valve to facilitate ejection during systole and to limit regurgitation during diastole by the appropriate application of pressures. Usually an emergency treatment for cardiogenic shock or for intractable angina.

counterpuncture
counterpuncture (kown′ter-punk-choor)

SYN: counteropening.

countershock
countershock (kown′ter-shok)

An electric shock applied to the heart to terminate a disturbance of its rhythm.

counterstain
counterstain (kown′ter-stan)

A second stain of different color, having affinity for tissues, cells, or parts of cells other than those taking the primary stain, used to render more distinct the parts taking the first stain.

countertraction
countertraction (kown-ter-trak′shun)

The resistance, or back-pull, made to traction or pulling on a limb; e.g., in the case of traction made on the leg, c. may be effected by raising the foot of the bed so that the weight of the body pulls against the weight attached to the limb. SYN: counterextension.

countertransference
countertransference (kown′ter-trans-fer′ens)

In psychoanalysis, the analyst's transference (often unconscious) to the patient of emotional needs and conflicts from the analyst's past experiences or the analyst's current emotional responses to the manifestation of the patient's transference.

countertransport
countertransport (kown-ter-tranz′port)

The transport of one substance across a membrane, coupled with the simultaneous transport of another substance across the same membrane in the opposite direction.

coup de sabre
coup de sabre (koo-de-sahb′)

Linear scleroderma found over the scalp with scarring alopecia, face, or forehead. [Fr. stroke of a sword]

couple
couple (ku′pl)

To copulate; to perform coitus; said especially of the lower animals.

coupling
coupling (kup′ling)

1. Usually the result of the repeated pairing of a normal sinus beat with a ventricular extrasystole. 2. See c. phase. 3. A condition in which one or more products of a reaction are the subsequent reactants (or substrates) of a second reaction.
constant c. SYN: fixed c..
fixed c. where several premature beats are seen, the interval between each of them and the preceding normal beat is constant. SYN: constant c..
variable c. where several extrasystoles are seen, the interval between each of them and the preceding sinus beat varies.

Courvoisier
Courvoisier

Ludwig G., French surgeon, 1843–1918. See C. law, C. sign, C. gallbladder.

couvade
couvade (koo-vahd′)

A primitive custom in certain cultures in which a man develops labor pains while his wife is in labor and then submits to the same postpartum purification rites and taboos. [Fr. couver, to hatch]

Couvelaire
Couvelaire

Alexandre, French obstetrician, 1873–1948. See C. uterus.

couvercle
couvercle (koo-ver′kl)

Rarely used term for an external coagulum, especially a blood clot formed extravascularly. [Fr. cover, lid]

covalent
covalent (ko-val′ent)

Denoting an interatomic bond characterized by the sharing of 2, 4, or 6 electrons.

coverage
coverage

A measure of the extent to which the services rendered cover the potential need for these services in a community; applied specifically to such services as immunization in developing countries.

covering
covering (kov′er-ing)

A surrounding layer; something that covers or encloses, forming an outer layer. SEE ALSO: tunica.
coverings of spermatic cord coverings of the spermatic cord, including external and internal spermatic fasciae, and cremasteric muscle and fascia. SYN: tunicae funiculi spermatici.

coverslip
coverslip (kuv′er-slip)

SYN: cover glass.

cow
cow (kow)

1. A generator for short-lived isotopes based upon successively eluting or otherwise separating (“milking”) a short-lived radioactive daughter from a longer-lived parent; e.g., ^99mTc from ⁹⁹Mo, ^113mIn from ¹¹³Sn. 2. The mature female of domestic cattle (genus Bos); also the mature female of certain other animals such as buffalo, elephant, and whale.

Cowden Cowden

Surname of the family from which the condition subsequently known as C. disease was first reported.

Cowdry
Cowdry

Edmund Vincent, U.S. cytologist, 1888–1975. See C. type A inclusion bodies, under body, C. type B inclusion bodies, under body.

cowl
cowl

See caul.

Cowling rule
Cowling rule

See under rule.

Cowper
Cowper

William, English anatomist, 1666–1709. See C. cyst, C. gland, C. ligament.

cowperian cowperian (kow-per′e-an)

Relating to or described by Cowper.

Cox
Cox

H.R., U.S. bacteriologist, *1907.

coxa
coxa, gen. and pl. coxae (kok′sa, -se) [TA]

1. SYN: hip (1) . 2. SYN: hip joint. [L]
c. adducta SYN: c. vara.
false c. vara approximation of the head of the femur to the shaft, due not to deformity of the neck of the femur, but to curvature of the shaft.
c. magna enlargement and often deformation of the femoral head; usually refers to a sequela of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease or osteoarthritis.
c. plana SYN: Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease.
c. valga alteration of the angle made by the axis of the femoral neck to the axis of the femoral shaft, so that the angle exceeds 135°; the femoral neck is in more of a straight-line relationship to the shaft of the femur.
c. vara alteration of the angle made by the axis of the femoral neck to the axis of the femoral shaft so that the angle is less than 135°; the femoral neck becomes more horizontal. SYN: c. adducta.
c. vara luxans c. vara with dislocation of the femoral head.

coxalgia
coxalgia (koks-al′je-a)

SYN: coxodynia. [L. coxa, hip, + G. algos, pain]

Coxiella
Coxiella (kok-se-el′a)

A genus of filterable bacteria (order Rickettsiales) containing small, pleomorphic, rod-shaped or coccoid, Gram-negative cells that occur intracellularly in the cytoplasm of infected cells and possibly extracellularly in infected ticks. These organisms have not been cultivated in cell-free media; they are parasitic on humans and other animals; type species is C. burnetii.
C. burnetii a bacterial species that causes Q fever in humans; it is more resistant than other rickettsiae and may be passed via aerosols as well as living vectors. Acute pneumonia and chronic endocarditis are also associated with this species. The type species of the genus C..

coxitis
coxitis (koks-i′tis)

Inflammation of the hip.

coxodynia
coxodynia (koks-o-din′e-a)

Pain in the hip joint. SYN: coxalgia. [L. coxa, hip, + G. odyne, pain]

coxofemoral
coxofemoral (kok-so-fem′o-ral)

Relating to the hip bone and the femur.

coxotuberculosis
coxotuberculosis (koks′o-too-ber-ku-lo′sis)

Tuberculous hip-joint disease.

coxsackievirus
coxsackievirus (kok-sak′e-vi′rus)

A group of picornaviruses, included in the genus Enterovirus, of icosahedral shape, stable at acid pH, and about 28 nm in diameter, causing myositis, paralysis, and death in young mice, and responsible for a variety of diseases in man, although inapparent infections are common. They are divided antigenically into two groups, A and B, each of which includes a number of serological types, e.g., Enterovirus coxsackie A1 to 24 and Enterovirus coxsackie B1 to 6. Type A viruses cause human herpangina and hand-foot-and-mouth disease; type B viruses cause epidemic pleurodynia; both type viruses may cause aseptic meningitis, myocarditis and pericarditis, and acute onset juvenile diabetes. [Coxsackie, N.Y., where first isolated]

c.p.
c.p.

Abbreviation for chemically pure.

CPAP
CPAP

Abbreviation for continuous positive airway pressure.

CPEO
CPEO

Acronym for chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia.

C-peptide
C-peptide

The 30-amino-acid chain that connects the A and B chains of insulin in proinsulin; removed in the conversion of proinsulin to insulin. SYN: C chain.

CPK
CPK

Abbreviation for creatine phosphokinase.

CPM
CPM

Abbreviation for continuous passive motion.

cpm
cpm

Abbreviation for counts per minute.

CPPD
CPPD

Abbreviation for calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease.

CPPV
CPPV

Abbreviation for continuous positive pressure ventilation.

CPR
CPR

Abbreviation for cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

cps
cps

Abbreviation for cycles per second.

CR
CR

Abbreviation for conditioned reflex; crown-rump length; computed radiography.

Cr
Cr

1. Symbol for chromium. 2. Abbreviation for creatinine.

crab
crab (krab)

1. A crustacean, many varieties of which are edible. 2. An insect, the c. louse, Pthirus pubis.

Crabtree
Crabtree

Herbert G., 20th century English physician and biochemist. See C. effect.

crack
crack (krak)

1. A fissure. 2. See c. cocaine. [slang]
lacquer cracks breaks in Bruch membrane seen in pathologic myopia.

crackle
crackle (krak′l)

SYN: rale. [echoic]

cradle
cradle (kra′dl)

A frame used to keep bedclothes from coming in contact with a patient. [M.E. cradel]

Crafoord
Crafoord

Clarence, Swedish thoracic surgeon, 1899–1984. See C. clamp.

Craigia
Craigia (kra′ge-a)

Obsolete generic term for a group of amebae now recognized as Entamoeba. [C. Craig]

Cramer
Cramer

Friedrich, German surgeon, 1847–1903. See C. wire splint.

cramp
cramp (kramp)

1. A painful muscle spasm caused by prolonged tetanic contraction. 2. A localized muscle spasm related to occupational use, qualified according to the occupation of the sufferer; e.g., seamstress's c., writer's c.. [M.E. crampe, fr. O.Fr., fr. Germanic]
heat cramps muscle spasms induced by severe exertion in intense heat, accompanied by considerable pain; sometimes related to salt deficiency, hyperventilation, or overindulgence in alcohol. SYN: myalgia thermica.
intermittent c. SYN: tetany.
miner's cramps cramps caused by excessive salt loss through perspiration. SYN: stoker's cramps.
musician's c. an occupational dystonia, affecting those who play on musical instruments, and named usually according to the instrument played upon.
pianist's c., piano-player's c. an occupational dystonia affecting the muscles of the fingers and forearms in piano players.
seamstress's c. an occupational dystonia occurring in the fingers of women who sew.
shaving c. an occupational dystonia affecting the hands and fingers of barbers.
stoker's cramps SYN: miner's cramps.
tailor's c. an occupational dystonia affecting the forearms and hands of tailors.
typist's c. an occupational dystonia affecting chiefly the long flexor muscles of the hands of typists.
violinist's c. a occupational dystonia affecting the digits of the fingering hand, or sometimes the bowing arm, in violin players.
waiter's c. an occupational dystonia characterized by spasm of the muscles of the back and dominant arm in persons who wait tables.
watchmaker's c. an occupational dystonia characterized by spasm of the orbicularis palpebrarum muscle from holding the lens to the eye and spasm of the muscles of the hand from performing the delicate movements of watch repairing.
writer's c. an occupation dystonia affecting chiefly the muscles of the thumb and two adjoining fingers of the writing hand, induced by excessive use of a writing instrument. SYN: dysgraphia (2) , graphospasm, scrivener's palsy.

Crampton
Crampton

Sir Philip, Irish surgeon, 1777–1858. See C. line, C. muscle.

Crampton
Crampton

Charles Ward, U.S. physician, *1877. See C. test.

Crandall
Crandall

Barbara F., U.S. physician. See C. syndrome.

crani- crani-

See cranio-.

crania
crania (kra′ne-a)

Plural of cranium.

craniad
craniad (kra′ne-ad)

Situated nearer the head in relation to a specific reference point; opposite of caudad. SEE ALSO: superior.

cranial
cranial (kra′ne-al)

1. [TA] Relating to the cranium or head. SYN: cranialis [TA] , cephalic. SEE ALSO: cephalad. 2. SYN: superior (2) .

cranialis
cranialis (kra-ne-a′lis) [TA]

SYN: cranial (1) .

craniamphitomy
craniamphitomy (kra-ne-am-fit′o-me)

A decompression operation in which the entire circumference of the calvarium is divided. [G. kranion, skull, + amphi, around, + tome, cutting]

Craniata
Craniata (kra-ne-a′ta)

SYN: Vertebrata. [Mediev. L. cranium, fr. G. kranion, skull]

craniectomy
craniectomy (kra′ne-ek′to-me)

Excision of a portion of the skull, without replacement of the bone, e.g., subtemporal or suboccipital. [G. kranion, skull, + ektome, excision]
linear c. excision of a strip of cranium containing a prematurely fused suture.

cranio- cranio-, crani-

The cranium. Cf.:cerebro-. [G. kranion, skull]

cranio-aural
cranio-aural (kra′ne-o-aw′ral)

Relating to the skull and the ear.

craniocele
craniocele (kra′ne-o-sel)

SYN: encephalocele. [cranio- + G. kele, hernia]

craniocerebral
craniocerebral (kra′ne-o-ser′e-bral)

Relating to the skull and the brain.

cranioclasia
cranioclasia, cranioclasis (kra-ne-o-kla′se-a, kra-ne-ok′la-sis)

Formerly used operation for crushing of the fetal skull in cases of dystocia. [cranio- + G. klasis, a breaking]

cranioclast
cranioclast (kra′ne-o-klast)

Instrument like a strong forceps formerly used for crushing and extracting the fetal head after perforation. [cranio- + G. klao, to break in pieces]

craniocleidodysostosis
craniocleidodysostosis (kra′ne-o-kli′do-dis-os-to′sis)

SYN: cleidocranial dysostosis. [cranio- + G. kleis, clavicle, + dysostosis]

craniodidymus
craniodidymus (kra′ne-o-did′i-mus)

Conjoined twins with fused bodies but with two heads. See conjoined twins, under twin. [cranio- + G. didymos, twin]

craniofacial
craniofacial (kra′ne-o-fa′shal)

Relating to both the face and the cranium.

craniofenestria
craniofenestria (kra′ne-o-fe-nes′tre-a)

SYN: craniolacunia. [cranio- + L. fenestra, window]

craniognomy
craniognomy (kra-ne-og′no-me)

SYN: phrenology. [cranio- + G. gnome, judgment]

craniograph
craniograph (kra′ne-o-graf)

An instrument for making drawings to scale of the diameters and general configuration of the skull.

craniography
craniography (kra-ne-og′ra-fe)

The art of representing, by drawings made from measurements, the configuration of the skull and the relations of its angles and craniometric points. [cranio- + G. grapho, to write]

craniolacunia
craniolacunia (kra′ne-o-la-koo′ne-a)

Incomplete formation of the bones of the vault of the fetal skull so that there are nonossified areas in the calvaria. SYN: craniofenestria. [cranio- + L. lacuna, cleft]

craniology
craniology (kra-ne-ol′o-je)

The science concerned with variations in size, shape, and proportion of the cranium, especially with the variations characterizing the different races of humans. [cranio- + G. logos, study]

craniomalacia
craniomalacia (kra′ne-o-ma-la′she-a)

Softening of the bones of the skull. [cranio- + G. malakia, softness]
circumscribed c. SYN: craniotabes.

craniomeningocele
craniomeningocele (kra′ne-o-me-ning′go-sel)

Protrusion of the meninges through a defect in the skull. [cranio- + G. meninx, membrane, + kele, hernia]

craniometer
craniometer (kra-ne-om′e-ter)

An instrument for measuring the diameters of the skull.

craniometric
craniometric (kra-ne-o-met′rik)

Relating to craniometry.

craniometry
craniometry (kra-ne-om′e-tre)

Measurement of the dry skull after removal of the soft parts, and study of its topography. [cranio- + G. metron, measure]

craniopagus
craniopagus (kra-ne-op′a-gus)

Conjoined twins with fused skulls. See conjoined twins, under twin. SEE ALSO: janiceps, syncephalus. [cranio- + G. pagos, something fixed]
c. occipitalis conjoined twins united at the occipital region of the skull. SYN: iniopagus.
c. parasiticus a variety of c. in which one fetus is rudimentary in form and parasitic on the other. SEE ALSO: epicomus.

craniopathy
craniopathy (kra-ne-op′a-the)

Any pathologic condition of the cranial bones. [cranio- + G. pathos, suffering]
metabolic c. SYN: Morgagni syndrome.

craniopharyngeal
craniopharyngeal (kra′ne-o-fa-rin′je-al)

Relating to the skull and to the pharynx.

craniopharyngioma
craniopharyngioma (kra′ne-o-fa-rin-je-o′ma)

A suprasellar neoplasm, which may be cystic, that develops from the nests of epithelium derived from Rathke pouch; the histologic pattern, similar to that observed in adamantinomas, consists of nesting of squamous epithelium bordered by radially arranged cells; frequently accompanied by calcium deposition; may occassionally have a papillary architecture microscopically. SYN: Erdheim tumor, pituitary adamantinoma, pituitary ameloblastoma, Rathke pouch tumor, suprasellar cyst. [cranio- + pharyngio- + -oma]
ameloblastomatous c. a form of c. resembling an ameloblastoma.
cystic papillomatous c. a form of c. characterized by large cysts within which are fungating, irregular outgrowths of stratified squamous epithelium.

craniophore
craniophore (kra′ne-o-for)

An apparatus for holding a skull while its angles and diameters are measured. [cranio- + G. phoros, bearing]

cranioplasty
cranioplasty (kra′ne-o-plas-te)

An operation to correct a cranial defect, such as burring or onlay bone grafting or application of alloplastic material. [cranio- + G. plastos, formed]

craniopuncture
craniopuncture (kra′ne-o-punk′choor)

Puncture of the brain for exploratory purposes.

craniorrhachidian
craniorrhachidian (kra′ne-o-ra-kid′e-an)

SYN: craniospinal. [cranio- + G. rhachis, spine]

craniorrhachischisis
craniorrhachischisis (kra′ne-o-ra-kis′ki-sis)

Severe congenital malformation in which there is incomplete closure of the skull and spinal column. [cranio- + G. rhachis, spine, + schisis, a cleaving]

craniosacral
craniosacral (kra′ne-o-sa′kral)

Denoting the cranial and sacral origins of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

cranioschisis
cranioschisis (kra-ne-os′ki-sis)

Congenital malformation in which there is incomplete closure of the skull. Usually accompanied by grossly defective development of the brain. [cranio- + G. schisis, a cleavage]

craniosclerosis
craniosclerosis (kra′ne-o-skler-o′sis)

Thickening of the skull. [cranio- + G. skleros, hard, + -osis, condition]

cranioscopy
cranioscopy (kra-ne-os′ko-pe)

Examination of the skull in the living subject for craniometric or diagnostic purposes. [cranio- + G. skopeo, to view]

craniospinal
craniospinal (kra′ne-o-spi′nal)

Relating to the cranium and spinal column. SYN: craniorrhachidian.

craniostenosis
craniostenosis (kra′ne-o-sten-o′sis)

Premature closure of cranial sutures resulting in malformation of the skull. [cranio- + G. stenosis, a narrowing]

craniostosis
craniostosis (kra′ne-os-to′sis)

SYN: craniosynostosis. [cranio- + G. osteon, a bone, + -osis, condition]

craniosynostosis
craniosynostosis (kra′ne-o-sin′os-to′sis)

Premature ossification of the skull and obliteration of the sutures. The particular sutures involved determine the resultant shape of the malformed head. SYN: craniostosis.

craniotabes
craniotabes (kra′ne-o-ta′bez)

A disease marked by the presence of areas of thinning and softening in the bones of the skull and widening of the sutures and fontanelles. Usually of syphilitic or rachitic origin. SYN: circumscribed craniomalacia. [cranio- + L. tabes, a wasting]

craniotome
craniotome (kra′ne-o-tom)

Instrument formerly used for perforation and crushing of the fetal skull.

craniotomy
craniotomy (kra-ne-ot′o-me)

1. Opening into the skull. 2. Formerly used operation for perforation of the head of the fetus, removal of the contents, and compression of the empty skull, when delivery by natural means is impossible. [cranio- + G. tome, incision]
attached c. c. with a segment of the calvaria and attached soft tissues turned as a flap to expose the cranial cavity. SYN: attached cranial section, osteoplastic c..
detached c. c. with section of cranium separated from its soft tissue attachments. SYN: detached cranial section.
osteoplastic c. SYN: attached c..

craniotonoscopy
craniotonoscopy (kra′ne-o-to-nos′ko-pe)

Auscultatory percussion of the cranium. [cranio- + G. tonos, tone, + skopeo, to examine]

craniotrypesis
craniotrypesis (kra′ne-o-tri-pe′sis)

Trephining of the skull. [cranio- + G. trypesis, a boring]

craniotympanic
craniotympanic (kra′ne-o-tim-pan′ik)

Relating to the skull and the middle ear.

cranium
cranium, pl .crania (kra′ne-um, -a) [TA]

The bones of the head collectively. In a more limited sense, the neurocranium, the bony brain case containing the brain, excluding the bones of the face (viscerocranium). SYN: skull. [Mediev. L. fr. G. kranion]
c. bifidum, bifid c. SYN: encephalocele.
c. cerebrale, cerebral c. SYN: neurocranium.
c. viscerale, visceral c. SYN: viscerocranium.

crapulent
crapulent, crapulous (krap′u-lent, -lus)

Rarely used term for drunken; due to alcoholic intoxication. [L. crapula, drunkenness]

crash cart
crash cart

A movable collection of emergency equipment and supplies meant to be readily available for resuscitative effort. It includes medication as well as the equipment for defibrillation, intubation, intravenous medication, and passage of central lines.

crassamentum
crassamentum (kras-a-men′tum)

1. Old term for blood clot. 2. Old term for coagulum. [L. thickness, fr. crassus, thick]

crater
crater (kra′ter)

The most depressed, usually central portion of an ulcer.

crateriform
crateriform (kra-ter′i-form)

Hollowed like a bowl or a saucer. [L. crater, bowl, + forma, shape]

craterization
craterization (kra-ter-i-za′shun)

SYN: saucerization.

craw-craw
craw-craw (kraw′kraw)

A term applied in west Africa to a pruritic papular skin eruption, which may lead to ulceration; some cases are caused by Onchocerca.

Crawford
Crawford

Brian H., British physicist, *1906. See Stiles-C. effect.

crazing
crazing (kra′zing)

In dentistry, the appearance of minute cracks on the surface of plastic restorations such as filling materials, denture teeth, or denture bases.

cream
cream (krem)

1. The upper fatty layer that forms in milk on standing or which is separated from it by centrifugalization; it contains about the same amount of sugar and protein as milk, but from 12 to 40% more fat. 2. Any whitish viscid fluid resembling c.. 3. A semisolid emulsion of either the oil-in-water or the water-in-oil type, ordinarily intended for topical use. [L. cremor, thick juice, broth]
cleansing c. a form of cold c. used to remove grime and cosmetics from the skin.
cold c. a water-in-oil emulsion of various oils, waxes, and water; the standard formula, rose water ointment, contains expressed almond oil, rose water, spermaceti, white paraffin wax, and sodium borate; used as a cleansing or lubricating c..
greaseless c. SYN: vanishing c..
leukocyte c. SYN: buffy coat.
lubricating c. a form of cold c. used as a massage c. or night c.; it contains lanolin or its derivatives.
vanishing c. an oil-in-water emulsion containing potassium, ammonium, or sodium stearate with water and holding in emulsified form more or less free stearic acid; it also contains a hygroscopic ingredient such as glycerol, and a small amount of a fatty ingredient; it leaves a protective, invisible film of stearic acid on the skin. SYN: greaseless c..

crease
crease (kres)

A line or linear depression as produced by a fold. SEE ALSO: fold, groove, line.
digital c. one of the grooves on the palmar surface of a finger, at the level of an interphalangeal joint. SYN: digital flexion c., digital furrow.
digital flexion c. SYN: digital c..
ear lobe c. a diagonal c. found on one or both earlobes with a possible connection to coronary heart disease in males.
flexion c. a permanent c. in the skin on the flexor aspect of a movable joint.
palmar c. any of the several flexion creases normally found on the palm of the hand, occurring proximal to, but as a consequence of flexion at, the metacarpophalangeal joints.
simian c. a single transverse palmar c. formed by fusion of the proximal and distal palmar creases, so called because of its similarity to the transverse flexion c. seen in some monkeys; a common but not pathognomonic feature of Down syndrome; also found in 1% of the normal population.
Sydney c. a variation of the proximal transverse palmar flexion c. that reaches the ulnar side of the palm; associated with acute lymphocytic anemia in early childhood, rubella embryopathy, and Down syndrome. SYN: Sydney line.

creatinase
creatinase (kre′a-ti-nas)

An enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of creatine to sarcosine and urea.

creatine
creatine (kre′a-ten, -tin)

N-(Aminoiminomethyl)-N-methylglycine;occurs in urine, sometimes as such, but generally as creatinine, and in muscle, generally as phosphocreatine. Elevated in urine in individuals with muscular dystrophy.
c. kinase (CK) an enzyme catalyzing the reversible transfer of phosphate from phosphocreatine to ADP, forming c. and ATP; of importance in muscle contraction. Certain isozymes are elevated in plasma following myocardial infarctions. SYN: c. phosphokinase.
c. phosphate SYN: phosphocreatine.
c. phosphokinase (CPK) SYN: c. kinase.

creatinemia
creatinemia (kre′a-ti-ne′me-a)

The presence of abnormal concentrations of creatine in peripheral blood. [creatine + G. haima, blood]

creatininase
creatininase (kre-at′i-nin-as)

An amidohydrolase catalyzing the conversion of creatine to creatinine.

creatinine
creatinine (Cr) (kre-at′i-nen, -nin)

A component of urine and the final product of creatine catabolism; formed by the nonenzymatic dephosphorylative cyclization of phosphocreatine to form the internal anhydride of creatine.

creatinuria
creatinuria (kre′a-ti-noo′re-a)

The urinary excretion of increased amounts of creatine. [creatine + G. ouron, urine]

Credé
Credé

Karl S.F., German obstetrician and gynecologist, 1819–1892. See Credé methods, under method.

credentialing
credentialing (kri-den′shal-ing)

A formal review of the qualifications of a provider who has applied to participate in a health care system or plan. [credential, proof of authenticity, fr. Med. L. credentialis, fr. credo, to believe, + -ing]

creep
creep (krep)

Any time-dependent strain developing in a material or an object in response to the application of a force or stress.

cremaster
cremaster (kre-mas′ter)

See cremasteric fascia, c. muscle. [G. kremaster, a suspender, in pl. the muscles by which the testicles are retracted, fr. kremannymi, to hang]

cremasteric
cremasteric (krem-as-ter′ik)

Relating to the cremaster.

cremnocele
cremnocele (krem′no-sel)

A protrusion of intestine into the labium majus. [G. kremnos, overhanging cliff, labium pudendi, + kele, hernia]

cremnophobia
cremnophobia (krem-no-fo′be-a)

Morbid fear of precipices or steep places. [G. kremnos, precipice, + phobos, fear]

crena
crena, pl .crenae (kre′na, kre′ne)

A V-shaped cut or the space created by such a cut; one of the notches into which the opposing projections fit in the cranial sutures. [L. a notch]
c. analis [TA] SYN: intergluteal cleft.
c. ani intergluteal cleft.
c. clunium SYN: intergluteal cleft.
c. cordis 1. SYN: anterior interventricular sulcus. 2. SYN: posterior interventricular sulcus.
c. interglutealis intergluteal cleft.

crenate
crenate, crenated (kre′nat, -na-ted)

Indented; denoting the outline of a shriveled red blood cell, as observed in a hypertonic solution. [L. crena, a notch]

crenation
crenation (kre-na′shun)

The process of becoming, or state of being, crenated.

crenocyte
crenocyte (kre′no-sit)

A red blood cell with serrated, notched edges. [L. crena, a notch, + G. kytos, a hollow (cell)]

crenocytosis
crenocytosis (kre′no-si-to′sis)

The presence of crenocytes in the blood. [crenocyte + G. -osis, condition]

Crenosoma vulpis
Crenosoma vulpis (kre′no-so-ma vul′pis)

A metastrongyle lungworm species of the fox, wolf, dog, raccoon, and other small carnivores in Europe, Asia, and North America; it occurs in the bronchi, causing bronchitis. [G. krene, a (mineral) spring, + soma, body; L. vulpes, fox]

creophagy
creophagy, creophagism (kre-of′a-je, kre-of′a-jizm)

Carnivorousness;flesh-eating. [G. kreas, flesh, + phago, to eat]

creosol
creosol (kre′o-sol)

A slightly yellowish aromatic liquid distilled from guaiac or from beechwood tar; a constituent of creosote. Cf.:cresol.

creosote
creosote (kre′o-sot)

A mixture of phenols (chiefly methyl guaiacol, guaiacol, and creosol) obtained during the distillation of wood-tar, preferably that derived from beechwood; used as a disinfectant and wood preservative. [G. kreas, flesh, + soter, preserver]

crepitant
crepitant (krep′i-tant)

1. Relating to or characterized by crepitation. 2. Denoting a fine bubbling noise (rale) produced by air entering fluid in lung tissue; heard in pneumonia and in certain other conditions. 3. The sensation imparted to the palpating finger by gas or air in the subcutaneous tissues.

crepitation
crepitation (krep-i-ta′shun)

1. Crackling; the quality of a fine bubbling sound (rale) that resembles noise heard on rubbing hair between the fingers. 2. The sensation felt on placing the hand over the seat of a fracture when the broken ends of the bone are moved, or over tissue, in which gas gangrene is present. SYN: bony crepitus. 3. Noise or vibration produced by rubbing bone or irregular degenerated cartilage surfaces together as in arthritis and other conditions. SYN: crepitus (1) . [see crepitus]

crepitus
crepitus (krep′i-tus)

1. SYN: crepitation. 2. A noisy discharge of gas from the intestine. [L. fr. crepo, to rattle]
articular c. the grating of a joint, often in association with osteoarthritis.
bony c. SYN: crepitation (2) .

crescent
crescent (kres′ent)

1. Any figure of the shape of the moon in its first quarter. 2. The figure made by the gray columns or cornua on cross-section of the spinal cord. 3. SYN: malarial c.. [L. cresco, pp. cretus, to grow]
articular c. SYN: meniscus lens.
Giannuzzi crescents SYN: serous demilunes, under demilune.
glomerular c. proliferated epithelial cells partly encircling a renal glomerulus; it occurs in glomerulonephritis.
Heidenhain crescents SYN: serous demilunes, under demilune.
malarial c. the male or female gametocyte(s) of Plasmodium falciparum, whose presence in human red blood cells is diagnostic of falciparum malaria. SYN: c. (3) , sickle form.
myopic c. a white or grayish white crescentic area in the fundus of the eye located on the temporal side of the optic disk; caused by atrophy of the choroid, permitting the sclera to become visible. SYN: myopic conus.
sublingual c. the c.-shaped area on the floor of the mouth formed by the lingual wall of the mandible and the adjacent part of the floor of the mouth.

crescentic
crescentic (kres-sen′tik)

Shaped like a crescent.

crescograph
crescograph (kres′ko-graf)

A device for recording the degree and rate of growth. [L. cresco, to grow, + G. grapho, to draw or write]

cresol
cresol (kre′sol)

A mixture of the three isomeric cresols, o-, m-, and p-c., obtained from coal tar. Its properties are similar to those of phenol, but it is less poisonous; used as an antiseptic and disinfectant. SYN: tricresol.

cresolase
cresolase (kre′so-las)

SYN: monophenol monooxygenase (1) .

cresol red
cresol red

An acid-base indicator with a pK value of 8.3; yellow at pH values below 7.4, red above 9.0.

CREST
CREST

Acronym for calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal motility disorders, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. See C. syndrome.

crest
crest (krest) [TA]

1. A ridge, especially a bony ridge. SEE ALSO: crista. 2. The ridge of the neck of a male animal, especially of a stallion or bull. 3. Feathers on the top of a bird's head, or fin rays on the top of a fish's head. SYN: crista [TA] . [L. crista]
acoustic c. SYN: ampullary c..
alveolar c. 1. the portion of the alveolar bone extending beyond the periphery of the socket, lying interproximally; 2. the top of the residual alveolar bone.
c. of alveolar ridge the top of the alveolar ridge or residual ridge; the highest continuous surface of the ridge, but not necessarily the center of the ridge.
ampullary c. [TA] an elevation on the inner surface of the ampulla of each semicircular duct; filaments of the vestibular nerve pass through the crista to reach hair cells on its surface; the hair cells are capped by the cupula, a gelatinous protein-polysaccharide mass. SEE ALSO: neuroepithelium of ampullary c.. SYN: crista ampullaris [TA] , acoustic c., transverse septum (1) .
ampullary c. (of semicircular ducts) [TA] crescentic ridge invaginating the lumen of the ampullae of the semicircular ducts bearing sensory epithelium on a base of nerve fibers and connective tissue. SYN: crista ampullaris (ductuum semicircularium) [TA] .
anterior lacrimal c. [TA] a vertical ridge on the lateral surface of the frontal process of the maxilla that forms part of the medial rim of the orbit. SYN: crista lacrimalis anterior [TA] .
arched c. SYN: arcuate c. of arytenoid cartilage.
arcuate c. SYN: arcuate c. of arytenoid cartilage.
arcuate c. of arytenoid cartilage [TA] the ridge on the anterior surface of the arytenoid cartilage that separates the triangular from the oblong fovea. SYN: crista arcuata cartilaginis arytenoideae [TA] , arched c., arcuate c..
articular c. SYN: intermediate sacral c..
basal c. of cochlear duct [TA] sharp extension of the central portion of the spiral ligament that continues as the basilar membrane. SYN: crista basalaris ductus cochlearis [TA] , crista spiralis ductus cochlearis&star, spiral c. of cochlear duct&star.
basilar c. of cochlear duct an inward projection of the spiral ligament of the cochlea to which is attached the basilar membrane forming the floor of the cochlear duct. SYN: crista basilaris ductus cochlearis [TA] .
c. of body of rib [TA] the sharp inferior margin of the shaft of a rib. SYN: crista corporis costae [TA] .
buccinator c. a ridge passing from the base of the coronoid process of the mandible to the region of the last molar tooth; it gives attachment to the mandibular part of the buccinator muscle. SYN: crista buccinatoria.
c. of cochlear opening SYN: c. of round window.
conchal c. [TA] bony ridge that articulates with, or provides attachment for, the inferior nasal concha. See conchal c. of body of maxilla, conchal c. of palatine bone. SYN: crista conchalis [TA] , turbinated c..
conchal c. of body of maxilla [TA] ridge of the nasal surface of the body of the maxilla that articulates with the inferior nasal concha. SYN: crista conchalis corporis maxillae [TA] .
conchal c. of palatine bone [TA] the ridge on the nasal surface of the perpendicular part of the palatine bone to which the inferior nasal concha attaches. SYN: crista conchalis ossis palatini [TA] .
deltoid c. SYN: deltoid tuberosity (of humerus).
dental c. the maxillary ridge on the aleveolar processes of the maxillary bones in the fetus. SYN: crista dentalis.
ethmoidal c. [TA] bony ridge which articulates with, or provides attachment for, any part of the ethmoid bone, especially the middle nasal concha. See ethmoidal c. of maxilla, ethmoidal c. of palatine bone. SYN: crista ethmoidalis [TA] .
ethmoidal c. of maxilla [TA] a ridge on the upper part of the nasal surface of the frontal process of the maxilla that gives attachment to the anterior portion of the middle nasal concha. SYN: crista ethmoidalis maxillae [TA] .
ethmoidal c. of palatine bone [TA] a ridge on the medial surface of the perpendicular part of the palatine bone to which the middle nasal concha attaches posteriorly. SYN: crista ethmoidalis ossis palatini [TA] .
external occipital c. [TA] a ridge extending from the external occipital protuberance to the border of the foramen magnum. SYN: crista occipitalis externa [TA] , linea nuchae mediana.
falciform c. SYN: transverse c. of internal acoustic meatus.
c. of fenestrae cochleae SYN: c. of round window.
frontal c. [TA] a ridge arising at the termination of the sagittal sulcus on the cerebral surface of the frontal bone and ending at the foramen caecum. SYN: crista frontalis [TA] .
ganglionic c. SYN: neural c..
gingival c. SYN: gingival margin.
gluteal c. SYN: gluteal tuberosity.
c. of greater tubercle [TA] the ridge below the greater tubercle of the humerus into which the pectoralis major muscle inserts. SYN: crista tuberculi majoris [TA] , bicipital ridges, pectoral ridge.
c. of head of rib [TA] the ridge that separates the superior and inferior articular surfaces of the head of a rib. SYN: crista capitis costae [TA] .
iliac c. [TA] the long, curved upper border of the wing of the ilium. SYN: crista iliaca [TA] .
incisor c. the front part of the nasal c. of the palatine process of the maxilla.
infratemporal c. of greater wing of sphenoid [TA] a rough ridge marking the angle of union of the temporal and infratemporal surfaces of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone. SYN: crista infratemporalis alaris majoris ossis sphenoidalis [TA] , pterygoid ridge of sphenoid bone.
inguinal c. an elevation in the body wall of the embryo at the internal opening of the inguinal canal; part of the gubernaculum testis develops within it.
intermediate sacral c. [TA] crests formed by the fusion of articular processes of all the sacral vertebrae. SYN: crista sacralis medialis [TA] , articular c., crista sacralis intermedia.
internal occipital c. [TA] a ridge running from the internal occipital protuberance to the posterior margin of the foramen magnum, giving attachment to the falx cerebelli. SYN: crista occipitalis interna [TA] .
interosseous c. SYN: interosseous border.
intertrochanteric c. [TA] the rounded ridge that connects the greater and lesser trochanters of the femur posteriorly and marks the junction of the neck and shaft of the bone. SYN: crista intertrochanterica [TA] , trochanteric c..
interureteric c. [TA] a fold of mucous membrane extending from the orifice of the ureter of one side to that of the other side. SYN: plica interureterica [TA] , bar of bladder, interureteric fold, Mercier bar, plica ureterica, torus uretericus, ureteric fold.
lateral epicondylar c. SYN: lateral supraepicondylar ridge.
lateral sacral c. [TA] crests which are rough ridges lying lateral to the sacral foramina; they represent the fused transverse processes of sacral vertebrae. SYN: crista sacralis lateralis [TA] .
lateral supracondylar c. SYN: lateral supraepicondylar ridge.
c. of lesser tubercle [TA] the ridge below the lesser tubercle of the humerus into which the teres major muscle inserts. SYN: crista tuberculi minoris [TA] , bicipital ridges.
marginal c. of tooth [TA] the rounded borders that form the mesial and distal margins of the occlusal surface of a tooth. SYN: crista marginalis dentis [TA] , marginal ridge.
medial epicondylar c. SYN: medial supraepicondylar ridge.
medial c. of fibula [TA] a ridge of bone, on the posterior surface of the fibula, separating the attachment of the posterior tibial muscle from that of the flexor hallucis longus and soleus muscles. SYN: crista medialis fibulae [TA] .
medial supracondylar c. SYN: medial supraepicondylar ridge.
median sacral c. [TA] an unpaired c. formed by the fused spinous processes of the upper four sacral vertebrae. SYN: crista sacralis mediana [TA] .
crests of nail bed
crests of nail matrix [TA] the numerous longitudinal ridges of the nail bed distal to the lunula. SYN: cristae matricis unguis.
nasal c. [TA] the midline ridge in the floor of the nasal cavity, formed by the union of the paired maxillae and palatine bones; the vomer attaches to the c.. SYN: crista nasalis [TA] , semicrista incisiva.
nasal c. of horizontal plate of palatine bone [TA] superiorly (nasally) directed bony c., formed at the meeting of the horizontal processes of the right and left palatine bones, for attachment of the nasal septum. SYN: crista nasalis laminae horizontalis ossis palatini [TA] .
nasal c. of palatine process of maxilla [TA] superiorly (nasally) directed bony c., formed at the meeting of the palatine processes of the right and left maxillae, for attachment of the nasal septum. SYN: crista nasalis processus palatini maxillae [TA] .
c. of neck of rib [TA] the sharp upper margin of the neck of a rib. SYN: crista colli costae [TA] .
neural c. neuroectodermal cells that originate in the dorsal aspect of the neural folds or neural tube; these cells leave the neural tube or folds and differentiate into various cell types including dorsal-root ganglion cells, autonomic ganglion cells, the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla, Schwann cells, sensory ganglia cells of cranial nerves, 5, 9, and 10, part of the meninges, or integumentary pigment cells. SYN: ganglion ridge, ganglionic c..
obturator c. [TA] a ridge that extends from the pubic tubercle to the acetabular notch, giving attachment to the pubofemoral ligament of the hip joint. SYN: crista obturatoria [TA] .
c. of palatine bone, palatine c. SYN: palatine c. of horizontal process of palatine bone.
palatine c. of horizontal process of palatine bone [TA] a transverse ridge near the posterior border of the bony palate, located on the inferior surface of the horizontal plate of the palatine bone. SYN: crista palatina laminae horizontalis ossis palatini [TA] , c. of palatine bone, palatine c., crista palatina.
c. of petrous part of temporal bone SYN: superior border of petrous part of temporal bone.
c. of petrous temporal bone SYN: superior border of petrous part of temporal bone.
posterior lacrimal c. [TA] a vertical ridge on the orbital surface of the lacrimal bone that, together with the anterior lacrimal c., bounds the fossa for the lacrimal sac. SYN: crista lacrimalis posterior [TA] .
pubic c. [TA] the rough anterior border of the body of the pubis, continuous laterally with the pubic tubercle. SYN: crista pubica [TA] .
c. of round window [TA] the edge of the opening of the cochlear window to which the secondary tympanic membrane is attached. SYN: crista fenestrae cochleae [TA] , c. of cochlear opening, c. of fenestrae cochleae.
sacral c. [TA] one of three rough irregular ridges on the posterior surface of the sacrum; median sacral c.; lateral sacral crests. SYN: crista sacralis [TA] .
sagittal c. a prominent ridge along the sagittal suture of the skull, present in some animals as a result of temporal muscle development.
c. of scapular spine the posterior subcutaneous border of the spine of the scapula that expands in its medial part into a smooth triangular area.
sphenoidal c. [TA] a vertical ridge in the midline of the anterior surface of the sphenoid bone that articulates with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone. SYN: crista sphenoidalis [TA] .
spiral c. SYN: spiral ligament of cochlear duct.
spiral c. of cochlear duct basal c. of cochlear duct.
c. of supinator muscle SYN: supinator c. (of ulna).
supinator c. (of ulna) [TA] the proximal part of the interosseous border of the ulna from which a portion of the supinator muscle takes origin. SYN: crista musculi supinatoris ulnae [TA] , c. of supinator muscle.
supramastoid c. [TA] the ridge that forms the posterior root of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone. SYN: crista supramastoidea [TA] .
suprastyloid c. of radius [TA] lateral border of the distal radius leading to the styloid process; site of insertion of the brachioradialis muscle. SYN: crista suprastyloidea radii [TA] .
supraventricular c. [TA] the internal muscular ridge that separates the conus arteriosus from the remaining part of the cavity of the right ventricle of the heart. SYN: crista supraventricularis [TA] .
temporal c. of mandible [TA] ridge along anteromedial aspect of the coronoid process and upper ramus of the mandible into which the temporalis muscle inserts. SYN: crista temporalis mandibulae [TA] .
terminal c. SYN: crista terminalis of right atrium.
tibial c. SYN: anterior border of tibia.
transverse c. 1. SYN: transverse c. of internal acoustic meatus. 2. SYN: crista transversalis.
transverse c. of internal acoustic meatus [TA] a horizontal ridge that divides the fundus of the internal acoustic meatus into a superior and an inferior area. In the former are the introitus of the facial canal and openings for the branches of the vestibular nerve to the utricle and to the ampullae of the anterior and lateral semicircular canals. In the latter are openings for the cochlear nerve, and for branches of the vestibular nerve to the saccule and to the ampulla of the posterior semicircular canal. SYN: crista transversa meatus acustici interni [TA] , falciform c., transverse c. (1) .
triangular c. SYN: crista triangularis.
trigeminal c. that part of the cranial neural c. from which part of the ganglion of the fifth cranial nerve develops.
trochanteric c. SYN: intertrochanteric c..
turbinated c. SYN: conchal c..
urethral c. [TA] longitudinal mucosal fold in the dorsal wall of the urethra. See urethral c. of female, urethral c. of male. SYN: crista urethralis [TA] .
urethral c. of female [TA] a conspicuous longitudinal fold of mucosa on the posterior wall of the urethra. SYN: crista urethralis femininae [TA] .
urethral c. of male [TA] a longitudinal fold on the posterior wall of the urethra extending from the uvula of the bladder through the prostatic urethra; prominent in its midportion is the seminal colliculus. SYN: crista urethralis masculinae [TA] , crista phallica.
vertical c. of internal acoustic meatus [TA] bony ridge of the fundus of the internal acoustic meatus separating the superior vestibular area from the facial area above the more prominent transverse c., and the inferior vestibular area from the cochlear area below the transverse c.. SYN: crista verticalis meatus acustici interni [TA] .
vestibular c. [TA] an oblique ridge on the inner wall of the vestibule of the labyrinth, bounding the spherical recess above and posteriorly. SYN: crista vestibuli [TA] , c. of vestibule.
c. of vestibule SYN: vestibular c..
vomerine c. of choana [TA] the concave posterior border of the vomer and overlying respiratory epithelium that forms the medial boundary of and separates the right and left choanae. SYN: crista choanalis vomeris [TA] .

cresta
cresta (kres′ta)

A small membranous organelle characteristic of certain flagellate protozoa, located near the pelta and seen in the living organism as an independently moving structure. [L. crispus, trembling]

cresylate
cresylate (kres′i-lat)

A salt of cresylic acid, or cresol.

cresyl blue
cresyl blue, cresyl blue brilliant (kres′il) [C.I. 51010]

A basic oxazin dye used for staining the reticulum in young erythrocytes (reticulocytes); also used in vital staining and as a selective stain for gastric surface epithelial mucin and other acid mucopolysaccharides.

cresyl echt
cresyl echt, cresyl fast violet

A metachromatic basic oxazin dye, closely related to cresyl violet acetate and used for the same purposes.

cresyl violet acetate
cresyl violet acetate

A metachromatic basic oxazin dye, used as a stain for nuclei and Nissl substance; related to German derived dye known as cresyl echt violet or cresyl fast violet.

creta
creta (kre′ta)

SYN: calcium carbonate. [L. orig. adj. fr. C., Crete, i.e. Cretan earth, chalk]

cretin
cretin (kre′tin)

An individual exhibiting cretinism. [Fr. crétin]

cretinism
cretinism (kre′tin-izm)

Obsolete term for congenital hypothyroidism. See infantile hypothyroidism.

cretinistic
cretinistic (kre′tin-is-tik)

SYN: cretinous.

cretinoid
cretinoid (kre′tin-oyd)

Resembling a cretin; presenting symptoms similar to those of cretinism.

cretinous
cretinous (kre′tin-us)

Relating to cretinism or a cretin; affected with cretinism. SYN: cretinistic.

Creutzfeldt
Creutzfeldt

Hans Gerhard, German neuropsychiatrist, 1885–1964. See C.-Jakob disease.

crevice
crevice (krev′is)

A crack or small fissure, especially in a solid substance. [Fr. crevasse]
gingival c. SYN: gingival sulcus.

crevicular
crevicular (kre-vik′u-lar)

1. Relating to any crevice. 2. In dentistry, relating especially to the gingival crevice or sulcus.

CRF
CRF

Abbreviation for corticotropin-releasing factor.

CRH
CRH

Abbreviation for corticotropin-releasing hormone.

cribra
cribra (kri′bra, krib′ra)

Plural of cribrum.

cribrate
cribrate (krib′rat)

SYN: cribriform.

cribration
cribration (kri-bra′shun)

1. Sifting; passing through a sieve. 2. The condition of being cribrate or numerously pitted or punctured.

cribriform
cribriform (krib′ri-form) [TA]

Sievelike; containing many perforations. SYN: cribrate, polyporous. [L. cribrum, a sieve, + forma, form]

cribrum
cribrum, pl .cribra (kri′brum, krib′rum; -bra, -ra)

SYN: cribriform plate of ethmoid bone. [L. a sieve]

Cricetinae
Cricetinae (kri-se′ti-ne)

A subfamily of rodents (family Muridae) that includes hamsters and native American rats.

Cricetulus
Cricetulus (kri-se′tu-lus)

One of four genera of hamsters; C. griseus, the striped hamster native to Europe and Asia, is a reservoir for visceral leishmaniasis.

Cricetus
Cricetus (kri-se′tus)

One of four genera of hamsters; C. c. is used extensively as a research animal.

Crick
Crick

Francis H.C., British biochemist and Nobel laureate, *1916. See Watson-C. helix.

cricoarytenoid
cricoarytenoid (kri′ko-ar-i-te′noyd)

Relating to the cricoid and arytenoid cartilages.

cricoarytenoideus
cricoarytenoideus (kri′ko-ar-i-te-noy′de-us)

See lateral cricoarytenoid (muscle), posterior cricoarytenoid (muscle).

cricoid
cricoid (kri′koyd)

Ring-shaped;denoting the c. cartilage. [L. cricoideus, fr. G. krikos, a ring, + eidos, form]

cricoidynia
cricoidynia (kri′koy-din′e-a)

Pain in the cricoid. [cricoid + G. odyne, pain]

cricopharyngeal
cricopharyngeal (kri′ko-fa-rin′je-al)

Relating to the cricoid cartilage and the pharynx; a part of the inferior constrictor muscle of the pharynx. See inferior constrictor (muscle) of pharynx.

cricothyroid
cricothyroid (kri-ko-thi′royd)

Relating to the cricoid and thyroid cartilages.

cricothyroideus
cricothyroideus (kri′ko-thi-roy′de-us)

See cricothyroid muscle.

cricothyroidotomy
cricothyroidotomy (kri′ko-thi-roy-dot′o-me)

SYN: cricothyrotomy.

cricothyrotomy
cricothyrotomy (kri′ko-thi-rot′o-me)

Incision through the skin and cricothyroid membrane for relief of respiratory obstruction; used prior to or in place of tracheotomy in certain emergency respiratory obstructions. SEE ALSO: coniotomy. SYN: cricothyroidotomy, inferior laryngotomy, intercricothyrotomy. [cricoid + thyroid + G. tome, incision]

cricotomy
cricotomy (kri-kot′o-me)

Division of the cricoid cartilage, as in cricoid split, to enlarge the subglottic airway. [cricoid + G. tome, incision]

Crigler
Crigler

John F., U.S. physician, *1919. See C.-Najjar disease, C.-Najjar syndrome.

Crile
Crile

George W., U.S. surgeon, 1864–1943. See C. clamp.

criminology
criminology (krim-i-nol′o-je)

The branch of science concerned with the physical and mental characteristics and behavior of criminals. [L. crimen, crime, + G. logos, study]

crinin
crinin (krin′in)

Old term for a substance that will stimulate the production of secretions by specific glands. [G. krino, to secrete, + -in]

crinogenic
crinogenic (krin-o-jen′ik)

Causing secretion; stimulating a gland to increased function. [G. krino, to separate, + -gen, to produce]

crinophagy
crinophagy (krin-of′a-je)

Disposal of excess secretory granules by lysosomes.

crippled
crippled (krip′ld)

Denoting a person who, owing to a physical defect or injury, is partially or completely disabled. [A.S. creopan, to creep]

crisis
crisis, pl .crises (kri′sis, -sez)

1. A sudden change, usually for the better, in the course of an acute disease, in contrast to the gradual improvement by lysis. 2. A paroxysmal pain in an organ or circumscribed region of the body occurring in the course of tabetic neurosyphilis. SYN: tabetic c.. 3. A convulsive attack. [G. krisis, a separation, c.]
addisonian c. SYN: acute adrenocortical insufficiency.
adolescent c. the emotional turmoil often accompanying adolescence.
adrenal c. SYN: acute adrenocortical insufficiency.
anaphylactoid c. 1. SYN: anaphylactoid shock. 2. SYN: pseudoanaphylaxis.
blast c. a sudden alteration in the status of a patient with leukemia in which the peripheral blood cells are almost exclusively blast cells of the type characteristic of leukemia; usually accompanied by a decrease in numbers of other formed elements of the blood, fever, and rapid clinical deterioration.
blood c. 1. the appearance of a large number of nucleated red blood cells in the peripheral blood, accompanied by reticulocytosis and occurring in “exhausted” bone marrow in pernicious anemia and in hemolytic icterus; 2. a suddenly appearing leukocytosis, indicating a change for the better in the course of a grave blood disease.
Dietl c. intermittent pain, sometimes with nausea and emesis, caused by intermittent proximal obstruction of ureter. Originally believed due to a mobile kidney that caused ureter to kink with positional changes. SYN: incarceration symptom.
febrile c. the stage in a febrile disease when spontaneous defervescence occurs.
gastric c. an attack, usually lasting several days, with severe pain in the abdomen or around the waist, accompanied by nausea and vomiting and occasionally diarrhea; occurs in tabetic neurosyphilis.
glaucomatocyclitic c. a form of monocular secondary open-angle glaucoma due to recurrent mild cyclitis.
hemolytic c. massive hemolysis with severe anemia associated with hemolytic disease such as sickle cell disease.
identity c. a disorientation concerning one's sense of self, values, and role in society, often of acute onset and related to a particular and significant event in one's life.
laryngeal c. an attack of paralysis of the abductor, or spasm of the adductor, muscles of the larynx with dyspnea and noisy respiration, occurring in tabetic neurosyphilis.
midlife c. a point in a sequence of events during the middle years of life at which certain trends of prior and subsequent events in one's life are pondered, generally involving an aggregate of personal, career, or sexual dissatisfactions.
myasthenic c. severe, life-threatening exacerbation of the manifestations of myasthenia gravis requiring intensive treatment.
myelocytic c. a temporary but conspicuous and sudden increase in cells of the myelocytic series in the circulating blood.
ocular c. sudden and severe pain in the eyes.
oculogyric crises incapacitating attacks of upward eye rolling seen in encephalitis lethargica and with phenothiazine drugs.
otolithic c. a sudden drop attack without loss of consciousness, vertigo, auditory disturbances, or autonomic manifestations.
salt-depletion c. severe illness resulting from loss of sodium chloride, usually in urine ( i.e., salt-losing nephritis), in sweat following severe exercise in hot weather, or in intestinal secretions, as in cholera. Can occur as result of Addison disease or Addisonian c.; characterized by hypovolemia, hypotension.
sickle cell c. sickle cell anemia.
tabetic c. SYN: c. (2) .
therapeutic c. a turning point leading to positive or negative change in psychiatric treatment.
thyrotoxic c., thyroid c. the exacerbation of symptoms of hyperthyroidism; severe thyrotoxicosis; can follow shock or injury or thyroidectomy; marked by rapid pulse (140–170/minute), nausea, diarrhea, fever, loss of weight, extreme nervousness, and a sudden rise in the metabolic rate; coma and death may occur; occasionally the entire clinical picture is that of profound prostration, weakness, and collapse, without the phase of muscular overactivity and tachycardia. SYN: thyroid storm.
vasoocclusive c. SYN: sickle cell anemia.
visceral crises attacks of severe, spreading epigastric pain that occur in patients with tabetic neurosyphilis.

crispation
crispation (kris-pa′shun)

1. A “creepy” sensation due to slight, fibrillary muscular contractions. 2. Retraction of a divided artery or of muscular fibers or other tissues when cut across. [L. crispo, pp. -atus, to curl]

crista
crista, pl .cristae (kris′ta, -te) [TA]

SYN: crest. [L. crest]
c. ampullaris [TA] SYN: ampullary crest.
c. ampullaris (ductuum semicircularium) [TA] SYN: ampullary crest (of semicircular ducts).
c. arcuata cartilaginis arytenoideae [TA] SYN: arcuate crest of arytenoid cartilage.
c. basalaris ductus cochlearis [TA] SYN: basal crest of cochlear duct.
c. basilaris ductus cochlearis [TA] SYN: basilar crest of cochlear duct.
c. buccinatoria SYN: buccinator crest.
c. capitis costae [TA] SYN: crest of head of rib.
c. choanalis vomeris [TA] SYN: vomerine crest of choana.
c. colli costae [TA] SYN: crest of neck of rib.
c. conchalis [TA] SYN: conchal crest.
c. conchalis corporis maxillae [TA] SYN: conchal crest of body of maxilla.
c. conchalis ossis palatini [TA] SYN: conchal crest of palatine bone.
c. corporis costae [TA] SYN: crest of body of rib.
cristae cutis [TA] SYN: dermal ridges, under ridge.
c. dentalis SYN: dental crest.
c. dividens the lower free edge of the septum secundum, forming the upper margin of the fetal foramen ovale; the limbus of the foramen ovale.
c. ethmoidalis [TA] SYN: ethmoidal crest.
c. ethmoidalis maxillae [TA] SYN: ethmoidal crest of maxilla.
c. ethmoidalis ossis palatini [TA] SYN: ethmoidal crest of palatine bone.
c. fenestrae cochleae [TA] SYN: crest of round window.
c. frontalis [TA] SYN: frontal crest.
c. galli [TA] the triangular midline process of the ethmoid bone extending superiorly from the cribriform plate; it gives anterior attachment to the falx cerebri.
c. glutea SYN: gluteal tuberosity.
c. helicis SYN: crus of helix.
c. iliaca [TA] SYN: iliac crest.
c. infratemporalis alaris majoris ossis sphenoidalis [TA] SYN: infratemporal crest of greater wing of sphenoid.
c. intertrochanterica [TA] SYN: intertrochanteric crest.
c. lacrimalis anterior [TA] SYN: anterior lacrimal crest.
c. lacrimalis posterior [TA] SYN: posterior lacrimal crest.
c. marginalis dentis [TA] SYN: marginal crest of tooth.
cristae matricis unguis SYN: crests of nail matrix, under crest.
c. medialis fibulae [TA] SYN: medial crest of fibula.
cristae of mitochondria, cristae mitochondriales shelflike infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion.
c. musculi supinatoris ulnae [TA] SYN: supinator crest (of ulna).
c. nasalis [TA] SYN: nasal crest.
c. nasalis laminae horizontalis ossis palatini [TA] SYN: nasal crest of horizontal plate of palatine bone.
c. nasalis processus palatini maxillae [TA] SYN: nasal crest of palatine process of maxilla.
c. obturatoria [TA] SYN: obturator crest.
c. occipitalis externa [TA] SYN: external occipital crest.
c. occipitalis interna [TA] SYN: internal occipital crest.
c. palatina SYN: palatine crest of horizontal process of palatine bone.
c. palatina laminae horizontalis ossis palatini [TA] SYN: palatine crest of horizontal process of palatine bone.
c. phallica SYN: urethral crest of male.
c. pubica [TA] SYN: pubic crest.
c. quarta a ridge that projects into the posterior end of the lateral semicircular duct of the labyrinth.
c. sacralis [TA] SYN: sacral crest.
c. sacralis intermedia SYN: intermediate sacral crest.
c. sacralis lateralis [TA] SYN: lateral sacral crest.
c. sacralis medialis [TA] SYN: intermediate sacral crest.
c. sacralis mediana [TA] SYN: median sacral crest.
c. sphenoidalis [TA] SYN: sphenoidal crest.
c. spiralis SYN: spiral ligament of cochlear duct.
c. spiralis ductus cochlearis basal crest of cochlear duct.
c. supracondylaris lateralis lateral supraepicondylar ridge.
c. supracondylaris medialis medial supraepicondylar ridge.
c. supraepicondylaris lateralis [TA] SYN: lateral supraepicondylar ridge.
c. supraepicondylaris medialis [TA] SYN: medial supraepicondylar ridge.
c. supramastoidea [TA] SYN: supramastoid crest.
c. suprastyloidea radii [TA] SYN: suprastyloid crest of radius.
c. supraventricularis [TA] SYN: supraventricular crest.
c. temporalis mandibulae [TA] SYN: temporal crest of mandible.
c. terminalis SYN: c. terminalis of right atrium.
c. terminalis atrii dextri [TA] SYN: c. terminalis of right atrium.
c. terminalis of right atrium [TA] a vertical crest on the interior wall of the right atrium that lies to the right of the sinus of the vena cava and separates this from the remainder of the right atrium. SYN: c. terminalis atrii dextri [TA] , c. terminalis, tenia terminalis, terminal crest.
c. transversalis [TA] a crest or ridge on the occlusal surface of a tooth formed by the union of two triangular crests. SYN: transverse ridge [TA] , transverse crest (2) .
c. transversa meatus acustici interni [TA] SYN: transverse crest of internal acoustic meatus.
c. triangularis [TA] a crest or ridge which extends from the apex of a cusp of a premolar or molar tooth toward the central part of the occlusal surface. SYN: triangular ridge [TA] , triangular crest.
c. tuberculi majoris [TA] SYN: crest of greater tubercle.
c. tuberculi minoris [TA] SYN: crest of lesser tubercle.
c. urethralis [TA] SYN: urethral crest.
c. urethralis femininae [TA] SYN: urethral crest of female.
c. urethralis masculinae [TA] SYN: urethral crest of male.
c. verticalis meatus acustici interni [TA] SYN: vertical crest of internal acoustic meatus.
c. vestibuli [TA] SYN: vestibular crest.

criterion
criterion, pl .criteria (kri-ter′e-on, -e-a)

1. A standard or rule for judging; usually plural (criteria) denoting a set of standards or rules. 2. In psychology, a standard such as school grades against which test scores on intelligence tests or other measured behaviors are validated. 3. A list of manifestations of a disease or disorder, a certain number of which must be present to warrant diagnosis in a given patient. [G. kriterion, a standard]
Amsel criteria criteria for clinical diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis; the diagnosis is made if three of the following four criteria are positive: homogeneous discharge, pH ≥ 4.8, presence of clue cells, and amine odor with the application of KOH to the discharge.
Hill's criteria of evidence a set of epidemiologic criteria that help to indicate whether a statistically significant relationship obtained in epidemiologic and other studies is a causal relationship. The criteria are consistency, specificity, strength, dose-response relationship, temporality, biologic plausibility, coherence, and capability of experimental confirmation. Temporality is the only absolute c.: the putative cause must precede the effect in time.
Jones criteria criteria (proposed by T.D. Jones in 1944 and modified in 1965) used to make the diagnosis of rheumatic fever. There are five major criteria: carditis, polyarthritis, chorea, erythema marginatum, and subcutaneous nodules; minor criteria include fever, arthralgia, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate or C reactive protein, and prolonged PR interval on ECG. Diagnosis requires evidence of recent group A β-hemolytic streptococcal infection, plus two major and one minor criteria, or one major and two minor criteria; revised Jones criteria allow the diagnosis when indolent carditis or chorea exists with no other cause, or in patients with a previous history of rheumatic fever who have one major or two minor criteria in association with a recent streptococcal infection.
Spiegelberg criteria (for diagnosis of ovarian pregnancy) 1) the oviduct on the affected side must be intact; 2) the amnionic sac must occupy the position of the ovary; 3) the amnionic sac must be connected to the uterus by the ovarian ligament; and 4) ovarian tissue must be present in the wall of the amnionic sac.

Crithidia
Crithidia (kri-thid′e-a)

A genus of asexual, monogenetic, insect-parasitizing flagellates in the family Trypanosomatidae. [Mod. L., fr. G. krithidion, dim. of krithe, barley]

crithidia
crithidia (kri-thid′e-a)

Former term for epimastigote. [Mod. L. fr. G. krithidion, dim. of krithe, barley]

critical
critical (krit-i-kal)

1. Denoting or of the nature of a crisis. 2. Denoting a morbid condition in which death is possible. 3. In sufficient quantity as to constitute a turning point.

CRL
CRL

Abbreviation for crown-rump length.

CRM
CRM

Abbreviation for cross-reacting material.

CRM
CRM

Abbreviation for certified reference material.

C.R.N.A.
C.R.N.A.

Abbreviation for certified registered nurse anesthetist.

cRNA
cRNA

Abbreviation for complementary ribonucleic acid.

CRO
CRO

Abbreviation for cathode ray oscilloscope.

Crocq
Crocq

Jean, Belgian physician, 1868–1925. See C. disease.

crocus
crocus (kro′kus)

The dried stigmas of C. sativus (C. of ficinalis) (family Iridaceae), formerly used occasionally in flatulent dyspepsia; also formerly used as an antispasmodic in asthma and dysmenorrhea and as a coloring and flavoring agent. SYN: saffron. [L. fr. G. krokos, the c., saffron (made from its stigmas)]

Crohn
Crohn

Burrill B., U.S. gastroenterologist, 1884–1983. See C. disease.

cromolyn sodium
cromolyn sodium (kro′mo-lin)

Used for the prevention of asthmatic attack. Stabilizes mast cell membranes to prevent the release of leukotrienes and other bronchospasm-inducing substances. SYN: sodium cromoglycate.

Cronkhite
Cronkhite

Leonard W., Jr., U.S. physician, *1919. See C.-Canada syndrome.

Crooke
Crooke

Arthur, English pathologist, *1905. See C. granules, under granule, C. hyaline change, C. hyaline degeneration.

Crookes
Crookes

Sir William, British physicist and chemist, 1832–1919; winner of the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1907. See C. glass, C.-Hittorf tube.

Crosby
Crosby

William Holmes, Jr., U.S. physician, *1914. See C. capsule.

cross
cross (kros)

1. Any figure in the shape of a c. formed by two intersecting lines. SYN: crux. 2. SYN: crux of heart. 3. A method of hybridization or the hybrid so produced. [F. croix, L. crux]
back c. the mating between an animal that is homozygous at a locus of interest and an animal that is heterozygous, commonly from the same ancestral stock.
double back c. a mating that is a back c. at each of two loci of interest; of special value and importance in linkage analysis.
hair crosses [TA] crosslike figures formed by hairs growing from two directions that meet and then separate in a direction perpendicular to the original orientation. SYN: cruces pilorum [TA] .
maltese c. a tetrad formation of the early ringlike parasites within the red blood cell seen in babesiosis.
Ranvier crosses black or brown figures in the shape of a c., marking Ranvier nodes in the longitudinal section of a nerve stained with silver nitrate.
test c. in experimental genetics, a deliberate mating designed to test claims about the pattern of inheritance of one or more traits.

crossbite
crossbite (kros′bit)

An abnormal relation of one or more teeth of one arch to the opposing tooth or teeth of the other arch due to labial, buccal, or lingual deviation of tooth position, or to abnormal jaw position.

crossbreed
crossbreed (kros′bred)

1. SYN: hybrid. 2. To breed a hybrid.

crossbreeding
crossbreeding (kros′bred-ing)

SYN: hybridization.

cross-dressing
cross-dressing

Clothing oneself in the clothes of the opposite sex. See transvestism.

cross-eye
cross-eye (kros′i)

Alternative spelling for crossed eyes, under eye.

crossing-over
crossing-over, crossover (kros-ing-o′ver, kros′o-ver)

Reciprocal exchange of material between two paired chromosomes during meiosis, resulting in the transfer of a block of genes from each chromosome to its homologue. In contrast to genetic recombination (2), which is a phenotypic phenomenon, c. is genotypic. Any even number of crossing-overs between two loci will cancel out phenotypically and no recombination will occur.
somatic crossing-over c. that occurs during the mitosis of somatic cells, in contrast to that which occurs in meiosis.
uneven crossing-over, unequal crossing-over c. that happens when the breaks do not occur at precisely homologous points in two chromatid strands, and hence results in localized duplication of genetic material in one chromatid and complementary deletion in the other.

cross-link
cross-link (kros-lingk)

A covalent linkage between two polymers or between two different regions of the same polymer.

cross-matching
cross-matching (kros′match-ing)

1. A test for incompatibility between donor and recipient blood, carried out prior to transfusion to avoid potentially lethal hemolytic reactions between the donor's red blood cells and antibodies in the recipient's plasma, or the reverse; performed by mixing a sample of red blood cells of the donor with plasma of the recipient (major crossmatch) and the red blood cells of the recipient with the plasma of the donor (minor crossmatch). Incompatibility is indicated by clumping of red blood cells and contraindicates use of the donor's blood. 2. In allotransplantation of solid organs ( e.g., kidney), a test for identification of antibody in the serum of potential allograft recipients which reacts directly with the lymphocytes or other cells of a potential allograft donor; presence of these antibodies usually, if not always, contraindicates the performance of the transplantation because virtually all such grafts will be subject to a hyperacute type of rejection.

crossover
crossover

Refers to the phenomenon of sound presented to one ear may be perceived in the other ear by passing around the head by air conduction or through the head by bone conduction.

cross-section
cross-section

1. A transverse section through a structure. 2. The probability of an activation (5) by a nuclear reaction when a material is bombarded by neutrons, as in the production of radionuclides in a pile; unit: barn (10⁻²⁴ cm²/atom).

cross-sectional
cross-sectional

See synchronic.

cross-taper
cross-taper (kros ta′per)

A practice in pharmacotherapy of lowering the dose of one medication while simultaneously increasing the dose of another medication.

crossway
crossway (kros′wa)

The crossing of two nerve paths.
sensory c. the postlenticular portion of the posterior limb of the internal capsule of the brain.

Crosti
Crosti

A., 20th century Italian dermatologist. See Gianotti-C. syndrome.

crotalid
crotalid (kro′ta-lid)

Any member of the snake family Crotalidae.

Crotalidae
Crotalidae (kro-tal′i-de)

A family of New World vipers characterized by the presence of a heat-sensitive loreal pit between each eye and nostril, and folding, caniculated, long anterior fangs.

crotalin
crotalin (krot′a-lin)

A protein in rattlesnake venom. [Crotalus, a genus of rattlesnakes]

crotalism
crotalism (kro′tal-izm)

SYN: crotalaria poisoning.

Crotalus
Crotalus (krot′a-lus)

A genus of rattlesnakes (family Crotalidae) native to North America, having large fangs that are replaced periodically throughout life and a venom that is both neurotoxic and hemolytic. The largest species are the diamondbacks of the southern states (C. adamanteus) and western states (C. atrox); the smallest are the pigmy rattlers. [G. krotalon, a rattle, fr. krotos, a rattling noise]

crotamiton
crotamiton (kro-tam′i-ton)

A sarcopticide for topical use in scabies.

crotaphion
crotaphion (kro-taf′e-on)

The tip of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone; a point in craniometry. [G. krotaphos, the temple of the head]

crotonase
crotonase (kro′ton-as)

SYN: enoyl-CoA hydratase.

croton oil
croton oil (kro′ton)

A fixed oil expressed from the seeds of Croton tiglium (family Euphorbiaceae), an East Indian shrub; used as an irritant purgative, and externally as a counterirritant and vesicant.

crotonyl-ACP reductase
crotonyl-ACP reductase (kro′to-nil)

SYN: enoyl-ACP reductase.

crotoxin
crotoxin (kro-tok′sin)

The toxin from the venom of the North American rattlesnake. [Crotalus + toxin]

crottle
crottle (krot′el)

SYN: cudbear.

croup
croup (kroop)

1. Acute obstruction of upper airway in infants and children characterized by a barking cough with difficult and noisy respiration. 2. Laryngotracheobronchitis in infants and young children caused by parainfluenza viruses 1 and 2. [Scots, probably from A.S. kropan, to cry aloud]

croupous
croupous (kroo′p-us)

Relating to croup; marked by a fibrinous exudation.

croupy
croupy (kroo′pe)

Having the characteristics of croup, as a c. cough.

Crouzon
Crouzon

Octave, French physician, 1874–1938. See C. disease, C. syndrome.

Crow
Crow

R.S., British physician. See C.-Fukase syndrome.

crowding
crowding (krowd′ing)

A condition in which the teeth are crowded, assuming altered positions such as bunching, overlapping, displacement in various directions, torsiversion, etc.

Crowe
Crowe

Samuel J., U.S. physician, 1883–1955. See C.-Davis mouth gag.

crown
crown (krown) [TA]

1. Any structure, normal or pathologic, resembling or suggesting a c. or a wreath. 2. In dentistry, that part of a tooth that is covered with enamel, or an artificial substitute for that part. SYN: corona [TA] . [L. corona]
anatomical c. SYN: c. of tooth.
artificial c. a fixed restoration of the major part of the entire coronal part of a natural tooth; usually of gold, porcelain, or acrylic resin.
bell-shaped c. the c. of a tooth that has an exaggerated occlusogingival contour; human deciduous molars typify the bell-shaped c..
ciliary c. SYN: corona ciliaris.
clinical c. that part of the c. of a tooth visible in the oral cavity. SYN: corona clinica.
c. of head SYN: corona capitis.
jacket c. a hollow c. of acrylic resin, fused porcelain or cast gold, combinations of gold and acrylic or gold and porcelain; it fits over the prepared stump of the natural c..
radiate c. SYN: corona radiata.
c. of tooth the portion of a tooth covered with enamel. SYN: anatomical c., corona dentis.
c. of Venus papular lesions of secondary syphilis on the forehead near the hair margin.

crowning
crowning (krown′ing)

1. Preparation of the natural crown of a tooth and covering the prepared crown with a veneer of suitable dental material (gold or non-precious metal casting, porcelain, plastic, or combinations). 2. That stage of childbirth when the fetal head has negotiated the pelvic outlet and the largest diameter of the head is encircled by the vulvar ring.

CRP
CRP

Abbreviation for cAMP receptor protein; C-reactive protein.

CRT
CRT

Abbreviation for cathode ray tube.

cruces
cruces (kroo′sez)

Plural of crux.

cruciate
cruciate (kroo′she-at)

Shaped like, or resembling, a cross. [L. cruciatus]

crucible
crucible (kroo′si-bl)

A vessel used as a container for reactions or meltings at high temperature. [Mediev. L. crucibulum, a night lamp, later, a melting pot]

crufomate
crufomate (kroo′fo-mat)

A veterinary anthelmintic.

crunch
crunch (krunch)

Sound heard on auscultation of the chest synchronous with cardiac contraction, indicating presence of air in the mediastinum. [onomatopoetic]

cruor
cruor (kroo′or)

Coagulated blood. [L. blood (that flows from a wound)]

crura
crura (kroo′ra)

Plural of crus.

crural
crural (kroo′ral)

Relating to the leg or thigh, or to any crus.

crureus
crureus (kroo-re′us)

SYN: vastus intermedius (muscle). [Mod. L.]

crus
crus, gen. cruris, pl .crura (kroos, kroo′ris, -ra) [TA]

1. SYN: leg. 2. Any anatomical structure resembling a leg; usually (in the plural) a pair of diverging bands or elongated masses. SEE ALSO: limb. [L.]
ampullary crura of semicircular ducts SYN: ampullary membranous limbs of semicircular ducts, under limb.
anterior c. of stapes SYN: anterior limb of stapes.
c. anterius capsulae internae [TA] SYN: anterior limb of internal capsule.
c. anterius stapedis [TA] SYN: anterior limb of stapes.
crura anthelicis SYN: crura of antihelix.
crura antihelicis [TA] SYN: crura of antihelix.
crura of antihelix [TA] two ridges, inferior and superior, bounding the fossa triangularis, by which the antihelix begins at the upper part of the auricle. SYN: crura antihelicis [TA] , crura anthelicis, leg of antihelix.
crura of bony semicircular canals SYN: bony limbs of semicircular canals, under limb.
c. breve incudis [TA] SYN: short limb of incus.
c. cerebri [TA] specifically, the massive bundle of corticofugal nerve fibers passing longitudinally on the ventral surface of the midbrain on each side of the midline; it consists of fibers descending from the cortex to the tegmentum of the brainstem, pontine gray matter, and spinal cord. SEE ALSO: cerebral peduncle, basis pedunculi.
c. clitoridis [TA] SYN: c. of clitoris.
c. of clitoris [TA] the continuation on each side of the corpus cavernosum of the clitoris that diverges from the body posteriorly and is attached to the pubic arch. SYN: c. clitoridis [TA] .
common c. of semicircular ducts SYN: common membranous limb of semicircular ducts.
c. corporis cavernosi penis SYN: c. of penis.
c. dextrum diaphragmatis [TA] SYN: right c. of diaphragm.
c. dextrum fasciculi atrioventricularis [TA] SYN: right bundle of atrioventricular bundle. SEE ALSO: atrioventricular bundle.
c. fornicis [TA] that part of the fornix that rises in a forward curve behind the thalamus to continue forward as the body for fornix ventral to the corpus callosum. SYN: c. of fornix [TA] , posterior pillar of fornix.
c. of fornix [TA] SYN: c. fornicis.
c. helicis [TA] SYN: c. of helix.
c. of helix [TA] a transverse ridge continuing backward from the helix of the auricle, dividing the concha into an upper portion (cymba) and a lower portion (cavity of concha). SYN: c. helicis [TA] , crista helicis, limb of helix.
c. inferius marginis falciformis hiatus sapheni inferior horn of falciform margin of saphenous opening.
lateral c. limb or leglike portion of a structure, farthest from midline. SYN: c. laterale, lateral limb.
c. laterale SYN: lateral c..
c. laterale anuli inguinalis superficialis [TA] SYN: lateral c. of the superficial inguinal ring.
c. laterale cartilaginis alaris majoris [TA] SYN: lateral c. of the major alar cartilage of the nose.
lateral c. of facial canal laterally placed, posteriorly directed second portion of the horizontal part of the facial canal. See horizontal part of facial canal. SYN: lateral c. of horizontal part of the facial canal.
lateral c. of horizontal part of the facial canal SYN: lateral c. of facial canal. See horizontal part of facial canal.
lateral c. of the major alar cartilage of the nose [TA] portion of cartilage extending laterally and posteriorly in a winglike fashion, supporting the wing of the nose and keeping the nostril patent. SYN: c. laterale cartilaginis alaris majoris [TA] .
lateral c. of the superficial inguinal ring [TA] portion of the external oblique aponeurosis that passes lateral to the superficial inguinal ring blending into the inguinal ligament and forming the lateral boundary of the ring. SYN: c. laterale anuli inguinalis superficialis [TA] .
left c. of atrioventricular bundle SYN: left bundle of atrioventricular bundle.
left c. of diaphragm [TA] the muscular origin of the diaphragm from the upper two or three lumbar vertebrae that ascends to the left of the aorta to reach the central tendon. SYN: c. sinistrum diaphragmatis [TA] .
long c. of incus SYN: long limb of incus.
c. longum incudis [TA] SYN: long limb of incus.
medial c. [TA] limb or leglike portion of a structure closest to the midline. SYN: c. mediale [TA] , medial limb.
c. mediale [TA] SYN: medial c..
c. mediale anuli inguinalis superficialis [TA] SYN: medial c. of the superficial inguinal ring.
c. mediale cartilaginis alaris majoris [TA] SYN: medial c. of major alar cartilage of nose.
medial c. of facial canal medially placed, anteriorly directed first portion of the horizontal part of the facial canal. See horizontal part of facial canal. SYN: medial c. of the horizontal part of the facial canal.
medial c. of the horizontal part of the facial canal SYN: medial c. of facial canal. See horizontal part of facial canal.
medial c. of major alar cartilage of nose [TA] portion of cartilage that forms the anterioinferior portion of the cartilaginous septum between nostrils. SYN: c. mediale cartilaginis alaris majoris [TA] .
medial c. of the superficial inguinal ring [TA] portion of the external oblique aponeurosis which passes medial to the superficial inguinal ring forming the medial boundary of the ring. SYN: c. mediale anuli inguinalis superficialis [TA] .
crura membranacea ampullaria ductuum semicircularium [TA] SYN: ampullary membranous limbs of semicircular ducts, under limb.
c. membranaceum commune ductuum semicircularium [TA] SYN: common membranous limb of semicircular ducts.
c. membranaceum simplex ductus semicircularis [TA] SYN: simple membranous limb of semicircular duct.
crura ossea canalium semicircularium SYN: bony limbs of semicircular canals, under limb.
c. penis [TA] SYN: c. of penis.
c. of penis [TA] the posterior, tapering portion of the corpus cavernosum penis which diverges from its contralateral partner to be attached to the ischiopubic ramus. SYN: c. penis [TA] , c. corporis cavernosi penis.
posterior c. of stapes SYN: posterior limb of stapes.
c. posterius capsulae internae [TA] SYN: posterior limb of internal capsule.
c. posterius stapedis [TA] SYN: posterior limb of stapes.
right c. of atrioventricular bundle SYN: right bundle of atrioventricular bundle.
right c. of diaphragm [TA] the muscular origin of the diaphragm from the bodies of the upper three or four lumbar vertebrae that passes upward to the right of the aorta toward the central tendon; the esophageal hiatus is a parting of the fibers of the right c. to allow passage of the esophagus. SYN: c. dextrum diaphragmatis [TA] .
short c. of incus SYN: short limb of incus.
simple c. of semicircular duct SYN: simple membranous limb of semicircular duct.
c. sinistrum diaphragmatis [TA] SYN: left c. of diaphragm.
c. sinistrum fasciculi atrioventricularis SYN: left bundle of atrioventricular bundle. SEE ALSO: atrioventricular bundle.
c. superius marginis falciformis hiatus sapheni SYN: superior horn of falciform margin of saphenous opening.

crus I
crus I (kroos)

SYN: superior semilunar lobule.

crus II
crus II (kroos)

SYN: inferior semilunar lobule.

crush
crush (krush)

1. To squeeze injuriously between two hard bodies. 2. A bruise or contusion from pressure between two solid bodies. [O.Fr. cruisir]

crusotomy
crusotomy (kroos-ot′o-me)

A mesencephalic pyramidal tractotomy. [L. crus, leg, + G. tome, incision]

crust
crust (krust)

1. A hard outer layer or covering; cutaneous crusts are often formed by dried serum or pus on the surface of a ruptured blister or pustule. 2. A scab. SYN: crusta. [L. crusta]
milk c. SYN: crusta lactea.

crusta
crusta, pl .crustae (krus′ta, -te)

SYN: crust. [L.]
c. inflammatoria SYN: buffy coat.
c. lactea seborrhea of the scalp in an infant. SYN: milk crust.
c. phlogistica SYN: buffy coat.

Crustacea
Crustacea (krus-ta′she-a)

A very large class of aquatic animals (phylum Arthropoda) with a chitinous exoskeleton and jointed appendages; e.g., the crab, lobster, crayfish, shrimp, isopods, ostracods, and amphipods. Some, such as certain copepods, are parasitic; others serve as intermediate hosts for parasitic worms which cause disease in humans and various other vertebrates. SEE ALSO: Copepoda. [L. crusta, a crust]

crutch
crutch (krutch)

A device used singly or in pairs to assist in walking when the act is impaired by a lower extremity (or trunk) disability; it transfers all or part of weight-bearing to the upper extremity. [A. S. cryce]

Cruveilhier
Cruveilhier

Jean, French pathologist and anatomist, 1791–1874. See C. fascia, C. fossa, fossa navicularis C., C. joint, C. ligaments, under ligament, C. plexus, C.-Baumgarten disease, C.-Baumgarten murmur, C.-Baumgarten sign, C.-Baumgarten syndrome.

crux
crux, pl .cruces (kruks, kroo′sez)

A junction or crossing. SYN: cross (1) . [L.]
c. of heart the zone of junction of the septa and walls of the four chambers of the heart. SYN: cross (2) .
cruces pilorum [TA] SYN: hair crosses, under cross.

Cruz
Cruz

Oswaldo, Brazilian physician, 1872–1917. See Chagas-C. disease, C. trypanosomiasis.

cry- cry-

See cryo-.

cryalgesia
cryalgesia (kri-al-je′ze-a)

Pain caused by cold. [G. kryos, cold, + algos, pain]

cryanesthesia
cryanesthesia (kri′an-es-the′ze-a)

Inability to perceive cold. [G. kryos, cold, + an- priv. + aisthesis, sensation]

cryesthesia
cryesthesia (kri-es-the′ze-a)

1. A subjective sensation of cold. 2. Sensitiveness to cold. [G. kryos, cold, + aisthesis, sensation]

cry for help
cry for help

Telephone calls, notes left in conspicuous places, and other behaviors that communicate extreme distress and possible consideration of suicide.

crymo- crymo-

Cold. SEE ALSO: cryo-, psychro-. [G. krymos, cold]

crymophilic
crymophilic (kri-mo-fil′ik)

Preferring cold; denoting microorganisms which thrive best at low temperatures. SYN: cryophilic. [crymo- + G. philos, fond]

crymophylactic
crymophylactic (kri′mo-fi-lak′tik)

Resistant to cold, said of certain microorganisms that are not destroyed even by freezing temperatures. SYN: cryophylactic. [crymo- + G. phylaxis, a guarding against]

cryo- cryo-, cry-

Cold. SEE ALSO: crymo-, psychro-. [G. kryos, cold]

cryoanesthesia
cryoanesthesia (kri′o-an-es-the′ze-a)

Localized application of cold as a means of producing regional anesthesia. SYN: refrigeration anesthesia.

cryobiology
cryobiology (kri′o-bi-ol′o-je)

The study of the effects of low temperatures on living organisms.

cryocautery
cryocautery (kri′o-kaw′ter-e)

Any substance, such as liquid nitrogen or carbon dioxide snow, or a low temperature instrument, the application of which causes destruction of tissue by freezing. SYN: cold cautery.

cryoconization
cryoconization (kri′o-kon-i-za′shun)

Freezing of a cone of endocervical tissue in vivo with a cryoprobe.

cryoextraction
cryoextraction (kri′o-ek-strak′shun)

Removal of cataracts by the adhesion of a freezing probe to the lens; now rarely done.

cryoextractor
cryoextractor (kri′o-ek-strak′tor, -tor)

An instrument, artificially cooled, for extraction of the lens by freezing contact.

cryofibrinogen
cryofibrinogen (kri′o-fi-brin′o-jen)

An abnormal type of fibrinogen very rarely found in human plasma; it is precipitated upon cooling, but redissolves when warmed to room temperature.

cryofibrinogenemia
cryofibrinogenemia (kri′o-fi-brin′o-je-ne′me-breve;a)

The presence in the blood of cryofibrinogens.

cryofluorane
cryofluorane (kri-o-flor′an)

Used as a refrigerant and aerosol propellant; may be irritating to the respiratory tract and mildly narcotic.

cryofracture
cryofracture (kri′o-frak′choor)

SYN: freeze fracture. [cryo- + fracture]

cryogen
cryogen (kri′o-jen)

A freezing substance used to produce very low temperatures.

cryogenic
cryogenic (kri-o-jen′ik)

1. Denoting or characteristic of a cryogen. 2. Relating to cryogenics.

cryogenics
cryogenics (kri-o-jen′iks)

The science concerned with the production and effects of very low temperatures, particularly temperatures in the range of liquid helium (<4.25 K). [cryo- + G. -gen, producing]

cryoglobulinemia
cryoglobulinemia (kri′o-glob′u-li-ne′me-a)

The presence of abnormal quantities of cryoglobulin in the blood plasma.

cryoglobulins
cryoglobulins (kri-o-glob′u-linz)

1. Abnormal plasma proteins (paraproteins), now grouped with gamma globulins, characterized by precipitating, gelling, or crystallizing when serum or solutions of them are cooled; distinguished from Bence Jones proteins by their larger molecular weight (approximately 200,000 compared with 35,000–50,000); they may appear in patients with multiple myeloma. 2. Any globulin that forms a gel or flocculent precipitate on cooling.

cryohydrate
cryohydrate (kri-o-hi′drat)

A eutectic system of a salt and water.

cryohypophysectomy
cryohypophysectomy (kri′o-hi-pof′i-sek′to-me)

Destruction of hypophysis by the application of extreme cold. [cryo- + hypophysis + G. ektome, excision]

cryolysis
cryolysis (kri-ol′i-sis)

Destruction by cold. [cryo- + G. lysis, dissolution]

cryometer
cryometer (kri-om′e-ter)

A device for measuring very low temperatures. [cryo- + G. metron, measure]

cryopallidectomy
cryopallidectomy (kri′o-pal-i-dek′to-me)

Destruction of the globus pallidus by the application of extreme cold. [cryo- + globus pallidus + G. ektome, excision]

cryopathy
cryopathy (kri-op′a-the)

A morbid condition in which exposure to cold is an important factor. SYN: frigorism. [cryo- + G. pathos, suffering]

cryopexy
cryopexy (kri′o-pek-se)

In retinal detachment surgery, sealing the sensory retina to the pigment epithelium and choroid by a freezing probe applied to the sclera. [cryo- + G. pexis, a fixing in place]

cryophilic
cryophilic (kri-o-fil′ik)

SYN: crymophilic. [cryo- + G. philos, fond]

cryophylactic
cryophylactic (kri′o-fi-lak′tik)

SYN: crymophylactic.

cryoprecipitate
cryoprecipitate (kri′o-pre-sip′i-tat)

Precipitate that forms when soluble material is cooled, especially with reference to the precipitate that forms in normal blood plasma which has been subjected to cold precipitation and which is rich in factor VIII.

cryoprecipitation
cryoprecipitation (kri′o-pre-sip-i-ta′shun)

The process of forming a cryoprecipitate from solution.

cryopreservation
cryopreservation (kri′o-pres-er-va′shun)

Maintenance of the viability of excised tissues or organs at extremely low temperatures.

cryoprobe
cryoprobe (kri′o-prob)

An instrument used in cryosurgery to apply extreme cold to a selected area. [cryo- + L. probo, to test]

cryoprostatectomy
cryoprostatectomy (kri′o-pros-ta-tek′to-me)

Destruction of the prostate gland by freezing, utilizing a specially designed cryoprobe. [cryo- + L. prostata, prostate, + G. ektome, excision]

cryoprotein
cryoprotein (kri-o-pro′ten)

A protein that precipitates from solution when cooled and redissolves upon warming.

cryopulvinectomy
cryopulvinectomy (kri′o-pul-vi-nek′to-me)

Destruction of the pulvinar by the application of extreme cold. [cryo- + pulvinar + G. ektome, excision]

cryoscope
cryoscope (kri′o-skop)

An instrument for measuring the freezing point.

cryoscopy
cryoscopy (kri-os′ko-pe)

The determination of the freezing point of a fluid, usually blood or urine, compared with that of distilled water. SYN: algoscopy. [cryo- + G. skopeo, to examine]

cryospasm
cryospasm (kri′o-spazm)

Spasm produced by cold. [cryo- + G. spasmos, convulsion]

cryostat
cryostat (kri′o-stat)

A freezing chamber. [cryo- + G. statos, standing]

cryosurgery
cryosurgery (kri-o-ser′jer-e)

An operation using freezing temperature (achieved by liquid nitrogen or carbon dioxide) as an independent agent or in an instrument to destroy tissue.

cryothalamectomy
cryothalamectomy (kri′o-thal-a-mek′to-me)

Destruction of the thalamus by the application of extreme cold. [cryo- + thalamus + G. ektome, excision]

cryotherapy
cryotherapy (kri′o-thar′a-pe)

The use of cold in the treatment of disease.

cryotolerant
cryotolerant (kri-o-tol′er-ant)

Tolerant of very low temperatures.

crypt
crypt (kript) [TA]

A pitlike depression or tubular recess. SYN: crypta [TA] .
anal crypts SYN: anal sinuses, under sinus.
dental c. the space filled by the dental follicle.
enamel c. the narrow, mesenchyme-filled space between the dental ledge and an enamel organ. SYN: enamel niche.
crypts of Henle infoldings of conjunctiva.
crypts of iris 1. pits near the pupillary margin of the anterior surface of the iris. 2. spaces in the anterior iris stroma through which the aqueous washes with every pupillary movement.
crypts of Lieberkühn SYN: intestinal glands, under gland.
crypts of Lieberkühn of large intestine SYN: glands of large intestine, under gland.
crypts of Lieberkühn of small intestine SYN: glands of small intestine, under gland.
lingual c. a pit lined with epithelium in the lingual tonsil.
Morgagni crypts SYN: anal sinuses, under sinus.
synovial c. a diverticulum of the synovial membrane of a joint.
tonsillar c. [TA] one of the variable number of deep recesses that extend into the lingual, palatine, pharyngeal, and tubal tonsils from the free surface where they open at the tonsillar fossa. SYN: crypta tonsillaris [TA] .

crypt- crypt-

See crypto-.

crypta
crypta, pl .cryptae (krip′ta, -te) [TA]

SYN: crypt. [L. fr. G. kryptos, hidden]
c. tonsillaris, pl .cryptae tonsillares [TA] SYN: tonsillar crypt.

cryptectomy
cryptectomy (krip-tek′to-me)

Excision of a tonsillar or other crypt. [crypt + G. ektome, excision]

cryptenamine acetates
cryptenamine acetates, cryptenamine tannates (krip-ten′a-men)

Acetate or tannate salts of alkaloids from a nonaqueous extract of Veratrum viride, containing the hypotensive alkaloids protoveratrines A and B, germitrine, neogermetrine, germerine, germidine, jervine, rubijervine, isorubijervine, and germubide; used as antihypertensive agents. SEE ALSO: protoveratrine A and B.

cryptic
cryptic (krip′tik)

Hidden; occult; larvate. [G. kryptikos]

cryptitis
cryptitis (krip-ti′tis)

Inflammation of a follicle or glandular tubule, particularly in the colon.

crypto- crypto-, crypt-

Hidden, obscure; without apparent cause. [G. kryptos, hidden, concealed]

cryptochrome
cryptochrome (krip′to-krom)

Flavoprotein ultraviolet-A receptor involved in circadian rhythm entrainment in plants, insects, and mammals.

cryptococcoma
cryptococcoma (krip′to-kok-o′ma)

An infectious granuloma, typically in the brain, but also found in the lung and elsewhere, caused by Cryptococcus neoformans. [Cryptococcus (genus name) + -oma]

cryptococcosis
cryptococcosis (krip′to-kok-o′sis)

An acute, subacute, or chronic infection by Cryptococcus neoformans, causing a pulmonary, disseminated, or meningeal mycosis. The pulmonary form may resolve spontaneously in previously normal persons but dissemination to other organs is fatal if untreated; the most common clinical manifestation is meningitis.

Cryptococcus
Cryptococcus (krip-to-kok′us)

A genus of yeastlike fungi that reproduce by budding. [crypto- + G. kokkos, berry]
C. neoformans a species that causes cryptococcosis in humans and other mammals, particularly the cat family. Cells are spherical and reproduce by budding; a prominent feature is a polysaccharide capsule. C. neoformans var. neoformans has a worldwide distribution and can often be isolated from weathered pigeon droppings. C. neoformans var. gattii causes cryptococcosis in subtropical and tropical climates. This variety has been isolated from foliage and litter of species of eucalyptus.

cryptocrystalline
cryptocrystalline (krip-to-kris′ta-len)

Having very minute crystals.

Cryptocystis trichodectis
Cryptocystis trichodectis (krip-to-sis′tis tri-ko-dek′tis)

Name formerly applied to the larval form of the dog tapeworm, Dipylidium caninum, named for the cysticercoids found in the dog louse, Trichodectes. [crypto- + G. kystis, bladder; tricho- + G. dektes, a beggar]

cryptodidymus
cryptodidymus (krip′to-did′i-mus)

Conjoined twins, with the poorly developed parasitic twin concealed within the larger autosite. See conjoined twins, under twin. [crypto- + G. didymos, twin]

Cryptogamia
Cryptogamia (krip-to-gam′e-a)

A montaxonomic division of the plant kingdom containing all forms of plant life that do not reproduce by means of seeds; included are the algae, bacteria, fungi, lichens, mosses, liverworts, ferns, horsetails, and club mosses. [crypto- + G. gamos, marriage]

cryptogenic
cryptogenic (krip-to-jen′ik)

Of obscure, indeterminate etiology or origin, in contrast to phanerogenic. [crypto- + G. genesis, origin]

cryptolith
cryptolith (krip′to-lith)

A concretion in a gland follicle. [crypto- + G. lithos, stone]

cryptomenorrhea
cryptomenorrhea (krip′to-men-o-re′a)

Occurrence each month of the general symptoms of the menses without any flow of blood, as in cases of imperforate hymen. [crypto- + G. men, month, + rhoia, flow]

cryptophthalmus
cryptophthalmus, cryptophthalmia (krip-tof-thal′mus, -thal′me-a)

Congenital absence of eyelids, with the skin passing continuously from the forehead onto the cheek over a rudimentary eye. [crypto- + G. ophthalmos, eye]

cryptopodia
cryptopodia (krip-to-po′de-a)

A swelling of the lower part of the leg and the foot, in such a manner that there is great distortion and the sole seems to be a flattened pad. [crypto- + G. pous, foot]

cryptopyrrole
cryptopyrrole (krip-to-pir′ol)

3-Ethyl-2,4-dimethylpyrrole;one of the pyrrole derivatives obtained by the drastic reduction of heme.

cryptorchid
cryptorchid (krip-tor′kid)

Relating to or characterized by cryptorchism. [crypto- + G. orchis, testis]

cryptorchidism
cryptorchidism (krip-tor′ki-dizm)

SYN: cryptorchism.

cryptorchism
cryptorchism (krip-tor′kizm)

Failure of one or both of the testes to descend. SYN: cryptorchidism.

cryptoscope
cryptoscope (krip′to-skop)

Obsolete term for a simple x-ray fluoroscope. [G. kryptos, something hidden, + skopeo, to examine]

cryptosporidiosis
cryptosporidiosis (krip′to-spo-rid-e-o′sis)

An enteric disease caused by waterborne protozoan parasites of the genus Cryptosporidium; characterized pathologically by villous atrophy and fusion and clinically by diarrhea in humans, calves, lambs, and other animals; disease in immunocompetent persons is manifest as a self-limiting diarrhea, whereas in immunocompromised persons it is manifest as a prolonged severe diarrhea that can be fatal.

Cryptosporidium
Cryptosporidium (krip′to-spo-rid′e-um)

A genus of coccidian sporozoans (family Cryptosporiidae, suborder Eimeriina) that are important pathogens of calves and other domestic animals, and common opportunistic parasites of humans that flourish under conditions of compromised immune function; can cause self-limiting diarrhea in immunocompetent persons.
C. parvum sporozoan species that is an important cause of neonatal diarrhea in calves and lambs; causes mild, self-limiting to severe, chronic diarrhea in humans.

Cryptostroma corticale
Cryptostroma corticale (krip-to-stro′ma kor-ti-ka′le)

A species of fungus that is a common allergen, growing profusely under the bark of stacked maple logs; handlers who inhale the massive number of spores may develop pneumonitic as well as allergic reactions, including maple bark disease. [crypto- + G. stroma, bed]

cryptotia
cryptotia (krip-to′she-a)

A rare abnormality in which the superior portion of the auricle is hidden under the scalp. [crypto- + G. otos, ear]

cryptoxanthin
cryptoxanthin (krip-to-zan′thin)

(3R)-β,β-Caroten-3-ol; β-caroten-3-ol;carotenoid (specifically, a xanthophyll) yielding 1 mol of vitamin A per mole. Found in many fruits and berries.

cryptozoite
cryptozoite (krip′to-zo′it)

The exoerythrocyte stage of the malarial organism that develops directly from the sporozoite inoculated by the infected mosquito; development of the first generation of merozoites in vertebrate host tissues occurs in the liver parenchyma. [crypto- + G. zoe, life]

cryptozygous
cryptozygous (krip-toz′i-gus, -to-zi′gus)

Having a narrow face compared with the width of the cranium, so that, when the skull is viewed from above, the zygomatic arches are not visible. [crypto- + G. zygon, yoke]

crystal
crystal (kris′tal)

A solid of regular shape and, for a given compound, characteristic angles, formed when an element or compound solidifies slowly enough, as a result either of freezing from the liquid form or of precipitating out of solution, to allow the individual molecules to take up regular positions with respect to one another. [G. krystallos, clear ice, c.]
asthma crystals SYN: Charcot-Leyden crystals.
blood crystals SYN: hematoidin.
Böttcher crystals small crystals observed microscopically in prostatic fluid that is treated with a drop or two of 1% solution of ammonium phosphate.
Charcot-Leyden crystals crystals in the shape of elongated double pyramids, formed from eosinophils, found in the sputum in bronchial asthma and in other exudates or transudates containing eosinophils. SYN: asthma crystals, Charcot-Neumann crystals, Charcot-Robin crystals, Leyden crystals.
Charcot-Neumann crystals SYN: Charcot-Leyden crystals.
Charcot-Robin crystals SYN: Charcot-Leyden crystals.
chiral c. an enantiomorphic, dysymmetric, optically active c..
chlorohemin crystals SYN: Teichmann crystals.
clathrate c. latticelike arrangement of molecules of one substance surrounding molecules of another substance.
ear crystals SYN: otoliths.
Florence crystals brown rhombic crystals formed at the interface between a drop of Lugol solution and a drop of fluid that contains semen; not a specific test for the latter.
hematoidin crystals SYN: hematoidin.
hydrate c. one of several possible microstructural arrangements of water molecules based on intermolecular forces; suggested as being involved in the mode of action of inhalation anesthetics.
knife-rest c. a c. of ammoniomagnesium phosphate found in alkaline urine.
Leyden crystals SYN: Charcot-Leyden crystals.
Lubarsch crystals intracellular crystals in the testis resembling sperm crystals.
sperm c., spermin c. a c. of spermin phosphate found in the semen; possibly identical to Böttcher crystals.
Teichmann crystals rhombic crystals of hemin; used in microscopic detection of blood. See hemin. SYN: chlorohemin crystals.
thorn apple crystals ammonium urate crystals in the shape of rounded bodies with many projecting points.
twin c. two crystals that have grown together along a common face.
Virchow crystals yellow-brown, amber, or burnt orange crystals of hematoidin, frequently observed in extravasated blood in tissues.
whetstone crystals xanthine crystals occasionally observed in urine.

crystallin
crystallin (kris′ta-lin)

One of several water-soluble proteins found in the lens of the eye; alpha (an embryonic single protein), beta, and gamma varieties (based on precipitibility) are known. Reptiles and birds have a δ-crystalline as well. ε-C. is identical with lactate dehydrogenase.
gamma c. the least rapidly mobile form of c. on electrophoresis.

crystalline
crystalline (kris′ta-len)

1. Clear; transparent. 2. Relating to a crystal or crystals.

crystallization
crystallization (kris′tal-i-za′shun)

Assumption of a crystalline form when a vapor or liquid becomes solidified, or a solute precipitates from solution.

crystallogram
crystallogram (kris′ta-lo-gram)

A photograph produced when x-rays are diffracted by a crystal. [G. krystallos, crystal, + gramma, something written]

crystallography
crystallography (kris-tal-log′ra-fe)

The study of the shape and atomic structure of crystals.

crystalloid
crystalloid (kris′tal-oyd)

1. Resembling a crystal, or being such. 2. A body that in solution can pass through a semipermeable membrane, as distinguished from a colloid, which cannot do so.
Charcot-Böttcher crystalloids spindle-shaped crystalloids 10–25 μm long, found in human Sertoli cells.
Reinke crystalloids rod-shaped crystal-like structures with pointed or rounded ends present in the interstitial cells of the testis (Leydig cells) and ovary.

crystallophobia
crystallophobia (kris′tal-o-fo′be-a)

SYN: hyalophobia. [G. krystallon, crystal, + phobos, fear]

crystalluria
crystalluria (kris-ta-loo′re-a)

The excretion of crystalline materials in the urine.

crystal violet
crystal violet (kris′tal) [C.I. 42555]

A compound that has been used in the external treatment of burns, wounds, and fungal infections of skin and mucous membranes, and internally for pinworm and certain fluke infections; used also as a stain for chromatin, amyloid, platelets in blood, fibrin, and neuroglia, and to differentiate among bacteria. SYN: methylrosaniline chloride.

Cs
Cs

Symbol for cesium.

CSD
CSD

Abbreviation for catscratch disease.

C-section
C-section

See cesarean section.

CSF
CSF

Abbreviation for cerebrospinal fluid; colony-stimulating factors, under factor.

CSI
CSI

Abbreviation for Calculus Surface Index.

CT
CT

Abbreviation for computed tomography.
dynamic C. SYN: dynamic computed tomography.
helical C. SYN: spiral computed tomography.
spiral C. SYN: spiral computed tomography.

CTD
CTD

Abbreviation for cumulative trauma disorders, under disorder.

Ctenocephalides
Ctenocephalides (te-no-se-fal′i-dez)

A genus of fleas. C. canis (dog flea) and C. felis (cat flea) are nearly universal ectoparasites of household pets; will attack humans when starving owing to absence of pets. [G. ktenodes, like a cockle, + kephale, head]

CTL
CTL

Abbreviation for cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

CTP
CTP

Abbreviation for cytidine 5′-triphosphate.

Cu
Cu

Symbol for copper.

67Cu
⁶⁷Cu

Symbol for copper-67.

64Cu
⁶⁴Cu

Symbol for copper-64.

cubeb
cubeb (ku′beb)

The dried unripe, nearly full-grown fruit of Piper cubeba (family Piperaceae), a climbing plant of the West Indies, used as stimulant, carminative, and local irritant; c. oil has been used as a mild urinary antiseptic. [Ar. and Hindu, kababa]

cubital
cubital (ku′bi-tal)

Relating to the elbow or to the ulna.

cubitus
cubitus, gen. and pl. cubiti (ku′bi-tus, -ti) [TA]

1. SYN: elbow (2) . 2. SYN: ulna. [L. elbow]
c. valgus deviation of the extended forearm to the outer (radial) side of the axis of the limb.
c. varus deviation of the extended forearm to the inward (ulnar) side of the axis of the limb.

cuboid
cuboid, cuboidal (ku′boyd, ku-boy′dal) [TA]

1. Resembling a cube in shape. 2. Relating to the os cuboideum. [G. kybos, cube, + eidos, resemblance]

cudbear
cudbear (kud′bar)

Purple-red coloring agent derived from the lichen Ochrolechia tartarea (family Lecanoraceae) and for the coloring principles from Roccellaceae used for coloring liquid pharmaceutical preparations. SYN: crottle.

cue
cue (ku)

In conditioning and learning theory, a pattern of stimuli to which an individual has learned or is learning to respond.
response-produced cues successive stimulus cues in a behavior chain, each response serving as a reinforcer for the previous response and as a stimulus, or c., for the next response. See higher order conditioning, behavior chain.

cuff
cuff (kuf)

Any structure shaped like a c..
musculotendinous c. SYN: rotator c. of shoulder.
perivascular cuffs cuffing.
rotator c. of shoulder the anterior, superior, and posterior aspects of the capsule of the shoulder joint reinforced by the tendons of insertion of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis (SITS) muscles. SYN: musculotendinous c..
vaginal c. the portion of the vaginal vault remaining open to the peritoneum following hysterectomy.

cuffing
cuffing (kuf′ing)

1. A perivascular accumulation of various leukocytes seen in infectious, inflammatory, or autoimmune diseases. 2. To surround a structure with fluid or cells, as with a cuff; in chest radiography, thickening of bronchial walls on the image. [M.E. cuffe, mitten]

cuirass
cuirass (kwe-ras′)

The anterior surface of the thorax in relation to symptoms or disease changes. [Fr. cuirasse, a breastplate]
analgesic c. SYN: tabetic c..
tabetic c. an analgesic or hypalgesic zone in the proximal thoracic region, found in tabetic neurosyphilis. SYN: analgesic c., Hitzig girdle.

cul-de-sac
cul-de-sac, pl .culs-de-sac (kool-de-sak′)

1. A blind pouch or tubular cavity closed at one end; e.g., diverticulum; cecum. 2. SYN: rectouterine pouch. [Fr. bottom of a sack]
conjunctival cul-de-sac SYN: conjunctival fornix.
Douglas cul-de-sac SYN: rectouterine pouch.
greater cul-de-sac SYN: fundus of stomach.
Gruber cul-de-sac a lateral diverticulum in the suprasternal space beside the medial extremity of the clavicle behind the sternal attachment of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
lesser cul-de-sac SYN: pyloric antrum.

culdocentesis
culdocentesis (kul′do-sen-te′sis)

Aspiration of fluid from the cul-de-sac (rectouterine excavation) by puncture of the vaginal vault near the midline between the uterosacral ligaments. [cul-de-sac + G. kentesis, puncture]

culdoplasty
culdoplasty (kul′do-plas-te)

Plastic surgery to remedy relaxation of the posterior fornix of the vagina. [cul-de-sac + G. plastos, formed]

culdoscope
culdoscope (kul′do-skop)

Endoscopic instrument used in culdoscopy.

culdoscopy
culdoscopy (kul-dos′ko-pe)

Introduction of an endoscope through the posterior vaginal wall for viewing the rectovaginal pouch and pelvic viscera. [cul-de-sac + G. skopeo, to view]

culdotomy
culdotomy (kul-dot′o-me)

1. Cutting through the posterior vaginal wall into the cul-de-sac of Douglas. 2. SYN: vaginal celiotomy. [cul-de-sac + G. tome, incision]

Culex
Culex (ku′leks)

A genus of mosquitoes (family Culicidae) including over 2000 species. Largely tropical but worldwide in distribution; they are vectors for a number of diseases of humans and of domestic and wild animals and birds. [L. gnat]
C. nigripalpus mosquito species that is a vector of St. Louis encephalitis within the United States.
C. pipiens a subspecies complex of the abundant polytypic species, the brown house mosquito or rainbarrel mosquito of temperate climates, which breeds commonly in standing water, especially in artificial containers, and has a 5- to 6-day cycle under optimal conditions; closely related forms are found in tropical areas.
C. quinquefasciatus mosquito species that could serve as a vector of Wuchereria bancrofti, if this filarial infection were introduced into the United States.
C. restuans mosquito species that is a secondary or suspected vector of Eastern equine encephalitis and Western equine encephalitis within the United States.
C. salinarius mosquito species that is a secondary or suspected vector of Eastern equine encephalitis within the United States.
C. tarsalis a mosquito species that is an important vector of St. Louis and Western equine encephalomyelitis viruses in horses, birds, and humans.

Culicidae
Culicidae (ku-lis′i-de)

A family of insects (order Diptera) that includes the true mosquitoes, which are all included in the subfamily Culicinae.

culicidal
culicidal (ku-li-si′dal)

Destructive to mosquitoes. [L. culex, gnat, + caedo, to kill]

culicide
culicide (ku′li-sid)

An agent that destroys mosquitoes.

culicifuge
culicifuge (ku-lis′i-fooj)

1. Driving away gnats and mosquitoes. 2. An agent that keeps mosquitoes from biting. [L. culex, gnat + fugo, to drive away]

Culicoides
Culicoides (ku-li-koy′dez)

A genus of minute biting gnats or midges, vectors of several nonpathogenic human filariae (Mansonella, Dipetalonema), of Onchocerca in horses and cattle, and of several viral agents of domestic sheep and fowl. [L. culex, gnat]
C. austeni species that is an intermediate host of the filarial worm, Mansonella perstans, chiefly in equatorial Africa.
C. furens species that is a vector of Mansonella ozzardi, in the West Indies.
C. milnei a species that is one of the vectors of Mansonella perstans in West Africa.

Culiseta
Culiseta (ku-lis′e-ta)

A genus of mosquitoes (family Culicidae). They are vectors for a number of diseases of humans and of domestic and wild animals and birds.
C. inornata mosquito species that is a secondary or suspected vector of Western equine encephalitis and California group encephalitis within the United States.
C. melanura a species of mosquito that is the principal endemic vector of Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus; since this species feeds primarily on birds, other mosquitoes (Aedes spp.) transmit the virus from birds to humans and horses.

Cullen
Cullen

Thomas S., U.S. gynecologist, 1868–1953. See C. sign.

culmen
culmen, pl .culmina (kul′men) [TA]

The anterior prominent portion of the monticulus of the vermis of the cerebellum; vermal lobule rostral to the primary fissure; divided into an anterior part [TA] (lobule IV of Larsell) and a posterior part [TA] (lobule V of Larsell). SYN: lobulus culminis. [L. summit]

Culp
Culp

Ormond S., U.S. urologist, 1910–1977. See C. pyeloplasty.

cult
cult (kult)

A system of beliefs and rituals based on dogma or religious teachings and characterized by devoted adherents who display a readiness to obey, an unrealistic idealization of the leader, an abandonment of personal ambition and goals, and an eschewing of traditional societal values. [L. cultus, an honoring, adoration]

cultivation
cultivation (kul-ti-va′shun)

SYN: culture. [Mediev. L. cultivo, pp. -atus, fr. L. colo, pp. cultus, to till]

cultural diversity
cultural diversity

The inevitable variety in customs, attitudes, practices, and behavior that exists among groups of individuals from different ethnic, racial, or national backgrounds who come into contact.

culture
culture (kul′chur)

1. The propagation of microorganisms on or in media of various kinds. 2. A mass of microorganisms on or in a medium. 3. The propagation of mammalian cells, i.e., cell c.. See cell c.. 4. Set of beliefs, values, artistic, historical, religious characteristics, customs, etc. common to a community or nation. SYN: cultivation. [L. cultura, tillage, fr. colo, pp. cultus, to till]
batch c. a technique for large-scale production of microbes or microbial products in which, at a given point in time, the fermenter is stopped and the c. is worked up.
cell c. the maintenance or growth of dispersed cells after removal from the body, commonly on a glass surface immersed in nutrient fluid.
continuous c. a technique for production of microbes or microbial products in which nutrients are continuously supplied to the fermenter.
discontinuous c. a technique for production of microbes or microbial products in which the organisms are grown in a closed system until one nutrient factor becomes rate-limiting.
elective c. a method of isolating microorganisms capable of utilizing a specific substrate by incubating an inoculum in a medium containing the substrate; the medium usually contains substances or has characteristics that inhibit the growth of unwanted microorganisms. SYN: enrichment c..
enrichment c. SYN: elective c..
hanging-block c. the propagation of microorganisms on a cube of solidified agar medium which is inoculated, attached to a cover glass, and inverted over a moist chamber or hollowed slide.
Harada-Mori filter paper strip c. a combination of filter paper, fecal specimen, and tap water placed in a centrifuge tube; provides an environment for nematode eggs to hatch and larvae to develop.
mixed lymphocyte c. mixed lymphocyte c. test.
monoxenic c. c. of parasites grown in association with a single known bacterium.
needle c. SYN: stab c..
neotype c. SYN: neotype strain.
organ c. the maintenance or growth of tissues, organ primordia, or the parts or whole of an organ in vitro in such a way as to allow differentiation or preservation of the architecture or function.
Petri dish c. a combination of filter paper, fecal specimen, and tap water placed in a Petri dish; provides an environment for nematode eggs to hatch and larvae to develop.
plastic envelope c. simplified method for transport and c. of specimens for the diagnosis of infection with Trichomonas vaginalis; liquid c. medium is examined microscopically through the envelope, so pipette sampling of the medium is not required.
pouch c. plastic c. systems used for transport of specimens, c., and examination chambers for the isolation, growth, and detection of Trichomonas vaginalis.
pure c. in the ordinary bacteriologic sense, a c. consisting of a single species and strain of a bacterium.
roll-tube c. a c. in a tube of medium which has been melted and allowed to solidify while the tube is being spun; the inside of the tube is thereby coated with a thin layer of solidified medium.
sensitized c. a live c. of an organism to which a specific antiserum is added; after the mixture is incubated for several minutes (during which the antibody in the serum combines with the organisms), the excess serum is removed by means of centrifugation, washing in physiologic saline solution, and recentrifugation; the sensitized organisms may then be resuspended in physiologic saline solution.
shake c. a c. made by inoculating a liquefied gelatin or agar medium, distributing the inoculum thoroughly by agitation, and then allowing the medium to solidify in the tube in an upright position.
slant c. a c. made on the slanting surface of a medium which has been solidified in a test tube inclined from the perpendicular so as to give a greater area than that of the lumen of the tube. SYN: slope c..
slope c. SYN: slant c..
smear c. a c. obtained by spreading material presumed to be infected on the surface of a solidified medium.
stab c. a c. produced by inserting an inoculating needle with inoculum down the center of a solid medium contained in a test tube. SYN: needle c..
stock c. a c. of a microorganism maintained solely for the purpose of keeping the microorganism in a viable condition by subculture, as necessary, into fresh medium.
streak c. a c. produced by lightly stroking an inoculating needle or loop with inoculum over the surface of a solid medium.
tissue c. the maintenance of live tissue after removal from the body, by placing in a vessel with a sterile nutritive medium.
type c. a type strain of microorganism preserved in a c. collection as the standard.
xenic c. cultures of parasites grown in association with an unknown microbiota. [G. xenikos, alien, foreign, fr. xenos, guest, stranger]

cum
cum (kum)

With [L.]

cumarin
cumarin (ku′ma-rin)

SYN: coumarin.

cumetharol
cumetharol (ku-meth′a-rol)

SYN: coumetarol.

cumethoxaethane
cumethoxaethane (ku-me-thoks′a-eth-an)

SYN: coumetarol.

Cummer
Cummer

William E., Canadian dentist, 1879–1942. See C. classification, C. guideline.

cUMP
cUMP

Abbreviation for cyclic uridine 3′,5′-monophosphate.

cumulative
cumulative (ku′mu-la-tiv)

Tending to accumulate or pile up, as with certain drugs that may have a c. effect.

cumulus
cumulus, pl .cumuli (ku′mu-lus, -li)

A collection or heap of cells. [L. a heap]
c. oöphorus a mass of epithelial granulosa cells surrounding the ovum in the ovarian follicle. SYN: ovigerus, proligerous disk, proligerous membrane. [NA]
c. ovaricus rarely used term for c. oöphorus.

cuneate
cuneate (ku′ne-at)

Wedge-shaped. [L. cuneus, wedge]

cuneiform
cuneiform (ku′ne-i-form)

Wedge-shaped. See intermediate c. (bone), lateral c. (bone), medial c. (bone).

cuneocuboid
cuneocuboid (ku′ne-o-ku′boyd)

Relating to the lateral cuneiform and the cuboid bones.

cuneonavicular
cuneonavicular (ku-ne-o-na-vik′u-lar)

Relating to the cuneiform and the navicular bones. SYN: cuneoscaphoid.

cuneoscaphoid
cuneoscaphoid (ku-ne-o-skaf′oyd)

SYN: cuneonavicular.

cuneus
cuneus, pl .cunei (ku′ne-us, koo′ne-i) [TA]

That region of the medial aspect of the occipital lobe of each cerebral hemisphere bounded by the parietooccipital fissure and the calcarine fissure. [L. wedge]

cuniculus
cuniculus, pl .cuniculi (ku-nik′u-lus, -li)

The burrow of the scabies mite in the epidermis. [L. a rabbit; an underground passage]

cunnilingus
cunnilingus (kun-i-ling′gus)

Oral stimulation of the vulva or clitoris; a type of oral-genital sexual activity; contrasted with fellatio, which is the oral stimulation of the penis. [L. cunnus, pudendum, + lingo, to lick]

Cunninghamella elegans
Cunninghamella elegans (kun-ing-ha-mel′a el′e-ganz)

One of several species of fungi that can cause mucormycosis in humans.

cunnus
cunnus (kun′us)

SYN: vulva. [L.]

cup
cup (kup)

1. An excavated or hallowed structure, either anatomic or pathologic. SYN: poculum. 2. SYN: cupping glass. [A.S. cuppe]
Diogenes c. SYN: c. of palm.
dry c. a cupping glass formerly applied to the unbroken skin to draw blood to the area but without removing it.
eye c. a small oval receptacle used to apply a liquid to the external eye.
glaucomatous c. a bean-pot-like depression of the optic disk caused by glaucoma. SYN: glaucomatous excavation.
ocular c. SYN: optic c..
optic c. the double-walled c. formed by the invagination of the embryonic optic vesicle; its inner component becomes the sensory layer of the retina, its outer layer, the pigment layer. SYN: caliculus ophthalmicus, ocular c..
c. of palm the palm of the hand when contracted and deepened by the action of the muscles on either side. SYN: Diogenes c., poculum diogenis.
perilimbal suction c. a device for increasing intraocular pressure by impeding circulation and aqueous humor flow from the eye.
physiologic c. SYN: depression of optic disk.
suction c. one of the cupping glasses of various shapes, formerly used to produce local hyperemia according to Bier method.
wet c. a cupping glass formerly applied to a part previously scarified or incised to draw and remove blood.

cupola
cupola (koo′po-la, ku′)

SYN: cupula.

cupped
cupped (kupt)

Hollowed; made cup-shaped.

cupping
cupping (kup′ing)

1. Formation of a hollow, or cup-shaped excavation. 2. Application of a c. glass. SEE ALSO: cup.

cupric
cupric (koo′prik, ku-)

Pertaining to copper, particularly to copper in the form of a doubly charged positive ion.

cupric acetate
cupric acetate, cupric acetate normal

A stimulating local caustic to ulcers.

cupric arsenite
cupric arsenite

A poisonous green crystalline powder, obsolete as a medicinal agent; now used as an insecticide and pigment. SYN: copper arsenite, Scheele green.

cupric chloride
cupric chloride

Has been used as an antiseptic in the treatment of water supplies, ponds, and pools. SYN: copper bichloride, copper chloride, copper dichloride.

cupric citrate
cupric citrate

A salt of copper used as an astringent and antiseptic. SYN: copper citrate.

cupric sulfate
cupric sulfate

A blue salt highly poisonous to algae, it is a prompt and active emetic, and is used as an irritant, astringent, and fungicide. SYN: copper sulfate, copper sulphate.

cupriuresis
cupriuresis (koo′pri-u-re′sis, ku′-)

The urinary excretion of copper. [L. cuprum, copper, + G. ouresis, a urinating]

cupula
cupula, pl .cupulae (koo′poo-la, -le; ku′pu-la) [TA]

A cup-shaped or domelike structure. SYN: cupola. [L. dim. of cupa, a tub]
ampullary c. SYN: c. ampullaris.
c. ampullaris [TA] a gelatinous mass that overlies the hair cells of the ampullary crests of the semicircular ducts; movement of endolymphatic fluid causes the c. to move across the hair cells of the ampullary crest. SYN: ampullary c..
c. of cochlea SYN: cochlear c..
c. cochleae [TA] SYN: cochlear c..
cochlear c. [TA] the domelike apex of the cochlea. SYN: c. cochleae [TA] , c. of cochlea.
c. pleurae [TA] SYN: cervical pleura.
pleural c. cervical pleura.

cupular
cupular (koo′poo-lar, ku′pu-lar)

1. Relating to a cupula. 2. Dome-shaped. SYN: cupulate, cupuliform.

cupulate
cupulate (koo′poo-lat, ku′pu-)

SYN: cupular (2) .

cupuliform
cupuliform (koo′pu-li-form, ku′pu-)

SYN: cupular (2) .

cupulogram
cupulogram (koo′poo-lo-gram)

A graphic representation of vestibular function relative to normal performance.

cupulolithiasis
cupulolithiasis (koo′poo-lo-li-thi′a-sis)

SYN: benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.

curage
curage (ku′rij, koo-rahzh′)

Curettage by means of the finger rather than the curet. [Fr. a cleansing]

curare
curare (koo-rah′re)

An extract of various plants, especially Strychnos toxifera, S. castelnaei, S. crevauxii, and Chondodendron tomentosum, that produces nondepolarizing paralysis of skeletal muscle after intravenous injection by blocking transmission at the myoneuronal junction; used clinically ( e.g., as d-tubocurarine chloride, metocurine iodide) to provide muscle relaxation during surgical operations. Often classified by the vessels with which Amazon and Orinoco Indians stored c.. SYN: arrow poison (1) . [S. Am.]
calabash c. (packed by Indians in hollow gourds), c. from Strychnos sp.; contains yohimbine, indole, and strychnine-type alkaloids.
pot c. (c. stored in clay pots), c. from Chondodendron sp.
tube c. (c. stored in bamboo tubes), c. from Chondodendron sp.; contains the alkaloid tubocurarine.

curariform
curariform (koo-rar′i-form)

Denoting a drug having an action like curare.

curarimimetic
curarimimetic (koo-rar′i-mi-met′ik)

Having a curarelike action.

curarine
curarine (ku′ra-ren)

The alkaloid principle of calabash curare.

curarization
curarization (ku-rah-ri-za′shun)

Induction of muscular relaxation or paralysis by the administration of curare or related compounds that have the ability to block nerve impulse transmission at the myoneural junction.

curative
curative (kur′a-tiv)

1. That which heals or cures. 2. Tending to heal or cure.

curcumin
curcumin (kur′koo-min)

A yellow pigment from roots and pods of Curcuma longa; used in liver and bile ailments; found in curry powder; used as an indicator; it inhibits 5-lipoxygenase. SYN: tumeric yellow.

curd
curd (kerd)

The coagulum of milk.

cure
cure (kur)

1. To heal; to make well. 2. A restoration to health. 3. A special method or course of treatment. See dental curing. [L. curo, to care for]

curet
curet

See curette.

curettage
curettage (ku-re-tahzh′, koo-)

A scraping, usually of the interior of a cavity or tract, for the removal of new growths or other abnormal tissues, or to obtain material for tissue diagnosis. SYN: curettement.
periapical c. 1. removal of a cyst or granuloma from its pathologic bony crypt, utilizing a curette; 2. the removal of tooth fragments and debris from sockets at the time of extraction or subsequent removal of bone sequestra.
subgingival c. removal of subgingival calculus, ulcerated epithelial and granulation tissues found in periodontal pockets. SYN: apoxesis.
suction c. a form of abortion in which the cervix is dilated if necessary and the products of conception removed by use of a canula attached to a suction source; technique used to complete a spontaneous incomplete abortion or as a form of induced abortion. SYN: dilation and suction.

curette
curette, curet (ku-ret′, koo-)

Instrument in the form of a loop, ring, or scoop with sharpened edges attached to a rod-shaped handle, used for curettage. [Fr.]
Hartmann c. a c., cutting on the side, for the removal of adenoids.

curettement
curettement (ku-ret′ment, koo-)

SYN: curettage.

curie
curie (C, c, Ci) (ku′re)

A unit of measurement of radioactivity, 3.70 ×10¹⁰ disintegrations per second; formerly defined as the radioactivity of the amount of radon in equilibrium with 1 gm. of radium; superseded by the S.I. unit, the becquerel (1 disintegration per second). [Marie (1867–1934) and Pierre (1859–1906) C., French chemists and physicists and Nobel laureates]

curing
curing (kur′ing)

1. The act of accomplishing a cure. 2. A process by which something is prepared for use, as by heating, aging, etc.
dental c. the process by which plastic materials become rigid to form a denture base, filling, impression tray, or other appliance.

curium
curium (Cm) (ku′re-um)

An element, atomic no. 96, atomic wt. 247.07, not occurring naturally on earth, but first formed artificially in 1944 by bombarding ²³⁹Pu with alpha particles; the most stable of the c. isotopes is ²⁴⁷Cm, with a half-life of 15.6 million years. [see curie]

Curling
Curling

Thomas B., English surgeon, 1811–1888. See stress ulcer.

current
current (ker′rent)

A stream or flow of fluid, air, or electricity. [L. currens, pres. p. of curro, to run]
action c. an electrical c. induced in muscle fibers when they are effectively stimulated; normally it is followed by contraction.
after-c. aftercurrent.
alternating c. (AC) a c. that flows first in one direction then in the other; e.g., 60-cycle c..
anodal c. a c. produced in tissues under the anode when the circuit is closed.
ascending c. the direction of c. flow in a nerve when the anode is placed peripheral to the cathode, in contrast to descending c.; the convention used is that c. flows from positive to negative. SYN: centripetal c..
axial c. the central rapidly moving portion of the bloodstream in an artery.
centrifugal c. SYN: descending c..
centripetal c. SYN: ascending c..
d'Arsonval c. SYN: high-frequency c..
demarcation c. SYN: c. of injury.
descending c. the direction of c. flow in a nerve when the cathode is placed peripheral to the anode, in contrast to ascending c.. SYN: centrifugal c..
direct c. (DC) a c. that flows only in one direction; e.g., that derived from a battery; sometimes referred to as galvanic c.. SEE ALSO: galvanism.
electrotonic c. electrotonus.
galvanic c. direct c., galvanism (1) .
high-frequency c. an alternating electric c. having a frequency of 10,000 or more cycles per second; it produces no muscular contractions and does not affect the sensory nerves. SYN: d'Arsonval c., Tesla c..
c. of injury the c. generated when an injured part of a nerve, muscle, or other excitable tissue is connected through a conductor with the uninjured region; the injured tissue is negative to the uninjured. SYN: demarcation c..
labile c. an electrical c. applied to the body by means of electrodes that are constantly shifted about.
Tesla c. SYN: high-frequency c..

Curschmann
Curschmann

Heinrich, German physician, 1846–1910. See C. spirals, under spiral.

curse
curse (kers)

An affliction thought to be invoked by a malevolent spirit.
Ondine c. idiopathic central alveolar hypoventilation in which involuntary control of respiration is depressed, but voluntary control of ventilation is not impaired. [Ondine, char. in play by J. Giraudoux, based on Undine, Ger. myth. char.]

Curtis
Curtis

Arthur H., U.S. gynecologist, 1881–1955. See Fitz-Hugh and C. syndrome.

curvatura
curvatura, pl .curvaturae (ker′va-too′ra, -too′re)

SYN: curvature. [L.]
c. primaria columnae vertebralis [TA] SYN: primary curvature of vertebral column.
curvaturae secondariae columnae vertebralis [TA] SYN: secondary curvatures of vertebral column, under curvature.
c. ventriculi major [TA] SYN: greater curvature of stomach.
c. ventriculi minor [TA] SYN: lesser curvature of stomach.

curvature
curvature (ker′va-choor)

A bending or flexure. See angulation. SYN: curvatura. [L. curvatura, fr. curvo, pp. -atus, to bend, curve]
angular c. a gibbous deformity, i.e., a sharp angulation of the spine, occurring in Pott disease. SYN: Pott c..
anterior c. c. in which a more distal or cephalad part is deviated anteriorly with respect to the coronal anatomic plane.
backward c. c. in which a more distal or cephalad part is deviated posteriorly with respect to the coronal anatomic plane. SYN: posterior c..
gingival c. the rounding of the gum along its line of attachment to the neck of a tooth.
greater c. of stomach [TA] the border of the stomach to which the greater omentum is attached. SYN: curvatura ventriculi major [TA] .
lateral c. c. in which a more distal part is deviated away from the anatomic sagittal plane, producing valgus alignment.
lesser c. of stomach [TA] the right border of the stomach to which the lesser omentum is attached. SYN: curvatura ventriculi minor [TA] .
occlusal c. SYN: curve of occlusion.
posterior c. SYN: backward c..
Pott c. SYN: angular c..
primary c. of vertebral column [TA] the ventrally concave curve of the fetal vertebral column, retained in the thoracic and sacral regions as the thoracic and sacral kyphoses. SEE ALSO: kyphosis. SYN: curvatura primaria columnae vertebralis [TA] .
secondary curvatures of vertebral column [TA] ventrally convex curves of the vertebral column that develop postnatally in the cervical and lumbar regions: the cervical and lumbar lordoses. SEE ALSO: lordosis. SYN: curvaturae secondariae columnae vertebralis [TA] .
spinal c. See kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis.

curve
curve (kerv)

1. A nonangular continuous bend or line. 2. A chart or graphic representation, by means of a continuous line connecting individual observations, of the course of a physiologic activity, of the number of cases of a disease in a given period, or of any entity that might be otherwise presented by a table of figures. SYN: chart (2) . [L. curvo, to bend]
active length-tension c. the relationship between active isometric tension and preload (rest length) for a contracting muscle.
alignment c. the line passing through the center of the teeth laterally in the direction of the c. of the dental arch.
anti-Monson c. SYN: reverse c..
Barnes c. a c. corresponding in general with Carus c., being the segment of a circle whose center is the promontory of the sacrum.
buccal c. the line of the dental arch from the canine, or cuspid tooth to the third molar.
calibration c. the graphic or mathematic relationship between the readings obtained in an analytic process and the quantity of analyte in a calibration. The relationship is often a straight line rather than a c..
Carus c. an imaginary curved line obtained from a mathematical formula, supposed to indicate the outlet of the pelvic canal. SYN: Carus circle.
cephalic c. c. conforming to that of the fetal head, used in reference to the shape of obstetrical forceps.
characteristic c. sensitometric c. of radiographic film, a plot of the film density versus the logarithm of the relative exposure. SYN: H and D c., Hunter and Driffield c..
compensating c. the anteroposterior and lateral curvature in the alignment of the occluding surfaces and incisal edges of artificial teeth; used to develop balanced occlusion.
distribution c. a systematic grouping of data into classes or categories according to the frequency of occurrence of each successive value or ranges of such values, resulting in a graph of a frequency distribution. SYN: frequency c..
dose-response c. a graph showing the relationship between the dose of a drug, infectious agent, etc. and the biological response.
dye-dilution c. graph of the serial concentrations (dilutions) of a dye, e.g., Evans blue, following its intravascular or intracardiac injection; useful in the diagnosis of congenital cardiac shunts, measurement of cardiac output, and detection of cardiovalvular incompetence. SYN: indicator-dilution c..
epidemic c. a graph in which the number of new cases of a disease is plotted against an interval of time to describe a specific epidemic or outbreak.
flow-volume c. the graph produced by plotting the instantaneous flow of respiratory gas against the simultaneous lung volume, usually during maximal forced expiration.
force-velocity c. the relationship between isotonic velocity of shortening and afterload for a contracting muscle.
Frank-Starling c. SYN: Starling c..
frequency c. SYN: distribution c..
Friedman c. SYN: partogram.
gaussian c. SYN: normal distribution.
growth c. a graphic representation of the change in size of an individual or a population over a period of time.
H and D c. SYN: characteristic c..
Heidelberger c. SYN: precipitation c..
Hunter and Driffield c. SYN: characteristic c..
indicator-dilution c. SYN: dye-dilution c..
intracardiac pressure c. c. of pressure recorded within the atrium or ventricle (intra-atrial and intraventricular pressure curves).
isovolume pressure-flow c. the relationship between transpulmonary pressure and respiratory air flow, expressed as a function of lung volume.
labor c. SYN: partogram.
logistic c. an S-shaped c. which depicts the growth of a population in an area of fixed limits.
milled-in curves SYN: milled-in paths, under path.
Monson c. the c. of occlusion in which each cusp and incisal edge touches or conforms to a segment of the surface of a sphere 8 inches in diameter with its center in the region of the glabella.
muscle c. SYN: myogram.
c. of occlusion 1. a curved surface which makes simultaneous contact with the major portion of the incisal and occlusal prominences of the existing teeth; 2. the c. of a dentition on which the occlusal surfaces lie. SYN: occlusal curvature.
passive length-tension c. the relationship between passive tension and preload (rest length) for a muscle at rest.
Pleasure c. a c. of occlusion which when viewed in sagittal section conforms to a line that is convex upward except for the last molars.
precipitation c. a graph of the quantity of precipitate formed as a function of the quantity of antigen added during the titration of an antibody with an antigen. SYN: Heidelberger c..
Price-Jones c. a distribution c. of the measured diameters of red blood cells; it is to the right of the normal c. ( i.e., indicating larger diameters) in instances of pernicious anemia and other forms in which macrocytes are present, and to the left ( i.e., indicating smaller diameters) in iron deficiency and other forms of microcytic anemia.
probability c. a graph of the gaussian (normal) distribution representing relative probabilities.
progress c. a graphical representation of a chemical or enzyme-catalyzed reaction in which the product concentration or the substrate concentration or the ES binary complex are plotted against time.
pulse c. SYN: sphygmogram.
receiver operating characteristic c. 1. a plot of percentage true positive versus percentage false positive results, usually in a trial of a diagnostic test. 2. a graphical means of assessing the ability of a screening test to discriminate between healthy and diseased persons. SYN: ROC c..
reverse c. in dentistry, a c. of occlusion which is convex upward. SYN: anti-Monson c..
ROC c. SYN: receiver operating characteristic c..
c. of Spee the anatomic curvature of the mandibular occlusal plane beginning at the tip of the lower cuspid and following the buccal cusps of the posterior teeth, continuing to the terminal molar. SYN: von Spee c..
Starling c. a graph in which cardiac output or stroke volume is plotted against mean atrial or ventricular end-diastolic pressure; with increasing venous return and atrial pressure the output proportionately increases until further increments overload the heart and the output falls. SYN: Frank-Starling c..
strength-duration c. a graph relating the intensity of an electrical stimulus to the length of time it must flow to be effective. See chronaxie, rheobase.
stress-strain c. a c. showing the ratio of deformation to load during the testing of a material in tension.
tension c. the direction of the trabeculae in cancellous bone tissue that forms as an adaptation to resist stress.
Traube-Hering curves slow oscillations in blood pressure usually extending over several respiratory cycles; related to variations in vasomotor tone; rhythmical variations in blood pressure. SYN: Traube-Hering waves.
tuning c. a graph of acoustic threshold intensity at various frequencies for a single neuron.
volume-time c. volume of an expelled breath plotted against time. This is the basic c. generated by so-called “simple spirometry.”
von Spee c. SYN: c. of Spee.
whole-body titration c. a graphic representation of the in vivo changes in hydrogen ion, Pa_CO₂, and bicarbonate which occur in arterial blood in response to primary acid-base disturbances.

Curvularia
Curvularia (ker-vu-la′re-a)

A genus of dark-colored fungi that grow rapidly on culture media. Generally regarded as contaminants, two species, C. lunata and C. geniculata, are among the species capable of producing mycetoma in humans, keratomycosis, sinusitis, and phaeohyphomycosis.

Cushing
Cushing

Harvey W., U.S. neurosurgeon, 1869–1939. See C. basophilism, C. disease, C. syndrome, C. syndrome medicamentosus, C. effect, C. phenomenon, C. response, C. pituitary basophilism.

Cushing
Cushing

Hayward W., U.S. surgeon, 1854–1934. See C. suture.

cushingoid
cushingoid (kush′ing-oyd)

Resembling the signs and symptoms of Cushing disease or syndrome: moon facies, buffalo hump obesity, striations, adiposity, hypertension, diabetes, and osteoporosis, usually due to exogenous corticosteroids.

cushion
cushion (kush′un)

In anatomy, any structure resembling a pad or c..
anal cushions vascular prominences formed by clusters of normally sacculated veins of the superior rectal venous plexus, fed by arteriovenous anastomoses that cause their engorgement, and which are usually found to lie laterally on the left and antero- and posterolaterally on the right side of the anal canal. SYN: cavernous bodies of anal canal, corpora cavernosa recti, hemorrhoidal cushions, threshold pads of anal canal.
atrioventricular canal cushions a pair of mounds of embryonic connective tissue covered by endothelium, bulging into the embryonic atrioventricular canal; located one dorsally and one ventrally, they grow together and fuse with each other and with the lower edge of the septum primum, dividing the originally single canal into right and left atrioventricular orifices. SYN: endocardial cushions.
endocardial cushions SYN: atrioventricular canal cushions.
c. of epiglottis SYN: epiglottic tubercle.
eustachian c. SYN: torus tubarius.
hemorrhoidal cushions SYN: anal cushions.
levator c. SYN: torus levatorius.
Passavant c. SYN: Passavant ridge.
pharyngoesophageal cushions venous plexuses on the anterior and posterior walls of the pharyngoesophageal junction. SYN: pharyngoesophageal pads.
sucking c. SYN: buccal fat-pad.

cusp
cusp (kusp) [TA]

1. In dentistry, a conical elevation arising on the surface of a tooth from an independent calcification center. SEE ALSO: dental tubercle. 2. A leaflet of one of the heart's valves. SYN: cuspis [TA] . [L. cuspis, point]
anterior c. of left atrioventricular valve anterior c. of mitral valve.
anterior c. of mitral valve [TA] the ventrally placed and larger of the two leaflets that come together during ventricular systole to close the left atrioventricular orifice; it attaches to the septal aspect of the orifice. SYN: cuspis anterior valvae atrioventricularis sinistrae [TA] , anterior c. of left atrioventricular valve&star, cuspis anterior valvae mitralis&star.
anterior c. of right atrioventricular valve anterior c. of tricuspid valve.
anterior c. of tricuspid valve [TA] the largest and most ventrally placed of the three leaflets that come together during ventricular systole to close the right atrioventricular orifice. SYN: cuspis anterior valvae atrioventricularis dextrae [TA] , anterior c. of right atrioventricular valve&star, cuspis anterior valvae tricuspidalis&star.
c. of Carabelli a fifth c. found on the maxillary first molars, usually located lingual to the mesiolingual c..
posterior c. of left atrioventricular valve posterior c. of mitral valve.
posterior c. of mitral valve [TA] the dorsally placed and smaller of the two leaflets that come together during ventricular systole to close the left atrioventricular orifice; it attaches to the mural aspect of the orifice. SYN: cuspis posterior valvae atrioventricularis sinistrae [TA] , cuspis posterior valvae mitralis&star, posterior c. of left atrioventricular valve&star.
posterior c. of right atrioventricular valve posterior c. of tricuspid valve.
posterior c. of tricuspid valve [TA] the medium-sized and most dorsally placed of the three leaflets that come together during ventricular systole to close the right atrioventricular orifice. SYN: cuspis posterior valvae atrioventricularis dextrae [TA] , cuspis posterior valvae tricuspidalis&star, posterior c. of right atrioventricular valve&star.
semilunar c. one of the three semilunar segments serving as the three cusps of a valve preventing regurgitation at the beginning of the aorta; a similar valve guards the entrance of the pulmonary trunk; the segments are named, respectively, anterior, right, and left in the pulmonary valve, and posterior, right, and left in the aortic valve.
septal c. of right atrioventricular valve septal c. of tricuspid valve.
septal c. of tricuspid valve [TA] the leaflet of the tricuspid valve located adjacent to the interventricular septum. SYN: cuspis septalis valvae atrioventricularis dextrae [TA] , cuspis septalis valvae tricuspidalis&star, septal c. of right atrioventricular valve&star.
talon c. an anomalous c. that projects lingually from the cingulum of permanent incisors. [Eng. claw, heel, fr. O.Fr., fr. L. talus, ankle]
c. of tooth [TA] an elevation or mound on the crown of a tooth making up a part of the occlusal surface. SYN: cuspis dentis [TA] , cuspis coronae.

cuspad
cuspad (kus′pad)

In a direction toward the cusp of a tooth. [L. ad, to]

cuspal
cuspal (kus′pal)

Pertaining to a cusp.

cuspid
cuspid (kus′pid)

1. Having but one cusp. SYN: cuspidate. 2. SYN: canine tooth. [L. cuspis, point]

cuspidate
cuspidate (kus′pi-dat)

SYN: cuspid (1) .

cuspis
cuspis, pl .cuspides (kus′pis, kus′pi-dez) [TA]

SYN: cusp. [L. a point]
c. anterior valvae atrioventricularis dextrae [TA] SYN: anterior cusp of tricuspid valve.
c. anterior valvae atrioventricularis sinistrae [TA] SYN: anterior cusp of mitral valve.
c. anterior valvae mitralis anterior cusp of mitral valve.
c. anterior valvae tricuspidalis anterior cusp of tricuspid valve.
c. coronae SYN: cusp of tooth, cusp of tooth.
c. dentis [TA] SYN: cusp of tooth.
c. posterior valvae atrioventricularis dextrae [TA] SYN: posterior cusp of tricuspid valve.
c. posterior valvae atrioventricularis sinistrae [TA] SYN: posterior cusp of mitral valve.
c. posterior valvae mitralis posterior cusp of mitral valve.
c. posterior valvae tricuspidalis posterior cusp of tricuspid valve.
c. septalis valvae atrioventricularis dextrae [TA] SYN: septal cusp of tricuspid valve.
c. septalis valvae tricuspidalis septal cusp of tricuspid valve.

cusum
cusum (koo′sum)

Acronym for cumulative sum of a series of measurements; used primarily in Great Britain.

cut
cut (kut)

1. In molecular biology, a hydrolytic cleavage of two opposing phosphodiester bonds in a double-stranded nucleic acid. Cf.:nick. 2. To sever or divide. 3. To separate into fractions. 4. An informal term for a fraction.

cutaneomucosal
cutaneomucosal (ku-ta′ne-o-mu-ko′sal)

SYN: mucocutaneous.

cutaneous
cutaneous (ku-ta′ne-us)

Relating to the skin. [L. cutis, skin]

cutch
cutch (kutch)

SYN: catechu nigrum.

cutdown
cutdown (kut′down)

Dissection of a vein or artery for insertion of a cannula or needle for the administration of intravenous fluids or medication or for measurement of pressure. SYN: venostomy.

Cuterebra
Cuterebra (ku-te-re′bra)

A genus of botflies with large blue or black bumble-bee-like adults, whose larvae most commonly infest rodents and lagomorphs (hares and rabbits); the larvae develop into large spiny grubs, usually in the subcutaneous connective tissue of the neck. Similar grubs, probably of other species, are not uncommon in cats and are sometimes found in dogs and in humans. [L. cutis, skin, + terebro, to bore, fr. terebra, an auger]

cuticle
cuticle (ku′ti-kl)

1. An outer thin layer, usually horny in nature. SYN: cuticula (1) . 2. The layer, chitinous in some invertebrates, which occurs on the surface of epithelial cells. 3. SYN: epidermis. [L. cuticula, dim. of cutis, skin]
acquired c., acquired enamel c. SYN: acquired pellicle.
dental c. SYN: enamel c..
enamel c. the primary enamel c., consisting of two extremely thin layers (the inner one clear and structureless, the outer one cellular), covering the entire crown of newly erupted teeth and subsequently abraded by mastication; it is evident microscopically as an amorphous material between the attachment epithelium and the tooth. SYN: adamantine membrane, cuticula dentis, dental c., membrana adamantina, Nasmyth c., Nasmyth membrane, skin of teeth.
c. of hair SYN: cuticula pili.
c. of nail the exposed distal prolongation of the corneal layer of the deep surface of the proximal nail fold (eponychium (2)), seen as a thin &dquor;skin&dquor; overlapping and adherent to the body of the nail at its proximal portion (the area of the lunula). It is formed as a remnant of the eponychium (1) which otherwise degenerates by the eighth month of pregnancy.
Nasmyth c. SYN: enamel c..
posteruption c. SYN: acquired pellicle.
c. of root sheath SYN: cuticula vaginae folliculi pili.

cuticula
cuticula, pl .cuticulae (ku-tik′u-la, -le)

1. [NA] SYN: cuticle (1) . 2. SYN: epidermis. [L. cuticle]
c. 2
c. dentis SYN: enamel cuticle.
c. pili a layer of overlapping shinglelike cells that invest the hair cortex and serve to enclose the cortical cells of the hair and lock the hair shaft in its follicle. SYN: cuticle of hair.
c. vaginae folliculi pili cuticle of overlapping shinglelike cells lining the follicle of the hair. SYN: cuticle of root sheath.

cutin
cutin (ku′tin)

A specially prepared, thin, animal membrane used as a protective covering for wounded surfaces. [L. cutis, skin]

cutis
cutis (ku′tis) [TA]

SYN: skin. [L.]
c. anserina contraction of the arrectores pilorum produced by cold, fear, or other stimulus, causing the follicular orifices to become prominent. SYN: goose flesh, gooseflesh.
c. laxa [MIM*123700] SYN: dermatochalasis.
c. marmorata a normal, physiologic, pink, marblelike mottling of the skin in infants, persisting abnormally in some children on exposure to cold.
c. marmorata telangiectatica congenita capillary-venous cutaneous malformation with “marbled” appearance. SYN: Van Lohuizen syndrome.
c. rhomboidalis nuchae geometric furrowed configurations of the skin of the back of the neck as a result of prolonged exposure to sunlight with solar elastosis.
c. vera SYN: dermis.
c. verticis gyrata a congenital condition in which the skin of the scalp is hypertrophied and thrown into folds forming anterior to posterior furrows; it may be a component of pachydermoperiostosis.

cutization
cutization (ku-ti-za′shun)

The transition from mucous membrane to skin at the mucocutaneous margins.

cutpoint
cutpoint (kut′poynt)

Arbitrary value on an ordinal scale such as blood pressure, beyond which values are regarded as clinically abnormal.

cuvet
cuvet, cuvette (koo-vet′)

A small container or cup in which solutions are placed for photometric analysis.

Cuvier
Cuvier

Baron Georges L.C.F.D. de la, French scientist, 1769–1832. See C. ducts, under duct, C. veins, under vein.

CV
CV

Abbreviation for coefficient of variation; cardiovascular; closing volume.

CVA
CVA

Abbreviation for cerebrovascular accident.

CVP
CVP

Abbreviation for central venous pressure.

CX
CX

Abbreviation for phosgene oxime.

CxT
CxT

Abbreviation for concentration × time. See AUC.

cyan- cyan-

See cyano-.

cyanalcohols
cyanalcohols (si-an-al′ko-holz)

SYN: cyanohydrins.

cyanamide
cyanamide (si-an′i-mid)

An irritating and caustic water-soluble substance, H₂NCN or HN&dbond;C&dbond;NH; often used in referring to calcium c..

cyanate
cyanate (si′an-at)

The radical &cbond;O&cbond;C&tbond;N or ion (CNO)⁻.

cyanemia
cyanemia (si-a-ne′me-a)

Obsolete term for cyanosis. [cyan- + G. haima, blood]

cyanide
cyanide (si′an-id)

1. The radical –CN or ion (CN)⁻. The ion is extremely poisonous, forming hydrocyanic acid in water, it has the odor of almond oil; inhibits respiratory proteins (cytochromes) at the cellular level. 2. A salt of HCN or a cyano-containing molecule.
c. methemoglobin SYN: cyanmethemoglobin.

cyanidenon
cyanidenon (si-a-nid′e-non)

SYN: luteolin.

cyanidol
cyanidol (si′an-i-dol)

SYN: catechin.

cyanmethemoglobin
cyanmethemoglobin (si′an-met-he′mo-glo-bin)

A relatively nontoxic compound of cyanide with methemoglobin, which is formed when methylene blue is administered in cases of cyanide poisoning. SYN: cyanide methemoglobin.

cyano- cyano-, cyan-

1. Combining form meaning blue. 2. Chemical prefix frequently used in naming compounds that contain the cyanide group, CN. [G. kyanos, a dark blue substance]

Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria (si′a-no-bak-ter′e-a)

A division of the kingdom Prokaryotae consisting of unicellular or filamentous bacteria that are either nonmotile or possess a gliding motility, reproduce by binary fission, and perform photosynthesis with the production of oxygen. These blue-green bacteria were formerly referred to as blue-green algae. SYN: Cyanophyceae.

cyanochroic
cyanochroic, cyanochrous (si-an-o-kro′ik, si-an-ok′rus)

SYN: cyanotic. [cyano- + G. chroia, color]

cyanocobalamin
cyanocobalamin (si′an-o-ko-bal′a-min)

A complex of cyanide and cobalamin, as in vitamin B₁₂, in which a cyanide group has filled the sixth coordinate position of the cobalt atom.
radioactive c. cyano[⁵⁷Co]cobalamin, cyano[⁵⁸Co]cobalamin, or cyano[⁶⁰Co]cobalamin produced by the growth of certain microorganisms on a medium containing cobalt-57, cobalt-58, or cobalt-60; used in the investigation of the absorption and metabolism of c. (vitamin B₁₂).

cyanogen
cyanogen (si-an′o-jen)

1. A compound of two cyano radicals, NC&cbond;CN. 2. Highly toxic compounds (general formula X&cbond;CN, where X is a halogen) that are used in chemical syntheses and as tissue preservatives. An example is c. bromide.
c. chloride CNCl;a highly volatile liquid; a systemic poison used as a warning agent in fumigation with hydrogen cyanide.

cyanogenic
cyanogenic (si′an-o-jen′ik)

Capable of producing hydrocyanic acid; said of plants such as sorghum, Johnson grass, arrowgrass, and wild cherry which may cause cyanide poisoning in herbivorous animals.

cyanohydrins
cyanohydrins (si′an-o-hi′drinz)

R&cbond;CHOH&cbond;CN;addition compounds of HCN and aldehydes. SYN: cyanalcohols.

cyanophil
cyanophil, cyanophile (si′an-o-fil, -fil)

A cell or element that is differentially colored blue by a staining procedure. [cyano- + G. philos, fond]

cyanophilous
cyanophilous (si-a-nof′i-lus)

Readily stainable with a blue dye.

Cyanophyceae
Cyanophyceae (si′a-no-fi′se-e)

SYN: Cyanobacteria. [cyano- + G. phykos, seaweed]

cyanopia
cyanopia (si-a-no′pe-a)

SYN: cyanopsia.

cyanopsia
cyanopsia (si-a-nop′se-a)

A condition in which all objects appear blue; may temporarily follow cataract extraction. SYN: blue vision, cyanopia. [cyano- + G. opsis, vision]

cyanosed
cyanosed (si′a-nost)

SYN: cyanotic.

cyanosis
cyanosis (si-a-no′sis)

A dark bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membrane due to deficient oxygenation of the blood, evident when reduced hemoglobin in the blood exceeds 5 g/100 ml. [G. dark blue color, fr. kyanos, blue substance]
compression c. c. accompanied by edema and petechial hemorrhages over the head, neck, and upper part of the chest, as a venous reflex resulting from severe compression of the thorax or abdomen; the conjunctiva and retinas are similarly affected.
enterogenous c. apparent c. caused by the absorption of nitrites or other toxic materials from the intestine with the formation of methemoglobin or sulfhemoglobin; the skin color change is due to the chocolate color of methemoglobin.
false c. c. due to the presence of an abnormal pigment, such as methemoglobin, in the blood, and not resulting from a deficiency of oxygen.
hereditary methemoglobinemic c. SYN: congenital methemoglobinemia.
late c. c. due to right to left shunt in congenital heart disease appearing only after cardiac failure. SYN: cyanose tardive, tardive c..
c. retinae venous congestion of the retina.
shunt c. any blue color of the entire skin or a region of the skin or mucous membrane due to a right to left shunt permitting unoxygenated blood to reach the left side of the circulation.
tardive c. SYN: late c..
toxic c. c. due to methemoglobin formation resulting from the action of certain drugs, e.g., nitrites.

cyanotic
cyanotic (si-a-not′ik)

Relating to or marked by cyanosis. SYN: cyanochroic, cyanochrous, cyanosed.

cyanuria
cyanuria (si-a-noo′re-a)

The presence of blue urine. [cyano- + G. ouron, urine]

cyanuric acid
cyanuric acid (si-a-noor′ik)

A cyclic product formed by heating urea; used industrially and as an herbicide.

Cyathostoma
Cyathostoma (si-a-thos′to-ma)

A genus of gapeworms of poultry in the nematode family Syngamidae, so called because of the gaping habit of fowl infected by these worms in their upper respiratory tract. [G. kyathos, cup, cup-shaped, + stoma, mouth]
C. bronchialis a species found in wild geese and domestic ducks, geese, and swans; occurs in the larynx, trachea, and bronchi and causes distress and symptoms similar to those produced by the chicken gapeworm, Syngamus trachea; its life cycle is thought to be similar to that of Syngamus trachea.

Cyathostomum
Cyathostomum (si-a-thos′to-mum)

A genus of strongyle nematodes (family Cyasthostomidae, formerly part of the family Strongylidae); it includes many of the small strongyles of horses formerly placed in the genus Trichonema, which have been variously divided into a number of genera and subgenera. [see Cyathostoma]

cybernetics
cybernetics (si-ber-net′iks)

1. The comparative study of computers and the human nervous system, with intent to explain the functioning of the brain. 2. The science of control and communication in both living and nonliving systems; characteristically, control is governed by feedback, that is, by communication within the system concerning the difference between the actual and the desired result, action then being modified so as to minimize this difference. SEE ALSO: feedback. [G. kybernetica, things pertaining to control or piloting]

cybrid
cybrid (si′brid)

A cell with cytoplasm from two different cells as a result of cell hybridization. [cell + hybrid]

cycl- cycl-

See cyclo-.

cyclamate
cyclamate (si′kla-mat)

A salt or ester of cyclamic acid; the calcium and sodium are noncaloric artificial sweetening agents.

cyclamic acid
cyclamic acid (si-klam′ik)

A sweetening agent, usually used as sodium or calcium cyclamate. SYN: cyclohexanesulfamic acid, cyclohexylsulfamic acid.

cyclamide
cyclamide (si′kla-mid)

SYN: glycyclamide.

cyclandelate
cyclandelate (si-klan′de-lat)

An antispasmodic similar in action to papaverine; used for obliterative vascular diseases and vasospastic conditions.

cyclarthrodial
cyclarthrodial (si-klar-thro′de-al)

Relating to a cyclarthrosis.

cyclarthrosis
cyclarthrosis (si-klar-thro′sis)

A joint capable of rotation. [cyclo- + G. arthrosis, articulation]

cyclase
cyclase (si′klas)

Descriptive name applied to an enzyme that forms a cyclic compound; e.g., adenylate c..

cycle
cycle (si′kl)

1. A recurrent series of events. 2. A recurring period of time. 3. One successive compression and rarefaction of a wave, as of a sound wave. [G. kyklos, circle]
anovulatory c. a sexual c. in which no ovum is discharged.
brain wave c. the complete upward and downward excursion of a single wave, complex, or impulse as seen on an electroencephalogram.
carbon dioxide c., carbon c. the circulation of carbon as CO₂ from the expired air of animals and decaying organic matter to plant life where it is synthesized (through photosynthesis) to carbohydrate material, from which, as a result of catabolic processes in all life, it is again ultimately released to the atmosphere as CO₂.
cardiac c. the complete round of cardiac systole and diastole with the intervals between, or commencing with, any event in the heart's action to the moment when that same event is repeated.
cell c. the periodic biochemical and structural events occurring during proliferation of cells such as in tissue culture; the c. is divided into phases called: G₀, Gap₁ (G₁), synthesis (S₁), Gap₂ (G₂), and mitosis (M). The period runs from one division to the next. SYN: mitotic c..
chewing c. a complete course of movement of the mandible during a single masticatory stroke.
citric acid c. SYN: tricarboxylic acid c..
Cori c. the phases in the metabolism of carbohydrate: 1) glycogenolysis in the liver; 2) passage of glucose into the circulation; 3) deposition of glucose in the muscles as glycogen; 4) glycogenolysis during muscular activity and conversion to lactate, which is converted to glycogen in the liver. Also called the lactic acid c..
dicarboxylic acid c. 1. that portion of the tricarboxylic acid c. involving the dicarboxylic acids (succinic, fumaric, malic, and oxaloacetic acids); 2. a cyclic scheme in which certain steps of the tricarboxylic acid c. are used with the glyoxylate c.; important in the utilization of glyoxylic acid in microorganisms.
endogenous c. the portion of a parasitic life c. occurring within the host.
erythrocytic c. that pathogenic portion of the vertebrate phase of the life c. of malarial organisms that takes place in the red blood cells.
estrous c. the series of physiologic uterine, ovarian, and other changes that occur in higher animals, consisting of proestrus, estrus, postestrus, and anestrus or diestrus.
exoerythrocytic c. that nonpathogenic portion of the vertebrate phase of the life c. of malarial organisms that takes place in liver cells, outside of the blood cells.
exogenous c. the portion of a parasitic life c. occurring outside the host.
fatty acid oxidation c. a series of reactions involving acyl-coenzyme A compounds, whereby these undergo beta oxidation and thioclastic cleavage, with the formation of acetyl-coenzyme A; the major pathway of fatty acid catabolism in living tissue.
forced c. a cardiac c. (atrial or ventricular) that is cut short by a forced beat.
futile c. a c. of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation catalyzed by two enzymes which normally function in two different metabolic pathways; the net effect is the hydrolysis of ATP and the generation of heat; E.G., the futile c. from the unregulated action of 6-phosphofructokinase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase in muscle; such cycles may have important roles in heat production, in the fine tuning of the regulation of certain pathways and may be a factor in malignant hyperthermia. SYN: substrate c..
γ-glutamyl c. a proposed pathway for the glutathione-dependent transport of certain amino acids (most notably l-cystine, l-methionine, and l-glutamine) and dipeptides into certain cells; this c. requires the formation of γ-glutamyl amino acids and γ-glutamyl dipeptides as well as a protein for the translocation of these di- and triisopeptides into the cells.
glycine-succinate c. a series of metabolic steps in which glycine is condensed with succinyl-CoA and is then oxidized to CO₂ and H₂O with regeneration of the succinyl-CoA; important in the synthesis of δ-aminolevulinic acid and in the metabolism of red blood cells. SYN: Shemin c..
glyoxylic acid c. a catabolic c. in plants and microorganisms like that of the tricarboxylic acid c. in animals; its key reaction is the condensation of acetyl-CoA with glyoxylic acid to malic acid (analogous to the condensation of acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid in the tricarboxylic acid c.). SYN: Krebs-Kornberg c..
gonadotrophic c. (go′nad-o-trof′ik) one complete round of ovarian development in the insect vector from the time when the blood meal is taken to the time when the fully developed eggs are laid.
hair c. the cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), and quiescence (telogen) in the life of a hair.
heterogonic life c. free-living stage of life c. of an organism ( e.g., Strongyloides stercoralis) that also has a parasitic stage.
homogonic life c. parasitic stage of life c. of an organism ( e.g., Strongyloides stercoralis) that also has a free-living stage.
Krebs c. SYN: tricarboxylic acid c..
Krebs-Henseleit c., Krebs ornithine c., Krebs urea c. SYN: urea c..
Krebs-Kornberg c. SYN: glyoxylic acid c..
life c. the entire life history of a living organism.
masticating cycles the patterns of mandibular movements formed during the chewing of food.
menstrual c. the period in which an ovum matures, is ovulated, and enters the uterine lumen via the fallopian tubes; ovarian hormonal secretions effect endometrial changes such that, if fertilization occurs, nidation will be possible; in the absence of fertilization, ovarian secretions wane, the endometrium sloughs, and menstruation begins; this c. lasts an average of 28 days, with day 1 of the c. designated as that day on which menstrual flow begins.
mitotic c. SYN: cell c..
nitrogen c. the series of events in which the nitrogen of the atmosphere is fixed, thus made available for plant and animal life, and is then returned to the atmosphere: nitrifying bacteria convert N₂ and O₂ to NO₂⁻ and NO₃⁻, the latter being absorbed by plants and converted to protein; if plants decay, the nitrogen is in part given up to the atmosphere and the remainder is converted by microorganisms to ammonia, nitrites, and nitrates; if the plants are eaten, the animals' excreta or bacterial decay return the nitrogen to the soil and air.
ornithine c. SYN: urea c..
ovarian c. the normal sex c. which includes development of an ovarian (graafian) follicle, rupture of the follicle with discharge of the ovum, and formation and regression of a corpus luteum.
pentose phosphate c. SYN: pentose phosphate pathway.
reproductive c. the c. which begins with conception and extends through gestation and parturition.
restored c. an atrial or ventricular cardiac c. that follows the returning c. and resumes the normal rhythm.
returning c. an atrial or ventricular cardiac c. that begins with an extrasystole or a forced beat.
Ross c. the life c. of the malaria parasite.
Shemin c. SYN: glycine-succinate c..
substrate c. SYN: futile c..
succinic acid c. a series of oxidation reduction reactions in which succinic acid and other acids containing four-carbon atoms (fumaric, malic, oxaloacetic) take part in the oxidation of pyruvic acid as part of the tricarboxylic acid c.. SEE ALSO: dicarboxylic acid c..
tricarboxylic acid c. together with oxidative phosphorylation, the main source of energy in the mammalian body and the end toward which carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism are directed; a series of reactions, beginning and ending with oxaloacetic acid, during the course of which a two-carbon fragment is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water with the production of 12 high-energy phosphate bonds. So called because the first four substances involved (citric acid, cis-aconitic acid, isocitric acid, and oxalosuccinic acid) are all tricarboxylic acids; from oxalosuccinate, the others are, in order, α-ketoglutarate, succinate, fumarate, l-malate, and oxaloacetate, which condenses with acetyl-CoA (from fatty acid degradation) to form citrate (citric acid) again. SYN: citric acid c., Krebs c..
urea c. the sequence of chemical reactions, occurring primarily in the liver, that results in the production of urea; the key reaction is the hydrolysis of l-arginine by arginase to l-ornithine and urea; l-ornithine is then converted to l-citrulline by a carbamoylation reaction, then to l-argininosuccinate by an amination reaction involving l-aspartic acid, and finally there is a lyase-dependent step that generates arginine and fumarate. SYN: Krebs-Henseleit c., Krebs ornithine c., Krebs urea c., ornithine c..
visual c. the transformation of carotenoids involved in the bleaching and regeneration of the visual pigment.

cyclectomy
cyclectomy (si-klek′to-me, sik-lek′to-me)

Excision of a portion of the ciliary body. SYN: ciliectomy. [cyclo- + G. ektome, excision]

cyclencephaly
cyclencephaly, cyclencephalia (si-klen-sef′a-le, -se-fa′le-a)

Condition in a malformed fetus characterized by poor development and a varying degree of fusion of the two cerebral hemispheres. SYN: cyclocephaly, cyclocephalia. [cyclo- + G. enkephalos, brain]

cycles per second
cycles per second (cps)

The number of successive compressions and rarefactions per second of a sound wave. The preferred designation for this unit of frequency is hertz.

cyclic
cyclic (si′klik, sik′lik)

1. Pertaining to, or characteristic of, a cycle; occurring periodically, denoting the course of the symptoms in certain diseases or disorders. 2. In chemistry, continuous, without end, as in a ring; denoting a c. compound.

cyclic AMP
cyclic AMP

SYN: adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate.

3′,5′-cyclic AMP synthetase
3′,5′-cyclic AMP synthetase

SYN: adenylate cyclase.

cyclic GMP
cyclic GMP

SYN: cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate.

cyclin D
cyclin D

Protein involved in progression to cell division.

cyclitis
cyclitis (si-kli′tis)

Inflammation of the ciliary body. [G. kyklos, circle (ciliary body), + -itis, inflammation]
Fuchs heterochromic c. SYN: Fuchs syndrome.
heterochromic c. a chronic inflammatory c. in which the iris of the affected eye becomes atrophic.
plastic c. inflammation of the ciliary body, and usually of the entire uveal tract, with a fibrinous exudation into the anterior and vitreous chambers.
purulent c. suppurative inflammation of the ciliary body.

cyclizine hydrochloride
cyclizine hydrochloride (si′kli-zen)

An H₁ antihistamine agent useful in the prevention and relief of motion sickness and symptoms caused by vestibular disorders.

cyclizine lactate
cyclizine lactate

An agent with the same use and action as the hydrochloride.

cyclo- cyclo-, cycl-

1. Combining forms relating to a circle or cycle; or denoting an association with the ciliary body. 2. In chemistry, a combining form indicating a continuous molecule, without end, or the formation of such a structure between two parts of a molecule. [G. kyklos, circle]

cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride
cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride (si-klo-ben′za-pren)

A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant used to relieve acute muscular spasms.

cyclocephaly
cyclocephaly, cyclocephalia (si-klo-sef′a-le, -se-fa′le-a)

SYN: cyclencephaly. [cyclo- + G. kephale, head]

cyclochoroiditis
cyclochoroiditis (si′klo-ko-roy-di′tis)

Inflammation of the ciliary body and the choroid.

cyclocryotherapy
cyclocryotherapy (si′klo-kri′o-thar′a-pe)

Transscleral freezing of the ciliary body in the treatment of glaucoma.

cyclocumarol
cyclocumarol (si-klo-ku′ma-rol)

4-Hydroxycoumarin anticoagulant No. 63; a synthetic anticoagulant compound, related to bishydroxycoumarin.

cyclodestructive
cyclodestructive (si′klo-dis-truk′tiv)

Relating to a procedure designed to damage the ciliary body in order to diminish the production of aqueous fluid in patients with glaucoma. See cyclocryotherapy, cyclodiathermy, cyclophotocoagulation.

cyclodialysis
cyclodialysis (si′klo-di-al′i-sis)

Establishment of a communication between the anterior chamber and the suprachoroidal space in order to reduce intraocular pressure in glaucoma. [cyclo- + G. dialysis, separation]

cyclodiathermy
cyclodiathermy (si′klo-di-a-ther′me)

Diathermy applied to the sclera adjacent to the ciliary body in the treatment of glaucoma.

cycloduction
cycloduction (si-klo-duk′shun)

Rotation of the eye around its visual axis. SYN: circumduction (2) [TA] , cyclotorsion. [cyclo- + L. duco, pp. ductus, to draw]

cycloguanil pamoate
cycloguanil pamoate (si-klo-gwahn′il)

A long-acting antimalarial agent that prevents the growth or survival of the pre-erythrocytic and erythrocytic parasites.

cyclohexanesulfamic acid
cyclohexanesulfamic acid (si-klo-heks′an-sul-fam′ik)

SYN: cyclamic acid.

cycloheximide
cycloheximide (si-klo-heks′i-mid)

An antibiotic obtained from certain strains of Streptomyces griseus; used in biochemical research to inhibit in vitro protein synthesis; also a fungicide and rat repellent.

cyclohexylsulfamic acid
cyclohexylsulfamic acid (si-klo-hek′sil-sul-fam′ik)

SYN: cyclamic acid.

cycloid
cycloid (si′kloyd)

Suggesting cyclothymia; a term applied to a person who tends to have periods of marked swings of mood, but within normal limits. [cyclo- + G. eidos, resembling]

cyclol
cyclol (si′klol)

A cyclic dipeptide postulated as occurring in proteins; it does occur in some of the ergot alkaloids.

cyclonamine
cyclonamine (si-klo-na′men)

SYN: ethamsylate.

cyclooxygenase
cyclooxygenase (si′klo-oks′e-jen-as)

SYN: prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase.

cyclopea
cyclopea (si-klo′pe-a)

SYN: cyclopia.

cyclopean
cyclopean (si-klo′pe-an)

SYN: cyclopian.

cyclopentamine hydrochloride
cyclopentamine hydrochloride (si-klo-pent′a-men)

A sympathomimetic amine, similar in action to ephedrine.

cyclopentane
cyclopentane (si-klo-pen′tan)

A closed ring hydrocarbon containing five carbon atoms, isomeric with pentene.

cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene
cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene (si-klo-pen-ta[a]fen′a-thren)

Phenanthrene, to the a side of which a three-carbon fragment is fused; as the perhydro (saturated) derivative, it is the basic structure of the steroids.

cyclopenthiazide
cyclopenthiazide (si′klo-pen-thi′a-zid)

A benzothiadiazide diuretic.

cyclopentolate hydrochloride
cyclopentolate hydrochloride (si-klo-pen′to-lat)

An anticholinergic, spasmolytic drug, used in refraction determinations; causes cycloplegia and mydriasis; an atropinelike agent with brief duration of action.

cyclopeptide
cyclopeptide (si-klo-pep′tid)

A polypeptide lacking terminal &cbond;NH₂ and &cbond;COOH groups by virtue of their combination to form another peptide link, forming a ring.

cyclophenazine hydrochloride
cyclophenazine hydrochloride (si-klo-fen′a-zen)

A tranquilizing drug.

cyclophorases
cyclophorases (si-klo-for′as-ez)

The group of enzymes in mitochondria that catalyze the complete oxidation of pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and water; essentially, those enzymes and coenzymes involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle.

cyclophoria
cyclophoria (si-klo-fo′re-a)

Abnormal tendency for each eye to rotate around its anteroposterior axis, the rotation being prevented by visual fusional impulses. [cyclo- + G. phora, movement]

cyclophosphamide
cyclophosphamide (si-klo-fos′fa-mid)

An alkylating agent with antitumor activity and uses similar to those of its parent compound, nitrogen mustard (mechlorethamine hydrochloride); also a suppressor of B-cell activity and antibody formation, used to treat autoimmune diseases.

cyclophotocoagulation
cyclophotocoagulation (si′klo-fo′to-ko-ag-u-la′shun)

Photocoagulation of the ciliary processes to reduce the secretion of aqueous humor in glaucoma. [cyclo- + photocoagulation]

Cyclophyllidae
Cyclophyllidae (si-klo-fil′i-de)

An order of tapeworms that includes most of the common parasites of humans and domestic animals. [cyclo- + G. phyllon, leaf]

cyclopia
cyclopia (si-klo′pe-a)

A congenital defect in which the two orbits are united to form a single cavity containing one eye, which typically results from union of the right and left optic primordia, usually combined with holoprosencephaly or cyclencephaly. SYN: cyclopea, synophthalmia, synophthalmus. [G. Kyklops, fr. kyklos, circle, + ops, eye]

cyclopian
cyclopian (si-klo′pe-an)

Denoting or relating to cyclopia. SYN: cyclopean.

cycloplegia
cycloplegia (si-klo-ple′je-a)

Loss of power in the ciliary muscle of the eye; may be by denervation or by pharmacologic action. [cyclo- + G. plege, stroke]

cycloplegic
cycloplegic (si-klo-ple′jik)

1. Relating to cycloplegia. 2. A drug that paralyzes the ciliary muscle and thus the power of accommodation.

cyclopropane
cyclopropane (si-klo-pro′pan)

An explosive gas of characteristic odor; in the past, widely used for producing general anesthesia. SYN: trimethylene.

cyclops
cyclops (si′klops)

An individual with cyclopia. SYN: monoculus (1) , monophthalmus, monops. [see cyclopia]

cycloserine
cycloserine (si-klo-ser′en)

An antibiotic produced by strains of Streptomyces orchidaceus or S. garyphalus with a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity. SYN: orientomycin.

cyclosis
cyclosis (si-klo′sis)

The movement of the protoplasm and contained plastids within the protozoan cell. [G., fr. kykloo, to move around]

Cyclospora
Cyclospora (si-klo-spor′ah)

A Cryptosporidium-like genus of coccidian parasites reported from millipedes, reptiles, insectivores, and a rodent species. C. is characterized by acid-fast oocysts with two sporocysts, each with two sporozoites. C. is implicated as the cause of a widespread, prolonged but self-limited human diarrhea in patients in the Americas, Caribbean countries, Southeast Asia, and eastern Europe previously reported as caused by cyanobacteriumlike bodies. SYN: cyanobacteriumlike bodies.
C. cayetanensis a species causing enteritis with persistent diarrhea; usually acquired by ingestion of contaminated water or food.

cyclosporin A
cyclosporin A (si-klo-spor′in)

SYN: cyclosporine.

cyclosporine
cyclosporine (si-klo-spor′en)

A cyclic oligopeptide immunosuppressant produced by the fungus Tolypocladium inflatum Gams; used to inhibit organ transplant rejection. SYN: cyclosporin A.

cyclothiazide
cyclothiazide (si-klo-thi′a-zid)

A diuretic and antihypertensive.

cyclothymia
cyclothymia (si-klo-thi′me-a)

A mental disorder characterized by marked swings of mood from depression to hypomania but not to the degree that occurs in bipolar disorder. SYN: cyclothymic disorder. [cyclo- + G. thymos, rage]

cyclothymiac
cyclothymiac, cyclothymic (si-klo-thi′me-ak, -thi′mik)

Relating to cyclothymia.

cyclotomy
cyclotomy (si-klot′o-me)

Operation of cutting the ciliary muscle. [cyclo- + G. tome, incision]

cyclotorsion
cyclotorsion (si′klo-tor′shun)

SYN: cycloduction.

cyclotron
cyclotron (si′klo-tron)

An accelerator that produces high-speed ions ( e.g., protons and deuterons) under the influence of an alternating magnetic field, for bombardment and disruption of atomic nuclei. Used to produce clinically useful positron-emitting radionuclides. [cyclo- + G. -tron, instrumental suffix]

cyclotropia
cyclotropia (si-klo-tro′pe-a)

A disparity of ocular position in which one eye is rotated around its visual axis, with respect to the other eye. [cyclo- + G. trope, a turn, turning]

cyclozoonosis
cyclozoonosis (si′klo-zo-o-no′sis)

A zoonosis that requires more than one vertebrate host (but no invertebrate) for completion of the life cycle; e.g., various taenioid cestodes such as Taenia saginata and T. solium in which humans are an obligatory host; hydatid disease, a c. in which humans are not obligatory host. [cyclo- + G. zoon, animal, + nosos, disease]

Cyd
Cyd

Symbol for cytidine.

cyesis
cyesis (si-e′sis)

Obsolete term for pregnancy. [G. kyesis]

cyl.
cyl.

Abbreviation for cylinder, or cylindrical lens.

cylinder
cylinder (cyl., C) (sil′in-der)

1. A cylindrical lens. 2. A cylindrical or rodlike renal cast. 3. A cylindrical metal container for gases stored under high pressure. [G. kylindros, a roll]
Bence Jones cylinders slightly irregular, relatively smooth, rod-shaped or cylindroid bodies of fairly tenacious, viscid proteinaceous material in the fluid of the seminal vesicles.
crossed cylinders a lens used in refraction to determine the strength and axis of a cylindrical lens to correct astigmatism; a combination of concave and convex cylinders of like power whose axes are at right angles to each other.
Külz c. SYN: coma cast.

cylindraxis
cylindraxis (sil-in-drak′sis)

Historical precursor of the term axon, based on an interpretation of the myelinated nerve fiber as a cylinder of which the axon formed the axis.

cylindrical
cylindrical (si-lin′dri-kal)

Shaped like a cylinder; referring to a cylinder.

cylindroadenoma
cylindroadenoma (sil′in-dro-ad-e-no′ma)

SYN: cylindroma.

cylindroid
cylindroid (sil′in-droyd)

SYN: false cast. [G. kylindrodes, fr. kylindros, roll, cylinder, + eidos, appearance]

cylindroma
cylindroma (sil-in-dro′ma)

A histologic type of epithelial neoplasm, frequently malignant, characterized by islands of neoplastic cells embedded in a hyalinized stroma which may represent a thickened basement membrane; may form from ducts of glands, especially in salivary glands, skin, and bronchi; in the salivary glands, also termed adenoid cystic carcinoma. SYN: cylindroadenoma. [G. kylindros, cylinder, -oma, tumor]

cylindruria
cylindruria (sil-in-droo′re-a)

The presence of renal cylinders or casts in the urine.

cyllosoma
cyllosoma (sil-o-so′ma)

One-sided congenital defect of the lower abdominal wall (eventration) with defective development of the corresponding lower limb. [G. kyllos, deformed, esp. clubfooted or bandylegged, + soma, body]

cymarin
cymarin (si′ma-rin)

K-Strophanthin-α, a glycoside of cymarose present in the seeds of Strophanthus kombé; the aglycone is strophanthin; a cardiotonic.

cymba conchae
cymba conchae (sim′ba kong′ke) [TA]

The upper, smaller part of the external ear lying above the crus helicis. [G. kymbe, the hollow of a vessel, a cup, bowl, a boat]

cymbocephalic
cymbocephalic, cymbocephalous (sim-bo-se-fal′ik, -sef′a-lus)

Relating to cymbocephaly.

cymbocephaly
cymbocephaly (sim-bo-sef′a-le)

SYN: scaphocephaly. [G. kymbe, the hollow of a vessel, a boat-shaped structure, + kephale, head]

cynanthropy
cynanthropy (si-nan′thro-pe)

A delusion in which one barks and growls, imagining oneself to be a dog. [G. kyon, dog, + anthropos, man]

cynocephaly
cynocephaly (si-no-sef′a-le)

Craniostenosis in which the skull slopes back from the orbits, producing a resemblance to the head of a dog. [G. kyon, dog, + kephale, head]

cynodont
cynodont (si′no-dont)

1. A canine tooth. 2. A tooth having one cusp or point. [G. kyon, dog, + odous (odont-), tooth]

cynophobia
cynophobia (si-no-fo′be-a)

Morbid fear of dogs. [G. kyon, dog, + phobos, fear]

Cyon
Cyon

Elie de, Russian physiologist, 1843–1912. See C. nerve.

CYP
CYP

Abbreviation for cytochrome P450 enzymes; usually followed by an arabic numeral, a letter, and another arabic numeral ( e.g., C. 2D6). These enzymes are found in and on the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of liver and other cells and are responsible for a large number of drug biotransformation reactions.
C. 1A2 microsomal enzyme, the substrates of which include theophylline, antidepressants, and tacrine. It is inhibited by grapefruit juice and quinolones, and induced by smoking, phenobarbital, phenytoin, rifampin, and omeprazole.
C. 2C9 microsomal enzyme responsible for the oxidation of S-warfarin, phenytoin, and numerous NSAIDs. Inhibitors include azole antifungals ( e.g., ketoconazole, itraconazole, metronidazole); induced by rifampin.
C. 2C19 microsomal enzyme partially responsible for the oxidation of clomipramine, diazepam, propranolol, imipramine, and omeprazole. Inhibited by fluoxetine, sertraline, omeprazole, and ritinovir.
C. 2D6 the isoenzyme that metabolizes many antidepressants, antipsychotic agents, beta adrenergic blockers, and codeine. It is inhibited by cimetidine and several antidepressants and antipsychotics.
C. 2E1 microsomal enzyme that participates in the oxidation of ethanol and acetaminophen. Inhibited by disulfiram and induced by ethanol and isoniazid (INH). Believed to be responsible for the hepatotoxic metabolite of acetaminophen.
C. 3A a cytochrome P450 isoform found in the gastrointestinal tract as well as hepatic and other cells; substrates include benzodiazepines, calcium channel blockers, antihistamines, steroid hormones, and protease inhibitors. Inhibited by antidepressants, azole antifungals, cimetidine, and erythromycin. Induced by phenobarbital, phenytoin, rifampin, and carbamazepine.

cypridophobia
cypridophobia (si′pri-do-fo′be-a)

Morbid fear of venereal disease or of sexual intercourse. [G. Kypris, Aphrodite, + phobos, fear]

cyproheptadine hydrochloride
cyproheptadine hydrochloride (si-pro-hep′ta-den)

A potent antagonist of histamine and serotonin, with H₁ antihistaminic and antipruritic actions.

cyproterone acetate
cyproterone acetate (si-pro′ter-on)

A synthetic steroid capable of inhibiting the biological effects exerted by endogenous or exogenous androgenic hormones; an antiandrogen.

Cys
Cys

Symbol for cysteine (half-cystine) or its mono- or diradical.

cyst
cyst (sist)

1. A bladder. 2. An abnormal sac containing gas, fluid, or a semisolid material, with a membranous lining. SEE ALSO: pseudocyst. [G. kystis, bladder]
adventitious c. SYN: pseudocyst (1) .
allantoic c. SYN: urachal c..
alveolar hydatid c. a hydatid c. of a multiloculate type, usually in the liver, caused by Echinococcus multilocularis, adults of which are in foxes; larvae (alveolar hydatid) are found chiefly in microtine rodents, but also among humans such as trappers and others handling pelts of infected foxes and other carnivores; growth is by exogenous budding and is not limited by an outer laminated membrane as in the hydatid c. from E. granulosus; necrosis, cavitation, contiguous spread, and death usually ensue. SYN: multilocular hydatid c., multiloculate hydatid c..
aneurysmal bone c. a solitary benign osteolytic lesion expanding a long bone or within a vertebra, consisting of blood-filled spaces, and separated by fibrous tissue containing multinucleated giant cells; may cause swelling, pain, and tenderness and compromise the structural integrity of the involved bone.
angioblastic c. mesenchymal tissue capable of forming blood in the embryo.
apical periodontal c. an inflammatory odontogenic c. derived histogenetically from Malassez epithelial rests surrounding the root apex of a nonvital tooth. SYN: periapical c., radicular c., root end c..
apoplectic c. a pseudocyst formed of extravasated blood as in a stroke.
arachnoid c. a fluid-filled c. lined with arachnoid membrane, frequently situated near the lateral aspect of the fissure of Sylvius; usually congenital in origin. SYN: leptomeningeal c..
Baker c. a collection of synovial fluid which has escaped from the knee joint or a bursa and formed a new synovial-fluid lined sac in the popliteal space; seen in degenerative or other joint diseases that produce increased amounts of synovial fluid.
Bartholin c. a c. arising from the major vestibular gland or its ducts.
bile c. SYN: gallbladder.
blood c. SYN: hemorrhagic c..
blue dome c. 1. one of a number of small dark blue nodules or cysts in the vaginal fornix due to retained menstrual blood in endometriosis affecting this region; 2. a benign retention c. of the mammary gland in fibrocystic disease, containing a pale slightly yellow fluid which gives a blue color to the c. when seen through the surrounding fibrous tissue.
bone c. solitary bone c..
botryoid odontogenic c. a type of lateral periodontal c. that shows a multilocular growth pattern.
Boyer c. a subhyoid c..
branchial c. a cervical c. arising from developmental persistence of ectodermal branchial grooves or endodermal pharyngeal pouches. SYN: branchial cleft c..
branchial cleft c. SYN: branchial c..
bronchogenic c. a c. lined by ciliated columnar epithelium believed to represent bronchial differentiation; smooth muscle and mucous glands may be present.
bursal c. a retention c. in a bursa.
calcifying and keratinizing odontogenic c. SYN: calcifying odontogenic c..
calcifying odontogenic c. a mixed radiolucent-radiopaque lesion of the jaws with features of both a c. and a solid neoplasm; characterized microscopically by an epithelial lining showing a palisaded layer of columnar basal cells, presence of ghost cell keratinization, dentinoid, and calcification. SYN: calcifying and keratinizing odontogenic c., Gorlin c..
cerebellar c. a c. usually occurring in the lateral cerebellar white matter; often a part of cerebellar astrocytoma.
chocolate c. c. of the ovary with intracavitary hemorrhage and formation of a hematoma containing old brown blood; often seen with endometriosis of the ovary but occasionally with other types of cysts.
choledochal c. c. originating from common bile duct; usually becomes apparent early in life as a right upper abdominal mass in association with jaundice.
chyle c. a circumscribed dilation of a lymphatic channel of the mesentery, containing chyle.
colloid c. a c. with gelatinous contents.
compound c. SYN: multilocular c..
corpora lutea c. persistent corpora lutea with c. formation.
Cowper c. a retention c. of a bulbourethral gland.
daughter c. a secondary c., usually multiple, derived from a mother c..
dentigerous c. an odontogenic c. derived from the reduced enamel epithelium surrounding the crown of an impacted or embedded tooth. SYN: follicular c. (2) .
dermoid c. a tumor consisting of displaced ectodermal structures along lines of embryonic fusion, the wall being formed of epithelium-lined connective tissue, including skin appendages and containing keratin, sebum, and hair. SYN: dermoid tumor, dermoid (2) .
dermoid c. of ovary a common benign cystic teratoma of the ovary, lined for the most part by skin, and containing hair and sebum, but also usually containing a variety of other well differentiated structures within a small inwardly projecting mass of solid tissue.
distention c. SYN: retention c..
duplication c. a congenital cystic malformation attached to or originating from any part of the alimentary canal, from the base of the tongue to the anus, which reproduces the structure of the adjacent alimentary tract.
echinococcus c. SYN: hydatid c..
endodermal c. c. lined by columnar epithelium; presumed dermal in origin.
endometrial c. a c. resulting from endometrial implantation outside the uterus, as in endometriosis.
endothelial c. a serous c. whose sac is lined with endothelium.
enterogenous c. mediastinal c. derived from cells sequestered from the primitive foregut; may be classified histologically as bronchogenic, esophageal, or gastric.
ependymal c. a circumscribed distention of some portion of the central canal of the spinal cord or of the cerebral ventricles. SYN: neural c..
epidermal c. a c. formed of a mass of epidermal cells which, as a result of trauma, has been pushed beneath the epidermis; the c. is lined with stratified squamous epithelium and contains concentric layers of keratin. SYN: implantation c., inclusion c. (1) , inclusion dermoid.
epidermoid c. a spherical, unilocular c. of the dermis, comprised of encysted keratin and sebum; the c. is lined by a keratinizing epithelium resembling the epidermis derived from the follicular infundibulum.
epithelial c. a c. lined with epithelium.
eruption c. a form of dentigerous c. in the soft tissues in conjunction with an erupting tooth; seen on the alveolar ridge of children.
extravasation c. obsolete term for hemorrhagic c..
exudation c. a c. resulting from distention of a closed cavity, such as a bursa, by an excessive secretion of its normal fluid contents.
false c. SYN: pseudocyst (1) .
fissural c. a c. derived from epithelial remnants entrapped along the fusion line of embryonal processes. SYN: inclusion c. (2) .
follicular c. 1. a cystic graafian follicle; 2. SYN: dentigerous c..
Gartner c. a c. of the principal duct in the vestigial structures of the paroöphoron in the cervix or anterolateral vaginal wall, corresponding to the sexual portion of mesonephros in the male.
gas c. a c. with gaseous instead of the ordinary liquid or pultaceous contents.
gingival c. a c. derived from remnants of the dental lamina situated in the attached gingiva, occasionally producing superficial erosion of the cortical plate of bone; most are located in the cuspid-premolar region.
globulomaxillary c. (glo′boo-lo-maks′il-lar-e) a c. of odontogenic origin found between the roots of the maxillary lateral incisor and canine teeth.
glomerular c. c. formed by dilation of Bowman capsule, found in rare cases of congenital polycystic kidneys.
Gorlin c. SYN: calcifying odontogenic c..
granddaughter c. a tertiary c. sometimes developed within a daughter c., as in the hydatid c. of Echinococcus.
hemorrhagic c. a c. containing blood or resulting from the encapsulation of a hematoma. SYN: blood c., hematocele (1) , hematocyst, sanguineous c..
hepatic c. congenital c. thought to originate from an obstruction of biliary ductules; may be solitary and range in size from small to enormous; polycystic disease may also occur.
heterotrophic oral gastrointestinal c. a c. of the oral cavity lined by gastric or intestinal mucosa from misplaced embryonic rests.
hydatid c. a c. formed in the liver, or, less frequently, elsewhere, by the larval stage of Echinococcus, chiefly in ruminants; two morphologic forms caused by Echinococcus granulosus are found in humans: the unilocular hydatid c. and the osseous hydatid c.; a third form in humans is the alveolar hydatid c., caused by Echinococcus multilocularis. SYN: echinococcus c., hydatid (1) .
implantation c. SYN: epidermal c..
incisive canal c. a c. in or near the incisive canal, arising from proliferation of epithelial remnants of the nasopalatine duct; the most common maxillary development c.. SYN: median anterior maxillary c., nasopalatine duct c..
inclusion c. 1. SYN: epidermal c.. 2. SYN: fissural c..
junctional c. a c. of the testis arising from the structures connecting the rete testis with the epididymis.
keratinous c. an epithelial c. containing keratin.
Klestadt c. SYN: nasoalveolar c..
lacteal c. a retention c. in the mammary gland resulting from closure of a lactiferous duct. SYN: milk c..
lateral periodontal c. an intraosseous c., usually encountered in the cuspid-premolar region of the mandible, derived from the remnants of the dental lamina and representing the intraosseous counterpart of the gingival c..
leptomeningeal c. SYN: arachnoid c..
lymphoepithelial c. a cervical c. arising from salivary gland epithelium entrapped in lymph nodes during embryogenesis. Also seen within the oral cavity.
median anterior maxillary c. SYN: incisive canal c..
median palatal c. a developmental c. located in the midline of the hard palate.
median raphe c. of the penis a c. of the raphe penis resulting from incomplete closure of the urethral groove, becoming clinically evident in childhood or later.
meibomian c. SYN: chalazion.
milk c. SYN: lacteal c..
morgagnian c. SYN: vesicular appendages of epoophoron, under appendage.
mother c. a hydatid c. from the inner, or germinal, layer, from which secondary cysts containing scoleces (daughter cysts) are developed; sometimes tertiary cysts (granddaughter cysts) are developed within the daughter cysts; occurs most frequently in the liver, but may be found in other organs and tissues; symptoms are those of a tumor of the part affected. SYN: parent c..
mucous c. a retention c. resulting from obstruction in the duct of a mucous gland. SYN: mucocele (1) .
multilocular c. a c. containing several compartments formed by membranous septa. SYN: compound c..
multilocular hydatid c., multiloculate hydatid c. SYN: alveolar hydatid c..
myxoid c. SYN: ganglion (2) .
nabothian c. a retention c. that develops when a mucous gland of the cervix uteri is obstructed; of no pathologic significance. SYN: nabothian follicle.
nasoalveolar c. a soft tissue c. located near the attachment of the ala over the maxilla; probably derived from the lower anterior part of the nasolacrimal duct. SYN: Klestadt c., nasolabial c..
nasolabial c. SYN: nasoalveolar c..
nasopalatine duct c. SYN: incisive canal c..
necrotic c. a c. due to a circumscribed encapsulated area of necrosis with subsequent liquefaction of the dead tissue.
neural c. SYN: ependymal c..
neurenteric cysts paravertebral cysts commonly connected to the meninges or a portion of the gastrointestinal tract that develop due to incomplete separation of endoderm from the notochord during early fetal life; often symptomatic.
odontogenic c. a c. derived from odontogenic epithelium. [odont- + G. genos, birth, origin, + suffix -ic, pertaining to]
oil c. a c. resulting from loss of the epithelial lining of a sebaceous, dermoid, or lacteal c., or from the subcutaneous injection of oil or fat material.
omphalomesenteric c. cystic lesion found within the umbilical cord, presumed to develop from remnants of the omphalomesenteric duct early in gestation. May be found on antenatal ultrasound. SYN: omphalomesenteric duct c..
omphalomesenteric duct c. SYN: omphalomesenteric c..
oophoritic c. SYN: ovarian c..
osseous hydatid c. a morphologic form of hydatid c. caused by Echinococcus granulosus, and found in the long bones or the pelvic arch of humans if the embryo is filtered out in bony tissue; in this site no limiting membrane forms and the c. grows in an uncontrolled fashion, producing cancellous structures and inducing fracture, followed by spread to new sites.
ovarian c. a cystic tumor of the ovary, either non-neoplastic (follicle, lutein, germinal inclusion, or endometrial) or neoplastic; usually restricted to benign cysts, i.e., mucinous serous cystadenoma, or dermoid cysts. SYN: oophoritic c..
paraphysial cysts cysts arising from vestigial remnants of the paraphysis; they are the possible origin of some third ventricular colloid cysts.
parasitic c. a c. formed by the larva of a metazoan parasite, such as a hydatid or trichinal c..
parent c. SYN: mother c..
paroophoritic c. a c. arising from the paroöpheron.
parvilocular c. a tumor composed of multiple small cysts.
pearl c. a mass of epithelial cells introduced into the interior of the eye by a perforating injury.
periapical c. SYN: apical periodontal c..
phaeomycotic c. a subcutaneous cystic granuloma caused by pigmented fungi, usually solitary and located on the extremities.
pilar c. a common c. of the skin, especially the scalp, which contains sebum and keratin, and is lined by pale-staining stratified epithelial cells derived from follicular trichilemma. SYN: sebaceous c., trichilemmal c..
piliferous c. a dermoid c. containing hair.
pilonidal c. pilonidal sinus.
pineal c. a c. of the pineal gland; rarely of clinical importance.
posttraumatic leptomeningeal c. a persistent cystic accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid with progressive loss of bone and dura, occurring at the site of a previous fracture.
primordial c. a c. that develops in place of a tooth through cystic degeneration of the enamel organ before formation of calcified odontogenic tissue.
proliferating tricholemmal c. SYN: pilar tumor of scalp.
proliferation c., proliferative c., proliferous c. a mother c. containing daughter cysts; a c. with tumorous formation at one portion of the sac.
protozoan c. infectious form of many protozoan parasites such as Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Balantidium coli, usually passed in the feces and provided with a highly condensed cytoplasm and resistant cell wall.
pseudomucinous c. a c. containing a gelatinous fluid, formerly thought to differ significantly from mucin, occurring especially in the ovary.
radicular c. SYN: apical periodontal c..
Rathke cleft c. an intrasellar or suprasellar c. lined by cuboidal epithelium derived from remnants of Rathke pouch.
residual c. the persistence of an apical periodontal c. that remains after tooth extraction.
retention c. a c. resulting from some obstruction to the excretory duct of a gland. SYN: distention c., secretory c..
rete c. of ovary a c. derived from the germinal cords in the hilum of the ovary.
root end c. SYN: apical periodontal c..
sanguineous c. SYN: hemorrhagic c..
sebaceous c. SYN: pilar c..
secretory c. SYN: retention c..
seminal vesical c. a c., usually congenital, of the seminal vesicle.
sequestration c.
serous c. a c. containing clear serous fluid, such as a hygroma.
simple bone c. SYN: solitary bone c..
solitary bone c. a unilocular c. containing serous fluid and lined with a thin layer of connective tissue, occurring usually in the shaft of a long bone in a child. SYN: idiopathic bone cavity, osteocystoma, simple bone c., traumatic bone c., unicameral bone c..
Stafne bone c. SYN: lingual salivary gland depression.
static bone c. SYN: lingual salivary gland depression.
sterile c. a hydatid c. without brood capsules or viable scoleces.
sublingual c. SYN: ranula (2) .
sudoriferous c. a c. caused by a blocked excretory duct of Moll glands, under gland. SYN: apocrine hidrocystoma.
suprasellar c. SYN: craniopharyngioma.
surgical ciliated c. a c. that arises from maxillary sinus epithelium implanted along a line of surgical entry.
synovial c. SYN: ganglion (2) .
Tarlov c. a perineural c. found in the proximal radicles of the lower spinal cord; it is usually productive of symptoms.
tarry c. a c. or collection of old blood having a tarry or black, sticky appearance; usually due to endometriosis.
tarsal c. SYN: chalazion.
teratomatous c. a c. containing structures derived from all three of the primary germ layers of the embryo.
thyroglossal duct c., thyrolingual c. a c. in the midline of the neck resulting from nonclosure of a segment of the ductus thyroglossus.
Tornwaldt c. inflammation or obstruction of the pharyngeal bursa or an adenoid cleft with the formation of a c. containing pus. SYN: Tornwaldt disease.
traumatic bone c. SYN: solitary bone c..
trichilemmal c. SYN: pilar c..
tubular c. SYN: tubulocyst.
umbilical c. SYN: vitellointestinal c..
unicameral c. SYN: unilocular c..
unicameral bone c. SYN: solitary bone c..
unilocular c. a c. having a single sac. SYN: unicameral c..
unilocular hydatid c. the commonest form of hydatid c. in man, caused by Echinococcus granulosus and found in the liver, lungs, or any other site where the hexacanth embryo may settle if it passes the hepatic or pulmonary capillary filters; characterized by large balloonlike forms lined internally with a germinative membrane, enclosed externally in a laminated membrane within a host-parasite capsule, and filled with fluid (hydatid fluid) and infectious scoleces of the young tapeworms (hydatid sand).
urachal c. a c. of the urachus which may communicate with the umbilicus or bladder, or give rise to a midline swelling. SYN: allantoic c..
urinary c. SYN: urinoma.
utricular c. dilation of the utricular lumen; usually unilocular.
vitellointestinal c. a small red sessile or pedunculated tumor at the umbilicus in an infant; it is due to the persistence of a segment of the vitellointestinal duct. SYN: umbilical c..
wolffian c. a c. lying in the broad ligaments of the uterus and arising from any mesonephric structures.

cyst- cyst-

See cysto-.

cystacanth
cystacanth (sis′ta-kanth)

The fully developed larva of Acanthocephala, infective to the final host and with an inverted fully formed proboscis characteristic of the adult worm. [cyst- + G. akantha, thorn or spine]

cystadenocarcinoma
cystadenocarcinoma (sist-ad′en-o-kar-si-no′ma)

A malignant neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed; the neoplastic cells manifest varying degrees of anaplasia and invasiveness, and local extension and metastases occur; cystadenocarcinomas develop frequently in the ovaries, where pseudomucinous and serous types are recognized.

cystadenoma
cystadenoma (sist′ad-e-no′ma)

A histologically benign neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed; in some instances, considerable portions of the neoplasm, or even the entire mass, may be cystic. SYN: cystoadenoma.
papillary c. lymphomatosum SYN: adenolymphoma.

cystalgia
cystalgia (sist-al′je-a)

Pain in a bladder, especially the urinary bladder. [cyst- + G. algos, pain]

cystamine
cystamine (sis′ta-men)

Decarboxycystine;forms when cystine is distilled. The disulfide of cysteamine.

cystathionase
cystathionase (sis-ta-thi′o-nas)

SYN: cystathionine γ-lyase.

cystathionine
cystathionine (sis-ta-thi′o-nen)

The l-isomer is an intermediate in the conversion of l-methionine to l-cysteine; cleaved by cystathionases.

cystathionine β-lyase
cystathionine β-lyase

An enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of l-cystathionine to pyruvate, l-homocysteine, and NH₃. SEE ALSO: cystathionine γ-lyase. SYN: β-cystathionase, cystine lyase.

cystathionine γ-lyase
cystathionine γ-lyase

A liver enzyme, requiring pyridoxal phosphate as coenzyme, that catalyzes the hydrolysis of l-cystathionine to l-cysteine and 2-ketobutyrate, releasing NH₃; also catalyzes formation of 2-ketobutyrate from l-homoserine, of pyruvate (and NH₃ and H₂S) from l-cysteine, and of thiocysteine, pyruvate, and NH₃ from cystine. A deficiency of this enzyme results in cystathioninuria. It catalyzes a step in methionine catabolism and in cysteine biosynthesis. SEE ALSO: cystathionine β-lyase. SYN: cystathionase, cysteine desulfhydrase, cystine desulfhydrase, γ-cystathionase, homoserine deaminase, homoserine dehydratase.

cystathionine β-synthase
cystathionine β-synthase

An enzyme catalyzing the reversible hydrolysis of l-cystathionine to l-serine and l-homocysteine. A step in cysteine biosynthesis and in methionine catabolism. A deficiency of this enzyme leads to vascular thrombosis, dislocation of ocular lens, and abnormal development. SEE ALSO: cystathionine γ-synthase. SYN: β-thionase, cysteine synthase, serine sulfhydrase.

cystathionine γ-synthase
cystathionine γ-synthase

SYN: O-succinylhomoserine (thiol)-lyase.

cystathioninuria
cystathioninuria (sis′ta-thi′o-nin-oo′re-a) [MIM*219500]

A disorder characterized by inability to metabolize cystathionine, normally due to deficiency of cystathionase, with high concentration of the amino acid in blood, tissue, and urine; mental retardation is an associated condition; autosomal recessive inheritance.

cysteamine
cysteamine (sis-ta′a-men)

Sulfhydryl compound used experimentally to produce ulcers in rats and as a radioprotective agent; antidote to acetaminophen.

cystectomy
cystectomy (sis-tek′to-me)

1. Excision of the the urinary bladder. 2. Excision of the gallbladder (cholecystectomy). 3. Removal of a cyst. [cyst- + G. ektome, excision]
Bartholin c. removal of a cyst of a major vestibular gland. SYN: vulvovaginal c..
partial c. removal of a part or segment of the bladder.
radical c. removal of the entire bladder, surrounding fatty tissues, and regional lymph nodes.
salvage c. removal of the bladder, after failed chemotherapy and radiation for malignancy.
total c. removal of the entire bladder.
vulvovaginal c. SYN: Bartholin c..

cysteic acid
cysteic acid (sis-ta′ik)

An oxidation product of cysteine, and a precursor of taurine and isethionic acid. SYN: 3-sulfoalanine.

cysteine
cysteine (C, Cys) (sis′ta-en)

Amino-3-mercaptopropionic acid;the l-isomer is found in most proteins; especially abundant in keratin.
c. desulfhydrase SYN: cystathionine γ-lyase.
c. synthase SYN: cystathionine β-synthase.

cysteine sulfinic acid
cysteine sulfinic acid (sis′te-en-sul-fin′ik)

A natural oxidation product of cysteine; an intermediate in the formation of taurine (via cysteic acid).

cysteinyl
cysteinyl (sis′ten-il)

Aminoacyl radical of cysteine.

cysti- cysti-

See cysto-.

cystic
cystic (sis′tik)

1. Relating to the urinary bladder or gallbladder. 2. Relating to a cyst. 3. Containing cysts.

cysticercoid
cysticercoid (sis-ti-ser′koyd)

A larval tapeworm resembling a cysticercus but having a smaller bladder, containing little or no fluid, in which scolex of the future adult tapeworm is found; the larval form is typically found in insect intermediate hosts. [cysti- + G. kerkos, tail, + eidos, resemblance]

cysticercosis
cysticercosis (sis′ti-ser-ko′sis)

1. Disease caused by encystment of cysticercus larvae of some tapeworms ( e.g., Taenia solium or T. saginata) in subcutaneous, muscle, or central nervous system tissues; c. is typically developed in swine and cattle, producing measly pork and beef. In humans, it results from the hatching of the eggs of Taenia solium in the intestines or by accidental ingestion of eggs from human feces; encystment in the brain may cause serious nervous damage, and encystment in the eye (usually the rear chamber) may cause ophthalmic damage. 2. Larval infections in animals with other taeniid tapeworm larvae. SYN: cysticercus disease.

Cysticercus
Cysticercus (sis-ti-ser′kus)

Originally described as a genus of bladderworms, now known to be the encysted larvae of various taenioid tapeworms; the generic name is, however, retained as a convenience in referring to the larval encysted forms. See c.. SYN: bladderworm. [G. kystis, bladder, + kerkos, tail]
C. bovis the c. larva of Taenia saginata in cattle; the cause of measly beef.
C. cellulosae the c. larva of Taenia solum in pigs; also the cause of human cysticercosis.

cysticercus
cysticercus, pl .cysticerci (sis-ti-ser′kus, -ser′si)

The larval form of certain Taenia species, typically found in muscles of mammalian intermediate hosts that serve as a prey of various predators; it consists of a fluid-filled bladder in which the invaginated cestode scolex develops. SEE ALSO: Taenia saginata, Taenia solium. [G. kystis, bladder, + kerkos, tail]

cystiform
cystiform (sis′ti-form)

SYN: cystoid (1) .

cystine
cystine (sis′tin)

3,3′-Dithiobis(2-aminopropionic acid);the disulfide product of two cysteines in which two &cbond;SH groups become one &cbond;S&cbond;S&cbond; group; if two cysteinyl residues in polypeptide chains form a disulfide linkage, then the two polymers are cross-linked; sometimes occurs as a deposit in the urine, or forming a vesical calculus. Cf.:meso-c.. SYN: dicysteine.
c. desulfhydrase SYN: cystathionine γ-lyase.
half c. refers to one-half of a c. molecule or of a cystinyl residue in a protein or peptide.
c. lyase SYN: cystathionine β-lyase.

cystinemia
cystinemia (sis-ti-ne′me-a)

The presence of cystine in the blood. [cystine + G. haima, blood]

cystinosis
cystinosis (sis-ti-no′sis) [MIM*219800]

A lysosomal storage disorder with various forms, all with autosomal recessive inheritance. The nephropathic form of early childhood is characterized by widespread deposits of cystine crystals throughout the body, including the bone marrow, cornea, and other tissues, with mild elevation of plasma cystine and cystinuria; associated with a marked generalized aminoaciduria, glycosuria, polyuria, chronic acidosis, hypophosphatemia with vitamin D-resistant rickets, and often with hypokalemia; other extrarenal manifestations include photophobia and hypothyroidism; due to a defect in the transport of cystine across lysosomal membranes caused by mutation in the CTNS gene on 17p. There is a milder form with onset in adolescence [MIM*219900] and one with onset in adulthood without kidney damage [MIM*219750]; the latter two forms are thought to be allelic to the nephropathic form of early childhood. SYN: cystine storage disease. [cystine + G. -osis, condition]

cystinuria
cystinuria (sis-ti-noo′re-a) [MIM*220100, *104614, *600918]

Excessive urinary excretion of cystine, along with lysine, arginine, and ornithine, arising from defective transport systems for these acids in the kidney and intestine; renal function is sometimes compromised by cystine crystalluria and nephrolithiasis. There are at least three forms of c., which are distinguished by the severity of urinary excretion of cystine in obligate carriers; all with autosomal recessive inheritance. Types I and II c. are allelic disorders caused by mutation in the solute carrier family 3 gene (SLC3A1), which is an amino acid transporter gene on chromosome 2q. Type III is caused by mutation at a separate locus. [cystine + G. ouron, urine]

cystinyl
cystinyl (sis′tin-il)

Aminoacyl radical of cystine.

cystis
cystis, pl .cystides (sis′tis, sis′ti-dez)

See cyst, pouch, sac. [G. kystis]
c. fellea SYN: gallbladder.
c. urinaria SYN: urinary bladder.

cystistaxis
cystistaxis (sis-ti-stak′sis)

Obsolete term for oozing of blood from the epithelial lining of the bladder. [cysti- + G. staxis, trickling]

cystitis
cystitis (sis-ti′tis)

Inflammation of the urinary bladder. [cyst- + G. -itis, inflammation]
bacterial c. bladder inflammation caused by bacteria.
c. colli inflammation of the neck of the bladder.
c. cystica c. glandularis with the formation of cysts.
emphysematous c. inflammation of the bladder wall caused by gas-forming bacteria, usually secondary to diabetes mellitus.
eosinophilic c. bladder inflammation with many eosinophils in urinary sediment as well as bladder wall.
follicular c. chronic c. characterized by small mucosal nodules due to lymphocytic infiltration.
c. glandularis chronic c. with glandlike metaplasia of urothelium.
hemorrhagic c. bladder inflammation with macroscopic hematuria. Generally the result of a chemical or other traumatic insult to the bladder (chemotherapy, radiation therapy).
incrusted c. bladder inflammation with deposition of inorganic minerals on luminal wall. There generally is evidence of chronic inflammation.
interstitial c. a chronic inflammatory condition of unknown etiology involving the epithelium and muscularis of the bladder, resulting in reduced bladder capacity, pain relieved by voiding, and severe bladder irritative symptoms. SEE ALSO: Hunner ulcer.
viral c. bladder inflammation due to a viral infection.

cysto- cysto-, cysti-, cyst-

Combining forms relating to: 1. The bladder. 2. The cystic duct. 3. A cyst. Cf.:vesico-. [G. kystis, bladder, pouch]

cystoadenoma
cystoadenoma (sis′to-ad-e-no′ma)

SYN: cystadenoma.

cystocarcinoma
cystocarcinoma (sis′to-kar-si-no′ma)

A carcinoma in which cystic degeneration has occurred; sometimes used incorrectly as a term for cystadenocarcinoma.

cystocele
cystocele (sis′to-sel)

Hernia of the bladder usually into the vagina and introitus. SYN: vesicocele. [cysto- + G. kele, hernia]

cystochromoscopy
cystochromoscopy (sis′to-kro-mos′ko-pe)

Examination of the interior of the bladder after administration of a colored dye to aid in the identification or study of the function of the ureteral orifices. [cysto- + G. chroma, color + skopeo, to view]

cystoduodenostomy
cystoduodenostomy (sis′to-doo′o-de-nos′to-me)

Drainage of a cyst, usually pancreatic pseudocyst, into duodenum. SYN: duodenocystostomy (2) . [cysto- + duodenum, + G. stoma, mouth]
pancreatic c. surgical or endoscopic drainage of pancreatic pseudocyst into duodenum. SYN: duodenocystostomy (3) .

cystoenterocele
cystoenterocele (sis-to-en′ter-o-sel)

Hernial protrusion of portions of the bladder and of the intestine, usually into the vagina and introitus. [cysto- + G. enteron, intestine, + kele, hernia]

cystoenterostomy
cystoenterostomy (sis′to-en-ter-os′to-me)

Internal drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts into some portion of the intestinal tract preferably stomach, duodenum, or small intestine. [cysto- + G. enteron, intestine, + stoma, mouth]

cystoepiplocele
cystoepiplocele (sis-to-e-pip′lo-sel)

Hernial protrusion of portions of the bladder and of the omentum. [cysto- + G. epiploon, omentum, + kele, tumor]

cystofibroma
cystofibroma (sis′to-fi-bro′ma)

A fibroma in which cysts or cystlike foci have formed.

cystogastrostomy
cystogastrostomy (sis′to-gas-tros′to-me)

Drainage of a pancreatic pseudocyst, into the stomach. [cysto- + G. gaster, stomach, + stoma, mouth]

cystogram
cystogram (sis′to-gram)

Radiographic demonstration of the bladder filled with contrast medium.
voiding c. SYN: voiding cystourethrogram.

cystography
cystography (sis-tog′ra-fe)

Radiography of the bladder following injection of a radiopaque substance. [cysto- + G. grapho, to write]
antegrade c. c. in which the contrast medium enters the urinary bladder via ureters or cystotomy.

cystoid
cystoid (sis′toyd)

1. Bladderlike, resembling a cyst. SYN: cystiform, cystomorphous. 2. A tumor resembling a cyst, with fluid, granular, or pulpy contents, but without a capsule. [cysto- + G. eidos, appearance]

cystojejunostomy
cystojejunostomy (sis′to-je-joo-nos′to-me)

Drainage of a pancreatic pseudocyst, into the jejunum. [cysto- + jejunum, + G. stoma, mouth]

cystolith
cystolith (sis′to-lith)

SYN: vesical calculus. [cysto- + G. lithos, stone]

cystolithiasis
cystolithiasis (sis′to-li-thi′a-sis)

The presence of a vesical calculus. SYN: vesicolithiasis. [cysto- + G. lithos, stone, + -iasis, condition]

cystolithic
cystolithic (sis-to-lith′ik)

Relating to a vesical calculus.

cystolitholapaxy
cystolitholapaxy (sis′to-lith-o-la-paks-e)

Removal of bladder calculi by intravesical crushing and then irrigating to remove fragments. [cysto- + G. lithos, stone, + lapaxis, and emptying out]

cystolithotomy
cystolithotomy (sis′to-li-thot′o-me)

Removal of a stone from the bladder through an incision in its wall. SYN: vesical lithotomy. [cysto- + G. lithos, stone, + tome, incision]

cystoma
cystoma (sis-to′ma)

A cystic tumor; a new growth containing cysts. [cyst- + G. -oma, tumor]

cystometer
cystometer (sis-tom′e-ter)

A device for studying bladder function by measuring capacity, sensation, intravesical pressure, and residual urine. [cysto- + G. metron, measure]

cystometrogram
cystometrogram (CMG) (sis-to-met′ro-gram)

A graphic recording of urinary bladder pressure at various volumes. [cysto- + G. metron, measure, + gramma, a writing]

cystometrography
cystometrography (sis′to-me-trog′ra-fe)

SYN: cystometry.

cystometry
cystometry (sis-tom′e-tre)

Measurement of the pressure/volume relationship of the bladder. SYN: cystometrography. [see cystometer]

cystomorphous
cystomorphous (sis-to-mor′fus)

SYN: cystoid (1) . [cysto- + G. morphe, form]

cystomyoma
cystomyoma (sis′to-mi-o′ma)

A myoma in which cysts or cystlike foci have developed.

cystomyxoadenoma
cystomyxoadenoma (sis-to-mik′so-ad-e-no′ma)

An adenoma in which there are cysts or cystlike foci in association with myxomatous change in the stroma.

cystomyxoma
cystomyxoma (sis′to-mik-so′ma)

A myxoma in which cysts or cystlike foci have formed.

cystopanendoscopy
cystopanendoscopy (sis′to-pan-en-dos′ko-pe)

Inspection of the interior of the bladder and urethra by means of specially designed endoscopes introduced in retrograde fashion through the urethra and into the bladder. [cysto- + panendoscope]

cystoparalysis
cystoparalysis (sis-to-pa-ral′i-sis)

SYN: cystoplegia.

cystopexy
cystopexy (sis′to-pek-se)

Surgical attachment of the gallbladder or of the urinary bladder to the abdominal wall or to other supporting structures. SYN: ventrocystorrhaphy. [cysto- + G. pexis, fixation]

cystophotography
cystophotography (sis′to-fo-tog′ra-fe)

Photographing the interior of the bladder.

cystoplasty
cystoplasty (sis′to-plas-te)

Any reconstructive operation on the urinary bladder. Cf.:ileocystoplasty, colocystoplasty. [cysto- + G. plastos, formed]

cystoplegia
cystoplegia (sis-to-ple′je-a)

Paralysis of the bladder. SYN: cystoparalysis. [cysto- + G. plege, a stroke]

cystoprostatectomy
cystoprostatectomy (sis′to-pros-ta-tek′to-me)

Surgical removal of bladder, prostate, and seminal vesicles simultaneously.

cystopyelitis
cystopyelitis (sis′to-pi-el-i′tis)

Inflammation of both the bladder and the pelvis of the kidney. [cysto- + G. pyelos, trough (pelvis), + -itis, inflammation]

cystopyelonephritis
cystopyelonephritis (sis-to-pi′el-o-nef-ri′tis)

Inflammation of the bladder, the pelvis of the kidney, and the kidney parenchyma. [cysto- + G. pyelos, trough (pelvis), + nephros, kidney, + -itis, inflammation]

cystorrhaphy
cystorrhaphy (sis-tor′a-fe)

Suture of a wound or defect in the urinary bladder. [cysto- + G. rhaphe, a sewing]

cystorrhea
cystorrhea (sis′to-re-a)

A mucous discharge from the bladder. [cysto- + G. rhoia, a flow]

cystosarcoma
cystosarcoma (sis′to-sar-ko′ma)

A sarcoma in which the formation of cysts or cystlike foci has occurred.
c. phyllodes a circumscribed or infiltrating fibroadenomatous tumor that may be partly cystic, of the breast, prostate, or other organs and either benign or malignant; the stroma is cellular and resembles a fibrosarcoma.

cystoscope
cystoscope (sis′to-skop)

A lighted tubular endoscope for examining the interior of the bladder. [cysto- + G. skopeo, to examine]

cystoscopy
cystoscopy (sis-tos′ko-pe)

The inspection of the interior of the bladder by means of a cystoscope.

cystospasm
cystospasm (sis′to-spazm)

Bladder spasm; unintentional, painful contraction of the bladder, often without micturition.

cystostomy
cystostomy (sis-tos′to-me)

Creation of an opening into the urinary bladder. SYN: vesicostomy. [cysto- + G. stoma, mouth]

cystotome
cystotome (sis′to-tom)

1. An instrument for incising the urinary bladder or gallbladder. 2. A surgical instrument used for incising the capsule of a lens. SYN: capsulotome.

cystotomy
cystotomy (sis-tot′o-me)

Incision or puncture into urinary bladder or gallbladder. SYN: vesicotomy. [cysto- + G. tome, incision]
suprapubic c. opening into the bladder through an incision or puncture above the symphysis pubis.

cystoureteritis
cystoureteritis (sis′to-u-re-ter-i′tis)

Inflammation of the bladder and of one or both ureters.

cystoureterogram
cystoureterogram (sis′to-u-re′ter-o-gram)

Radiographic demonstration of the bladder and ureters.

cystoureterography
cystoureterography (sis′to-oo-re′ter-og′ra-fe)

Radiography of the bladder and ureters.

cystourethritis
cystourethritis (sis′to-u-re-thri′tis)

Inflammation of the bladder and of the urethra.

cystourethrocele
cystourethrocele (sis′to-u-re′thro-sel)

Hernia of the urinary bladder and urethra. [cysto- + urethra + G. kele, hernia]

cystourethrogram
cystourethrogram (sis-to-u-reth′ro-gram)

SYN: voiding c..
micturating c. SYN: voiding c..
retrograde c. a c. performed by injection of contrast via urethral meatus or distal urethra.
voiding c. (VCUG) an x-ray image made during voiding and with the bladder and urethra filled with contrast medium to demonstrate the urethra. SYN: c., micturating c., voiding cystogram.

cystourethrography
cystourethrography (sis′to-u′re-throg′ra-fe)

Radiography of the bladder and urethra during voiding, following filling of the bladder with a radiopaque contrast medium either by intravenous injection or retrograde catheterization.

cystourethroscope
cystourethroscope (sis-to-u-re′thro-skop)

An instrument combining the uses of a cystoscope and a urethroscope, whereby both the bladder and urethra can be visually inspected.

Cystoviridae
Cystoviridae (sis′to-vir′i-de)

Provisional name for a family of monotypic bacterial viruses, the type species of which is phage Φ6. Virions are 86 nm in diameter, isometric, have lipid envelopes, and adsorb to the sides of pili of Pseudomonas species. Capsids are of cubic symmetry, and the genomes are of double-stranded RNA in three pieces (MW 13 × 10⁶). [G. kystis, bladder]

cystyl-aminopeptidase
cystyl-aminopeptidase (sis′til-a-mi-no-pep′ti-das)

Oxytocinase;an enzyme that degrades cystine-containing peptides, such as oxytocin.

Cyt
Cyt

Symbol for cytosine.

cyt- cyt-

See cyto-.

cytapheresis
cytapheresis (si′ta-fe-re′sis)

A procedure in which various cells can be separated from the withdrawn blood and retained, with the plasma and other formed elements retransfused into the donor. [cyt- + G. aphairesis, a withdrawal]

cytarabine
cytarabine (si′tar-a-ben)

SYN: arabinosylcytosine.

cytase
cytase (si′tas)

An obsolete term, coined by Metchnikoff, for alexin or complement, which he held to be a digestive secretion of the leukocyte.

-cyte -cyte

Suffix meaning cell. [G. kytos, a hollow (cell)]

cytidine
cytidine (C, Cyd) (si′ti-den)

A major component of ribonucleic acids. SYN: 1-β-d-ribofuranosylcytosine, cytosine ribonucleoside.
c. diphosphate choline SYN: c. diphosphocholine.
c. phosphate cytidylic acid.

cytidine 5′-diphosphate
cytidine 5′-diphosphate (CDP)

An ester, at the 5′ position, between cytidine and diphosphoric acid.

cytidine diphosphocholine
cytidine diphosphocholine (CDP-choline) (si′ti-den-di′fos-fo-ko′len)

An intermediate in the formation of phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) and sphingomyelins; formed by the action of cytidine 5′-triphosphate on phosphocholine, linking the choline phosphate group to the α-phosphate of the cytidine 5′-triphosphate to give a pyrophosphate. SYN: activated choline, cytidine diphosphate choline.

cytidine diphosphoglyceride
cytidine diphosphoglyceride (CDP-glyceride) (si′ti-den di′fos-fo-gli′cer-id)

An intermediate in the formation of phospholipids ( e.g., cardiolipin) formed by the action on CTP and 1,2-diacylglycerols by a cytidyl transferase, releasing CDP-glyceride and pyrophosphate.

cytidine diphosphosugar
cytidine diphosphosugar (CDP-sugar)

An activated form of a sugar.

cytidine 5′-triphosphate
cytidine 5′-triphosphate (CTP)

An ester, at the 5′ position, between cytidine and triphosphoric acid.

cytidylic acid
cytidylic acid (si-ti-dil′ik)

Cytidine monophosphate (five are possible, depending on the site of attachment of the phosphate to the ribosyl OH's); a constituent of ribonucleic acids.

cytisine
cytisine (sit′i-sin)

A toxic selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist; an alkaloid from the seed of Laburnum anagyroides and other Leguminosae. Used in pharmacological studies of nicotinic cholinergic receptors in the brain. SYN: baptitoxine.

cyto- cyto-, cyt-

A cell. [G. kytos, a hollow (cell)]

cytoanalyzer
cytoanalyzer (si-to-an′a-li-zer)

An electronic optical machine that screens smears containing cells suspected of malignancy. [cyto- + analyzer]

cytoarchitectonics
cytoarchitectonics (si′to-ar-ki-tek-ton′iks)

SYN: cytoarchitecture. [cyto- + G. architektonike, architectural]

cytoarchitectural
cytoarchitectural (si-to-ar-ki-tek′chur-al)

Pertaining to cytoarchitecture.

cytoarchitecture
cytoarchitecture (si′to-ar′ki-tek-chur)

The arrangement of cells in a tissue; e.g., the arrangement of nerve-cell bodies in the brain, especially the cerebral cortex. SYN: architectonics, cytoarchitectonics.

cytobiology
cytobiology (si′to-bi-ol′o-je)

SYN: cytology.

cytobiotaxis
cytobiotaxis (si′to-bi-o-tak′sis)

SYN: cytoclesis. [cyto- + G. bios, life, + taxis, arrangement]

cytocentrum
cytocentrum (si-to-sen′trum)

A zone of cytoplasm containing one or two centrioles but devoid of other organelles; usually located near the nucleus of a cell. SYN: cell center, central body, centrosome, cinocentrum, kinocentrum, microcentrum. [cyto- + G. kentron, center]

cytochalasins
cytochalasins (si-to-kal′a-zinz)

A group of substances derived from molds that disaggregate the microfilaments of the cell and interfere with the division of cytoplasm, inhibit cell movement, and cause extrusion of the nucleus; used for investigations in cell biology. [cyto- + G. chalasis, a relaxing]

cytochemistry
cytochemistry (si′to-kem′is-tre)

The study of intracellular distribution of chemicals, reaction sites, enzymes, etc., often by means of staining reactions, radioactive isotope uptake, selective metal distribution in electron microscopy, or other methods. SYN: histochemistry.

cytochrome
cytochrome (si′to-krom)

A class of hemoprotein whose principal biologic function is electron and/or hydrogen transport by virtue of a reversible valency change of the heme iron. Cytochromes are classified in four groups (a, b, c, and d) according to spectrochemical characteristics; many variants exist, particularly among bacteria and in green plants and algae, one being a variant of the c type c. called c. f. The mitochondrial system of cytochromes provides electron transport through c. c oxidase to molecular oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor (respiration). [cyto- + G. chroma, color]

cytochrome aa3
cytochrome aa₃

SYN: cytochrome c oxidase.

cytochrome b
cytochrome b

A cytochrome of the respiratory chain. A deficiency of this cytochrome leads to chronic granulomatous disease.

cytochrome b5
cytochrome b₅

A cytochrome in the endoplasmic reticulum that acts with a number of oxygenases; a deficiency of this cytochrome results in a form of hereditary methemoglobinemia.

cytochrome b5 reductase
cytochrome b₅ reductase

A flavoenzyme catalyzing the reduction of 2ferricytochrome b₅ to 2ferrocytochrome b₅ at the expense of NADH; has a role in fatty acid desaturation; a deficiency can lead to hereditary methemoglobinemia (type I, only observed in erythrocyte cytosol; type II, deficiency in all tissues; type III, deficiency in all hematopoetic cells).

cytochrome c
cytochrome c

The mobile cytochrome that transports electrons from Complex III to Complex IV of the respiratory chain.

cytochrome cd
cytochrome cd

SYN: cytochrome oxidase (Pseudomonas).

cytochrome c3 hydrogenase
cytochrome c₃ hydrogenase

A hydrogenase enzyme catalyzing reduction of 2ferricytochrome c₃ by H₂ to 2ferrocytochrome c₃ and 2H⁺.

cytochrome c oxidase
cytochrome c oxidase

A cytochrome of the a type, containing copper, that catalyzes the oxidation of 4ferrocytochrome c by molecular oxygen to 4ferricytochrome c and 2H₂O. A part of Complex IV of the respiratory chain. A deficiency of one or more of the polypeptides of this complex results in neuronal loss in brain leading to psychomotor retardation and neurodegenerative disease. SYN: cytochrome aa₃, indophenol oxidase, indophenolase.

cytochrome c reductase
cytochrome c reductase

SYN: NADH dehydrogenase.

cytochrome c2 reductase
cytochrome c₂ reductase

SYN: NADPH-cytochrome c₂ reductase.

cytochrome oxidase (Pseudomonas)
cytochrome oxidase (Pseudomonas)

An enzyme with action identical to that of cytochrome c oxidase, but acting on ferrocytochrome c₂. SYN: cytochrome cd.

cytochrome P-450SCC
cytochrome P-450_SCC

Cholesterol monooxygenase (side chain cleaving). [450 nm, the absorption maximum that the reduced cytochrome complexed with carbon monoxide exhibits]

cytochrome peroxidase
cytochrome peroxidase

A hemoprotein enzyme catalyzing the reaction between H₂O₂ and 2ferrocytochrome c to yield 2ferricytochrome c and 2H₂O.

cytochrome reductase
cytochrome reductase

SYN: NADPH-ferrihemoprotein reductase.

cytochylema
cytochylema (si′to-ki-le′ma)

The more fluid portion of the cytoplasm. [cyto- + G. chylos, juice]

cytocidal
cytocidal (si-to-si′dal)

Causing the death of cells. [cyto- + L. caedo, to kill]

cytocide
cytocide (si′to-sid)

An agent that is destructive to cells. [cyto- + L. caedo, to kill]

cytoclasis
cytoclasis (si-tok′la-sis)

Fragmentation of cells. [cyto- + G. klasis, a breaking]

cytoclastic
cytoclastic (si-to-klas′tik)

Relating to cytoclasis.

cytoclesis
cytoclesis (si-to-kle′sis)

The influence of one cell on another. SYN: biotaxis (2) , cytobiotaxis. [cyto- + G. klesis, a call]

cytocuprein
cytocuprein (si-to-koo′pre-in)

Former terms for copper-containing proteins found in human erythrocytes and other tissues. See superoxide dismutase, ceruloplasmin. SYN: cerebrocuprein, erythrocuprein, hemocuprein, hepatocuprein.

cytocyst
cytocyst (si′to-sist)

Rarely used term for the bladderlike remains of the red blood cell or tissue cell that encloses a mature schizont. [cyto- + G. kystis, bladder]

cytodiagnosis
cytodiagnosis (si′to-di-ag-no′sis)

Diagnosis of the type and, when feasible, the cause of a pathologic process by means of microscopic study of cells in an exudate or other form of body fluid.

cytodieresis
cytodieresis (si′to-di-er′e-sis)

SYN: cytokinesis. [cyto- + G. diairesis, division]

cytogene
cytogene (si′to-jen)

SYN: plasmagene.

cytogenesis
cytogenesis (si-to-jen′e-sis)

The origin and development of cells. [cyto- + G. genesis, origin]

cytogeneticist
cytogeneticist (si′to-je-net′i-sist)

A specialist in cytogenetics.

cytogenetics cytogenetics (si′to-je-net′iks)

The branch of genetics concerned with the structure and function of the cell, especially the chromosomes.C. arose as a fusion of 19th century cytology and 20th century genetics, which came into being in 1903 with the articulation of the chromosome theory of inheritance. The developing field concerned itself with detailing the behavior of chromosomes and their functional subunits, the genes, during reproduction, and with relating that behavior statistically to characteristics of the resulting cells or animals. Modern molecular c. involves the microscopic study of chromosomes that have been fixed in mitosis and stained with various agents to delineate characteristic bands. DNA probes can be applied to locate specific gene sequences. Karyotyping is the arrangement of photographs of stained chromosomes in a standard format. Cytogenetic techniques are used to test for inborn errors of metabolism and genomic aberrations such as Down syndrome and to determine sex in cases where anatomy is inconclusive.

cytogenic
cytogenic (si-to-jen′ik)

Relating to cytogenesis.

cytogenous
cytogenous (si-toj′e-nus)

Cell-forming.

cytoglucopenia
cytoglucopenia (si′to-gloo-ko-pe′ne-a)

An intracellular deficiency of glucose. [cyto- + glucose + G. penia, poverty]

cytoid
cytoid (si′toyd)

Resembling a cell. [cyto- + G. eidos, resemblance]

cytokeratin
cytokeratin (si-to-ker-a-tinz)

SYN: keratin.

cytokine
cytokine (si′to-kin)

Any of numerous hormonelike, low-molecular-weight proteins, secreted by various cell types, that regulate the intensity and duration of immune response and mediate cell-cell communication. See interferon, interleukin, lymphokine, chemokines. See entries under various growth factors. SEE ALSO: interferon, interleukin, lymphokine. [cyto- + G. kinesis, movement] Cytokines are produced by macrophages, B and T lymphocytes, mast cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and stromal cells of the spleen, thymus, and bone marrow. They are involved in mediating immunity and allergy and in regulating the maturation, growth, and responsiveness of particular cell populations, sometimes including the cells that produce them (autocrine activity). A given c. may be produced by more than one type of cell. Some cytokines enhance or inhibit the action of other cytokines. The first cytokines to be identified were named according to their functions (e.g., T cell growth factor), but this nomenclature became awkward because several cytokines can have the same function, and the function of a c. can vary with the circumstances of its elaboration. Later, as the chemical structure of each c. was determined, it was designated an interleukin and assigned a number (e.g., interleukin-2 [IL-2], formerly T cell growth factor). Cytokines have been implicated in the generation and recall of long-term memory and the focusing of attention. Some of the degenerative effects of aging may be due to a progressive loss of regulatory capacity by cytokines. Because cytokines derived from the immune system (immunokines) are cytotoxic, they have been used against certain types of cancer.
c. network a group of cytokines which together modulate and regulate key cellular functions.

cytokinesis
cytokinesis (si′to-ki-ne′sis)

Changes occurring in the cytoplasm of the cell outside the nucleus during cell division. SYN: cytodieresis. [cyto- + G. kinesis, movement]

cytolemma
cytolemma (si-to-lem′ma)

SYN: cell membrane. [cyto- + G. lemma, husk]

cytolipin
cytolipin (si-to-lip′in)

A glycosphingolipid, specifically a ceramide oligosaccharide; c. H, a lactosylceramide, may display immunological properties under certain conditions; c. K is probably identical with globoside. Cf.:ceramide lactosidase.

cytologic
cytologic (si-to-loj′ik)

Relating to cytology.

cytologist
cytologist (si-tol′o-jist)

One who specializes in cytology.

cytology
cytology (si-tol′o-je)

The study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell. SYN: cellular biology, cytobiology. [cyto- + G. logos, study]
exfoliative c. the examination, for diagnostic purposes, of cells denuded from a neoplasm (or other type of lesion) and recovered from the sediment of the exudate, secretions, or washings from the tissue ( e.g., sputum, vaginal secretion, gastric washings, urine). SYN: cytopathology (2) .

cytolysin
cytolysin (si-tol′i-sin)

A substance i.e., an antibody that effects partial or complete destruction of an animal cell; may require complement. SEE ALSO: perforin.

cytolysis
cytolysis (si-tol′i-sis)

The dissolution of a cell. [cyto- + G. lysis, loosening]

cytolysosome
cytolysosome (si-to-li′so-som)

A variety of secondary lysosome that contains the remnants of mitochondria, ribosomes, or other organelles. SYN: autophagic vacuole.

cytolytic
cytolytic (si-to-lit′ik)

Pertaining to cytolysis; possessing a solvent or destructive action on cells.

cytomatrix
cytomatrix (si-to-ma′triks)

SYN: cytoplasmic matrix.

cytomegalic
cytomegalic (si-to-meg′a-lik)

Denoting or characterized by markedly enlarged cells. [cyto- + G. megas, big]

Cytomegalovirus
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) (si-to-meg′a-lo-vi′rus)

A group of viruses in the family Herpesviridae infecting humans and other animals, many of the viruses having special affinity for salivary glands, and causing enlargement of cells of various organs and development of characteristic inclusions (owl eye) in the cytoplasm or nucleus. Infection of embryo in utero may result in malformation and fetal death. They are all species-specific and include salivary virus, inclusion body rhinitis virus of pigs, and others. SYN: visceral disease virus. [cyto- + G. megas, big]

cytomembrane
cytomembrane (si-to-mem′bran)

SYN: cell membrane.

cytomere
cytomere (si′to-mer)

The structure separating the portions of the contents of a large schizont in the course of schizogony, as in some of the sporozoans undergoing exoerythrocytic asexual division. Cytomeres are caused by complex invaginations of the surface of the schizont, which isolates them; ultimately, cytomeres complete the budding process in the formation of large numbers of merozoites. [cyto- + G. meros, part]

cytometer
cytometer (si-tom′e-ter)

A standardized, usually ruled glass slide or small glass chamber of known volume, used in counting and measuring cells, especially blood cells. [cyto- + G. metron, measure]
image c. apparatus for measuring various qualitative tests, such as antibody density.

cytometry
cytometry (si-tom′e-tre)

The counting of cells, especially blood cells, using a cytometer or hemocytometer.
Feulgen c. a form of c. using Feulgen-stained nuclei to characterize the chromatin pattern and nuclear distribution of DNA of cells.
flow c. a method of measuring fluorescence from stained cells that are in suspension and flowing through a narrow orifice, usually in combination with one or two lasers to activate the dyes; used to measure cell size, number, viability, and nucleic acid content with the aid of acridine orange, Kasten fluorescent Feulgen stain, ethidium bromide, trypan blue, and other selected staining reagents. SYN: flow cytophotometry.

cytomicrosome
cytomicrosome (si-to-mi′kro-som)

See microsome. [cyto- + G. mikros, small, + soma, body]

cytomorphology
cytomorphology (si′to-mor-fol′o-je)

The study of the structure of cells.

cytomorphosis
cytomorphosis (si′to-mor-fo′sis)

Changes that the cell undergoes during the various stages of its existence. SEE ALSO: prosoplasia. [cyto- + G. morphosis, a shaping]

cytopathic
cytopathic (si-to-path′ik)

Pertaining to or exhibiting cytopathy.

cytopathogenic
cytopathogenic (si′to-path-o-jen′ik)

Pertaining to an agent or substance that causes a diseased condition in cells, in contrast to histologic changes; used especially with reference to effects observed in cells in tissue cultures.

cytopathologic
cytopathologic, cytopathological (si′to-pa-tho-loj′ik, -loj′i-kal)

1. Denoting cellular changes in disease. 2. Relating to cytopathology.

cytopathologist
cytopathologist (si′to-pa-thol′o-jist)

A physician, usually skilled in anatomical pathology, who is specially trained and experienced in cytopathology.

cytopathology
cytopathology (si′to-pa-thol′o-je)

1. The study of disease changes within individual cells or cell types. 2. SYN: exfoliative cytology.

cytopathy
cytopathy (si-top′a-the)

Any disorder of a cell or anomaly of any of its constituents. [cyto- + G. pathos, disease]

cytopempsis
cytopempsis (si-to-pemp′sis)

SYN: transcytosis. [cyto- + G. pempis, sending through]

cytopenia
cytopenia (si-to-pe′ne-a)

A reduction, i.e., hypocytosis, or a lack of cellular elements in the circulating blood. [cyto- + G. penia, poverty]

cytophagy
cytophagy (si-tof′a-je)

Devouring of other cells by phagocytes. [cyto- + G. phago, to devour]

cytophanere
cytophanere (si′to-fa-ner)

A radial spine seen in certain cysts of Sarcocystis, as in rabbit and sheep tissue cysts. [cyto- + G. phaneros, visible, evident, open]

cytopharynx
cytopharynx (si′to-far′inks)

An organelle in certain flagellates and ciliates that serves as a gullet through which food material passes from the cytostome to the cell interior; food passed is collected in food vacuoles, into which digestive enzymes are secreted.

cytophilic
cytophilic (si-to-fil′ik)

SYN: cytotropic. [cyto- + G. philos, fond]

cytophotometry
cytophotometry (si′to-fo-tom′e-tre)

A method of measuring the absorption of monochromatic light by stained microscopic structures ( e.g., chromosomes, nuclei, whole cells) with the aid of a photoelectric cell; also used to measure emitted light from such objects by fluorescence in combination with selected fluorochrome dyes. [cyto- + G. phos, light + metron, measure]
flow c. SYN: flow cytometry.

cytophylactic
cytophylactic (si′to-fi-lak′tik)

Relating to cytophylaxis.

cytophylaxis
cytophylaxis (si′to-fi-lak′sis)

Protection of cells against lytic agents. [cyto- + G. phylaxis, a guarding]

cytophyletic
cytophyletic (si′to-fi-let′ik)

Relating to the genealogy of a cell. [cyto- + G. phyle, a tribe]

cytopipette
cytopipette (si′to-pi-pet′)

A slightly curved, blunt end pipette usually made of glass and fitted with a rubber bulb to provide gentle negative pressure for the collection of vaginal secretions for cytological examination.

cytoplasm
cytoplasm (si′to-plazm)

The substance of a cell, exclusive of the nucleus, which contains various organelles and inclusions within a colloidal protoplasm. SEE ALSO: protoplasm, hyaloplasm, cytosol. [cyto- + G. plasma, thing formed]
ground-glass c. uniform finely granular eosinophilic c. seen in hepatocytes in carriers of hepatitis B virus, and also in epidermal cells in keratoacanthoma.

cytoplasmic
cytoplasmic (si-to-plaz′mik)

Relating to the cytoplasm.

cytoplasmon
cytoplasmon (si-to-plaz′mon)

The total extranuclear genetic information of a eukaryotic cell excluding that of mitochondria and plastids.

cytoplast
cytoplast (si′to-plast)

The living intact cytoplasm that remains following cell enucleation. [cyto- + G. plastos, formed]

cytopoiesis
cytopoiesis (si-to-poy-e′sis)

Formation of cells. [cyto- + G. poiesis, a making]

cytopreparation
cytopreparation (si′to-prep-a-ra′shun)

Laboratory preparation of a cellular specimen for cytologic examination.

cytopyge
cytopyge (si-to-pi′je)

The anal orifice (cell “anus”) found in certain structurally complex protozoa, such as the rumen-dwelling ciliates of herbivores, through which waste matter is ejected. [cyto- + G. pyge, buttocks]

cytoryctes
cytoryctes, cytorrhyctes (si-to-rik′tez)

Obsolete term for inclusion bodies, under body. [cyto- + G. oryktes, a digger]

cytoscreener
cytoscreener (si′to-skren′er)

SYN: cytotechnologist.

cytosides
cytosides (si′to-sidz)

Ceramide disaccharides. See glycosphingolipid.

cytosine
cytosine (Cyt) (si′to-sen)

a pyrimidine found in nucleic acids.
c. arabinoside (CA, AraC) 1. a synthetic nucleoside used as an antimetabolite in the treatment of neoplasms; 2. incorrect term for arabinosylcytosine.
c. ribonucleoside SYN: cytidine.

cytosis
cytosis (si-to′sis)

1. A condition in which there is more than the usual number of cells, as in the c. of spinal fluid in acute leptomeningitis. 2. Frequently used with a prefixed combining form as a means of describing certain features pertaining to cells; e.g., isocytosis, equality in size; polycytosis, abnormal increase in number. [cyto- + G. -osis, condition]

cytoskeleton
cytoskeleton (si-to-skel′e-ton)

The tonofilaments, keratin, desmin, neurofilaments, or other intermediate filaments serving to act as supportive cytoplasmic elements to stiffen cells or to organize intracellular organelles.

cytosmear
cytosmear (si′to-smer)

SYN: cytologic smear.

cytosol
cytosol (si′to-sol)

Cytoplasm exclusive of the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and other membranous components. [cyto- + “sol,” abbrev. of soluble]

cytosolic
cytosolic (si-to-sol′ik)

Relating to or contained in the cytosol.

cytosome
cytosome (si′to-som)

1. The cell body exclusive of the nucleus. 2. Distinctive granule found in great alveolar (type II) cells of the lung that releases pulmonary surfactant on the alveolar surfaces. SYN: multilamellar body. [cyto- + G. soma, body]

cytostasis
cytostasis (si-tos′ta-sis)

The slowing of movement and accumulation of blood cells, especially polymorphonuclear leukocytes, in the capillaries, as in a region of inflammation; obstruction of a capillary as the result of accumulated leukocytes. [cyto- + G. stasis, standing]

cytostatic
cytostatic (si-to-stat′ik)

Characterized by cytostasis.

cytostome
cytostome (si′to-stom)

The cell “mouth” of certain complex protozoa, usually with a short gullet or cytopharynx leading food into the organism, where it is collected into food vacuoles, then circulated inside the body, eventually to be excreted through the cytopyge. [cyto- + G. stoma, mouth]

cytotactic
cytotactic (si-to-tak′tik)

Relating to cytotaxis.

cytotaxis
cytotaxis, cytotaxia (si-to-tak′sis, -tak′se-a)

The attraction (positive c.) or repulsion (negative c.) of cells for one another. [cyto- + G. taxis, arrangement]

cytotechnologist
cytotechnologist (si′to-tek-nol′o-jist)

A person with special training in cytopathology who is responsible for screening Pap smears and determining which are negative and which require further review by a pathologist. SEE ALSO: Pap smear, Pap test. SYN: cytoscreener.

cytothesis
cytothesis (si-toth′e-sis)

The repair of injury in a cell; the restoration of cells. [cyto- + G. thesis, a placing]

cytotoxic
cytotoxic (si-to-tok′sik)

Detrimental or destructive to cells.

cytotoxicity
cytotoxicity (si′to-tok-sis′i-te)

The quality or state of being cytotoxic.
antibody-dependent cell-mediated c. (ADCC) a form of cell-mediated c. that functions by binding of the FC region of IgG antibodies to Fc receptors on leukocytes. The FAB region of the antibody binds to the target cell. Killing of the target cell may be through various modalities, e.g., perforin, reactive oxygen intermediates, cytokines.
lymphocyte-mediated c. the toxic or lytic activity of lymphocytes, which may or may not be mediated by antibodies. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes may cause lysis of cells by production of cytolytic proteins such as perforin. B cells may cause lysis of cells by antibody-complement binding to a target cell. Natural killer cells are cytotoxic without prior sensitization. SEE ALSO: antibody-dependent cell-mediated c..

cytotoxin
cytotoxin (si′to-tok′sin)

A specific substance, which may or may not be antibody, that inhibits or prevents the functions of cells, causes destruction of cells, or both. SEE ALSO: perforin. [cyto- + G. toxikon, poison]
vero c. a cell c. produced by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli that appears to contribute to the occurrence of hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. SYN: Shigalike toxin.

cytotrophoblast
cytotrophoblast (si-to-trof′o-blast)

The inner layer of the trophoblast. SYN: Langhans layer.

cytotropic
cytotropic (si-to-trop′ik)

Having an affinity for cells. SYN: cytophilic.

cytotropism
cytotropism (si-tot′ro-pizm)

1. Affinity for cells. 2. Affinity for specific cells, especially the ability of viruses to localize in and damage specific cells. [cyto- + G. tropos, a turning]

cytozoic
cytozoic (si-to-zo′ik)

Living in a cell; denoting certain parasitic protozoa.

cytozoon
cytozoon (si-to-zo′on)

A protozoan cell or organism. [cyto- + G. zoon, animal]

cyturia
cyturia (si-too′re-a)

The passage of cells in unusual numbers in the urine. [G. kytos, cell, + ouron, urine]

Czapek
Czapek

Friedrich J.F., Czechoslovakian botanist, 1868–1921. See C. solution agar, C.-Dox medium.

CZE
CZE

Abbreviation for capillary zone electrophoresis.

Czerny
Czerny

Vincenz, German surgeon, 1842–1916. See C. suture, C.-Lembert suture.

11-cis-retinal
11-cis-retinal

The isomer of retinaldehyde that can combine with opsin to form rhodopsin; it is formed from 11-trans-retinal by retinal isomerase. SYN: neoretinal b.

11-cis-retinol
11-cis-retinol

Retinol with cis configuration at the 11-position (carotenoid numbering) or 5′-position (retinol numbering) of the side chain; an intermediate in the vision cycle. SYN: neoretinene B.