epi-coprostanol

epi-coprostanol

5β-Cholestan-3α-ol. For the structure of cholestane, see steroids. SYN: e.coprosterol.

epi-coprosterol
epi-coprosterol

SYN: e.coprostanol.

ε
ε

1. Fifth letter of the Greek alphabet, epsilon. 2. Symbol for molar absorption coefficient or extinction coefficient. For terms beginning with this prefix, see the specific term. 3. In chemistry, denotes a position of a substituent located on the fifth atom from the carboxyl or other primary functional group. For terms beginning with this prefix, see the specific term.

E
E

1. Symbol for exa-; extraction ratio; glutamic acid; energy; electromotive force; glutamyl; internal energy. 2. As a subscript, refers to expired gas; obsolete symbol for einsteinium.

E0+
E₀⁺, E⁰, E_h

Symbols for oxidation-reduction potential.

E2
E₂

Symbol for estradiol.

E1
E₁

Symbol for estrone.

E
E

Abbreviation for entgegen.

Ea
E_a

Abbreviation for energy of activation.

e
e

Symbol for elementary charge; base of natural, or Napierian, logarithms (2.71828...). It is the limit of 1 + (1/n!).

EAE
EAE

Abbreviation for experimental allergic encephalitis.

Eagle
Eagle

Harry, U.S. physician and cell biologist, 1905–1992. See E. basal medium, E. minimum essential medium.

Eagle
Eagle

Watt W., 20th century U.S. otolaryngologist.

Eales
Eales

Henry, English ophthalmologist, 1852–1913. See E. disease.

ear
ear (er) [TA]

The organ of hearing: composed of the external e., which includes the auricle and the external acoustic, or auditory, meatus; the middle e., or the tympanic cavity with its ossicles; and the internal e. or inner e., or labyrinth, which includes the semicircular canals, vestibule, and cochlea. SEE ALSO: auricle. SYN: auris [TA] . [A.S. eáre]
Aztec e. an auricle with the lobule absent.
bat e. SYN: lop-e..
bladder e. protrusion of a portion of the bladder into proximal inguinal canal; often seen in pediatric VCUGs and rarely of clinical significance.
Blainville ears asymmetry in size or shape of the auricles.
boxer's e. SYN: cauliflower e..
Cagot e. (ka-go′) an auricle having no lobulus. [a people in the Pyrenees among whom physical stigmata are common]
cauliflower e. thickening and induration of the e. with distortion of contours following extravasation of blood within its tissues. SYN: boxer's e..
darwinian e. an auricle in which the upper border is not rolled over to form the helix, but projects upward as a flat, sharp edge.
dog e. redundant corner of skin, usually the result of mismatch of skin edges in a wound closure, leaving an excessive hump or triangular bit of tissue.
external e. SYN: auris externa. SEE ALSO: auricle, external acoustic meatus, pinna.
glue e. middle e. inflammation with thick mucoid effusion caused by long-standing eustachian tube obstruction.
internal e. SYN: auris interna. SEE ALSO: labyrinth.
lop e. SYN: outstanding e.. See lop-e..
middle e. SYN: auris media. SEE ALSO: tympanic cavity.
Morel e. a large, misshapen, outstanding auricle, with obliterated grooves and thinned edges.
Mozart e. a deformity of the pinna where the two crura of the antihelix and the crus of the helix are fused, giving a bulging appearance of the superior part of the pinna. [Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, 1756–1791, composer, said to have had this deformity]
outstanding e. excessive protrusion of the e. from the head, usually due to failure of the antihelical fold to develop. SYN: lop e., protruding e..
protruding e. SYN: outstanding e..
scroll e. a deformity of the external e. in which the pinna is rolled forward.
Stahl e. a deformed external e., in which the fossa ovalis and upper portion of the scaphoid fossa are covered by the helix; once regarded as a stigma of degenerate constitution.
swimmer's e. SYN: otitis externa.
telephone e. noise-induced hearing loss due to exposure to static over telephones.
Wildermuth e. an e. in which the helix is turned backward and the anthelix is prominent.

earache
earache (er′ak)

Pain in the ear. SYN: otalgia, otodynia.

eardrum
eardrum (er′drum)

The middle ear. Cf.:tympanic membrane. SYN: tympanum.

Earle
Earle

Wilton R., U.S. pathologist, 1902–1964. See E. L fibrosarcoma, E. solution.

earpiece
earpiece (erpes)

A part of a device inserted into the external auditory canal to deliver sound to the ear.

earplug
earplug (er′plug)

Generic term for occlusive devices for the external auditory canal for protection of hearing against noise-induced hearing loss or to prevent water from getting into the ear. SEE ALSO: hearing protectors, under protector.

earth
earth (erth)

1. Soil; the soft material of the land, as opposed to rock and sand. 2. An easily pulverized mineral. 3. An insoluble oxide of aluminum or of certain other elements characterized by a high melting point. [A.S. eorthe]
alkaline earths alkaline e. elements, under element.
diatomaceous e. a powder made of desiccated diatom material; used as a filtering agent, adsorbent, and abrasive in many chemical operations.
fuller's e. 1. an amorphous variety of kaolin of varying composition, containing an aluminum magnesium silicate. The name is derived from an ancient process of cleansing or &dquor;fulling&dquor; wool to remove the oil and dirt particles with a water slurry of e. or clay. 2. a refined clay sometimes used as a dusting powder or applied moistened with water as a form of poultice. Currently refers to any clay that can be used for the purpose of decolorizing in oil refining. Used as decolorizer for oils and other liquids, filtering medium, filler for rubber, and in agricultural formulations. [fr. fulling, an old process of cleaning wool, with e. or clay]
rare earths lanthanides.

earwax
earwax (er′waks)

SYN: cerumen.

eat
eat (et)

1. To take solid food. 2. To chew and swallow any substance as one would food. 3. To corrode. [A.S. etan]

Eaton
Eaton

Lee M., U.S. neurologist, 1905–1958. See E.-Lambert syndrome.

Eaton
Eaton

Monroe A., U.S. microbiologist, *1904. See E. agent.

E.B.
E.B., EB

Abbreviation for elementary bodies (1) , under body.

Ebbinghaus
Ebbinghaus

Hermann, German, 1850–1909. See E. test.

Eberth
Eberth

Karl J., German physician, 1835–1926. See E. bacillus, E. lines, under line, E. perithelium.

Ebner
Ebner

Victor von. See von E..

ebonation
ebonation (e-bo-na′shun)

Removal of loose fragments of bone from a wound. [L.]

ébranlement
ébranlement (a-brahn-la-mon′)

Twisting a polyp on its stalk to cause atrophy. [Fr.]

Ebstein
Ebstein

Wilhelm, German physician, 1836–1912. See E. anomaly, E. disease, E. sign, Armanni-E. change, Armanni-E. kidney, Pel-E. disease, Pel-E. fever.

EBT
EBT

Abbreviation for electron beam tomography.

ebullism
ebullism (eb′u-lizm)

Formation of water vapor bubbles in the tissues brought on by an extreme reduction in barometric pressure; occurs if the body is exposed to pressures above an altitude of 63,000 feet, or if a diver rises rapidly from a great depth to the surface. [L. ebullire, to boil out]

ebur
ebur (e′bur)

A tissue resembling ivory in outward appearance or structure. [L. ivory]
e. dentis SYN: dentine.

eburnation
eburnation (e-bur-na′shun)

A change in exposed subchondral bone in degenerative joint disease in which it is converted into a dense substance with a smooth surface like ivory. SYN: bone sclerosis. [L. eburneus, of ivory]
e. of dentin a condition observed in arrested dental caries wherein decalcified dentin is burnished and takes on a polished, often brown-stained appearance.

eburneous
eburneous (e-bur′ne-us)

Resembling ivory, especially in color.

eburnitis
eburnitis (e-bur-ni′tis)

Increased density and hardness of dentin, which may occur after the dentin is exposed. [L. eburneus, of ivory, + G. -itis, inflammation]

EBV
EBV

Abbreviation for Epstein-Barr virus.

EC
EC

Abbreviation for Enzyme Commission of the International Union of Biochemistry, used in conjunction with a unique number to define a specific enzyme in the Enzyme Commission's list [Enzyme Nomenclature] (1984); e.g., E. 1.1.1.1 defines an alcohol dehydrogenase and E. 2.6.1.1 defines aspartate aminotransferase, also known as glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (GOT).

ec- ec-

Out of, away from. [G.]

E-cadherin
E-cadherin (e-cad-her′in)

SYN: uvomorulin.

écarteur
écarteur (a-kar-ter′)

A type of retractor. [Fr. écarter, to separate]

ecaudate
ecaudate (e-kaw′dat)

Tailless. [L. e- priv. + cauda, tail]

ecboline
ecboline (ek′bo-len)

SYN: ergotoxine.

eccentric
eccentric (ek-sen′trik)

1. Abnormal or peculiar in ideas or behavior. SYN: erratic (1) . 2. Proceeding from a center. Cf.:centrifugal (2) . 3. SYN: peripheral. [G. ek, out, + kentron, center]

eccentrochondroplasia
eccentrochondroplasia (ek-sen′tro-kon-dro-pla′ze-a)

Abnormal epiphysial development from eccentric centers of ossification. [G. ek, out + kentron, center, + chondros, cartilage, + plasis, a molding]

eccentropiesis
eccentropiesis (ek-sen′tro-pi-e′sis)

Pressure exerted from within outward. [G. ek, out, + kentron, center, + piesis, pressure]

ecchondroma
ecchondroma (ek-kon-dro′ma)

1. A cartilaginous neoplasm arising as an overgrowth from normally situated cartilage, as a mass protruding from the articular surface of a bone, in contrast to enchondroma. 2. An enchondroma which has burst through the shaft of a bone and become pedunculated. SYN: ecchondrosis. [G. ek, from, + chondros, cartilage, + -oma, tumor]

ecchondrosis
ecchondrosis (ek-kon-dro′sis)

SYN: ecchondroma.

ecchordosis physaliphora
ecchordosis physaliphora (ek-kor-do′sis fiz-al-e-for′-me-a)

A notochordal rest of the cranial clivus that may form a small tumor.

ecchymoma
ecchymoma (ek-i-mo′ma)

A slight hematoma following a bruise. [G. ek, out, + chymos, juice, + -oma, tumor]

ecchymosis
ecchymosis (ek-i-mo′sis)

A purplish patch caused by extravasation of blood into the skin, differing from petechiae only in size (larger than 3 mm diameter). [G. ekchymosis, e., fr. ek, out, + chymos, juice]
bilateral medial orbital ecchymoses SYN: raccoon eyes, under eye.
Tardieu ecchymoses subpleural and subpericardial petechiae or ecchymoses (or both), as observed in the tissues of persons who have been strangled, or otherwise asphyxiated. SYN: Tardieu petechiae, Tardieu spots.

ecchymotic
ecchymotic (ek-i-mot′ik)

Relating to an ecchymosis.

Eccleston Eccleston

See Paget-E. stain.

eccrine
eccrine (ek′rin)

1. SYN: exocrine (1) . 2. Denoting the flow of sweat from skin glands unconnected to hair follicles. [G. ek-krino, to secrete]

eccrinology
eccrinology (ek-ri-nol′o-je)

The branch of physiology and of anatomy concerned with the secretions and the secreting (exocrine) glands. [G. ekdrino, to secrete, + logos, study]

eccrisis
eccrisis (ek′ri-sis)

1. The removal of waste products. 2. Any waste product; excrement. [G. separation]

eccritic
eccritic (e-krit′ik)

1. Promoting the expulsion of waste matters. 2. An agent that promotes excretion.

eccyesis
eccyesis (ek-si-e′sis)

SYN: ectopic pregnancy. [G. ek, out, + kyesis, pregnancy]

ecdemic
ecdemic (ek-dem′ik)

Denoting a disease brought into a region from without. [G. ekdemos, foreign, from home, fr. demos, people]

ecdysiasm
ecdysiasm (ek-diz′e-azm)

A morbid tendency to undress to produce sexual desire in others. [fr. G. ekdyo, to remove one's clothes]

ecdysis
ecdysis (ek′di-sis)

Desquamation, sloughing, or molting as a necessary phenomenon to permit growth in arthropods and skin renewal in amphibians and reptiles. [G. ekdysis, shedding]

ecdysist
ecdysist (ek-dis-ist)

A person who engages in ecdysiasm.

ECF
ECF

Abbreviation for extracellular fluid.

ECF-A
ECF-A

Abbreviation for eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis.

ECFV
ECFV

Abbreviation for extracellular fluid volume.

ECG
ECG

Abbreviation for electrocardiogram.

ecgonine
ecgonine (ek′go-nen, -nin)

The important part of the cocaine molecule; a topical anesthetic; basis of many coca alkaloids.
e. benzoate SYN: benzoylecgonine.

Echidnophaga gallinacea
Echidnophaga gallinacea (ek-id-nof′a-ga gal-i-na′se-a)

The sticktight flea, a serious pest of poultry in subtropical America; also frequently attacks domestic mammals and humans.

echin- echin-

See echino-.

echinate
echinate (ek′i-nat)

SYN: echinulate.

echino- echino-, echin-

Prickly, spiny. [G. echinos, hedgehog, sea urchin]

Echinochasmus
Echinochasmus (e-ki-no-kaz′mus)

A genus of digenetic flukes (family Echinostomatidae), particularly common in wading and fish-eating birds; the species E. perfoliatus var. japonicus is reported as a rare intestinal parasite of humans in Japan. [echino- + G. chasma, open mouth]

echinococciasis
echinococciasis (e-ki′no-kok-se′a-sis)

SYN: echinococcosis.

echinococcosis
echinococcosis (e-ki′no-kok-ko′sis)

Infection with Echinococcus; larval infection is called hydatid disease. SYN: echinococciasis, echinococcus disease.

Echinococcus
Echinococcus (e-ki′no-kok′us)

A genus of very small taeniid tapeworms, two to five segments in adult worms; adults are found in various carnivores but not in humans; larvae, in the form of hydatid cysts, are found in the liver and other organs of ruminants, pigs, horses, rodents, and, under certain epidemiologic circumstances, humans ( e.g., sheep herders living closely with their infected dogs). [echino- + G. kokkos, a berry]
E. granulosus hydatid tapeworm, a species in which adults infect canids and the larval form (osseous and unilocular hydatid cysts) infects sheep and other ruminants, pigs, and horses; may also occur in humans, giving rise to a large cyst in the liver or other organs and tissues.
E. multilocularis a north temperate and Arctic species of tapeworm that occurs, in the adult form, in foxes; the larva (alveolar hydatid cyst) is found in the liver of microtine rodents and in humans; it produces a proliferative, often slow-growing cyst in the liver that, in humans, is usually fatal.
E. vogeli a species reported from humid tropical forests of Panama and northern South America causing a polycystic form of human hydatid disease intermediate between cystic and alveolar hydatid disease; the typical cycle involves domestic dogs and wild canids as host of the adult tapeworm, and rodents such as the paca (Cuniculus paca) as the intermediate host for the cystic form.

echinocyte
echinocyte (ek′i-no-sit)

A crenated red blood cell. [echino- + G. kytos, cell]

echinoderm
echinoderm (e-ki′no-derm)

A member of the phylum Echinodermata.

Echinodermata
Echinodermata (e-ki-no-der′ma-ta)

A phylum of Metazoa that includes starfish, sea urchins, sea lilies, and other classes. All but the sea cucumbers (Holothuroidea) are basically radially symmetrical and most possess a calcareous endoskeleton with external spines. They inhabit the sea bottom, some near shore, others in deep water. [echino- + G. derma, skin]

Echinorhynchus
Echinorhynchus (e-ki-no-ring′kus)

A genus of acanthocephalid (thorny-headed) worms which originally included species now contained in Macracanthorhynchus, Gigantorhynchus, and other genera. [echino- + G. rhynchos, snout]

echinosis
echinosis (ek-i-no′sis)

A condition in which the red blood cells have lost their smooth outlines, resembling an echinus or sea urchin. [echino- + G. -osis, condition]

Echinostoma
Echinostoma (e-ki-no-sto′ma, ek-i-nos′to-ma)

A genus of digenetic flukes (family Echinostomatidae) with characteristic oral spines; widely distributed and parasitic in a broad range of bird and mammal hosts; several species have been reported in humans from Southeast Asia. [echino- + G. stoma, mouth]
E. ilocanum a species reported from humans in the Philippines.
E. malayanum a species typically found in the pig, but reported occasionally from humans in Malaysia; infection results from ingestion of snails with infective cysts (metacercariae).

echinostomiasis
echinostomiasis (e-ki′no-sto-mi′a-sis)

Infection of birds and mammals, including humans, with trematodes of the genus Echinostoma.

echinulate
echinulate (e-kin′u-lat)

Prickly or spinous. Covered with small spines. SYN: echinate. [Mod. L. echinulus, dim. of L. echinus, hedgehog]

Echis
Echis (ek′is, e′kis)

The saw-scaled or carpet viper, a genus of small (under 1 m), irritable, and alert snakes with a highly toxic venom; they are responsible for numerous snakebite cases with many fatalities. [G. e., a viper]

echo
echo (ek′o)

1. A reverberating sound sometimes heard during auscultation of the chest. 2. In ultrasonography, the acoustic signal received from scattering or reflecting structures or the corresponding pattern of light on a CRT or ultrasonogram. 3. In magnetic resonance imaging, the signal detected following an inverting pulse. [G.]
atrial e. electrical reactivation of the atrium by a retrograde impulse returning from the A-V node while the antegrade impulse continues to the ventricle; characterized electrocardiographically, by a pair of P waves enclosing a QRS complex, the second P wave being opposite in polarity (usually inverted in lead II), indicating that it is the reverse (the retrograde pathway) of the pathway of the first P wave (the antegrade pathway).
navigator e. a method of respiratory gating q.v., used in magnetic resonance imaging to limit respiratory motion artifact; a signal is derived from the top of the diaphragm, and image data are collected only when it is in a selected range.
nodus sinuatrialis e., NS e. a postectopic sinus beat occurring earlier than would be expected from the preceding sinus node discharge interval; i.e., the interval following a premature beat of supraventricular origin is less than the ordinary cycle length between sinus beats, whereas ordinarily the interval would be expected to exceed cycle length.
e. planar a method of magnetic resonance imaging that allows rapid image acquisition during free induction decay, using technically demanding rapidly oscillating radiofrequency gradients.
spin e. a commonly used technique to recover T1 and T2 relaxation signals in magnetic resonance imaging, by using a 180° inverting pulse in the pulse sequence to compensate for loss of transverse magnetization caused by magnetic field inhomogeneities.

echoacousia
echoacousia (ek′o-a-koo′ze-a)

A subjective disturbance of hearing in which a sound appears to be repeated. [echo + G. akouo, to hear]

echoaortography
echoaortography (ek′o-a-or-tog′ra-fe)

Application of ultrasound techniques to the diagnosis and study of the aorta. [echo + aortography]

echocardiogram
echocardiogram (ek-o-kar′de-o-gram)

The record obtained by echocardiography. See ultrasonography.

echocardiography
echocardiography (ek′o-kar-de-og′ra-fe)

The use of ultrasound in the investigation of the heart and great vessels and diagnosis of cardiovascular lesions. SYN: ultrasonic cardiography, ultrasound cardiography. [echo + cardiography]
contrast e. the injection of contrast media of high echo reflectants ( e.g., bubbles) to outline a chamber or delineate a shunt within the heart.
cross-sectional e. SYN: two-dimensional e..
Doppler e. use of Doppler ultrasonography techniques to augment two-dimensional e. by allowing velocities to be registered within the echocardiographic image. See duplex ultrasonography, Doppler ultrasonography.
M-mode e. See M-mode.
real-time e. SYN: two-dimensional e..
sector e. two-dimensional e. with a stationary transducer.
stress e. echocardiographic monitoring of a circulatory challenge, usually exercise.
transesophageal e. recording of the echocardiogram from a transducer swallowed by the patient to predetermined distances in the esophagus and stomach.
transthoracic e. the standard e. recorded from echocardiographic “windows” on the chest wall, jugular notch, or epigastrium.
two-dimensional e. e. in which an image is reconstructed from the echoes stimulated and detected by a linear array or moving transducers. SYN: cross-sectional e., real-time e..

echoencephalography
echoencephalography (ek′o-en-sef-a-log′ra-fe)

The use of reflected ultrasound in the diagnosis of intracranial processes. [echo + encephalography]

echo-free
echo-free (ek′o-fre)

SYN: anechoic.

echogenic
echogenic (ek-o-jen′ik)

Pertaining to a structure or medium ( e.g., tissue) that has internal echoes. Cf. hypoechoic, hyperechoic, and anechoic, which refer, respectively, to paucity, abundance, and absence of echoes displayed in the image of a structure.

echogram
echogram (ek′o-gram)

A record obtained using acoustic reflection techniques in any one of the various display modes, especially an echocardiogram. SEE ALSO: ultrasonogram. [echo + G. gramma, a diagram]

echographer
echographer (e-kog′ra-fer)

SYN: ultrasonographer.

echographia
echographia (ek-o-graf′e-a)

A form of agraphia in which one cannot write spontaneously, but can write from dictation or copy. [echo + G. grapho, to write]

echography
echography (e-kog′ra-fe)

SYN: ultrasonography. [echo + G. grapho, to write]

echolalia
echolalia (ek-o-la′le-a)

Involuntary parrotlike repetition of a word or sentence just spoken by another person. Usually seen with schizophrenia. SYN: echo reaction, echo speech, echophrasia. [echo + G. lalia, a form of speech]

echolocation
echolocation (ek′o-lo-ka′shun)

Term applied to the method by which bats direct their flight and avoid solid objects. The creatures emit high-pitched cries that, though inaudible to human ears, are heard by the bats themselves as reflected sounds (echoes) from objects in their path.

echomotism
echomotism (ek′o-mo′tizm)

SYN: echopraxia. [echo + L. motio, motion]

echopathy
echopathy (e-kop′a-the)

A form of psychopathology, usually associated with schizophrenia, in which the words (echolalia) or actions (echopraxia) of another are imitated and repeated. [echo + G. pathos, suffering]

echophony
echophony, echophonia (e-kof′o-ne, ek-o-fo′ne-a)

A duplication of the voice sound occasionally heard during auscultation of the chest. [echo + G. phone, voice]

echophrasia
echophrasia (ek-o-fra′ze-a)

SYN: echolalia. [echo + phrasis, speech]

echopraxia
echopraxia (ek′o-prak′se-a)

Involuntary imitation of movements made by another. See echopathy. SYN: echomotism. [echo + G. praxis, action]

echoscope
echoscope (ek′o-skop)

Instrument for displaying echoes by means of ultrasonic pulses on an oscilloscope to demonstrate structures lying at depths within the body. [echo + G. skopeo, to view]

echothiophate iodide
echothiophate iodide (ek-o-thi′o-fat)

A potent organophosphorus compound and cholinesterase inhibitor, used in the eye in the treatment of glaucoma.

Echovirus 28
Echovirus 28 (ek′o-vi′rus)

Reclassified as Rhinovirus type 1.

echovirus
echovirus (ek′o-vi-rus)

SYN: ECHO virus.

Eck
Eck

Nikolai V., Russian physiologist, 1849–1917. See E. fistula, reverse E. fistula.

Ecker
Ecker

Enrique Eduardo., U.S. bacteriologist, 1887–1966. See Rees-E. fluid.

Ecker
Ecker

Alexander, German anatomist, 1816–1887. See E. fissure.

eclabium
eclabium (ek-la′be-um)

Eversion of a lip. [G. ek, out, + L. labium, lip]

eclampsia
eclampsia (ek-lamp′se-a)

Occurrence of one or more convulsions, not attributable to other cerebral conditions such as epilepsy or cerebral hemorrhage, in a patient with preeclampsia. [G. eklampsis, a shining forth]
puerperal e. convulsions and coma associated with hypertension, edema, or proteinuria occurring in a woman following delivery.
superimposed e. convulsions occuring in a woman with superimposed preeclampsia.

eclamptic
eclamptic (ek-lamp′tik)

Relating to eclampsia.

eclamptogenic
eclamptogenic, eclamptogenous (ek-lamp-to-jen′ik, -tog′e-nus)

Causing eclampsia.

eclectic
eclectic (ek-lek′tik)

Picking out from different sources what appears to be the best or most desirable. [G. eklektikos, selecting, fr. ek, out, + lego, to select]

eclecticism eclecticism (ek-lek′ti-sizm)

1. A now defunct system of medicine that advocated use of indigenous plants to effect specific cures of certain signs and symptoms. 2. A system of medicine practiced by ancient Greek and Roman physicians who were not affiliated with a medical sect but who adopted the practice and teachings that they considered best from other systems.

eco- eco-

The environment. [G. oikos, house, household, habitation]

ecoendocrinology
ecoendocrinology (e′ko-en′do-kri-nol′o-je)

The study of the interactions of endocrine systems with the environment.

ECoG
ECoG

Abbreviation for electrocorticography.

ecological fallacy
ecological fallacy

The bias that may occur because an association observed between variables at an aggregate level does not necessarily represent an association that exists at an individual level; an error of inference due to failure to distinguish between different levels of organization.

ecology
ecology (e-kol′o-je)

The branch of biology concerned with the total complex of interrelationships among living organisms, encompassing the relations of organisms to each other, to the environment, and to the entire energy balance within a given ecosystem. SYN: bioecology, bionomics (2) . [eco- + G. logos, study]
human e. the relations of persons to their total (biologic and social) environment.
landscape e. the study of the reciprocal effects of spatial pattern on ecologic processes.

econazole
econazole (e-kon′a-zol)

A broad spectrum antifungal agent used in the treatment of tinea pedis and related fungal infections.

Economo Economo

See von E..

economy
economy (e-kon′o-me)

System; the body regarded as an aggregate of functioning organs. [G. oikonomia, management of the house, fr. oikos, house, + nomos, usage, law]

ecospecies
ecospecies (e-ko-spe′shez)

Two or more populations of a species isolated by ecologic barriers, theoretically able to exchange genes and interbreed, but partially separated from one another by differences in habitat or behavior.

ecosystem
ecosystem (e′ko-sis-tem)

1. The fundamental unit in ecology, comprising the living organisms and the nonliving elements that interact in a defined region. 2. A biocenosis (biotic community) and its biotope. SYN: ecological system.
parasite-host e. SYN: parasitocenose.

ecotaxis
ecotaxis (e-ko-tak′sis)

Migration of lymphocytes “homing” from the thymus and bone marrow into tissues possessing an appropriate microenvironment. [eco- + G. taxis, order, arrangement]

écouvillon
écouvillon (a-koo-ve-yohn′)

A brush with firm bristles for freshening sores or abrading the interior of a cavity. [Fr., cleaning brush]

ECP
ECP

Abbreviation for eosinophil cationic protein.

ecphyma
ecphyma (ek-fi′ma)

A warty growth or protuberance. [G. a pimply eruption]

ECS
ECS

Abbreviation for electrocerebral silence.

ecstasy
ecstasy (ek′sta-se)

Mental exaltation, and/or a rapturous experience. [G. ekstasis, astonishment]

ecstatic
ecstatic (ek-stat′ik)

Relating to or marked by ecstasy.

ecstrophe
ecstrophe (ek′stro-fe)

SYN: exstrophy.

ECT
ECT

Abbreviation for electroconvulsive therapy, electroshock therapy.

ect- ect-

See ecto-.

ectad
ectad (ek′tad)

Outward. [G. ektos, outside, + L. ad, to]

ectal
ectal (ek′tal)

Outer; external. [G. ektos, outside]

ectasia
ectasia, ectasis (ek-ta′ze-a, ek′ta-sis)

Dilation of a tubular structure. [G. ektasis, a stretching]
annuloaortic e. supravalvular dilation of the aorta involving both its wall and the valve ring, which, however, remains of smaller diameter than the more distal ectatic wall; many cases are related to Marfan syndrome. SYN: aortoannular e..
aortoannular e. SYN: annuloaortic e..
e. cordis dilation of the heart.
corneal e. SYN: keratoectasia.
diffuse arterial e. spontaneous enlargement with dilation of the vessels.
familial aortic e. (ek′ta-ze-a) SYN: familial aortic e. syndrome.
hypostatic e. dilation of a blood vessel, usually a vein, in a dependent portion of the body, as in varicose veins of the leg.
mammary duct e. dilation of mammary ducts by lipid and cellular debris in older women; rupture of ducts may result in granulomatous inflammation and infiltration by plasma cells. SEE ALSO: plasma cell mastitis.
scleral e. SYN: sclerectasia.
e. ventriculi paradoxa SYN: hourglass stomach.

-ectasia -ectasia, -ectasis

Dilation, expansion. [G. ektasis, a stretching]

ectatic
ectatic (ek-tat′ik)

Relating to, or marked by, ectasis.

ectental
ectental (ek-ten′tal)

Relating to both ectoderm and endoderm; denoting the line where these two layers join. SYN: ectoental. [G. ektos, outside, + entos, within]

ectethmoid
ectethmoid (ekt-eth′moyd)

SYN: ethmoidal labyrinth. [G. ektos, outside, + ethmoid]

ecthyma
ecthyma (ek-thi′ma)

A pyogenic infection of the skin initiated by β-hemolytic streptococci and characterized by adherent crusts beneath which ulceration occurs; the ulcers may be single or multiple, and heal with scar formation. [G. a pustule]
contagious e. SYN: orf.
e. gangrenosum SYN: dermatitis gangrenosa infantum.

ectiris
ectiris (ek-ti′ris)

The outer layer of the iris. [G. ektos, outside, + iris]

ecto- ecto-, ect-

Outer, on the outside. SEE ALSO: exo-. [G. ektos, outside]

ectoantigen
ectoantigen (ek-to-an′ti-jen)

Any toxin or other excitor of antibody formation, separate or separable from its source. SYN: exoantigen.

ectoblast
ectoblast (ek′to-blast)

1. SYN: ectoderm. 2. As used by some experimental embryologists, the original outer cell layer from which the primary germ layers are formed; in this sense, synonymous with epiblast. 3. A cell wall. [ecto- + G. blastos, germ]

ectocardia
ectocardia (ek-to-kar′de-a)

Congenital displacement of the heart. SYN: exocardia. [ecto- + G. kardia, heart]

ectocervical
ectocervical (ek′to-ser′vi-kal)

Pertaining to the vaginal part of the cervix of the uterus lined with stratified squamous epithelium.

ectochoroidea
ectochoroidea

SYN: suprachoroid lamina of sclera.

ectocornea
ectocornea (ek-to-kor′ne-a)

The outer layer of the cornea.

ectocrine
ectocrine (ek′to-krin)

1. Relating to substances, either synthesized or arising by decomposition of organisms, that affect plant life. 2. A compound with e. properties. 3. An ectohormone. Cf.:endocrine, exocrine. [ecto- + G. krino, to separate]
ecological e. a chemical substance that undergoes biosynthesis in one species and that exerts an effect on the function of another species through mechanisms of the external environment; e.g., the biosynthesis of vitamins by ruminants and their subsequent ingestion by other animals. SEE ALSO: ectohormone.

ectocyst
ectocyst (ek′to-sist)

The outer layer of a hydatid cyst. [ecto- + G. kystis, bladder]

ectoderm
ectoderm (ek′to-derm)

The outer layer of cells in the embryo, after establishment of the three primary germ layers (e., mesoderm, endoderm), the germ layer in contact with the amnionic cavity. SYN: ectoblast (1) . [ecto- + G. derma, skin]
amnionic e. inner layer of the amnion continuous with body e..
chorionic e. SYN: trophoblast.
epithelial e. that part of the e. separating from the neuroectoderm at about the fourth week of embryonic life; the epidermis and its specialized derivatives develop from it. SYN: superficial e..
extraembryonic e. derivative of epiblast outside the embryo's body.
superficial e. SYN: epithelial e..

ectodermal
ectodermal (ek-to-der′mal)

Relating to the ectoderm. SYN: ectodermic.

ectodermatosis
ectodermatosis (ek′to-der-ma-to′sis)

SYN: ectodermosis.

ectodermic
ectodermic (ek-to-der′mik)

SYN: ectodermal.

ectodermosis
ectodermosis (ek′to-der-mo′sis)

A disorder of any organ or tissue developed from the ectoderm. SYN: ectodermatosis.

ectoentad
ectoentad (ek-to-en′tad)

From without inward.

ectoental
ectoental (ek-to-en′tal)

SYN: ectental.

ectoenzyme
ectoenzyme (ek-to-en′zim)

1. An enzyme that is excreted externally and that acts outside the organism. 2. An enzyme that is attached to the external surface of the plasma membrane of a cell.

ectoethmoid
ectoethmoid (ek-to-eth′moyd)

SYN: ethmoidal labyrinth.

ectogenous
ectogenous (ek-toj′e-nus)

SYN: exogenous. [ecto- + G. -gen, producing]

ectohormone
ectohormone (ek′to-hor-mon)

A parahormonal chemical mediator of ecologic significance which is secreted, largely by an organism (usually an invertebrate) into its immediate environment (air or water); it can alter the behavior or functional activity of a second organism, often of the same species as that secreting the e.. SEE ALSO: ecological ectocrine.

ectomere
ectomere (ek′to-mer)

One of the blastomeres involved in formation of ectoderm. [ecto- + G. meros, part]

ectomerogony
ectomerogony (ek′to-me-rog′o-ne)

The production of merozoites in the asexual reproduction of sporozoan parasites at the surface of schizonts and of blastophores, or by infolding into the schizont, as contrasted with endomerogony; e. has been observed in various species of Eimeria. [ecto- + G. meros, part, + gone, generation]

ectomesenchyme
ectomesenchyme (ek-to-mes′en-kim)

SYN: mesectoderm (2) . [ecto- + G. mesos, middle, + enkyma, infusion]

ectomorph
ectomorph (ek′to-morf)

A constitutional body type or build (biotype or somatotype) in which tissues originating from the ectoderm predominate; from a morphological standpoint, the limbs predominate over the trunk. SYN: longitype. [ecto- + G. morphe, form]

ectomorphic
ectomorphic (ek-to-morf′ik)

Relating to, or having the characteristics of, an ectomorph.

-ectomy -ectomy

Removal of an anatomical structure. SEE ALSO: -tomy. [G. ektome, a cutting out]

ectopagus
ectopagus (ek-top′a-gus)

Conjoined twins in which the bodies are joined laterally. See conjoined twins, under twin. [ecto- + G. pagos, something fixed]

ectoparasite
ectoparasite (ek-to-par′a-sit)

A parasite that lives on the surface of the host body.

ectoparasiticide
ectoparasiticide (ek′to-par-a-sit′i-sid)

An agent that is applied directly to the host to kill ectoparasites. [ectoparasite + L. caedo, to kill]

ectoparasitism
ectoparasitism (ek′to-par′a-si-tizm)

SYN: infestation.

ectoperitonitis
ectoperitonitis (ek′to-par-i-to-ni′tis)

Inflammation beginning in the deeper layer of the peritoneum which is next to the viscera or the abdominal wall.

ectophyte
ectophyte (ek′to-fit)

A plant parasite of the skin. [ecto- + G. phyton, plant]

ectopia
ectopia (ek-to′pe-a)

Congenital displacement or malposition of any organ or part of the body. SYN: ectopy, heterotopia (1) . [G. ektopos, out of place, fr. ektos, outside, + topos, place]
e. cloacae SYN: cloacal exstrophy.
e. cordis congenital condition in which the heart is exposed on the chest wall because of maldevelopment of the sternum and pericardium.
crossed renal e. ectopic kidney located on opposite (contralateral) side of midline from its ureteral insertion into bladder. In most instances, the two renal moieties are fused (crossed fused e.).
crossed testicular e. testis that has crossed the midline to join its contralateral mate in the contralateral inguinal canal or hemiscrotum.
e. lentis displacement of the lens of the eye. SYN: dislocation of lens.
e. lentis et pupillae disorder characterized by corectopia and a subluxed or dislocated lens.
e. maculae a condition in which one macula is displaced so that the two foveas are not at corresponding retinal points. SYN: heterotopia maculae.
e. pupillae congenita displacement of the pupil present at birth.
e. renis displacement of the kidney.
e. testis SYN: testis e..
testis e. testis that is malpositioned other than along the normal path of descent. SYN: e. testis, parorchidium.
thoracoabdominal e. cordis SYN: pentalogy of Cantrell.
ureteral e. abnormal termination of ureter within the bladder, the urethra, or outside the urinary tract.
e. vesicae SYN: exstrophy of the bladder.

ectopic
ectopic (ek-top′ik)

1. Out of place; said of an organ not in its proper position, or of a pregnancy occurring elsewhere than in the cavity of the uterus. SYN: aberrant (3) , heterotopic (1) . 2. In cardiography, denoting a heartbeat that has its origin in some abnormal focus; developing from a focus other than the sinoatrial node. [see ectopia]

ectoplacental
ectoplacental (ek′to-pla-sen′tal)

1. Outside, beyond, or surrounding the placenta; in primates, referring especially to the parts of the trophoblast not directly involved in the formation of the placenta. 2. In rodents, referring to the actively growing part of the trophoblast involved in the formation of the placenta.

ectoplasm
ectoplasm (ek′to-plazm)

The peripheral, more viscous cytoplasm of a cell; it contains microfilaments but is lacking in other organelles. SYN: exoplasm. [ecto- + G. plasma, something formed]

ectoplasmatic
ectoplasmatic, ektoplasmic, ektoplastic (ek-to-plas-mat′ik, -plas′mik, -plas′tik)

Relating to the ectoplasm.

ectopy
ectopy (ek′to-pe)

SYN: ectopia.

ectoretina
ectoretina (ek′to-ret′i-na)

SYN: pigmented layer of retina.

ectosarc
ectosarc (ek′to-sark)

The outer membrane, or ectoplasm, of a protozoon. [ecto- + G. sarx, flesh]

ectoscopy
ectoscopy (ek-tos′ko-pe)

An obsolete method of diagnosis of disease of any of the internal organs by a study of movements of the abdominal wall or thorax caused by phonation. [ecto- + G. skopeo, to examine]

ectosteal
ectosteal (ek-tos′te-al)

Relating to the external surface of a bone. [ecto- + G. osteon, bone]

ectostosis
ectostosis (ek-tos-to′sis)

Ossification in cartilage beneath the perichondrium, or formation of bone beneath the periosteum. [ecto- + G. osteon, bone, + -osis, condition]

ectothrix
ectothrix (ek′to-thriks)

A sheath of spores (conidia) on the outside of a hair. [ecto- + G. thrix, hair]

ectotoxin
ectotoxin (ek-to-tok′sin)

SYN: exotoxin.

ectozoon
ectozoon (ek-to-zo′on)

An animal parasite living on the surface of the body. [ecto- + G. zoon, animal]

ectro- ectro-

Congenital absence of a part. [G. ektrosis, miscarriage]

ectrocheiry
ectrocheiry, ectrochiry (ek-tro-ki′re)

Total or partial absence of a hand. [ectro- + G. cheir, hand]

ectrodactyly
ectrodactyly, ectrodactylia, ectrodactylism (ek-tro-dak′ti-le, -dak-til′i-a, -dak′ti-lizm)

Congenital absence of all or part of one or more fingers or toes. There are several varieties and the pattern of inheritance may be autosomal dominant with reduced penetrance [MIM*183600 and MIM*183802], autosomal recessive [MIM*225290 and MIM*225300], or X-linked [MIM*313350]. [ectro- + G. daktylos, finger]

ectrogenic
ectrogenic (ek-tro-jen′ik)

Relating to ectrogeny.

ectrogeny
ectrogeny (ek-troj′e-ne)

Congenital absence or defect of any bodily part. [ectro- + G. -gen, producing]

ectromelia
ectromelia (ek-tro-me′le-a)

1. Congenital hypoplasia or aplasia of one or more limbs. 2. A disease of mice caused by the e. virus, a member of the family Poxviridae; characterized by gangrenous loss of feet and necrotic areas in the internal organs; in laboratory mouse colonies, it usually results in high mortality rates. [ectro- + G. melos, limb]

ectromelic
ectromelic (ek-tro-mel′ik)

Pertaining to, or characterized by, ectromelia.

ectropion
ectropion, ectropium (ek-tro′pe-on, -pe-um)

A rolling outward of the margin of a part, e.g., of an eyelid. [G. ek, out, + trope, a turning]
atonic e. e. of the lower eyelid following paralysis of the orbicularis oculi muscle. SYN: flaccid e., paralytic e..
cicatricial e. e. of the eyelids after burns, lacerations, or skin infection.
flaccid e. SYN: atonic e..
paralytic e. SYN: atonic e..
spastic e. e. of the lower eyelid as a result of ocular irritation and/or orbicularis oculi muscle contraction.
e. uveae eversion of the pigmented posterior epithelium of the iris at the pupillary margin.

ectropody
ectropody (ek-trop′o-de)

Total or partial absence of a foot. [ectro- + G. pous, foot]

ectrosyndactyly
ectrosyndactyly (ek′tro-sin-dak′ti-le)

Congenital abnormality marked by the absence of one or more digits and the fusion of others. [ectro- + G. syn, together, + daktylos, finger]

ectylurea
ectylurea (ek′til-u-re′a)

A mild obsolete sedative used in the treatment of nervous tension and anxiety.

ectype
ectype (ek′tip)

Extreme somatotype, such as ectomorph (longitype) or endomorph (brachytype). [G. ek, out, + typos, stamp, model]

ecuresis
ecuresis (ek-u-re′sis)

A condition in which urinary excretion and intake of water act to produce an absolute dehydration of the body. SEE ALSO: emuresis. [G. ek, out, + ouresis, urination]

eczema
eczema (ek′ze-ma, eg′ze-ma, eg-ze′ma)

Generic term for inflammatory conditions of the skin, particularly with vesiculation in the acute stage, typically erythematous, edematous, papular, and crusting; followed often by lichenification and scaling and occasionally by duskiness of the erythema and, infrequently, hyperpigmentation; often accompanied by sensations of itching and burning; the vesicles form by intraepidermal spongiosis; often hereditary and associated with allergic rhinitis and asthma. [G. fr. ekzeo, to boil over]
allergic e. macular, papular, or vesicular eruption due to an allergic reaction, e.g., contact dermatitis.
atopic e. SYN: atopic dermatitis.
baker e. allergic e. due to contact with flour, yeast, or other ingredients handled by bakers.
chronic e. SYN: lichenoid e..
dyshidrotic e. SYN: dyshidrosis.
e. erythematosum a dry form of e. marked by extensive areas of redness with scaly desquamation.
flexural e. e. of skin at the flexures of elbow, knees, wrists, etc., associated with atopy persisting through childhood.
hand e. e. that predominantly and persistently affects the hands; of multiple causation, including allergic, industrial, irritant, dyshidrotic, bacterial, and atopic mechanisms; distinguished from chapped hands by the presenc of vesiculation or spongiosis.
e. herpeticum a febrile condition caused by cutaneous dissemination of herpesvirus type 1, occurring most commonly in children, consisting of a widespread eruption of vesicles rapidly becoming umbilicated pustules; clinically indistinguishable from a generalized vaccinia. The two may be distinguished by electron microscopy or demonstration of inclusion bodies in smears, which are intranuclear in e. herpeticum and intracytoplasmic in e. vaccinatum. SYN: pustulosis vacciniformis acuta.
infantile e. e. in infants; the clinical appearance varies according to the dominant causative mechanism, e.g., contact-type hypersensitivity, candidiasis, atopy, seborrhea, or a combination including intertrigo and diaper dermatitis.
e. intertrigo intertrigo.
lichenoid e. thickening of skin with accentuated skin lines in e.. SYN: chronic e..
nummular e. discrete, coin-shaped patches of e.. SYN: nummular dermatitis.
e. papulosum a dermatitis marked by an eruption of discrete or aggregated reddish excoriated papules.
e. parasiticum eczematous eruption precipitated by parasite infestation.
e. pustulosum a later stage of vesicular e., in which the vesicles have become secondarily infected; the lesions become covered with purulent crusts.
seborrheic e. SYN: seborrheic dermatitis.
stasis e. eczematous eruption on legs due to or aggravated by vascular stasis.
tropical e. e. occurring in plaques on extensors of the extremities; of common occurrence and unknown etiology.
e. tyloticum hyperkeratotic dyshidrosis.
varicose e. e. occurring over areas in which the skin has been compromised by varicosities.
e. verrucosum e. with hyperkeratosis; chronic lichenified e..
e. vesiculosum dermatitis marked by an eruption of vesicles upon erythematous patches that rupture and exude serum.
weeping e. a moist, eczematous dermatitis.
winter e. e. resulting from accelerated evaporation of moisture (including insensitive sweat) from the cutaneous surface; occurs as dry crackled plaques, usually on the extremities, but not infrequently also on the trunk in any season under circumstances (occupational, environmental) of excessively rapid drying out of the skin.

eczematization
eczematization (ek-zem′a-ti-za′shun)

1. Formation of an eruption resembling eczema. 2. Occurrence of eczema secondary to a preexisting dermatosis.

eczematoid
eczematoid (ek-zem′a-toyd)

Resembling eczema in appearance.

eczematous
eczematous (ek-zem′a-tus)

Marked by or resembling eczema.

ED
ED

Abbreviation for effective dose; ethyldichloroarsine.

ED50
ED₅₀

Abbreviation for median effective dose.

edathamil
edathamil (e-dath′a-mil)

SYN: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.

EDC
EDC

Abbreviation for estimated date of confinement. See Nägele rule.

edea
edea (e-de′a)

The external genitals. [G. aidoia, genitals]

edema
edema (e-de′ma)

An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in cells or intercellular tissues. [G. oidema, a swelling]
ambulant e. e. forming during periods of walking with the legs dependent.
angioneurotic e. SYN: angioedema.
Berlin e. retinal e. after blunt trauma to the globe.
blue e. the swelling and cyanosis of an extremity in hysterical paralysis.
brain e. SYN: cerebral e..
brawny e. SYN: nonpitting e..
brown e. e. of the lungs associated with chronic passive congestion.
bullous e. a reddened, swollen appearance of the ureteral orifice in the bladder wall, frequently observed with distal ureteral calculi or in tuberculosis of the ureter.
bullous e. vesicae a prominent area of focal e. involving the bladder epithelium, consisting of elevated masses of edematous tissue or clusters of clear fluid-filled vesicles; often associated with chronic inflammation or irritation secondary to tubes, foreign bodies, or perivesical inflammation.
cachectic e. e. occurring in diseases characterized by wasting and hypoproteinemia; due to low plasma oncotic pressure. SYN: marantic e..
cardiac e. e. resulting from congestive heart failure.
cerebral e. brain swelling due to increased volume of the extravascular compartment from the uptake of water in the neuropile and white matter. SEE ALSO: brain swelling. SYN: brain e..
cystoid macular e. e. of the posterior pole of the eye secondary to abnormal permeability of capillaries of the central sensory retina.
dependent e. a clinically detectable increase in extracellular fluid volume localized in a dependent area, as of a limb, characterized by swelling or pitting.
gestational e. occurrence of a generalized and excessive accumulation of fluid in the tissues of greater than 1+ pitting after 12 hours' bed rest, or of a weight gain of 5 pounds or more in 1 week due to the influence of pregnancy.
e. glottidis e. of the larynx.
heat e. e. caused by excessively high external temperature.
hereditary angioneurotic e. (HANE) [MIM*106100] a relatively rare form of e. characterized by onset, usually in adolescence, of erythema followed by e., involving the upper respiratory or gastrointestinal tracts, associated with either a deficiency of C1 esterase inhibitor or a functionally inactive form of the inhibitor. There are two clinically indistinguishable forms: type I, in which the serum level of C1 esterase inhibitor is low (up to 30% of normal) and type II, in which the level is normal or elevated. There is uncontrolled activation of early complement components and production of a kininlike factor that induces the angioedema; death may occur from upper respiratory tract e. and asphyxia. Inheritance is autosomal dominant, caused by mutation in the C1-esterase inhibitor gene (C1NH) on chromosome 11q.
hydremic e. obsolete term for e. occurring in states marked by pronounced hydremia.
infantile acute hemorrhagic e. of the skin a generally benign form of cutaneous vasculitis, characterized by ecchymotic purpura, often in a cockade pattern, and inflammatory e. in infants.
inflammatory e. a swelling due to effusion of fluid in the soft parts surrounding a focus of inflammation.
lymphatic e. e. due to stasis in the lymph channels.
marantic e. SYN: cachectic e..
menstrual e. retention of water and increase in weight, which occurs during or preceding menstruation.
e. neonatorum a diffuse, firm, and commonly fatal e. occurring in the newborn, usually beginning in the legs and spreading upward.
nephrotic e. e. resulting from renal dysfunction.
noninflammatory e. e. due to mechanical or other causes, not marked by inflammation or congestion.
nonpitting e. swelling of subcutaneous tissues which cannot be indented easily by compression. Usually due to metabolic abnormality, such as increased glycosaminoglycan content, like that which occurs in Graves disease (pretibial myxedema) or in early phase of scleroderma. SYN: brawny e..
nutritional e. a form of swelling caused by insufficient protein intake resulting in hypoproteinemia and low plasma oncotic pressure.
periodic e. SYN: angioedema.
pitting e. e. that retains for a time the indentation produced by pressure.
premenstrual e. menstrual e..
pulmonary e. e. of lungs usually resulting from mitral stenosis or left ventricular failure.
salt e. e. from excessive intake or retention of sodium chloride.
solid e. infiltration of the subcutaneous tissues by mucoid material, as in myxedema.
Yangtze e. SYN: gnathostomiasis.

edematization
edematization (e-dem′a-ti-za′shun)

Making edematous.

edematous
edematous (e-dem′a-tus)

Marked by edema.

edentate
edentate (e-den′tat)

SYN: edentulous. [L. edentatus]

edentulous
edentulous (e-den′tu-lus)

Toothless, having lost the natural teeth. SYN: edentate. [L. edentulus, toothless]

edestin
edestin (e-des′tin)

A hexameric globulin derived from the castor oil bean, hemp seed, and other seeds. It will support the growth of animals in the absence of other dietary proteins.

edetate
edetate (ed′e-tat)

USAN-approved contraction for ethylenediaminetetraacetate, the anion of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; various edetates are used as chelating agents to carry cations in ( e.g., ferric sodium e. as an iron ion carrier) or out ( e.g., sodium e. for calcium or heavy metal ion removal).

edetate calcium disodium
edetate calcium disodium

Contracted name for a salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetate, an agent used as a chelator of lead and some other heavy metals. Available in several forms: disodium, sodium, and trisodium.

edetic acid
edetic acid (e-det′ik)

SYN: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.

edge
edge (ej)

A line at which a surface terminates. SEE ALSO: border, margin.
cutting e. 1. the beveled, knifelike, sharpened working angle of a dental hand instrument; 2. SYN: incisal margin.
denture e. SYN: denture border.
incisal e. SYN: incisal margin.
leading e. the initial part of a waveform.
shearing e. SYN: incisal margin.

Edinger
Edinger

Ludwig, German anatomist, 1855–1918. See E.-Westphal nucleus.

edisylate
edisylate (e-dis′i-lat)

USAN-approved contraction for 1,2-ethanedisulfonate, ^-O₃S(CH₂)₂SO₃^-.

Edlefsen
Edlefsen

Gustav J.F., German physician, 1842–1910. See E. reagent.

EDM
EDM

Abbreviation for multiple epiphyseal dysplasia.

Edman
Edman

Pehr, Australian scientist, 1916–1977. See E. method, E. reagent.

EDRF
EDRF

Acronym for endothelium-derived relaxing factor, now known to be nitric oxide.

Edridge-Green
Edridge-Green

Frederick W., English ophthalmologist, 1863–1953. See Edridge-Green lamp.

edrophonium chloride
edrophonium chloride (ed-ro-fo′ne-um)

A short-duration competitive antagonist of skeletal muscle relaxants (curare derivatives and gallamine triethiodide) and an anticholinesterase, used as an antidote for curariform drugs, as a diagnostic agent in myasthenia gravis, and in myasthenic crisis.

EDS
EDS

Abbreviation for Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.

EDSS
EDSS

Abbreviation for expanded disability status scale.

EDTA
EDTA

Abbreviation for ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.

educt
educt (e′dukt)

An extract.

edulcorant
edulcorant (e-dul′ko-rant)

Sweetening.

edulcorate
edulcorate (e-dul′ko-rat)

To sweeten or render less acrid. [L. e- intensive, + dulcoro, to sweeten, fr. dulcor, sweetness, fr. dulcis, sweet]

Edwards
Edwards

James Hilton, English physician and medical geneticist, *1928. See E. syndrome.

Edwards
Edwards

M.L., U.S. physician, *1906. See Carpentier-E. valve, Starr-E. valve.

Edwardsiella
Edwardsiella (ed′ward-se-el′la)

A genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria (family Enterobacteriaceae) containing motile, peritrichous, nonencapsulated rods. The type species is E. tarda, which is occasionally isolated from the stools of both healthy humans and those with diarrhea, from the blood of humans and other animals, and from human urine. E. tarda is an etiologic agent of gastroenteritis in humans. The two other species in this genus are E. hoshinae and E. ictaluri.

EEE
EEE

Abbreviation for eastern equine encephalomyelitis.

EEG
EEG

Abbreviation for electroencephalogram; electroencephalography.

eel
eel (el)

Any of a number of scaleless, snakelike fish. [M.E. ele, fr. O.E. ael]
vinegar e. SYN: Turbatrix aceti.

EENT
EENT

Abbreviation for eye, ear, nose, and throat. See also ENT.

effacement
effacement (e-fas′ment)

The thinning out of the cervix just before or during labor.

effect
effect (e-fekt′)

The result or consequence of an action. [L. efficio, pp. effectus, to accomplish, fr. facio, to do]
abscopal e. a reaction produced following irradiation but occurring outside the zone of actual radiation absorption.
additive e. an e. wherein two or more substances or actions used in combination produce a total e., the same as the arithmetic sum of the individual effects.
after-e. aftereffect.
Anrep e. a small transient positive inotropic e. of abrupt increases of systolic aortic and left ventricular pressures related to recovery from transient subendocardial ischemia ( e.g., cold pressor test).
Arias-Stella e. SYN: Arias-Stella phenomenon.
autokinetic e. in psychology, the apparent drifting about of a small, fixed, spot of light which is being observed in a dark room.
Bernoulli e. the decrease in fluid pressure that occurs in converting potential to kinetic energy when motion of the fluid is accelerated, in accordance with Bernoulli law; applied in water aspirators, atomizers, and humidifiers in which a gas is accelerated across the end of a narrow, fluid-filled orifice.
Bohr e. the influence exerted by carbon dioxide on the oxygen dissociation curve of blood, i.e., the curve is shifted to the right, which means an apparent reduction in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. Cf.:Haldane e..
Bowditch e. homeometric autoregulation of cardiac function induced by changing heart rate.
Circe e. an e. observed in enzyme catalysis in which accelerated diffusion of the substrate occurs through attractive forces of the enzyme's active site.
clasp-knife e. SYN: clasp-knife spasticity.
Compton e. in the absorption of electromagnetic radiation of medium energy, a decrease in energy of the bombarding photon with the dislodgement of an orbital electron, usually from an outer shell. SYN: Compton scattering.
Cotton e. the positive and negative displacement from zero of the rotation of plane polarized monochromatic light and the change of monochromatic circularly polarized light into elliptically polarized light in the immediate vicinity of the absorption band of the substance through which the light passes. SEE ALSO: optic rotatory dispersion, circular dichroism.
Crabtree e. inhibition of cellular respiration of isolated systems by high concentrations of glucose; a “reciprocal” of Pasteur e.; due, in part, to the inhibition of hexokinase by elevated glucose 6-phosphate. Cf.:Pasteur e..
cumulative e. the condition in which repeated administration of a drug may produce effects that are more pronounced than those produced by the first dose. SYN: cumulative action.
Cushing e. SYN: Cushing phenomenon.
cytopathic e. degenerative changes in cells (especially in tissue culture) associated with the multiplication of certain viruses; when, in tissue culture, spread of virus is restricted by an overlay of agar (or other suitable substance) the cytopathic e. may lead to formation of plaque.
Doppler e. a change in frequency observed when the sound source and observer are in relative motion away from or toward each other. SEE ALSO: Doppler shift. SYN: Doppler phenomenon.
electrophonic e. the sensation of hearing produced when an alternating current of suitable frequency and magnitude is passed from an external source through the head of a person.
experimenter effects the influence of the experimenter's behavior, personality traits, or expectancies on the results of that person's own research. See double blind study.
Fahraeus-Lindqvist e. the decrease in apparent viscosity that occurs when a suspension, such as blood, is made to flow through a tube of smaller diameter; observed in tubes less than about 0.3 mm in diameter. SYN: sigma e..
Fenn e. the increased liberation of heat in a stimulated muscle when it is allowed to do mechanical work; the amount of heat liberated is increased in proportion to the distance the muscle is allowed to shorten and in proportion to the tension it must develop ( e.g., the weight it lifts) during shortening; thus increased chemical energy is consumed both to liberate increased heat and to do increased mechanical work.
first-pass e. SYN: first-pass metabolism.
flash-lag e. the apparent lagging behind a moving object of a portion of it that flashes briefly.
founder e. an unusually high frequency of a gene in a particular population derived from a small set of unrepresentative ancestors.
gene dosage e. in codominant alleles, the more or less linear relationship between the phenotypic value and the number of genes of one type substituted by another type.
generation e. variation in health status arising from the different causal factors of disease to which each successive generation born is exposed as it passes through life.
Haldane e. the promotion of carbon dioxide dissociation in blood by an increase in the oxygenation of hemoglobin.
halo e. 1. the e. (usually beneficial) that the manner, attention, and caring of a provider have on a patient during a medical encounter, regardless of what medical procedure or services the encounter involves; 2. the influence upon an observation of the observer's perception of the characteristics of the individual observed (other than the characteristics under study) or the influence of the observer's recollection or knowledge of findings on a previous occasion.
Hawthorne e. the e. (usually positive or beneficial) of being under study, upon the persons being studied; their knowledge of the study often influences their behavior. [city in Illinois; site of the Western Electric plant]
healthy worker e. phenomenon observed initially in studies of occupational diseases; workers usually exhibit lower overall death rates than the general population because severely ill and disabled people are excluded from employment.
hyperchromic e. an increase in absorptivity (or extinction) at a particular wavelength of light by a solution or substance due to structural changes in a molecule.
hypochromic e. a phenomenon in which an individual molecule, containing several chromophores, has a certain absorptivity (or optical density) at a given wavelength that is less than the sum of the optical densities of the individual chromophores (at that same wavelength).
Mach e. the appearance of a light or dark line on a radiograph where there is a concave or convex interface in the subject, a physiologic optical form of edge enhancement. SEE ALSO: Mach band.
e. modifier a factor that modifies the e. of a putative causal factor under study; e.g., age is an e. modifier for many conditions.
nuclear Overhauser e. (NOE) an enzyme seen in nuclear magnetic resonance in which there is a through-space nearest-neighbor interaction.
Orbeli e. the fatigue of a muscle stimulated by its nerve ( i.e., indirectly) is reduced by concurrent stimulation of sympathetic fibers to the muscle; thought to be caused by norepinephrine diffusing from adrenergic fibers which innervate blood vessels in the muscle.
oxygen e. enhancement of radiosensitivity of cells by a high concentration of oxygen, and, conversely, decreased radiosensitivity in a hypoxic environment.
Pasteur e. the inhibition of fermentation by oxygen, first observed by Pasteur; either not observed, or only slightly observed, in malignant tumors. Cf.:Crabtree e..
photechic e. the ability of an agent, other than light, to make a developable latent image in a photographic film emulsion. SYN: Russell e..
photoelectric e. 1. the loss of electrons from the surface of a metal upon exposure to light; 2. a mode of interaction of radiation with matter in which all of the energy of the incident photon is absorbed, with ejection of a photoelectron and characteristic radiation from filling the vacancy from another shell; since the energy absorption per gram of tissue is proportional to the cube of the atomic number, this mode is important in diagnostic radiography.
piezoelectric e. the property of certain crystalline or ceramic materials to emit electricity when deformed and to deform when an electric current is passed across them, a mechanism of interconverting electrical and acoustic energy; an ultrasound transducer sends and receives acoustic energy using this e..
position e. a change in the phenotypic expression of one or more genes due to a change in its physical location with respect to other genes; may result from change in chromosome structure or from crossing-over.
Purkinje e. SYN: Purkinje phenomenon.
quantal e. an e. that can be expressed only in binary terms, as occurring or not occurring.
Raman e. a change in frequency undergone by monochromatic light scattered in passage through a transparent substance whose characteristics determine the amount of change, yielding a spectrum in which the incident wavelength band is flanked by small satellite bands of greater and lesser wavelengths.
Rivero-Carvallo e. inspiratory increase in the systolic murmur of tricuspid insufficiency; the characteristic distinguishing tricuspid insufficiency from mitral insufficiency.
Russell e. SYN: photechic e..
second gas e. when a constant concentration of an anesthetic like halothane is inspired, the increase in alveolar concentration is accelerated by concomitant administration of nitrous oxide, because alveolar uptake of the latter creates a potential subatmospheric intrapulmonary pressure that leads to increased tracheal inflow.
sigma e. SYN: Fahraeus-Lindqvist e..
Somogyi e. in diabetes, a rebound phenomenon of reactive hyperglycemia in response to a preceding period of relative hypoglycemia that has increased secretion of hyperglycemic agents (epinephrine, norepinephrine, glucagon, cortisol, and growth hormone); described in diabetic patients given too much insulin who developed unrecognized nocturnal hypoglycemia that made them hyperglycemic (suggesting insufficient insulin) when tested the next morning.
Staub-Traugott e. in normal persons, a drop in blood glucose which follows a second oral dose of glucose given 30 minutes or so after the first.
Stiles-Crawford e. light that enters through the center of the pupil produces a greater visual e. than light that enters obliquely.
synergistic e. SYN: synergism.
Tyndall e. SYN: Tyndall phenomenon.
Venturi e. term applied to the operation of a Venturi tube and similar systems.
Wedensky e. a relatively long enhancing e. following application of a maximal shock or stimulus to a neuromuscular preparation during which a subthreshold stimulation, otherwise too small to evoke a response, will produce a response; a relatively prolonged lowered threshold of excitability following a maximal shock.
Wolff-Chaikoff e. SYN: Wolff-Chaikoff block.
Zeeman e. the splitting of spectral lines into three or more symmetrically placed lines when the light source is subjected to a magnetic field.

effectiveness
effectiveness

1. A measure of the accuracy or success of a diagnostic or therapeutic technique when carried out in an average clinical environment. Cf.:efficacy. 2. The extent to which a treatment achieves its intended purpose.
relative biologic e. (RBE) a factor used to compare the biologic effect of absorbed doses of different types and energies of ionizing radiation. It is determined by the ratio of an absorbed dose of the particular radiation in question to the absorbed dose of a reference radiation required to produce an identical biologic effect in a specific organism, organ, or tissue.

effector
effector (e-fek′tor, -tor)

1. C. Sherrington term for a peripheral tissue that receives nerve impulses and reacts by contraction (muscle), secretion (gland), or a discharge of electricity (electric organ of certain bony fishes). 2. A small metabolic molecule that by combining with a repressor gene depresses the activity of an operon. 3. A small molecule that binds to a protein and, in so doing, alters the activity of that protein. 4. A substance, technique, procedure, or individual that causes an effect. [L. producer]

effemination
effemination (e-fem-i-na′shun)

Acquisition of feminine characteristics, either physiologically as part of female maturation, or pathologically by individuals of either sex. [L. ef-femino, pp. -atus, to make feminine, fr. ex, out, + femina, woman]

efferent
efferent (ef′er-ent)

Conducting (fluid or a nerve impulse) outward from a given organ or part thereof; e.g., the e. connections of a group of nerve cells, e. blood vessels, or the excretory duct of an organ. [L. efferens, fr. effero, to bring out]
gamma e. the thin axon of a gamma motor neuron innervating the intrafusal muscle fibers of a muscle spindle.

effervesce
effervesce (ef-er-ves′)

To boil up or form bubbles rising to the surface of a fluid in large numbers, as in the evolution of CO₂ from aqueous solution when the pressure is reduced. [L. ef-fervesco, to boil up, from ferveo, to boil]

effervescent
effervescent (ef-er-ves′ent)

1. Boiling; bubbling; effervescing. 2. Causing to effervesce, as an e. powder. 3. Tending to effervesce when freed from pressure, as an e. solution.

efficacy
efficacy (ef′i-ka-se)

The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Cf.:effectiveness. [L. efficacia, fr, ef-ficio, to perform, accomplish]

efficiency
efficiency (e-fish′en-se)

1. The production of the desired effects or results with minimum waste of time, money, effort, or skill. 2. A measure of effectiveness; specifically, the useful work output divided by the energy input.
quantum e. SYN: quantum yield.
visual e. a rating used in computing compensation for industrial ocular injuries, incorporating measurements of central acuity, visual field, and ocular motility.

effleurage
effleurage (e-fler-ahz′)

A stroking movement in massage. [Fr. effleurer, to touch lightly]

effloresce
effloresce (e-flor-es′)

To become powdery by losing the water of crystallization on exposure to a dry atmosphere. [L. ef-floresco (exf-), to blossom, fr. flos (flor-), flower]

efflorescent
efflorescent (e-flor-es′ent)

Denoting a crystalline body that gradually changes to a powder by losing its water of crystallization on exposure to a dry atmosphere.

effluvium
effluvium, pl .effluvia (e-floo′ve-um, -e-a)

Shedding of hair. SEE ALSO: defluxion (1) . [L. a flowing out, fr. ef-fluo, to flow out]
anagen e. sudden diffuse hair shedding with cancer chemotherapy or radiation, usually reversible when treatment ends.
telogen e. increased transient shedding of normal club hairs by premature development of telogen in anagen follicles, resulting from various kinds of stress, e.g., childbirth, shock, drug intake or cessation of an oral contraceptive, fever, and dieting with marked weight loss.

effort
effort (ef′ert)

Deliberate exertion of physical or mental power.
distributed e. in psychology, learning that involves small units of work and interpolated rest periods, as contrasted with massed learning, in which the individual works continually until the skill is mastered.

effuse
effuse (ef-uz′)

Thin and widely spread; denoting the surface character of a bacterial culture. [L. ef-fundo, pp. -fusus; to pour out]

effusion
effusion (e-fu′zhun)

1. The escape of fluid from the blood vessels or lymphatics into the tissues or a cavity. 2. A collection of the fluid effused. [L. effusio, a pouring out]
complex pleural e. a pleural e. without actual infection but with signs of a high degree of inflammation ( e.g., low pH, low glucose, high lactate dehydrogenase, many white cells).
joint e. increased fluid in synovial cavity of a joint.
loculated pleural e. pleural e. that is confined to one or more fixed pockets in the pleural space.
middle-ear e. a condition in which the air in the middle ear has been replaced with serous or mucoid fluid as a consequence of otitis media. SYN: secretory otitis media, serous otitis media.
parapneumonic e. pleural e. associated with pneumonia
pericardial e. increased fluid within the pericardial sac; can cause circulatory compromise by compression of the heart; most often caused by inflammation, infection, malignancy, and uremia. SYN: dropsy of pericardium.
pleural e. increased fluid in the pleural space; can cause shortness of breath by compression of the lung and/or increased intrathoracic pressure resulting in mediastinal shift and increased work of breathing; a transudative e. has low protein content and is usually due to heart failure, uremia, or hypoalbuminemia; an exudative e. has high protein and cell count and is due most often to inflammation, malignancy, or infection; an infected pleural e. is an empyema; a pleural e. associated with pneumonia is a parapneumonic e.; a pleural e. without actual infection but with signs of a high degree of inflammation ( e.g., low pH, low glucose, high lactate dehydrogenase, many white cells) is a complex pleural e. and is frequently associated with pneumonia; a loculated pleural e. is not free-flowing in the pleural space but rather confined to one or more fixed pockets. SYN: hydrothorax.
subpulmonic e. a collection of fluid in the pleural space mostly located radiographically between the diaphragm and the basal surface of the lung.

eflornithine hydrochloride
eflornithine hydrochloride (e-flor′ni-then)

An antineoplastic and antiprotozoal orphan drug used in the treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS and of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness.

EGD
EGD

Abbreviation for esophagogastroduodenoscopy.

egesta
egesta (e-jes′ta)

Unabsorbed food residues that are discharged from the digestive tract. [L. e-gero, pp. -gestus, to carry out, discharge]

EGF
EGF

Abbreviation for epidermal growth factor.

EGFR
EGFR

Abbreviation for epidermal growth factor receptor .

egg
egg (eg)

The female sexual cell, or gamete; after fertilization and fusion of the pronuclei it is a zygote and no longer an e.. In reptiles and birds, the e. is provided with a protective shell, membranes, albumin, and yolk for the nourishment of the embryo. SEE ALSO: oocyte, ovum. [A.S. aeg]
centrolecithal e. an e. in which the yolk is concentrated near the center of the e. cell, as is the case in many of the insects.
homolecithal e. an e. in which the total amount of yolk is small and fairly uniformly distributed throughout the cytoplasm. SYN: isolecithal e..
isolecithal e. SYN: homolecithal e..
microlecithal e. an e. containing a small amount of deutoplasm.
telolecithal e. an e. containing a relatively large quantity of deutoplasm concentrated at the abapical pole; e.g., eggs of reptiles and birds.

egg cluster
egg cluster

One of the clumps of cells resulting from the breaking up of the gonadal cords in the ovarian cortex; these clumps later develop into primary ovarian follicles.

Egger
Egger

Fritz, Swiss internist, 1863–1938. See E. line.

Eggleston
Eggleston

Cary, U.S. physician, 1884–1966. See E. method, Bradbury-E. syndrome.

eggshell
eggshell

The calcareous envelope of a bird's egg.

eglandulous
eglandulous (e-glan′doo-lus)

Without glands. [L. e, without, + gland or glandula]

Eglis glands
Eglis glands

See under gland.

ego
ego (e′go)

In psychoanalysis, one of the three components of the psychic apparatus in the freudian structural framework, the other two being the id and superego. Although the e. has some conscious components, many of its functions are learned and automatic. It occupies a position between the primal instincts (pleasure principle) and the demands of the outer world (reality principle), and therefore mediates between the person and external reality by performing the important functions of perceiving the needs of the self, both physical and psychological, and the qualities and attitudes of the environment. It evaluates, coordinates, and integrates these perceptions so that internal demands can be adjusted to external requirements, and is also responsible for certain defensive functions to protect the person against the demands of the id and superego. [L. I]

ego-alien
ego-alien (e′go-a′le-en)

SYN: ego-dystonic.

egobronchophony
egobronchophony (e′go-brong-kof′o-ne)

Egophony with bronchophony. [G. aix (aig-), goat, + bronchos, bronchus, + phone, voice]

egocentric
egocentric (e-go-sen′trik)

Marked by extreme concentration of attention upon oneself, i.e., self-centered. Cf.:allocentric. SYN: egotropic. [ego + G. kentron, center]

egocentricity
egocentricity (e′go-sen-tris′i-te)

The condition of being egocentric.

ego-dystonic
ego-dystonic (e′go-dis-ton′ik)

Repugnant to or at variance with the aims of the ego and related psychological needs of the individual ( e.g., an obsessive thought or compulsive behavior); the opposite of ego-syntonic. SYN: ego-alien. [ego + G. dys, bad, + tonos, tension]

ego-ideal
ego-ideal

In psychoanalysis, a more or less conscious ideal of personal excellence toward which an individual strives, and that is derived from a composite image of the personal characteristics of a parent, public figure, or one or more other individuals the person admires.

egomania
egomania (e-go-ma′ne-a)

Extreme self-centeredness, self-appreciation, or self-content. [ego + G. mania, frenzy]

egophonic
egophonic (e-go-fon′ik)

Relating to egophony.

egophony
egophony (e-gof′o-ne)

A peculiar broken quality of the voice sounds, like the bleating of a goat, heard about the upper level of the fluid in cases of pleurisy with effusion. SYN: capriloquism, tragophonia, tragophony. [G. aix (aig-), goat, + phone, voice]

ego-syntonic
ego-syntonic (e′go-sin-ton′ik)

Acceptable to the aims of the ego and the related psychological needs of the individual ( e.g., a delusion); the opposite of ego-dystonic. [ego + G. syn, together, + tonos, tension]

egotropic
egotropic (e-go-trop′ik)

SYN: egocentric. [ego + G. trope, a turning]

EGTA
EGTA

Abbreviation for ethyleneglycotetraacetic acid.

EHEC
EHEC

Abbreviation for enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli.

Ehlers
Ehlers

Edward L., Danish dermatologist, 1863–1937. See E.-Danlos syndrome.

Ehrenritter
Ehrenritter

Johann, Austrian anatomist, &dag;1790. See E. ganglion.

Ehret
Ehret

Heinrich, German physician, *1870. See E. phenomenon.

Ehrlich
Ehrlich

Paul, German bacteriologist, immunologist, and Nobel laureate, 1854–1915. See Ehrlichia, E. anemia, E. inner body, E. phenomenon, E. postulate, E. diazo reagent, E. theory, E.-Türk line. See entries under stain; reaction.

Ehrlichia
Ehrlichia (er-lik′e-a)

A genus of small, often pleomorphic, coccoid to ellipsoidal, nonmotile, Gram-negative bacteria (order Rickettsiales) that occur either singly or in compact inclusions in circulating mammalian leukocytes; species are the etiologic agents of ehrlichiosis and are transmitted by ticks. The type species is E. canis. [P. Ehrlich]
E. canis the bacterial species causing the tick-borne disease canine ehrlichiosis in dogs (transmitted by the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus); it is the type species of the genus E.. Occasionally causes tick-borne infection in humans.
E. chaffeensis a recently described bacterial species associated with human ehrlichiosis; infects human monocytes and is carried by the tick vector, Amblyomma americanum, the Lone Star tick.
E. equi a bacterial species that causes human granulocytic ehrlichiosis; occurs in the Midatlantic, southern New England, and southern Midwest and is spread by ticks (Ixodes).
E. phagocytophila a bacterial species that causes human granulocytic ehrlichiosis; also causes tick-borne fever in cattle; occurs in the Midatlantic, southern New England, and southern Midwest and is spread by ticks (Ixodes).
E. risticii the bacterial species causing equine monocytic ehrlichiosis.
E. sennetsu the bacterial species causing Sennetsu fever in humans. SYN: Rickettsia sennetsu.

Ehrlichieae
Ehrlichieae

Members of the Rickettsiaceae family; obligate intracellular parasites of peripheral blood leukocytes.

ehrlichiosis ehrlichiosis (er-lik-e-o′sis)

Infection with leukocytic rickettsiae of the genus Ehrlichia; in humans, especially by E. sennetsu that produces manifestations similar to those of Rocky Mountain spotted fever.Species of Ehrlichia have long been recognized as causes of febrile hemorrhagic disease of variable severity in animals, including dogs and horses. Human infection with E. sennetsu, limited to the Far East, is a mononucleosislike illness. The first human case of e. in the western hemisphere was reported in 1986. Since then 2 distinct forms of the disease, each associated with a different species of Ehrlichia and a different group of tick vectors, have been recognized in human beings. More than 90% of patients give a history of having been bitten by several ticks. An animal reservoir has not yet been identified, but rodents and deer are suspected. After an incubation period of 1–4 weeks, infection begins as a nonspecific febrile illness with chills, sweating, headache, and joint and muscle pains. One-fourth of patients have a transitory nonspecific rash not related to the site of tick bite. Systemic complications may involve the respiratory tract (sore throat, cough, pulmonary infiltrates, acute respiratory distress syndrome), the digestive system (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, gastrointestinal bleeding), or the liver (80% have hepatitis). Other possible complications include meningitis, pericarditis, renal failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Early studies of these infections, based on populations with more conspicuous and readily identifiable disease, overestimated case fatality rates. With treatment, the case fatality rate in the 2 forms of e. probably does not exceed 1%. Human granulocytic e. is clinically indistinguishable from human monocytic e., but in the former, morulae are found in neutrophils rather than in monocytes, and the disease is somewhat more severe. For both forms of e., polymerase chain reaction technology has yielded the most sensitive and specific serologic testing. Tetracycline and doxycycline are highly effective in arresting progression of either form of human e.. Because other agents, including chloramphenicol, have not been found to be effective, tetracyclines are used even in children, in whom they are generally contraindicated because of the risk of dental mottling and suppression of bone growth. Treatment is often begun on suspicion, pending confirmation of the clinical diagnosis by serologic test. Drug therapy is continued for 14 days.
human e. a form of e. that presents clinically as a undifferentiated acute febrile illness characterized by fever, chills, diarrhea, and headache, following tick bite(s), probably by the Lone Star tick, Amblyomma americanum. Usually caused by Ehrlichia chaffeensis. First described in 1987. (Thought to be predominantly a monocytic form of e..)
human granulocytic e. (HGE) an acute infectious disease characterized by fever, chills, headache, joint and muscle pains, and sometimes respiratory, gastrointestinal, hepatic, or other systemic involvement; first described in 1994 in northeastern and northern midwestern states and California; the causative agent can be distinguished only by molecular studies from Ehrlichia equi, the cause of equine e.. The deer tick, Ixodes scapularis, is the principal vector, and the peak incidence is in July. Hematologic studies show depression of RBC, WBC, and platelets. Clusters of developing organisms called morulae may be seen in neutrophils on stained blood smears, but serologic testing is more sensitive.
human monocytic e. (HME) an acute infectious disease characterized by fever, chills, headache, muscle and joint pain, and variable respiratory, gastrointestinal, and systemic involvement; hematologic studies show depression of RBC, WBC, and platelets. The finding of clumps of developing organisms, called morulae, in the cytoplasm of monocytes in a stained smear of peripheral blood establishes the diagnosis, but their detection is often difficult. Serologic testing shows antibody to Ehrlichia chaffeensis, an organism closely resembling the agent of canine e., E. canis. This disease has been largely confined to the southeastern and south central United States. The Lone Star tick (Amblyomma americanum) and the American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis) are the principal vectors, and the incidence is highest from April to September, during the peak activity of these ticks.

Eichhorst
Eichhorst

Hermann L., Swiss physician, 1849–1921. See E. corpuscles, under corpuscle, E. neuritis.

Eicken
Eicken

Karl von, German laryngologist, 1873–1960. See E. method.

eicosanoids
eicosanoids (i′ko-sa-noydz)

The physiologically active substances derived from arachidonic acid, i.e., the prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes; synthesized via a cascade pathway. [G. eicosa-, twenty, + eidos, form]

9-eicosenoic acid
9-eicosenoic acid (i′ko-se-no′ik)

SYN: gadoleic acid.

eidetic
eidetic (i-det′ik)

1. Relating to the power of visualization of and memory for objects previously seen which reaches its height in children aged 8 to 10. 2. A person possessing this power to a high degree. [G. eidon, saw (aorist of verb)]

EIEC
EIEC

Abbreviation for enteroinvasive Escherichia coli.

Eikenella corrodens
Eikenella corrodens (i-ke-nel′a kor-ro′denz)

A species of nonmotile, rod-shaped, Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria that characteristically pits the agar under its colonies; it is part of the normal flora of the adult human oral cavity but may be an opportunistic pathogen, in pure or mixed culture especially in immunocompromised hosts. [M. Eiken, 1958]

eikonometer
eikonometer (i-ko-nom′e-ter)

1. An instrument for determining the magnifying power of a microscope, or the size of a microscopic object. 2. An instrument for determining the degree of aniseikonia. [G. eikon, image, + metron, measure]

eiloid
eiloid (i′loyd)

Resembling a coil or roll. [G. eilo, to roll up, + eidos, appearance]

Eimer
Eimer

Gustav Heinrich Theodor, German zoologist, 1843–1898.

Eimeriidae
Eimeriidae (i-mer-i′i-de)

A family of sporozoan coccidia; important genera are Eimeria and Isospora, infections by Eimeria being by far the most common and most serious in domesticated animals. [see Eimeria]

Einarson gallocyanin-chrome alum stain
Einarson gallocyanin-chrome alum stain

See under stain.

einstein
einstein (in′stin)

A unit of energy equal to 1 mol quantum, hence to 6.0221367 × 10²³ quanta. The value of e., in kJ, is dependent upon the wavelength. [A. E., German-born U.S. theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate, 1879–1955]

einsteinium
einsteinium (Es) (in-stin′e-um)

An artificially prepared transuranium element, atomic no. 99, atomic wt. 252.0; it has many isotopes, all of which are radioactive (²⁵²Es has the longest known half-life, 1.29 years).

Einthoven
Einthoven

Willem, Dutch physiologist and Nobel laureate, 1860–1927. See E. equation, E. law, E. string galvanometer, E. triangle.

Eisenlohr
Eisenlohr

Carl, German physician, 1847–1896.

Eisenmenger
Eisenmenger

Victor, German physician, 1864–1932. See E. complex, E. defect, E. disease, E. syndrome, E. tetralogy.

eisodic
eisodic (i-sod′ik)

Rarely used term for afferent. [G. eis, into, + hodos, a way]

ejaculate
ejaculate (e-jak′u-lat)

1. To expel suddenly. 2. Semen expelled in ejaculation. [see ejaculation]

ejaculation
ejaculation (e-jak-u-la′shun)

The process that results in propulsion of semen from the genital ducts and urethra to the exterior; caused by the rhythmic contractions of the muscles surrounding the internal genital organs and the ischiocavernous and bulbocavernous muscles, resulting in an increase in pressure on the semen in the internal genital glands and the internal urethra. [L. e-iaculo, pp. -atus, to shoot out]
premature e. during sexual intercourse, too rapid achievement of climax and e. in the male relative to his own or his partner's wishes.
retrograde e. delivery of semen ejaculate into the bladder; seen in neurologic disease, diabetes, and occasionally after prostate surgery.

ejaculatory
ejaculatory (e-jak′u-la-tor-e)

Relating to an ejaculation.

ejecta
ejecta (e-jek′ta)

SYN: ejection (2) . [L. ntr. pl. of ejectus, pp. of ejicio, to throw out]

ejection
ejection (e-jek′shun)

1. The act of driving or throwing out by physical force from within. 2. That which is ejected. SYN: ejecta. [L. ejectio, from ejicio, to cast out]

ejector
ejector (e-jek′tor, -tor)

A device used for forcibly expelling (ejecting) a substance.
saliva e. a hollow, perforated suction tube used in the evacuation of saliva or liquid debris from the oral cavity. SYN: dental pump, saliva pump.

EJP
EJP

Abbreviation for excitatory junction potential.

Ejrup
Ejrup

Erick, 20th century Swedish internist. See E. maneuver.

eka- eka-

Prefix used to denote an undiscovered or just discovered element in the periodic system before a proper and official name is assigned by authorities; e.g., e.osmium, now plutonium. [Sanskrit eka, one]

Ekbom
Ekbom

Karl A., Swedish neurologist, *1907. See E. syndrome.

EKG
EKG

Abbreviation for electrocardiogram.

ekiri
ekiri (e-ki′ri)

An acute, toxic form of dysentery of infants seen in Japan and due to Shigella sonnei. [Jap.]

EKY
EKY

Abbreviation for electrokymogram.

elaboration
elaboration (e-lab′or-a′shun)

The process of working out in detail by labor and study. [L. e-laboro, pp. -atus, to labor, endeavor, fr. labor, toil, to work out]
secondary e. the mental process occurring partly during dreaming and partly during the recalling or telling of a dream by means of which the latent (relatively disorganized and psychologically painful) content of the dream is brought into increasingly more coherent and logical order, resulting in the manifest content of the dream; an aspect of dream work.

Elaeophora schneideri
Elaeophora schneideri (e-le-of′o-ra schni′der-i)

The bloodworm of sheep; a species of nematodes causing filarial dermatosis. [Mod. L. elaea, fr. G. elaia, olive, + agnos, sheep, + phoros, to bear]

elaidic acid
elaidic acid (el-a-id′ik)

An unsaturated monobasic trans-isomer of oleic acid; found in ruminant fats. Cf.:oleic acid.

elaiopathia
elaiopathia (el′a-o-path′e-a)

SYN: eleopathy. [G. elaion, oil, + pathos, suffering]

E-LAM
E-LAM

Abbreviation for endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule.

elapid
elapid (el′a-pid)

Any member of the snake family Elapidae.

Elapidae
Elapidae (e-lap′i-de)

A family of highly venomous snakes characterized by a pair of comparatively short, permanently erect deeply grooved fangs at the front of the mouth. There are over 150 species, including the cobra, krait, mamba, and coral snakes. [G. elops, a serpent]

elastance
elastance (e-las′tans)

A measure of the tendency of a structure to return to its original form after removal of a deforming force. In medicine and physiology, usually a measure of the tendency of a hollow viscus ( e.g., lung, urinary bladder, gallbladder) to recoil toward its original dimensions upon removal of a distending or compressing force, the recoil pressure resulting from a unit distention or compression of the viscus; the reciprocal of compliance. The relationship between elasticity and e. is of the same nature as that between the specific inductive capacity of an insulator material and the capacitance of a particular condenser made from that material.

elastase
elastase (e-las′tas)

A serine proteinase hydrolyzing elastin; other e.-like enzymes have been identified ( e.g., pancreatic e. [pancreatopeptidase E] and leukocyte e. [lysosomal or neutrophil e.]) with different sequences and kinetic parameters; all have fairly broad specificities.

elastic
elastic (e-las′tik)

1. Having the property of returning to the original shape after being stretched, compressed, bent, or otherwise distorted. 2. A rubber or plastic band used in orthodontics as either a primary or adjunctive source of force to move teeth. The term is generally modified by an adjective to describe the direction of the force or the location of the terminal connecting points. [G. elastreo, epic form of elauno, drive, push]
intermaxillary e. material used to provide e. traction between the upper and lower teeth.
vertical e. e. material used in a direction perpendicular to the occlusal plane, connecting one arch wire to the other, and usually used to improve intercuspation.

elastica
elastica (e-las′ti-ka)

1. The elastic layer in the wall of an artery. 2. SYN: elastic tissue.

elasticin
elasticin (e-las′ti-sin)

SYN: elastin.

elasticity
elasticity (e-las-tis′i-te)

The quality or condition of being elastic.
physical e. of muscle the quality of muscle that enables it to yield to passive physical stretch.
physiologic e. of muscle the biologic quality, unique for muscle, of being able to change and resume size under neuromuscular control.
total e. of muscle the combined effect of physical and physiologic e. of muscle.

elastin
elastin (e-las′tin)

A yellow elastic fibrous mucoprotein that is the major connective tissue protein of elastic structures ( e.g., large blood vessels, tendons, ligaments, etc.); elastins precursor is proelastin. SYN: elasticin.

elastofibroma
elastofibroma (e-las′to-fi-bro′ma)

A nonencapsulated slow-growing mass of poorly cellular, collagenous, fibrous tissue and elastic tissue; occurs usually in subscapular adipose tissue of old persons. [G. elastos, beaten, + L. fibra, -oma tumor]

elastoidin
elastoidin (e-las′toy-din)

A complex collagen.

elastolysis
elastolysis

Dissolution of elastic fibers. [elasto- + G. lysis, loosening, fr. luo, to loosen]
generalized e. SYN: dermatochalasis.

elastoma
elastoma (e-las-to′ma)

A tumorlike deposit of elastic tissue.
juvenile e. a connective tissue nevus characterized by an increase in the number and size of the elastic fibers. SEE ALSO: osteodermatopoikilosis.
Miescher e. circinate groups of hyperkeratotic papules that become dislodged, leaving a small bloody depression; associated with pseudoxanthoma elasticum.

elastometer
elastometer (e-las-tom′e-ter)

A device for measuring the elasticity of any body or of the animal tissues.

elastomucin
elastomucin (e-las-to-mu′kin)

The mucoprotein of connective tissue; e.g., elastin.

elastorrhexis
elastorrhexis (e-las-to-rek′sis)

Fragmentation of elastic tissue in which the normal wavy strands appear shredded and clumped, and take a basophilic stain. [G. rhexis, rupture]

elastosis
elastosis (e-las-to′sis)

1. Degenerative change in elastic tissue. 2. Degeneration of collagen fibers, with altered staining properties resembling elastic tissue. SYN: elastoid degeneration (1) , elastotic degeneration.
e. colloidalis conglomerata SYN: colloid milium.
e. dystrophica SYN: angioid streaks, under streak.
e. perforans serpiginosa circinate groups of asymptomatic keratotic papules; the epidermis is thickened around a central plug of dermal elastic tissue which is extruded through the epidermis.
solar e. e. seen histologically in the sun-exposed skin of the elderly or in those who have chronic actinic damage.

elation
elation (e-la′shun)

The feeling or expression of excitement or gaiety; if prolonged and inappropriate, a characteristic of mania. [L. elatio, fr. ef-fero, pp. e-latus, to lift up]

elaunin
elaunin (e-law′nin)

A component of elastic fibers formed from a deposition of elastin between oxytalan fibers; found in the connective tissue of the dermis, particularly in association with sweat glands. [G. elauno, to drive]

Elaut
Elaut

Leon J.S., 20th century Belgian pathologist. See E. triangle.

elbow
elbow (el′bo)

1. The region of the upper limb between arm and forearm surrounding the e. joint, especially posteriorly. 2. The joint between the arm and the forearm. SYN: cubitus (1) [TA] , ancon. 3. An angular body resembling a flexed e.. [A.S. elnboga]
little league e. SYN: Panner disease.
Little Leaguer's e. an epicondylitis of the medial epicondyle at the origin of the flexor muscles of the forearm; related to throwing and usually seen in children or adolescents.
miner's e. inflammation with fluid distention of the olecranon bursa.
nursemaid's e. subluxation of the radial head from the annular ligament. SYN: Malgaigne luxation.
tennis e. chronic inflammation at the origin of the extensor muscles of the forearm from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, as a result of unusual or repetitive strain (not necessarily from playing tennis). SYN: epicondylalgia externa, lateral humeral epicondylitis.

elbowed
elbowed (el′bod)

Angular; kneed.

elder
elder, elder flowers

SYN: sambucus.

electro- electro-

Electric, electricity. [G. elektron, amber (on which static electricity can be generated by friction)]

electroanalgesia
electroanalgesia (e-lek′tro-an-al-je′ze-a)

Analgesia induced by the passage of an electric current.

electroanalysis
electroanalysis (e-lek′tro-a-nal′i-sis)

Quantitative analysis of metals by electrolysis.

electroanesthesia
electroanesthesia (e-lek′tro-an-es-the′ze-a)

Anesthesia produced by an electric current.

electroaxonography
electroaxonography (e-lek′tro-ak-son-og′ra-fe)

SYN: axonography.

electrobioscopy
electrobioscopy (e-lek′tro-bi-os′ko-pe)

Rare term for use of electricity as a means of determining whether life is present or not. [electro- + G. bios, life, + skopeo, to examine]

electrocardiogram
electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG) (e-lek-tro-kar′de-o-gram)

Graphic record of the heart's integrated action currents obtained with the electrocardiograph displayed as voltage changes over time. [electro- + G. kardia, heart, + gramma, a drawing]
concordant changes e. the presence of more than one waveform change, each in the same direction (polarity).
discordant changes e. the presence of more than one waveform change, each in a different direction (polarity).
scalar e. (skal′ar) electrocardiographic lead output that can be displayed on one plane of the body in contradistinction to vector e. in which the display is on two or more planes.
unipolar e. an e. taken with the exploring electrode placed on the chest overlying the heart or upon a single limb, the indifferent (“zero” potential) electrode being the central terminal.

electrocardiograph
electrocardiograph (e-lek-tro-kar′de-o-graf)

An instrument for recording the potential of the electrical currents that traverse the heart.

electrocardiography
electrocardiography (e-lek′tro-kar-de-og′ra-fe)

1. A method of recording electrical currents traversing the heart muscle. 2. The study and interpretation of electrocardiograms.
fetal e. recording the electrocardiogram of the fetus in utero.
precordial e. recording of electrocardiographic signals from the anterior left chest; conventionally six electrode positions are used but any number may be applied.

electrocardiophonogram
electrocardiophonogram (e-lek′tro-kar-de-o-fon′o-gram)

The record obtained by electrocardiophonography.

electrocardiophonography
electrocardiophonography (e-lek′tro-kar-de-o-fo-nog′ra-fe)

Method of electrically recording the heart sounds. [electro- + G. kardia, heart, + phone, sound, + grapho, to write]

electrocauterization
electrocauterization (e-lek′tro-caw′ter-i-za′shun)

Cauterization by passage of high-frequency current through tissue or by a metal device that has been electrically heated.

electrocautery
electrocautery (e-lek′tro-caw′ter-e)

1. An instrument for directing a high frequency current through a local area of tissue. 2. A metal cauterizing instrument heated by an electric current. SYN: electric cautery.

electrocerebral inactivity
electrocerebral inactivity

SYN: electrocerebral silence.

electrocerebral silence
electrocerebral silence (ECS) (e-lek′tro-ser-e′bral si′lens)

Flat or isoelectric encephalogram; an electroencephalogram with absence of cerebral activity over 2 μv from symmetrically placed electrode pairs 10 or more centimeters apart, and with interelectrode resistance between 100 and 10,000 ohms; if such a record is present for 30 minutes in a clinically brain dead adult and if drug intoxication, hypothermia, and recent hypotension have been excluded, the diagnosis of cerebral death is supported. SYN: electrocerebral inactivity, flat electroencephalogram, isoelectric electroencephalogram.

electrochemical
electrochemical (e-lek′tro-kem′i-kal)

Denoting chemical reactions involving electricity, and the mechanisms involved.

electrocoagulation
electrocoagulation (e-lek′tro-ko-ag-u-la′shun)

Coagulation produced by an electrocautery.

electrocochleogram
electrocochleogram (e-lek′tro-kok′le-o-gram)

The record obtained by electrocochleography.

electrocochleography
electrocochleography (e-lek′tro-kok-le-og′ra-fe)

A measurement of the electrical potentials generated in the inner ear as a result of sound stimulation. [electro- + L. cochlea, snail shell, + G. grapho, to write]

electrocontractility
electrocontractility (e-lek′tro-kon-trak-til′i-te)

The power of contraction of muscular tissue in response to an electrical stimulus.

electroconvulsive
electroconvulsive (e-lek′tro-kon-vul′siv)

Denoting a convulsive response to an electrical stimulus. See electroshock therapy.

electrocorticogram
electrocorticogram (e-lek-tro-kor′ti-ko-gram)

A record of electrical activity derived directly from the cerebral cortex.

electrocorticography
electrocorticography (ECoG) (e-lek′tro-kor-ti-kog′ra-fe)

The technique of recording the electrical activity of the cerebral cortex by means of electrodes placed directly on it.

electrocute
electrocute (e-lek′tro-kut)

To cause death by the passage of an electric current through the body. [electro- + execute]

electrocution
electrocution (e-lek-tro-ku′shun)

Death caused by electricity. See electrocute. SYN: electrothanasia.

electrocystography
electrocystography (e-lek′tro-sis-tog′ra-fe)

Recording of electric currents or changes in electric potential from the urinary bladder.

electrode
electrode (e-lek′trod)

1. Device to record one of the two extremities of an electric circuit; one of the two poles of an electric battery or of the end of the conductors connected thereto. 2. An electrical terminal specialized for a particular electrochemical reaction. [electro- + G. hodos, way]
active e. a small e. whose exciting effect is used to stimulate or record potentials from a localized area. SYN: exciting e., localizing e., therapeutic e..
calomel e. an e. in which the wire is connected through a pool of mercury to a paste of mercurous chloride (Hg₂Cl₂, calomel) in a potassium chloride solution covered by more potassium chloride solution; commonly used as a reference e..
carbon dioxide e. a glass e. in a film of bicarbonate solution covered by a thin plastic membrane permeable to carbon dioxide but impermeable to water and electrolytes; the carbon dioxide pressure of a gas or liquid sample quickly equilibrates through the membrane and is measured in terms of the resulting pH of the bicarbonate solution, as sensed by the glass e.; commonly used to analyze arterial blood samples for CO₂. SYN: Severinghaus e..
central terminal e. in electrocardiography, an e. in which connections from the three limbs (right arm, left arm, and left leg) are joined and led to the electrocardiograph to form the indifferent e., theoretically at zero potential for the system.
Clark e. an oxygen e. consisting of the tip of a platinum wire exposed to a thin film of electrolyte covered by a plastic membrane permeable to oxygen but not to water or the electrolyte. When a certain voltage is applied, oxygen is destroyed at the platinum surface; the flow of current is then proportional to the rate at which oxygen can diffuse to the platinum surface from the gas or liquid sample outside the membrane and is thus a measure of the oxygen pressure in the sample; commonly used to measure oxygen pressure in arterial blood samples.
dispersing e. SYN: indifferent e..
exciting e. SYN: active e..
exploring e. an e. placed on or near an excitable tissue; in unipolar electrocardiography, the e. is placed on the chest in the region of the heart and paired with an indifferent e..
glass e. a thin-walled glass bulb containing a standard buffer solution, quinhydrone, and a platinum wire; when immersed in an unknown solution, a potential difference develops that varies with the pH of the unknown solution; this difference can be made to give the pH; used in pH meters.
hydrogen e. the ultimate standard of reference in all pH determinations, limited and technically difficult to use, consisting of a piece of spongy platinum black partly immersed in a solution in a small glass tube; the tube above the solution is filled with hydrogen gas that is bubbled through the solution and absorbed by the platinum; the e. thus measures the potential between H₂ and H⁺, the “standard” potential of which (1 atmosphere, 1 molar) is taken as zero; hence, the hydrogen e. potential measures [H⁺] or pH.
indifferent e. in unipolar electrocardiography, a remote e. placed either upon a single limb or connected with the central terminal and paired with an exploring e.; the indifferent e. is supposed to contribute little or nothing to the resulting record. SYN: dispersing e., silent e..
ion-selective electrodes glass, liquid ion-exchange, or solid state electrodes used to measure electrolyte and calcium ion activity in biological fluids.
localizing e. SYN: active e..
negative e. SYN: cathode.
oxidation-reduction e. an e. capable of measuring oxidation-reduction potential. See quinhydrone e.. SYN: redox e..
oxygen e. an e., usually consisting of a platinum wire or dropping mercury, used to measure the dioxygen concentration in a solution.
positive e. SYN: anode.
quinhydrone e. one of several oxidation-reduction electrodes in which the ratio of the two forms (quinone-quinhydrone), determined by the hydrogen ion concentration, sets up a potential that can be measured and converted to a pH value (fails above pH 8).
redox e. SYN: oxidation-reduction e..
reference e. an e. expected to have a constant potential, such as a calomel e., and used with another e. to complete an electrical circuit through a solution; e.g., when a reference e. is used with a glass e. for pH measurement, changes in voltage between the two electrodes can be attributed to the effects of pH on the glass e. alone.
resectoscope e. a wire loop e. that allows removal of tissue as well as cautery of the raw surface; used in endometrial ablation.
rollerball e. a ball e. that rolls like a paint roller over surface tissue, cauterizing it; used in endometrial ablation.
Severinghaus e. SYN: carbon dioxide e..
silent e. SYN: indifferent e..
therapeutic e. SYN: active e..

electrodermal
electrodermal (e-lek′tro-der′mal)

Pertaining to electric properties of the skin, usually referring to altered resistance. [electro- + G. derma, skin]

electrodesiccation
electrodesiccation (e-lek′tro-des-i-ka′shun)

Destruction of lesions or sealing off of blood vessels (usually of the skin, but also of available surfaces of mucous membrane) by monopolar high-frequency electric current. [electro- + L. desicco, to dry up]

electrodiagnosis
electrodiagnosis (e-lek′tro-di-ag-no′sis)

1. The use of electronic devices for diagnostic purposes. 2. By convention, the studies performed in the EMG laboratory, i.e., nerve conduction studies and needle electrode examination (EMG proper). SYN: electroneurography. 3. Determination of the nature of a disease through observation of changes in electrical activity. SYN: evoked electromyography.

electrodialysis
electrodialysis (e-lek′tro-di-al′i-sis)

In an electric field, the removal of ions from larger molecules and particles. Cf.:electro-osmosis.

electroencephalogram
electroencephalogram (EEG) (e-lek′tro-en-sef′a-lo-gram)

The record obtained by means of the electroencephalograph.
flat e. SYN: electrocerebral silence.
isoelectric e. SYN: electrocerebral silence.

electroencephalograph
electroencephalograph (e-lek′tro-en-sef′a-lo-graf)

A system for recording the electric potentials of the brain derived from electrodes attached to the scalp. [electro- + G. encephalon, brain, + grapho, to write]

electroencephalography
electroencephalography (EEG) (elek′tro-en-sef′a-log′ra-fe)

Registration of the electrical potentials recorded by an electroencephalograph.

electroendosmosis
electroendosmosis (e-lek′tro-en-dos-mo′sis)

Endosmosis produced by means of an electric field.

electrofocusing
electrofocusing (e-lek′tro-fo-kus-ing)

The process of separating macromolecules or small molecules via electrophoresis in a pH gradient.

electrogastrogram
electrogastrogram (e-lek′tro-gas′tro-gram)

The record obtained with the electrogastrograph.

electrogastrograph
electrogastrograph (e-lek′tro-gas′tro-graf)

An instrument used in electrogastrography. [electro- + G. gaster, stomach, + grapho, to write]

electrogastrography
electrogastrography (e-lek′tro-gas-trog′ra-fe)

The recording of the electrical phenomena associated with gastric secretion and motility.

electrogram
electrogram (e-lek′tro-gram)

1. Any record on paper or film made by an electrical event. 2. In electrophysiology, a recording taken directly from the surface by unipolar or bipolar leads.
His bundle e. (HBE) an e. recorded from the His bundle, either in the experimental animal or in humans during electrophysiologic cardiac catheterization.

electrohemostasis
electrohemostasis (e-lek′tro-he-mos′ta-sis, -he-mo-sta′sis)

Arrest of hemorrhage by means of an electrocautery. [electro- + G. haima, blood, + stasis, halt]

electrohysterograph
electrohysterograph (e-lek′tro-his′ter-o-graf)

Instrument that records uterine electrical activity. [electro- + G. hystera, womb, + grapho, to write]

electroimmunodiffusion
electroimmunodiffusion (e-lek′tro-im′u-no-di-fu′zhun)

An immunochemical method that combines electrophoretic separation with immunodiffusion by incorporating antibody into the support medium.

electrokymogram
electrokymogram (EKY) (e-lek-tro-ki′mo-gram)

An obsolete technique for making a graphic record of the heart's movements produced by the electrokymograph.

electrokymograph
electrokymograph (e-lek-tro-ki′mo-graf)

An obsolete apparatus for recording, from changes in the x-ray silhouette, the movements of the heart and great vessels; consists of a fluoroscope, x-ray tube, and a photomultiplier tube together with an electrocardiograph.

electrolysis
electrolysis (e-lek-trol′i-sis)

1. Decomposition of a salt or other chemical compound by means of an electric current. 2. Destruction of hair follicles by means of galvanic electricity. [electro- + G. lysis, dissolution]

electrolyte
electrolyte (e-lek′tro-lit)

1. Any compound that, in solution or in molten form, conducts electricity and is decomposed (electrolyzed) by it. 2. An ionizable substance in solution. [electro- + G. lytos, soluble]
amphoteric e. an e. that can either give up or take on a hydrogen ion and can thus behave as either an acid or a base. SYN: ampholyte.

electrolytic
electrolytic (e-lek-tro-lit′ik)

Referring to or caused by electrolysis.

electrolyze
electrolyze (e-lek′tro-liz)

To decompose chemically by means of an electric current.

electrolyzer
electrolyzer (e-lek′tro-liz-er)

An obsolete apparatus for the treatment of strictures, fibromas, etc., by electrolysis.

electromagnet
electromagnet (e-lek-tro-mag′net)

A bar of soft iron rendered magnetic by an electric current encircling it.

electromassage
electromassage (e-lek′tro-mas-sazh′)

Massage combined with the application of electricity.

electromicturation
electromicturation (e-lek′tro-mik-too-ra′shun)

Electrical stimulation of the conus medullaris to empty the urinary bladder of paraplegics. [electro- + L. micturio, to desire to make water]

electromorph
electromorph (e-lek′tro-morf)

A mutant form of a protein, phenotypically distinguished by its electrophoretic mobility. [electro- + G. morphe, form, shape]

electromotility
electromotility (e-lek′tro-mo-til′i-ty)

The motility of the auditory outer hair cells in response to electrical stimulation.

electromyogram
electromyogram (EMG) (e-lek-tro-mi′o-gram)

A graphic representation of the electric currents associated with muscular action.

electromyograph
electromyograph (e-lek-tro-mi′o-graf)

An instrument for recording electrical currents generated in an active muscle.

electromyography
electromyography (e-lek′tro-mi-og′ra-fe)

1. The recording of electrical activity generated in muscle for diagnostic purposes; both surface and needle recording electrodes can be used, although characteristically the latter is employed, so that the procedure is also called needle electrode examination. 2. Umbrella term for the entire electrodiagnostic study performed in the EMG laboratory, including not only the needle electrode examination, but also the nerve conduction studies. [electro- + G. mys, muscle, + grapho, to write]
evoked e. SYN: electrodiagnosis.

electron
electron (β−) (e-lek′tron)

One of the negatively charged subatomic particles that orbit the positive nucleus, in one of several energy levels called shells; in mass they are estimated to be 1/1836.15 of a proton; when emitted from inside the nucleus of a radioactive substance, electrons are called β particles. A nucleus and its electrons constitute an atom. SEE ALSO: shell. [electro- + -on]
Auger e. an e. ejected from an orbital by photoelectric interaction with a photon emitted when another e., in a higher energy orbital, passed from a higher to a lower energy level; the Auger e. recoils with energy equal to the characteristic radiation less the difference in shell binding energies. See photoelectric effect, transition e..
conversion e. an internal conversion e..
emission e. a beta particle resulting from radioactive decay.
internal conversion e. an e., similar to an Auger e., released from one of the e. orbits of the atom upon activation by a gamma ray from that atom's nucleus; the e. has kinetic energy equal to the net energy transition of the disintegration.
positive e. SYN: positron.
transition e. an e. that moves from one energy level to another to fill a vacancy in a shell, with the emission of characteristic radiation.
valence e. one of the electrons that take part in chemical reactions of an atom.

electronarcosis
electronarcosis (e-lek′tro-nar-ko′sis)

Production of insensibility to pain by the use of electrical current.

electronegative
electronegative (e-lek-tro-neg′a-tiv)

1. Relating to or charged with negative electricity. 2. Referring to an element whose uncharged atoms have a tendency to ionize by adding electrons, thus becoming anions ( e.g., oxygen, fluorine, chlorine).

electroneurography
electroneurography (e-lek′tro-noo-rog′ra-fe)

SYN: electrodiagnosis (2) .

electroneurolysis
electroneurolysis (e-lek′tro-noo-rol′i-sis)

Destruction of nerve tissue by electricity.

electroneuromyography
electroneuromyography (e-lek′tro-noor′o-mi-og′ra-fe)

See electrodiagnosis (2) .

electronic
electronic (e-lek-tron′ik)

1. Pertaining to electrons. 2. Denoting devices or systems utilizing the flow of electrons in a vacuum, gas, or semiconductor.

electron-volt
electron-volt (eV, ev)

The energy imparted to an electron by a potential of 1 V; equal to 1.60218 × 10⁻¹² erg in the CGS system, or 1.60218 × 10⁻¹⁹ J in the SI system.

electronystagmography
electronystagmography (ENG) (e-lek′tro-nis′tag-mog′ra-fe)

A method of nystagmography based on electrooculography; skin electrodes are placed at outer canthi to register horizontal nystagmus or above and below each eye for vertical nystagmus. [electro- + nystagmus + G. grapho, to write]

electrooculogram
electrooculogram (e-lek′tro-ok′u-lo-gram)

A record of electric currents in electro-oculography.

electrooculography
electrooculography (EOG) (e-lek′tro-ok′u-log′ra-fe)

Oculography in which electrodes placed on the skin adjacent to the eyes measure changes in standing potential between the front and back of the eyeball as the eyes move; a sensitive electrical test for detection of retinal pigment epithelium dysfunction.

electroolfactogram
electroolfactogram (EOG) (e-lek′tro-ol-fak′to-gram)

An electronegative wave of potential occurring on the surface of the olfactory epithelium in response to stimulation by an odor. SYN: osmogram, Ottoson potential.

electro-osmosis
electro-osmosis (e-lek′tro-os-mo′sis)

The diffusion of a substance through a membrane in an electric field. Cf.:electrodialysis.

electroparacentesis
electroparacentesis (e-lek′tro-par′a-sen-te′sis)

Removal of fluid, as from the eye, with an electrically activated instrument.

electropherogram
electropherogram (e-lek-tro-fer′o-gram)

The densitometric or colorimetric pattern obtained from filter paper or similar porous strips on which substances have been separated by electrophoresis; may also refer to the strips themselves. SYN: electrophoretogram, ionogram, ionopherogram.

electrophil
electrophil, electrophile (e-lek′tro-fil, -fil)

1. The electron-attracting atom or agent in an organic reaction. Cf.:nucleophil. 2. Relating to an e.. SYN: electrophilic. [electro- + G. philos, fond]

electrophilic
electrophilic (e-lek-tro-fil′ik)

SYN: electrophil (2) .

electrophobia
electrophobia (e-lek-tro-fo′be-a)

Morbid fear of electricity. [electro- + G. phobos, fear]

electrophoresis
electrophoresis (e-lek-tro-for′e-sis)

The movement of particles in an electric field toward an electric pole (anode or cathode); used to separate and purify biomolecules. SEE ALSO: electropherogram. SYN: dielectrolysis, ionophoresis, phoresis (1) . [electro- + G. phoresis, a carrying]
capillary zone e. (CZE) a method for separating molecules extremely rapidly based on their electrophoretic mobility.
carrier e. e. done on a carrier (such as paper, polyacrylamide gel, etc.).
disk e. a modification of gel e. in which a discontinuity (pH, gel pore size) is introduced near the origin to produce a lamina (disk) of the materials being separated; the separating bands retain their discoid shape as they move through the gel.
free e. e. of substances placed in a solution in a U-shaped tube.
gel e. e. through a gel, usually a cylindrical tube or on a slab consisting of a gel of uniform composition.
isoenzyme e. electrophoretic separation of serum enzymes; separation of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase is commonly used for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.
lipoprotein e. electrophoretic separation of plasma lipoproteins.
polyacrylamide gel e. (PAGE) a gel formed by cross-linking of acrylamide that is used for the separation of proteins or nucleic acids. These substances are separated on the basis of both size and charge.
pulsed-field gel e. SYN: pulse-field gel e..
pulse-field gel e. gel e. in which, after electrophoretic migration has begun, the current is briefly stopped and reapplied in a different orientation; allows for the purification of long DNA molecules. SYN: pulsed-field gel e..
thin-layer e. (TLE) electrophoretic migrations (separations) through a thin layer of inert material, such as cellulose, supported on a glass or plastic plate.

electrophoretic
electrophoretic (e-lek′tro-phor-et′ik)

Relating to electrophoresis, as an e. separation. SYN: ionophoretic.

electrophoretogram
electrophoretogram (e-lek′tro-for-et′o-gram)

SYN: electropherogram.

electrophrenic
electrophrenic (e-lek′tro-fren′ik)

Denoting electrical stimulation of the phrenic nerve usually at its motor point in the neck. SEE ALSO: e. respiration.

electrophysiology
electrophysiology (e-lek′tro-fiz-e-ol′o-je)

The branch of science concerned with electrical phenomena that are associated with physiologic processes. Electrical phenomena are prominent in neurons and effectors.

electroporation
electroporation (e-lek′tro-por-a-shun)

A technique in which a brief electric shock is applied to cells; momentary holes open briefly in the plasma membrane, allowing the entry of macromolecules ( e.g., a way of introducing new DNA into a cell).

electropositive
electropositive (e-lek-tro-pos′i-tiv)

1. Relating to or charged with positive electricity. 2. Referring to an element whose atoms tend to lose electrons; e.g., sodium, potassium, calcium.

electropuncture
electropuncture (e-lek-tro-punk′choor)

Passage of an electrical current through needle electrodes piercing the tissues.

electroradiology
electroradiology (e-lek′tro-ra-de-ol′o-je)

Obsolete term for the use of electricity and x-ray in treatment.

electroradiometer
electroradiometer (e-lek′tro-ra-de-om′e-ter)

A modified electroscope designed for the differentiation of radiant energy. [electro- + L. radius, ray, + G. metron, measure]

electroretinogram
electroretinogram (ERG) (e-lek′tro-ret′i-no-gram)

A record of the retinal action currents produced in the retina by an adequate light stimulus. [electro- + retina + G. gramma, something written]

electroretinography
electroretinography (e-lek′tro-ret′i-nog′ra-fe)

The recording and study of the retinal action currents.

electroscission
electroscission (e-lek′tro-si-shun)

Division of tissues by means of an electrocautery knife. [electro- + L. scissio, a splitting, fr. scindo, to split]

electroscope
electroscope (e-lek′tro-skop)

An instrument for the detection of electrical charges or ionization of gas by beta or x-rays; consists of two strips of gold leaf suspended from an insulated conductor and enclosed in an airtight container viewed with a low-power microscope. [electro- + G. skopeo, to examine]

electroshock
electroshock (e-lek′tro-shok)

See e. therapy.

electrosol
electrosol (e-lek′tro-sol)

SYN: colloidal metal.

electrospectrography
electrospectrography (e-lek′tro-spek-trog′ra-fe)

The recording, study, and interpretation of electroencephalographic wave patterns.

electrospinogram
electrospinogram (e-lek-tro-spi′no-gram)

The record obtained by electrospinography.

electrospinography
electrospinography (e-lek′tro-spi-nog′ra-fe)

The recording of spontaneous electrical activity of the spinal cord.

electrostenolysis
electrostenolysis (e-lek′tro-ste-nol′i-sis)

The precipitation of metals in membrane pores in the course of electrolysis.

electrostethograph
electrostethograph (e-lek′tro-steth′o-graf)

Electrical instrument that amplifies or records the respiratory and cardiac sounds of the chest. [electro- + G. stethos, chest, + grapho, to record]

electrostriction
electrostriction (e-lek-tro-strik′shun)

1. The contraction in volume in a protein solution during proteolysis due to the formation of new charged groups. 2. The reversible change in dimensions of a substance or material when an electric field is applied to it.

electrosurgery
electrosurgery (e-lek-tro-ser′jer-e)

Division of tissues by high frequency current applied locally with a metal instrument or needle. SEE ALSO: electrocautery. SYN: electrotomy.

electrotaxis
electrotaxis (e-lek-tro-tak′sis)

Reaction of plant or animal protoplasm to either an anode or a cathode. SEE ALSO: tropism. SYN: electrotropism, galvanotaxis, galvanotropism. [electro- + G. taxis, orderly arrangement]
negative e. e. by which an organism is attracted toward an anode or repelled from a cathode.
positive e. e. by which an organism is attracted toward a cathode or repelled from an anode.

electrothanasia
electrothanasia (e-lek′tro-tha-na′ze-a)

SYN: electrocution. [electro- + G. thanatos, death]

electrotherapeutics
electrotherapeutics, electrotherapy (e-lek′tro-thar-a-pu′tiks, -thar′a-pe)

Use of electricity in the treatment of disease.

electrotherm
electrotherm (e-lek′tro-therm)

A flexible sheet of resistance coils used for applying heat to the surface of the body. [electro- + G. therme, heat]

electrotome
electrotome (e-lek′tro-tom)

An electric scalpel.

electrotomy
electrotomy (e-lek-trot′o-me)

SYN: electrosurgery. [electro- + G. tome, incision]

electrotonic
electrotonic (e-lek-tro-ton′ik)

Relating to electrotonus.

electrotonus
electrotonus (e-lek-trot′o-nus)

Changes in excitability and conductivity in a nerve or muscle cell caused by the passage of a constant electric current. SEE ALSO: catelectrotonus, anelectrotonus. SYN: galvanotonus (1) . [electro- + G. tonos, tension]

electrotropism
electrotropism (e-lek-trot′ro-pizm, e-lek-tro-tro′pizm)

SYN: electrotaxis. [electro- + G. trope, a turning]

electuary
electuary (e-lek′choo-a-re)

SYN: confection. [G. eleikton, a medicine that melts in the mouth, fr. ekleicho, to lick up]

eledoisin
eledoisin (el-e-doy′sin)

An undecapeptide toxin that is formed in the venom gland of cephalopods of the genus Eledone and causes vasodilation and contraction of extravascular smooth muscle.

eleidin
eleidin (e-le′i-din)

A refractile and weakly staining keratin present in the cells of the stratum lucidum of the palmar and plantar epidermis.

element
element (el′e-ment)

1. A substance composed of atoms of only one kind, i.e., of identical atomic (proton) number, that therefore cannot be decomposed into two or more elements and that can lose its chemical properties only by union with some other e. or by a nuclear reaction changing the proton number. 2. An indivisible structure or entity. 3. A functional entity, frequently exogenous, within a bacterium, such as an extrachromosomal e.. [L. elementum, a rudiment, beginning]
actinide elements SYN: actinides.
alkaline earth elements those elements in the family Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and Ra, the hydroxides of which are highly ionized and hence alkaline in water solution.
amphoteric e. an e., one or more of whose oxides unite with water to form hydroxides that may act as acids or as bases ( e.g., aluminum).
anatomical e. any anatomical unit, such as a cell. SYN: morphologic e..
copia elements a mobile genetic e. with retrovirus-like sequence organization.
electronegative e. an e. whose atoms have a tendency to accept electrons and form negative ions ( e.g., oxygen, sulfur, chlorine).
electropositive e. an e. whose atoms have a tendency to lose electrons and form positive ions ( e.g., sodium).
extrachromosomal e., extrachromosomal genetic e. SYN: plasmid.
fold-back elements a type of transposable e. that possesses long inverted repeats, such that when denatured, loops are formed.
labile elements tissue cells, as of epithelium, connective tissue, etc., that continue to multiply by mitosis during the life of the individual.
long interspersed elements (LINES) long repetitive sequences in DNA with terminal repeats seen in human and mouse DNA.
morphologic e. SYN: anatomical e..
neutral e. an e. of the zero group of the periodic system comprising the noble gases, He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn.
noble e. SYN: noble metal.
P elements a class of transposable elements in Drosophila responsible for hybrid dysgenesis; utilized as tools for introducing genes into new locations in the genome.
picture e. pixel.
rare earth elements SYN: lanthanides.
short interspersed elements (SINES) highly repetitive sequences of DNA of about 300 base pairs in length that occur about every 3000–5000 bp in the genome.
trace elements elements present in minute amounts in the body, many of which are essential in metabolism or for the manufacture of essential compounds; e.g., Zn, Se, V, Ni, Mg, Mn. SYN: microelements, microminerals.
transposable e. a DNA sequence that can move from one location in the genome to another; the transposition event can involve both recombination and replication, producing two copies of the moving piece of DNA; the insertion of these DNA fragments can disrupt the integrity of the target gene, possibly causing activation of dormant genes, deletions, inversions, and a variety of chromosomal aberrations. SEE ALSO: transposon.
volume e. voxel.

eleo- eleo-

Oil. SEE ALSO: oleo-. [G. elaion, olive oil]

eleoma
eleoma (el-e-o′ma)

SYN: lipogranuloma. [G. elaion, oil, + -oma, tumor]

eleometer
eleometer (el-e-om′e-ter)

SYN: oleometer. [G. elaion, oil, + metron, measure]

eleopathy
eleopathy (el-e-op′a-the)

A rare condition in which there is boggy swelling of the joints, said to be due to a fatty deposit following contusion; or possibly a condition resulting from the injection of paraffin oil as a form of malingering. SYN: elaiopathia.

eleostearic acid
eleostearic acid (el-e-o-ste′a-rik, -ster′ik)

An 18-carbon fatty acid with three double bonds (at carbons 9, 11, and 13); isomeric with linolenic acid; found in plant fats.

eleotherapy
eleotherapy (el-e-o-thar′a-pe)

SYN: oleotherapy. [G. elaion, oil]

elephantiasis
elephantiasis (el-e-fan-ti′a-sis)

Hypertrophy, edema, and fibrosis of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, especially of the lower extremities and genitalia with hydrocele, or enlargement of a limb, usually caused by long-standing obstructed lymphatic vessels, most commonly the result of years of infection by the filarial worm Wuchereria bancrofti or Brugia malayi. SEE ALSO: filariasis. SYN: elephant leg. [G. fr. elephas, elephant]
congenital e. congenital enlargement of one or more of the limbs or other parts, due to dilation of the lymphatics. See also entries under hereditary lymphedema, congenital type.
gingival e. a fibrous hyperplasia of the gingiva.
e. neuromatosa enlargement of a limb due to diffuse neurofibromatosis of the skin and subcutaneous tissue.
e. scroti brawny swelling of the scrotum as a result of chronic lymphatic obstruction. SYN: lymph scrotum, parasitic chylocele.
e. telangiectodes hypertrophy of the skin and subcutaneous tissues accompanied by and dependent upon dilation of the blood vessels.
e. vulvae SYN: chronic hypertrophic vulvitis.

elevation
elevation (el-e-va′shun) [TA]

SYN: torus (1) .
e. of levator palati SYN: torus levatorius.
tactile elevations [TA] small areas in the skin of the palms and soles especially rich in sensory nerve endings. SYN: toruli tactiles [TA] .

elevator
elevator (el′e-va-ter)

1. An instrument for prying up a sunken part, as the depressed fragment of bone in fracture of the skull, or for elevating tissues from their attachment to bone. 2. A surgical instrument used to luxate and remove teeth and roots that cannot be engaged by the beaks of forceps, or to loosen teeth and roots prior to forceps application. SYN: dental lever. [L. fr. e-levo, pp. -atus, to lift up]
periosteal e. an instrument used for separating the periosteum from the bone. SYN: rugine (1) .
screw e. a dental instrument with a threaded extremity used for extracting the root of a broken tooth.

eliminant
eliminant (e-lim′i-nant)

1. An evacuant that promotes excretion or the removal of waste. 2. An agent that increases excretion.

elimination
elimination (e-lim-i-na′shun)

Expulsion; removal of waste material from the body; the getting rid of anything. [L. elimino, pp. -atus, to turn out of doors, fr. limen, threshold]
carbon dioxide e. (V_CO2) (V_CO₂) the rate at which carbon dioxide enters the alveolar gas from the blood, equal in the steady state to the metabolic production of carbon dioxide by tissue metabolism throughout the body; units: ml/min STPD or mmol/min.

elinguation
elinguation (e-ling-gwa′shun)

SYN: glossectomy. [L. e, out, + lingua, tongue]

elinin
elinin (el′i-nin)

A lipoprotein fraction of red blood cells that contains the Rh and A and B factors.

ELISA
ELISA

Abbreviation for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

elixir
elixir (e-lik′ser)

A clear, sweetened, hydroalcoholic liquid intended for oral use; elixirs contain flavoring substances and are used either as vehicles or for the therapeutic effect of the active medicinal agents. [Mediev. L., fr. Ar. al- iksir, the philosopher's stone]
phenobarbital e. a palatable, colored hydroalcoholic (12–15% alcohol) mixture containing 20 mg of phenobarbital per 5 ml (teaspoonful); useful in administering the drug to children or persons who have difficulty swallowing tablets; used as an anticonvulsant and sedative.

Ellik
Ellik

Milo, U.S. urologist, *1905. See E. evacuator.

Elliot
Elliot

Robert Henry, British ophthalmologist, 1864–1936. See E. operation.

Elliot
Elliot

John W., U.S. surgeon, 1852–1925. See E. position.

Elliott
Elliott

Thomas R., British physician, 1877–1961. See E. law.

ellipsis
ellipsis (e-lip′sis)

Omission of words or ideas, leaving the whole to be completed by the reader or listener. [G. ek-, out, + leipsis, leaving]

ellipsoid
ellipsoid (e-lip′soyd)

1. A spherical or spindle-shaped condensation of phagocytic macrophages in a reticular stroma investing the wall of the splenic arterial capillaries shortly before they release their blood in the cords of red pulp. 2. The outer end of the inner segment of the retinal rods and cones. 3. Having the shape of an ellipse or oval. SYN: sheath of Schweigger-Seidel. [G. ellips, oval, + eidos, form]

elliptocytosis
elliptocytosis (e-lip′to-si-to′sis)

A hematologic disorder in which 50–90% of the red blood cells consist of rod forms and elliptocytes; often associated with a hemolytic anemia. There are several autosomal dominant forms [MIM*130500, MIM*130600, and MIM*179650], with one form linked to the Rh blood group, caused by mutation in the gene encoding erythrocyte membrane protein band 4.1 (EPB41) on chromosome 1p, while the unlinked form is due to mutation either in the alpha-spectrin gene on 1q, or in the beta-spectrin gene on 14q or the band 3 gene on 17q. There is one autosomal recessive form [MIM*225450] known. SYN: ovalocytosis.

Ellis
Ellis

Richard W.B., English physician, 1902–1966. See E.-van Creveld syndrome.

Ellison
Ellison

Edwin H., U.S. physician, 1918–1970. See Zollinger-E. syndrome, Zollinger-E. tumor.

Ellsworth
Ellsworth

Read McLane, U.S. physician, 1899–1970. See E.-Howard test.

Eloesser
Eloesser

Leo, U.S. thoracic surgeon, 1881–1976. See E. flap, E. procedure.

elongation
elongation (e-lon-ga′shun)

1. The increase in the gauge length measured after fracture in tension within the gauge length, expressed in percentage of original gauge length. 2. The lengthening of a macromolecule; e.g., in the synthesis of long-chain fatty acids or in the synthesis of a protein.

Elschnig
Elschnig

Anton, German ophthalmologist, 1863–1939. See E. pearls, under pearl, E. spots, under spot, Koerber-Salus-E. syndrome.

eluant
eluant (el′u-ant)

The material that has been eluted.

eluate
eluate (el′u-at)

The solution emerging from a column or paper in chromatography. SEE ALSO: elution.

eluent
eluent (el′u-ent)

The mobile phase in chromatography. SEE ALSO: elution. SYN: developer (2) , elutant.

elutant
elutant (e-loo′tant)

SYN: eluent.

elute
elute (e-loot′)

To perform or accomplish an elution. SYN: elutriate.

elution
elution (e-loo′shun)

1. The separation, by washing, of one solid from another. 2. The removal, by means of a suitable solvent, of one material from another that is insoluble in that solvent, as in column chromatography. 3. The removal of antibodies absorbed onto the erythrocyte surface. SYN: elutriation. [L. e-luo, pp. lutus, to wash out]
gradient e. e. in column chromatography in which a changing pH or ionic strength is used to separate substances.

elutriate
elutriate (e-loo′tre-at)

SYN: elute.

elutriation
elutriation (e-loo-tre-a′shun)

SYN: elution. [L. elutrio, pp. -atus, to wash out, decant, fr. e-luo, to wash out]

elytro- elytro-

The vagina. SEE ALSO: colpo-, vagino-. [G. elytron, sheath (vagina)]

em- em-

See en-.

EMA
EMA

Abbreviation for epithelial membrane antigen.

emaciation
emaciation (e-ma-se-a′shun)

Becoming abnormally thin from extreme loss of flesh. SYN: wasting (1) . [L. e-macio, pp. -atus, to make thin]

emaculation
emaculation (e-mak-u-la′shun)

Removal of spots or other blemishes from the skin. [L. emaculo, pp. -atus, to clear from spots, fr. e-, out, + macula, spot]

emanation
emanation (em-a-na′shun)

1. Any substance that flows out or is emitted from a source or origin. 2. The radiation from a radioactive element. [L. e- mano, pp. -atus, to flow out]
actinium e. radon-219. See emanon.
radium e. radon-222. See emanon.
thorium e. radon-220. See emanon.

emanatorium
emanatorium (em′a-na-tor′e-um)

An institution where, formerly, radiation treatment now considered dangerous (using radioactive waters and the inhalation of radium emanations) was administered.

emancipation
emancipation (e-man-si-pa′shun)

In embryology, delimitation of a specific area in an organ-forming field, giving definite shape and limits to the organ primordium.

emanon
emanon (em′a-non)

Obsolete term once used to denote all radon isotopes collectively, when the term radon was restricted to the isotope radon-222, the naturally occurring intermediate of the uranium-238 radioactive series; so called because original names for radon-219, radon-220, and radon-222 were, respectively, “actinium emanation,” “thorium emanation,” and “radium emanation.” [L. emano, to flow out + -on]

emanotherapy
emanotherapy (em′a-no-thar′a-pe)

An obsolete treatment of various diseases by means of radium emanation (radon), or other emanation.

emarginate
emarginate (e-mar′ji-nat)

Nicked; with broken margin. SYN: notched. [L. emargino, to deprive of its edge, fr. e- priv. + margo (margin-), edge]

emargination
emargination (e-mar′ji-na′shun)

SYN: notch.

emasculation
emasculation (e-mas-ku-la′shun)

Castration of the male by removal of the testes and/or penis. SYN: eviration (1) . [L. emasculo, pp. -atus, to castrate, fr. e- priv. + masculus, masculine]

EMB
EMB

Abbreviation for eosin-methylene blue. See eosin-methylene blue agar.

Embadomonas
Embadomonas (em-ba-dom′o-nas, em′ba-do-mo′nas)

Old name for Retortamonas. [G. embadon, surface, + monas, unit, monad]

embalm
embalm (em-bahlm′)

To treat a dead body with balsams or other chemicals to preserve it from decay. [L. in, in, + balsamum, balsam]

Embden
Embden

Gustav G., German biochemist, 1874–1933. See E. ester, Robison-E. ester, E.-Meyerhof pathway, E.-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway.

embed
embed (em-bed′)

To surround a pathological or histological specimen with a firm and sometimes hard medium such as paraffin, wax, celloidin, or a resin, in order to make possible the cutting of thin sections for microscopic examination. SYN: imbed.

embelin
embelin (em′be-lin)

The active principle from the dried fruit of Embelia ribes and E. robusta (family Myrsinaceae); has been used as a teniacide.

emboitement emboitement (awm-bwaht-mawn′)

SYN: preformation theory. [Fr., encasement]

embole
embole (em′bo-le)

1. Reduction of a limb dislocation. SYN: embolia. 2. Formation of the gastrula by invagination. SYN: emboly. [G. e., insertion]

embolectomy
embolectomy (em-bo-lek′to-me)

Removal of an embolus. [G. embolos, a plug (embolus), + ektome, excision]

embolemia
embolemia (em-bo-le′me-a)

The presence of emboli in the circulating blood. [G. embolos, a plug (embolus), + haima, blood]

emboli
emboli (em′bo-li)

Plural of embolus.

embolia
embolia (em-bo′le-a)

SYN: embole (1) .

embolic
embolic (em-bol′ik)

Relating to an embolus or to embolism.

emboliform
emboliform (em-bol′i-form)

Shaped like an embolus. [G. embolos, plug (embolus), + L. forma, form]

embolism
embolism (em′bo-lizm)

Obstruction or occlusion of a vessel by an embolus. [G. embolisma, a piece or patch; lit. something thrust in]
air e. an e. caused by air bubbles in the vascular system; venous air e. can result from air introduced via intravenous lines, especially central lines, and generally must be substantial to block pulmonary blood flow and cause symptoms; arterial air e. is also usually iatrogenic, caused by cardiopulmonary bypass or other intravascular interventions, rarely after penetrating lung injury; small amounts of arterial air can cause death by blockage of coronary and/or cerebral arteries; small bubbles introduced into the venous system may similarly cause symptoms if they reach the arterial side. Cf.:paradoxical e.. SYN: gas e..
amnionic fluid e. obstruction and constriction of pulmonary blood vessels by amniotic fluid entering the maternal circulation, causing obstetric shock. SEE ALSO: amnionic fluid syndrome.
atheromatous e. SYN: cholesterol e..
bland e. e. by simple nonseptic material.
bone marrow e. obstruction of a vessel by bone marrow, usually following fracture of a bone.
cellular e. e. due to a mass of cells transported from disintegrating tissue.
cholesterol e. e. of lipid debris from an ulcerated atheromatous deposit, generally from a large artery to small arterial branches; it is usually small and rarely causes infarction. SYN: atheromatous e..
cotton-fiber e. e. by cotton fibers from sterile gauze used in intravenous medication or transfusion; may form as foreign body granulomas in small pulmonary arteries.
crossed e. SYN: paradoxical e..
direct e. e. occurring in the direction of the blood current.
fat e. the occurrence of fat globules in the circulation following fractures of a long bone, in burns, in parturition, and in association with fatty degeneration of the liver; the emboli most commonly block pulmonary or cerebral vessels when symptoms referable to either or both of these regions appear. SYN: oil e..
gas e. SYN: air e..
hematogenous e. e. occurring via a blood vessel.
infective e. SYN: pyemic e..
lymph e., lymphogenous e. e. occurring in a lymphatic vessel.
miliary e. e. occurring simultaneously in a number of capillaries. SYN: multiple e. (1) .
multiple e. 1. SYN: miliary e.. 2. e. caused by the arrest of a number of small emboli.
obturating e. complete closing of the lumen of a vessel by an e..
oil e. SYN: fat e..
paradoxical e. 1. obstruction of a systemic artery by an embolus originating in the venous system which passes through a septal defect, patent foramen ovale, or other shunt to the arterial system; 2. obstruction by a minute e. that passes through the pulmonary capillaries from the venous to the arterial system. SYN: crossed e..
pulmonary e. e. of pulmonary arteries, most frequently by detached fragments of thrombus from a leg or pelvic vein, commonly when thrombosis has followed an operation or confinement to bed.
pyemic e. plugging of an artery by an embolus detached from a suppurating source. SYN: infective e..
retinal e. e. of an artery of the retina.
retrograde e. e. of a vein by an embolus carried in a direction opposite to that of the normal blood current, after being diverted into a smaller vein. SYN: venous e..
riding e. SYN: straddling e..
saddle e. a straddling e. at any vascular bifurcation, e.g., of the aorta which occludes both common iliac arteries.
straddling e. e. occurring at the bifurcation of an artery and blocking more or less completely both branches. SYN: riding e..
tumor e. e. by neoplastic tissue transported from a tumor site and which may grow as a metastasis.
venous e. SYN: retrograde e..

embolization
embolization (em′bol-i-za′shun)

1. The formation and release of an embolus into the circulation. 2. Therapeutic introduction of various substances into the circulation to occlude vessels, either to arrest or prevent hemorrhaging, to devitalize a structure, tumor, or organ by occluding its blood supply, or to reduce blood flow to an arteriovenous malformation.

embolomycotic
embolomycotic (em′bo-lo-mi-kot′ik)

Relating to or caused by an infective embolus. [G. embolos, a plug (embolus), + mykes, fungus]

embolotherapy
embolotherapy (em-bo-lo-thar′a-pe)

Occlusion of arteries by insertion of blood clots, Gelfoam, coils, balloons, etc., with an angiographic catheter; used for control of inoperable hemorrhage or preoperative management of highly vascular neoplasms. [G. embolos, plug, + therapeia, medical treatment]

embolus
embolus, pl .emboli (em′bo-lus, -li)

1. A plug, composed of a detached thrombus or vegetation, mass of bacteria, or other foreign body, occluding a vessel. 2. SYN: emboliform nucleus. [G. embolos, a plug, wedge or stopper]
catheter e. coiled worm-shaped platelet and fibrin aggregates produced during vascular catheterization, originating on the catheter or its guide wire; embolization of the catheter itself.

emboly
emboly (em′bo-le)

SYN: embole (2) .

embouchement
embouchement (ahm-boosh-mon′)

The opening of one blood vessel into another. [Fr.]

embrasure
embrasure (em-bra′shoor)

In dentistry, an opening that widens outwardly or inwardly; specifically, that space adjacent to the interproximal contact area that spreads toward the facial, gingival, lingual, occlusal, or incisal aspect. [Fr. an opening in a wall for cannon]
buccal e. a space existing on the facial aspect of the interproximal contact area between adjacent posterior teeth.
gingival e. a space existing cervical to the interproximal contact area between adjacent teeth.
incisal e. a space existing on the incisal aspect of the interproximal contact area between adjacent anterior teeth.
labial e. a space existing on the facial aspect of the interproximal contact area between adjacent anterior teeth.
lingual e. a space existing on the lingual aspect of the interproximal contact area between adjacent teeth.
occlusal e. a space existing on the occlusal aspect of the interproximal contact areas between adjacent posterior teeth.

embrocation
embrocation (em-bro-ka′shun)

Rarely used term for liniment or for the application of a liniment. [G. embroche, a fomentation]

embry- embry-

See embryo-.

embryo
embryo (em′bre-o)

1. An organism in the early stages of development. 2. In humans, the developing organism from conception until approximately the end of the second month; developmental stages from this time to birth are commonly designated as fetal. 3. A primordial plant within a seed. [G. embryon, fr. en, in, + bryo, to be full, swell]
heterogametic e. a male e. with XY karyotype.
hexacanth e. the e. of tapeworms of the subclass Cestoda, such as Taenia saginata, characterized by three pairs of hooks used for penetration through the gut of an intermediate host. SYN: oncosphere e..
homogametic e. a female e. with XX karyotype.
oncosphere e. SYN: hexacanth e..
presomite e. an e. before the appearance of the first pair of somites, which are notable about 20–21 days after fertilization in humans.
previllous e. the e. of a placental mammal prior to the formation of chorionic villi.

embryo- embryo-, embry-

The embryo. [G. embryon, a young one]

embryoblast
embryoblast (em′bre-o-blast)

SYN: inner cell mass. [embryo- + G. blastos, germ]

embryocardia
embryocardia (em′bre-o-kar′de-a)

A condition in which the cadence of the heart sounds resembles that of the fetus, the first and second sounds becoming alike and evenly spaced; a sign of serious myocardial disease. SYN: pendulum rhythm, tic-tac rhythm, tic-tac sounds. [embryo- + G. kardia, heart]

embryogenesis
embryogenesis (em′bre-o-jen′e-sis)

That phase of prenatal development involved in establishment of the characteristic configuration of the embryonic body; in humans, e. is usually regarded as extending from the end of the second week, when the embryonic disk is formed, to the end of the eighth week, after which the conceptus is usually spoken of as a fetus. [embryo- + G. genesis, origin]

embryogenic
embryogenic, embryogenetic (em-bre-o-jen′ik, -je-net′ik)

Producing an embryo; relating to the formation of an embryo.

embryogeny
embryogeny (em-bre-oj′e-ne)

The origin and growth of the embryo.

embryoid
embryoid (em′bre-oyd)

SYN: embryonoid.

embryologist
embryologist (em-bre-ol′o-jist)

One who specializes in embryology.

embryology
embryology (em-bre-ol′oje)

Science of the origin and development of the organism from fertilization of the ovum to the end of the eighth week. Sometimes used to include all stages of prenatal life. [embryo- + G. logos, study]

embryoma
embryoma (em-bre-o′ma)

SYN: embryonal tumor.

embryomorphous
embryomorphous (em′bre-o-mor′fus)

1. Relating to the formation and structure of the embryo. 2. Applied to structures or tissues in the body similar to those in the embryo, or embryonal rests. [embryo- + G. morphe, shape]

embryonal
embryonal (em′bre-o′nal)

Relating to an embryo. SYN: embryonate (1) .

embryonate
embryonate (em′bre-o-nat)

1. SYN: embryonal. 2. Containing an embryo. 3. Impregnated.

embryonic
embryonic (em-bre-on′ik)

Of, pertaining to, or in the condition of an embryo.

embryoniform
embryoniform (em-bre-on′i-form)

SYN: embryonoid.

embryonization
embryonization (em′bre-on-i-za′shun)

Reversion of a cell or tissue to an embryonic form.

embryonoid
embryonoid (em′bre-o-noyd)

Resembling an embryo or a fetus. SYN: embryoid, embryoniform. [embryo- + G. eidos, appearance]

embryony
embryony (em′bre-o-ne)

The forming of an embryo.

embryopathy
embryopathy (em-bre-op′a-the)

A morbid condition in the embryo or fetus. SYN: fetopathy. [embryo- + G. pathos, disease]

embryophore
embryophore (em′bre-o-for)

A membrane or wall around the hexacanth embryo of tapeworms, forming the inner portion of the eggshell. In the genus Taenia, the e. is exceptionally thick, with radial striations that form a highly protective structure; in the genus Diphyllobothrium, the e. is ciliated and enhances the aquatic life cycle of this and other pseudophyllid cestodes. SEE ALSO: coracidium. [embryo- + G. phoros, bearing]

embryoplastic
embryoplastic (em-bre-o-plas′tik)

1. Producing an embryo. 2. Relating to the formation of an embryo. [embryo- + G. plasso, to form]

embryotomy
embryotomy (em-bre-ot′o-me)

Any mutilating operation on the fetus to make possible its removal when delivery is impossible by natural means. [embryo- + G. tome, cutting]

embryotoxicity
embryotoxicity (em′bre-o-tok-sis′i-te)

Injury to the embryo, which may result in death, growth retardation, or abnormal development of a part that may affect either its structure or function.

embryotoxon
embryotoxon (em′bre-o-tok′son)

Congenital opacity of the periphery of the cornea, a feature of osteogenesis imperfecta. [embryo- + G. toxon, bow]
anterior e. SYN: arcus senilis.
posterior e. a common developmental abnormality marked by a prominent white ring of Schwalbe.

embryotroph
embryotroph (em′bre-o-trof)

1. Nutritive material supplied to the embryo during development. Cf.:hemotroph, histotroph. 2. In the implantation stages of deciduate placental mammals, fluid adjacent to the blastodermic vesicle; a mixture of the secretion of the uterine glands, cellular debris resulting from the trophoblastic invasion of the endometrium, and exudated plasma. [embryo- + G. trophe, nourishment]

embryotrophic
embryotrophic (em′bre-o-trof′ik)

Relating to any process or agency involved in the nourishment of the embryo.

embryotrophy
embryotrophy (em′bre-ot′ro-fe)

The nutrition of the embryo. [embryo- + G. trophe, nourishment]

emedullate
emedullate (e-med′u-lat)

To extract any marrow. [L. e-, from, + medulla, marrow]

emeiocytosis
emeiocytosis (e′me-o-si-to′sis)

SYN: exocytosis (2) . [L. emitto, to send forth, + G. kytos, cell, + -osis, condition]

emergence
emergence (e-mer′jens)

1. Recovery of normal function following a period of unconsciousness, especially that associated with a general anesthetic. 2. See property e..
property e. properties in a complex system that are not present in the component parts, e.g., symmetry; i.e., in an ecologic hierarchy, populations have properties not expressed by an individual or a community.

emergency
emergency (e-mer′jen-se)

A patient's condition requiring immediate treatment. [L. e-mergo, pp. -mersus, to rise up, emerge, fr. mergo, to plunge into, dip]

emergent
emergent (e-mer′jent)

1. Arising suddenly and unexpectedly, calling for quick judgment and prompt action. 2. Coming out; leaving a cavity or other part.

Emery
Emery

Alan E. H., Contemporary British physician. See E.-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy.

emery
emery (em′er-e)

An abrasive containing aluminum oxide and iron. [O.Fr. emeri, fr. L.L. smericulum, fr. G. smiris]

emesis
emesis (em′e-sis)

1. SYN: vomiting. 2. Combining form, used in the suffix position, for vomiting. [G. fr. emeo, to vomit]

emetic
emetic (e-met′ik)

1. Relating to or causing vomiting. 2. An agent that causes vomiting, e.g., ipecac syrup. [G. emetikos, producing vomiting, fr. emeo, to vomit]

emetine
emetine (em′e-ten)

The principal alkaloid of ipecac, used as an emetic; its salts are used in amebiasis; available as the hydrochloride.

emetocathartic
emetocathartic (em′e-to-ka-thar′tik)

1. Both emetic and cathartic. 2. An agent that causes vomiting and purging of the lower intestines.

emetogenic
emetogenic

Having the capacity to induce emesis (vomiting), a common property of anticancer agents, narcotics, and amorphine.

emetogenicity
emetogenicity

The property of being emetogenic.

EMF
EMF

Abbreviation for electromotive force.

EMG
EMG

Abbreviation for electromyogram.

-emia -emia

Blood. [G. haima]

emiction
emiction (e-mik′shun)

Rarely used term for urination.

emigration
emigration (em-i-gra′shun)

The passage of white blood cells through the endothelium and wall of small blood vessels. [L. e-migro, pp. -atus, to emigrate]

eminence
eminence (em′i-nens) [TA]

A circumscribed area raised above the general level of the surrounding surface, particularly on a bone surface. SYN: eminentia [TA] . [L. eminentia]
abducens e. SYN: facial colliculus.
arcuate e. [TA] a prominence on the anterior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone indicating the position of the superior semicircular canal. SYN: eminentia arcuata [TA] .
articular e. of temporal bone SYN: articular tubercle of temporal bone.
canine e. an elevation on the maxilla corresponding to the socket of the canine tooth. SYN: canine prominence.
collateral e. [TA] a longitudinal elevation of the floor of the collateral trigone of the lateral ventricle of the brain, between the hippocampus and the calcar avis, caused by the proximity of the floor of the collateral fissure. SYN: eminentia collateralis [TA] .
e. of concha [TA] the prominence on the cranial surface of the auricle corresponding to the concha. SYN: eminentia conchae [TA] , apophysis conchae.
cruciate e. SYN: cruciform e..
cruciform e. [TA] bony cross-like elevation on the internal aspect of the squamous portion of the occipital bone formed by the intersection of the groove for the transverse sinuses and the internal occipital crest, with the internal occipital protuberance at the center of the “cross.” SYN: eminentia cruciformis [TA] , cruciate e..
deltoid e. SYN: deltoid tuberosity (of humerus).
Doyère e. the slightly elevated area of the striated muscle fiber's surface that corresponds to the site of the motor endplate.
facial e. SYN: facial colliculus.
forebrain e. SYN: frontonasal prominence.
frontal e. frontal tuber.
genital e. in very young embryos, the vaguely outlined median elevation immediately cephalic to the proctodeum; its central part develops into the genital tubercle.
hypobranchial e. a median elevation in the floor of the embryonic pharynx caudal to the tuberculum impar; it merges laterally with the ventral part of the second and third branchial arches, and in later development is incorporated in the root of the tongue. SYN: copula linguae, His copula.
hypoglossal e. SYN: hypoglossal trigone.
hypothenar e. [TA] the fleshy mass at the medial side of the palm. SYN: hypothenar (1) [TA] , eminentia hypothena′ris&star, antithenar, hypothenar prominence.
ileocecal e. SYN: ileal papilla.
iliopectineal e. SYN: iliopubic e..
iliopubic e. [TA] a rounded elevation on the superior surface of the hip bone at the junction of the ilium and the superior ramus of the pubis. SYN: eminentia iliopubica [TA] , iliopectineal e..
intercondylar e. [TA] an elevation on the proximal extremity of the tibia between the two articular surfaces. SYN: eminentia intercondylaris [TA] , eminentia intercondyloidea, intercondyloid e., spinous process of tibia.
intercondyloid e. SYN: intercondylar e..
maxillary e. SYN: maxillary tuberosity.
medial e. term originally used to describe a longitudinal elevation of the rhomboid fossa extending throughout the length of the rhombencephalon and made up of named elevations such as the facial colliculus and the hypoglossal and vagal trigones; now used to describe only the medial elevation in the floor of fourth ventricle immediately rostral to the facial colliculus, the other elevations being separately named. SYN: eminentia medialis, eminentia teres, funiculus teres, round e..
median e. [TA] the slightly prominent lower segment of the infundibulum of the hypothalamus, immediately proximal to the hypophysial stalk; the region is characterized by the capillary tufts of the infundibular arteries, from which the hypothalamohypophysial portal system of veins arises. SYN: eminentia mediana.
olivary e. SYN: oliva.
omental e. of pancreas [TA] a bulge on the anterior surface of the body of the pancreas to the left of the superior mesenteric vessels. SYN: tuber omentale pancreatis [TA] , omental tuber.
orbital e. of zygomatic bone SYN: orbital tubercle (of zygomatic bone).
parietal e. parietal tuber.
pyramidal e. SYN: eminentia pyramidalis.
radial e. of wrist a rather large flat e. on the radial side of the palmar aspect of the wrist, due to the tuberosity of scaphoid and the ridge on the trapezium. SYN: eminentia carpi radialis.
restiform e. SYN: restiform body.
round e. SYN: medial e..
e. of scapha [TA] the prominence on the cranial surface of the auricle corresponding to the scapha. SYN: eminentia scaphae [TA] .
thenar e. [TA] the fleshy mass on the lateral side of the palm; the radial palm; the ball of the thumb. SYN: eminentia thena′ris&star, thenar prominence.
thyroid e. SYN: laryngeal prominence.
e. of triangular fossa of auricle [TA] the prominence on the cranial surface of the auricle corresponding to the triangular fossa. SYN: eminentia fossae triangularis auricularis [TA] , agger perpendicularis, eminentia triangularis.
ulnar e. of wrist an e. smaller than the radial, on the ulnar side of the palmar aspect of the wrist, due to presence of the pisiform bone. SYN: eminentia carpi ulnaris.

eminentia
eminentia, pl .eminentiae (em-i-nen′she-a, -she-e) [TA]

SYN: eminence. [L. prominence, fr. e-mineo, to stand out, project]
e. abducentis SYN: facial colliculus.
e. arcuata [TA] SYN: arcuate eminence.
e. articularis ossis temporalis SYN: articular tubercle of temporal bone.
e. carpi radialis SYN: radial eminence of wrist.
e. carpi ulnaris SYN: ulnar eminence of wrist.
e. collateralis [TA] SYN: collateral eminence.
e. conchae [TA] SYN: eminence of concha.
e. cruciformis [TA] SYN: cruciform eminence.
e. facialis SYN: facial colliculus.
e. fossae triangularis auricularis [TA] SYN: eminence of triangular fossa of auricle.
e. frontalis frontal tuber, frontal tuber.
e. hypoglossi SYN: hypoglossal trigone.
e. hypothena′ris hypothenar eminence.
e. iliopubica [TA] SYN: iliopubic eminence.
e. intercondylaris [TA] SYN: intercondylar eminence.
e. intercondyloidea SYN: intercondylar eminence.
e. maxillae SYN: maxillary tuberosity, maxillary tuberosity.
e. medialis SYN: medial eminence.
e. mediana SYN: median eminence.
e. orbitalis (ossis zygomatici) SYN: orbital tubercle (of zygomatic bone).
e. parietalis parietal tuber.
e. pyramidalis [TA] a conical projection posterior to the vestibular window in the middle ear; it is hollow and contains the stapedius muscle. SYN: pyramid of tympanum, pyramidal eminence, pyramis tympani.
e. restiformis SYN: restiform body.
e. scaphae [TA] SYN: eminence of scapha.
e. symphysis SYN: mental tubercle (of mandible).
e. teres SYN: medial eminence.
e. thena′ris thenar eminence.
e. triangularis SYN: eminence of triangular fossa of auricle.
vagi e. SYN: vagal (nerve) trigone.

emiocytosis
emiocytosis (e′me-o-si-to′sis)

SYN: exocytosis (2) . [L. emitto, to send forth, + G. kytos, cell, + -osis, condition]

emissarium
emissarium (em-i-sa′re-um)

SYN: emissary vein. [L. an outlet, fr. e-mitto, pp. -missus, to send out]
e. condyloideum SYN: condylar emissary vein.
e. mastoideum SYN: mastoid emissary vein.
e. occipitale SYN: occipital emissary vein.
e. parietale SYN: parietal emissary vein.

emissary
emissary (em′i-sar-e)

1. Relating to, or providing, an outlet or drain. 2. SYN: e. vein. [see emissarium]

emission
emission (e-mish′un)

A discharge; referring usually to a discharge of the male internal genital organs into the internal urethra; the contents of the organs, including sperm cells, prostatic fluid, and seminal vesicle fluid, mix in the internal urethra with mucus from the bulbourethral glands to form semen. [L. emissio, fr. e- mitto, to send out]
characteristic e. SYN: characteristic radiation.
continuous otoacoustic e. a form of evoked otoacoustic e. in which the e. is of the same frequency as the stimulus and persists as long as the stimulus.
distortion-product otoacoustic e. a form of evoked otoacoustic e. in which a third frequency is produced when two pure tones are used as the stimulus.
evoked otoacoustic e. a form resulting from acoustic stimulation, as opposed to spontaneous otoacoustic e..
otoacoustic e. sound emanating from the ear that can be recorded from minute microphones placed in the external auditory canal and is thought to be produced by the outer hair cells in the cochlea. Otoacoustic emissions occur spontaneously and can be evoked by acoustic stimuli; they are more prominent in women than in men and are particularly robust in infants. Indicative of the integrity of the auditory hair cells, they are measured to screen newborns for hearing impairment.
transient evoked otoacoustic e. a form in which the response is limited in time.

emissivity
emissivity (e-mi-siv′i-te)

The giving off of heat rays; a perfect “black body” has an e. of 1, a highly polished metallic surface may have an e. as low as 0.02.

EMIT
EMIT

Abbreviation for enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique.

Emmet
Emmet

Thomas A., U.S. gynecologist, 1828–1919. See E. needle, E. operation.

emmetropia
emmetropia (em-e-tro′pe-a)

The state of refraction of the eye in which parallel rays, when the eye is at rest, are focused exactly on the retina. [G. emmetros, according to measure, + ops, eye]

emmetropic
emmetropic (em-e-trop′ik)

Pertaining to or characterized by emmetropia.

emmetropization
emmetropization (em′e-trop-i-za′shun)

The process by which the refraction of the anterior ocular segment and the axial length of the eye tend to balance each other to produce emmetropia.

Emmonsia
Emmonsia

E. parva var. crescens the main fungal species causing adiaspiromycosis in animals and the only agent of human adiaspiromycosis; infection is acquired by inhaling conidia from the fungus growing in soil.
E. parva var. parva a fungal species causing adiaspiromycosis in animals.

Emmonsiella capsulata
Emmonsiella capsulata (e-mon-si-el′a kap-soo-la′ta)

SYN: Ajellomyces capsulatum.

emodin
emodin (em′o-din)

A crystalline substance (cathartic) found in rhubarb, senna, cascara sagrada, and other purgative drugs. SYN: archin, frangulic acid.

emollient
emollient (e-mol′e-ent)

1. Soothing to the skin or mucous membrane. 2. An agent that softens the skin or soothes irritation in the skin or mucous membrane. SYN: malactic. [L. emolliens, pres. p. of e- mollio, emollire, to soften]

emotion
emotion (e-mo′shun)

A strong feeling, aroused mental state, or intense state of drive or unrest, which may be directed toward a definite object and is evidenced in both behavior and in psychologic changes, with accompanying autonomic nervous system manifestations. [L. e-moveo, pp. -motus, to move out, agitate]

emotional
emotional (e-mo′shun-al)

Relating to or marked by an emotion.

emotiovascular
emotiovascular (e-mo′she-o-vas′ku-ler)

Relating to the vascular changes, such as pallor and blushing, caused by emotions of various kinds.

empasm
empasm, empasma (em′pazm, em-paz′ma)

A dusting powder. [G. empasma, fr. em-passo, to sprinkle on]

empathic
empathic (em-path′ik)

Relating to or marked by empathy.

empathize
empathize (em′pa-thiz)

To feel empathy in relation to another person; to put oneself in another's place.

empathy
empathy (em′pa-the)

1. The ability to intellectually and emotionally sense the emotions, feelings, and reactions that another person is experiencing and to effectively communicate that understanding to the individual. Cf.:sympathy (3) . 2. The anthropomorphization or humanizing of objects and the feeling of oneself as being in and part of them. [G. en (em), in, + pathos, feeling]
generative e. the inner experience of sharing in and comprehending the momentary psychologic state of another person.

emperipolesis
emperipolesis (em-par′i-po-le′sis)

Active penetration of one cell by another, which remains intact; observed in tissue cultures in which leukocytes have entered macrophages and subsequently left. [G. en (em), inside, + peri, around, + poleomai, to wander about]

emphraxis
emphraxis (em-frak′sis)

1. A clogging or obstruction of the mouth of the sweat gland. 2. An impaction. [G. a stoppage]

emphysema
emphysema (em-fize′ma)

1. Presence of air in the interstices of the connective tissue of a part. 2. A condition of the lung characterized by increase beyond the normal in the size of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole (those parts containing alveoli), with destructive changes in their walls and reduction in their number. Clinical manifestation is breathlessness on exertion, due to the combined effect (in varying degrees) of reduction of alveolar surface for gas exchange and collapse of smaller airways with trapping of alveolar gas in expiration; this causes the chest to be held in the position of inspiration (“barrel chest”), with prolonged expiration and increased residual volume. Symptoms of chronic bronchitis often, but not necessarily, coexist. Two structural varieties are panlobular (panacina) e. and centrilobular (centriacinar) e.; paracicatricial, paraseptal, and bullous e. are also common. SYN: pulmonary e.. [G. inflation of stomach, etc. fr. en, in, + physema, a blowing, fr. physa, bellows]
alveolar duct e. e. in which the primary involvement is in the alveolar ducts and respiratory bronchioles, as opposed to panacinar e..
bullous e. e. in which the enlarged airspaces are 1 to several cm in diameter, often visible on chest radiographs. Thin-walled air sacs, under tension, compress pulmonary tissue, either single or multiple; sometimes amenable to surgical resection with improvement in pulmonary function.
centriacinar e. SYN: centrilobular e..
centrilobular e. e. affecting the central portion of secondary pulmonary lobules, around the central bronchiole, typically involving the superior part of the lungs or lobes; may be related to inflammation of the bronchioles and to the effects of inhaled dust, which aggregates next to respiratory bronchioles; seen in coalworker's pneumoconiosis and (in mild form) asymptomatic city dwellers. SYN: centriacinar e..
compensating e., compensatory e. increase in the air capacity of a portion of the lung when another portion is consolidated, shrunken, or unable to perform its respiratory function; the alveoli are distended, but there is no destruction of alveolar walls, and hence, no true e., as this term is now defined.
congenital lobar e. common cause of neonatal respiratory distress which usually involves the left upper lobe.
cutaneous e. SYN: subcutaneous e..
diffuse obstructive e. the major component of chronic obstructive lung disease.
ectatic e. obstructive airway disease with areas of dilation of alveoli acini. Seen primarily in association with inherited deficiency of α-1-antitrypsin. See panlobular e..
familial e. e. inherited in association with severe α-1 antitrypsin deficiency. It may occur as an isolated feature [MIM*130700, 130710] or with cutis laxa and hemolytic anemia [MIM*235360].
gangrenous e. SYN: gas gangrene.
generalized e. SYN: panlobular e..
increased markings e. a term applied to mixed obstructive lung disease in which radiographic findings of e. coexist with nonvascular shadows, probably related to bronchial inflammation.
interlobular e. interstitial e. in the connective tissue septa between the pulmonary lobules.
interstitial e. 1. presence of air in the pulmonary tissues consequent upon rupture of the air cells; 2. presence of air or gas in the connective tissue.
intestinal e. SYN: pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis.
irregular e. e. that shows no consistent relationship to any portion of the acinus; always associated with fibrosis.
mediastinal e. SYN: pneumomediastinum.
panacinar e. SYN: panlobular e..
panlobular e. e. affecting all parts of the secondary pulmonary lobule, typically involving the inferior part of the lung and often asociated with a α₁-antitrypsin deficiency. SYN: generalized e., panacinar e..
paracicatricial e. dilated terminal air spaces adjacent to a scar in the lung. SEE ALSO: paraseptal e..
paraseptal e. e. involving the periphery of the pulmonary lobules. SYN: scar e..
pulmonary e. SYN: e. (2) .
scar e. SYN: paraseptal e..
senile e. e. consequent upon the physiologic atrophy of old age.
subcutaneous e. the presence of air or gas in the subcutaneous tissues. SYN: aerodermectasia, cutaneous e., pneumoderma, pneumohypoderma.
subgaleal e. collection of air or gas between the inner layer of the scalp and the cranium.
surgical e. subcutaneous e. from gas trapped in the tissues by an operation or injury, frequently seen after carbon dioxide insufflation during laproscopic procedures.
unilateral lobar e. radiographically hyperlucent lobe (or lung) secondary to bronchiolitis obliterans, with air trapping. SYN: Macleod syndrome, Swyer-James syndrome (1) , Swyer-James-MacLeod syndrome.

emphysematous
emphysematous (em-fi-sem′a-tus)

Relating to or affected with emphysema.

empiric
empiric (em-pir′ik)

1. SYN: empirical. 2. A member of a school of Graeco-Roman physicians, late BC to early AD, who placed their confidence in and based their practice purely on experience, avoiding all speculation, theory, or abstract reasoning; they were little concerned with causes or with correlating symptoms in order to gain a true understanding of a disease, even holding basic knowledge, physiology, pathology, and anatomy in low esteem and of no value in practice. 3. Modern: testing a hypothesis by careful observation, hence rationally based on experience. [see empirical]

empirical
empirical (em-pir′i-kal)

1. Founded on practical experience, rather than on reasoning alone, but not established scientifically, in contrast to rational (1) . 2. Relating to an empiric (2). 3. Based on careful observational testing of a hypothesis; rational. SYN: empiric (1) . [G. empeirikos; fr. empeiria, experience, fr. en, in, + peira, a trial]

empiricism
empiricism (em-pir′i-sizm)

A looking to experience as a guide to practice or to the therapeutic use of any remedy.

emporiatrics
emporiatrics (em-por-e-at′riks)

The specialty of travel medicine, dealing with diseases that travelers can acquire, especially in the tropics. [G. emporion, market, fr. emporos, traveler, merchant, + (techne) iatrike, medical art]

emprosthotonos
emprosthotonos (em′pros-thot′o-nus)

A tetanic contraction of the flexor muscles, curving the back with concavity forward. [G. emprosthen, forward, + tonos, tension]

empyectomy
empyectomy (em-pi-ek′to-me)

Resection of an empyema and its capsule.

empyema
empyema (em-pi-e′ma, -pi-e′ma)

Pus in a body cavity; when used without qualification, refers specifically to pyothorax. [G. e., suppuration, fr. en, in, + pyon, pus]
e. benignum SYN: latent e..
e. of gallbladder severe acute cholecystitis with purulent inflammation of the gallbladder.
latent e. the presence of pus in a cavity, especially one of the accessory sinuses, unattended by subjective symptoms. SYN: e. benignum.
loculated e. pyothorax in which pleural adhesions form one or more pockets containing pus.
mastoid e. SYN: mastoiditis.
e. necessitatis e. necessitans, a form of pyothorax in which the pus burrows to the outside, producing a subcutaneous abscess that finally ruptures through the skin; it may result in spontaneous recovery without requiring an operation.
e. of the pericardium SYN: purulent pericarditis.
pneumococcal e. infection of the pleural cavity by Streptococcus pneumoniae, the pneumococcus, with pus formation.
pulsating e. a large, tense collection of pus in the pleural cavity through which the cardiac pulsations are transmitted to the chest wall.
streptococcal e. purulent exudation into the pleural cavity caused by infection with Streptococcus hemolyticus.

empyemic
empyemic (em-pi-e′mik)

Relating to empyema.

empyesis
empyesis (em-pi-e′sis)

A pustular eruption. [G. suppuration]

empyocele
empyocele (em′pi-o-sel)

A suppurating hydrocele;a collection of pus in the scrotum. [G. en, in, + pyon, pus, + kele, tumor]

empyreuma
empyreuma (em-pi-roo′ma)

Characteristic odor given off by organic substances when charred or subjected to destructive distillation in closed vessels. [G. a banked fire]

emu
emu

Abbreviation for electromagnetic unit.

emulgent
emulgent (e-mul′jent)

Denoting a straining, extracting, or purifying process. [L. e- mulgeo, pp. -mulsus, to milk out, drain out]

emulsifier
emulsifier (e-mul′si-fi-er)

An agent, such as gum arabic or the yolk of an egg, used to make an emulsion of a fixed oil. Soaps, detergents, steroids, and proteins can act as emulsifiers; they stabilize 2-phase systems of oil and aqueous phases.

emulsify
emulsify (e-mul′si-fi)

To make in the form of an emulsion.

emulsin
emulsin (e-mul′sin)

1. A preparation or ferment derived from almonds, that contains β-glucosidase. 2. Sometimes used as a synonym for β-glucosidase.

emulsion
emulsion (e-mul′shun)

A system containing two immiscible liquids in which one is dispersed, in the form of very small globules (internal phase), throughout the other (external phase) ( e.g., oil in water (milk) or water in oil (mayonnaise)). [Mod. L. fr. e-mulgeo, pp. -mulsus, to milk or drain out]

emulsive
emulsive (e-mul′siv)

1. Denoting a substance that can be made into an emulsion. 2. Denoting a substance, such as a mucilage, by which a fat or resin can be emulsified. 3. Making soft or pliant. 4. Yielding a fixed oil on pressure.

emulsoid
emulsoid (e-mul′soyd)

A colloidal dispersion in which the dispersed particles are more or less liquid and exert a certain attraction on and absorb a certain quantity of the fluid in which they are suspended. SYN: emulsion colloid, hydrophil colloid, hydrophilic colloid, lyophilic colloid.

emuresis
emuresis (em-u-re′sis)

A condition in which urinary excretion and intake of water act to produce an absolute hydration of the body. SEE ALSO: ecuresis. [G. en (em), in, + ouresis, urination]

emylcamate
emylcamate (e-mil′ka-mat, em-il-kam′at)

A mild sedative, used to control tension and anxiety and to relieve pain and muscular spasm.

en- en-

In; appears as em- before b, p, or m. [G.]

enalaprilat
enalaprilat (e-nal′a-pril-at)

The active metabolite of enalapril, an ACE inhibitor used to treat hypertension and congestive heart failure.

enalapril maleate
enalapril maleate (e-nal′a-pril)

A prodrug for enalaprilat, an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor used as an anti-hypertensive agent and in the treatment of congestive heart failure.

enamel
enamel (e-nam′el) [TA]

The hard glistening substance covering the exposed portion of the tooth. In its mature form, it is composed of an inorganic portion made up of 90% hydroxyapatite and 6-8% calcium carbonate, calcium fluoride, and magnesium carbonate, the remainder comprising an organic matrix of protein and glycoprotein; structurally, it is made up of oriented rods each of which consists of a stack of rodlets encased in an organic prism sheath. SYN: enamelum [TA] , substantia adamantina, substantia vitrea. [M.E., fr. Fr. enamailer, to apply e., fr. en, on, + amail, e., fr. Germanic]
dwarfed e. SYN: nanoid e..
interrod e. e. occupying the space between e. rods and serving to bind them together.
mottled e. alterations in e. structure due to excessive fluoride ingestion during tooth formation; varies in appearance from small white opacities to yellow and black spotting.
nanoid e. a condition of abnormal thinness of the e.. SYN: dwarfed e..
whorled e. e. in which the rods assume a spiral or twisting course.

enamelins
enamelins

A class of proteins that form the organic matrix of mature tooth enamel. [enamel + -in]

enameloblast
enameloblast (en-am′el-o-blast)

SYN: ameloblast.

enamelogenesis
enamelogenesis (e-nam′el-o-jen′e-sis)

SYN: amelogenesis.
e. imperfecta SYN: amelogenesis imperfecta.

enameloma
enameloma (e-nam-el-o′ma)

A developmental anomaly in which there is a small nodule of enamel below the cementoenamel junction, usually at the bifurcation of molar teeth. SYN: enamel drop, enamel nodule, enamel pearl.

enamelum
enamelum (e-nam′e-lum) [TA]

SYN: enamel.

enanthal
enanthal (e-nan′thal)

SYN: heptanal.

enanthate
enanthate (e-nan′that)

USAN-approved contraction for heptanoate, CH₃(CH₂)₅COO^-.

enanthem
enanthem, enanthema (en-an′them, en-an-the′ma)

A mucous membrane eruption, especially one occurring in connection with one of the exanthemas. [G. en, in, + anthema, bloom, eruption, fr. antheo, to bloom]

enantio- enantio-

Combining form meaning opposite or reversed. [G. enantios, opposite]

enantiomer
enantiomer (e-nan′te-o-mer)

One of a pair of molecules that are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other; neither molecule has an internal plane of symmetry. SYN: optic antipode. [enantio- + G. meros, part]

enantiomeric
enantiomeric (e-nan′te-o-mer′ik)

Pertaining to enantiomerism.

enantiomerism
enantiomerism (e-nan-te-om′er-izm)

In chemistry, isomerism in which the molecules in their configuration are related to one another like an object and its mirror image (enantiomers) and, consequently, are not superimposable; e. entails optical activity, both enantiomers (in identical amounts) rotating the plane of polarized light equally, but in opposite directions.

enantiomorph
enantiomorph (e-nan′te-o-morf)

An enantiomer in crystal form.

enantiomorphic
enantiomorphic (e-nan′te-o-mor′fik)

1. Relating to two objects, each of which is the mirror image of the other. 2. In chemistry, relating to isomers, the optical activities of which are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign. SYN: enantiomorphous. [enantio- + G. morphe, form]

enantiomorphism
enantiomorphism (e-nan′te-o-mor′fizm)

The relation of two objects similar in form but not superimposable, as the two hands or an object and its mirror image. [enantio- + G. morphe, form]

enantiomorphous
enantiomorphous (e-nan′te-o-mor′fus)

SYN: enantiomorphic.

enarthrodial
enarthrodial (en-ar-thro′de-al)

Relating to an enarthrosis.

enarthrosis
enarthrosis (en-ar-thro′sis)

ball and socket joint. [G. en-arthrosis, a jointing where the ball is deep set in the socket]

en bloc
en bloc (ahn blok)

In a lump; as a whole; used to refer to autopsy techniques in which visceral organs are removed in large blocks allowing the prosector to retain a continuity in organ architecture during the subsequent dissection. [Fr., in a lump]

encainide hydrochloride
encainide hydrochloride (en-ka′nid)

An anti-arrhythmic.

encapsulated
encapsulated (en-kap′soo-la-ted)

Enclosed in a capsule or sheath. SYN: encapsuled.

encapsulation
encapsulation (en-kap-soo-la′shun)

Enclosure in a capsule or sheath. [L. in + capsula, dim. of capsa, box]

encapsuled
encapsuled (en-kap′soold)

SYN: encapsulated.

encarditis
encarditis (en-kar-di′tis)

SYN: endocarditis.

encelitis
encelitis, enceliitis (en-se-li′tis, -le-i′tis)

Obsolete term for inflammation of any of the abdominal viscera. [G. en, in, + koilia, belly, + -itis, inflammation]

encephal- encephal-

See encephalo-.

encephalalgia
encephalalgia (en-sef-a-lal′je-a)

SYN: headache. [encephalo- + G. algos, pain]

encéphale isolé
encéphale isolé (ahn-saf-al′ e-so-la′)

An animal with its caudal medulla transected and its respiration maintained artificially; it remains alert, has sleep-wake cycles, normal pupillary reactions, and a normal electroencephalogram. Cf.:cerveau isolé. [Fr. isolated brain]

encephalemia
encephalemia (en-sef-a-le′me-a)

SYN: brain congestion. [encephalo- + G. haima, blood]

encephalic
encephalic (en′se-fal′ik)

Relating to the brain, or to the structures within the cranium.

encephalitic
encephalitic (en-sef-a-lit′ik)

Relating to encephalitis.

encephalitis
encephalitis, pl .encephalitides (en-sef-a-li′tis, en-sef-a-lit′i-dez)

Inflammation of the brain. [G. enkephalos, brain, + -itis, inflammation]
acute hemorrhagic e. e. of apoplectoid character due to blood extravasation. SYN: e. hemorrhagica.
acute inclusion body e. SYN: herpes simplex e..
acute necrotizing e. an acute form of e., characterized by destruction of brain parenchyma; caused by herpes simplex and other viruses.
Australian X e. SYN: Murray Valley e..
bacterial e. e. of bacterial etiology. SYN: e. pyogenica, purulent e., suppurative e..
bunyavirus e. e. of abrupt onset, with severe frontal headache and low-grade to moderate fever, caused by members of the genus Bunyavirus (Bunyaviridae family); infections also occur in rodents, lagomorphs, and domestic animals. SYN: California e..
California e. SYN: bunyavirus e..
coxsackie e. a viral e., seen mainly in infants and involving principally the gray matter of the medulla and cord, caused by Enterovirus human coxsackie B.
Dawson e. SYN: subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.
epidemic e. a viral e. occurring epidemically, such as in Japanese B e., St. Louis e., and lethargic e..
equine e. SYN: equine encephalomyelitis.
experimental allergic e. (EAE) SYN: experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.
Far East Russian e. tick-borne e. (Eastern subtype).
e. hemorrhagica SYN: acute hemorrhagic e..
herpes e. SYN: herpes simplex e..
herpes simplex e. the most common acute e., caused by HSV-1; affects persons of any age; preferentially involves the inferomedial portions of the temporal lobe and the orbital portions of the frontal lobes; pathologically, severe hemorrhagic necrosis is present along with, in the acute stages, intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies in the neurons and glial cells. SYN: acute inclusion body e., herpes e..
hyperergic e. e. as a result of an immunologic allergic reaction of the nervous system to antigenic stimuli.
Ilhéus e. an e. caused by the Ilhéus virus (genus Flavivirus) and endemic to eastern Brazil and other parts of South and Central America; transmitted by mosquitoes.
inclusion body e. SYN: subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.
Japanese B e. an epidemic e. or encephalomyelitis of Japan, Siberian Russia, and other parts of Asia; due to the Japanese B e. virus (genus Flavivirus) and transmitted by mosquitoes; can occur as a symptomless, subclinical infection but may cause an acute meningoencephalomyelitis. SYN: e. japonica, Russian autumn e..
e. japonica SYN: Japanese B e..
lead e. SYN: lead encephalopathy.
e. lethargica SYN: von Economo disease.
Mengo e. an e. occurring in Africa, due to the Mengo strain of encephalomyocarditis virus, a member of the Picornaviridae.
Murray Valley e. a severe e. with a high mortality rate occurring in the Murray Valley of Australia; the disease is most severe in children and is characterized by headache, fever, malaise, drowsiness or convulsions, and rigidity of the neck; extensive brain damage may result; it is caused by the Murray Valley e. virus (genus Flavivirus). SYN: Australian X disease, Australian X e..
necrotizing e. any e. in which extensive brain necrosis occurs, e.g., acute necrotizing hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis.
e. neonatorum e. of the newborn, described by R. Virchow as marked by the presence of fat-laden cells in the brain.
e. periaxialis concentrica e. that is clinically similar to adrenoleukodystrophy, but pathologically characterized by concentric globes or circles of demyelination of cerebral white matter separated by normal tissue. SYN: Baló disease.
e. periaxialis diffusa SYN: Schilder disease.
postvaccinal e. SYN: postvaccinal encephalomyelitis.
Powassan e. an acute disease of children varying clinically from undifferentiated febrile illness to e.; caused by the Powassan virus, a member of the Flaviviridae family, and transmitted by ixodid ticks; most frequently seen in Canada.
purulent e. SYN: bacterial e..
e. pyogenica SYN: bacterial e..
rasmussen e. e. in which antibodies to a stimulatory glutamate receptor in the CNS are found; perhaps autoimmune. SYN: Rasmussen syndrome.
Russian autumn e. SYN: Japanese B e..
Russian spring-summer e. (Eastern subtype) a tick-borne e. virus belonging to the family Flaviviridae.
Russian spring-summer e. (Western subtype) SYN: tick-borne e. (Central European subtype).
Russian tick-borne e. SYN: tick-borne e. (Eastern subtype).
secondary e. collective term for postinfectious, postexanthem, and postvaccinal encephalitides.
subacute inclusion body e. SYN: subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.
e. subcorticalis chronica SYN: Binswanger disease.
suppurative e. SYN: bacterial e..
tick-borne e. (Central European subtype) tick-borne meningoencephalitis caused by a flavivirus closely related to the virus causing the Far Eastern type; it is transmitted by Ixodes ricinus, also by infected raw milk, especially that of goats. SYN: biundulant meningoencephalitis, Central European tick-borne fever, diphasic milk fever, Russian spring-summer e. (Western subtype).
tick-borne e. (Eastern subtype) a severe form of e. caused by a flavivirus (Flaviviridae family), and transmitted by ticks (Ixodes pertulcatus and I. ricinus). SYN: Russian tick-borne e..
van Bogaert e. SYN: subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.
varicella e. e. occurring as a complication of chickenpox.
vernal e. tick-borne e. (Eastern subtype).
woodcutter's e. tick-borne e. (Eastern subtype).

encephalitogen
encephalitogen (en-sef′a-li′to-jen)

An agent which evokes encephalitis, particularly with reference to the antigen which produces experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. [encephalitis + G. -gen, producing]

encephalitogenic
encephalitogenic (en-sef′a-li-to-jen′ik)

Producing encephalitis; typically by hypersensitivity mechanisms. See encephalitogen.

Encephalitozoon
Encephalitozoon (en-sef′a-li-to-zo′on)

A genus of protozoan parasites, formerly considered part of the family Toxoplasmatidae, class Sporozoea, but now recognized as a member of the protozoan phylum Microspora, family Nosematidae. E. cuniculi is considered the primary microsporan parasite of mammals, commonly found in the brain and kidney tubules of rodents and carnivores and causing nosematosis in rabbits. [encephalitis + G. zoon, animal]
E. cuniculi a common cryptic infection of most mammals and some birds, transmitted in urine-contaminated food and by transplacental transmission. Disseminated human infection has been reported among immunosuppressed individuals. Latent infection seen by serodiagnosis suggests widespread nonsymptomatic infection in tropical regions.
E. hellem a species of E. described from human ophthalmic infections causing punctate keratopathy and corneal ulceration in AIDS patients.
E. intestinale a diarrheogenic microsporidian described in HIV-infected patients; disease may be localized to the gastrointestinal tract or may disseminate intravascularly.
E. intestinalis a species of E. described from human muscle; very few cases have been reported. Formerly called Septata intestinale.

encephalization
encephalization (en-sef′a-li-za′shun)

SYN: corticalization.

encephalo- encephalo-, encephal-

The brain. Cf.:cerebro-. [G. enkephalos, brain]

encephalocele
encephalocele (en-sef′a-lo-sel)

A congenital gap in the skull with herniation of brain substance. SYN: craniocele, cranium bifidum, bifid cranium. [encephalo- + G. kele, hernia]
basal e. a defect in the skull floor with the herniation of brain tissue sometimes associated with coloboma of optic nerve.

encephalocystocele
encephalocystocele

SYN: hydrencephalocele.

encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis
encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis (en-sef′a-lo-door-o-ar-ter′e-o-sin-anj-e-o′sis)

SYN: duraencephalosynangiosis.

encephalodynia
encephalodynia (en-sef′a-lo-din′e-a)

SYN: headache. [encephalo- + G. odyne, pain]

encephalodysplasia
encephalodysplasia (en-sef′a-lo-dis-pla′ze-a)

Any congenital abnormality of the brain. [encephalo- + G. dys, bad, + plastos, formed]

encephalogram
encephalogram (en-sef′a-lo-gram)

The record obtained by encephalography. [encephalo- + G. gramma, a drawing]

encephalography
encephalography (en-sef-a-log′ra-fe)

Obsolete technique of radiographic representation of the brain. See pneumoencephalography. [encephalo- + G. grapho, to write]
gamma e. imaging of the encephalon by the administration of small amounts of gamma-emitting radiopharmaceuticals; term may be used to refer to any number of particular studies ( e.g., cerebral perfusion scintigraphy, cerebral neuroreceptor imaging) depending on the radiopharmaceutical used.

encephaloid
encephaloid (en-sef′a-loyd)

Resembling brain substance; denoting a carcinoma of soft, brainlike consistency, with reference to gross features. [encephalo- + G. eidos, resemblance]

encephalolith
encephalolith (en-sef′a-lo-lith)

A concretion in the brain or one of its ventricles. SYN: cerebral calculus. [encephalo- + G. lithos, stone]

encephalology
encephalology (en-sef-a-lol′o-je)

The branch of medicine dealing with the brain in all its relations. [encephalo- + G. logos, study]

encephaloma
encephaloma (en-sef-a-lo′ma-la′she-a)

Herniation of brain substance. SYN: cerebroma.

encephalomalacia
encephalomalacia (en-sef′a-lo-ma-la′she-a)

Abnormal softness of the cerebral parenchyma often due to ischemia or infarction. SYN: cerebromalacia. [encephalo- + G. malakia, softness]

encephalomeningitis
encephalomeningitis (en-sef′a-lo-men-in-ji′tis)

SYN: meningoencephalitis. [encephalo- + G. meninx, membrane, + -itis, inflammation]

encephalomeningocele
encephalomeningocele (en-sef′a-lo-me-ning′go-sel)

SYN: meningoencephalocele. [encephalo- + G. meninx, membrane, + kele, hernia]

encephalomeningopathy
encephalomeningopathy (en-sef′a-lo-men-in-gop′a-the)

SYN: meningoencephalopathy.

encephalomere
encephalomere (en-sef′a-lo-mer)

SYN: neuromere. [encephalo- + G. meros, a part]

encephalometer
encephalometer (en-sef-a-lom′e-ter)

An apparatus for indicating on the skull the location of the cortical centers. [encephalo- + G. metron, measure]

encephalomyelitis
encephalomyelitis (en-sef-a-lo-mi′e-li′tis)

Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. [encephalo- + G. myelon, marrow, + -itis, inflammation]
acute disseminated e. an acute demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system, in which focal demyelination is present throughout the brain and spinal cord. This process is common to postinfectious, postexanthem, and postvaccinal e..
acute necrotizing hemorrhagic e. a fulminating demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system that affects mainly children and young adults. Almost always preceded by a respiratory infection, characterized by the abrupt onset of fever, headache, confusion, and nuchal rigidity, soon followed by focal seizures, hemiplegia, or quadriplegia, brainstem findings, and coma; the CSF shows evidence of an inflammatory process; due to the massive destruction of the white matter of one or both hemispheres, often accompanied by similar destruction of the white matter of the brainstem and cerebellar peduncles; of unknown etiology. SYN: acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis, acute necrotizing hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis, Hurst disease.
e. associated with carcinoma SYN: paraneoplastic encephalomyelopathy.
benign myalgic e. SYN: epidemic neuromyasthenia.
eastern equine e. (EEE) a form of mosquito-borne equine e. seen in the eastern U.S. and caused by the eastern equine e. virus, a species of Alphavirus, which belongs to the family Togaviridae; initial fever and viremia are followed by signs of central nervous system involvement (excitement, then somnolence, paralysis, and death); the incidence of clinical infection in humans is low but case fatality may be high.
epidemic myalgic e. SYN: epidemic neuromyasthenia.
equine e. an acute, often fatal, virus disease of horses and mules transmitted by mosquitoes and characterized by central nervous system disturbances; in the U.S., this disease is typically caused by one of three alphaviruses, and their resulting diseases are designated western equine, eastern equine and Venezuelan equine e.; these viruses belong to the family Togaviridae and can also cause neurologic disease in humans. SYN: equine encephalitis.
experimental allergic e. a demyelinating allergic e. produced by the injection of brain tissue, usually with an adjuvant. SYN: experimental allergic encephalitis.
granulomatous e. an e. in which granulomas occur.
herpes B e. a frequently lethal disease of humans caused by infection with a normally latent monkey herpesvirus.
mouse e. e. due to the mouse e. virus (a species of Enterovirus) which is not pathogenic in monkeys or in man, but attacks mouse colonies and causes a flaccid paralysis, usually of the hind limbs.
postvaccinal e. a severe type of e. that can follow the rabies vaccination. SYN: postvaccinal encephalitis.
Venezuelan equine e. (VEE) a form of mosquito-borne equine e. found in parts of South America, Panama, and Trinidad, caused by the Venezuelan equine e. virus (a species of Alphavirus in the family Togaviridae), and characterized by less central nervous system involvement than occurs in either eastern or western equine e.; fever, diarrhea, and depression are common; in humans, there is fever and severe headache after an incubation period of 2–5 days, and in a few cases there has been central nervous system involvement.
viral e., virus e. an e. due to a neurotropic virus.
western equine e. (WEE) an equine e. found in the western U.S. and parts of South America, transmitted by mosquitoes and caused by the western equine e. virus (a species of Alphavirus in the family Togaviridae); the infection is similar to but milder than eastern equine e. in humans and is, as a rule, inapparent, but some cases with central nervous system involvement have been fatal.
zoster e. inflammation of the brain and spinal cord caused by varicella-zoster virus, a member of the family Herpesviridae.

encephalomyelocele
encephalomyelocele (en-sef′a-lo-mi′e-lo-sel)

Congenital defect in the skull, usually in the occipital region, and cervical vertebrae with herniation of the meninges and neural tissue. [G. enkephalos, brain, + myelon, marrow, + kele, hernia]

encephalomyeloneuropathy
encephalomyeloneuropathy (en-sef′a-lo-mi′e-lo-noo-rop′a-the)

A disease involving the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.

encephalomyelopathy
encephalomyelopathy (en-sef′a-lo-mi-e-lop′a-the)

Any disease of both brain and spinal cord. [G. enkephalos, brain, + myelon, marrow, + pathos, suffering]
carcinomatous e. SYN: paraneoplastic e..
epidemic myalgic e. a disease superficially resembling poliomyelitis, characterized by diffuse involvement of the nervous system associated with myalgia.
necrotizing e. [MIM*256000] SYN: Leigh disease.
paracarcinomatous e. SYN: paraneoplastic e..
paraneoplastic e. an e. as a remote effect of carcinoma, most often oat cell carcinoma of the lung; characterized by extensive nerve cell loss, which may be diffuse, but often predominates in particular portions of the central nervous system, particularly the limbic lobes, medulla, cerebellum, and gray matter of the spinal cord. SYN: carcinomatous e., encephalomyelitis associated with carcinoma, paracarcinomatous e..
subacute necrotizing e. (SNE) a rare fatal disorder, primarily of children, being both acute and chronic in onset, manifested primarily as brainstem dysfunction, with ataxia, cranial nerve palsies, pseudobulbar palsy, hemi- or quadriplegia, mental deterioration, and involuntary movements; deficiencies of pyruvate dehydrogenase or cytochrome C oxidase have been found in some patients; pathologically, there is widespread symmetric necrosis involving much of the brainstem; these changes are similar to those seen with Wernicke encephalopathy.

encephalomyeloradiculitis
encephalomyeloradiculitis (en-sef′a-lo-mi′e-lo-ra-dik′u-li-tis)

SYN: encephalomyeloradiculopathy.

encephalomyeloradiculopathy
encephalomyeloradiculopathy (en-sef′a-lo-mi′e-lo-ra-dik′u-lop-a-the)

A disease process involving the brain, spinal cord, and spinal roots. SYN: encephalomyeloradiculitis.

encephalomyocarditis
encephalomyocarditis (en-sef′a-lo-mi′o-kar-di′tis)

Associated encephalitis and myocarditis; often caused by a viral infection such as in poliomyelitis.

encephalon
encephalon, pl .encephala (en-sef′a-lon, la) [TA]

That portion of the cerebrospinal axis contained within the cranium, composed of the prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon. [G. enkephalos, brain, fr. en, in, + kephale, head]

encephalopathia
encephalopathia (en-sef′a-lo-path′e-a)

SYN: encephalopathy.

encephalopathy
encephalopathy (en-sef′a-lop′a-the)

Any disorder of the brain. SYN: cerebropathia, cerebropathy, encephalopathia, encephalosis. [encephalo- + G. pathos, suffering]
bilirubin e. SYN: kernicterus.
Binswanger e. SYN: Binswanger disease.
bovine spongiform e. (BSE) a disease of cattle first reported in 1986 in Great Britain; characterized clinically by apprehensive behavior, hyperesthesia, and ataxia, and histologically by spongiform changes in the gray matter of the brain stem; caused by a prion, like spongiform encephalopathies of other animals ( e.g., scrapie) and human beings (Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease). See Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. SYN: mad cow disease.In the middle 1990s, an unusual number of cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) were reported in persons under 30 years of age in Great Britain. These patients displayed typical clinical features but not the EEG changes characteristic of CJD, and autopsy specimens showed unusual amyloid plaques resembling those of kuru but not previously observed in CJD. These cases of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (V-CJD) were speculatively associated with an epizootic of bovine spongiform e. (mad cow disease) that killed more than 150,000 cattle in Britain between 1986 and 1996. Although the link between BSE and V-CJD cannot be confirmed on the basis of existing data, the mere possibility of such a link has already led to the development of recommendations to help reduce or prevent the occurrence of BSE in cattle worldwide. There is no evidence from U.S. surveillance activities or from scientific studies to indicate that BSE exists in the U.S. Since 1990, laboratory testing of brain specimens from cattle with CNS signs has shown no evidence of BSE. Since July 1989 the importation of cattle and cattle products from the U.K. has been banned by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. According to mortality statistics, the annual incidence of CJD in the U.S. remained stable at approximately 1 case per million persons between 1979 and 1994. WHO consultants have condemned the practice of feeding ruminant-derived meat-and-bone meal to cattle and urged the adoption of measures to ensure that no part of any animal that shows signs of a spongiform e. enters any human or animal food chain. Milk, dairy products, gelatin, and lard are considered safe.
demyelinating e. extensive idiopathic loss of myelin sheaths in the brain, as occurs in leukodystrophy.
hepatic e. SYN: portal-systemic e..
HIV e. SYN: AIDS dementia complex.
hypernatremic e. subarachnoid and subdural effusions in infants with hypernatremic dehydration.
hypertensive e. a metabolic e. caused by diffuse cerebral edema; follows an abrupt elevation of blood pressure in a long-term hypertensive patient.
hypoxic-hypercarbic e. SYN: hypoventilation coma.
hypoxic ischemic e. permanent brain injury due to a lack of oxygen or adequate blood flow to the brain.
lead e. a metabolic e., caused by the ingestion of lead compounds and seen particularly in early childhood; it is characterized pathologically by extensive cerebral edema, status spongiosus, neurocytolysis, and some reactive inflammation; clinical manifestations include convulsions, delirium, and hallucinations. SEE ALSO: lead poisoning. SYN: lead encephalitis, saturnine e..
metabolic e. coma or its precursors resulting from a diffuse abnormality of cerebral neuronal or glial cell metabolism. Primary metabolic e. is due to any of the degenerative cerebral disorders that culminate in coma; secondary metabolic e. results when brain metabolism is disturbed by extracerebral disorders causing intoxication, electrolyte imbalances, or nutritional deficiencies, e.g., hepatic or renal disease or exogenous poisons.
necrotizing e. SYN: Leigh disease.
palindromic e. a relatively mild form that tends to recur.
pancreatic e. a metabolic e. associated with extensive pancreatic necrosis.
portal-systemic e. an e. associated with cirrhosis of the liver, attributed to the passage of toxic nitrogenous substances from the portal to the systemic circulation; cerebral manifestations may include coma. SYN: hepatic e..
progressive subcortical e. SYN: progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.
pulmonary e. SYN: hypoventilation coma.
recurrent e. [MIM*130950] a progressive form of e. occurring in young members of the same family; characterized by headache, vertigo, truncal ataxia, drowsiness and stupor, speech impairments, choreic-athetoid movements, and sometimes convulsions; probably autosomal dominant inheritance.
saturnine e. SYN: lead e..
severe postanoxic e. SYN: delayed coma after hypoxia.
spongiform e. an e. characterized by vacuolation within nerve and glial cells.
subacute spongiform e. a form of spongiform e. that is associated with a “slow virus,” which to date has not been adequately described, is transmissible, and has a rapidly progressive, fatal course; e.g., Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, kuru, Gerstmann-Sträussler syndrome, scrapie. See prion.
subcortical arteriosclerotic e. SYN: Binswanger disease.
thyrotoxic e. a metabolic e. arising in severe cases of thyrotoxicosis.
traumatic e. an e. resulting from structural brain injury.
traumatic progressive e. chronic progressive brain damage resulting from multiple brain injuries, e.g., dementia pugilistica.
Wernicke e. SYN: Wernicke syndrome.
Wernicke-Korsakoff e. See Wernicke syndrome, Korsakoff syndrome.

encephalopyosis
encephalopyosis (en-sef′a-lo-pi-o′sis)

Archaic term for purulent inflammation of the brain. [encephalo- + G. pyosis, suppuration]

encephalorrhachidian
encephalorrhachidian (en-sef′a-lo-ra-kid′e-an)

SYN: cerebrospinal. [encephalo- + G. rhachis, spine]

encephaloschisis
encephaloschisis (en-sef-a-los′ki-sis)

Developmental failure of closure of the rostral part of the neural tube. [encephalo- + G. schisis, fissure]

encephalosclerosis
encephalosclerosis (en-sef′a-lo-skler-o′sis)

A sclerosis, or hardening, of the brain. SEE ALSO: cerebrosclerosis. [encephalo- + G. sklerosis, hardening]

encephaloscope
encephaloscope (en-sef′a-lo-skop)

Any instrument used to view the interior of a brain abscess or other cerebral cavity through an opening in the skull. [encephalo- + G. skopeo, to view]

encephaloscopy
encephaloscopy (en-sef-a-los′ko-pe)

Examination of the brain or the cavity of a cerebral abscess by direct inspection.

encephalosis
encephalosis

SYN: encephalopathy.

encephalospinal
encephalospinal (en-sef′a-lo-spi′nal)

SYN: cerebrospinal.

encephalotome
encephalotome (en-sef′a-lo-tom)

An instrument for use in performing encephalotomy.

encephalotomy
encephalotomy (en-sef-a-lot′o-me)

Dissection or incision of the brain. [encephalo- + G. tome, incision]

enchondral
enchondral (en-kon′dral)

SYN: intracartilaginous.

enchondroma
enchondroma (en-kon-dro′ma)

A benign cartilaginous growth starting within the medullary cavity of a bone originally formed from cartilage; enchondromas may distend the cortex, especially of small bones, and may be solitary or multiple (endochondromatosis). [Mod. L. fr. G. en, in, + chondros, cartilage, + -oma, tumor]

enchondromatosis
enchondromatosis (en-kon′dro-ma-to′sis) [MIM*166000 *225795]

A rare disorder characterized by hamartomatous proliferation of cartilage in the metaphyses of several bones, most commonly of the hands and feet, causing distorted growth in length and pathological fractures; chondrosarcoma may develop. When e. is associated with hemangiomas in the cutaneous or visceral regions, the condition is called Maffucci syndrome. Most cases are sporadic but a few instances demonstrate autosomal dominant inheritance with reduced penetrance. SYN: asymmetric chondrodystrophy, dyschondroplasia, hereditary deforming chondrodystrophy (2) , Ollier disease.

enchondromatous
enchondromatous (en-kon-dro′ma-tus)

Relating to or having the elements of enchondroma.

enclave
enclave (en-klav, ahn-klahv′)

An enclosure; a detached mass of tissue enclosed in tissue of another kind; seen especially in the case of isolated masses of gland tissue detached from the main gland. [Fr. fr. L. clavis, key]

encoding
encoding (en-kod′ing)

The first stage in the memory process, followed by storage and retrieval, involving processes associated with receiving or briefly registering stimuli through one or more of the senses and modifying that information; a decay process or loss of this information (a type of forgetting) occurs rapidly unless the next two stages, storage and retrieval, are activated.

encopresis
encopresis (en-ko-pre′sis)

The repeated, generally involuntary passage of feces into inappropriate places ( e.g., clothing). [G. enkopros, full of manure]

encranial
encranial (en-kra′ne-al)

SYN: endocranial.

encranius
encranius (en-kra′ne-us)

In conjoined twins, a form of fetal inclusion in which the smaller parasite lies partly or wholly within the cranial cavity of the larger autosite. [G. en, in, + kranion, skull]

encu
encu

Acronym for equivalent normal child unit, that amount of information from any source (linkage analysis, parental, and collateral phenotypes, biochemistry of the carrier state, etc.) that will have the same impact on the probability as one usual progeny does that a consultand is a carrier for an autosomal dominant trait; e.g., each normal child contributes one e.. Cf.:ensu.

encysted
encysted (en-sis′ted)

Encapsulated by a membranous bag. [G. kystis, bladder]

encystment
encystment (en-sist′ment)

The condition of being or becoming encysted.

end
end

An extremity, or the most remote point of an extremity.
acromial e. of clavicle [TA] the flattened lateral e. of the clavicle that articulates with the acromion and is anchored to the coracoid process by the conoid and trapezoid ligaments. SYN: extremitas acromialis claviculae [TA] , acromial extremity of clavicle.
distal e. the posterior extremity of a dental appliance. SYN: heel (3) [TA] .
fixed e. [TA] for a given movement, the e. of a bone that is held stationary (as a consequence of attachment or muscular fixation) while the other e. of the bone (the mobile e.) moves in response to muscle activity or gravity. SYN: punctum fixa [TA] .
mobile e. [TA] for a given movement, the e. of a bone that moves in response to muscle activity or gravity while the other e. of the bone (the fixed e.) is held stationary (as a consequence of attachment or muscular fixation). SYN: punctum mobile [TA] .
sternal e. of clavicle [TA] the enlarged medial e. of the clavicle that articulates with the manubrium sterni. SYN: extremitas sternalis claviculae [TA] , sternal extremity of clavicle.

end- end-

See endo-.

endadelphos
endadelphos (end′a-del′fos)

Unequal conjoined twins in which the parasitic member is included in the body of the host. [end- + G. adelphos, brother]

Endamoeba
Endamoeba (end′a-me′ba)

A genus of amebae parasitic in invertebrates; originally described from cockroaches. [endo- + G. amoibe, change]

endangiitis
endangiitis, endangeitis (end-an-je-i′tis)

Inflammation of the intima of a blood vessel. SYN: endoangiitis, endovasculitis. [endo- + G. angeion, vessel, + -itis, inflammation]
e. obliterans inflammation of the intima of a vessel with resulting occlusion of its lumen.

endaortitis
endaortitis (end′a-or-ti′tis)

Inflammation of the intima of the aorta. SYN: endo-aortitis.

endarterectomy
endarterectomy (end-ar-ter-ek′to-me)

Excision of atheromatous deposits along with the diseased endothelium and media or most of the media of an artery so as to leave a smooth lining, mostly consisting of adventitia. [endo- + artery + G. ektome, excision]
carotid e. excision of occluding material, including intima and most of the media, from the carotid a.
coronary e. excision of occluding material, including intima and most of the media, from the coronary artery.

endarteritis
endarteritis (end′ar-ter-i′tis)

Inflammation of the intima of an artery. SYN: endoarteritis.
bacterial e. implantation and growth of bacteria with formation of vegetations on the arterial wall, such as may occur in a patent ductus arteriosus or arteriovenous fistula.
e. deformans e. with atheromatous patches and calcareous deposits.
e. obliterans, obliterating e. an extreme degree of e. proliferans closing the lumen of the artery. SYN: arteritis obliterans, obliterating arteritis.
e. proliferans, proliferating e. chronic e. accompanied by a marked increase of fibrous tissue in the intima.

endaural
endaural (end-aw′ral)

Within the ear. [endo- + L. auris, ear]

endbrain
endbrain

SYN: telencephalon.

end-brush
end-brush (end′brush)

SYN: telodendron.

end-bulb
end-bulb

See end bulb.

end-diastolic
end-diastolic (end′di-a-stol′ik)

1. Occurring at the end of diastole, immediately before the next systole, as in e. pressure. 2. Interrupting the final moments of diastole, barely premature, as in e. extrasystole.

endectocide
endectocide

A drug effective against both endoparasites and ectoparasites, e.g., the macrolide antibiotic avermectin. SEE ALSO: ivermectin. [endoparasite + ectoparasite + -cide]

endemia
endemia (en-de′me-a)

Obsolete term for an endemic disease.

endemic
endemic (en-dem′ik)

Denoting a temporal pattern of disease occurrence in a population in which the disease occurs with predictable regularity with only relatively minor fluctations in its frequency over time. Cf.:epidemic, sporadic. SYN: enzootic. [G. endemos, native, fr. en, in, + demos, the people]

endemoepidemic
endemoepidemic (en-dem′o-ep-i-dem′ik)

Denoting a temporary large increase in the number of cases of an endemic disease.

endergonic
endergonic (en-der-gon′ik)

Referring to a chemical reaction that takes place with absorption of energy from its surroundings ( i.e., a positive change in Gibbs free energy). Cf.:exergonic. [endo- + G. ergon, work]

endermic
endermic, endermatic (en-der′mik, en-der-mat′ik)

In or through the skin; denoting a method of treatment, as by inunction; the remedy produces its constitutional effect when absorbed through the skin surface to which it is applied. [G. en, in, + derma (dermat-), skin]

endermosis
endermosis (en-der-mo′sis)

Any eruptive disease of the mucous membrane.

end-feet
end-feet

SYN: axon terminals, under terminal.

endgut
endgut

SYN: hindgut.

ending
ending

1. A termination or conclusion. 2. A nerve e..
annulospiral e. one of two types of sensory nerve e. associated with a neuromuscular spindle (the other being the flower-spray e.); after entering the muscle spindle, the fiber divides into two flat, ribbonlike branches that wind themselves in rings or spirals about the intrafusal muscle fibers. SYN: annulospiral organ.
calyciform e., caliciform e. a synaptic e. in relation to certain neuroepithelial hair cells of the inner ear.
epilemmal e. a nerve e. in close relation to the outer surface of the sarcolemma.
flower-spray e. one of the two types of sensory nerve e. associated with the neuromuscular spindle (the other being the annulospiral e.); in this type, the fiber branches spread out upon the surface of the intrafusal fibers like a spray of flowers. SYN: flower-spray organ of Ruffini.
free nerve endings a form of peripheral e. of sensory nerve fibers in which the terminal filaments end freely in the tissue. SYN: terminationes nervorum liberae.
grape endings an autodescriptive term applied to synaptic terminals at the ends of short, stalklike axon branches.
hederiform e. a type of free sensory e. in the skin.
nerve e. any one of the specialized terminations of peripheral sensory or motor nerve fibers. See motor endplate, corpuscle, bulb.
sole-plate e. SYN: motor endplate.
synaptic endings SYN: axon terminals, under terminal.

Endo
Endo

Shigeru, Japanese bacteriologist, 1869–1937. See E. agar, E. medium.

endo- endo-, end-

Prefixes indicating within, inner, absorbing, or containing. SEE ALSO: ento-. [G. endon, within]

endoabdominal
endoabdominal (en′do-ab-dom′i-nal)

Within the abdomen.

endoamylase
endoamylase (en′do-am′il-as)

A glucanohydrolase acting on internal glycosidic bonds ( E.G., α-amylase).

endoaneurysmoplasty
endoaneurysmoplasty (en′do-an-u-riz′mo-plas-te)

SYN: aneurysmoplasty.

endoaneurysmorrhaphy
endoaneurysmorrhaphy (en′do-an-u-riz-mor′a-fe)

SYN: aneurysmoplasty. [endo- + G. aneurysma, aneurysm, + rhaphe, suture]

endoangiitis
endoangiitis (en′do-an-je-i′tis)

SYN: endangiitis.

endo-aortitis
endo-aortitis (en′do-a-or-ti′tis)

SYN: endaortitis.

endoappendicitis
endoappendicitis (en′do-a-pen-di-si′tis)

Simple catarrhal inflammation, limited more or less strictly to the mucosal surface of the vermiform appendix.

endoarteritis
endoarteritis (en′do-ar-ter-i′tis)

SYN: endarteritis.

endoauscultation
endoauscultation (en′do-aws-kul-ta′shun)

Auscultation of the thoracic organs, especially the heart, by means of a stethoscopic tube passed into the esophagus or into the heart.

endobag
endobag

SYN: endosac.

endobasion
endobasion (en′do-ba′se-on)

A cephalometric and craniometric point located in the midline at the most posterior point of the anterior border of the foramen magnum on the contour of the foramen; it is slightly posterior and internal to basion.

endobiotic
endobiotic (en-do-bi-ot′ik)

Living as a parasite within the host.

endobronchial
endobronchial (en-do-brong′ke-al)

SYN: intrabronchial.

endocardiac
endocardiac, endocardial (en-do-kar′de-ak, -de-al)

1. SYN: intracardiac. 2. Relating to the endocardium.

endocardiography
endocardiography (en′do-kar-de-og′ra-fe)

Electrocardiography with the exploring electrode within the chambers of the heart. SEE ALSO: intracardiac catheter.

endocarditic
endocarditic (en′do-kar-dit′ik)

Relating to endocarditis.

endocarditis
endocarditis (en′do-kar-di′tis)

Inflammation of the endocardium. SYN: encarditis.
abacterial thrombotic e. SYN: nonbacterial thrombotic e..
acute bacterial e. a type of severe bacterial e. caused by pyogenic organisms such as hemolytic streptococci or staphylococci.
atypical verrucous e. SYN: Libman-Sacks e..
bacterial e. e. caused by the direct invasion of bacteria and leading to deformity and destruction of the valve leaflets. Two types are acute bacterial e. and subacute bacterial e..
cachectic e. SYN: nonbacterial thrombotic e..
e. chordalis e. affecting particularly the chordae tendineae.
constrictive e. thickening of the endocardium due to inflammation of any origin that restricts the diastolic relaxation of one or both ventricles producing diastolic ventricular failure, e.g., Löffler fibroplastic e..
infectious e., infective e. e. due to infection by microorganisms.
isolated parietal e. fibrous thickening of the endocardium of the left ventricle without valvular involvement.
Libman-Sacks e. verrucous e. sometimes associated with disseminated lupus erythematosus. SYN: atypical verrucous e., Libman-Sacks syndrome, nonbacterial verrucous e..
Löffler e. fibroplastic constrictive parietal e. with eosinophilia, an e. of obscure cause characterized by progressive congestive heart failure, multiple systemic emboli, and eosinophilia. SYN: Löffler disease, Löffler syndrome (2) .
Löffler parietal fibroplastic e. sclerosis of the endocardium in the presence of a high eosinophile count.
malignant e. acute bacterial e., usually secondary to suppuration elsewhere and running a fulminating course. SYN: septic e..
marantic e. nonbacterial thrombotic e. associated with cancer and other debilitating diseases. Cf.:terminal e..
mural e. inflammation of the endocardium involving the walls of the chambers of the heart.
mycotic e. e. due to infection by fungi.
nonbacterial thrombotic e. verrucous endocardial lesions occurring in the terminal stages of many chronic infectious and wasting diseases. SYN: abacterial thrombotic e., cachectic e., terminal e., thromboendocarditis.
nonbacterial verrucous e. SYN: Libman-Sacks e..
polypous e. bacterial e. with the formation of pedunculated masses of fibrin, or thrombi, attached to the ulcerated valves.
rheumatic e. endocardial involvement as part of rheumatic heart disease, recognized clinically by valvular involvement; in the acute stage, there may be tiny fibrin vegetations along the lines of closure of the valve leaflets, with subsequent fibrous thickening and shortening of the leaflets.
septic e. SYN: malignant e..
subacute bacterial e. (SBE) e. of less acuity than acute bacterial e..
terminal e. SYN: nonbacterial thrombotic e..
valvular e. inflammation confined to the endocardium of the valves.
vegetative e., verrucous e. e. associated with the presence of fibrinous clots (vegetations) forming on the ulcerated surfaces of the valves.

endocardium
endocardium, pl .endocardia (en-do-kar′de-um, -e-a) [TA]

The innermost tunic of the heart, which includes endothelium and subendothelial connective tissue; in the atrial wall, smooth muscle and numerous elastic fibers also occur. [endo- + G. kardia, heart]

endoceliac
endoceliac (en-do-se′le-ak)

Within one of the body cavities. [endo- + G. koilia, cavity, ventricle]

endocervical
endocervical (en′do-ser′vi-kal)

1. Within any cervix, specifically within the cervix of the uterus. SYN: intracervical. 2. Relating to the endocervix.

endocervicitis
endocervicitis (en′do-ser-vi-si′tis)

Inflammation of the columnar epithelium cervix uteri.

endocervix
endocervix (en-do-ser′viks)

The mucous membrane of the cervical canal.

endochondral
endochondral (en-do-kon′dral)

SYN: intracartilaginous. [endo- + G. chondros, cartilage]

endocoagulation
endocoagulation (en-do-ko-ag-oo-la′shun)

SYN: thermocoagulation.

endocolitis
endocolitis (en′do-ko-li′tis)

Simple catarrhal inflammation of the colon.

endocranial
endocranial (en-do-kra′ne-al)

1. Within the cranium. 2. Relating to the endocranium. SYN: encranial, entocranial.

endocranium
endocranium (en′do-kra′ne-um)

The lining membrane of the cranium, or dura mater of the brain. SYN: entocranium.

endocrine
endocrine (en′do-krin)

1. Secreting internally, most commonly into the systemic circulation; of or pertaining to such secretion. Cf.:paracrine. 2. The internal or hormonal secretion of a ductless gland. 3. Denoting a gland that furnishes an internal secretion. [endo- + G. krino, to separate]

endocrinologist
endocrinologist (en′do-kri-nol′o-jist)

One who specializes in endocrinology.

endocrinology
endocrinology (en′do-kri-nol′o-je)

The science and medical specialty concerned with the internal or hormonal secretions and their physiologic and pathologic relations. [endocrine + G. logos, study]

endocrinoma
endocrinoma (en′do-kri-no′ma)

Obsolete term for a tumor with endocrine tissue that retains the function of the parent organ, usually to an excessive degree.

endocrinopathic
endocrinopathic (en′do-kri-no-path′ik)

Relating to or suffering from an endocrinopathy.

endocrinopathy
endocrinopathy (en′do-kri-nop′a-the)

A disorder in the function of an endocrine gland and the consequences thereof. [endocrine + G. pathos, disease]

endocrinotherapy
endocrinotherapy (en′do-kri-no-thar′a-pe)

Treatment of disease by the administration of extracts of endocrine glands. [endocrine + G. therapeia, medical treatment]

endocyclic
endocyclic (en-do-si′klik, -sik′lik)

Within a cycle or ring; e.g., the six carbon atoms of the benzene ring in toluene. Cf.:exocyclic.

endocyst
endocyst (en′do-sist)

The inner layer of a hydatid cyst.

endocystitis
endocystitis (en′do-sis-ti′tis)

Obsolete term for inflammation of the epithelial lining of the bladder. [endo- + G. kystis, bladder, + -itis, inflammation]

endocytosis
endocytosis (en′do-si-to′sis)

Internalization of substances from the extracellular environment through the formation of vesicles formed from the plasma membrane. There are two forms: (a) fluid phase (pinocytosis), and (b) receptor mediated. SEE ALSO: phagocytosis. Cf.:exocytosis (2) . [endo- + G. kytos, cell, + -osis, condition]

endoderm
endoderm (en′do-derm)

The innermost of the three primary germ layers of the embryo (ectoderm, mesoderm, e.); from it is derived the epithelial lining of the primitive gut tract and the epithelial component of the glands and other structures ( e.g., lower respiratory system) that develop as outgrowths from the gut tube. SYN: entoderm. [endo- + G. derma, skin]

endodiascope
endodiascope (en′do-di′a-skop)

An x-ray tube that may be placed within a cavity of the body; an archaic device.

endodiascopy
endodiascopy (en′do-di-as′ko-pe)

X-ray visualization by means of an endodiascope; an archaic procedure. [endo- + G. dia, through, + skopeo, to view]

endodontia
endodontia (en-do-don′she-a)

SYN: endodontics.

endodontics
endodontics (en-do-don′tiks)

A field of dentistry concerned with the biology and pathology of the dental pulp and periapical tissues, and with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases and injuries in these tissues. SYN: endodontia, endodontology. [endo- + G. odous, tooth]

endodontist
endodontist (en-do-don′tist)

One who specializes in the practice of endodontics. SYN: endodontologist.

endodontologist
endodontologist (en′do-don-tol′o-jist)

SYN: endodontist.

endodontology
endodontology (en′do-don-tol′o-je)

SYN: endodontics.

endodyocyte
endodyocyte (en′do-di′o-sit)

1. A trophozoite formed by endodyogeny. 2. SYN: merozoite. [endo- + G. dys, two, + kytos, cell]

endodyogeny
endodyogeny (en′do-di-oj′e-ne)

A process of asexual development seen among certain coccidia, such as Toxoplasma and Frenkelia, in which no separate nuclear division occurs, as in schizogony; the two daughters develop internally within the parent, without nuclear conjugation. [endo- + G. dys, two, + genesis, creation]

endoenteritis
endoenteritis (en′do-en-ter-i′tis)

Obsolete term for inflammation of the intestinal mucous membrane. [endo- + G. enteron, intestine, -itis, inflammation]

endoenzyme
endoenzyme (en-do-en′zim)

1. SYN: intracellular enzyme. 2. An enzyme that catalyzes an endohydrolysis.

endoesophagitis
endoesophagitis (en′do-e-sof-a-ji′tis)

Obsolete term for inflammation of the internal lining of the esophagus.

endofaradism
endofaradism (en-do-far′a-dizm)

Application of an alternating electric current to the interior of any cavity of the body. See fulguration.

endogalvanism
endogalvanism (en-do-gal′van-izm)

Application of a direct electric current to the interior of any cavity of the body. See fulguration.

endogamy
endogamy (en-dog′a-me)

Reproduction by conjugation between sister cells, the descendants of one original cell. [endo- + G. gamos, marriage]

endogastric
endogastric (en-do-gas′trik)

Within the stomach.

endogastritis
endogastritis (en′do-gas-tri′tis)

Obsolete term for inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach. [endo- + G. gaster, stomach, + -itis, inflammation]

endogenic
endogenic (en-do-jen′ik)

SYN: endogenous.

endogenote
endogenote (en-do-je′not)

In microbial genetics, the recipient cell's genome. [endo- + genote]

endogenous
endogenous (en-doj′e-nus)

Originating or produced within the organism or one of its parts. SYN: endogenic. [endo- + G. -gen, production]

endoglin
endoglin (en′do-glin)

A protein on the surface of endothelial cells that binds to transforming growth factor-β.

endognathion
endognathion (en-dog-nath′e-on, en-do-na′the-on)

The medial of the two segments constituting the incisive bone. See mesognathion. [endo- + G. gnathos, jaw]

endoherniotomy
endoherniotomy (en′do-her-ne-ot′o-me)

An obsolete procedure for closure, by sutures, of the interior lining of a hernial sac.

endointoxication
endointoxication (en′do-in-tok-si-ka′shun)

Poisoning by an endogenous toxin.

endolaryngeal
endolaryngeal (en′do-la-rin′je-al)

Within the larynx.

Endolimax
Endolimax (en-do-li′maks)

A genus of small nonpathogenic amebae parasitic in the large intestine of humans and other animals. [endo- + G. leimax, a meadow or garden]

endolith
endolith (en′do-lith)

A calcified body found in the pulp chamber of a tooth; may be composed of irregular dentin (true denticle) or due to ectopic calcification of pulp tissue (false denticle). SYN: denticle (1) , pulp calcification, pulp calculus, pulp nodule, pulp stone. [endo- + G. lithos, stone]

endolymph
endolymph (en′do-limf) [TA]

The fluid contained within the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear; e. resembles intracellular fluid in composition (potassium is the main positively-charged ion). SYN: endolympha [TA] , Scarpa fluid, Scarpa liquor.

endolympha
endolympha (en′do-lim′fa) [TA]

SYN: endolymph. [endo- + L. lympha, a clear fluid]

endolymphic
endolymphic (en-do-lim′fik)

Relating to the endolymph.

endomerogony
endomerogony (en′do-me-rog′o-ne)

Production of merozoites in the asexual reproduction of sporozoan protozoa by a process originating in the interior of the schizont (as contrasted with ectomerogony); observed in species of Eimeria. [endo- + G. meros, part, + gone, generation]

endometria
endometria (en-do-me′tre-a)

Plural of endometrium.

endometrial
endometrial (en-do-me′tre-al)

Relating to or composed of endometrium.

endometrioid
endometrioid (en-do-me′tre-oyd)

Microscopically resembling endometrial tissue.

endometrioma
endometrioma (en′do-me-tre-o′ma)

Circumscribed mass of ectopic endometrial tissue in endometriosis. [endometrium + -oma, tumor]

endometriosis
endometriosis (en′do-me-tre-o′sis)

Ectopic occurrence of endometrial tissue, frequently forming cysts containing altered blood. SYN: endometrial implants. [endometrium + -osis, condition]

endometritis
endometritis (en′do-me-tri′tis)

Inflammation of the endometrium. [endometrium + -itis, inflammation]
decidual e. inflammation of the decidual mucous membrane of the gravid uterus.
e. dissecans e. with ulceration and exfoliation of the mucous membrane.

endometrium
endometrium, pl .endometria (en′do-me′tre-um, -tre-a) [TA]

The mucous membrane comprising the inner layer of the uterine wall; it consists of a simple columnar epithelium and a lamina propria that contains simple tubular uterine glands. The structure, thickness, and state of the e. undergo marked change with the menstrual cycle. SYN: tunica mucosa uteri [TA] . [endo- + G. metra, uterus]
Swiss cheese e. SYN: simple endometrial hyperplasia.

endometropic
endometropic (en′do-me-trop′ik)

Denoting an external stimulus capable of producing a response of the uterus, specifically the endometrium. [endo- + G. metra, uterus, + trope, a turning]

endomitosis
endomitosis (en′do-mi-to′sis)

SYN: endopolyploidy.

endomorph
endomorph (en′do-morf)

A constitutional body type or build (biotype or somatotype) in which tissues that originated in the endoderm prevail; from a morphological standpoint, the trunk predominates over the limbs. SYN: brachytype. [endo- + G. morphe, form]

endomorphic
endomorphic (en′do-mor′fik)

Relating to, or having the characteristics of, an endomorph.

endomotorsonde
endomotorsonde (en′do-mo′tor-sond′)

Radiotelemetering capsule for studying the interior of the gastrointestinal tract. [endo- + L. motor, mover, + Fr. sonde, sounding line]

Endomycetales
Endomycetales (en′do-mi-se-ta′lez)

An order of Ascomycota that includes the yeasts. SYN: Saccharomycetales.

endomyocardial
endomyocardial (en′do-mi-o-kar′de-al)

Relating to the endocardium and the myocardium.

endomyocarditis
endomyocarditis (en-do-mi′o-kar-di′tis)

Inflammation of both endocardium and myocardium; endemic in East Africa.

endomyometritis
endomyometritis (en′do-mi-o-me-tri′tis)

Sepsis involving the tissues of the uterus. [endo- + G. mys, muscle, + metra, uterus, + -itis, inflammation]

endomysium
endomysium (en′do-miz′e-um, -mis′e-um) [TA]

The fine connective tissue sheath surrounding a muscle fiber. [endo- + G. mys, muscle]

endoneurium
endoneurium (en-do-noo′re-um) [TA]

The innermost connective tissue supportive structure of nerve trunks, that surrounds both myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers; consists principally of ground substance, collagen, and fibroblasts; with the perineurium and epineurium, comprises the peripheral nerve stroma. SYN: Henle sheath, sheath of Key and Retzius. [endo- + G. neuron, nerve]

endonuclease
endonuclease (en-do-noo′kle-as)

An enzyme (phosphodiesterase) that cleaves the internal phosphodiester bonds in a DNA molecule, thus producing DNA fragments of varying size. Cf.:exonuclease.
micrococcal e. an enzyme, produced by a member of the genus Micrococcus, that cleaves nucleic acids to oligonucleotides terminating in 3′-phosphates. SYN: micrococcal nuclease, spleen e., spleen phosphodiesterases.
nucleate e. SYN: e. Serratia marcescens.
restriction e. one of many endonucleases isolated from bacteria that cleave or hydrolyze (cut) foreign double-stranded DNA chains at specific recognition sites defined by DNA sequences; these endonucleases have become standard laboratory devices for making specific cuts in DNA as a first step in deducing sequences and are sometimes referred to as a “chemical knife”; usually named by a three- or four-letter abbreviation of the name of the organism from which isolated ( e.g., EcoB from Escherichia coli, strain B). SYN: restriction enzyme.
single-stranded nucleate e. e. S₁ Aspergillus.
spleen e. SYN: micrococcal e..

endonuclease S1 Aspergillus
endonuclease S₁ Aspergillus

An enzyme cleaving RNA or DNA to 5′-ended mono- or oligonucleotides; prefers single-stranded polynucleic acids. SYN: deoxyribonuclease S₁.

endonuclease Serratia marcescens
endonuclease Serratia marcescens

A nuclease (a nucleate oligonucleotidohydrolase) that forms oligonucleotides ending in 5′-phosphates from RNA and DNA; hydrolyzes both double-stranded and single-stranded polynucleic acids. SYN: nucleate endonuclease.

endonucleolus
endonucleolus (en′do-noo-kle′o-lus)

A minute unstainable spot near the center of a nucleolus.

endoparasite
endoparasite (en-do-par′a-sit)

A parasite living within the body of its host.

endopeptidase
endopeptidase (en-do-pep′ti-das)

An enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of a peptide chain at points well within the chain, not near termini; e.g., pepsin, trypsin. Cf.:exopeptidase. SYN: proteinase.

endoperiarteritis
endoperiarteritis (en′do-par′i-ar-ter-i′tis)

SYN: panarteritis. [endo- + G. peri, around, + arteritis]

endopericardiac
endopericardiac (en′do-par-e-kar′de-ak)

SYN: intrapericardiac.

endoperimyocarditis
endoperimyocarditis (en′do-par′i-mi′o-kar-di′tis)

Simultaneous inflammation of the heart muscle and of the endocardium and pericardium. SYN: pancarditis. [endo- + G. peri, around, + mys, muscle, + kardia, heart, + -itis, inflammation]

endoperitonitis
endoperitonitis (en′do-par′i-to-ni′tis)

Superficial inflammation of the peritoneum.

endoperoxide
endoperoxide (en′do-per-ok′sid)

A peroxide (–O–O–) group that bridges two atoms that are both parts of a larger molecule.

endophlebitis
endophlebitis (en′do-fle-bi′tis)

Inflammation of the intima of a vein. [endo- + G. phleps (phleb-), vein, + -itis, inflammation]

endophthalmitis
endophthalmitis (en-dof-thal-mi′tis)

Inflammation of the tissues within the eyeball. [endo- + G. ophthalmos, eye, + -itis, inflammation]
granulomatous e. a diffuse, chronic inflammation of intraocular tissues.
e. ophthalmia nodosa e. due to intraocular caterpillar hairs. See ophthalmia nodosa.
e. phacoanaphylactica inflammation of the uveal tract as a result of sensitization by the lens cortex; simulates sympathetic ophthalmia.

endophthalmodonesis
endophthalmodonesis (en′dof-thal-mo-do-ne′sis)

Tremulousness of any intraocular structure, especially of an implanted lens (pseudophakodonesis). [endo- + ophthalmo- + G. doneo, to shake]

endophyte
endophyte (en′do-fit)

A plant parasite living within another organism. [endo- + G. phyton, plant]

endophytic
endophytic (en-do-fit′ik)

1. Pertaining to an endophyte. 2. Referring to an infiltrative, invasive tumor.

endoplasm
endoplasm (en′do-plazm)

The inner or medullary part of the cytoplasm, as opposed to the ectoplasm, containing the cell organelles. SYN: entoplasm.

endoplasmic
endoplasmic (en′do-plas′mik)

Referring to the endoplasm.

endoplast
endoplast (en′do-plast)

Former name for endosome. [endo- + G. plastos, formed]

endoplastic
endoplastic (en-do-plas′tik)

Relating to the endoplasm.

endopolygeny
endopolygeny (en′do-po-lij′e-ne)

Asexual reproduction in which more than two offspring are formed within the parent organism and in which two or possibly more nuclear divisions occur before merozoite formation begins; a form of internal budding observed in Toxoplasma gondii. Cf.:endodyogeny. [endo- + G. polys, many, + genesis, creation]

endopolyploid
endopolyploid (en-do-pol′e-ployd)

Relating to endopolyploidy.

endopolyploidy
endopolyploidy (en-do-pol′e-ploy-de)

The process or state of duplication of the DNA content of the nuclei without accompanying spindle formation or cytokinesis, resulting in a polyploid nucleus. SYN: endomitosis. [endo- + polyploidy]

endoreduplication
endoreduplication (en′do-re-doo′pli-ka′shun)

A form of polyploidy or polysomy by redoubling of chromosomes, giving rise to four-stranded chromosomes at prophase and metaphase.

endorphinergic
endorphinergic (en′dor-fin-er′jik)

Relating to nerve cells or fibers that employ an endorphin as their neurotransmitter. [endorphin + G. ergon, work]

endorphins
endorphins (en′dor-finz)

Opioid peptides originally isolated from the brain but now found in many parts of the body; in the nervous system, e. bind to the same receptors that bind exogenous opiates. A variety of e. ( e.g., α, β, and γ) that vary not only in their physical and chemical properties but also in physiologic action have been isolated. SEE ALSO: enkephalins. [fr. endogenous morphine]

endorrhachis
endorrhachis (en-do-ra′kis)

SYN: spinal dura mater. [endo- + G. rhachis, the spine]

endosac
endosac (en′do-sak)

A sac or bag used in laparoscopic surgery in which tissue is placed to facilitate removal or morcellation. SYN: endobag.

endosalpingiosis
endosalpingiosis (en′do-sal-pin-je-o′sis)

Aberrant mucous membrane in the ovary or elsewhere consisting of ciliated tubal mucosa without stroma of endometrial type.

endosalpingitis
endosalpingitis (en′do-sal-pin-ji′tis)

Inflammation of the lining membrane of the eustachian or the fallopian tube. [endo- + G. salpinx (salping-), tube, + -itis, inflammation]

endosalpinx
endosalpinx (en′do-sal′pinks)

The mucosa of the fallopian tube. [endo + G. salpinx, tube]

endosarc
endosarc (en′do-sark)

The endoplasm of a protozoan. SYN: entosarc. [endo- + G. sarx (sark-), flesh]

endoscope
endoscope (en′do-skop)

An instrument for the examination of the interior of a canal or hollow viscus. [endo- + G. skopeo, to examine]
flexible e. an optical instrument that transmits light and carries images back to the observer through a flexible bundle of small (about 10 μm) transparent fibers. It is used to inspect interior portions of the body. These instruments are generally equipped with mechanisms for steering and may have additional ports for allowing sampling and/or operative instruments along their axis to the internal site. SEE ALSO: fiberoptics. SYN: fiberscope.

endoscopist
endoscopist (en-dos′ko-pist)

A specialist trained in the use of an endoscope.

endoscopy
endoscopy (en-dos′ko-pe)

Examination of the interior of a canal or hollow viscus by means of a special instrument, such as an endoscope. [see endoscope]
peroral e. visual examination of interior sections of the body by introduction of an instrument (an endoscope) through the mouth; examples include esophagoscopy, gastroscopy, bronchoscopy.
virtual e. computed tomographic data reconstructed in 3 dimensions to give information similar to that obtained with e..

endoskeleton
endoskeleton (en-do-skel′e-ton)

The internal bony framework of the body; the skeleton in its usual context as distinguished from exoskeleton.

endosome
endosome (en′do-som)

A more or less central body in the vesicular nucleus of certain Feulgen-negative (DNA-) protozoa ( e.g., trypanosomes, parasitic amebae, and phytoflagellates), with the chromatin (DNA₊) lying between the nuclear membrane and the e.. Cf.:nucleolus. [endo- + G. soma, body]

endosonography
endosonography (en′do-so-nog′ra-fe)

Ultrasonography performed using an ultrasound transducer mounted on or passed through a fiberoptic endoscope.

endosonoscopy
endosonoscopy (en-do-son′o-sko-pe)

A sonographic study carried out by transducers inserted into the body as miniature probes in the esophagus, urethra, bladder, vagina, or rectum.

endosperm
endosperm (en′do-sperm)

A storage tissue found in many seeds that nourishes the embryo of a plant.

endospore
endospore (en′do-spor)

1. A resistant body formed within the vegetative cells of some bacteria, particularly those belonging to the genera Bacillus and Clostridium. 2. A fungus spore borne within a cell or within the tubular end of a sporophore as in the spherule of Coccidioides immitis. [endo- + G. sporos, seed]

endosteal
endosteal (en-dos′te-al)

Relating to the endosteum.

endosteitis
endosteitis, endostitis (en′dos-te-i′tis, en′dos-ti′tis)

Inflammation of the endosteum or of the medullary cavity of a bone. SYN: central osteitis (2) , perimyelitis. [endo- + G. osteon, bone, + -itis, inflammation]

endosteoma
endosteoma (en-dos′te-o′ma)

A benign neoplasm of bone tissue in the medullary cavity of a bone. SYN: endostoma. [endo- + G. osteon, bone, + -oma, tumor]

endostethoscope
endostethoscope (en-do-steth′o-skop)

A stethoscopic tube used in endoauscultation. [endo- + G. stethos, chest, + skopeo, to examine]

endosteum
endosteum (en-dos′te-um) [TA]

A layer of cells lining the inner surface of bone in the central medullary cavity. SYN: medullary membrane, perimyelis. [endo- + G. osteon, bone]

endostoma
endostoma (en-do-sto′ma)

SYN: endosteoma.

endotendineum
endotendineum (en′do-ten-din′e-um)

The fine connective tissue surrounding secondary fascicles of a tendon. [endo- + L. tendon, tendon, + -eus, adj.; the whole, in its neuter form, used substantively]

endothelia
endothelia (en-do-the′le-a)

Plural of endothelium.

endothelial
endothelial (en-do-the′le-al)

Relating to the endothelium.

endothelin
endothelin

A 21-amino acid peptide originally derived from endothelial cells. It is an extremely potent vasoconstrictor. Three different gene products have been identified, e. 1, e. 2, and e. 3; they are found in brain, kidney, and endothelium (e. 1), intestine (e. 2), and intestine and adrenal gland (e. 3).

endotheliocyte
endotheliocyte (en-do-the′le-o-sit)

SYN: endothelial cell.

endothelioid
endothelioid (en-do-the′le-oyd)

Resembling endothelium.

endothelioma
endothelioma (en′do-the-le-o′ma)

Generic term for a group of neoplasms, particularly benign tumors, derived from the endothelial tissue of blood vessels or lymphatic channels; endotheliomas may be benign or malignant. [endothelium + -oma, tumor]

endotheliosis
endotheliosis (en′do-the-le-o′sis)

Proliferation of endothelium.

endothelium
endothelium, pl .endothelia (en-do-the′le-um, -le-a) [TA]

A layer of flat cells lining especially blood and lymphatic vessels and the heart. [endo- + G. thele, nipple]
e. of anterior chamber [TA] a single layer of large, squamous cells that covers the posterior surface of the cornea. SYN: e. posterius corneae [TA] , e. camerae anterioris.
e. camerae anterioris SYN: e. of anterior chamber.
e. posterius corneae [TA] SYN: e. of anterior chamber.

endothermic
endothermic (en-do-ther′mik)

Denoting a chemical reaction during which heat (enthalpy) is absorbed. Cf.:exothermic (1) . [endo- + G. therme, heat]

endothrix
endothrix (en′do-thriks)

Fungal spores (conidia) invading the interior of a hair shaft; there is no conspicuous external sheath of spores, as there is with ectothrix. [endo- + G. thrix, hair]

endotoxemia
endotoxemia (en′do-tok-se′me-a)

Presence in the blood of endotoxins, which, if derived from Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria, may cause a generalized Shwartzman phenomenon with shock.

endotoxic
endotoxic (en-do-tok′sik)

Denoting an endotoxin.

endotoxicosis
endotoxicosis (en′do-tok-si-ko′sis)

Poisoning by an endotoxin.

endotoxin
endotoxin (en-do-tok′sin)

1. A bacterial toxin not freely liberated into the surrounding medium, in contrast to exotoxin. 2. The complex phospholipid-polysaccharide macromolecules that form an integral part of the cell wall of a variety of relatively avirulent as well as virulent strains of Gram-negative bacteria. The toxins are relatively heat-stable, are less potent than most exotoxins, are less specific, and do not form toxoids; on injection, they may cause a state of shock and, in smaller doses, fever and leukopenia followed by leukocytosis; they have the capacity of eliciting the Shwartzman and the Sanarelli-Shwartzman phenomena. SYN: intracellular toxin.

endotracheal
endotracheal (en′do-tra′ke-al)

Within the trachea.

endourology
endourology (en-do-ur-ol′o-je)

Genitourinary operative procedures (diagnostic and therapeutic) performed through instruments. These may be cystoscopic, pelviscopic, celioscopic, laparoscopic, percutaneous, or ureteroscopic.

endovaccination
endovaccination (en′do-vak-si-na′shun)

Oral administration of vaccines.

endovasculitis
endovasculitis (en′do-vas′ku-li′tis)

SYN: endangiitis.
hemorrhagic e. endothelial and medial hyperplasia of placental blood vessels with thrombosis, fragmentation, and diapedesis of red blood cells resulting in stillbirth or fetal developmental disorders.

endovenous
endovenous (en-do-ve′nus)

SYN: intravenous.

end-piece
end-piece

The terminal part of the tail of a spermatozoon consisting of the axoneme and the flagellar membrane.

endplate
endplate, end-plate (end′plat)

The ending of a motor nerve fiber in relation to a skeletal muscle fiber.
motor e. the large and complex end-formation by which the axon of a motor neuron establishes synaptic contact with a striated muscle fiber (cell); several terminal branches of a motor axon end in irregular, club-shaped synaptic end-formations that are bedded in a single troughlike depression of the muscle fiber's surface; the postsynaptic membrane, the sarcolemma that forms the bottom of the trough, is greatly increased in surface area by deep infoldings protruding into the underlying cytoplasm of the muscle fiber; the subsynaptic interval between the plasma membrane of the axon terminals and the sarcolemma is filled with an amorphous substance; the trough is closed off toward the surface by the Schwann sheath, which peels away from the axons as the latter enter the trough and thus forms a lid over the trough; the slight bulge of this closure plate corresponds to Doyère eminence. SYN: sole-plate ending.

end-tidal
end-tidal (end-ti′dal)

At the end of a normal expiration.

endyma
endyma (en′di-ma)

SYN: ependyma. [G. a garment]

E.N.E.
E.N.E.

Abbreviation for ethylnorepinephrine.

-ene -ene

Suffix applied to a chemical name indicating the presence of a carbon-carbon double bond; e.g., propene (unsaturated propane, CH₃&cbond;CH&dbond;CH₂). [G. ene, feminine adjectival suffix]

enediol
enediol (en-di′ol)

The atomic arrangement –C(OH)&dbond;C(OH)– produced by proton migration from the CH of a &cbond;CHOH group that is attached to a –CO– group to the oxygen of the –CO– group (usually induced by alkali), giving rise to doubly bonded carbon atoms (the -ene group), each bearing a –CHOH group (a diol); a special case of enolization.

enema
enema (en′e-ma)

A rectal injection for clearing out the bowel, or administering drugs or food. [G.]
air contrast e. a radiographic double contrast e. in which air is introduced after coating of the colon with a dense barium suspension. SYN: air contrast barium e., double contrast e..
air contrast barium e. SYN: air contrast e..
analeptic e. an e. of a pint of lukewarm water with one-half teaspoonful of table salt.
barium e. a type of contrast e.; administration of barium sulfate suspension, a radiopaque medium, for radiographic and fluoroscopic study of the lower intestinal tract.
blind e. the introduction into the rectum of a rubber tube to facilitate the expulsion of flatus.
contrast e. e. using barium sulfate or a water-soluble contrast medium.
double contrast e. SYN: air contrast e..
flatus e. an e. of magnesium sulfate in glycerin and warm water.
high e. an e. instilled high up into the colon. SYN: enteroclysis (1) .
Hypaque e. e. with water-soluble radiographic contrast material, whether diatrizoate or other.
nutrient e. a rectal injection of predigested food.
oil retention e. a rectal injection of mineral oil, introduced at low pressure and retained for several hours before expelling, to soften feces.
small bowel e. radiographic examination of the small intestine, by retrograde filling from the contrast-filled large bowel. Cf.:enteroclysis, small bowel series.
soapsuds e. an e. of shredded or powdered soap in warm water.
turpentine e. an e. of turpentine and olive oil in soapsuds.

enemator
enemator (en-e-ma′ter, -tor)

An appliance used to give an enema.

enemiasis
enemiasis (en-e-mi′a-sis)

The use of enemas.

energetics
energetics (en-er-jet′iks)

The study of the energy changes involved in physical and chemical reactions and in overall systems.

energy
energy (en′er-je)

The exertion of power; the capacity to do work, taking the forms of kinetic e., potential e., chemical e., electrical e., etc. SYN: dynamic force. [G. energeia, fr. en, in, + ergon, work]
e. of activation (E_a) e. that must be added to that already possessed by a molecule or molecules in order to initiate a reaction; usually expressed in the Arrhenius equation relating a rate constant to absolute temperature.
binding e. e. that would be released if a particular atomic nucleus were formed through the combination of individual protons and neutrons. SYN: fusion e..
chemical e. e. liberated or absorbed by a chemical reaction, e.g., oxidation of carbon, or absorbed in the formation of a chemical compound.
free e. (F) a thermodynamic function symbolized as F, or G (Gibbs free e.), = H − TS, where H is the enthalpy of a system, T the absolute temperature, and S the entropy; chemical reactions proceed spontaneously in the direction that involves a net decrease in the free e. of the system ( i.e., ΔG < 0).
fusion e. SYN: binding e..
Gibbs e. of activation the Gibbs e. that must be added to that already possessed by a molecule or molecules in order to initiate a reaction.
Gibbs free e. (G) free e..
Helmholtz e. (A) e. equivalent to the internal e. minus the entropy contribution (TS).
internal e. (U) e. of a system measured by the heat absorbed from the system's surroundings and the amount of work done on the system by its surroundings.
kinetic e. (K) the e. of motion.
latent e. SYN: potential e..
nuclear e. e. given off in the course of a nuclear reaction or stored in the formation of an atomic nucleus.
nutritional e. SYN: trophodynamics.
e. of position SYN: potential e..
potential e. the e., existing in a body by virtue of its position or state of existence, which is not being exerted at the time. SYN: e. of position, latent e..
psychic e. in psychoanalysis, a hypothetical mental force, analogous to the physical concept of e., which enables and vitalizes an individual's psychological activity. SEE ALSO: libido. SYN: psychic force.
radiant e. e. contained in light rays or any other form of radiation.
solar e. e. derived from sunlight.
total e. the sum of kinetic and potential energies.

enflurane
enflurane (en-floor′an)

A potent volatile inhalation anesthetic that is nonflammable and nonexplosive.

ENG
ENG

Abbreviation for electronystagmography.

engagement
engagement (en-gaj′ment)

In obstetrics, the mechanism by which the biparietal diameter of the fetal head enters the plane of the inlet.

engastrius
engastrius (en-gas′tre-us)

Unequal conjoined twins in which the smaller parasite is wholly or partly within the abdomen of the larger autosite. [G. en, in, + gaster, belly]

Engelmann
Engelmann

Guido, German surgeon, *1876. See E. disease.

Engelmann
Engelmann

Theodor W., German physiologist, 1843–1909. See E. basal knobs, under knob.

engineering
engineering (en-jin-er′ing)

The practical application of physical, mechanical, and mathematical principles.
biomedical e. application of e. principles to obtain solutions to biomedical problems.
dental e. application of e. principles to dentistry.
genetic e. internal manipulation of basic genetic material of an organism to modify biologic heredity or to produce peptides of high purity, such as hormones or antigens.

Englisch
Englisch

Josef, Austrian physician, 1835–1915. See E. sinus.

englobe
englobe (en-glob′)

To take in by a spheroidal body; said of the ingestion of bacteria and other foreign bodies by the phagocytes.

englobement
englobement (en-glob′ment)

The process of inclusion by a spheroidal body, such as by a phagocyte.

engorged
engorged (en-gorjd′)

Absolutely filled; distended with fluid. SEE ALSO: congested, hyperemic. [O. Fr. fr. Mediev. L. gorgia, throat, narrow passage, fr. L. gurges, a whirlpool]

engorgement
engorgement (en-gorj′ment)

Distention with fluid or other material. SEE ALSO: congestion, hyperemia.

engram
engram (en′gram)

In the mnemic hypothesis, a physical change or memory trace made on the central nervous system of an organism as a result of experience or the repetition of stimuli. [G. en, in, + gramma, mark]

engraphia
engraphia (en-graf′e-a)

The formation of engrams.

en grappe
en grappe (ahn-grap′)

Denoting the grapelike cluster arrangement of microconidia of certain dermatophytes. [Fr. en, in, + grappe, bunch of grapes]

enhancement
enhancement (en-hans′ment)

1. The act of augmenting. 2. In immunology, the prolongation of a process or event by suppressing an opposing process.
acoustic e. a manifestation of increased echo amplitude returning from regions beyond an object, such as a fluid-filled cyst, which causes little or no attenuation of the ultrasound beam. Cf.:acoustic shadow.
contrast e. the intravenous administration of water-soluble iodinated contrast material, which increases the CT number of the vascular pool, as well as some lesions (particularly in the brain), due to abnormal leakage into the interstitium; the property of showing increased radiopacity from concentration of contrast medium.
edge e. using analogue or digital image processing to increase the contrast of each interface; equivalent to using a high-pass filter.
immunologic e. SYN: immunoenhancement.
ring e. in computed tomography, when a bright circle appears on an image made after injection of contrast medium, characteristic of localization of the contrast in the wall of an abscess.

enhancers
enhancers

Genetic elements important in the function of a specific promoter. [M.E. enhauncen, raise, increase, fr. O. Fr. enhaucier, fr. L.L. inalto, fr. altus, high, + -er, agent suffix]

enkephalinergic
enkephalinergic (en-kef′a-lin-er′jik)

Relating to nerve cells or fibers that employ an enkephalin as their neurotransmitter. [enkephalin + G. ergon, work]

enkephalins
enkephalins (en-kef′a-linz)

Pentapeptide endorphins, found in many parts of the brain, that bind to specific receptor sites, some of which may be pain-related opiate receptors; hypothesized as endogenous neurotransmitters and nonaddicting analgesics. Metenkephalin is Tyr–Gly–Gly–Phe–Met; leuenkephalin has Leu in place of Met; proenkephalin has Pro in place of Met.

enlargement
enlargement (en-larj′ment) [TA]

1. An increase in size; an anatomic swelling, e., or prominence. 2. An intumescence or swelling. SYN: intumescentia [TA] , intumescence (1) .
cervical e. [TA] a spindle-shaped swelling of the spinal cord extending from the third cervical to the second thoracic vertebra, with maximum thickness opposite the fifth or sixth cervical vertebra, consequential to the innervation of the upper limb. SYN: intumescentia cervicalis [TA] , cervical e. of spinal cord.
cervical e. of spinal cord SYN: cervical e..
choroid e. [TA] the enlarged portion of the choroid plexus located in the atrium of the lateral ventricle; may become partially calcified with age. SEE ALSO: choroid glomus. SYN: glomus choroideum [TA] , choroid glomus, choroid skein.
gingival e. an overgrowth (localized or diffuse) of gingival tissue, nonspecific in nature. SEE ALSO: gingival hyperplasia.
lumbosacral e. [TA] a spindle-shaped swelling of the spinal cord beginning at the level of the tenth thoracic vertebra and tapering into the medullary cone, with maximum thickness opposite the last thoracic vertebra, consequential to the innervation of the lower limb. SYN: intumescentia lumbosacralis [TA] , lumbosacral e. of spinal cord.
lumbosacral e. of spinal cord SYN: lumbosacral e..
tympanic e. [TA] a swelling, not ganglionic, on the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeus nerve; it is regarded as possibly similar to the carotid glomus. SEE ALSO: tympanic ganglion. SYN: intumescentia tympanica [TA] , tympanic intumescence.
e. of the vestibular aqueduct recessive hereditary hearing impairment associated with a large vestibular aqueduct.

-enoic -enoic

Suffix indicating an unsaturated acid. [-ene + -ic]

enol
enol (e′nol)

A compound possessing a hydroxyl group (alcohol) attached to a doubly bonded (ethylenic) carbon atom (–CH&dbond;CH(OH)–); properly italicized when attached as a prefix or infix to an otherwise complete name; e.g., e. pyruvate; phosphoe.pyruvate; usually in equilibrium with its keto tautomer. [-ene + -ol]

enolase
enolase (e′nol-as)

An enzyme catalyzing the reversible dehydration of 2-phospho-d-glycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate and water; a step in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis; several isozymes exist; requires magnesium ion and is inhibited by F⁻. SYN: phosphopyruvate hydratase.
neuron-specific e. an isoenzyme of e. present in neurons and glial cells; stains for this enzyme are frequently used in the differential diagnosis of neuronal or neuroendocrine tumors.

enolization
enolization (e′nol-i-za′shun)

Conversion of a keto to an enol form; e.g., CH₃&cbond;CO&cbond;COOH → CH₂&dbond;C(OH)COOH.

enol pyruvate
enol pyruvate (e-nol-pi′roo-vat)

CH₂&dbond;C(OH)–COO⁻, the form of pyruvate encountered in the biologically important phosphoe.pyruvate (e. pyruvate phosphate), not in the free form.

enophthalmia
enophthalmia (en-of-thal′me-a)

SYN: enophthalmos.

enophthalmos
enophthalmos (en′of-thal′mos)

Recession of the eyeball within the orbit. SYN: enophthalmia. [G. en, in, + ophthalmos, eye]

enorganic
enorganic (en-or-gan′ik)

Rarely used term denoting that which occurs as an innate characteristic of an organism.

enostosis
enostosis (en-os-to′sis)

A mass of proliferating bone tissue within a bone. [G. en, in, + osteon, bone, + -osis, condition]

enoyl
enoyl (en′o-il)

The acyl radical of an unsaturated aliphatic acid. [-ene + -oyl]

enoyl-ACP reductase
enoyl-ACP reductase

An enzyme catalyzing hydrogenation of acyl-ACP (where ACP is acyl carrier protein) complexes to 2,3-dehydroacyl-ACP's, with NAD⁺ as hydrogen acceptor; important in fatty acid metabolism. SYN: crotonyl-ACP reductase.

enoyl-ACP reductase (NADPH)
enoyl-ACP reductase (NADPH)

An enzyme carrying out the same reaction as enoyl-ACP (where ACP is acyl carrier protein) reductase, but with NADP⁺ as hydrogen acceptor. SYN: acyl-ACP dehydrogenase, acyl-ACP reductase.

enoyl-CoA hydratase
enoyl-CoA hydratase

Δ²-eEoyl-CoA hydratase;an enzyme catalyzing a reversible reaction between an l-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA and a 2,3- (or 3,4-) trans-enoyl-CoA in fatty acid degradation. SYN: crotonase, enoyl hydrase.

enoyl-CoA reductase
enoyl-CoA reductase

SYN: acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADPH).

2-enoyl-CoA reductase
2-enoyl-CoA reductase

Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP⁺).

enoyl hydrase
enoyl hydrase

SYN: enoyl-CoA hydratase.

E.N.S.
E.N.S.

Abbreviation for ethylnorepinephrine.

ensiform
ensiform (en′si-form)

SYN: xiphoid. [L. ensis, sword, + forma, appearance]

ensisternum
ensisternum (en′sis-ter′num)

SYN: xiphoid process. [L. ensis, sword, + sternum]

ensu
ensu

Acronym for equivalent normal son unit, that amount of information from any source (linkage, carrier, phenotype, etc.) that will have the same impact on the conditional probability that a female consultand is a carrier for an X-linked trait as one normal son does; each normal son contributes one e.. Cf.:encu.

ENT
ENT

Abbreviation for ears, nose, and throat. See otorhinolaryngology.

ent- ent-

See ento-.

entactin
entactin (ent-ak′tin)

A glycoprotein that binds to laminin and type IV collagen in the basal lamina of the renal glomerulus and is a major cell attachment factor; e. is a sulfated calcium-binding protein. SYN: nidogen.

entad
entad

Toward the interior. [G. entos, within, + L. ad, to]

ental
ental (en′tal)

Relating to the interior; inside. [G. entos, within]

entamebiasis
entamebiasis (ent-a-me-bi′a-sis)

Infection with Entamoeba histolytica. See amebiasis, amebic dysentery.

Entamoeba
Entamoeba (ent-a-me′ba)

A genus of ameba parasitic in the oral cavity, cecum, and large bowel of humans and other primates and in many domestic and wild mammals and birds; with the exception of E. histolytica, members of the genus appear to be relatively harmless inhabitants of the host. [G. entos, within + amoibe, change]
E. buccalis former name for E. gingivalis.
E. chattoni a species that does not produce symptoms; most commonly found in monkeys but occasionally has been identified in humans; cysts are uninucleate.
E. coli nonpathogenic species of ameba that occurs in the large intestine of man, other primates, dogs, and possibly pigs; often confused with E. histolytica, but distinguished by nuclear details and by the number of nuclei and the form of chromatoidals in the cyst.
E. dispar nonpathogenic species that occurs in the large intestine of humans; formerly considered E. histolytica, E. dispar is now considered a separate species; it is nonpathogenic and is not associated with symptomatic amebiasis in humans. Morphologically it resembles E. histolytica; however, the trophozoites are never found to contain ingested red blood cells.
E. gingivalis a species of ameba found in the oral cavity of man, other primates, dogs, and cats; in humans, it is frequently associated with poor oral hygiene and its resultant diseases.
E. hartmanni a species of ameba found in the large intestine of humans, other primates, and dogs; now considered to be a distinct species that is nonpathogenic and smaller than E. histolytica but otherwise indistinguishable from it; formerly called the “small race” of E. histolytica.
E. histolytica a species of ameba that is the only distinct pathogen of the genus, the so-called “large race” of E. histolytica, causing tropical or amebic dysentery in humans and also in dogs (humans are the reservoir for canine infections). In humans, the organism may penetrate the epithelial tissues of the colon, causing ulceration (amebic dysentery); in a small proportion of these cases, the organism may reach the liver by the portal bloodstream and produce abscesses (hepatic amebiasis); in a fraction of these cases it may then spread to other organs, such as the lungs, brain, kidney, or skin and frequently be fatal. SEE ALSO: E. dispar.
E. moshkovskii a species of ameba very similar to E. histolytica, probably not infective to man, but a cause of diagnostic difficulties since it has been recovered from human sewage and may be responsible for false-positive results in tests of sewage plant effluents.
E. polecki a species of ameba commonly found in the intestines of pigs; also parasitizes monkeys, cattle, goats, sheep and dogs; also found in humans, where it does not produce symptoms; clinical importance lies in the possibility of confusing the organism with E. histolytica.

enter- enter-

See entero-.

enteral
enteral (en′ter-al)

Within, or by way of, the intestine or gastrointestinal tract, especially as distinguished from parenteral. [G. enteron, intestine]

enteralgia
enteralgia (en-ter-al′je-a)

Enterdynia; severe abdominal pain accompanying spasm of the bowel. SYN: enterdynia, enterodynia. [entero- + G. algos, pain]

enteramine
enteramine (en-ter-am′en)

SYN: serotonin.

enterdynia
enterdynia (en-ter-din′e-a)

SYN: enteralgia.

enterectasis
enterectasis (en-ter-ek′ta-sis)

Obsolete term for dilation of the bowel. [entero- + G. ektasis, a stretching]

enterectomy
enterectomy (en-ter-ek′to-me)

Resection of a segment of the intestine. [entero- + G. ektome, excision]

enterelcosis
enterelcosis (en-ter-el-ko′sis)

Obsolete term for ulceration of the bowel. [entero- + G. helkos, ulcer]

enteric
enteric (en-ter′ik)

Relating to the intestine. [G. enterikos, from entera, bowels]

enteritis
enteritis (en-ter-i′tis)

Inflammation of the intestine, especially of the small intestine. [entero- + G. -itis, inflammation]
e. anaphylactica a hemorrhagic and necrotizing inflammation developing in the ileum (and also the colon) of sensitized dogs when they are fed a second dose of the sensitizing material. SYN: chronic anaphylaxis.
chronic cicatrizing e. SYN: regional e..
diphtheritic e. e. with the formation of a membrane or a false membrane. SEE ALSO: pseudomembranous enterocolitis.
granulomatous e. SYN: regional e..
human eosinophilic e. segmental eosinophilic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract in humans; suspect etiologic agent is Ancylostoma caninum; laboratory indicators are eosinophilia and increased IgE.
mucomembranous e. an affection of the intestinal mucous membrane characterized by constipation or diarrhea (sometimes alternating), colic, and the passage of pseudomembranous shreds or incomplete casts of the intestine. SYN: mucoenteritis (2) .
e. necroticans e. with necrosis of the bowel wall caused by Clostridium welchii.
phlegmonous e. severe acute inflammation of the intestine, with edematous bowel wall infiltrated with pus.
e. polyposa e. associated with polyp formation.
pseudomembranous e. SYN: pseudomembranous enterocolitis.
regional e. a subacute chronic e., of unknown cause, involving the terminal ileum and less frequently other parts of the gastrointestinal tract; characterized by patchy deep ulcers that may cause fistulas, and narrowing and thickening of the bowel by fibrosis and lymphocytic infiltration, with noncaseating tuberculoid granulomas that also may be found in regional lymph nodes; symptoms include fever, diarrhea, cramping abdominal pain, and weight loss. SYN: chronic cicatrizing e., Crohn disease, distal ileitis, regional ileitis, terminal ileitis, granulomatous e..
tuberculous e. enteric tuberculosis may be caused by bovine tuberculosis contracted through drinking of unpasteurized milk or swallowing of tubercle bacilli expectorated from cavitary lesions in the lung; may occur in the absence of obvious pulmonary t.

entero- entero-, enter-

The intestine. [G. enteron, intestine]

enteroanastomosis
enteroanastomosis (en′ter-o-an-as-to-mo′sis)

SYN: enteroenterostomy.

enteroanthelone
enteroanthelone (en-ter-o-an′the-lon)

SYN: enterogastrone.

Enterobacter
Enterobacter (en′ter-o-bak′ter)

A genus of aerobic, facultatively anaerobic, nonsporeforming, motile bacteria (family Enterobacteriaceae) containing Gram-negative rods. The cells are peritrichous, and some strains have encapsulated cells. Glucose is fermented with the production of acid and gas. The Voges-Proskauer test is usually positive. Gelatin is slowly liquefied by the most commonly occurring forms (E. cloacae). These organisms occur in the feces of humans and other animals and in sewage, soil, water, and dairy products; recognized as an agent of common nosocomial infections of the urinary tract, lungs, or blood; somewhat resistant to antibiotics. This genus characteristically acquires resistance rapidly in part because of the presence of inducible β-lactamases; the type species is E. cloacae.
E. aerogenes a bacterial species found in water, soil, sewage, dairy products, and the feces of humans and other animals. Organisms previously identified as motile strains of Aerobacter aerogenes are now placed in this species. SYN: Klebsiella mobilis.
E. cloacae a bacterial species found in the feces of humans and other animals and in sewage, soil, and water; it is occasionally found in urine and pus and in other pathologic materials from animals; it is the type species of the genus E.. A serious cause of nosocomial infection.
E. sakazakii a bacterial species especially associated with nursery-acquired neonatal meningitis.

enterobacteria
enterobacteria (en′ter-o-bak-ter′e-a)

Plural of enterobacterium.

Enterobacteriaceae
Enterobacteriaceae (en′ter-o-bak-ter-e-a′se-e)

A family of aerobic, facultatively anaerobic, nonsporeforming bacteria (order Eubacteriales) containing Gram-negative rods. Some species are nonmotile, and nonmotile variants of motile species occur; the motile cells are peritrichous. These organisms grow well on artificial media. They reduce nitrates to nitrites and utilize glucose fermentatively with the production of acid or acid and gas. Indophenol oxidase is not produced by these organisms. They do not liquefy alginate, and pectate is liquefied only by members of one genus, Pectobacterium. This family includes many animal parasites and some plant parasites causing blights, galls, and soft rots. Some of these organisms occur as saprophytes which decompose carbohydrate-containing plant materials. The type genus is Escherichia.

enterobacterium
enterobacterium, pl .enterobacteria (en′ter-o-bak-ter′e-um, -a)

A member of the family Enterobacteriaceae.

enterobiasis
enterobiasis (en′ter-o-bi′a-sis)

Infection with Enterobius vermicularis, the human pinworm.

Enterobius
Enterobius (en-ter-o′bi-us)

A genus of nematode worms, formerly included with the genus Oxyuris, which includes the pinworms (E. vermicularis) of humans and other primates. [entero- + G. bios, life]

enterocele
enterocele (en′ter-o-sel)

1. A hernial protrusion through a defect in the rectovaginal or vesicovaginal pouch. [entero- + G. kele, hernia] 2. SYN: abdominal cavity. [entero- + G. koilia, a hollow] 3. An intestinal hernia. [see 1]
partial e. SYN: parietal hernia.

enterocentesis
enterocentesis (en′ter-o-sen-te′sis)

Puncture of the intestine with a hollow needle (trocar and cannula) to withdraw substances. [entero- + G. kentesis, puncture]

enterocholecystostomy
enterocholecystostomy (en′ter-o-ko-le-sis-tos′to-me)

SYN: cholecystenterostomy. [entero- + G. chole, bile, + kystis, bladder, + stoma, mouth]

enterocholecystotomy
enterocholecystotomy (en′ter-o-ko-le-sis-tot′o-me)

SYN: cholecystenterotomy. [entero- + G. chole, bile, + kystis, bladder, + tome, a cutting]

enterocidal
enterocidal (en-ter-o-si′dal)

An agent that kills parasites residing in the gastrointestinal tract.

enterocleisis
enterocleisis (en-ter-o-kli′sis)

Occlusion of the lumen of the alimentary canal. [entero- + G. kleisis, a closing]
omental e. use of omentum to aid closure of an opening in the intestine.

enteroclysis
enteroclysis (en-ter-o-k′li-sis)

1. SYN: high enema. 2. In radiography of the small intestine, filling by introduction of contrast medium through a catheter advanced into the duodenum or jejunum from above. [entero- + G. klysis, a washing out]
radiologic e. method of imaging the duodenum and small intestine by intubation of the duodenum and instillation of dilute barium; also known as small bowel enema.

enterococcemia
enterococcemia (en′ter-o-kok-sem′e-ah)

A blood-borne disease, occasionally leading to septicemia, caused by members of the group D streptococci, Enterococcus faecalis or Enterococcus faecium.

Enterococcus
Enterococcus (en′ter-o-kok′us)

Genus of facultatively anaerobic, generally nonmotile, nonsporeforming, Gram-positive bacteria (family Streptococcaceae), formerly classified as part of the genus Streptococcus. Found in the intestinal tract of humans and animals, enterococci cause intraabdominal, wound, and urinary tract infections. Type species is E. faecalis. E. faecium is also clinically significant, because of its propensity to develop antibiotic resistance.
E. faecalis a bacterial species found in human feces and in the intestines of many warm-blooded animals; occasionally found in urinary infections and in blood and heart lesions in cases of subacute endocarditis; a major cause of nosocomial infection, especially in association with Gram-negative pathogens. SYN: Streptococcus faecalis.
E. faecium the second most common species of this genus recovered in human infection; this species has low-level resistance to ampicillin, and in the U.S. and other countries where vancomycin is used frequently, resistant strains have been rapidly appearing as causes of nosocomial infections; in cases of septicemia in immunocompromised patients, fatality rates can be over 50%.

enterococcus
enterococcus, pl .enterococci (en′ter-o-kok′us, -kok′si)

A streptococcus that inhabits the intestinal tract. [entero- + G. kokkos, a berry]

enterocolitis
enterocolitis (en′ter-o-ko-li′tis)

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of a greater or lesser extent of both small and large intestines. SYN: coloenteritis. [entero- + G. kolon, colon, + -itis, inflammation]
antibiotic e. e. caused by oral administration of broad spectrum antibiotics, resulting from overgrowth of antibiotic-resistant staphylococci or yeasts and fungi, when the normal fecal Gram-negative organisms are suppressed, resulting in diarrhea or pseudomembranous e..
necrotizing e. extensive ulceration and necrosis of the ileum and colon in premature infants in the neonatal period; possibly due to perinatal intestinal ischemia and bacterial invasion.
pseudomembranous e. e. with the formation and passage of pseudomembranous material in the stools; occurs most commonly as a sequel to antibiotic therapy; caused by a necrolytic exotoxin made by Clostridium difficile. SYN: pseudomembranous colitis, pseudomembranous enteritis.
regional e. the changes of regional enteritis involving both the colon and the small intestine.

enterocolostomy
enterocolostomy (en′ter-o-ko-los′to-me)

Establishment of a new communication between the small intestine and the colon. [entero- + G. kolon, colon, + stoma, mouth]

enterocyst
enterocyst (en′ter-o-sist)

A cyst of the wall of the intestine. SYN: enterocystoma. [entero- + G. kystis, bladder]

enterocystocele
enterocystocele (en′ter-o-sis′to-sel)

A hernia of both intestine and bladder wall. [entero- + G. kystis, bladder, + kele, hernia]

enterocystoma
enterocystoma (en′ter-o-sis-to′ma)

SYN: enterocyst.

Enterocytozoon
Enterocytozoon (en′ter-o-si′to-zo′on)

A genus in the protozoan phylum Microspora, all of which are obligate intracellular spore-forming parasites.
E. bieneusi agent of microsporidian infection, primarily infecting the small intestine, especially in immunocompromised individuals. It is the microsporidian most frequently reported in AIDS patients, in whom it has been implicated in chronic diarrhea and weight loss; suggested treatment has been with octreotide with albendazole. SEE ALSO: microsporidia.

enterodynia
enterodynia (en′ter-o-din′e-a)

SYN: enteralgia. [entero- + G. odyne, pain]

enteroenterostomy
enteroenterostomy (en′ter-o-en-ter-os′to-me)

Establishment of a new communication between two segments of intestine. SYN: enteroanastomosis, intestinal anastomosis.

enterogastritis
enterogastritis (en′ter-o-gas-tri′tis)

SYN: gastroenteritis. [entero- + G. gaster, belly, + -itis, inflammation]

enterogastrone
enterogastrone (en′ter-o-gas′tron)

A hormone, obtained from intestinal mucosa, that inhibits gastric secretion and motility; secretion of e. is stimulated by exposure of duodenal mucosa to dietary lipids. Some of the effects attributed to e. may be due to glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide. SYN: anthelone E, enteroanthelone.

enterogenous
enterogenous (en-ter-oj′e-nus)

Of intestinal origin. [entero- + G. -gen, producing]

enterograph
enterograph (en′ter-o-graf)

An instrument designed for use in enterography.

enterography
enterography (en-ter-og′ra-fe)

The making of a graphic record delineating the intestinal muscular activity. [entero- + G. grapho, to write]

enterohepatitis
enterohepatitis (en′ter-o-hep-a-ti′tis)

Inflammation of both the intestine and the liver. [entero- + G. hepar (hepat-), liver, + -itis, inflammation]

enterohepatocele
enterohepatocele (en′ter-o-hep′a-to-sel)

Congenital umbilical hernia containing intestine and liver. See omphalocele. [entero- + G. hepar (hepat-), liver, + kele, hernia]

enteroidea
enteroidea (en-ter-oy′de-a)

Fevers due to infection caused by any of the intestinal bacteria, including the enteric fevers (typhoid and paratyphoid A and B) and the parenteric fevers. [entero- + G. eidos, resemblance]

enterokinase
enterokinase (en′ter-o-ki′nas)

SYN: enteropeptidase.

enterokinesis
enterokinesis (en′ter-o-ki-ne′sis)

Muscular contraction of the alimentary canal. SEE ALSO: peristalsis. [entero- + G. kinesis, movement]

enterokinetic
enterokinetic (en′ter-o-ki-net′ik)

Relating to, or producing, enterokinesis.

enterolith
enterolith (en′ter-o-lith)

An intestinal calculus formed of layers of soaps and earthy phosphates surrounding a nucleus of some hard body such as a swallowed fruit stone or other indigestible substance. [entero- + G. lithos, stone]

enterolithiasis
enterolithiasis (en′ter-o-li-thi′a-sis)

Presence of calculi in the intestine.

enterology
enterology (en-ter-ol′o-je)

The branch of medical science concerned especially with the intestinal tract. [entero- + G. logos, study]

enterolysis
enterolysis (en-ter-ol′i-sis)

Division of intestinal adhesions. [entero- + G. lysis, dissolution]

enteromegaly
enteromegaly, enteromegalia (en′ter-o-meg′a-le,; -o-me-ga′le-a)

SYN: megaloenteron. [entero- + G. megas, great]

enteromenia
enteromenia (en-ter-o-me′ne-a)

Vicarious menstruation due to presence of tissue sensitive to effects of estrogen/progesterone in the intestine. [entero- + G. emmenos, monthly]

enteromerocele
enteromerocele (en′ter-o-mer′o-sel)

Rarely used term for femoral hernia. [entero- + G. meros, thigh, + kele, hernia]

enterometer
enterometer (en-ter-om′e-ter)

An instrument used in measuring the diameter of the intestine. [entero- + G. metron, measure]

Enteromonas
Enteromonas (en′ter-o-mo′nas, en-ter-om′o-nas)

A genus of flagellate protozoa, one species of which, E. hominis, is found as a rare nonpathogenic resident in the human large intestine. [entero- + G. monas, monad]

enteromycosis
enteromycosis (en′ter-o-mi-ko′sis)

An intestinal disease of fungal origin. [entero- + G. mykes, fungus, + -osis, condition]

enteroparesis
enteroparesis (en′ter-o-pa-re′sis, -par′i-sis)

Rarely used term for a state of diminished or absent peristalsis with flaccidity of the muscles of the intestinal walls. [entero- + G. paresis, slackening, relaxation]

enteropathogen
enteropathogen (en′ter-o-path′o-jen)

An organism capable of producing disease in the intestinal tract.

enteropathogenic
enteropathogenic (en′ter-o-path-o-jen′ik)

Capable of producing disease in the intestinal tract.

enteropathy
enteropathy (en-ter-op′a-the)

An intestinal disease. [entero- + G. pathos, suffering]
gluten e. SYN: celiac disease.
protein-losing e. increased fecal loss of serum protein, especially albumin, causing hypoproteinemia.

enteropeptidase
enteropeptidase (en′ter-o-pep′ti-das)

An intestinal proteolytic glycoenzyme from the duodenal mucosa that converts trypsinogen into trypsin (removes a hexapeptide from trypsinogen). SYN: enterokinase.

enteropexy
enteropexy (en′ter-o-pek-se)

Fixation of a segment of the intestine to the abdominal wall. [entero- + G. pexis, fixation]

enteroplegia
enteroplegia (en′ter-o-ple′je-a)

Rarely used term for adynamic ileus. [entero- + G. plege, stroke]

enteroproctia
enteroproctia (en′ter-o-prok′she-a)

Rarely used term for the presence of an artifical anus, as by a colostomy. [entero- + G. proktos, anus]

enteroptosis
enteroptosis, enteroptosia (en′ter-o-to′sis, -to′se-a)

Abnormal descent of the intestines in the abdominal cavity, usually associated with falling of the other viscera. [entero- + G. ptosis, a falling]

enteroptotic
enteroptotic (en′ter-o-tot′ik)

Relating to or suffering from enteroptosis.

enterorenal
enterorenal (en′ter-o-re′nal)

Relating to both the intestines and the kidneys.

enterorrhagia
enterorrhagia (en-ter-o-ra′je-a)

Bleeding within the intestinal tract. [entero- + G. rhegnymi, to burst forth]

enterorrhaphy
enterorrhaphy (en-ter-or′a-fe)

Suture of the intestine. [entero- + G. rhaphe, suture]

enterorrhexis
enterorrhexis (en′ter-o-rek′sis)

Rarely used term for rupture of the gut or bowel. [entero- + G. rhexis, rupture]

enteroscope
enteroscope (en′ter-o-skop)

A speculum for inspecting the inside of the intestine in operative cases. [entero- + G. skopeo, to view]

enterosepsis
enterosepsis (en′ter-o-sep′sis)

Sepsis occurring in or derived from the alimentary canal. [entero- + G. sepsis, putrefaction]

enterospasm
enterospasm (en′ter-o-spazm)

Increased, irregular, and painful peristalsis. [entero- + G. spasmos, spasm]

enterostasis
enterostasis (en-ter-os′ta-sis)

Intestinal stasis; a retardation or arrest of the passage of the intestinal contents. SYN: intestinal stasis. [entero- + G. stasis, a standing]

enterostenosis
enterostenosis (en′ter-o-sten-o′sis)

Narrowing of the lumen of the intestine. [entero- + G. stenosis, narrowing]

enterostomy
enterostomy (en-ter-os′to-me)

A connection between segments of the intestine or a fistula into the intestine through the abdominal wall. [entero- + G. stoma, mouth]
double e. e. in which both proximal and distal openings of divided intestine are sutured to the abdomen wall.

enterotome
enterotome (en′ter-o-tom)

An instrument for incising the intestine, especially in the creation of an artificial anus. [entero- + G. tome, a cutting]

enterotomy
enterotomy (en-ter-ot′o-me)

Incision into the intestine.

enterotoxication
enterotoxication (en′ter-o-tok-si-ka′shun)

SYN: autointoxication.

enterotoxigenic
enterotoxigenic (en′ter-o-tok-si-jen′ik)

Denoting an organism containing or producing a toxin specific for cells of the intestinal mucosa.

enterotoxin
enterotoxin (en′ter-o-tok′sin)

A cytotoxin specific for the cells of the intestinal mucosa.
Clostridium perfringens e. a toxin produced by Clostridium perfringens that alters membrane permeability.
cytotonic e. an e. which morphologically changes, but does not kill, the target cell.
Escherichia coli e. e. produced by certain strains (serotypes) of Escherichia coli, seemingly associated with a transferable plasmid.
staphylococcal e. a soluble exotoxin produced by some strains of Staphylococcus aureus, and a cause of food poisoning.

enterotoxism
enterotoxism (en′ter-o-tok′sizm)

SYN: autointoxication.

enterotropic
enterotropic (en′ter-o-trop′ik)

Attracted by or affecting the intestine. [entero- + G. tropikos, turning]

Enterovirus
Enterovirus (en′ter-o-vi′rus)

A large and diverse group of viruses (family Picornaviridae) that includes poliovirus types 1 to 3, Coxsackievirus A and B, echoviruses, and the enteroviruses identified since 1969 and assigned type numbers. They are transient inhabitants of the alimentary canal and are stable at low pH.

enterozoic
enterozoic (en′ter-o-zo′ik)

Relating to an enterozoon.

enterozoon
enterozoon (en′ter-o-zo′on)

An animal parasite in the intestine. [entero- + G. zoon, animal]

entgegen
entgegen (E) (ent′ge-gen)

Term used when the two higher ranking groups, attached to the different atoms in a double bond, usually a carbon-carbon double bond; are on opposite sides of the double bond (hence, analogous to trans-). Also used when those groups are on opposite sides of a ring structure. [Ger. opposite]

enthalpy
enthalpy (H) (en′thal-pe)

Heat content, symbolized as H; a thermodynamic function, defined as E + PV, where E is the internal energy of a system, P the pressure, and V the volume; the heat of a reaction, measured at constant pressure, is ΔH. SYN: heat (4) . [G. enthalpo, to warm in]

enthesitis
enthesitis (en-the-si′tis)

Condition occurring at the insertion of muscles where recurring concentration of muscle stress provokes inflammation with a strong tendency toward fibrosis and calcification. [G. enthetos, implanted, + -itis, inflammation]

enthesopathic
enthesopathic (en-the-so-path′ik)

Denoting or characteristic of enthesopathy.

enthesopathy
enthesopathy (en-the-sop′a-the)

A disease process occurring at the site of insertion of muscle tendons and ligaments into bones or joint capsules. [G. en, in, + thesis, a placing, + pathos, suffering]

enthlasis
enthlasis (en′thla-sis)

Depressed fracture of the skull. [G. a dent, fr. en, in, + thlao, to crush]

en thyrse
en thyrse (ahn tirs′)

Microconidia of certain dermatophytes arranged singly along both sides of a hypha. [Fr., fr. G. en-, in, + thyrsos, a stalk, wand]

entire
entire (en-tir′)

Having a smoothly continuous edge or border without indentations or projections; denoting a margin, as of a bacterial colony.

entity
entity (en′ti-te)

An independent thing; that which contains in itself all the conditions essential to individuality; that which forms of itself a complete whole; medically, denoting a separate and distinct disease or condition. [L. ens (ent-), being, pres. p. of esse, to be]

ento- ento-, ent-

Inner, or within. SEE ALSO: endo-. [G. entos, within]

entoblast
entoblast (en′to-blast)

Cell nucleolus. [ento- + G. blastos, germ]

entocele
entocele (en′to-sel)

An internal hernia. [ento- + G. kele, hernia]

entochoroidea
entochoroidea (en′to-ko-roy′de-a)

SYN: capillary lamina of choroid. [ento- + G. chorioeides, choroid]

entocone
entocone (en-to-kon)

The mesiolingual cusp of a maxillary molar tooth. [ento- + G. konos, cone]

entoconid
entoconid (en-to-ko′nid)

The inner posterior cusp of a mandibular molar tooth. [ento- + G. konos, cone]

entocornea
entocornea (en-to-kor′ne-a)

SYN: posterior limiting lamina of cornea.

entocranial
entocranial (en′to-kra′ne-al)

SYN: endocranial.

entocranium
entocranium (en′to-kra′ne-um)

SYN: endocranium.

entoderm
entoderm (en′to-derm)

SYN: endoderm. [ento- + G. derma, skin]

entoectad
entoectad (en-to-ek′tad)

From within outward. [G. entos, within, + ektos, without, + L. ad, to]

Entoloma sinuatum
Entoloma sinuatum (en-to-lo′ma si-nu-a′tum)

A species of mushroom capable of producing mycetismus gastrointestinalis.

entomion
entomion (en-to′me-on)

The tip of the mastoid angle of the parietal bone. [G. entome, notch]

entomology
entomology (en-to-mol′o-je)

The science concerned with the study of insects. [G. entomon, insect, + logos, study]

entomophobia
entomophobia (en′to-mo-fo′be-a)

Morbid fear of insects. [G. entomon, insect, + phobos, fear]

Entomophthora
Entomophthora (en-to-mof′thor-a)

?AU: please provide def. for this genus
E. coronata a fungal genus reclassified as Conidiobolus, the cause of conidiobolomycosis.

Entomophthorales
Entomophthorales (en-to-mof′thor-al′ez)

An order of the fungal class Zygomycetes. The genera include Conidiobolus, which causes a chronic granulomatous inflammation of a nasal and paranasal sinus mucosa (conidiobolomycosis) and Basidiobolus, which causes a chronic subcutaneous granuloma (basidiobolomycosis). When conidiobolomycosis and basidiobolomycosis are considered together, they are called entomophthoramycosis.

entomophthoramycosis
entomophthoramycosis (en-to-mof′tho-ra-mi-ko′sis)

A disease caused by fungi of the genera Basidiobolus or Conididiobolus; subcutaneous or paranasal tissues are invaded by broad nonseptate hyphae that become surrounded by eosinophilic material. A form of zygomycosis. See zygomycosis. [Entomophthorales (order name) + G. mykes, fungus + -osis, condition]
e. basidiobolae a subcutaneous phycomycosis due to the fungus Basidiobolus ranarum, characterized by the development of flat, firm subcutaneous fibrotic granulomas which do not ulcerate; occasionally, lesions may extend to muscles and lymph nodes and other deep tissues; the disease is found in Indonesia and in Uganda and other tropical African countries, but has not been seen in tropical America; a form of zygomycosis. SYN: subcutaneous phycomycosis.
e. conidiobolae a zygomycosis caused by Conidiobolus coronatus, characterized by large nasal polyps and granulomas of the nasal cavity; it has been reported from Texas, the West Indies, Africa, and South America; a form of zygomycosis.

Entomopoxvirus
Entomopoxvirus (en′te-mo-poks-vi′rus)

The genus of viruses (family Poxviridae) that comprises the poxviruses of insects; they seem not to multiply in vertebrates. [G. entomon, insect]

entopic
entopic (en-top′ik)

Placed within; occurring or situated in the normal place; opposed to ectopic. [G. en, within, + topos, place]

entoplasm
entoplasm (en′to-plasm)

SYN: endoplasm.

entoptic
entoptic (en-top′tik)

Within the eyeball. Often used to describe visual phenomena generated by mechanical or electrical stimulations of the retina. [ento- + G. optikos, relating to vision]

entoretina
entoretina (en-to-ret′i-na)

The layers of the retina from the outer plexiform to the nerve fiber layer inclusive. SYN: Henle nervous layer.

entosarc
entosarc (en′to-sark)

SYN: endosarc.

Entozoa
Entozoa (en-to-zo′a)

A nontaxonomic name for the branch of the kingdom Animalia, whose members possess a digestive cavity or tract; includes all vertebrates and higher invertebrate forms. [ento- + G. zoon, animal]

entozoal
entozoal (en-to-zo′al)

Relating to entozoa.

entozoon
entozoon, pl .entozoa (en-to-zo′on, -a)

An animal parasite whose habitat is any of the internal organs or tissues. [ento- + G. zoon, animal]

entrails
entrails (en′tralz)

The viscera of an animal.

entropion
entropion, entropium (en-tro′pe-on, -pe-um)

1. Inversion or turning inward of a part. 2. The infolding of the margin of an eyelid. [G. en, in, + trope, a turning]
atonic e. e. that follows loss of tone of the orbicularis oculi muscle or elasticity of the skin.
cicatricial e. e. that follows scarring of the palpebral conjunctiva.
spastic e. e. that arises from excessive contracture of the orbicularis oculi muscle.

entropionize
entropionize (en-tro′pe-on-iz)

To invert a part.

entropy
entropy (S) (en′tro-pe)

That fraction of heat (energy) content not available for the performance of work, usually because (in a chemical reaction) it has been used to increase the random motion of the atoms or molecules in the system; thus, e. is a measure of randomness or disorder. E. occurs in the Gibbs free energy (G) equation: ΔG = ΔH − TΔS (ΔH, change in enthalpy or heat content; T, absolute temperature; ΔS, change in e.). SEE ALSO: second law of thermodynamics. [G. entropia, a turning toward]

entypy
entypy (en′ti-pe)

A type of gastrulation seen in some early mammalian embryos in which the endoderm covers the embryonic and amniotic ectoderm; part of the preplacental trophoblast may also be covered. [G. entype, pattern]

enucleate
enucleate (e-noo′kle-at)

To remove entirely; to shell like a nut, as in the removal of an eye from its capsule or a tumor from its compressed surrounding tissue.

enucleation
enucleation (e-noo-kle-a′shun)

1. Removal of an entire structure (such as an eyeball or tumor), without rupture, as one shells the kernel of a nut. 2. Removal or destruction of the nucleus of a cell. [L. enucleo, to remove the kernel, fr. e, out, + nucleus, nut, kernel]

enuresis
enuresis (en-u-re′sis)

Involuntary discharge or leakage of urine. [G. en-oureo, to urinate in]
diurnal e. urinary accidents during wakefulness.
nocturnal e. urinary incontinence during sleep. SYN: bed-wetting.

envelope
envelope (en′ve-lop)

In anatomy, a structure that encloses or covers.
corneocyte e. an electron-dense, 10–15 nm thick layer of highly cross-linked protein on the cytoplasmic surface of the cell membrane of epidermal corneocytes; it is highly resistant to proteolytic agents. SYN: subplasmalemmal dense zone.
nuclear e. the double membrane at the boundary of the nucleoplasm; it has regularly spaced pores covered by a disklike nuclear pore complex and a space or cisterna about 150 Å wide between the two layers; the outer membrane is continuous at intervals with the endoplasmic reticulum. SYN: caryotheca, karyotheca, nuclear membrane.
viral e. the outer structure or coat that encloses the nucleocapsids of some viruses that mature by budding through the membrane cell; may contain lipoprotein.

envenomation
envenomation (en-ven-o-ma′shun)

The act of injecting a poisonous material (venom) by sting, spine, bite, or other venom apparatus.

environment
environment (en-vi′ron-ment)

The milieu; the aggregate of all of the external conditions and influences affecting the life and development of an organism. It can be divided into physical, biological, social, cultural, etc., any or all of which can influence the health status of the population. [Fr. environ, around]

envy
envy (en′ve)

One's feeling of discontent or jealousy resulting from comparison with another person.
penis e. the psychoanalytic concept in which a female envies male characteristics or capabilities, especially the possession of a penis.

enzootic
enzootic (en-zo-ot′ik)

SYN: endemic. [G. en, in, + zoon, animal]

enzygotic
enzygotic (en-zi-got′ik)

Derived from a single fertilized ovum; denoting twins so derived. [G. eis (en), one, + zygote]

enzymatic
enzymatic (en-zi-mat′ik)

Relating to an enzyme. SYN: enzymic.

enzyme
enzyme (en′zim)

A protein that acts as a catalyst to induce chemical changes in other substances, itself remaining apparently unchanged by the process. Enzymes, with the exception of those discovered long ago ( e.g., pepsin, emulsin), are generally named by adding -ase to the name of the substrate on which the e. acts ( e.g., glucosidase), the substance activated ( e.g., hydrogenase), and/or the type of reaction ( e.g., oxidoreductase, transferase, hydrolase, lyase, isomerase, ligase or synthetase—these being the six main groups in the E. Nomenclature Recommendations of the International Union of Biochemistry). For individual enzymes not listed below, see the specific name. SYN: organic catalyst (1) . [G. + L. en, in + zyme, leaven]
acetyl-activating e. SYN: acetyl-CoA ligase.
acyl-activating e. 1. SYN: long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase. 2. SYN: butyrate-CoA ligase.
adaptive e. SYN: induced e..
allosteric e. an e. that exhibits the property of allosterism.
amino acid activating e. SYN: aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases.
angiotensin-converting e. (ACE) SYN: peptidyl dipeptidase A.
antitumor e. an e. that stimulates the degradation of a particular metabolite that cannot be synthesized by tumor cells, inhibits the synthesis of a metabolite needed by tumor cells, or inhibits tumor-specific DNA utilization; E.G., asparaginase.
autolytic e. an e. capable of causing lysis of the cell forming it.
branching e. SYN: 1,4-α-d-glucan-branching e..
β-carotene-cleavage e. SYN: β-carotene 15,15′-dioxygenase.
citrate-cleavage e. SYN: ATP citrate (pro-3S)-lyase.
cold-sensitive e. an e. that loses its stability as the temperature is lowered.
condensing e. SYN: citrate synthase.
constitutive e. an e. that is constantly produced by the cell, regardless of the growth conditions. Cf.:induced e..
cooperative e. an e. that exhibits the property of cooperativity.
D e. SYN: 4-α-d-glucanotransferase.
deamidizing enzymes SYN: amidohydrolases.
deaminating enzymes SYN: deaminases.
debranching enzymes enzymes that bring about destruction of branches in glycogen; formerly considered to be one e., now known to be a mixture of transferases (4-α-d-glucanotransferase) and hydrolases (amylo-1,6-glucosidase). SYN: debranching factors.
digestive enzymes 1. enzymes that are utilized in the digestive system; 2. enzymes that are hydrolases of macromolecules ( E.G., amylases, proteinases).
disproportionating e. SYN: 4-α-d-glucanotransferase.
extracellular e. an e. performing its functions outside a cell; e.g., the various digestive enzymes. SYN: exoenzyme.
heat-stable e. SYN: thermostable e..
hydrolyzing enzymes SYN: hydrolases.
immobilized e. an e. that has been bound, usually covalently, to an insoluble organic or inorganic matrix or has been encapsulated.
induced e., inducible e. 1. an e. that can be detected in a growing culture of a microorganism, after the addition of a particular substance (inducer) to the culture medium, but was not detectable prior to the addition and can act on the inducer. A prototype is the β-galactosidase of Escherichia coli, synthesized upon the addition of various galactosides, whether or not these are good substrates. Cf.:constitutive e.. 2. any e. that has its rate of biosynthesis increased due to the presence of the substrate or some other molecular entity. SYN: adaptive e..
intracellular e. an e. that performs its functions within the cell that produces it; most enzymes are intracellular enzymes. SYN: endoenzyme (1) .
Kornberg e. dNA polymerase I from Escherichia coli.
malate-condensing e. SYN: malate synthase.
malic e. SYN: malate dehydrogenase.
marker e. an e. that is used to identify a specific cell type, cell organelle, or cell component.
membrane e. an e. present or embedded in a biomembrane.
methionine-activating e. SYN: methionine adenosyltransferase.
new yellow e. a former name for the d-amino-acid oxidase found in yeast, a flavoenzyme; so-called to distinguish it from Warburg old yellow e.. Cf.:amino acid oxidases.
old yellow e. SYN: NADPH dehydrogenase.
P e. SYN: phosphorylase.
pantoate-activating e. SYN: pantothenate synthetase.
phosphorylase-rupturing e. (PR e.) SYN: phosphorylase phosphatase.
photoreactivating e. (PR e.) SYN: deoxyribodipyrimidine photolyase.
PR e. abbreviation for phosphorylase-rupturing e.; photoreactivating e..
Q e. 1,4-α-glucan branching e. in plants.
R e. SYN: α-dextrin endo-1,6-α-glucosidase.
reducing e. SYN: reductase.
repair e. an e. that can catalyze the repair of damaged DNA; E.G., DNA ligase.
repressible e. an e. that is produced continuously unless production is repressed by excess of an inhibitor (corepressor). SEE ALSO: inactive repressor.
respiratory e. a tissue e. that is part of an oxidation-reduction system accomplishing the conversion of substrates to CO₂ and H₂O and the transfer of the electrons removed to O₂.
restriction e. SYN: restriction endonuclease.
RNA e. SYN: ribozyme.
Schardinger e. SYN: xanthine oxidase.
splitting enzymes enzymes that, like aldolases, catalyze the conversion of a molecule into two smaller molecules without the addition or subtraction of any atoms.
T e. 1,4-α-d-glucan 6-α-d-glucosyltransferase.
terminal addition e. SYN: DNA nucleotidylexotransferase.
thermostable e. an e. that is not readily subject to destruction or alteration by heat. SYN: heat-stable e..
thiol e. an e. whose activity depends on a free thiol group.
transferring enzymes SYN: transferases.
Warburg old yellow e. SYN: NADPH dehydrogenase. SEE ALSO: new yellow e., yellow e..
Warburg respiratory e. SYN: Atmungsferment.
yellow e. SYN: flavoenzyme. SEE ALSO: Warburg old yellow e., new yellow e..

Enzyme Commission
Enzyme Commission

See EC.

enzymic
enzymic (en-zi′mik)

SYN: enzymatic.

enzymologist
enzymologist (en-zi-mol′o-jist)

A specialist in enzymology.

enzymology
enzymology (en-zi-mol′o-je)

The branch of chemistry concerned with the properties and actions of enzymes. [enzyme + G. logos, study]

enzymolysis
enzymolysis (en-zi-mol′i-sis)

1. The splitting or cleavage of a substance into smaller parts by means of enzymatic action. 2. Lysis by the action of an enzyme. [enzyme + G. lysis, dissolution]

enzymopathy
enzymopathy (en-zi-mop′a-the)

Any disturbance of enzyme function, including genetic deficiency or defect in specific enzymes. [enzyme + G. pathos, disease]

EOG
EOG

Abbreviation for electrooculography; electroolfactogram.

eosin
eosin (e′o-sin)

A derivative of fluorescein used as a fluorescent acid dye for cytoplasmic stains and counterstains in histology and in Romanovsky-type blood stains. [G. eos, dawn]
e. B the disodium salt of 4′,5′-dibromo-2′,7′-dinitrofluorescein. SYN: acid red 91, e. I bluish. [C.I. 45400]
e. I bluish SYN: e. B.
e. y, e. Y the disodium salt of 2′,4′,5′,7′-tetrabromofluorescein. SYN: acid red 87, e. yellowish. [C.I. 45380]
e. yellowish SYN: e. y.

eosinocyte
eosinocyte (e-o-sin′o-sit)

SYN: eosinophilic leukocyte.

eosinopenia
eosinopenia (e′o-sin-o-pe′ne-a)

The presence of eosinophils in an abnormally small number in the peripheral bloodstream. SYN: hypoeosinophilia. [eosino(phil) + G. penia, poverty]

eosinophil
eosinophil, eosinophile (e-o-sin′o-fil, -fil)

SYN: eosinophilic leukocyte. [eosin + G. philos, fond]

eosinophilia
eosinophilia (e′o-sin-o-fil′e-a)

SYN: eosinophilic leukocytosis.
simple pulmonary e. pulmonary infiltrates seen as transient migratory shadows on the chest x-ray, accompanied by blood e.; often symptomless, but there may be cough, fever, and breathlessness; most cases are due to worm infestation, especially by Ascaris lumbricoides; a few cases follow administration of drugs. SYN: Löffler syndrome (1) .
tropical e. e. associated with cough and asthma, caused by occult filarial infection without evidence of microfilaremia, occurring most frequently in India and Southeast Asia.

eosinophilic
eosinophilic (e-o-sin-o-fil′ik)

Staining readily with eosin dyes; denoting such cell or tissue elements.

eosinophiluria
eosinophiluria (e-o-sin′o-fil-u′re-a)

Presence of eosinophils in the urine.

eosinotactic
eosinotactic (e′o-sin-o-tak′tik)

Exerting a force of attraction or repulsion on eosinophile cells. [eosino(phile) + G. taktikos, in orderly arrangement]

eosinotaxis
eosinotaxis (e′o-sin-o-tak′sis)

Movement of eosinophils with reference to a stimulus which attracts or repels them.

eosophobia
eosophobia (e-o-so-fo′be-a)

Morbid dread of the dawn. [G. eos, dawn, + phobos, fear]

EP
EP

Abbreviation for endogenous pyrogen.

epactal
epactal (e-pak′tal)

SYN: supernumerary. [G. epaktos, imported, fr. epago, to bring on or in]

epamniotic
epamniotic (ep′am-ne-ot′ik)

Upon or above the amnion. [G. epi, upon, + amnion]

eparterial
eparterial (ep′ar-ter-e-al)

Upon or superior to an artery. [G. epi, upon, + arteia, artery]

epaxial
epaxial (ep-ak′se-al)

Above or behind any axis, such as the spinal axis or the axis of a limb. [G. epi, upon, + L. axis, axis]

EPEC
EPEC

Abbreviation for enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.

ependyma
ependyma (ep-en′di-ma) [TA]

The cellular membrane lining the central canal of the spinal cord and the brain ventricles. SYN: endyma. [G. e., an upper garment]

ependymal
ependymal (ep-en′di-mal)

Relating to the ependyma.

ependymitis
ependymitis (ep-en-di-mi′tis)

Inflammation of the ependyma.

ependymoblast
ependymoblast (ep-en′di-mo-blast)

An embryonic ependymal cell. [ependyma + G. blastos, germ]

ependymoblastoma
ependymoblastoma (ep-en′di-mo-blas-to′ma)

A glial neoplasm of the central nervous system, occurring typically in childhood; the prototype tumor cells resemble ependymoblasts. [ependymoblast + G. -oma, tumor]

ependymocyte
ependymocyte (ep-en′di-mo-sit)

An ependymal cell. [ependyma + G. kytos, cell]

ependymoma
ependymoma (ep-en-di-mo′ma)

A glioma derived from relatively undifferentiated ependymal cells, comprising approximately 1–3% of all intracranial neoplasms; ependymomas occur in all age groups and may originate from the lining of any of the ventricles or, more commonly, from the central canal of the spinal cord; histologically, the neoplastic cells tend to be arranged radially about blood vessels, to which they are attached by means of fibrillary processes.
myxopapillary e. a slow-growing e. of the filum terminale, occurring most often in young adults, consisting of cuboidal cells in papillary arrangement around a mucinous vascular core.

ephapse
ephapse (ef′aps)

A place where two or more nerve cell processes (axons, dendrites) touch without forming a typical synaptic contact; some form of neural transmission may occur at such nonsynaptic contact sites. [G. ephapsis, contact]

ephaptic
ephaptic (e-fap′tik)

Relating to an ephapse.

ephebic
ephebic (e-fe′bik)

Rarely used term relating to the period of puberty or to a youth. [G. ephebikos, relating to youth, fr. hebe, youth]

ephebology
ephebology (ef-e-bol′o-je)

Rarely used term for the study of the morphologic and other changes incidental to puberty. [G. ephebos, puberty, + logos, study]

ephedra
ephedra (e-fed′rah)

E. equisetina (family Gnetaceae). Ma Huang; the plant source for the alkaloid ephedrine. Indigenous to China and India, it is 0.75 to over 1% ephedrine; also contains some pseudoephedrine.

ephedrine
ephedrine (e-fed′rin, ef′e-drin)

An alkaloid from the leaves of Ephedra equisetina, E. sinica, and other species (family Gnetaceae), or produced synthetically; an adrenergic (sympathomimetic) agent with actions similar to those of epinephrine; used as a bronchodilator, mydriatic, pressor agent, and topical vasoconstrictor. Generally used salts are e. hydrochloride and e. sulfate.

ephelis
ephelis, pl .ephelides (ef-e′lis, ef-e′li-dez)

SYN: freckle. [G.]

epi- epi-

Upon, following, or subsequent to. [G.]

epiandrosterone
epiandrosterone (ep′i-an-dros′ter-on)

Inactive isomer (3β instead of 3α) of androsterone; found in urine and in testicular and ovarian tissue. SYN: isoandrosterone.

epibatidine
epibatidine (ep′i-bat′ti-din)

A toxic alkaloid extracted from the skin of a South American frog, Epipedobates tricolor. Apparently derived from particular insects consumed in the Amazon basin. The crude extract has been used as an arrow poison by native hunters; exerts analgesia by a mechanism other than activation of opiate receptors or cyclooxygenase inhibition.

epiblast
epiblast (ep′i-blast)

Gives rise to the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm of the embryo proper. [epi- + G. blastos, germ]

epiblastic
epiblastic (ep-i-blas′tik)

Relating to epiblast.

epiblepharon
epiblepharon (ep′i-blef′a-ron)

A congenital horizontal skin fold near the margin of the eyelid, caused by abnormal insertion of muscle fibers. In the upper lid, it simulates blepharochalasis; in the lower lid, it causes a turning inward of the lashes. [epi- + G. blepharon, eyelid]

epiboly
epiboly, epibole (e-pib′o-le)

1. A process involved in gastrulation of telolecithal eggs in which, as a result of differential growth, some of the cells of the protoderm move over the surface toward the lips of the blastopore. 2. Growth of epithelium in an organ culture to surround the underlying mesenchymal tissue. [G. epibole, a throwing or laying on]

epibulbar
epibulbar (ep-i-bul′bar)

Upon a bulb of any kind; specifically, upon the eyeball.

epicanthus
epicanthus (ep-i-kan′thus)

SYN: palpebronasal fold. [epi- + G. kanthos, canthus]
e. inversus a crescentic upward fold of skin from the lower eyelid at the inner canthus; frequent in congenital blepharoptosis.
e. palpebralis e. arising from the upper lid above the tarsal portion and extending to the lower portion of the orbit.
e. supraciliaris e. arising from the region of the eyebrows and extending toward the tear sac.
e. tarsalis e. arising from the tarsal fold and disappearing in the skin close to the inner canthus.

epicardia
epicardia (ep-i-kar′de-a)

SYN: abdominal part of esophagus. [epi- + G. kardia, heart]

epicardial
epicardial (ep-i-kar′de-al)

1. Relating to the epicardia. 2. Relating to the epicardium.

epicardium
epicardium (ep-i-kar′de-um)

visceral layer of serous pericardium. [epi- + G. kardia, heart]

epichordal
epichordal (ep-i-kor′dal)

On the dorsal side of the notochord; applicable particularly to that part of the brain developing dorsal to the cephalic part of the notochord. [epi- + G. chorde, a chord]

epicillin
epicillin (ep-i-sil′in)

Semisynthetic beta-lactam antibiotic related to penicillin; an antibacterial.

epicomus
epicomus (ep-i-ko′mus, e-pik′o-mus)

Unequal conjoined twins in which the smaller parasite is joined to the larger autosite at the top of the head. See conjoined twins, under twin. [epi- + G. kome, hair of the head]

epicondylalgia
epicondylalgia (ep′i-kon-di-lal′je-a)

Pain in an epicondyle of the humerus or in the tendons or muscles originating therefrom. [epicondyle + G. algos, pain]
e. externa SYN: tennis elbow.

epicondyle
epicondyle (ep-i-kon′dil) [TA]

A projection from a long bone near the articular extremity above or upon the condyle. SYN: epicondylus [TA] . [epi- + G. kondylos, a knuckle]
lateral e. of femur [TA] the epicondylus located proximal to the lateral condyle. SYN: epicondylus lateralis femoris [TA] , epicondylus lateralis ossis femoris, lateral femoral tuberosity.
lateral e. of humerus [TA] the epicondylus situated at the lateral side of the distal end of the bone. SYN: epicondylus lateralis humeri [TA] .
medial e. of femur [TA] the epicondylus located proximal to the medial condyle. SYN: epicondylus medialis ossis femoris, medial femoral tuberosity.
medial e. of humerus [TA] the epicondylus situated proximal and medial to the condyle. SYN: epicondylus medialis humeri [TA] , epitrochlea.

epicondyli
epicondyli (ep-i-kon′di-li)

Plural of epicondylus.

epicondylian
epicondylian (ep-i-kon-dil′e-an)

SYN: epicondylic.

epicondylic
epicondylic (ep-i-kon-dil′ik)

Relating to an epicondyle or to the part above a condyle. SYN: epicondylian.

epicondylitis
epicondylitis (ep′i-kon-di-li′tis)

Inflammation of an epicondyle.
lateral humeral e. SYN: tennis elbow.

epicondylus
epicondylus, pl .epicondyli (ep-i-kon′di-lus, -li) [TA]

SYN: epicondyle. [L.]
e. lateralis femoris [TA] SYN: lateral epicondyle of femur.
e. lateralis humeri [TA] SYN: lateral epicondyle of humerus.
e. lateralis ossis femoris SYN: lateral epicondyle of femur.
e. medialis femoris [TA]
e. medialis humeri [TA] SYN: medial epicondyle of humerus.
e. medialis ossis femoris SYN: medial epicondyle of femur.

epicoracoid
epicoracoid (ep-i-kor′a-koyd)

Upon or above the coracoid process.

epicranial
epicranial

Relating to the epicranium.

epicranium
epicranium (ep-i-kra′ne-um)

The muscle, aponeurosis, and skin covering the cranium. [epi- + G. kranion, skull]

epicranius
epicranius

See e. (muscle).

epicrisis
epicrisis (ep-i-kri′sis)

A secondary crisis; a crisis terminating a recrudescence of morbid symptoms following a primary crisis.

epicritic
epicritic (ep-i-krit′ik)

That aspect of somatic sensation which permits the discrimination and the topographical localization of the finer degrees of touch and temperature stimuli. Cf.:protopathic. [G. epikritikos, adjudicatory, fr. epi, on, + krino, to separate, judge]

epicystitis
epicystitis (ep′i-sis-ti′tis)

Inflammation of the cellular tissue around the bladder. [epi- + G. kystis, bladder, + -itis, inflammation]

epicyte
epicyte (ep′i-sit)

A cell membrane, especially of protozoa; the external layer of cytoplasm in gregarines. [epi- + G. kytos, cell]

epidemic
epidemic (ep-i-dem′ik)

The occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior, or other health-related events clearly in excess of normal expectancy; the word also is used to describe outbreaks of disease in animals or plants. Cf.:endemic, sporadic. [epi- + G. demos, the people]
behavioral e. an e. originating in behavioral patterns (in contrast to invading microorganisms); examples include medieval dancing mania, episodes of crowd panic.
point e. an e. where a pronounced clustering of cases of disease occurs within a very short period of time (within a few days or even hours) due to exposure of persons or animals to a common source of infection such as food or water.

epidemicity
epidemicity (ep′i-dem-is′i-te)

The state of prevailing disease in epidemic form.

epidemiography
epidemiography (ep′i-dem-e-og′ra-fe)

A descriptive treatise of epidemic diseases or of any particular epidemic. [G. epidemios, epidemic, + graphe, a writing]

epidemiologist
epidemiologist (ep-i-de-me-ol′o-jist)

An investigator who studies the occurrence of disease or other health-related conditions, states, or events in specified populations; one who practices epidemiology; the control of disease is usually also considered to be a task of the e..

epidemiology
epidemiology (ep-i-de-me-ol′o-je)

The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control of health problems. [G. epidemios, epidemic, + logos, study]
clinical e. the field concerned with applying epidemiological principles in a clinical setting.
genetic e. the branch of e. that studies the role of genetic factors and their interactions with environmental factors in the occurrence of disease in various populations.
molecular e. the use in epidemiologic studies of techniques of molecular biology such as DNA typing.

epiderm
epiderm, epiderma (ep′i-derm, ep-i-der′ma)

SYN: epidermis.

epidermal
epidermal, epidermatic (ep-i-der′mal, -der-mat′ik)

Relating to the epidermis. SYN: epidermic.

epidermalization
epidermalization (ep-i-der′mal-i-za′shun)

SYN: squamous metaplasia.

epidermic
epidermic (ep-i-der′mik)

SYN: epidermal.

epidermidosis
epidermidosis (ep′i-der-mi-do′sis)

SYN: epidermosis.

epidermis
epidermis, pl .epidermides (ep-i-derm′is, -derm′i-dez) [TA]

1. The superficial epithelial portion of the skin (cutis). The thick e. of the palms and soles contains the following strata from the surface: stratum corneum (keratin layer), stratum lucidum (clear layer), stratum granulosum (granular layer), stratum spinosum (prickle cell layer), and stratum basale (basal cell layer); in other parts of the body, the stratum lucidum may be absent. 2. In botany, the outermost layer of cells in leaves and the young parts of plants. SYN: cuticle (3) , cuticula (2) , epiderm, epiderma. [G. e., the outer skin, fr. epi, on, + derma, skin]

epidermitis
epidermitis (ep-i-der-mi′tis)

Inflammation of the epidermis or superficial layers of the skin.

epidermodysplasia
epidermodysplasia (ep-i-der′mo-dis-pla′ze-a)

Faulty growth or development of the epidermis. [epidermis + G. dys-, bad, + plasis, a molding]
e. verruciformis [MIM*226400] a rare inherited disease with numerous flat warts on the hands and feet, in patients with inherited defects in cell-mediated immunity and increased susceptibility to human papilloma virus infections; skin carcinoma sometimes develops. There is a genetic component in the etiology, but the inheritance pattern is uncertain at present.

epidermoid
epidermoid (ep-i-der′moyd)

1. Resembling epidermis. 2. A cholesteatoma or other cystic tumor arising from aberrant epidermal cells. [epidermis + G. eidos, appearance]

epidermolysis
epidermolysis (ep′i-der-mol′i-sis)

A condition in which the epidermis is loosely attached to the corium, readily exfoliating or forming blisters. [epidermis + G. lysis, loosening]
e. bullosa [MIM*131800] a group of inherited chronic noninflammatory skin diseases in which large bullae and erosions result from slight mechanical trauma; a form localized to the hands and feet is called Weber-Cockayne syndrome, of autosomal dominant inheritance caused by mutation in either the gene encoding keratin-5 (KRT5) on chromosome 12q or the gene for keratin-14 (KRT14) on 17q. SYN: mechanobullous disease.
e. bullosa, dermal type SYN: e. bullosa dystrophica.
e. bullosa dystrophica [MIM*131705] a form of e. bullosa in which scarring develops after separation of the entire epidermis with blistering; it is inherited as an autosomal dominant (appearing in infancy or childhood) or recessive (present at birth or appearing in early infancy) trait, the latter including lethal and nonlethal types; both dominant and recessive forms are caused by mutation in the gene for type VII collagen (COL7A1) on chromosome 3p. SYN: dermolytic bullous dermatosis, e. bullosa, dermal type.
e. bullosa, epidermal type (bu′lo-sa) SYN: e. bullosa simplex.
e. bullosa, junctional type SYN: e. bullosa lethalis.
e. bullosa lethalis [MIM*226700] a form of e. bullosa characterized by persistent and nonhealing perioral and perinasal crusted lesions with bullae often present in the oral mucosa and trachea, but not on the palms and soles, complicated by dermal sepsis and serum protein and electrolyte loss leading to death; autosomal recessive inheritance, caused by mutation in any one of the three distinct polypeptides of laminin-5; alpha-3 (LAMA3) on chromosome 18q, beta-3 (LAMB3) and gamma-2 (LAMC2) on 1q or the gene encoding integrin, beta-4 (ITGB4) on 17q. SYN: e. bullosa, junctional type, Herlitz syndrome.
e. bullosa simplex [MIM*131900] e. bullosa in which lesions heal rapidly without scarring; bulla formation is intraepidermal and microscopy reveals basal cell vacuolation and dissolution of tonofibrils; occurs most frequently on the feet of adults after unaccustomed trauma such as long marches; autosomal dominant inheritance caused by mutation in the keratin-5 gene (KRT5) on chromosome 12q or in the keratin-14 gene (KRT14) on 17q. SYN: e. bullosa, epidermal type.

Epidermophyton
Epidermophyton (ep′i-der-mof′i-ton, -der′mo-fi′ton)

A genus of fungi, separated by Sabouraud from Trichophyton on the basis that it never invades the hair follicles, whose macroconidia are clavate and smooth walled. The only species, E. floccosum, is an anthropophilic species that is a common cause of tinea pedis and tinea cruris. [epidermis + G. phyton, plant]

epidermosis
epidermosis (ep-i-der-mo′sis)

A skin disease affecting only the epidermis. SYN: epidermidosis.

epidermotropism
epidermotropism (ep-i-der-mot′ro-pizm)

Movement towards the epidermis, as in the migration of T lymphocytes into the epidermis in mycosis fungoides. [epidermis + G. trope, a turning]

epidiascope
epidiascope (ep-i-di′a-skop)

A projector by which images are reflected by a mirror through a lens, or lenses, onto a screen, using reflected light for opaque objects and transmitted light for translucent or transparent ones. SYN: overhead projector. [epi- + G. dia, through, + skopeo, to view]

epididymal
epididymal (ep-i-did′i-mal)

Relating to the epididymis.

epididymectomy
epididymectomy (ep′i-did-i-mek′to-me)

Operative removal of the epididymis. [epididymis + G. ektome, excision]

epididymis
epididymis, gen. epididymidis, pl .epididymides (ep-i-did′i-mis, -di-dim′i-dis, -di-dim′i-dez) [TA]

An elongated structure connected to the posterior surface of the testis, consisting of the head, body, and tail, which turns sharply upon itself to become the ductus deferens; the main component is the very convoluted duct of the e. which in the tail and the beginning of the ductus deferens is a reservoir for spermatozoa. The e. transports, stores, and matures spermatozoa between testis and ductus deferens (vas deferens). SYN: parorchis. [Mod. L. fr. G. e., fr. epi, on, + didymos, twin, in pl. testes]
caput e. SYN: head of e..
cauda e. SYN: tail of e..
corpus e. body of e..

epididymitis
epididymitis, pl .epididymiditides (ep-i-did-i-mi′tis)

Inflammation of the epididymis.

epididymo-orchitis
epididymo-orchitis (ep-i-did′i-mo-or-ki′tis)

Simultaneous inflammation of epididymis and testis. [epididymis + G. orchis, testis]

epididymoplasty
epididymoplasty (ep-i-did′i-mo-plas-te)

Surgical repair of the epididymis. [epididymis + G. plastos, formed]

epididymotomy
epididymotomy (ep′i-did-i-mot′o-me)

Incision into the epididymis, as in preparation for epididymovasostomy or for drainage of purulent material. [epididymis + G. tome, a cutting]

epididymovasectomy
epididymovasectomy (ep-i-did′i-mo-va-sek′to-me)

Surgical removal of the epididymis and vas deferens, usually proximal to its entry into the inguinal canal. [epididymis + vasectomy]

epididymovasostomy
epididymovasostomy (ep-i-did′i-mo-va-sos′to-me)

Surgical anastomosis of the vas deferens to the epididymis. [epididymis + vasostomy]

epidural
epidural (ep-i-doo′ral)

Upon (or outside) the dura mater. SYN: peridural.

epidurography
epidurography (ep-i-doo-rog′ra-fe)

Radiographic visualization of the epidural space following the regional instillation of a radiopaque contrast medium; obsolete technique.

epiestriol
epiestriol (ep-i-es′tre-ol)

See estriol.

epifascial
epifascial (ep-i-fash′e-al)

Upon the surface of a fascia, denoting a method of injecting drugs in which the solution is put on the fascia lata instead of injected into the substance of the muscle.

epigastralgia
epigastralgia (ep′i-gas-tral′je-a)

Pain in the epigastric region. [epigastrium + G. algos, pain]

epigastric
epigastric (ep-i-gas′trik)

Relating to the epigastrium.

epigastrium
epigastrium (ep-i-gas′tre-um) [TA]

SYN: epigastric region, epigastric region. [G. epigastrion]

epigastrius
epigastrius (ep-i-gas′tre-us)

Unequal conjoined twins in which the smaller parasite is attached to the larger autosite in the epigastric region. See conjoined twins, under twin.

epigenesis
epigenesis (ep-i-jen′e-sis)

1. Development of offspring from a zygote. Cf.:preformation theory. 2. Regulation of the expression of gene activity without alteration of genetic structure. [epi- + G. genesis, creation]

epigenetic
epigenetic (ep′i-je-net′ik)

Relating to epigenesis.

epiglottic
epiglottic, epiglottidean (ep-i-glot′ik, ep-i-glo-tid′e-an)

Relating to the epiglottis.

epiglottidectomy
epiglottidectomy (ep′i-glot-i-dek′to-me)

Excision of the epiglottis. [epiglottis + G. ektome, excision]

epiglottiditis
epiglottiditis (ep′i-glot-i-di′tis)

SYN: epiglottitis.

epiglottis
epiglottis (ep-i-glot′is) [TA]

A leaf-shaped plate of elastic cartilage, covered with mucous membrane, at the root of the tongue, which serves as a diverter valve over the superior aperture of the larynx during the act of swallowing; it stands erect when liquids are being swallowed, but is passively bent over the aperture by solid foods being swallowed. [G. e., fr. epi, on, + glottis, the mouth of the windpipe]
bifid e. congenital malformation in which the right and left sides of the e. are not joined; associated with stridor and aspiration in the newborn due to the rotation of the two sides of the e. into the glottis.

epiglottitis
epiglottitis (ep-i-glot-i′tis)

Inflammation of the epiglottis, which may cause respiratory obstruction, especially in children; frequently due to infection by Haemophilus influenzae type b. SYN: epiglottiditis.

epignathus
epignathus (e-pig′na-thus)

Unequal conjoined twins in which the smaller, incomplete parasite is attached to the larger autosite at the lower jaw. See conjoined twins, under twin. [epi- + G. gnathos, jaw]

epihyal
epihyal (ep-i-hi′al)

Above the hyoid arch.

epihyoid
epihyoid (ep-i-hi′oyd)

Upon the hyoid bone; denoting certain accessory thyroid glands lying above the geniohyoid muscle.

epikeratophakia
epikeratophakia (ep′i-ker′a-to-phak′e-a)

Modification of refractive error by application of a donor cornea to the anterior surface of the patient's cornea from which epithelium has been removed. SYN: epikeratophakic keratoplasty. [epi- + G. keras, horn, + phakos, lens]

epikeratoprosthesis
epikeratoprosthesis (ep′i-ker′a-to-pros′the-sis)

A contact lens attached to the corneal stroma to replace the epithelium. [epi- + G. keras, horn, + prosthesis, an addition]

epilamellar
epilamellar (ep′i-la-mel′ar)

Upon or above a basement membrane. [epi- + L. lamella, dim. of lamina, a thin metal plate]

epilate
epilate (ep′i-lat)

To extract a hair; to remove the hair from a part by forcible extraction, electrolysis, or loosening at the root by chemical means. Cf.:depilate. [L. e, out, + pilus, a hair]

epilation
epilation (ep-i-la′shun)

The act or result of removing hair. SYN: depilation.

epilatory
epilatory (e-pil′a-to-re)

1. Having the property of removing hair; relating to epilation. SYN: depilatory (1) , psilotic (2) . SEE ALSO: decalvant. 2. SYN: depilatory (2) .

epilemma
epilemma (ep-i-lem′a)

The connective tissue sheath of nerve fibers near their termination. [epi- lemma, husk]

epilepidoma
epilepidoma (ep′i-lep-i-do′ma)

A tumor resulting from hyperplasia of tissue derived from the true epiblast. [epi- + G. lepis, rind, + -oma, tumor]

epilepsia
epilepsia (ep-i-lep′se-a)

SYN: epilepsy. [G.]
e. partialis continua 1. a form of epilepsy marked by repetitive clonic muscular contractions with or without major convulsions; 2. simple partial motor status epilepticus of the rolandic cortex, often with myoclonic features; 3. a seizure type seen commonly with Rasmussen encephalitis. SYN: Kojewnikoff epilepsy.

epilepsy
epilepsy (ep′i-lep′se)

A chronic disorder characterized by paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to excessive neuronal discharge, and usually associated with some alteration of consciousness. The clinical manifestations of the attack may vary from complex abnormalities of behavior including generalized or focal convulsions to momentary spells of impaired consciousness. These clinical states have been subjected to a variety of classifications, none universally accepted to date and, accordingly, the terminologies used to describe the different types of attacks remain purely descriptive and nonstandardized; they are variously based on 1) the clinical manifestations of the seizure (motor, sensory, reflex, psychic or vegetative), 2) the pathologic substrate (hereditary, inflammatory, degenerative, neoplastic, traumatic, or cryptogenic), 3) the location of the epileptogenic lesion (rolandic, temporal, diencephalic regions), and 4) the time of life at which the attacks occur (nocturnal, diurnal, menstrual, etc.). SYN: convulsive state, epilepsia, falling sickness. [G. epilepsia, seizure]
anosognosic e. e. characterized by attacks of which the person is unaware. SYN: anosognosic seizures.
automatic e. SYN: psychomotor e..
autonomic e. episodes of autonomic dysfunction presumably due to diencephalic irritation. SYN: diencephalic e., vasomotor e., vasovagal e..
benign childhood e. with centrotemporal spikes a specific e. syndrome beginning in childhood and remitting in adolescence, characterized by nocturnal simple partial motor seizures or generalized tonic-clonic seizures. EEG shows centrotemporal spikes that are activated by sleep and an otherwise normal EEG background.
centrencephalic e. an imprecise term referring to e. characterized electroencephalographically by bilateral synchronous discharges, and clinically by absence or generalized tonic-clonic seizures.
childhood absence e. a generalized e. syndrome characterized by the onset of absence seizures in childhood, typically at age six or seven years. There is a strong genetic predisposition and girls are affected more often than boys. EEG reveals generalized 3-Hz spike-wave activity on a normal background. Prognosis for remission is good if the patient does not also have generalized tonic-clonic seizures. SEE ALSO: absence. SYN: petit mal e., pyknolepsy.
childhood e. with occipital paroxysms a benign e. syndrome characterized by frequent occipital spikes often activated by eye closure. It has a seizure semiology that includes visual manifestations; not always remitting later in life.
complex precipitated e. a form of reflex e. initiated by specialized sensory stimuli, e.g., certain visual patterns.
cortical e. SYN: focal e..
cryptogenic e. SYN: generalized tonic-clonic seizure.
diencephalic e. SYN: autonomic e..
early posttraumatic e. seizures beginning within one week after severe head injury.
eating e. epileptic, often generalized, seizures provoked by eating; a type of reflex e..
focal e. e. of various etiologies characterized by focal seizures or secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Ictal symptoms are often related to the brain region where the seizure begins focally. SYN: cortical e., local e., localization-related e. (2) , partial e..
frontal lobe e. a localization-related e. with seizures originating in the frontal lobe. A variety of clinical syndromes exist depending on the exact localization of seizures and clinical semiology of the seizure type. Frontal lobe epilepsies have been divided into several specific syndromes including the syndrome of supplementary motor seizures, cingulate seizures, anterior frontal polar region seizures, orbital frontal seizures, dorsolateral seizures, opercular seizures, and seizures of the motor cortex.
generalized e. a major category of e. syndromes characterized by one or more types of generalized seizures.
generalized tonic-clonic e. SYN: generalized tonic-clonic seizure.
grand mal e. older term for e. characterized by generalized tonic-clonic seizure.
idiopathic e. 1. an e. without evident cause; term often used to describe the genetic epilepsies; 2. SYN: generalized tonic-clonic seizure.
intractable e. e. not adequately controlled by medication. SYN: pharmacoresistent e..
jacksonian e. SYN: jacksonian seizure.
juvenile absence e. a generalized e. syndrome with onset around puberty, characterized by absence seizures and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. EEG often shows a greater than 3 Hz generalized spike wave pattern.
juvenile myoclonic e. an e. syndrome typically beginning in early adolescence, and characterized by early morning myoclonic jerks that may progress into a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. A genetic disorder: some families have had gene linkage to chromosome-6. The EEG is characterized by generalized polyspike and wave discharges at 4–6 Hz.
Kojewnikoff e. SYN: epilepsia partialis continua.
laryngeal e. a form of reflex e. precipitated by coughing.
local e. SYN: focal e..
localization-related e. 1. SYN: myoclonus e.. 2. SYN: focal e..
major e. SYN: generalized tonic-clonic seizure.
masked e. a form of e. characterized by a paroxysmal disturbance, such as headache or vomiting, associated with an epileptic electroencephalographic pattern.
matutinal e. a form of e. which occurs on awakening.
myoclonic astatic e. a petit mal variant characterized by atonic (drop attacks) and tonic or tonic-clonic attacks in neurologically disabled (hemiplegic, ataxic, etc.) children with mental retardation; characterized in EEG by 2/sec spike and wave discharges; usually progresses in spite of medication.
myoclonus e. [MIM*159800 and MIM*220300] a clinically diverse group of e. syndromes, some benign, some progressive. Many are hereditary with mendelian and nonmendelian mitochondrial inheritance. All are characterized by the occurrence of myoclonus, which may be limited or predominate in the condition. Specific syndromes include cherry red spot myoclonus syndrome, ceroid lipofuscinosis, myoclonic e. with ragged red fibers, and Baltic myoclonus. SYN: localization-related e. (1) .
nocturnal e. an e. syndrome characterized by nocturnal seizures only.
occipital lobe e. a localization-related e. where seizures originate from the occipital lobe. Symptoms commonly include visual abnormalities during seizures.
parietal lobe e. a localization-related e. where seizures originate within the parietal lobe. Seizure semiology may involve abnormalities of sensation.
partial e. SYN: focal e..
pattern-sensitive e. a form of reflex e. precipitated by viewing certain patterns.
petit mal e. SYN: childhood absence e..
pharmacoresistent e. SYN: intractable e..
photogenic e. a form of reflex e. precipitated by light.
posttraumatic e. a convulsive state following and causally related to head injury; with brain damage either manifested clinically or ascertained by special examinations such as computed tomography. To assume causal relationship, the individual must have had no previous e., no cerebral disease, and no other brain trauma. The attacks should have started, depending on the severity of the wounding, within 3 months to 2 years of the alleged trauma and be of a type compatible with the site of injury and the EEG abnormalities.
primary generalized e. e. without evidence of focal or multifocal central nervous system disease. Seizures are generalized from onset, both by EEG and clinical criteria. Often a pure genetic form of e.. SEE ALSO: generalized tonic-clonic seizure.
procursive e. a psychomotor attack initiated by whirling or running.
psychomotor e. attacks with elaborate and multiple sensory, motor, and/or psychic components, the common feature being a clouding or loss of consciousness and amnesia for the event; clinical manifestations may take the form of automatisms; emotional outbursts of temper, anger or show of fear; motor or psychic disturbances; or may be related to any sphere of human activity. Electroencephalographically, the attack is characterized by spike discharges in the temporal lobe, especially in sleep. SEE ALSO: procursive e., visceral e., uncinate e.. SYN: automatic e..
reflex e. seizures which are induced by peripheral stimulation; e.g., audiogenic, laryngeal, photogenic, or other stimulation. SYN: sensory precipitated e..
rolandic e. a benign, autosomal dominant form of e. occurring in children, characterized clinically by arrest of speech, muscular contractions of the side of the face and arm, and epileptic discharges electroencephalographically. [Luigi Rolando]
secondary generalized e. a group of e. syndromes of diverse etiologies with diffuse or multifocal cerebral involvement. Patients typically have a variety of generalized seizure types, including tonic, atonic, myoclonic, atypical absence, and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Partial seizures may also occur. One classic syndrome is the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. SYN: symptomatic e..
sensory e. focal e. initiated by a somatosensory phenomenon.
sensory precipitated e. SYN: reflex e..
sleep e. incorrect term for narcolepsy.
somnambulic e. postictal automatism in which the patient walks or runs about exhibiting natural behavior of which he or she has no subsequent remembrance.
startle e. a form of reflex e. precipitated by sudden noises.
supplementary motor area e. a localization-related e. syndrome in which seizures originate from the supplementary motor area of the mesial frontal lobe. Typical seizure semiology includes sudden bilateral tonic movements, vocalization, and preservation of consciousness. Attacks are often nocturnal.
symptomatic e. SYN: secondary generalized e..
temporal lobe e. a localization-related e. with seizures originating from the temporal lobe, most commonly the mesial temporal lobe. The most common pathology is hippocampal sclerosis. SYN: uncinate fit.
tonic e. an attack in which the body is rigid.
tornado e. a type of focal e. or partial seizure with an aura of severe vertigo and a feeling of being drawn up into space.
uncinate e. a form of psychomotor e. or complex partial seizure initiated by a dreamy state and hallucinations of smell and taste, usually the result of a medial temporal lesion. SYN: uncinate attack.
vasomotor e. SYN: autonomic e..
vasovagal e. SYN: autonomic e..
visceral e. e., usually psychomotor, in which the attacks are initiated by visceral symptoms or sensations; most cases have their focus in the temporal lobe.
e. with grand mal seizures on awakening generalized e. syndrome characterized by onset in the second decade of life, typically with generalized tonic-clonic seizures, of which most occur shortly after awakening (regardless of the time of day) and are exacerbated by sleep deprivation. There is a genetic predisposition and EEG shows one of several generalized patterns of interictal discharges; photosensitivity is common.
e. with myoclonic absences a form of generalized e. characterized by absence seizures, severe bilateral rhythmic clonic jerks often associated with tonic contraction, and an EEG 3 Hz spike and wave pattern. Age of onset is usually around seven years and males are more often affected.

epileptic
epileptic (ep-i-lep′tik)

Relating to, characterized by, or suffering from epilepsy.

epileptiform
epileptiform (ep-i-lep′ti-form)

SYN: epileptoid.

epileptogenic
epileptogenic, epileptogenous (ep-i-lep-to-jen′ik, ep-i-lep-toj′e-nus)

Causing epilepsy.

epileptoid
epileptoid (ep-i-lep′toyd)

Resembling epilepsy; denoting certain convulsions, especially of functional nature. SYN: epileptiform. [G. epilepsia, seizure, epilepsy, + eidos, resemblance]

epiloia
epiloia (ep-i-loy′a)

SYN: tuberous sclerosis.

epimandibular
epimandibular (ep-i-man-dib′u-lar)

Upon the lower jaw. [epi- + L. mandibulum, mandible]

epimastical
epimastical (ep-i-mast′i-kal)

Increasing steadily until an acme is reached, then declining; said of a fever. [G. epakmastikos, coming to a height]

epimastigote
epimastigote (ep-i-mas′ti-got)

Term replacing “crithidial stage,” to avoid confusion with the insect-parasitizing flagellates of the genus Crithidia. In the e. stage the flagellum arises from the kinetoplast alongside the nucleus and emerges from the anterior end of the organism; an undulating membrane is present. [epi- + G. mastix, whip]

epimenorrhagia
epimenorrhagia (ep-i-men-o-ra′je-a)

Prolonged and profuse menstruation occurring at any time, but most frequently at the beginning and end of menstrual life.

epimenorrhea
epimenorrhea (ep-i-men-o-re′a)

Too frequent menstruation, occurring at any time, but particularly at the beginning and end of menstrual life.

epimer
epimer (ep′i-mer)

One of two molecules (having more than one chiral center) differing only in the spatial arrangement about a single chiral atom; e.g., α-d-glucose and α-d-galactose (with respect to carbon-4). See sugars. Cf.:anomer. [epi- + G. meros, part]

epimerase
epimerase (ep′i-mer-as) [EC 5.1]

A class of enzymes catalyzing epimeric changes.

epimere
epimere (ep′i-mer)

The dorsal part of the myotome. See myotome (3) . [epi- + G. meros, part]

epimerite
epimerite (ep-i-mer′it)

The hooklike anchoring structure at the anterior end of a cephaline gregarine sporozoan; it is left embedded in tissues when the rest of the cephalont is freed in the lumen of the intestine of the invertebrate host. [epi- + G. meros, part]

epimicroscope
epimicroscope (ep-i-mi′kro-skop)

A microscope with a condenser built around the objective; used for the investigation of opaque, or only slightly translucent, minute specimens. SYN: opaque microscope.

epimorphosis
epimorphosis (ep′i-mor-fo′sis)

Regeneration of a part of an organism by growth at the cut surface. [epi- + G. morphe, shape]

epimysiotomy
epimysiotomy (ep′i-mis-e-ot′o-me)

Incision of the sheath of a muscle. [epimysium + G. tome, a cutting]

epimysium
epimysium (ep-i-mis′e-um) [TA]

The fibrous connective tissue envelope surrounding a skeletal muscle. SYN: perimysium externum. [epi- + G. mys, muscle]

epinephrine
epinephrine (ep′i-nef′rin)

A catecholamine that is the chief neurohormone of the adrenal medulla of most species; also secreted by neurons. The l-isomer is the most potent stimulant (sympathomimetic) of adrenergic α- and β-receptors, resulting in increased heart rate and force of contraction, vasoconstriction or vasodilation, relaxation of bronchiolar and intestinal smooth muscle, glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and other metabolic effects; used in the treatment of bronchial asthma, acute allergic disorders, open-angle glaucoma, cardiac arrest, and heart block, and as a topical and local vasoconstrictor. Generally used salts are e. hydrochloride and e. bitartrate, the latter most frequently used in topical preparations. SYN: adrenaline. [epi- + G. nephros, kidney, + -ine]

epinephros
epinephros (ep-i-nef′ros)

SYN: suprarenal gland. [epi- + G. nephros, kidney]

epineural
epineural (ep-i-noo′ral)

On a neural arch of a vertebra.

epineurial
epineurial (ep-i-noo′re-al)

Relating to the epineurium.

epineurium
epineurium (ep-i-noo′re-um) [TA]

The outermost supporting structure of peripheral nerve trunks, consisting of a condensation of areolar connective tissue; subdivided into those layers that surround the whole nerve trunk (epifascicular e.), and those layers which extend between the nerve fascicles (interfascicular e.). With the endoneurium and perineurium, the e. composes the peripheral nerve stroma. [epi- + G. neuron, nerve]
epifascicular e. the portion of the e. which surrounds the whole nerve trunk, in contrast to interfascicular e., which passes down between the nerve fascicles.

epionychium
epionychium (ep-i-o-nik′e-um)

SYN: eponychium.

epiotic
epiotic (ep′i-ot′ik, -o′tik)

One of the components of the otic capsule of some vertebrates; in the mammal the petrosal or petrous temporal bone incorporates the various otic elements seen in lower vertebrates. [epi- + G. ous, ear]

epipastic
epipastic (ep-i-pas′tik)

1. Usable as a dusting powder. 2. A dusting powder. [G. epi-passo, to sprinkle over]

epipericardial
epipericardial (ep′i-per-i-kar′de-al)

Upon or about the pericardium.

epipharynx
epipharynx (ep′i-far′ingks)

SYN: nasopharynx. [G. epi, on, over, + pharynx]

epiphenomenon
epiphenomenon (ep′i-fe-nom′e-non)

A symptom appearing during the course of a disease, not of usual occurrence, and not necessarily associated with the disease.

epiphora
epiphora (e-pif′o-ra)

An overflow of tears upon the cheek, due to imperfect drainage by the tear-conducting passages. SYN: tearing, watery eye (1) . [G. a sudden flow, fr. epi, on, + phero, to bear]
atonic e. e. arising from weakness of the orbicularis oculi muscle.

epiphrenic
epiphrenic, epiphrenal (ep′i-fren′ik, -fre′nal)

Upon or above the diaphragm. [epi- + G. phren, diaphragm]

epiphysial
epiphysial, epiphyseal (ep-i-fiz′e-al)

Relating to an epiphysis.

epiphysiodesis
epiphysiodesis (ep′i-fiz-e-od′e-sis)

1. Premature union of the epiphysis with the diaphysis, resulting in cessation of growth. 2. An operative procedure that partially or totally destroys an epiphysis and may incorporate a bone graft to produce fusion of the epiphysis or premature cessation of its growth; generally undertaken to equalize leg length. [epiphysis + G. desis, binding]

epiphysiolysis
epiphysiolysis (ep-i-fiz-e-ol′i-sis)

Loosening or separation, either partial or complete, of an epiphysis from the metaphysis of a bone. [epiphysis + G. lysis, loosening]

epiphysiopathy
epiphysiopathy (ep-i-fiz-e-op′a-the)

Any disorder of an epiphysis of the long bones. [epiphysis + G. pathos, suffering]

epiphysis
epiphysis, pl .epiphyses (e-pif′i-sis, -sez) [TA]

A part of a long bone developed from a center of ossification distinct from that of the shaft and separated at first from the latter by a layer of cartilage. [G. an excrescence, fr. epi, upon, + physis, growth]
atavistic e. a bone that is independent phylogenetically but is now fused with another bone, e.g., the coracoid process of the scapula.
e. cerebri SYN: pineal body.
pressure e. a secondary center of ossification in the articular end of a long bone.
stippled e. SYN: chondrodysplasia punctata.
traction e. a secondary center of ossification at the site of attachment of a tendon.

epiphysitis
epiphysitis (e-pif-i-si′tis)

Inflammation of an epiphysis.

epipial
epipial (ep′i-pi′al)

On the pia mater.

epiplo- epiplo-

Omentum. SEE ALSO: omento-. [G. epiploon]

epiplocele
epiplocele (e-pip′lo-sel)

Rarely used term for hernia of the omentum. [epiplo- + G. kele, hernia]

epiploic
epiploic (ep′i-plo′ik)

SYN: omental.

epiploon
epiploon (e-pip′lo-on)

SYN: greater omentum. [G.]

epipodophyllotoxin
epipodophyllotoxin (ep-e-po-do- fi′lo-toks′in, -fil′o-toks′in)

Natural product that inhibits topoisomerase II. SEE ALSO: etoposide. [epi- + Podophyllum, genus name of botanical source, + toxin]

epipteric
epipteric (ep′i-ter′ik)

In the neighborhood of the pterion.

epipygus
epipygus (ep-i-pi′gus)

Unequal conjoined twins in which the smaller, incomplete parasite is attached to the buttock of the larger autosite. See pygomelus, conjoined twins, under twin. [epi- + G. pyge, buttocks]

episclera
episclera (ep′i-skler′a)

The connective tissue between the sclera and the conjunctiva. [epi- + sclera]

episcleral
episcleral (ep-i-skler′al)

1. Upon the sclera. 2. Relating to the episclera.

episcleritis
episcleritis (ep-i-skle-ri′tis)

Inflammation of the episcleral connective tissue. SEE ALSO: scleritis.
e. multinodularis e. with numerous nodules near the corneoscleral limbus.
nodular e. e. with localized inflammation foci in episcleral tissues.
e. periodica fugax diffuse transient e., with a tendency to recur at regular intervals. SYN: subconjunctivitis.

episio- episio-

The vulva. SEE ALSO: vulvo-. [G. episeion, pubic region]

episioperineorrhaphy
episioperineorrhaphy (e-piz′e-o-per′i-ne-or′a-fe, e-pis′)

Repair of an incised or a ruptured perineum and lacerated vulva or repair of a surgical incision of the vulva and perineum. [episio- + G. perinaion, perineum, + rhaphe, a stitching]

episioplasty
episioplasty (e-piz′e-o-plas-te, e-pis′)

Plastic surgery of the vulva. [episio- + G. plastos, formed]

episiorrhaphy
episiorrhaphy (e-piz-i-or′ra-fe, e-pis-)

Repair of a lacerated vulva or an episiotomy. [episio- + G. rhaphe, a stitching]

episiostenosis
episiostenosis (e-piz′i-o-ste-no′sis, e-pis′)

Narrowing of the vulvar orifice. [episio- + G. stenosis, narrowing]

episiotomy
episiotomy (e-piz-e-ot′o-me, e-pis-)

Surgical incision of the vulva to prevent laceration at the time of delivery or to facilitate vaginal surgery. SYN: vaginoperineotomy. [episio- + G. tome, incision]

episode
episode (ep′i-sod)

An important event or series of events taking place in the course of continuous events e.g., an e. of depression.
acute schizophrenic e. SYN: acute schizophrenia.
e. of care all services provided to a patient with a medical problem within a specific period of time across a continuum of care in an integrated system.
manic e. manifestation of a major mood disorder in which there is a distinct period during which the predominant mood of the individual is either elevated, expansive, or irritable, and there are associated symptoms of the excited or manic phase of the bipolar disorder. See affective disorders, under disorder, endogenous depression.

episome
episome (ep′i-som)

An extrachromosomal element (plasmid) that may either integrate into the bacterial chromosome of the host or replicate and function stably when physically separated from the chromosome. [epi- + G. soma, body (chromosome)]
resistance-transferring episomes SYN: resistance plasmids, under plasmid.

epispadias
epispadias (ep-i-spa′de-as)

A malformation in which the urethra opens on the dorsum of the penis; frequently associated with exstrophy of the bladder. [epi- + G. spao, to tear or gouge]
balanitic e. excessively proximal position of meatus on dorsum of glans penis.
coronal e. excessively proximal position of meatus in coronal sulcus.
penile e. proximal position of urethral meatus on the dorsum of the penile shaft.
penopubic e. position of the urethral meatus at junction of base of penis and lower abdominal wall.

epispinal
epispinal (ep-i-spi′nal)

Upon the vertebral column or spinal cord, or upon any structure resembling a spine.

episplenitis
episplenitis (ep-i-sple-ni′tis)

Inflammation of the capsule of the spleen.

epistasis
epistasis (e-pis′ta-sis)

1. The formation of a pellicle or scum on the surface of a liquid, especially as on standing urine. 2. Phenotypic interaction of non-allelic genes. 3. A form of gene interaction whereby one gene masks or interferes with the phenotypic expression of one or more genes at other loci; the gene whose phenotype is expressed is said to be “epistatic,” while the phenotype altered or suppressed is then said to be “hypostatic.” SYN: epistasy. [G. scum; epi- + G. stasis, a standing]

epistasy
epistasy (e-pis′ta-se)

SYN: epistasis.

epistatic
epistatic (ep-is-tat′ik)

Relating to epistasis.

epistaxis
epistaxis (ep′i-stak′sis)

Bleeding from the nose. SYN: nasal hemorrhage, nosebleed. [G. fr. epistazo, to bleed at the nose, fr. epi, on, + stazo, to fall in drops]
renal e. hematuria occurring without a detectable lesion.

epistemology
epistemology (e-pis′to-mol′o-ge)

The study of knowledge and rules of evidence involved. Traditionally a branch of philosophy, it is now coming to be used also as a discipline incorporated in, and in some respects peculiar to, individual fields of scholarship (medicine, science, history, etc.).

epistemophilia
epistemophilia (e-pis′te-mo-fil′e-a)

Love, especially excessive, of knowledge. [G. episteme, knowledge, + philos, fond]

episternal
episternal (ep-i-ster′nal)

1. Over or on the sternum. 2. Relating to the episternum.

episternum
episternum (ep-i-ster′num)

SYN: manubrium of sternum. [epi- + L. sternum, chest]

epistropheus
epistropheus (ep-i-stro′fe-us)

SYN: axis (5) . [G. the pivot]

epitarsus
epitarsus (ep-i-tar′sus)

A fold of conjunctiva arising on the tarsal surface of the lid and losing itself in the skin close to the medial angle of the eye. [epi- + G. tarsos, flat mat, edge of eyelid]

epitaxy
epitaxy (ep-i-tak′se)

The growth of one crystal in one or more specific orientations on the substrate of another kind of crystal, with a close geometric fit between the networks in contact; seen in the alternating layers of different composition in stones from the kidney and gallbladder, indicating an abrupt change of composition during formation. [epi- + G. taxis, arrangement]

epitendineum
epitendineum (ep′i-ten-din′e-um)

The white fibrous sheath surrounding a tendon. SYN: epitenon. [L.]

epitenon
epitenon (e-pit′e-non, ep-i-ten′on)

SYN: epitendineum.

17-epitestosterone
17-epitestosterone (ep′i-tes-tos′ter-on)

17α-Epimer of testosterone;a biologically inactive steroid found in testes and ovaries; may be a metabolite of 4-androstene-3,17-dione and a precursor of 17α-estradiol.

epithalamus
epithalamus (ep′i-thal′a-mus) [TA]

A small dorsomedial area of the thalamus corresponding to the habenula and its associated structures, the stria medullaris of the thalamus, pineal gland, and habenular commissure. [epi- + thalamus]

epithalaxia
epithalaxia (ep′i-tha-lak′se-a)

Shedding of any surface epithelium, but especially of that lining the intestine. [epithelium + G. allaxis, exchange]

epithelia
epithelia (ep-i-the′le-a)

Plural of epithelium.

epithelial
epithelial (ep-i-the′le-al)

Relating to or consisting of epithelium.

epithelialization
epithelialization (ep-i-the′le-al-i-za′shun)

Formation of epithelium over a denuded surface. SYN: epithelization.

epitheliocyte
epitheliocyte (ep-i-the′le-o-sit)

An in vitro tissue culture epithelial cell. [epithelium + G. kytos, cell]

epitheliofibril
epitheliofibril (ep-i-the′le-o-fi′bril)

SYN: tonofibril.

epithelioglandular
epithelioglandular (ep-i-the′le-o-glan′du-lar)

Relating to glandular epithelium.

epithelioid
epithelioid (ep-i-the′le-oyd)

Resembling or having some of the characteristics of epithelium. [epithelium + G. eidos, resemblance]

epitheliolytic
epitheliolytic (ep-i-the′le-o-lit′ik)

Destructive to epithelium.

epithelioma
epithelioma (ep′i-the-le-o′ma)

1. An epithelial neoplasm or hamartoma of the skin, especially of skin appendage origin. 2. Obsolete term for a carcinoma of the skin derived from squamous, basal, or adnexal cells. [epithelium + G. -oma, tumor]
e. adenoides cysticum SYN: trichoepithelioma.
basal cell e. SYN: basal cell carcinoma.
Borst-Jadassohn type intraepidermal e. precancerous lesions clinically suggestive of actinic or seborrheic keratosis, with nests of immature or abnormal keratinocytes within the epidermis.
e. cuniculatum verrucous carcinoma occurring uncommonly on the sole of the foot, forming a slowly growing warty mass that may invade deeply but which rarely metastasizes.
Malherbe calcifying e. SYN: pilomatrixoma.
malignant ciliary e. malignant hyperplasia of ciliary epithelium with frequent involvement of the pigmented layer. SYN: adult medulloepithelioma.
multiple self-healing squamous e. [MIM*132800] multiple skin tumors, most frequently on the head, each resembling a well-differentiated squamous carcinoma or keratoacanthoma; individual tumors resolve spontaneously after several months, leaving deep-pitted scars with irregular crenellated borders, and are usually replaced by additional new tumors; autosomal dominant inheritance.
sebaceous e. a benign tumor of the sebaceous gland epithelium in which small basaloid or germinative cells predominate.

epitheliomatous
epitheliomatous (ep-i-the-le-o′ma-tus)

Pertaining to epithelioma.

epitheliopathy
epitheliopathy (ep′i-the-le-op′a-the)

Disease involving epithelium. [epithelium + G. pathos, suffering]
acute multifocal placoid pigment e. an acute disease manifested by rapid loss of vision, and multifocal, cream-colored placoid lesions of the retinal pigment epithelium; resolves with restoration of vision.

epitheliosis
epitheliosis (ep-i-the-le-o′sis)

Proliferation of epithelial cells, as seen in ducts of the breast in fibrocystic disease.

epitheliotropic
epitheliotropic (ep-e-the′le-o-tro′pik)

Having an affinity for epithelium.

epithelium
epithelium, pl .epithelia (ep-i-the′le-um, -a) [TA]

The purely cellular avascular layer covering all free surfaces, cutaneous, mucous, and serous, including the glands and other structures derived therefrom. [G. epi, upon, + thele, nipple, a term applied originally to the thin skin covering the nipples and the papillary layer of the border of the lips]
anterior e. of cornea the stratified squamous e. covering the outer surface of the cornea; it is smooth, consists usually of five layers of cells, and contains numerous free nerve endings. SYN: e. anterius corneae.
e. anterius corneae SYN: anterior e. of cornea.
Barrett e. columnar esophageal e. seen in Barrett syndrome.
ciliated e. any e. having motile cilia on the free surface.
columnar e. e. formed of a single layer of prismatic cells taller than they are wide. SYN: cylindrical e..
crevicular e. the stratified squamous e. lining the inner aspect of the soft tissue wall of the gingival sulcus. SYN: sulcular e..
cuboidal e. simple e. with cells appearing as cubes in a vertical section but as polyhedra in surface view.
cylindrical e. SYN: columnar e..
e. ductus semicircularis SYN: e. of semicircular duct.
enamel e. the several layers of the enamel organ remaining on the enamel surface after formation of enamel is completed. SYN: reduced enamel e..
external dental e., external enamel e. the cuboidal cells of the outer layer of the odontogenic organ of a developing tooth.
germinal e. a cuboidal layer of peritoneal e. covering the gonads, once thought to be the source of germ cells.
gingival e. a stratified squamous e. that undergoes some degree of keratinization and covers the free and attached gingiva.
glandular e. e. composed of secretory cells.
inner dental e., inner enamel e. the columnar epithelial layer of enamel matrix of the odontogenic organ of a developing tooth that develops into the enamel-producing ameloblasts.
junctional e. a collar of epithelial cells attached to the tooth surface and subepithelial connective tissue found at the base of the gingival crevice. SYN: epithelial attachment of Gottlieb, epithelial attachment.
laminated e. SYN: stratified e..
e. of lens the layer of cuboidal cells lying on the anterior surface of the crystalline lens inside the lens capsule. At the equator the cells elongate and give rise to the lens fibers. SYN: e. lentis.
e. lentis SYN: e. of lens.
mesenchymal e. the flat e. derived from mesenchymal cells found lining certain connective tissue spaces such as the anterior chamber of eye, perilymph spaces in the ear, and subdural and subarachnoid spaces.
muscle e. SYN: myoepithelium.
olfactory e. an e. of the pseudostratified type that contains olfactory, receptor, nerve cells whose axons extend to the olfactory bulb of the brain.
pavement e. SYN: simple squamous e..
pigment e. e. composed of cells containing granules of pigment or melanin, as in the retinal or iris pigment layer.
pigment e. of optic retina See retina.
pseudostratified e. an e. that gives a superficial appearance of being stratified because the cell nuclei are at different levels, but in which all cells reach the basement membrane, hence it is classed as a simple e..
reduced enamel e. SYN: enamel e..
respiratory e. the pseudostratified ciliated e. that lines the conducting portion of the airway, including part of the nasal cavity and larynx, the trachea, and bronchi.
e. of semicircular duct the simple squamous e. of the semicircular ducts. SYN: e. ductus semicircularis.
seminiferous e. the e. lining the convoluted tubules of the testis where spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis occur.
simple e. an e. having one layer of cells.
simple squamous e. e. composed of a single layer of flattened scalelike cells, such as mesothelium, endothelium, and that in the pulmonary alveoli. SYN: pavement e..
stratified e. a type of e. composed of a series of layers, the cells of each varying in size and shape. It is named more specifically according to the type of cells at the surface, e.g., stratified squamous e., stratified columnar e., stratified ciliated columnar e.. SYN: laminated e..
stratified ciliated columnar e. an e. consisting of several layers of cells with the deeper cells being polyhedral in form and the surface ones columnar with motile cilia, such as that which lines the fetal esophagus.
stratified squamous e. an e. consisting of several layers of keratin containing cells in which the surface cells are flattened and scale-like and the deeper cells are polyhedral in form. Keratin filaments become progressively more abundant toward the surface, which on the dry surfaces of the body may consist of a layer of dead corneocytes.
sulcular e. SYN: crevicular e..
surface e. 1. a layer of celomic epithelial cells covering the gonadal ridges; 2. the mesothelial covering of the definitive ovary.
transitional e. a highly distensible pseudostratified e. with large polyploid superficial cells that are cuboidal in the relaxed state but broad and squamous in the distended state; occurs in the kidney, ureter, and bladder.

epithelization
epithelization (ep-i-the-li-za′shun)

SYN: epithelialization.

epithem
epithem (ep′i-them)

An external application, such as a poultice, but not a plaster or ointment. [G. epithema, a cover]

epithet
epithet (ep′i-thet)

Characterizing term or name. [G. epithetos, added, fr. epi- + tithemi, to place]
specific e. in bacteriology, the second part of the name of a species; it is not, by itself, a name; the name of a bacterial species consists of two parts, the generic name and the specific e..

epithiazide
epithiazide (ep-i-thi′a-zid)

A diuretic.

epitope
epitope (ep′i-top)

The simplest form of an antigenic determinant, on a complex antigenic molecule, which can combine with antibody or T cell receptor. [epi- + -tope]
shared e. SYN: susceptibility cassette.

epitoxoid
epitoxoid (ep-i-tok′soyd)

A toxoid that has less affinity for specific antitoxin than that manifested by the toxin.

epitrichial
epitrichial (ep-i-trik′e-al)

Relating to the epitrichium.

epitrichium
epitrichium (ep-i-trik′e-um)

SYN: periderm. See dome cell. [epi- + G. trichion, dim. of thrix, (trich-), hair]

epitrochlea
epitrochlea (ep-i-trok′le-a)

SYN: medial epicondyle of humerus. [epi- + L. trochlea, a pulley, block, contr. fr. G. trochilia]

epitrochlear
epitrochlear (ep-i-trok′le-ar)

Relating to the epitrochlea.

epituberculosis
epituberculosis (ep′i-too-ber-ku-lo′sis)

The occurrence of lymph node swelling or pulmonary infiltration in an area near a focus of pulmonary tuberculosis or of enlarged bronchial glands.

epitympanic
epitympanic (ep-i-tim-pan′ik)

Above, or in the upper part of, the tympanic cavity or membrane.

epitympanum
epitympanum (ep′i-tim′pa-num)

SYN: epitympanic recess.

epityphlitis
epityphlitis (ep′i-tif-li′tis)

Inflammation of tissues around or near the cecum. See appendicitis. [epi- + G. typhlon, cecum, + -itis, inflammation]

epizoic
epizoic (ep-i-zo′ik)

Living as a parasite on the skin surface.

epizoology
epizoology (ep′i-zo-ol′o-je)

SYN: epizootiology. [epi- + G. zoon, animal, + logos, study]

epizoon
epizoon, pl .epizoa (ep-i-zo′on, -zo′a)

An animal parasite living on the body surface. [epi- + G. zoon, animal]

epizootic
epizootic (ep′i-zo-ot′ik)

1. Denoting a temporal pattern of disease occurrence in an animal population in which the disease occurs with a frequency clearly in excess of the expected frequency in that population during a given time interval. 2. An outbreak (epidemic) of disease in an animal population. [epi- + G. zoon, animal]

epizootiology
epizootiology (ep′i-zo-ot′e-ol′o-je)

Epidemiology of disease in animal populations. SYN: epizoology. [epi- + G. zoon, animal, + logos, study]

épluchage
épluchage (a-ploo-shazh′)

Rarely used term for the removal of all contaminated tissue in infected wounds. [F. picking, cleaning]

EPN
EPN

A sulfur-containing organophosphate-anticholinsterase used as an insecticide and acaricide.

EPO
EPO

Abbreviation for exclusive provider organization.

epoetin alfa
epoetin alfa (e-po′e-tin)

Recombinant human erythropoietin, a powerful stimulator of red blood cell synthesis. Often used in patients with anemia and in those undergoing renal transplants and AZT treatment.

eponychia
eponychia (ep-o-nik′e-a)

Infection involving the proximal nail fold.

eponychium
eponychium (ep-o-nik′e-um) [TA]

1. The thin, condensed, eleidin-rich layer of epidermis that precedes and initially covers the nail plate in the embryo. It normally degenerates by the eighth month except at the nail base where it remains as the cuticle of the nail. 2. [NA] The corneal layer of epidermis overlapping and in direct contact with the nail root proximally or the sides of the nail plate laterally, forming the undersurface of the nail wall or nail folds. SYN: hidden nail skin, perionychium. 3. The thin skin adherent to the nail at its proximal portion. SYN: epionychium. [G. epi, upon, + onyx (onych-), nail]

eponym eponym (ep′o-nim)

The name of a disease, structure, operation, or procedure, usually derived from the name of the person who discovered or described it first. [G. eponymos, named after]

eponymic eponymic (ep-o-nim′ik)

1. Relating to an eponym. 2. An eponym.

epoophoron
epoophoron (ep′o-of′o-ron)

A collection of rudimentary tubules in the mesosalpinx between the ovary and the uterine tube; composed of two portions, the longitudinal duct of epoöphoron and the transverse ductules of epoöphoron, they are the vestiges of tubules of the middle portion of the mesonephros and the homologue of the aberrant ductules and proximal duct of epididymis in the male. SYN: corpus pampiniforme, organ of Rosenmüller, pampiniform body. [epi- + G. oophoros, egg-bearing]

epoprostenol
epoprostenol, epoprostenol sodium (e-po-prost′en-ol)

SYN: prostacyclin.

epornitic
epornitic (ep′or-nit′ik)

Referring to an outbreak of disease in a bird population. [epi- + G. ornithos, bird + -ic]

epoxy
epoxy (e-pok′se)

Chemical term describing an oxygen atom bound to two linked carbon atoms Generally, any cyclic ether, but commonly applied to a 3-membered ring; specifically, a three-membered ring is an oxirane, a four-membered ring is an oxetane, a five-membered ring is an oxolane, and a six-membered ring is an oxane; oxiranes are commonly produced from peracids acting on alkenes. Epoxys are important chemical intermediates and the basis of e. resins (polymers) formed from e. monomers.

2,3-epoxysqualene
2,3-epoxysqualene (e-pok′se-skwa′len)

An oxirane derivative of squalene; a precursor to all of the steroids.

Epple
Epple

August, Associate of Leonard S. Fosdick. See Fosdick-Hansen-E. test.

EPR
EPR

Abbreviation for electron paramagnetic resonance.

EPS
EPS

Abbreviation for exophthalmos-producing substance.

epsilon
epsilon (ep′si-lon)

Fifth letter of the Greek alphabet, &e.;.

EPSP
EPSP

Abbreviation for excitatory postsynaptic potential.

Epstein
Epstein

Alois, German pediatrician, 1849–1918. See E. disease, E. pearls, under pearl, E. sign, E. symptom.

Epstein
Epstein

Michael Anthony, English virologist, *1921. See E.-Barr virus.

epulis
epulis (ep-u′lis)

A nonspecific exophytic gingival mass. [G. epoulis, a gumboil]
congenital e. of newborn a congenital benign nodular tumor of the alveolar ridge, of unknown histogenesis; histologically, it is composed of large cells with a granular cytoplasm similar to that of a granular cell tumor (myoblastoma).
e. fissuratum SYN: inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia.
giant cell e. SYN: giant cell granuloma.
e. gravidarum a gingival pyogenic granuloma that develops during pregnancy.
pigmented e. SYN: melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy.

epuloid
epuloid (ep′u-loyd)

A gingival mass that resembles an epulis.

Eq
Eq, eq

Abbreviation for equivalent.

equation
equation (e-kwa′zhun)

A statement expressing the equality of two things, usually with the use of mathematical or chemical symbols. [L. aequare, to make equal]
alveolar gas e. the e. defining the steady state relation of the alveolar oxygen pressure to the barometric pressure, inspired gas composition, alveolar carbon dioxide pressure, and respiratory exchange ratio; the e. is used in various forms depending upon which simplifying assumptions are acceptable for different applications.
Arrhenius e. an e. relating chemical reaction rate (k) to the absolute temperature (T) by the e.: d(ln k)/dT) = ΔE_a/RT² where E_a is the activation energy and R is the universal gas constant.
Bohr e. an e. to calculate the respiratory dead space from the fact that gas expired from the lungs is a mixture of gas from the dead space and gas from the alveoli, i.e., the dead space volume divided by the tidal volume equals the difference between alveolar and mixed expired gas composition, divided by the difference between alveolar and inspired gas composition; gas composition can be expressed in any consistent units of concentration or partial pressure of oxygen or carbon dioxide.
chemical e. an e. on one side of which are the reactants and on the other side of which are the products of a chemical reaction; the two halves may be separated by an equals sign or by arrows.
constant field e. SYN: Goldman e..
Einthoven e. SYN: Einthoven law.
Gay-Lussac e. the overall chemical e. for alcoholic fermentation; C₆H₁₂O₆ = 2CO₂ + 2CH₃CH₂OH.
Gibbs-Helmholtz e. 1. an e. expressing the relationship in a galvanic cell between the chemical energy transformed and the maximal electromotive force obtainable. 2. ΔG = ΔH = T[&pardef;ΔG/&pardef;T]_P, where ΔG is the change in Gibbs free energy, ΔH is the change in enthalpy, T is the absolute temperature, and P is the pressure.
Goldman e. an e. derived to predict membrane potentials in terms of the membrane's permeability to ions and their concentrations on either side. SYN: constant field e., Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz e., GHK e..
Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz e., GHK e. SYN: Goldman e..
Henderson-Hasselbalch e. a formula relating the pH value of a solution to the pK_a value of the acid in the solution and the ratio of the acid and the conjugate base concentrations: pH = pK_a + log([A⁻]/[HA]), where [A⁻] is the concentration of the conjugate base and [HA] is the concentration of the protonated acid. For the bicarbonate buffer system in blood, pH = pK′ + log([HCO₃⁻]/[CO₂]. The value of pK′ for blood plasma is 6.10 and includes the first dissociation constant of H₂CO₃, the relation between [H₂CO₃] and [CO₂] and other corrections. The partial pressure of CO₂ multiplied by its solubility in plasma at 38°C (0.0301 mM/mm Hg) is commonly substituted for [CO₂]; e.g., when the plasma bicarbonate concentration is 24 mEq/L and the P_CO₂ is 40 mm Hg, the pH value is 6.10 + log(24/0.0301 × 40) = 7.40.
Henri-Michaelis-Menten e. SYN: Michaelis-Menten e..
Hill e. the e. y(1 − y) = [S]ⁿ/K_d, where y is the fractional degree of saturation, [S] is the binding ligand concentration, n is the Hill coefficient, and K_d is the dissociation constant for the ligand. The Hill coefficient is a measure of the cooperativity of the protein; the larger the value, the higher the cooperativity. This coefficient cannot be higher than the number of binding sites. For the oxygen binding curve of hemoglobin, an association constant, K_a, is used and the e. becomes y/(1 − y) = K_a[S]ⁿ. For human hemoglobin, n = 2.5. Cf.:Hill plot.
Hüfner e. an e. expressing the relationship between myoglobin dissociation and oxygen partial pressure: ([MBO₂]/[Mb]) = (K × pO₂).
Lineweaver-Burk e. a rearrangement of the Michaelis-Menten e., 1/v = 1/V_max + (K_m/V_max)(1/[S]), where v is the velocity of the reaction, V_max is the maximum velocity, K_m is the Michaelis constant; and [S] is the substrate concentration. Cf.:double-reciprocal plot.
Michaelis-Menten e. an initial-rate e. for a single-substrate non-cooperative enzyme-catalyzed reaction relating the initial velocity to the initial substrate concentration; v = V_max [S]/(K_m + [S]), where v is the initial velocity of the reaction, V_max is the maximum velocity, [S] is the initial substrate concentration, and K_m is the Michaelis constant. Similar equations can be derived for conditions in which the product is present and for multisubstrate enzymes. SYN: Henri-Michaelis-Menten e..
Nernst e. the e. relating the equilibrium potential of electrodes to ion concentrations; the e. relating the electrical potential and concentration gradient of an ion across a permeable membrane at equilibrium: E = [RT / nF] [ln (C₁/C ₂)], where E = potential, R = absolute gas constant, T = absolute temperature, n = valence, F = the Faraday, ln = the natural logarithm, and C₁ and C₂ are the ion concentrations on the two sides; in nonideal solutions, concentration should be replaced by activity. SEE ALSO: activity (2) .
personal e. a slight error in judgment, perceptual response, or action peculiar to the individual and so constant that it is usually possible to allow for it in accepting the person's statements or conclusions, thus arriving at approximate exactness; observed in persons whose work involves readings of events in time, such as navigators and air traffic controllers.
rate e. a mathematical expression for a chemical, radiochemical, or enzyme-catalyzed reaction.
Rayleigh e. a ratio of red to green required by each observer to match spectral yellow. SYN: Rayleigh test.
Svedberg e. See sedimentation constant.
van't Hoff e. 1. e. for osmotic pressure of dilute solutions. See van't Hoff law. 2. for any reaction, d(ln K_eq/d(1/T) equals −ΔH/R where K_eq is the equilibrium constant, T the absolute temperature, R the universal gas constant, and ΔH the change in enthalpy; thus, plotting ln K_eq vs. 1/T allows the determination of ΔH.

equator
equator (e-kwa′ter) [TA]

A line encircling a globular body, equidistant at all points from the two poles; the periphery of a plane cutting a sphere at the midpoint of, and at right angles to, its axis. [Mediev. L. aequator, fr. L. aequo, to make equal]
e. bulbi oculi [TA] SYN: e. of eyeball.
e. of eyeball [TA] an imaginary line encircling the globe of the eye equidistant from the anterior and posterior poles. SYN: e. bulbi oculi [TA] .
e. of lens [TA] the periphery of the lens lying between the two layers of the ciliary zonule. SYN: e. lentis [TA] .
e. lentis [TA] SYN: e. of lens.

equatorial
equatorial (e-kwa-to′re-al)

Situated, like the earth's equator, equidistant from each end.

equiaxial
equiaxial (e′kwi-ak′se-al)

Having axes of equal length.

equicaloric
equicaloric (e′kwi-ka-lor′ik)

Equal in heat value. SEE ALSO: isodynamic. [L. aequus, equal, + calor, heat]

equilenin
equilenin (ek-wi-len′in)

A weakly estrogenic steroid isolated from urine of pregnant mares. [L. equa, mare]

equilibration
equilibration (e′kwi-li-bra′shun, e-kwil-i-)

1. The act of maintaining an equilibrium or balance. 2. The act of exposing a liquid, e.g., blood or plasma, to a gas at a certain partial pressure until the partial pressures of the gas within and without the liquid are equal. 3. In dentistry, modification of occlusal forms of the teeth by grinding, with the intent of equalizing occlusal stress, producing simultaneous occlusal contacts, or harmonizing cuspal relations. 4. In chromatography, the saturation of the stationary phase with the vapor of the elution solvent to be used.

equilibrium
equilibrium (e-kwi-lib′re-um)

1. The condition of being evenly balanced; a state of repose between two or more antagonistic forces that exactly counteract each other. 2. In chemistry, a state of apparent repose created by two reactions proceeding in opposite directions at equal speed; in chemical equations, sometimes indicated by two opposing arrows (⇆) instead of the equal sign. SYN: dynamic e.. SEE ALSO: e. constant. [L. aequilibrium, a horizontal position, fr. aequus, equal, + libra, a balance]
acid-base e. SYN: acid-base balance.
Donnan e. when a semipermeable membrane or its equivalent ( e.g., a solid ion fexchanger) separates a nondiffusible substance, such as protein, from diffusible substances, the diffusible anions and cations are distributed on the two sides of the membrane so that 1) the products of their concentrations are equal, and 2) the sum of the diffusible and nondiffusible anions on either side of the membrane is equal to the sum of the concentrations of diffusible and nondiffusible cations; the unequal distribution of diffusible ions thus produced creates a potential difference across the membrane (membrane potential). SYN: Gibbs-Donnan e..
dynamic e. SYN: e. (2) .
genetic e. the condition of a dynamic genetic system in which the several rates of change between all possible pairs of parts are such that the composition is invariant.
Gibbs-Donnan e. SYN: Donnan e..
Hardy-Weinberg e. that state in which the genetic structure of the population conforms to the prediction of the Hardy-Weinberg law; it is not a stable e., although for a large mating population it may be approximated. SYN: random mating e..
homeostatic e. homeostasis.
nitrogenous e. a condition in which the amount of nitrogen excreted from the body equals that taken in with the food; nutritive e. so far as protein is concerned.
nutritive e. condition in which there is a perfect balance between intake and excretion of nutritive material, so that there is no increase or loss in weight. SYN: physiologic e..
physiologic e. SYN: nutritive e..
radioactive e. a situation (not a true e.) in which a particular atom is being produced by the radioactive breakdown of a precursor while it is itself breaking down, the two breakdowns matching so that after a period of time the ratio of radioactivity of product and precursor is constant with time.
random mating e. SYN: Hardy-Weinberg e..
secular e. a type of radioactive e. in which the half-life of the precursor (parent) radioisotope is so much longer than that of the product (daughter) that the radioactivity of the daughter becomes equal to that of the parent with time.
stable e. e. in which, after every small perturbation, the original state will tend to be restored.
transient e. a type of radioactive e. in which the half-life of the parent radioisotope is longer than that of the daughter so that the ratio of activities of parent and daughter become constant as they decrease with time.
unstable e. e. in which the response to a small perturbation will tend to make the perturbation greater ( e.g., a logged feedback process of zero order).

equilin
equilin (ek′wi-lin)

An estrogenic steroid occurring in the urine of pregnant mares. [L. equa, mare]

equimolar
equimolar (e-kwi-mo′ler)

Containing an equal number of moles or having the same molarity, as in two or more substances.

equimolecular
equimolecular (e′kwi-mo-lek′u-ler)

Containing an equal number of molecules or molecular entities, as in two or more solutions.

equine
equine (e′kwin)

Relating to, derived from, or resembling the horse, mule, ass, or other members of the genus Equus. [L. equinus, fr. equus, horse]

equinovalgus
equinovalgus (e-kwi-no-val′gus, ek′wi-no-)

SYN: talipes e..

equinovarus
equinovarus (e-kwi-no-va′rus, ek′wi-no-)

SYN: talipes e..

equitoxic
equitoxic (e-kwi-tok′sik)

Of equivalent toxicity.

equivalence
equivalence, equivalency (e-kwiv′a-lens, -len-se)

1. The property of an element or radical of combining with or displacing, in definite and fixed proportion, another element or radical in a compound. 2. The point in a precipitin test at which antibody and antigen are present in optimal proportions. [L. aequus, equal, + valentia, strength (valence)]

equivalent
equivalent (Eq, eq) (e-kwiv′a-lent)

1. Equal in any respect. 2. That which is equal in size, weight, force, or any other quality to something else. 3. Having the capability to counterbalance or neutralize each other. 4. Having equal valencies. 5. SYN: gram e.. [see equivalence]
combustion e. the heat value of a gram of carbohydrate or fat oxidized outside the body.
gold e. a unit of power of the protective colloids; the number of milligrams of protective colloid just sufficient to prevent the precipitation of 10 ml of a 0.0053–0.0058% gold solution by the action of 1 ml of a 10% sodium chloride solution. SYN: gold number.
gram e. 1. the weight in grams of an element that combines with or replaces 1 g of hydrogen; 2. the atomic or molecular weight in grams of an atom or group of atoms involved in a chemical reaction divided by the number of electrons donated, taken up, or shared by the atom or group of atoms in the course of that reaction; 3. the weight of a substance contained in 1 L of 1 n solution; a variant of (1). SYN: combining weight, e. weight, e. (5) .
Joule e. (J) the dynamic e. of heat; the amount of work converted to heat that will raise the temperature of 1 pound of water 1°F is 778 foot-pounds; in metric units, 1 calorie, which raises 1 g of water 1°C, equals 4.184 × 10⁷ dyne-centimeters, or 4.184 J.
lethal e. 1. a combination of selective effects that on average have the same impact on the composition of the gene pool as one death; e.g., two carriers at 50% risk of dying would be the lethal e. of one carrier at 100% risk; 2. in the population genetics of recessive traits lethal e. is expressed as twice the sum of the expected number of deaths ascribable to the genetic load. 3. expression used of the genetic load of recessive genes in heterozygous state that if in homozygous state would cause death or carry a risk of death. The expected number of deaths from all such genes is expressed in lethal e..
metabolic e. (MET) the oxygen cost of energy expenditure measured at supine rest (1 MET = 3.5 ml O₂ per kg of body weight per minute); multiples of MET are used to estimate the oxygen cost of activity, e.g., 3–5 METs for light work; more than 9 METs for heavy work.
nitrogen e. the nitrogen content of protein; used in calculating the protein breakdown in the body from the nitrogen excreted in the urine, 1 g of nitrogen considered as having originated in 6.25 g of protein catabolized.
starch e. the amount of oxygen consumed in the combustion of a given weight of fat as compared with that consumed in the combustion of an equal weight of starch; the figure is about 2.38, that for starch being taken as 1.
toxic e. the amount of toxin or other poison per kilogram of body weight necessary to kill an animal.

ER
ER

Abbreviation for endoplasmic reticulum.

Er
Er

Symbol for erbium.

eradication
eradication

Referring to disease, the termination of all transmission of infection by extermination of the infectious agent through surveillance and containment; global e. has been achieved for smallpox, regional e. for malaria and perhaps in some places for measles.

Eranko
Eranko

Eino, Finnish anatomist, 1924–1984. See E. fluorescence stain.

Erb
Erb

Wilhelm H., German neurologist, 1840–1921. See E. disease, E. palsy, E. paralysis, E.-Charcot disease, Duchenne-E. paralysis.

ERBF
ERBF

Abbreviation for effective renal blood flow.

erbium
erbium (Er) (er′be-um)

A rare earth (lanthanide) element, atomic no. 68, atomic wt. 167.26. [from Ytterby, a village in Sweden]

ercalcidiol
ercalcidiol (er-kal-sid′e-ol)

SYN: 25-hydroxyergocalciferol.

ercalciol
ercalciol (er-kal′se-ol)

SYN: ergocalciferol.

ercalcitriol
ercalcitriol (er-kal-sit′re-ol)

SYN: 1,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol.

ERCP
ERCP

Abbreviation for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.

Erdheim
Erdheim

Jakob, Austrian physician, 1874–1937. See E. disease, E. tumor.

Erdmann
Erdmann

Hugo, German chemist, 1862–1910. See E. reagent.

erectile
erectile (e-rek′til)

Capable of erection.

erection
erection (e-rek′shun)

The condition of erectile tissue when filled with blood, which then becomes hard and unyielding; denoting especially this state of the penis. [L. erectio, fr. erigo, pp. erectus, to set up]

erector
erector (erek′tor, -tor)

1. One who or that which raises or makes erect. 2. Denoting specifically certain muscles having such action. SYN: arrector. [Mod. L.]

eremophobia
eremophobia (er′e-mo-fo′be-a)

Morbid fear of deserted places or of solitude. [G. eremia, solitude, + phobos, fear]

ereuthophobia
ereuthophobia (er′oo-tho-fo′be-a)

Morbid fear of blushing. [G. ereuthos, blushing, + phobos, fear]

ERG
ERG

Abbreviation for electroretinogram.

erg
erg

The unit of work in the CGS system; the amount of work done by 1 dyne acting through 1 cm, 1 g cm² s⁻²; in the SI system, 1 e. equals 10⁻⁷ J. [G. ergon, work]

ergasia
ergasia (er-ga′ze-a)

1. Any form of activity, especially mental. 2. The total of functions and reactions of an individual. [G. work]

ergasiophobia
ergasiophobia (er-gas′e-o-fo′be-a)

Aversion to work of any kind. [G. ergasia, work, + phobos, fear]

ergasthenia
ergasthenia (er-gas-the′ne-a)

Rarely used term for debility or any morbid symptoms due to overexertion. [G. ergasia, work, + astheneia, weakness, disease]

ergastoplasm
ergastoplasm (er-gas′to-plazm)

SYN: granular endoplasmic reticulum. [G. ergaster, a workman, + plasma, something formed]

ergine
ergine (erg′en)

SYN: lysergic acid amide.

ergo- ergo-

Work. [G. ergon]

ergobasine
ergobasine (er-go-ba′sen)

SYN: ergonovine.

ergocalciferol
ergocalciferol (er′go-kal-sif′er-ol)

Activated ergosterol, the vitamin D of plant origin; it arises from ultraviolet irradiation of ergosterol, which is cleaved at the 9,10 bond and develops a double bond between C-10 and C-19; used in prophylaxis and treatment of vitamin D deficiency. SYN: calciferol, ercalciol, viosterol, vitamin D₂.

ergocornine
ergocornine (er-go-kor′nen)

An alkaloid isolated from ergot.

ergocristine
ergocristine (er′go-kris′ten)

An alkaloid isolated from ergot.

ergocryptine
ergocryptine (er-go-krip′ten)

An alkaloid isolated from ergot.

ergodynamograph
ergodynamograph (er′go-di-nam′o-graf)

An instrument for recording both the degree of muscular force and the amount of the work accomplished by muscular contraction. [ergo- + G. dynamis, force, + grapho, to write]

ergoesthesiograph
ergoesthesiograph (er′go-es-the′ze-o-graf)

An apparatus for recording graphically muscular aptness as shown in the ability to counterbalance variable resistances. [ergo- + G. aisthesis, sensation, + grapho, to record]

ergogenic
ergogenic (er-go-jen′ik)

Tending to increase work.

ergograph
ergograph (er′go-graf)

An instrument for recording the amount of work done by muscular contractions, or the amplitude of contraction. [ergo- + G. grapho, to write]
Mosso e. an instrument consisting of pulleys, weights, and a recording lever, which is used to obtain a graphic record of flexion of a finger, hand, or arm.

ergographic
ergographic (er-go-graf′ik)

Relating to the ergograph and the record made by it.

ergolines
ergolines (er′go-linz)

A class of drugs with prominent agonistic or antagonistic actions on dopamine receptors. Agents belonging to this group include bromocriptine, pergolide, and lisuride.

ergometer
ergometer (er-gom′e-ter)

SYN: dynamometer. [ergo- + G. metron, measure]

ergometrine
ergometrine (er-go-met′ren)

SYN: ergonovine.
e. maleate SYN: ergonovine maleate.

ergonomics
ergonomics (er-go-nom′iks)

A branch of ecology concerned with human factors in the design and operation of machines and the physical environment. [ergo- + G. nomos, law]

ergonovine
ergonovine (er-go-no′ven, -vin)

An alkaloid from ergot; on hydrolysis it yields d-lysergic acid and l-2-aminopropanol; stimulates uterine contractions. SYN: ergobasine, ergometrine, ergostetrine.
e. maleate a powerful oxytocic agent; this action is more prominent, and other actions of ergot (vasoconstriction, central nervous system stimulation, adrenergic blockade, etc.) are less prominent than for other ergot alkaloids; effective orally and parenterally. SYN: ergometrine maleate.

ergosine
ergosine (er′go-sen, -sin)

An alkaloid from ergot with actions similar to those of ergotamine.

ergosterin
ergosterin (er-gos′ter-in)

SYN: ergosterol.

ergosterol
ergosterol (er-gos′ter-ol)

The most important of the provitamins D₂; ultraviolet irradiation converts e. to lumisterol, tachysterol, and ergocalciferol; main sterol in yeast, ergot, and molds. SYN: ergosterin.

ergostetrine
ergostetrine (er-go-stet′ren, -rin)

SYN: ergonovine.

ergot
ergot (er′got)

The resistant, overwintering stage of the parasitic ascomycetous fungus Claviceps purpurea, a pathogen of rye grass that transforms the seed of rye into a compact spurlike mass of fungal pseudotissue (the sclerotium) containing five or more optically isomeric pairs of alkaloids. The levorotary isomers induce uterine contractions, control bleeding, and alleviate certain localized vascular disorders (migraine headaches). SEE ALSO: ergotism. SYN: rye smut. [O. Fr. argot, cock's spur]
corn e. SYN: Ustilago maydis.

ergotamine
ergotamine (er-got′a-men)

C₃₃H₃₅N₅O₅;an alkaloid from ergot, used for the relief of migraine; it is a potent stimulant of smooth muscle, particularly of the blood vessels and the uterus, and produces adrenergic blockade (chiefly of the alpha receptors); hydrogenated e., dihydroergotamine, is less toxic and has fewer side effects. Also available as e. tartrate.

ergotaminine
ergotaminine (er-got-am′i-nen)

An isomer of ergotamine but practically inert.

ergothioneine
ergothioneine (er′go-thi-o-ne′in)

The betaine of a sulfur-containing derivative of histidine, present in blood and other mammalian tissue and in ergot. SYN: thiolhistidylbetaine, thioneine.

ergotism
ergotism (er′got-izm)

Poisoning by a toxic substance contained in the sclerotia of the fungus, Claviceps purpura, growing on rye grass; characterized by necrosis of the extremities (gangrene) due to contraction of the peripheral vascular bed. SEE ALSO: ergot poisoning. SYN: Saint Anthony fire (1) .

ergotoxine
ergotoxine (er′go-tok′sen, -sin)

A mixture of alkaloids obtained from ergot, consisting of 1:1:1 ergocristine, ergocornine and ergocryptine, more toxic than other natural and semisynthetic ergot alkaloids; a potent stimulant of smooth muscle, particularly of the blood vessels and uterus, and produces adrenergic blockade (chiefly of the alpha receptors). SYN: ecboline.

ergotropic
ergotropic (er′go-trop′ik)

The term introduced by W.R. Hess to denote those mechanisms and the functional status of the nervous system that favor the organism's capacity to expend energy, as distinguished from the trophotropic mechanisms promoting rest and reconstitution of energy stores. In general, the balance between e. and trophotropic nervous mechanisms corresponds in large part to that between the sympathetic and parasympathetic subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system. [ergo- + G. tropos, a turning]

eriodictyon
eriodictyon (ar′e-o-dik′te-on)

The dried leaves of E. californicum (family Hydrophyllaceae); the fluidextract and the syrup have been used as an expectorant and flavoring agent to mask the taste of bitter substances. SYN: mountain balm, yerba santa.

erisophake
erisophake (e-ris′o-fak)

A surgical instrument designed to hold the lens by suction in cataract extraction; now seldom used. [G. erysis, a drawing, + phakos, lentil]

Erlenmeyer
Erlenmeyer

Emil, German chemist, 1825–1909. See E. flask, E. flask deformity.

erode
erode (e-rod′)

1. To cause, or to be affected by, erosion. 2. To remove by ulceration. [L. erodo, to gnaw away]

erogenous
erogenous (e-roj′e-nus)

Capable of producing sexual excitement when stimulated. [G. eros, love, + genos, birth]

eros
eros (e′ros, ar′os)

In psychoanalysis, the life principle representing all instinctual tendencies toward procreation and life.instinct. Cf.:thanatos. [G. love]

erose
erose (e-ros′)

Denoting an edge or margin which is irregularly notched or indented, as if gnawed away; used especially in reference to bacterial colonies. [L. erodo, pp. erosus, to gnaw away]

erosion
erosion (e-ro′zhun)

1. A wearing away or a state of being worn away, as by friction or pressure. Cf.:corrosion. 2. A shallow ulcer; in the stomach and intestine, an ulcer limited to the mucosa, with no penetration of the muscularis mucosa. 3. The wearing away of a tooth by chemical action or abrasive; when the cause is unknown, it is referred to as idiopathic e.. SYN: odontolysis. [L. erosio, fr. erodo, to gnaw away]
Dieulafoy e. acute ulcerative gastroenteritis complicating pneumonia, possibly caused by overproduction of adrenal steroid hormones.
recurrent corneal e. repeated vesiculation followed by exfoliation of the corneal epithelium.

erosive
erosive (e-ro′siv)

1. Having the property of eroding or wearing away. 2. An eroding agent.

erotic
erotic (e-rot′ik)

Lustful; relating to sexual passion; able to produce sexual arousal. [G. erotikos, relating to love, fr. eros, love]

erotism
erotism, eroticism (er′o-tizm, e-rot′i-sizm)

A condition of sexual excitement.
anal e. pleasurable experience centered around defecation and related activities associated with the anal zone, especially during the anal phase in 1- to 3-year-old children.

erotization
erotization (er′o-ti-za′shun)

A process in which an object or action is rendered sexually exciting. SYN: libidinization.

erotogenesis
erotogenesis (er′o-to-jen′e-sis)

The origin or genesis of sexual impulses. [G. eros, love, + genesis, origin]

erotogenic
erotogenic (er′o-to-jen′ik)

Capable of causing sexual excitement or arousal. [G. eros, love, + -gen, production]

erotomania
erotomania (er′o-to-ma′ne-a)

1. Excessive or morbid inclination to erotic thoughts and behavior. 2. The delusional belief that one is involved in a relationship with another, generally of unattainable status. [G. eros, love, + mania, frenzy]

erotopathic
erotopathic (er′o-to-path′ik)

Relating to erotopathy.

erotopathy
erotopathy (er-o-top′a-the)

Any abnormality of the sexual impulse. [G. eros, love, + pathos, suffering]

erotophobia
erotophobia (er′o-to-fo′be-a)

Morbid aversion to the thought of sexual love and to its physical expression. [G. eros, love, + phobos, fear]

ERP
ERP

Abbreviation for early receptor potential.

ERPF
ERPF

Abbreviation for effective renal plasma flow.

erratic
erratic (e-rat′ik)

1. SYN: eccentric (1) . 2. Denoting symptoms that vary in intensity, frequency, or location. [L. erro, pp. erratus, to wander]

error
error (er′or)

1. A defect in structure or function. 2. In biostatistics: 1) a mistaken decision, as in hypothesis testing or classification by a discriminant function; 2) the difference between the true value and the observed value of a variate, ascribed to randomness or misreading by an observer. 3. False positive and false negative results in a dichotomous trial. 4. A false or mistaken belief; in biomedical and other sciences, there are many varieties of e., for example due to bias, inaccurate measurements, or faulty instruments.
alpha e. SYN: e. of the first kind.
beta e. SYN: e. of the second kind.
experimental e. the total e. of measurement ascribed to the conduct of an empirical observation. It is commonly expressed as the standard deviation of replicated experiments. There may be many components, including those in the sampling procedure, the measurements, injudicious choice of a model, observer bias, etc.
e. of the first kind in a Neyman-Pearson test of a statistical hypothesis the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true. SYN: alpha e., type I e..
inborn errors of metabolism a group of disorders, each of which involves a disorder of a single unique enzyme, genetic in origin and operating from birth; effects are ascribable to accumulation of the substrate on which the enzyme normally acts ( e.g., phenylketonuria), to deficiency of the product of the enzyme ( e.g., albinism), or to forcing metabolism through an auxiliary pathway ( e.g., oxaluria).
interobserver e. the differences between interpretations of two or more individuals making observations of the same phenomenon.
intraobserver e. the differences between interpretations of an individual making observations of the same phenomenon at different times.
residual e. the estimated discrepancy between the actual measured datum and the value for that value computed after a model has been fitted to the set of the data by an estimator.
e. of the second kind in a Neyman-Pearson test of a statistical hypothesis, the probability of accepting the null hypothesis when it is false; the complement of the power of the test. SYN: beta e., type II e..
technical e. that component of experimental e. that is due to the conduct of the experiment and in principle estimated by replicate determinations on aliquots from the same specimen.
type I e. SYN: e. of the first kind.
type II e. SYN: e. of the second kind.

ertacalciol
ertacalciol (er-ta-kal′se-ol)

See tachysterol.

erubescence
erubescence (er-oo-bes′ens)

A reddening of the skin. [L. erubescere, to redden]

erucic acid
erucic acid (e-roo′sik)

A 22-carbon unsaturated fatty acid present in the seeds of nasturtium (Indian cress) and of several Cruciferae species (rape, mustard, and wallflower); thought to be toxic to cardiac muscle.

eructation
eructation (e-ruk-ta′shun)

The voiding of gas or of a small quantity of acid fluid from the stomach through the mouth. SYN: belching, ructus. [L. eructo, pp. -atus, to belch]

eruption
eruption (e-rup′shun)

1. A breaking out, especially the appearance of lesions on the skin. 2. A rapidly developing dermatosis of the skin or mucous membranes, especially when appearing as a local manifestation of one of the exanthemata; an e. is characterized, according to the nature of the lesion, as macular, papular, vesicular, pustular, bullous, nodular, erythematous, etc. 3. The passage of a tooth through the alveolar process and perforation of the gums. [L. e-rumpo, pp. -ruptus, to break out]
accelerated e. a dental e. pattern which is chronologically advanced in comparison with the average pattern of dental e.; e. of the first tooth occurs at an earlier age than the average, and the intervals of time between subsequent dental eruptions are shorter than the average.
butterfly e. SYN: butterfly (2) .
clinical e. development of the crown of a tooth that can be observed clinically.
continuous e. the e. of a tooth into the mouth and its continuous movement in a vertical direction.
creeping e. SYN: cutaneous larva migrans.
delayed e. a dental e. pattern which is chronologically late in comparison with the average pattern of dental e.; e. of the first tooth occurs at a later age than the average, and the intervals of time between subsequent dental eruptions are longer than the average.
drug e. any e. caused by the ingestion, injection, or inhalation of a drug, most often the result of allergic sensitization; reactions to drugs applied to the cutaneous surface are not generally designated as drug e., but as contact-type dermatitis. SYN: dermatitis medicamentosa, dermatosis medicamentosa, medicinal e..
feigned e. SYN: dermatitis artefacta.
fixed drug e. a type of drug e. that recurs at the same site (or sites) following the administration of a particular drug; the lesions usually consist of intensely erythematous and purplish, sharply demarcated macules, and occasionally of herpetic vesicles; the affected areas undergo gradual involution, but flare and enlarge on readministration of the offending drug and may become hyperpigmented.
iodine e. an acneform or follicular e. or granulomatous lesion caused by a reaction to systemic iodine or iodide administration.
Kaposi varicelliform e. a now rare complication of either herpes simplex or vaccinia superimposed on atopic dermatitis, with generalized vesicles and vesicopapules and high fever.
medicinal e. SYN: drug e..
passive e. the apparent continued e. of the teeth, actually the result of regression of the gingivae and crestal bone.
polymorphous light e. a common pruritic papular e. appearing in a few hours and lasting up to several days on skin exposed to shortwave ultraviolet light (UVB); subepidermal edema and deep perivascular lymphocytic infiltration is seen microscopically.
seabather's e. pruritic rash believed to result from hypersensitivity to the venom of the larval thimble jellyfish (Linuche unguiculata).
e. sequestrum (se′kwes-trum) spicule of bone overlying the central occlusal fossa of an erupting permanent molar.
serum e. urticaria seen in serum sickness.
surgical e. the uncovering of an unerupted tooth to permit its further e. into the oral cavity by surgically removing overlying soft tissue, bone, and sometimes teeth.

eruptive
eruptive (e-rup′tiv)

Characterized by eruption.

ERV
ERV

Abbreviation for expiratory reserve volume.

erysipelas
erysipelas (er-i-sip′e-las)

A specific, acute, superficial cutaneous cellulitis caused by β-hemolytic streptococci and characterized by hot, red, edematous, brawny, and sharply defined eruptions; usually accompanied by severe constitutional symptoms. [G., fr. erythros, red + pella, skin]
ambulant e. SYN: e. migrans.
e. internum an erysipelatous eruption in the vagina, uterus, and peritoneum, occurring in the puerperium.
e. migrans a widely spreading form involving the entire face or body surface. SYN: ambulant e., wandering e..
e. perstans faciei chronic, dusky red eruption of e. on the face.
phlegmonous e. a form marked by invasion of the subcutaneous tissues, with the formation of deep-seated abscesses.
e. pustulosum development of pustules over the area of e..
surgical e. e. caused by infection of the wound following a surgical procedure.
swine e. a destructive disease of swine, occurring in both acute and chronic forms, caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae.
wandering e. SYN: e. migrans.

erysipeloid
erysipeloid (er-i-sip′e-loyd)

A specific, usually self-limiting, cellulitis of the hand caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae; appears as a dusky erythema with diamondlike configuration of the skin at the site of a wound sustained in handling fish or meat and may become generalized, with plaques of erythema and bullae, and occasionally, severe toxemia. SYN: blubber finger, crab hand, pseudoerysipelas, seal fingers, whale fingers. [G. erysipelas + eidos, resemblance]

Erysipelothrix
Erysipelothrix (ar-i-sip′e-lo-thriks, -si-pel′o-thriks)

A genus of bacteria (family Corynebacteriaceae) containing nonmotile, Gram-positive, rod-shaped organisms that have a tendency to form long filaments; older cells tend to become Gram-negative. They produce acid but no gas from glucose. They are facultatively anaerobic and catalase-negative. Members of this genus infect mammals, birds, and fish. The type species is E. rhusiopathiae. [erysipelas + G. thrix, hair]
E. insidiosa SYN: E. rhusiopathiae.
E. rhusiopathiae a species that causes swine erysipelas, human erysipeloid, nonsuppurative polyarthritis in lambs, and septicemia in mice, and commonly infects fish handlers; it is the type species of the genus E.. SYN: E. insidiosa.

erysipelotoxin
erysipelotoxin (ar-i-sip′e-lo-tok′sin)

A toxin produced by types of Streptococcus pyogenes (group A hemolytic streptococci), the bacterial cause of erysipelas.

erythema
erythema (er-i-the′ma)

Redness due to capillary dilation. [G. e., flush]
e. ab igne a reticulated, pigmented, macular eruption that occurs, often on the shins, in bakers, stokers, and others exposed to radiant heat. SYN: dermatitis calorica, e. caloricum, toasted shins.
acrodynic e. SYN: acrodynia (2) .
e. annulare rounded or ringed lesions.
e. annulare centrifugum a chronic, expanding, recurring erythematous eruption consisting of small and large annular lesions, with a scant marginal scale and central clearing, usually of unknown cause. SYN: e. figuratum perstans.
e. annulare rheumaticum a variant of e. multiforme associated with rheumatic fever.
e. arthriticum epidemicum SYN: Haverhill fever.
e. caloricum SYN: e. ab igne.
e. chronicum migrans a raised erythematous ring with advancing indurated borders and central clearing, radiating from the site of a tick bite and persisting for 2–16 weeks; the characteristic skin lesion of Lyme disease, due to the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, which may be identified by PCR in biopsies.
e. circinatum e. multiforme in which the lesions are grouped in more or less circular fashion.
cold e. rash characterized by redness and itching, brought on by exposure to cold.
e. dyschromicum perstans variously sized gray or red, slightly elevated macular lesions that tend to coalesce on the trunk and proximal extremities, commonly in dark-skinned Latin Americans; of unknown cause. SYN: ashy dermatosis.
e. elevatum diutinum a rare chronic symmetrical eruption of flattened nodules of a pinkish or purplish color, occurring in plaques on the buttocks; Achilles tendons; and extensors of wrists, elbows, and knees, becoming fibrotic and finally scarring. Early lesions show necrotizing vasculitis with fibrinoid or lipid deposits in vessel walls.
e. exfoliativa SYN: keratolysis exfoliativa.
e. figuratum perstans SYN: e. annulare centrifugum.
e. gyratum e. circinatum in which the various ringed lesions overlap each other.
e. induratum recurrent hard subcutaneous nodules that frequently break down and form necrotic ulcers, usually on the calves and less frequently on the thighs or arms of middle-aged women; they are associated with erythrocyanotic changes in cold weather; although microscopically granulomatous and necrotizing, the lesions are sterile; but tuberculin skin tests are usually positive and polymerase chain reaction amplification is frequently positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNA. SYN: Bazin disease, nodular tuberculid.
e. infectiosum a mild infectious exanthema of childhood characterized by an erythematous maculopapular eruption, resulting in a lacelike facial rash or “slapped cheek” appearance. Fever and arthritis may also accompany infection; caused by Parvovirus B 19. SYN: fifth disease.
e. intertrigo intertrigo.
e. keratodes keratodermia with an erythematous border.
macular e. SYN: roseola.
e. marginatum a variant of e. multiforme seen in rheumatic fever; occasionally has a configuration to suggest the designation e. migrans (geographic tongue).
e. multiforme an acute eruption of macules, papules, or subepidermal vesicles presenting a multiform appearance, the characteristic lesion being the target or iris lesion over the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms; its origin may be allergic, including drug sensitivity, or it may be caused by herpes simplex infection; the eruption, although usually self-limited ( e.g., multiforme minor), may be recurrent or may run a severe course, sometimes with fatal termination ( e.g., multiforme major or Stevens-Johnson syndrome).
e. multiforme bullosum SYN: Stevens-Johnson syndrome.
e. multiforme exudativum SYN: Stevens-Johnson syndrome.
e. multiforme major SYN: Stevens-Johnson syndrome.
necrolytic migratory e. an erythematous, scaling, and sometimes bullous and erosive dermatitis occurring irregularly in plaques chiefly on the lower trunk, buttocks, perineum, and thighs; associated with weight loss, anemia, stomatitis, and elevation of plasma glucagon in islet cell tumor (glucagonoma) of the pancreas. SEE ALSO: glucagonoma syndrome.
e. neonatorum SYN: e. toxicum neonatorum.
e. nodosum a panniculitis marked by the sudden formation of painful nodes on the extensor surfaces of the lower extremities, with lesions that are self-limiting but tend to recur; associated with arthralgia and fever; may be the result of drug sensitivity or associated with sarcoidosis and various infections. Deep biopsies show a septal panniculitis with infiltration by lymphocytes and scattered multinucleated giant cells. SYN: nodal fever.
e. nodosum leprosum an acute type of lepromatous reaction with generalized systemic involvement and tender deep cutaneous and subcutaneous nodules of the face, thighs, and arms; usually seen in undiagnosed, untreated, or neglected cases of leprosy. Immune complexes and scanty, fragmented lepra bacilli may be seen in the lesions.
e. nodosum migrans SYN: subacute migratory panniculitis.
e. nuchae SYN: Unna nevus.
e. palmare hereditarium [MIM*133000] a hereditary condition, which may be precipitated by pregnancy, characterized by asymptomatic symmetrical redness of the palms; autosomal dominant inheritance. SYN: Lane disease.
e. papulatum the papular form of e. multiforme.
e. paratrimma e. due to stasis over pressure points.
e. pernio SYN: chilblain.
e. perstans probably a chronic form of e. multiforme in which the relapses recur so persistently that the eruption is almost permanent.
scarlatiniform e., e. scarlatinoides an erythematous macular eruption accompanied by slight constitutional symptoms and followed by desquamation.
e. simplex blushing or redness of the skin caused by a toxic reaction or a neurovascular phenomenon.
e. solare SYN: sunburn.
symptomatic e. a general term applied to various erythemas associated with systemic disease, fevers, allergic states, etc.
e. toxicum an innocuous, self-limited rash of unknown cause that occurs in newborn infants.
e. toxicum neonatorum a common transient idiopathic eruption of e., small papules, and occasionally pustules filled with eosinophilic leukocytes overlying hair follicles of the newborn. SYN: e. neonatorum.
e. tuberculatum e. multiforme in which the papules are of large size.

erythematous
erythematous (er-i-them′a-tus, -the′ma-tus)

Relating to or marked by erythema.

erythermalgia
erythermalgia (er′i-ther-mal′je-a)

SYN: erythromelalgia.

erythr- erythr-

See erythro-.

erythralgia
erythralgia (ar-i-thral′je-a)

Painful redness of the skin. SEE ALSO: erythromelalgia. [erythro- + G. algos, pain]

erythrasma
erythrasma (er-i-thraz′ma)

An eruption of well-circumscribed reddish brown patches, in the axillae and groins especially, due to the presence of Corynebacterium minutissimum in the stratum corneum. [G. erythraino, to redden]

erythredema
erythredema (e-rith-re-de′ma)

SYN: acrodynia (2) . [erythro- + G. oidema, swelling]

erythremia
erythremia (er-i-thre′me-a)

SYN: polycythemia vera. [erythro- + G. haima, blood]
altitude e. SYN: chronic mountain sickness.

erythristic
erythristic (er-i-thris′tik)

SYN: rufous.

erythrite
erythrite (e-rith′rit)

SYN: erythritol.

erythritol
erythritol (e-rith′ri-tol)

The 4-carbon sugar alcohol obtained by the reduction of erythrose, notable for its sweetness (twice that of sucrose); found in lichens, algae, and fungi. SYN: erythrite, erythrol.

erythrityl tetranitrate
erythrityl tetranitrate (e-rith′ri-til tet-ra-ni′trat)

A vasodilator used in angina pectoris and hypertension. SYN: erythrol tetranitrate, tetranitrol.

erythro- erythro-, erythr-

1. Combining form denoting red or red blood cell; corresponds to L. rub-. 2. Indicates the structure of erythrose in a larger sugar; used as such, it is italicized ( e.g., 2-deoxy-d-e.pentose). [G. erythros, red]

erythroblast
erythroblast (e-rith′ro-blast)

Originally, a term denoting all forms of human red blood cells containing a nucleus, both pathologic ( i.e., megaloblastic) and normal ( e.g., normoblastic). The pathologic or megaloblastic series is observed in pernicious anemia in relapse. The term megaloblast is also used to indicate the first generation of cells in the red blood cell series that can be distinguished from precursor endothelial cells; hence with this usage, megaloblast denotes both a normal and an abnormal cell. In the erythrobastic series of maturation four stages of development can be recognized: 1) proerythroblast, 2) basophilic e., 3) polychromatic e., and 4) orthochromatic e.. In the megaloblastic series of maturation, stages similar to those found in the normoblastic series are seen: 1) promegaloblast, 2) basophilic megaloblast, 3) polychromatic megaloblast, and 4) orthochromatic megaloblast. In the normal series of maturation, after loss of the nucleus, young erythrocytes are called reticulocytes; these cells may be recognized with supravital stains such as brilliant cresyl blue; ultimately the reticulocytes become erythrocytes, or mature red blood cells. SYN: erythrocytoblast. [erythro- + G. blastos, germ]

erythroblastemia
erythroblastemia (e-rith′ro-blas-te′me-a)

The presence of nucleated red cells in the peripheral blood. [erythroblast + G. haima, blood]

erythroblastopenia
erythroblastopenia (e-rith′ro-blas-to-pe′ne-a)

A primary deficiency of erythroblasts in bone marrow, seen in aplastic anemia. [erythroblast + G. penia, poverty]
transient e. of childhood a disorder of unknown cause with severe but transient normocytic, normochromic anemia that typically occurs between 6 months and 3 years of age; often follows a viral illness and usually resolves in 1–2 months.

erythroblastosis
erythroblastosis (e-rith′ro-blas-to′sis)

The presence of erythroblasts in considerable number in the blood. [erythroblast + -osis, condition]
fetal e. SYN: e. fetalis.
e. fetalis a grave hemolytic anemia that, in most instances, results from development in an Rh-negative mother of anti-Rh antibody in response to the Rh factor in the (Rh-positive) fetal blood; it is characterized by many erythroblasts in the circulation, and often generalized edema (hydrops fetalis) and enlargement of the liver and spleen; the disease is sometimes caused by antibodies for antigens other than Rh. SYN: anemia neonatorum, congenital anemia, fetal e., hemolytic anemia of newborn, hemolytic disease of newborn, neonatal anemia, Rh antigen incompatibility.

erythroblastotic
erythroblastotic (e-rith′ro-blas-tot′ik)

Pertaining to erythroblastosis, especially erythroblastosis fetalis.

erythrocatalysis
erythrocatalysis (e-rith′ro-ka-tal′i-sis)

Phagocytosis of the red blood cells. [erythro- + G. katalysis, dissolution]

erythrochromia
erythrochromia (e-rith′ro-kro′me-a)

A red coloration or staining. [erythro- + G. chroma, color]

erythroclasis
erythroclasis (er-i-throk′la-sis)

Fragmentation of the red blood cells. [erythro- + G. klasis, a breaking]

erythroclastic
erythroclastic (e-rith′ro-klas′tik)

Pertaining to erythroclasis; destructive to red blood cells.

erythrocuprein
erythrocuprein (e-rith′ro-koo′pre-in)

SYN: cytocuprein.

erythrocyanosis
erythrocyanosis (e-rith′ro-si-a-no′sis)

A condition seen in girls and young women in which exposure of the limbs to cold causes them to become swollen and dusky red; it results from direct exposure to cold, but not freezing, temperatures. [erythro- + G. kyanos, blue, + -osis, condition]

erythrocyte
erythrocyte (e-rith′ro-sit)

A mature red blood cell. SYN: red blood cell, red corpuscle. [erythro- + G. kytos, cell]

erythrocythemia
erythrocythemia (e-rith′ro-si-the′me-a)

SYN: polycythemia. [erythro- + G. kytos, cell, + haima, blood]

erythrocytic
erythrocytic (e-rith-ro-sit′ik)

Pertaining to an erythrocyte.

erythrocytoblast
erythrocytoblast (e-rith-ro-si′to-blast)

SYN: erythroblast. [erythro- + G. kytos, cell, + blastos, germ]

erythrocytolysin
erythrocytolysin (e-rith′ro-si-tol′i-sin)

SYN: hemolysin (1) .

erythrocytolysis
erythrocytolysis (e-rith′ro-si-tol′i-sis)

SYN: hemolysis. [erythrocyte + G. lysis, loosening]

erythrocytometer
erythrocytometer (e-rith′ro-si-tom′e-ter)

An instrument for counting the red blood cells; Hayden used this term to denote an instrument to measure the diameter of red blood cells. [erythrocyte + G. metron, measure]

erythrocytopenia
erythrocytopenia (e-rith′ro-si-to-pe′ne-a)

SYN: erythropenia.

erythrocytopoiesis
erythrocytopoiesis (e-rith′ro-si′to-poy-e′sis)

SYN: erythropoiesis.

erythrocytorrhexis
erythrocytorrhexis (e-rith′ro-si-to-rek′sis)

A partial erythrocytolysis in which particles of protoplasm escape from the red blood cells, which then become crenated and deformed. SYN: erythrorrhexis. [erythrocyte + G. rhexis, rupture]

erythrocytoschisis
erythrocytoschisis (e-rith′ro-si-tos′ki-sis)

A breaking up of the red blood cells into small particles that morphologically resemble platelets. [erythrocyte + G. schisis, a splitting]

erythrocytosis
erythrocytosis (e-rith′ro-si-to′sis)

Polycythemia, especially that which occurs in response to some known stimulus.

erythrocyturia
erythrocyturia (e-rith′ro-si-too′re-a)

Red blood cells in urine.

erythrodegenerative
erythrodegenerative (e-rith′ro-de-jen′er-a-tiv)

Pertaining to or characterized by degeneration of the red blood cells.

erythroderma
erythroderma (e-rith-ro-der′ma)

A nonspecific designation for intense and usually widespread reddening of the skin from dilation of blood vessels, often preceding, or associated with exfoliation. SYN: erythrodermatitis. [erythro- + G. derma, skin]
bullous congenital ichthyosiform e. (ik-the-os′e-form) diffusely red, eroded skin at birth, with subsequent scaling, tending to improve in later life, characterized by generalized epidermolytic hyperkeratosis and autosomal dominant inheritance. SEE ALSO: epidermolytic hyperkeratosis. SYN: generalized epidermolytic hyperkeratosis, ichthyismus hystrix, ichthyosis hystrix.
congenital ichthyosiform e. a genodermatosis characterized by diffuse chronic erythema and scale formation which may be separated into bullous and nonbullous forms.
e. desquamativum severe, extensive seborrheic dermatitis with exfoliative dermatitis, generalized lymphadenopathy, and diarrhea in the newborn; frequently occurs in undernourished, cachectic children. SYN: Leiner disease.
nonbullous congenital ichthyosiform e. e. or a collodion membrane at birth, usually without improvement during childhood, characterized by proliferation of epidermal keratinocytes with lipid accumulation; autosomal recessive inheritance.
e. psoriaticum extensive exfoliative dermatitis simulating psoriasis.
Sézary e. SYN: Sézary syndrome.

erythrodermatitis
erythrodermatitis (e-rith′ro-der-ma-ti′tis)

SYN: erythroderma.

erythrodextrin
erythrodextrin (e-rith′ro-deks′trin)

A partially digested form of dextrin identified by its color reaction with iodine ( I.E., turning red).

erythrodontia
erythrodontia (e-rith-ro-don′she-a)

Reddish discoloration of the teeth, as may occur in porphyria. [erythro- + G. odous, tooth]

erythrogenesis imperfecta
erythrogenesis imperfecta (e-rith-ro-jen′e-sis im-per-fek′ta)

SYN: congenital hypoplastic anemia.

erythrogenic
erythrogenic (e-rith-ro-jen′ik)

1. Producing red, as causing an eruption or a red color sensation. 2. Pertaining to the formation of red blood cells. [erythro- + -gen, producing]

erythrogonium
erythrogonium, pl .erythrogonia (e-rith-ro-go′ne-um, -ne-a)

The precursor of an erythrocyte; occasionally refers to the erythropoietic tissue as a whole. [erythro- + G. gone, generation]

erythroid
erythroid (er′i-throyd, e-rith′royd)

Reddish in color.

erythroidin
erythroidin (er′i-throy′din)

A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist which unlike most members of this group of agents, is a tertiary amine and hence enters the central nervous system.

erythrokeratodermia
erythrokeratodermia (e-rith′ro-kar-a-to-der′me-a) [MIM*133190]

A neurocutaneous syndrome characterized by papulosquamous erythematous plaques with onset shortly after birth; ataxia, nystagmus, dysarthria, and decreased tendon reflexes appear later in life; symmetrical progressive e. is inherited as an autosomal dominant disorder and does not involve the palms and soles. [erythro- + G. keras, horn, + derma, skin, + -ia, condition]
e. variabilis [MIM*133200] a dermatosis characterized by hyperkeratotic plaques of bizarre, geographic configuration, associated with erythrodermic areas that may vary remarkably in size, shape, and position from day to day; hair, nares, and teeth are not affected; onset is usually in the first year of life; autosomal dominant or recessive inheritance, caused by mutationin the connexin gene encoding gap junction protein beta-3 (GJB3) on 1p.

erythrokinetics
erythrokinetics (e-rith′ro-ki-net′iks)

A consideration of the kinetics of erythrocytes from their generation to destruction; erythrokinetic studies are sometimes made in cases of anemia to evaluate the balance between erythrocyte production and destruction. [erythro- + G. kinesis, movement]

erythrol
erythrol (er′i-throl)

SYN: erythritol.
e. tetranitrate SYN: erythrityl tetranitrate.

erythroleukemia
erythroleukemia (e-rith′ro-loo-ke′me-a)

Simultaneous neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and leukoblastic tissues.

erythroleukosis
erythroleukosis (e-rith′ro-loo-ko′sis)

A condition resembling leukemia in which the erythropoietic tissue is affected in addition to the leukopoietic tissue.

erythrolysin
erythrolysin (er-i-throl′i-sin)

SYN: hemolysin (1) .

erythrolysis
erythrolysis (er-i-throl′i-sis)

SYN: hemolysis.

erythromelalgia
erythromelalgia (e-rith′ro-mel-al′je-a)

1. A rare disorder most common in middle age, characterized by paroxysmal attacks of severe burning pain, reddening, hyperalgesia, and sweating, involving one or more extremities, usually both feet; the attacks can be triggered by warmth, and are usually relieved by cold and limb elevation. 2. Paroxysmal throbbing and burning pain in the skin often precipitated by exertion or heat, affecting the hands and feet, accompanied by a dusky mottled redness of the parts with increased skin temperature; associated with and often preceding myeloproliferative and other disorders. SYN: erythermalgia, Gerhardt-Mitchell disease. [erythro- + G. melos, limb, + algos, pain]

erythromelia
erythromelia (e-rith-ro-me′le-a)

Diffuse idiopathic erythema and atrophy of the skin of the lower limbs. [erythro- + G. melos, limb]

erythromycin
erythromycin (e-rith-ro-mi′sin)

A macrolide antibiotic agent obtained from cultures of a strain of Streptomyces erythraeus found in soil; it is active against Corynebacterium diphtheriae and several other species of Corynebacterium, Group A hemolytic streptococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Bordetella pertussis; Gram-positive bacteria are in general more susceptible to its action than are Gram-negative bacteria, although Neisseria and Brucella are susceptible to its action. Available as the estolate, ethylcarbonate, ethylsuccinate, gluceptate, lactobionate, stearate, and salts; active against Legionella and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Often used as a substitute antibiotic in penicillin-allergic patients.
e. estolate a salt of the macrolide antibiotic, e..
e. glucoheptonate a salt of the macrolide antibiotic, e..
e. propionate a salt of the macrolide antibiotic, e..
e. stearate a salt of the macrolide antibiotic, e..

erythron
erythron (er′i-thron)

The total mass of circulating red blood cells, and that part of the hematopoietic tissue from which they are derived.

erythroneocytosis
erythroneocytosis (e-rith′ro-ne-o-si-to′sis)

The presence in the peripheral circulation of regenerative forms of red blood cells. [erythrocyte + G. neos, new, + kytos, cell, + -osis, condition]

erythropenia
erythropenia (e-rith-ro-pe′ne-a)

Deficiency in the number of red blood cells. SYN: erythrocytopenia. [erythrocyte + G. penia, poverty]

erythrophagia
erythrophagia (e-rith-ro-fa′je-a)

Phagocytic destruction of red blood cells. [erythrocyte + G. phago, to eat, + -ia]

erythrophagocytosis
erythrophagocytosis (e-rith′ro-fag′o-si-to′sis)

Phagocytosis of erythrocytes.

erythrophil
erythrophil (e-rith′ro-fil)

1. Staining readily with red dyes. SYN: erythrophilic. 2. A cell or tissue element that stains red. [erythro- + G. philos, fond]

erythrophilic
erythrophilic (e-rith-ro-fil′ik)

SYN: erythrophil (1) .

erythrophore
erythrophore (e-rith′ro-for)

A chromatophore containing granules of a red or brown pigment. SYN: allophore. [erythro- + G. phoros, bearing]

erythroplakia
erythroplakia (e-rith-ro-pla′ke-a)

A red, velvety, plaquelike lesion of mucous membrane that often represents malignant change. [erythro- + G. plax, plate]

erythroplasia
erythroplasia (e-rith-ro-pla′ze-a)

Erythema and dysplasia of the epithelium. [erythro- + G. plasso, to form]
e. of Queyrat obsolete term for carcinoma in situ of the glans penis.

erythropoiesis
erythropoiesis (e-rith′ro-poy-e′sis)

The formation of red blood cells. SYN: erythrocytopoiesis. [erythrocyte + G. poiesis, a making]

erythropoietic
erythropoietic (e-rith′ro-poy-et′ik)

Pertaining to or characterized by erythropoiesis.

erythropoietin
erythropoietin (e-rith-ro-poy′e-tin)

A sialic acid-containing protein that enhances erythropoiesis by stimulating formation of proerythroblasts and release of reticulocytes from bone marrow; it is formed by the kidney and liver, and possibly by other tissues, and can be detected in human plasma and urine. SYN: erythropoietic hormone (2) , hematopoietin, hemopoietin.

erythroprosopalgia
erythroprosopalgia (e-rith′ro-pros-o-pal′je-a)

A disorder similar to erythromelalgia, but with the pain and redness occurring in the face. [erythro- + G. prosopon, face, + algos, pain]

erythropsia
erythropsia (e-rith-rop′se-a)

An abnormality of vision in which all objects appear to be tinged with red. SYN: red vision. [erythro- + G. ops, eye]

erythropyknosis
erythropyknosis (e-rith′ro-pik-no′sis)

Alteration of red blood cells to develop the so-called “brassy bodies,” under the influence of the malarial parasite. [erythro- + G. pyknos, dense]

erythrorrhexis
erythrorrhexis (er′i-thro-rek′sis, e-rith-ro-rek′sis)

SYN: erythrocytorrhexis. [erythrocyte + G. rhexis, rupture]

erythrose
erythrose (e-rith′ros)

An aldotetrose epimeric with threose. The d-isomer plays a role in intermediary metabolism.
e. 4-phosphate a phosphorylated derivative of e. that serves as an important intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway.

erythrosin B
erythrosin B (e-rith′ro-sin) [C.I. 45430]

Tetraiodofluorescein, a fluorescent red acid dye, used as a counterstain in histology and as a fluorescent indicator.

erythroxyline
erythroxyline (er-i-throk′si-len)

Name given to cocaine by its discoverer, Gaedeke, in 1855.

erythrulose
erythrulose (e-rith′roo-los)

The 2-keto analog of erythrose; the only ketotetrose.

erythruria
erythruria (er-i-throo′re-a)

The passage of red urine. [erythro- + G. ouron, urine]

Es
Es

Symbol for einsteinium.

Esbach
Esbach

Georges H., French physician, 1843–1890. See E. reagent.

escape
escape (es-kap′)

Term used to describe the situation when a pacemaker defaults or AV conduction fails and another, usually lower pacemaker, assumes the function of pacemaking for one or more beats.
junctional e. e. with the AV junction as pacemaker.
ventricular e. e. with an ectopic ventricular focus as pacemaker.

eschar
eschar (es′kar)

A thick, coagulated crust or slough which develops following a thermal burn or chemical or physical cauterization of the skin. [G. eschara, a fireplace, a scab caused by burning]

escharectomy
escharectomy (es′kar-rek-to-me)

Excision of all or part of an eschar, usually following a burn.

escharotic
escharotic (es-ka-rot′ik)

Caustic or corrosive. [G. escharotikos]

escharotomy
escharotomy (es-ka-rot′o-me)

Surgical incision in an eschar (necrotic dermis) to lessen constriction, especially after a circumferential third degree burn of an extremity or the thorax. [eschar + G. tome, incision]

Escherichia
Escherichia (esh-e-rik′e-a)

A genus of aerobic, facultatively anaerobic bacteria containing short, motile or nonmotile, Gram-negative rods. Motile cells are peritrichous. Glucose and lactose are fermented with the production of acid and gas. These organisms are found in feces; some are pathogenic to humans, causing enteritis, peritonitis, cystitis, etc. It is the type genus of the family Enterobacteriaceae. The type species is E. coli. [T. Escherich, German pediatrician and bacteriologist, 1857–1911]
E. coli a species that occurs normally in the intestines of humans and other vertebrates, is widely distributed in nature, and is a frequent cause of infections of the urogenital tract and of neonatal meningitis and diarrhea in infants; enteropathogenic strains (serovars) of E. coli cause diarrhea due to enterotoxin, the production of which seems to be associated with a transferable episome; the type species of the genus. SYN: colibacillus, colon bacillus.
enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) enterohemorrhagic strains of E. coli, commonly of the serotype 0157:H7; produces a toxin resembling that produced by Shigella; associated with damage to the epithelium, ischemia of the bowel, and necrosis of the colon. Apparently responsible for a hemorrhagic form of colitis without fever, which can be very severe; spread primarily by contaminated beef and poultry. May also cause microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, renal failure, and the hemolytic uremic syndrome.
enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) enteroinvasive strain of E. coli penetrates gut mucosa and multiplies in colon epithelial cells, resulting in shigellosislike changes of the mucosa. This strain produces a severe diarrheal illness that can resemble shigellosis except for the absence of vomiting and shorter duration of illness.
enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) enteropathogenic strain of E. coli; organisms adhere to small bowel mucosa and produce characteristic changes in the microvilli. This strain produces symptomatic, sometimes serious, gastrointestinal illnesses, especially severe in neonates and young children; typically it produces toxins, one of which is heat-labile, resembling that produced by Vibrio cholerae, the other heat-stable.
enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) enterotoxigenic strain of E. coli; attaches to the duodenum or proximal small intestine mucosa, where it forms heat-stable and heat-labile toxins that activate adenylate cyclase, causing watery diarrhea. Responsible for 40–70% of traveler's diarrhea; chiefly waterborne via human feces. Most important cause of diarrhea among infants living in tropical areas.
E. freundii former name for Citrobacter freundii.

escorcin
escorcin, escorcinol (es-kor′sin, -sin-ol)

A brown powder derived from esculetin, a substance derived from esculin; used for the detection of defects in the cornea and conjunctiva, which it marks by a red coloration.

esculapian esculapian (es-ku-la′pe-an)

SYN: aesculapian.

esculent
esculent (es′ku-lent)

Edible; fit for eating. [L. esculentus, edible]

esculin
esculin (es′ku-lin)

A glucoside from horse-chestnut bark; used as a sunburn protective. SYN: aesculin. [L. aesculus, the Italian oak]

eseridine
eseridine (es-er′i-den)

An alkaloid from the seed of Physostigma; a parasympathomimetic agent. SYN: eserine aminoxide, eserine oxide.

eserine
eserine (es′er-en)

SYN: physostigmine.
e. aminoxide SYN: eseridine.
e. oxide SYN: eseridine.
e. salicylate SYN: physostigmine salicylate.

-esis -esis

Condition, action, or process. [G. -esis, condition or process]

Esmarch
Esmarch

Johann F.A. von, German surgeon, 1823–1908. See E. tourniquet.

esmolol hydrochloride
esmolol hydrochloride (es′mo-lol)

A β-adrenergic blocking agent with brief duration of action.

esodeviation
esodeviation (es′o-de-ve-a′shun)

1. SYN: esophoria. 2. SYN: esotropia.

esodic
esodic (e-sod′ik)

SYN: afferent. [G. eso, inward, + hodos, way]

esophagalgia
esophagalgia (e-sof-a-gal′je-a)

Rarely used term for pain in the esophagus. SYN: esophagodynia. [esophagus + G. algos, pain]

esophageal
esophageal (e-sof′a-je′al, e′-so-faj′e-al)

Relating to the esophagus.

esophagectomy
esophagectomy (e-sof-a-jek′to-me)

Excision of all or any part of the esophagus. [esophagus + G. ektome, excision]
Ivor Lewis e. commonly used approach for e. via laparotomy and right thoracotomy, with intrathoracic anastomosis.
three-incision e. e. via laparotomy, right chest and cervical incisions.
transhiatal e. resection of the esophagus from a cervical incision from above and transhiatal approach through an abdominal incision from below.
transthoracic e. resection of the esophagus through a thoracotomy incision.

esophagi
esophagi (e-sof′a-ji, -gi)

Plural of esophagus.

esophagism
esophagism (e-sof′a-jizm)

Esophageal spasm causing dysphagia. SYN: dysphagia nervosa, nervous dysphagia.

esophagitis
esophagitis (e-sof-a-ji′tis)

Inflammation of the esophagus.
reflux e., peptic e. inflammation of the lower esophagus from regurgitation of acid gastric contents, usually due to malfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter; symptoms include substernal pain, “heartburn,” and regurgitation of acid juice.

esophagocardioplasty
esophagocardioplasty (e-sof′a-go-kar′de-o-plas-te)

A revisional procedure of the esophagus and cardiac end of the stomach.

esophagocele
esophagocele (e-sof′a-go-sel)

Protrusion of the mucous membrane of the esophagus through a tear in the muscular coat. [esophagus + G. kele, hernia]

esophagodynia
esophagodynia (e-sof′a-go-din′e-a)

SYN: esophagalgia. [esophagus + G. odyne, pain]

esophagoenterostomy
esophagoenterostomy (e-sof′a-go-en-ter-os′to-me)

Surgical formation of a direct communication between the esophagus and intestine. [esophagus + G. enteron, intestine, + stoma, mouth]

esophagogastrectomy
esophagogastrectomy (e-sof′a-go-gas-trek′to-me)

Removal of a portion of the lower esophagus and proximal stomach.

esophagogastroanastomosis
esophagogastroanastomosis (e-sof′a-go-gas′tro-a-nas-to-mo′sis)

SYN: esophagogastrostomy.

esophagogastroduodenoscopy
esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) (e-sof′a-go-gas′tro-doo′o-den-os-ko-pe)

Endoscopic examination of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum usually performed using a fiberoptic instrument.

esophagogastromyotomy
esophagogastromyotomy (e-sof′a-go-gas′tro-mi-ot′o-me)

SYN: esophagomyotomy.

esophagogastroplasty
esophagogastroplasty (e-sof′a-go-gas′tro-plas-te)

SYN: cardioplasty.

esophagogastrostomy
esophagogastrostomy (e-sof′a-go-gas-tros′to-me)

Anastomosis of esophagus to stomach, usually following esophagogastrectomy. SYN: esophagogastroanastomosis, gastroesophagostomy. [esophagus + G. gaster, stomach, + stoma, mouth]

esophagogram
esophagogram (e-sof′a-go-gram)

SYN: esophagram.

esophagography
esophagography (e-sof-a-gog′ra-fe)

Radiography of the esophagus using swallowed or injected radiopaque contrast media; the technique of obtaining an esophagram. [esophagus + G. grapho, to write]

esophagology
esophagology (e-sof′a-gol′o-ge)

Study of the structure, physiology, and diseases of the esophagus. [esophagus + G. logos, study]

esophagomalacia
esophagomalacia (e-sof′a-go-ma-la′she-a)

Softening of the walls of the esophagus. [esophagus + G. malakia, softness]

esophagomyotomy
esophagomyotomy (e-sof′a-go-mi-ot′o-me)

Longitudinal division of the muscular layer down to the submucosa of the lowest part of the esophageal wall; some muscle fibers of the cardia may also be divided. SYN: cardiomyotomy, esophagogastromyotomy. [esophagus + G. mys, muscle, + tome, incision]

esophagoplasty
esophagoplasty (e-sof′a-go-plas-te)

A revisional surgical procedure of the wall of the esophagus. [esophagus + G. plastos, formed]

esophagoplication
esophagoplication (e-sof′a-go-pli-ka′shun)

Reduction in size of a dilated esophagus or of a pouch in it by making longitudinal folds or tucks in its wall. [esophagus + L. plico, to fold]

esophagoptosis
esophagoptosis, esophagoptosia (e-sof′a-go-to′sis, -to′se-a)

Relaxation and downward displacement of the walls of the esophagus. [esophagus + G. ptosis, a falling]

esophagoscope
esophagoscope (e-sof′a-go-skop)

An endoscope for inspecting the interior of the esophagus. [esophagus + G. skopeo, to examine]

esophagoscopy
esophagoscopy (e-sof-a-gos′ko-pe)

Inspection of the interior of the esophagus by means of an endoscope. [esophagus + G. skopeo, to examine]

esophagospasm
esophagospasm (e-sof′a-go-spazm)

Spasm of the walls of the esophagus.

esophagostenosis
esophagostenosis (e-sof′a-go-ste-no′sis)

Stricture or a general narrowing of the esophagus. [esophagus + G. stenosis, a narrowing]

esophagostomiasis
esophagostomiasis (e-sof′a-go-sto-mi′a-sis)

SYN: oesophagostomiasis. [esophagus + G. stoma, mouth, + -iasis, condition]

esophagostomy
esophagostomy (e-sof-a-gos′to-me)

Surgical formation of an opening directly into the esophagus from without. [esophagus + G. stoma, mouth]

esophagotomy
esophagotomy (e-sof-a-got′o-me)

An incision through the wall of the esophagus. [esophagus + G. tome, an incision]

esophagram
esophagram (e-sof′a-gram)

A radiographic record of contrast esophagography or barium swallow. SYN: esophagogram.

esophagus
esophagus, pl .esophagi (e-sof′a-gus, -gi; -ji) [TA]

The portion of the digestive canal between the pharynx and stomach. It is about 25 cm long and consists of three parts: the cervical part, from the cricoid cartilage to the thoracic inlet; the thoracic part, from the thoracic inlet to the diaphragm; and the abdominal part, below the diaphragm to the cardiac opening of the stomach. [G. oisophagos, gullet]
Barrett e. SYN: Barrett syndrome.

esophoria
esophoria (es-o-fo′re-a)

A tendency for the eyes to turn inward, prevented by binocular vision. SYN: esodeviation (1) . [G. eso, inward, + phora, a carrying]

esophoric
esophoric (es-o-for′ik)

Relating to or marked by esophoria.

esotropia
esotropia (es-o-tro′pe-a)

The form of strabismus in which the visual axes converge; may be paralytic or concomitant, monocular or alternating, accommodative or nonaccommodative. SYN: convergent squint, convergent strabismus, esodeviation (2) , internal squint. [G. eso, inward, + trope, turn]
A-pattern e. convergent strabismus greater in upward than in downward gaze.
basic e. SYN: nonaccommodative e..
consecutive e. e. that follows surgical correction of exotropia.
cyclic e. periodic convergent strabismus often occurring every 48 hours. SYN: alternate day strabismus.
mixed e. that type of e. in which both accommodative and nonaccommodative factors are present.
nonaccommodative e. that type of e. not influenced by correction of refractive error. SYN: basic e..
nonrefractive accommodative e. that type of e. in which an abnormality of the accommodative-convergence mechanism is not eliminated by correction of refractive error.
refractive accommodative e. that type of e. eliminated by correction of hypermetropic refractive error.
V-pattern e. convergent strabismus greater in downward than in upward gaze.
X-pattern e. decreasing convergence from the primary position in both upward and downward gaze.

esotropic
esotropic (es-o-trop′ik)

Relating to or marked by esotropia.

ESP
ESP

Abbreviation for extrasensory perception.

espundia
espundia (es-poon′de-a)

A type of American leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania braziliensis that affects the mucous membranes, particularly in the nasal and oral region, resulting in grossly destructive changes; particularly common in Brazil, where a significant proportion of persons infected with L. braziliensis develop this condition; may develop metastatically from sores originally found elsewhere on the body. SYN: Breda disease, bubas braziliana. [Sp., fr. L. spongia, sponge]

esquinancea
esquinancea (es-kwi-nan′se-a)

Sense of suffocation caused by an inflammatory swelling in the throat, as in suppurative tonsillitis or pharyngitis. [Fr. esquinancie, quinsy]

ESR
ESR

Abbreviation for erythrocyte sedimentation rate; electron spin resonance.

essence
essence (es′ens)

1. The true characteristic or substance of a body. 2. An element. 3. A fluidextract. 4. An alcoholic solution, or spirit, of the volatile oil of a plant. 5. Any volatile substance responsible for odor or taste of the organism (usually a plant) producing it; by extension, synthetic perfumes or flavors. [L. essentia, fr. esse, to be]
e. of rose SYN: oil of rose.

essential
essential (e-sen′shal)

1. Necessary, indispensable, ( e.g., e. amino acids, e. fatty acids). 2. Characteristic of. 3. Determining. 4. Of unknown etiology. 5. Relating to an essence ( e.g., e. oil). 6. SYN: intrinsic.

Esser
Esser

Johannes F.S., Dutch surgeon, 1877–1946.

Essick
Essick

C., 20th century U.S. anatomist. See E. cell bands, under band.

Essig splint
Essig splint

See under splint.

estazolam
estazolam (es-taz′-o-lam)

A benzodiazepine compound with sedative/hypnotic properties.

ester
ester (es′ter)

An organic compound containing the grouping, –X(O)–O–R (X = carbon, sulfur, phosphorus, etc.; R = radical of an alcohol), formed by the elimination of H₂O between the –OH of an acid group and the –OH of an alcohol group; usually written as in ethyl acetate (from acetic acid and ethyl alcohol), CH₃CO&cbond;OC₂H₅ or CH₃COOC₂H₅.
carboxylic acid e. specifically, an e. derived from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol; R&cbond;CO&cbond;R′
Cori e. SYN: d-glucose 1-phosphate.
Embden e. hexose phosphate;a mixture of d-glucose 6-phosphate and d-fructose 6-phosphate; significant in the understanding of sugar metabolism.
Harden-Young e. d-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate;important intermediate in sugar metabolism.
Neuberg e. SYN: fructose 6-phosphate.
Robison e. SYN: d-glucose 6-phosphate.
Robison-Embden e. SYN: d-glucose 6-phosphate.
sugar e. e. of a sugar with an organic or inorganic acid; E.G., d-glucose 6-phosphate.
thiol e. an e. formed from a carboxylic acid and a thiol ( i.e., RCO&cbond;SR′), e.g., acetyl-coenzyme A.

esterase
esterase (es′ter-as)

A generic term for enzymes (EC class 3.1, hydrolases) that catalyze the hydrolysis of esters.
C1 e. subunit of the first component of complement (C1) involved in the activation of the classical pathway.

esterification
esterification (es′ter′i-fi-ka′shun)

The process of forming an ester, as in the reaction of ethanol and acetic acid to form ethyl acetate.

Estes
Estes

William L., Jr., U.S. surgeon, 1885–1940. See E. operation.

esthematology
esthematology (es-the-ma-tol′o-je)

The science concerned with the senses and sense organs. [G. aisthema, perception, + logos, study]

esthesia
esthesia (es-the′ze-a)

1. SYN: perception. 2. SYN: sensitivity (2) . [G. aisthesis, sensation]

esthesic
esthesic (es-the′sik)

Relating to the mental perception of the existence of any part of the body. [G. aisthesis, sensation]

esthesio- esthesio-

1. Sensation, perception. [G. aesthesis, sense perception]

esthesiodic
esthesiodic (es-the-ze-od′ik)

Conveying sensory impressions. SYN: esthesodic. [esthesio- + G. hodos, way]

esthesiogenesis
esthesiogenesis (es-the′ze-o-jen′e-sis)

The production of sensation, especially of nervous erethism. [esthesio- + G. genesis, origin]

esthesiogenic
esthesiogenic (es-the-ze-o-jen′ik)

Producing a sensation.

esthesiography
esthesiography (es-the-ze-og′ra-fe)

1. A description of the organs of sense and of the mechanism of sensation. 2. Mapping out on the skin the areas of tactile and other forms of sensibility. [esthesio- + G. graphe, a writing]

esthesiology
esthesiology (es-the-ze-ol′o-je)

The science concerned with sensory phenomena. [esthesio- + G. logos, study]

esthesiometer
esthesiometer (es-the-ze-om′e-ter)

An instrument for determining the state of tactile and other forms of sensibility. SYN: tactometer. [esthesio- + G. metron, measure]

esthesiometry
esthesiometry (es-the-ze-om′e-tre)

Measurement of the degree of tactile or other sensibility.

esthesioneuroblastoma
esthesioneuroblastoma (es-the′ze-o-noor′o-blas-to′ma)

A neoplasm of immature, poorly differentiated neuronal cells believed to arise from neuroepithelial precursors. [esthesio- + neuroblastoma]
olfactory e. SYN: olfactory neuroblastoma.

esthesioneurocytoma
esthesioneurocytoma (es-the′ze-o-nur′o-si-to′ma)

A neoplasm composed of nearly mature neuronlike cells believed to arise from a spinal or cranial ganglia. [esthesio- + neurocytoma]

esthesiophysiology
esthesiophysiology (es-the′ze-o-fiz-e-ol′o-je)

The physiology of sensation and the sense organs.

esthesioscopy
esthesioscopy (es-the-ze-os′ko-pe)

Examination into the degree and extent of tactile and other forms of sensibility. [esthesio- + G. skopeo, to view]

esthesodic
esthesodic (es′the-zod′ik)

SYN: esthesiodic.

esthetic
esthetic (es-thet′ik)

1. Pertaining to the sensations. 2. Pertaining to esthetics ( i.e., beauty). [G. aisthesis, sensation]

esthetics
esthetics (es-thet′iks)

The branch of philosophy concerned with art and beauty, especially with the components thereof.
denture e. 1. the cosmetic effect produced by a dental prosthesis; 2. the qualities involved in the appearance of a given restoration.

estimate
estimate (es′ti-mat)

1. A measurement or a statement about the value of some quantity that is known, believed, or suspected to incorporate some degree of error. 2. The result of applying any estimator to a random sample of data. It is not a random variable but a realization of one, a fixed quantity, and it has no variance although commonly it also furnishes an e. of what the variance of the estimator is. (Not to be confused with an estimator, which is a prescription for obtaining an e..) [L. aestimo, pp. aestimatum, to appraise]
Kaplan-Meier e. nonparametric method of compiling life tables or survival tables that combines calculated probabilities of survival with estimates to allow for censored (missing) observations; used mainly in survival studies of cancer and similar long-term diseases.

estimation
estimation (es-ti-ma-shun)

Any nontrivial statistical procedure that assigns to an unknown quantity (parameter) a plausible value on the basis of appropriate and pertinent data collected in a proper random sample.

estimator
estimator (es′ti-ma-tor)

A prescription for obtaining an estimate from a random sample of data. An e. is a procedure, not a result, and therefore is a random variable and has a variance. For instance an e. of the mean weight in adult men may consist of the prescription “Add up the weights of 100 men and divide by 100.” The actual outcome (the estimate) will vary from sample to sample, but one answer will not be a random variable.
least squares e. the prescription “Assign to the unknown parameter the value that minimizes the mean of the squares of the residual errors.”
maximum likelihood e. the prescription “Assign to the unknown parameter that value that maximizes the likelihood for the sample.” For many problems this procedure is an optimal one.

estival
estival (es′ti-val)

Relating to or occurring in the summer. SYN: aestival. [L. aestivus, summer (adj.)]

estivation
estivation (es-ti-va′shun)

Living through the summer in a quiescent, torpid state. Cf.:hibernation.

estivoautumnal
estivoautumnal (es′ti-vo-aw-tum′nal)

Relating to or occurring in summer and autumn. [L. aestivus, summer (adj.), + autumnalis, autumnal]

Estlander
Estlander

Jakob A., Finnish surgeon, 1831–1881. See E. flap.

estradiol
estradiol (E₂) (es-tra-di′ol)

β-E.; 17β-e.;the most potent naturally occurring estrogen in mammals, formed by the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex; therapeutic indications for e. are those typical of an estrogen. α-E. (17α-e.), exhibits considerably less biologic activity. E. is used in the treatment of menstrual disorders, menopause problems, etc. SYN: estrogenic hormone, oestradiol.
e. benzoate fatty acid esters of 17β-e. usually dissolved in oil for injection purposes; such esters exhibit a longer duration of action than does the unesterified steroid.
e. cypionate has the same actions and uses as e. but a prolonged duration of action; administered in oil by intramuscular injection.
e. dipropionate an esterified natural estrogen for parenteral use.
ethinyl e. SYN: ethynyl e..
ethynyl e. a semisynthetic derivative of 17β-e.; active by mouth, with a long half-life, it is among the most potent of known estrogenic compounds; used in oral contraceptive preparations. SYN: ethinyl e..
e. undecylate an esterified natural estrogen for parenteral use.
e. valerate same actions and uses as e., but with a prolonged duration of action; administered in sesame oil by intramuscular injection.

estragon oil
estragon oil (es′tra-gon)

SYN: tarragon oil.

estramustine phosphate sodium
estramustine phosphate sodium (es-tra-mus′ten)

An antineoplastic agent that combines the actions of estrogen and nitrogen mustard in the treatment of carcinoma of the prostate.

estrane
estrane (es′tran)

Hypothetical parent hydrocarbon of the (steroid) estrogenic compounds whose names begin with “estr-” (estradiol, estrone, estriol); conceived to establish a systematic nomenclature.

estratriene
estratriene (es-tra-tri′en)

The hypothetical triply unsaturated estrane that is the nucleus of most naturally occurring estrogenic steroids in animals.

estrin
estrin (es′trin)

SYN: estrogen.

estriol
estriol (es′tre-ol)

An estrogenic metabolite of estradiol, usually the predominant estrogenic metabolite found in urine (especially during pregnancy); epimers at C-16, C-17, or both, are known as 16-epiestriol, etc. SYN: folliculin hydrate, oestriol, trihydroxyestrin.

estrodienol
estrodienol (es-tro-de′nol)

SYN: dienestrol.

estrogen
estrogen (es′tro-jen)

Generic term for any substance, natural or synthetic, that exerts biologic effects characteristic of estrogenic hormones such as 17β-estradiol. Estrogens are formed by the ovary, placenta, testes, and possibly the adrenal cortex, as well as by certain plants; they stimulate secondary sexual characteristics, and exert systemic effects, such as growth and maturation of long bones, and are used therapeutically in any disorder attributable to e. deficiency or amenable to e. therapy, such as menstrual disorders and menopausal problems. They control the course of the menstrual cycle. Used in certain treatments of coronary disorders in women. SYN: estrin, oestrogen. [G. oistrus, estrus, + -gen, producing]
catechol e. any 2-hydroxylated derivative of an e.; they, with their methylated derivatives, can account for up to one-half of all excreted e. metabolites.
conjugated e. an amorphous preparation of naturally occurring, water-soluble, conjugated forms of mixed estrogens obtained from the urine of pregnant mares (conjugated equine e.); the principal e. present is sodium estrone sulfate; suitable for parenteral, oral, and topical administration, and used in conditions responsive to e. therapy.
esterified estrogens a mixture of the sodium salts of sulfate esters of estrogenic substances; used for oral e. therapy.

estrogenic
estrogenic (es-tro-jen′ik)

1. Causing estrus in animals. 2. Having an action similar to that of an estrogen.

estrone
estrone (E₁) (es′tron)

A metabolite of 17β-estradiol, commonly found in urine, ovaries, and placenta; has considerably less biologic activity than the parent hormone. SYN: follicular hormone, folliculin, ketohydroxyestrin, oestrone.

estrous
estrous (es′trus)

Pertaining to estrus. SYN: estrual.

estrual
estrual (es′troo-al)

SYN: estrous.

estrus
estrus (es′trus)

That portion or phase of the sexual cycle of female animals characterized by willingness to permit coitus; readily detectable behavioral and other signs are exhibited by animals during this period. SYN: heat (3) . [G. oistros, mad desire]
postpartum e. e. with ovulation and corpus luteum production that occurs in some animals ( e.g., the fur seal) immediately following the birth of the young.

esu
esu

Abbreviation for electrostatic unit.

ESWL
ESWL

Abbreviation for electrohydraulic shock wave lithotripsy; extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

esylate
esylate (es′i-lat)

USAN-approved contraction for ethanesulfonate, CH₃CH₂SO₃^-.

Et
Et

Abbreviation for ethyl.

eta
eta (at′a)

The seventh letter of the Greek alphabet. 1. In chemistry, denotes the position seven atoms from the carboxyl group or other primary functional group. 2. Symbol for viscosity.

etafedrine hydrochloride
etafedrine hydrochloride (et-a-fed′ren)

A sympathomimetic drug.

etafenone
etafenone (e-taf′e-non)

A coronary vasodilator.

etamsylate
etamsylate (e-tam′si-lat)

SYN: ethamsylate.

état
état (a-tah′)

A condition or state. [Fr. state]
état criblé (a-tah′kri-bla) in neuropathology, a term describing perivascular atrophy of cerebral tissue, producing lacunae. [Fr. sieve]
état mamelonné obsolete term for the condition of the gastric mucous membrane in chronic inflammation, when it presents numerous nodular projections. [Fr. knobby, tubercular]

ETEC
ETEC

Abbreviation for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.

ethacridine lactate
ethacridine lactate (eth-ak′ri-den)

An antiseptic for treatment of wounds. SYN: acrinol.

ethacrynate sodium
ethacrynate sodium (eth-a-kri′nat)

Sodium salt of ethacrynic acid for parenteral use.

ethacrynic acid
ethacrynic acid (eth-a-krin′ik)

An unsaturated ketone derivative of aryloxyacetic acid; a potent loop diuretic and a weak antihypertensive;

ethadione
ethadione (eth-a-di′on)

An anticonvulsant.

ethambutol hydrochloride
ethambutol hydrochloride (eth-am′boo-tol)

A tuberculostatic, effective against organisms resistant to other tuberculostatic drugs; a serious reaction is visual impairment which, however, appears to be reversible. Used in combination with other antitubercular drugs to delay or prevent emergence of resistant strains of the tuberculosis bacilli.

ethamivan
ethamivan (eth-am′i-van)

A central nervous system stimulant and analeptic, once used as an adjunctive agent in the treatment of severe respiratory depression due to barbiturates and carbon dioxide retention.

ethamoxytriphetol
ethamoxytriphetol (eth-a-moks′e-tri-fe′tol)

The prototype antiestrogen that inhibits the effects of estrogen at its specific cellular receptors; the two most widely structurally related antiestrogens are clomiphene citrate and tamoxifen.

ethamsylate
ethamsylate (e-tham′si-lat)

A hemostatic agent. SYN: cyclonamine, etamsylate.

ethanal
ethanal (eth′a-nal)

SYN: acetaldehyde.

ethane
ethane (eth′an)

CH₃CH₃;a constituent of natural and “bottled” gases.

ethanediamine
ethanediamine (eth-an-di′a-men)

SYN: ethylenediamine.

ethanoic acid
ethanoic acid (eth-a-no′ik)

SYN: acetic acid.

ethanol
ethanol (eth′an-ol)

SYN: alcohol (2) .

ethanolamine
ethanolamine (eth-an-ol′a-men)

Used to prepare e. oleate, a sclerosing agent.

ethanolaminephosphotransferase
ethanolaminephosphotransferase (eth-a-nol′a-men-fos-fo-trans′fer-as)

A transferase that catalyzes the reaction of CDP-ethanolamine with a 1,2-diacylglycerol to yield CMP and a phosphatidylethanolamine; a key step in phospholipid biosynthesis. SYN: phosphorylethanolamine glyceridetransferase.

ethaverine hydrochloride
ethaverine hydrochloride (eth-av′e-ren, eth-a-ver′en)

A smooth muscle relaxant. SYN: ethylpapaverine hydrochloride.

ethchlorvynol
ethchlorvynol (eth-klor′vi-nol)

An obsolete hypnotic.

ethenyl
ethenyl (eth′en-il)

SYN: vinyl.

ethenylbenzene
ethenylbenzene (eth-en-il-ben′zen)

SYN: styrene.

ethenylene
ethenylene (eth-en′il-en)

SYN: vinylene.

ether
ether (e′ther)

1. Any organic compound in which two carbon atoms are independently linked to a common oxygen atom, thus containing the group –C–O–C–. SEE ALSO: epoxy. 2. Loosely used to refer to diethyl e. or an anesthetic e., although a large number of ethers have anesthetic properties. For individual ethers, see the specific name. [G. aither, the pure upper air]
anesthetic e. general designation for many ethers.
glycol ethers chemicals such as ethylene glycol monomethyl e. and ethylene glycol monoethyl e.; they are teratogens which induce testicular atrophy in animals.
solvent e. a fairly pure form of e. (C₄H₁₀O) but not sufficiently pure for anesthesia; used as a solvent.
xylostyptic e. SYN: styptic collodion.

ethereal
ethereal (e-ther′e-al)

1. Relating to or containing ether. 2. Dissolved in an ether. [G. aitherios, etherial, fr. aither, the upper air]

etherification
etherification (e-ther′i-fi-ka′shun)

Conversion of an alcohol into an ether.

etherization
etherization (e′ther-i-za′shun)

Administration of diethyl ether to produce anesthesia.

ethiazide
ethiazide (e-thi′a-zid)

A diuretic.

ethical
ethical (eth′i-kal)

Relating to ethics; in conformity with the rules governing personal and professional conduct.

ethics
ethics (eth′iks)

The branch of philosophy that deals with the distinction between right and wrong, with the moral consequences of human actions. [G. ethikos, arising from custom, fr. ethos, custom]
medical e. the principles of proper professional conduct concerning the rights and duties of the physician, patients, and fellow practitioners, as well as the physician's actions in the care of patients and in relations with their families.

ethidene
ethidene (eth′i-den)

SYN: ethylidene.

ethidium
ethidium (eth-id′e-um)

SYN: homidium bromide.

ethidium bromide
ethidium bromide (e-thid′e-um)

A sensitive fluorochrome that binds to DNA; used in cytochemistry and electrophoresis.

ethindrone
ethindrone (e-thin′dron)

SYN: ethisterone.

ethinyl
ethinyl (e-thi′nil)

SYN: ethynyl.
e. trichloride SYN: trichloroethylene.

ethinylestrenol
ethinylestrenol (eth′i-nil-es′tre-nol)

SYN: lynestrenol.

ethiodized oil
ethiodized oil (eth-i′o-dizd)

A radiopaque medium formerly used for lympangiography and hysterosalpingography.

ethionamide
ethionamide (e-thi′on-a-mid)

A second-line antituberculosis drug. Side effects are common, the most common manifestations are gastrointestinal.

ethionine
ethionine (e-thi′o-nen)

A methionine analog and antagonist, differing in the presence of an S-ethyl group in place of the S-methyl group.

ethisterone
ethisterone (e-this′ter-on)

An orally effective semisynthetic steroid that has biological effects similar to those of progesterone. SYN: ethindrone, pregneninolone.

ethmo- ethmo-

Combining form denoting: 1. Ethmoid. 2. The ethmoid bone. [G. ethmos, sieve]

ethmocranial
ethmocranial (eth-mo-kra′ne-al)

Relating to the ethmoid bone and the cranium as a whole.

ethmofrontal
ethmofrontal (eth-mo-fron′tal)

Relating to the ethmoid and the frontal bones.

ethmoid
ethmoid (eth′moyd) [TA]

See e. bone. SYN: os ethmoidale [TA] . [G. ethmos, sieve, + eidos, resemblance]

ethmoidal
ethmoidal (eth-moy′dal)

Resembling a sieve.

ethmoidale
ethmoidale (eth-moy-da′le)

A cephalometric point in the anterior cranial fossa located at the lowest sagittal point of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone.

ethmoidectomy
ethmoidectomy (eth-moy-dek′to-me)

Removal of all or part of the mucosal lining and bony partitions between the ethmoid sinuses. [ethmo- + G. ektome, excision]

ethmoiditis
ethmoiditis (eth-moy-di′tis)

Inflammation of the ethmoid sinuses.

ethmolacrimal
ethmolacrimal (eth-mo-lak′ri-mal)

Relating to the ethmoid and the lacrimal bones.

ethmomaxillary
ethmomaxillary (eth-mo-mak′si-la-re)

Relating to the ethmoid and the maxillary bones.

ethmonasal
ethmonasal (eth-mo-na′sal)

Relating to the ethmoid and the nasal bones.

ethmopalatal
ethmopalatal (eth-mo-pal′a-tal)

Relating to the ethmoid and the palate bones.

ethmosphenoid
ethmosphenoid (eth-mo-sfe′noyd)

Relating to the ethmoid and sphenoid bones.

ethmoturbinals
ethmoturbinals (eth-mo-ter′bi-nalz)

The conchae of the ethmoid bone; the superior and middle conchae; occasionally a third, the supreme concha, exists.

ethmovomerine
ethmovomerine (eth′mo-vo′mer-in)

Relating to the ethmoid bone and the vomer.

ethnic group
ethnic group (eth′nik)

A social group characterized by a distinctive social and cultural tradition maintained from generation to generation, a common history and origin and a sense of identification with the group; members of the group have distinctive features in their way of life, shared experiences and often a common genetic heritage; these features may be reflected in their experience of health and disease.

ethnocentrism
ethnocentrism (eth-no-sen′trizm)

The tendency to evaluate other groups according to the values and standards of one's own ethnic group, especially with the conviction that one's own ethnic group is superior to the other groups. [G. ethnos, race, tribe, + kentron, center of a circle]

ethnology
ethnology (eth-nol′o-je)

The science that compares human culture and/or races; cultural anthropology.

ethnopharmacology
ethnopharmacology (eth′no-farm-a-kol′o-je)

The study of differences in response to drugs based on varied ethnicity; pharmacogenetics.

ethoheptazine citrate
ethoheptazine citrate (eth-o-hep′ta-zen)

An obsolete analgesic.

ethohexadiol
ethohexadiol (eth′o-hek-sa-di′ol, -hek-sa′di-ol)

Used as an insect repellent.

ethologist
ethologist (e-thol′o-jist)

A specialist in ethology.

ethology
ethology (e-thol′o-je)

The study of animal behavior. [G. ethos, character, habit, + logos, study]

ethomoxane
ethomoxane (eth-o-mok′san)

An antianxiety agent. SYN: ethoxybutamoxane.

ethopharmacology
ethopharmacology (eth′o-far-ma-kol′o-je)

The study of drug effects on behavior, relying on observation and description of species-specific elements (acts and postures during social encounters). SEE ALSO: pharmacogenetics. [G. ethos, character, habit, + pharmacology]

ethopropazine hydrochloride
ethopropazine hydrochloride (eth-o-pro′pa-zen)

An anticholinergic agent with some antihistaminic and ganglionic blocking activity. SYN: profenamine hydrochloride.

ethosuximide
ethosuximide (eth-o-suk′si-mid)

An anticonvulsant used in the control of absence (petit mal) epilepsy; bone marrow damage and aplastic anemia may occasionally occur.

ethotoin
ethotoin (eth-o-to′in)

An anticonvulsant used in the treatment of generalized tonic clonic epilepsy.

ethotrimeprazine
ethotrimeprazine (eth′o-tri-mep′ra-zen)

SYN: etymemazine.

ethoxazene hydrochloride
ethoxazene hydrochloride (e-thok′sa-zen)

An azo compound.

ethoxy
ethoxy (e-thok′se)

The monovalent radical, CH₃CH₂O–.

ethoxybutamoxane
ethoxybutamoxane (eth-ok′si-bu-ta-mok′san)

SYN: ethomoxane.

ethoxyzolamide
ethoxyzolamide (eth-ok-se-zol′a-mid)

A diuretic related chemically and pharmacologically to acetazolamide.

ethyl
ethyl (Et) (eth′il)

The hydrocarbon radical, CH₃CH₂–.
e. alcohol SYN: alcohol (2) .
e. aminobenzoate SYN: benzocaine.
e. biscoumacetate an anticoagulant chemically related to bishydroxycoumarin and warfarin.
e. butyrate used in perfumery.
e. carbamate SYN: urethan.
e. chloride a very volatile explosive liquid (under increased pressure); when sprayed on the skin, produces local anesthesia by superficial freezing, but also is a potent inhalation anesthetic. SYN: chloroethane.
e. formate a volatile, flammable liquid used as a fumigant, agricultural larvicide, and fungicide; also used as a flavor.
e. oleate an alternative vehicle in injections of deoxycorticosterone acetate, menaphthone, etc.
e. oxide SYN: diethyl ether.
e. salicylate the salicylic acid ester of e. alcohol, with the same action as methyl salicylate.

ethylate
ethylate (eth′i-lat)

A compound in which the hydrogen of the hydroxyl group of ethanol is replaced by a metallic atom, usually sodium or potassium; e.g., C₂H₅ONa, sodium e..

ethylbenztropine
ethylbenztropine (eth′il-benz-tro′pen)

An anticholinergic agent.

ethylcellulose
ethylcellulose (eth-il-sel′u-los)

An ethyl ether of cellulose, used as a tablet binder.

ethyldichloroarsine
ethyldichloroarsine (ED) (eth′il-di-klor-o-ar′sen)

C₂H₅AsCl₂;a blister agent used in World War I; irritating to the respiratory tract.

ethylene
ethylene (eth′i-len)

An explosive constituent of ordinary illuminating gas; hastens ripening of fruit.
e. oxide a fumigant, used for cold sterilization of surgical instruments. SYN: oxirane.
e. tetrachloride SYN: tetrachlorethylene.

ethylenediamine
ethylenediamine (eth′i-len-di′a-men)

A volatile colorless liquid of ammoniacal odor and caustic taste; the dihydrochloride is used as a urinary acidifier. Combined with theophylline to make aminophylline, a water-soluble salt suitable for intravenous or rectal administration. SYN: ethanediamine.

ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (eth′il-en-di′a-men-tet-ra-a-se′tik)

A chelating agent used to remove multivalent cations from solution as chelates, and used in biochemical research to remove Mg²⁺, Fe²⁺, etc., from reactions affected by such ions. As the sodium salt, used as a water softener, to stabilize drugs rapidly decomposed in the presence of traces of metal ions, and as an anticoagulant; as the sodium calcium salt, used to remove radium, lead, strontium, plutonium, and cadmium from the hard tissue, forming stable un-ionized soluble compounds that are excreted by the kidneys. Cf.:EGTA. SYN: edathamil, edetic acid.

ethylene dibromide
ethylene dibromide

Compound used in antiknock gasolines. Severe skin irritant; may cause blistering. Inhalation causes delayed pulmonary lesions. Prolonged exposure may also result in liver and kidney injury. May be a human carcinogen.

ethylene glycol
ethylene glycol

See glycol (2) .

ethylestrenol
ethylestrenol (eth-il-es′tre-nol)

A semisynthetic orally effective anabolic steroid.

ethyl ether
ethyl ether

SYN: diethyl ether.

ethyl green
ethyl green

SYN: brilliant green.

ethylidene
ethylidene (eth-il′i-den)

The radical CH₃CH&dbond;. SYN: ethidene.

ethylidyne
ethylidyne (eth-il′i-din)

The radical CH₃C&tbond;.

ethylmorphine hydrochloride
ethylmorphine hydrochloride (eth-il-mor′fen)

The ethyl ether of morphine; an antispasmodic, antitussive, and narcotic analgesic, used locally as an irritant lymphagogue in chronic catarrhal middle ear disease, atrophic rhinitis, and painful ocular diseases (iritis, corneal ulcer, etc.).

ethylnorepinephrine
ethylnorepinephrine (E.N.E., E.N.S.) (eth′il-nor-ep-i-nef′rin)

A sympathomimetic, used in asthma; it does not raise the blood pressure.

ethylpapaverine hydrochloride
ethylpapaverine hydrochloride (eth′il-pa-pav′er-en)

SYN: ethaverine hydrochloride.

ethylparaben
ethylparaben (eth-il-par′a-ben)

An antifungal preservative.

ethylphenylephrine hydrochloride
ethylphenylephrine hydrochloride (eth′il-fen-il-ef′ren)

SYN: etilefrine hydrochloride.

ethylstibamine
ethylstibamine (eth-il-stib′a-men)

A synthetic organic compound of antimony.

ethynodiol
ethynodiol (e-thi-no-di′ol)

A semisynthetic orally effective steroid with biological effects that largely resemble those of progesterone; in addition, it is weakly estrogenic and androgenic; administered in combination with an estrogen as an oral contraceptive.
e. diacetate an antifertility agent, usually used in combination with mestranol.

ethynyl
ethynyl (e-thi′nil)

The monovalent radical HC&tbond;C–. SYN: acetenyl, ethinyl.

etidocaine
etidocaine (e-ti′do-kan)

A local anesthetic.

etidronate disodium
etidronate disodium (e-ti-dro′nat)

A drug that affects bone resorption, used in the treatment of Paget disease, heterotopic ossification, and hypercalcemia of malignancy.

etidronic acid
etidronic acid (e-ti-dron′ik)

Used as a calcium regulator, usually as the salt etidronate disodium.

etilefrine hydrochloride
etilefrine hydrochloride (et-il-ef′rin)

A sympathomimetic amine vasopressor agent. SYN: ethylphenylephrine hydrochloride.

etio- etio-

1. Prefix used with (for example) cholane to indicate replacement of the C-17 side chain by H; thus, etiocholane is the 5β isomer of androstane. 2. Combining form meaning cause. [G. aitia, cause]

etiocholanolone
etiocholanolone (e′te-o-ko-lan′o-lon)

A metabolite of adrenocortical and testicular hormones, and an important urinary 17-ketosteroid; produces fever when given to human beings.

etiogenic
etiogenic (e′te-o-jen′ik)

Of a causal nature. [G. aitia, cause, + genesis, production]

etiolated
etiolated (e′te-o-lat-ed)

Subjected to, or characterized by, etiolation.

etiolation
etiolation (e-te-o-la′shun)

1. Paleness or pallor resulting from absence of light, as in persons confined because of illness or imprisonment, or in plants bleached by being deprived of light. 2. The process of blanching, bleaching, or making pale by withholding light. [Fr. étioler, to blanch]

etiologic
etiologic (e′te-o-loj′ik)

Relating to etiology.

etiology
etiology (e-te-ol′o-je)

1. The science and study of the causes of disease and their mode of operation. Cf.:pathogenesis. 2. The science of causes, causality; in common usage, cause. [G. aitia, cause, + logos, treatise, discourse]

etiopathic
etiopathic (e′te-o-path′ik)

Relating to specific lesions concerned with the cause of a disease. [G. aitia, cause, + pathos, disease]

etiopathology
etiopathology (e′te-o-pa-thol′o-je)

Consideration of the cause of an abnormal state or finding. [G. aitia, cause, + pathology]

etioporphyrin
etioporphyrin (e′te-o-por′fi-rin)

A porphyrin derivative characterized by the presence on each of the four pyrrole rings of one methyl group and one ethyl group; four isomeric forms are thus possible.

etiotropic
etiotropic (e′te-o-trop′ik)

Directed against the cause; denoting a remedy that attenuates or destroys the causal factor of a disease. [G. aitia, cause, + trope, a turning]

etofamide
etofamide (e-to′fa-mid)

An intraluminal amebicide similar to teclozan and diloxanide.

etomidate
etomidate (e-tom′i-dat)

A potent intravenous hypnotic used in anesthesia.

etoposide
etoposide (e-to-po′sid)

A semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin; a mitotic inhibitor used in the treatment of refractory testicular tumors, small cell lung cancer, and other cancers.

etorphine
etorphine (et-or′fen)

A narcotic analgesic, having a potency about 1,000 times greater than morphine; used in tranquilizer darts.

etozolin
etozolin (et-o-zo′lin)

A diuretic.

ETP
ETP

Abbreviation for electron transport particles, under particle.

etretinate
etretinate (e-tret′i-nat)

A retinoid used in the treatment of severe recalcitrant psoriasis.

etymemazine
etymemazine (et-i-mem′a-zen)

An antihistaminic. SYN: ethotrimeprazine.

Eu
Eu

Symbol for europium.

eu- eu-

Good, well; opposite of dys-, caco-. [G.]

eualleles
eualleles (u′a-lelz)

Genes having different nucleotide substitutions at the same position. Cf.:heteroalleles.

Eubacteriales
Eubacteriales (u′bak-te-re-a′lez)

An obsolete name for an order of bacteria that contained simple, undifferentiated, rigid cells which were either spheres or straight rods. It contained motile (peritrichous) and nonmotile, Gram-negative and Gram-positive, and sporeforming and nonsporeforming species. The order contained 13 families: Achromobacteriaceae, Azotobacteriaceae, Bacillaceae, Bacteroidaceae, Brevibacteriaceae, Brucellaceae, Corynebacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Micrococcaceae, Neisseriaceae, Propionibacteriaceae, and Rhizobacteriaceae.

Eubacterium
Eubacterium (u′bak-ter′e-um)

A genus containing more than 40 species of anaerobic, nonsporeforming, nonmotile bacteria containing straight or curved Gram-positive rods which usually occur singly, in pairs, or in short chains. Usually these organisms attack carbohydrates. They may be pathogenic, and rarely are associated with intraabdominal sepsis in humans. The type species is E. limosum.
E. aerofaciens a bacterial species infrequently found in human intestines; pathogenic for mice.
E. combesi a bacterial species from forest soil found in an area then called French West Africa; it is not pathogenic for guinea pigs or mice. Formerly called Cillobacterium combesi.
E. contortum a bacterial species found in cases of putrid, gangrenous appendicitis and in the intestines.
E. crispatum former name for Lactobacillus crispatus.
E. filamentosum former name for Clostridium ramosum.
E. lentum a bacterial species occurring commonly in the feces of normal persons; occasional cause of septicemia and nosocomial infections.
E. limosum a bacterial species that occurs in human feces and presumably in the feces of other warm-blooded animals. The type species of the genus.
E. minutum a bacterial species that occurs infrequently in the intestines of breast-fed infants; it was originally found in a case of infant diarrhea; it is pathogenic for mice.
E. moniliforme a bacterial species found rarely in the human respiratory system; it is pathogenic for guinea pigs, causing death in eight days. Formerly called Cillobacterium moniliforme.
E. parvum a bacterial species found in the large intestine of a horse and in a case of acute appendicitis; it occurs infrequently in the intestines of foals and of humans, and is not pathogenic for laboratory animals.
E. poeciloides a bacterial species infrequently found in human intestines; originally found in a case of intestinal occlusion; it is pathogenic for guinea pigs and rabbits.
E. pseudotortuosum a bacterial species found in a case of purulent, acute appendicitis; occurs uncommonly in the intestines.
E. quartum a bacterial species found in cases of infantile diarrhea; occurs in the intestines of children, but is rather uncommon.
E. quintum a bacterial species found in cases of infantile diarrhea; pathogenic for guinea pigs.
E. rectale a bacterial species found in association with a rectal ulcer; occurs in the rectum.
E. tenue a bacterial species isolated from dog feces; its pathogenicity is unknown; formerly called Cillobacterium tenue.
E. tortuosum a bacterial species found infrequently in the intestines of humans.

eubiotics
eubiotics (u-bi-ot′iks)

The science of hygienic living. [eu- + G. biotikos, relating to life]

eucaine
eucaine (u′kan)

A local anesthetic.

eucalyptol
eucalyptol (u-ka-lip′tol)

SYN: cineole.

eucalyptus
eucalyptus (u-ka-lip′tus)

The dried leaves of E. globulus (family Myrtaceae), the blue gum or Australian fever tree.
e. oil the volatile oil distilled with steam from the fresh leaf of E. globulus or some other species of E.; contains not less than 70% of eucalyptol; used as an antiseptic and expectorant in cough lozenges and in vaporizer aromatics.

eucapnia
eucapnia (u-kap′ne-a)

A state in which the arterial carbon dioxide pressure is optimal. SEE ALSO: normocapnia. [eu- + G. kapnos, vapor]

eucaryote
eucaryote (u-kar′e-ot)

SYN: eukaryote. [eu- + G. karyon, kernel, nut]

eucaryotic
eucaryotic (u-kar-e-ot′ik)

SYN: eukaryotic.

eucasin
eucasin (u-ka′sin)

Ammonium caseinate prepared by passing ammonia gas over finely powdered dry casein; added as a concentrated food to bouillon, chocolate, etc.

eucatropine hydrochloride
eucatropine hydrochloride (u-kat′ro-pen)

It produces no anesthesia, pain, or increased intraocular pressure.

Eucestoda
Eucestoda (u-ses-to′da)

SYN: Cestoda.

euchlorhydria
euchlorhydria (u-klor-hi′dre-a)

A condition in which free hydrochloric acid exists in normal amount in the gastric juice. [eu- + cholohydric (acid) + -ia]

eucholia
eucholia (u-ko′le-a)

A normal state of the bile as regards quantity and quality. [eu- + G. chole, bile]

euchromatic
euchromatic (u-kro-mat′ik)

1. SYN: orthochromatic. 2. Characteristic of euchromatin.

euchromatin
euchromatin (u-kro′ma-tin)

The parts of chromosomes that, during interphase, are uncoiled dispersed threads and not stained by ordinary dyes; metabolically active, in contrast to the inert heterochromatin.

euchromosome
euchromosome (u-kro′mo-som)

SYN: autosome.

Eucoleus
Eucoleus (u-ko′le-us)

One of three trichurid nematode genera, commonly referred to as Capillaria.

eucorticalism
eucorticalism (u-kor′ti-kal-izm)

Normal functioning of the adrenal cortex.

eucrasia
eucrasia (u-kra′zhe-a)

1. Obsolete term for homeostasis. 2. Obsolete term for a condition of reduced susceptibility to the adverse effects of certain drugs, articles of diet, etc. [G. eukrasia, good temperament, fr. eu, well, + krasis, a mixing]

eucupine
eucupine (u′koo-pen)

SYN: euprocin hydrochloride.

eudiaphoresis
eudiaphoresis (u-di′a-fo-re′sis)

Normal free sweating. [eu- + G. diaphoresis, perspiration]

eudipsia
eudipsia (u-dip′se-a)

Ordinary mild thirst. [eu- + G. dipsa, thirst]

Euflagellata
Euflagellata (u-flaj′e-la′ta)

Former term for the protozoan flagellates now included in the subphylum Mastigophora.

eugenic
eugenic (u-jen′ik)

Relating to eugenics.

eugenic acid
eugenic acid

SYN: eugenol.

eugenics
eugenics (u-jen′iks)

1. Practices and policies, as of mate selection or of sterilization, that tend to better the innate qualities of progeny and human stock. 2. Practices and genetic counseling directed to anticipating genetic disability and disease. SYN: orthogenics. [G. eugeneia, nobility of birth, fr. eu, well, + genesis, production]

eugenism
eugenism (u′jen-izm)

The belief that the human species can be improved through selective breeding.

eugenol
eugenol (u′je-nol)

Obtained from oil of cloves; used in dentistry with zinc oxide as an analgesic and as a base for impression materials; also used in perfumery as a substitute for oil of cloves. SYN: eugenic acid.

Euglena
Euglena (u-gle′na)

A widespread genus of photosynthesizing free-living fresh water flagellates (family Euglinidae). [eu- + G. glene, eyeball]
E. gracilis an abundant species sometimes used in assaying vitamin B₁₂ concentrations of serum and urine in various types of anemia.
E. viridis a species that inhabits stagnant pools, often in great numbers.

Euglenidae
Euglenidae (u-gle′ni-de)

A family of green (phytomonad) flagellates (subphylum Mastigophora, class Phytomastigophorea).

euglobulin
euglobulin (u-glob′u-lin)

That fraction of the serum globulin that is soluble in isotonic salt solutions and less soluble in (NH₄)₂SO₄ solution than the pseudoglobulin fraction.

euglycemia
euglycemia (u-gli-se′me-a)

A normal blood glucose concentration. SYN: normoglycemia. [eu- + G. glykys, sweet, + haima, blood]

euglycemic
euglycemic (u-gli-se′mik)

Denoting, characteristic of, or promoting euglycemia. SYN: normoglycemic.

eugnathia
eugnathia (u-na′the-a, -nath′e-a)

An abnormality that is limited to the teeth and their immediate alveolar supports. SYN: eugnathic anomaly. [eu- + G. gnathos, jaw]

eugnosia
eugnosia (u-no′se-a)

Normal ability to synthesize sensory stimuli. [eu- + G. gnosis, perception]

eugonic
eugonic (u-gon′ik)

A term used to indicate that the growth of a bacterial culture is rapid and relatively luxuriant; used especially in reference to the growth of cultures of the human tubercle bacillus (Mycobacterium tuberculosis). SEE ALSO: dysgonic. [G. eugonos, productive, fr. eu, well, + gonos, seed, offspring]

Eugregarinida
Eugregarinida (u′greg-a-rin′i-da)

An order of gregarines (subclass Gregarinia), reproducing only by sporogony, in which schizogony is absent; they are parasites of annelids and arthropods. [eu- + L. gregarius, gregarious]

euhydration
euhydration (u-hi-dra′shun)

Normal state of body water content; absence of absolute or relative hydration or dehydration.

Eukaryotae
Eukaryotae, Eucaryotae (u-kar-e-o′te)

A superkingdom of organisms characterized by eukaryotic cells; acellular members (kingdom Protoctista) are characterized by a single eukaryotic unit; more complex (multicellular) members have been assigned to the kingdoms Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

eukaryote
eukaryote (u-kar′e-ot)

1. A cell containing a membrane-bound nucleus with chromosomes of DNA, RNA, and proteins, mostly large (10–100 μm), with cell division involving a form of mitosis in which mitotic spindles (or some microtubule arrangement) are involved; mitochondria are present, and, in photosynthetic species, plastids are found; undulipodia (cilia or flagella) are of the complex 9+2 organization of tubulin and various proteins. Possession of a e. type of cell characterizes the four kingdoms above the Monera or prokaryote level of complexity: Protoctista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia, combined into the superkingdom Eukaryotae. 2. Common name for members of the Eukaryotae. SYN: eucaryote. [eu- + G. karyon, kernel, nut]

eukaryotic
eukaryotic (u′kar-e-ot′ik)

Pertaining to or characteristic of a eukaryote. SYN: eucaryotic.

eukeratin
eukeratin (u-kar′a-tin)

Hard keratin present in hair, wool, horn, nails, etc.

eukinesia
eukinesia (u-ki-ne′ze-a)

Normal movement. [eu- + G. kinesis, movement]

Eulenburg
Eulenburg

Albert, German neurologist, 1840–1917. See E. disease.

eumelanin
eumelanin (u-mel′a-nin)

The most abundant type of human melanin, found in brown and black skin and hair; cross-linked polymers of 5,6-dihydroxyindoles, usually linked to proteins; levels are decreased in certain types of albinism. [eu- + G. melos (melan-), black]

eumelanosome
eumelanosome (u-mel′a-no-som)

SYN: melanosome.

eumetria
eumetria (u-me′tre-a)

Graduation of the strength of nerve impulses to match the need. [G. moderation, goodness of meter]

eumorphism
eumorphism (u-mor′fizm)

Preservation of the natural form of a cell. [eu- + G. morphe, shape]

eumycetes
eumycetes (u-mi-se′tez)

The true fungi. [eu- + G. mykes, fungus]

eumycetoma
eumycetoma (oo-mi-set-o′ma)

Mycetoma caused by fungi. Cf.:actinomycetoma.

Eumycetozoea
Eumycetozoea (u′mi-se-to-zo′e-a)

Microscopic animal forms, frequently known as slime animals, that consist of an irregular semifluid mass of multinucleated ameboid protoplasm; although grouped as a class of the superclass Rhizopoda (subphylum Sarcodina), some of the mycetozoan forms closely resemble certain species of pseudomycetes and are sometimes classified as members of the Myxomycetes, the slime molds. SEE ALSO: Proteomyxidia. [eu- + G. mykes (myket-), fungus, + zoon, animal]

eunuch
eunuch (u′nuk)

A male individual whose testes have been removed or have never developed. [G. eunouchos, chamberlain, fr. eune, bed, + echmacr;o, to have]

eunuchism
eunuchism (u′nuk-izm)

1. The state of being a eunuch; absence of the testes or failure of the gonads to develop or function with consequent lack of reproductive and sexual function and of development of secondary sex characteristics. 2. SYN: eunuchoidism.

eunuchoid
eunuchoid (u′nu-koyd)

Resembling, or having the general characteristics of, a eunuch; usually indicating the physical habitus of a male in whom hypogonadism occurred before puberty. [G. eunouchos, eunuch, + eidos, resembling]

eunuchoidism
eunuchoidism (u′nu-koyd-izm)

A state in which testes are present but fail to function normally; may be of gonadal or pituitary origin. SYN: eunuchism (2) , male hypogonadism.
hypergonadotropic e. e. of gonadal origin, commonly accompanied by enhanced levels of pituitary gonadotropins in the blood and urine, as in Klinefelter syndrome.
hypogonadotropic e. SYN: hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.

euosmia
euosmia (u-oz′me-a)

1. A pleasant odor. 2. Normal olfaction. [eu- + G. osme, smell]

eupancreatism
eupancreatism (u-pan′kre-a-tizm)

The state of normal pancreatic digestive function.

euparal
euparal (u′pa-ral)

A medium for mounting histologic specimens, composed of sandarac, eucalyptol, paraldehyde, camphor, and phenyl salicylate.

Euparyphium
Euparyphium (u-pa-rif′e-um)

A genus of nonpathogenic flukes (family Echinostomatidae), several species of which have been reported from the intestines of humans. [eu- + G. paryphe, a border]

eupaverin
eupaverin (u-pav′e-rin)

A smooth muscle relaxant.

eupepsia
eupepsia (u-pep′se-a)

Good digestion. [G., fr. eu, well, + pepsis, digestion]

eupeptic
eupeptic (u-pep′tik)

Digesting well; having a good digestion.

eupeptide
eupeptide (u-pep′tid)

A peptide containing normal peptide bonds (between α-carboxyl groups and α-amino groups). Cf.:isopeptide, peptide. [G. eu-, normal, usual + peptide]

euphenics
euphenics (u-fe′niks)

Modification of the internal or external environment of an individual so as to prevent or modify the phenotypic expression of a genetic defect, without changing the genotype or the inheritance. [eu- + G. phaino, to show forth]

Euphorbia pilulifera
Euphorbia pilulifera (u-for′be-a pil-u-lif′er-a)

A species of plant (family Euphorbiaceae); the dried herb used in asthma, coryza and other respiratory affections, in angina pectoris, and as an antispasmodic. SYN: asthma-weed (2) .

euphoretic
euphoretic (u-fo-ret′ik)

SYN: euphoriant.

euphoria
euphoria (u-for′e-a)

A feeling of well-being, commonly exaggerated and not necessarily well founded. [eu- + G. phero, to bear]

euphoriant
euphoriant (u-for′e-ant)

1. Having the capability to produce a sense of well-being. 2. An agent with such a capability. SYN: euphoretic.

euplasia
euplasia (u-pla′ze-a)

The state of cells or tissue that is normal or typical for that particular type. [eu- + G. plasso, form]

euplastic
euplastic (u-plas′tik)

1. Relating to euplasia. 2. Healing readily and well. [G. euplastos, easily molded; eu, well, + plastos, formed]

euploid
euploid (u′ployd)

Relating to euploidy.

euploidy
euploidy (u′ploy-de)

The state of a cell containing whole haploid sets. [eu- + G. -ploos, -fold]

eupnea
eupnea (up-ne′a)

Easy, free respiration; the type observed in a normal individual under resting conditions. [G. eupnoia, fr. eu, well, + pnoia, breath]

eupraxia
eupraxia (u-prak′se-a)

Normal ability to perform coordinated movements. [eu- + G. praxis, a doing]

euprocin hydrochloride
euprocin hydrochloride (u′pro-sin)

A derivative of quinine. SYN: eucupine.

Euproctis
Euproctis (u-prok′tis)

A genus of moths. The hairs of the cocoon and caterpillar of the species E. chrysorrhoea, the brown-tail moth, cause caterpillar dermatitis. [eu- + G. proktos, rump]

eurhythmia
eurhythmia (u-rith′me-a)

Harmonious body relationships of the separate organs. [eu- + G. rhythmos, rhythm]

europium
europium (Eu) (u-ro′pe-um)

An element of the rare earth (lanthanide) group, atomic no. 63, atomic wt. 151.965. [L. Europa, Europe]

eury- eury-

Broad, wide; opposite of steno-. [G. eurys, wide]

euryblepharon
euryblepharon (u-re-blef′a-ron)

A congenital anomaly characterized by sagging of the lateral aspect of the lower eyelid away from the eye. [eury- + G. blepharon, eyelid]

eurycephalic
eurycephalic, eurycephalous (u′re-se-fal′ik, -sef′a-lus)

Having an abnormally broad head; sometimes used in reference to a brachycephalic head. [eury- + G. kephale, head]

eurygnathic
eurygnathic (u-rig-nath′ik)

Having a wide jaw. SYN: eurygnathous.

eurygnathism
eurygnathism (u-rig′na-thizm)

The condition of having a wide jaw. [eury- + G. gnathos, jaw]

eurygnathous
eurygnathous (u-rig′na-thus)

SYN: eurygnathic.

euryon
euryon (u′re-on)

The extremity, on either side, of the greatest transverse diameter of the head; a point used in craniometry. [G. eurys, broad]

euryopic
euryopic (u-re-op′ik)

Wide-eyed. See blepharodiastasis. [eury- + G. ops, eye]

eurysomatic
eurysomatic (u′re-so-mat′ik)

Having a thick-set body. [eury- + G. soma, body]

euscope
euscope (u′skop)

An instrument for showing on a screen an enlarged image from a microscope. [eu- + G. skopeo, to view]

Eusimulium
Eusimulium (u-si-mu′le-um)

SYN: Simulium. [eu- + L. simulo, to simulate]

eustachian eustachian (u-sta′shun, u-sta′ke-an)

Described by or attributed to Eustachio.

Eustachio
Eustachio

Bartolommeo E., Italian anatomist, 1524–1574. See eustachian catheter, eustachian cushion, eustachian tonsil, tuba eustachiana, eustachian tube, eustachian tuber, eustachian valve.

eustachitis
eustachitis (u-sta-ki′tis)

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the eustachian tube.

eusthenia
eusthenia (u-sthe′ne-a)

Normal strength. [eu- + G. sthenos, strength]

eustrongyloides
eustrongyloides (u-stron-jil′oy-dez)

Nematode found in fish, amphibians, and reptiles; human infections, manifested by gastrointestinal symptoms, are rare and related to consumption of raw fish; larvae are pinkish red.

Eustrongylus
Eustrongylus (u-stron′ji-lus)

Former name for Dioctophyma. [eu- + G. strongylos, rounded]

eusystole
eusystole (u-sis′to-le)

A condition in which the cardiac systole is normal in force and time. [eu- + systole]

eusystolic
eusystolic (u-sis-tol′ik)

Relating to eusystole.

eutectic
eutectic (u-tek′tik)

1. Easily melted; denoting specifically mixtures of certain chemical compounds that have a lower melting point than any of their individual ingredients; e.g., a solid, such as menthol, that when triturated with another solid of the same class, such as camphor, unites with it to form a liquid, the mixture having a lower melting point than either of its components. 2. The alloy that freezes at a constant temperature; the lowest of the series. [eu- + G. texis, a melting away]

euthanasia
euthanasia (u-tha-na′ze-a)

1. A quiet, painless death. 2. The intentional putting to death of a person with an incurable or painful disease intended as an act of mercy. [eu- + G. thanatos, death]

euthenics
euthenics (u-then′iks)

The science concerned with establishing optimum living conditions for plants, animals, or humans, especially through proper provisioning and environment. [G. eutheneo, to thrive]

eutherapeutic
eutherapeutic (u′thar-a-pu′tik)

Having excellent curative properties.

Eutheria
Eutheria (u-the′re-a)

A subclass of mammals, excluding monotremes and marsupials, having a placenta through which the young are nourished. [eu- + G. therion, animal]

euthermic
euthermic (u-ther′mik)

At an optimal temperature. [eu- + G. thermos, warm]

euthymia
euthymia (u-thi′me-a)

1. Joyfulness; mental peace and tranquility. 2. Moderation of mood, not manic or depressed. [eu- + G. thymos, mind]

euthymic
euthymic (u-thi′mik)

Relating to, or characterized by, euthymia.

euthyroidism
euthyroidism (u-thi′roy-dizm)

A condition in which the thyroid gland is functioning normally, its secretion being of proper amount and constitution.

euthyscope
euthyscope (u′thi-skop)

A modified ophthalmoscope, now seldom used, with which the site of excentric fixation may be dazzled by a bright light while the true fovea is simultaneously shielded by an opaque disk; used in pleoptics. [G. euthys, straight, + skopeo, to view]

euthyscopy
euthyscopy (u-this′ko-pe)

Examination with the euthyscope.

eutonic
eutonic (u-ton′ik)

SYN: normotonic (1) . [eu- + G. tonos, tone]

eutrichosis
eutrichosis (u-tri-ko′sis)

A normal growth of healthy hair. [eu- + G. thrix, hair]

eutrophia
eutrophia (u-tro′fe-a)

A state of normal nourishment and growth. SYN: eutrophy. [G. fr. eu, well, + trophe, nourishment]

eutrophic
eutrophic (u-trof′ik)

Relating to, characterized by, or promoting eutrophia.

eutrophy
eutrophy (u′tro-fe)

SYN: eutrophia.

euvolia
euvolia (u-vo′le-a)

Normal water content or volume of a given compartment; e.g., extracellular e..

eV
eV, ev

Abbreviation for electron-volt.

evacuant
evacuant (e-vak′u-ant)

1. Promoting an excretion, especially of the bowels. 2. An agent that increases excretion, especially a cathartic.

evacuate
evacuate (e-vak′u-at)

To accomplish evacuation. [L. e-vacuo, pp. -vacuatus, to empty out]

evacuation
evacuation (e-vak-u-a′shun)

1. Removal of material, especially wastes from the bowels by defecation. 2. SYN: stool (2) . 3. Removal of air from a closed vessel; production of a vacuum.

evacuator
evacuator (e-vak′u-a-tor)

A mechanical evacuant; an instrument for the removal of fluid or small particles from a body cavity, or of impacted feces from the rectum.
Ellik e. a special instrument with glass receptacle, latex or plastic bulb, and flexible tubing, used to evacuate tissue fragments, blood clots, or calculi from the urinary bladder.

evagination
evagination (e-vaj-i-na′shun)

Protrusion of some part or organ from its normal position. [L. e, out, + vagina, sheath]

evaluation
evaluation

Systematic, objective assessment of the relevance, effectiveness, and impact of activities in the light of specified objectives.

evanescent
evanescent (ev-a-nes′ent)

Of short duration. [L. e, out, + vanesco, to vanish]

Evans
Evans

Herbert M., U.S. anatomist and physiologist, 1882–1971. See E. blue.

Evans
Evans

Robert S., U.S. physician, 1912–1974. See E. syndrome.

Evans blue
Evans blue [C.I. 23860]

A diazo dye used for the determination of the blood volume on the basis of the dilution of a standard solution of the dye in the plasma after its intravenous injection; it binds to proteins and is also used as a vital stain for following diffusion through blood vessel walls. SYN: azovan blue.

evaporate
evaporate (e-vap′or-at)

To cause or undergo evaporation. SYN: volatilize.

evaporation
evaporation (e-vap-o-ra′shun)

1. A change from liquid to vapor form. 2. Loss of volume of a liquid by conversion into vapor. SYN: volatilization. [L. e, out, + vaporo, to emit vapor]

evasion
evasion (e-va′zhun)

The act of escaping, avoiding, or feigning.
macular e. SYN: horror fusionis.

event
event

sentinel e. a type of clinical indicator used to monitor and appraise the quality of care, indluding events that require immediate attention.

eventration
eventration (e′ven-tra′shun)

1. Protrusion of omentum and/or intestine through an opening in the abdominal wall. SYN: evisceration (4) . 2. Removal of the contents of the abdominal cavity. [L. e, out, + venter, belly]
e. of the diaphragm extreme elevation of a half or part of the diaphragm, which is usually atrophic and abnormally thin.

eversion
eversion (e-ver′zhun)

A turning outward, as of the eyelid or foot. [L. e-everto, pp. -versus, to overturn]

evert
evert (e-vert′)

To turn outward. [L. e-verto, to overturn]

eviration
eviration (ev-i-ra′shun, e-vi-ra′shun)

1. SYN: emasculation. 2. Loss or absence of the masculine, with acquisition of feminine characteristics; a type of effemination. 3. Delusional belief of a man that he has become a woman. [L. e, out, + vir, man]

evisceration
evisceration (e-vis-er-a′shun)

1. SYN: exenteration. 2. The process wherein tissue or organs that usually reside within a body cavity are displaced outside that cavity usualy through a traumatic disruption of the wall of the cavity; e.g., e. of bowel. 3. Removal of the contents of the eyeball, leaving the sclera and sometimes the cornea. 4. SYN: eventration (1) . [L. eviscero, to disembowel]

evisceroneurotomy
evisceroneurotomy (e-vis′er-o-noo-rot′o-me)

Evisceration of the eye with division of the optic nerve. [L. eviscero, to disembowel, + G. neuron, nerve, + tome, a cutting]

evocation
evocation (ev-o-ka′shun, e-vo-ka′shun)

Induction of a particular tissue produced by the action of an evocator during embryogenesis. [L. evoco, pp. evocatus, to call forth, evoke]

evocator
evocator (ev′o-ka-ter, -tor)

A factor in the control of morphogenesis in the early embryo.

evolution
evolution (ev-o-loo′shun)

1. A continuing process of change from one state, condition or form to another. 2. A progressive distancing between the genotype and the phenotype in a line of descent. 3. The liberation of a gas or heat in the course of a chemical or enzymatic reaction. [L. e-volvo, pp. -volutus, to roll out]
biologic e. the doctrine that all forms of animal or plant life have been derived by gradual changes from simpler forms and ultimately unicellular organisms. SYN: organic e..
chemical e. the theory of the process by which life arose from inorganic matter.
coincidental e. SYN: concerted e..
concerted e. the ability of two related genes to evolve together as though constituting a single locus. SYN: coincidental e..
convergent e. the evolutionary development of similar structures in two or more species, often widely separated phylogenetically, in response to similarities of environment; for example, the wing-like structures in insects, birds, and flying mammals.
darwinian e. the proposition that the phylogeny of all species is wholly ascribable to the combined effects of random variation (mutation) in genotypes of the members of a stock as a result of the operation of undirected accidents with consequences to their phenotypes and the operation of preferential (but by no means certain) survival of those resulting phenotypes most suited to survive in the contemporary environment. The proposed system survives largely because of genetic factors that avidly conserve the ontogeny of the stock.
divergent e. the process by which a species or gene product gives rise to two or more different products.
emergent e. appearance of a property in a complex system e.g., organism that could have been predicted only with difficulty, or perhaps not at all, from a knowledge and understanding of the individual genotype changes taken separately.
organic e. SYN: biologic e..
saltatory e. the theory that e. of a new species from an older one may occur as a large jump, such as a major repatterning of chromosomes, rather than by gradual accumulation of small steps or mutations. Cf.:emergent e..
spontaneous e. the unaided delivery of the fetus from a transverse lie.

evulsion
evulsion (e-vul′shun)

A forcible pulling out or extraction. Cf.:avulsion. [L. evulsio, fr. e-vello, pp. -vulsus, to pluck out]

Ewart
Ewart

William, English physician, 1848–1929. See E. procedure, E. sign.

Ewing
Ewing

James, U.S. pathologist, 1866–1943. See E. sarcoma, E. tumor.

Ewing
Ewing

James H., pathologist, 1798–1827. See E. sign.

Ewingella
Ewingella (oo′ing-el′ah)

Newly named genus of bacteria (family Enterobacteriaciae) that are usually motile, produce acid but not gas from glucose, use citrate as a carbon source, and do not produce hydrogen sulfide on triple sugar; the type species is E. americana, found in the human respiratory tract and recovered from cases of septicemia, usually in association with polymicrobial sepsis.

ex- ex-

Out of, from, away from. [L. and G. out of]

exa- exa- (E)

Prefix used in the SI and metric system to signify a multiple of one quintillion (10¹⁸).

exacerbation
exacerbation (eg-zas-er-ba′shun, -ek-sas-)

An increase in the severity of a disease or any of its signs or symptoms. [L. ex- acerbo, pp. -atus, to exasperate, increase, fr. acerbus, sour]

exaltation
exaltation (eks′al-ta′-shun)

An utterance, discourse, or address conveying a marked level of joy, glee, and happiness.

examination
examination (eg-zam-i-na′shun)

Any investigation or inspection made for the purpose of diagnosis; usually qualified by the method used.
cytologic e. microscopic e. of cells, especially for diagnosis of disease.
direct wet mount e. microscopic review at low (100×) and high dry (400×) total magnifications of a saline and fresh fecal specimen to detect parasites, including motile protozoan trophozoites.
EMG e. 1. needle electrode e. portion of the electrodiagnostic e. (limited sense); 2. synonym for entire electrodiagnostic e., including not only the needle electrode e. (electromyogram proper), but the nerve conduction studies as well (expanded sense).
fecal e. microscopic review of direct wet mounts, concentration methods, and permanent stained smears to recover and identify parasites from stool specimens.
ova and parasite e. a comprehensive review of a fecal specimen, using direct wet mounts, concentration wet mounts, and permanent stained smears, for the recovery and identification of protozoan and helmintic parasite stages such as trophozoites, cysts, oocysts, spores, eggs, and larvae.
Papanicolaou e. Pap test.
permanent stained smear e. microscopic review at oil immersion (1000×) magnification of fecal specimens stained with trichrome, iron-hematoxylin, and such stains; primarily used for protozoan trophozoites, cysts, oocysts, and spores.
physical e. e. by means such as visual inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation to collect information for diagnosis.
postmortem e. SYN: autopsy.

examiner
examiner (eg-zam′in-er)

One who performs an examination. [L. examino, to weigh, examine]
medical e. 1. a physician who examines a person and reports upon that person's physical condition to the company or individual at whose request the examination was made. 2. in states or municipalities where the office of coroner has been abolished, a physician appointed to investigate all cases of sudden, violent, or suspicious death.

exanthem
exanthem (eg-zan′them)

SYN: exanthema.

exanthema
exanthema (eg-zan-the′ma)

A skin eruption occurring as a symptom of an acute viral or coccal disease, as in scarlet fever or measles. SYN: exanthem. [G. efflorescence, an eruption, fr. anthos, flower]
Boston e. a viral disease resembling e. subitum, with the e., if it develops, appearing after the fever has subsided; it is caused by strain 16 of ECHO virus. [after the city in which an epidemic occurred]
epidemic e. SYN: epidemic polyarthritis.
keratoid e. a symptom occurring in the secondary stage of yaws: patches of fine, light colored, furfuraceous desquamation, scattered irregularly over limbs and trunk.
e. subitum a disease of infants and young children caused by herpesvirus-6, marked by sudden onset with fever lasting several days (sometimes with convulsions) and followed by a fine macular (sometimes maculopapular) rash that appears within a few hours to a day after the fever has subsided. SYN: Dukes disease, fourth disease, pseudorubella, roseola infantilis, roseola infantum, sixth disease.

exanthematous
exanthematous (eg-zan-them′a-tus)

Relating to an exanthema.

exanthesis
exanthesis (eg-zan-the′sis)

1. A rash or exanthem. 2. The coming out of a rash or eruption. [G.]
e. arthrosia SYN: dengue.

exanthrope
exanthrope (ek′zan-throp)

An external cause of disease, one not originating in the body. [G. ex, out of, + anthropos, man]

exanthropic
exanthropic (ek-zan-throp′ik)

Originating outside of the human body.

exarteritis
exarteritis (eks-ar-ter-i′tis)

SYN: periarteritis.

excalation
excalation (eks-ka-la′shun)

Absence, suppression, or failure of development of one of a series of structures, as of a digit or vertebra. [G. ex, from, + chalao, to abate, release]

excavatio
excavatio (eks-ka-va′she-o)

SYN: excavation (1) . [L. fr. ex-cavo, pp. -cavatus, to hollow out, fr. ex, out, + cavus, hollow]
e. disci [TA] SYN: depression of optic disk.
e. papillae SYN: depression of optic disk.
e. rectouterina [TA] SYN: rectouterine pouch.
e. rectovesicalis [TA] SYN: rectovesical pouch.
e. vesicouterina [TA] SYN: vesicouterine pouch.

excavation
excavation (eks-ka-va′shun)

1. A natural cavity, pouch, or recess; a sunken or depressed area. SYN: depression (2) [TA] , excavatio. 2. A cavity formed artificially or as the result of a pathologic process.
atrophic e. an exaggeration of the normal or physiologic cupping of the optic disk caused by atrophy of the optic nerve.
glaucomatous e. SYN: glaucomatous cup.
e. of optic disk SYN: depression of optic disk.
physiologic e. SYN: depression of optic disk.

excavator
excavator (eks′ca-va-tor, -tor)

1. An instrument like a large sharp spoon or scoop, used in scraping out pathologic tissue. 2. In dentistry, an instrument, generally a small spoon or curette, for cleaning out and shaping a carious cavity preparatory to filling.
hatchet e. hatchet.
hoe e. a single-beveled dental e., with the blade at an angle to the axis of the handle and the cutting edge perpendicular to the plane of the angle.

excementosis
excementosis (ek′se-men-to′sis)

A nodular outgrowth of cementum on the root surface of a tooth.

excentric
excentric (ek-sen′trik)

Alternative spelling for eccentric (2, 3).

excess
excess (ek′ses)

That which is more than the usual or specified amount.
antibody e. in a precipitation test, the presence of antibody in an amount greater than that required to combine with all of the antigen present. See prozone.
antigen e. 1. in a precipitation test, the presence of uncombined antigen above that required to combine with all of the antibody; precipitation may be inhibited because the presence of e. antigen gives rise to soluble antigen-antibody complexes; 2. in vivo the resultant antigen-antibody interaction in such an antigen e. may give rise to immune complexes, which have a potential to induce cellular damage; could be tolerogenic.
base e. a measure of metabolic alkalosis, usually predicted from the Siggaard-Andersen nomogram; the amount of strong acid that would have to be added per unit volume of whole blood to titrate it to pH 7.4 while at 37°C and at a carbon dioxide pressure of 40 mm Hg.
convergence e. that condition in which an esophoria or esotropia is greater for near vision than for far vision.
negative base e. a measure of metabolic acidosis, usually predicted from the Siggaard-Andersen nomogram; the amount of strong alkali that would have to be added per unit volume of whole blood to titrate it to pH 7.4 while at 37°C and at a carbon dioxide pressure of 40 mm Hg.

exchange
exchange (eks-chanj′)

To substitute one thing for another, or the act of such substitution.
sister chromatid e. the e. during mitosis of homologous genetic material between sister chromatids; increased as a result of inordinate chromosomal fragility due to genetic or environmental factors. See recombination.

excipient
excipient (ek-sip′e-ent)

A more or less inert substance added in a prescription as a diluent or vehicle or to give form or consistency when the remedy is given in pill form; e.g., simple syrup, vegetable gums, aromatic powder, honey, and various elixirs. [L. excipiens; pres. p. of ex- cipio, to take out]

excise
excise (ek-siz′)

To cut out. SEE ALSO: resect.

excision
excision (ek-sizh′un)

1. The act of cutting out; the surgical removal of part or all of a structure or organ. SYN: resection (3) . 2. In molecular biology, a recombination event in which a genetic element is removed. SYN: exeresis. [L. excido, to cut out]
loop e. a diagnostic and therapeutic gynecological surgical technique for removing dysplastic cells from the cervix. SYN: loop electrosurgical e. procedure, loop resection.In this office procedure, a small wire loop is used to excise visible zones of abnormal epithelium from the uterine cervix. Like cautery, cryosurgery, and CO₂ laser procedures, loop e. is a simple and inexpensive way of removing dyplastic cells. Unlike these procedures, it provides a specimen so that the lesion can be studied histologically and the completeness of its removal assessed. The cervix is first prepared with acetic acid and iodine solutions to enhance the demarcation of abnormal areas. Under local anesthesia and with colposcopic visualization, lesions are quickly undercut with a disposable loop electrode. The risk of complications (bleeding, severe postoperative pain, infection, cervical stenosis) is low. The success rate of the loop electrosurgical e. procedure, as defined by the absence of cytologic, histologic, or colposcopic evidence of abnormality 4–48 months after therapy, is 80–90%. Although loop e. does not cure human papilloma virus (HPV) infection, it offers excellent prognosis in HPV-induced dysplasias by removing transformation zone epithelium, which is most susceptible to such changes. The procedure is not appropriate for severe dysplasia or carcinoma in situ, which are treated by cervical conization.

excitability
excitability (ek-si′ta-bil′i-te)

Having the capability of being excitable.
supranormal e. at the end of phase three of the cardiac action potential, the successful stimulation threshold falls below ( i.e., less negative than) the level necessary to produce excitation during the rest of the phase of diastole, so that an ordinary subthreshold stimulus becomes effective. Cf.:supranormal conduction.

excitable
excitable (ek-si′ta-bl)

1. Capable of quick response to a stimulus; having potentiality for emotional arousal. Cf.:irritable. 2. In neurophysiology, referring to a tissue, cell, or membrane capable of undergoing excitation in response to an adequate stimulus.

excitant
excitant (ek-si′tant)

SYN: stimulant. [L. excito, pp. -atus, pres. p. -ans, to arouse]

excitation
excitation (ek-si-ta′shun)

1. The act of increasing the rapidity or intensity of the physical or mental processes. 2. In neurophysiology, the complete all-or-none response of a nerve or muscle to an adequate stimulus, ordinarily including propagation of e. along the membranes of the cell or cells involved. SEE ALSO: stimulation.
anomalous atrioventricular e. ectopic atrial beat conducted to the ventricle.

excitatory
excitatory (ek-si′ta-to-re)

Tending to produce excitation.

excitement
excitement (ek-sit′ment)

An emotional state sometimes characterized by its potential for impulsive or poorly controlled activity.
catatonic e. an excited catatonic state seen in one of the schizophrenic disorders. See catatonia.
manic e. an excited mental state seen in a bipolar (manic-depressive) disorder characterized by hyperactivity, talkativeness, flight of ideas, pressured speech, grandiosity, and, occasionally, grandiose delusions. See mania, manic-depressive. SYN: acute mania.

excitoglandular
excitoglandular (ek-si′to-glan′du-lar)

Increasing the secretory activity of a gland.

excitometabolic
excitometabolic (ek-si′to-met-a-bol′ik)

Increasing the activity of the metabolic processes.

excitomotor
excitomotor (ek-si′to-mo′ter)

Causing or increasing the rapidity of motion. SYN: centrokinetic (2) .

excitomuscular
excitomuscular (ek-si′to-mus′ku-lar)

Causing muscular activity.

excitor
excitor (ek-si′ter, -tor)

SYN: stimulant (2) .

excitosecretory
excitosecretory (ek-si′to-se-kre′to-re)

Stimulating to secretion.

excitotoxic
excitotoxic (ek-si′-to-tok-sik)

Possessing the property of exciting and then poisoning cells or tissues; examples include nerve injury and death produced by glutamate. [excite + G. toxikon, poison]

excitotoxins
excitotoxins (ek-si′to-toks′ins)

Toxins that bind to certain receptors ( e.g., certain glutamate receptors) and may cause neuronal cell death; e. may be involved in brain damage associated with strokes.

exclave
exclave (eks-klav′)

An outlying, detached portion of a gland or other part, such as the thyroid or pancreas; an accessory gland. [L. ex, out, + -clave (in enclave)]

exclusion
exclusion (eks-kloo′zhun)

A shutting out; disconnection from the main portion. [L. ex- cludo, pp. -clusus, to shut out]
allelic e. in each cell of an individual heterozygous at an autosomal locus, the non-preferential suppression of the phenotypic manifestation of one or other of the alleles; the phenotype of the body is thus mosaic. Cf.:lyonization.
e. of pupil SYN: seclusion of pupil.

exclusive provider organization
exclusive provider organization (EPO)

A managed care plan in which enrollees must receive their care from affiliated providers; treatment provided outside the approved network must be paid for by the patients. SEE ALSO: managed care.

exconjugant
exconjugant (eks-kon′joo-gant)

A member of a conjugating pair of protozoan ciliates after separation and prior to the subsequent mitotic division of each of the exconjugants. SEE ALSO: conjugant, conjugation (3) . [ex- + L. conjugo, to join]

excoriate
excoriate (eks-ko′re-at)

To scratch or otherwise strip off the skin by physical means.

excoriation
excoriation (eks-ko′re-a′shun)

A scratch mark; a linear break in the skin surface, usually covered with blood or serous crusts. [L. excorio, to skin, strip, fr. corium, skin, hide]
neurotic e. repeated self-induced e., with or without underlying skin lesions, associated with compulsive or neurotic behavioral problems.

excrement
excrement (eks′kre-ment)

Waste matter or any excretion cast out of the body; e.g., feces. [L. ex- cerno, pp. -cretus, to separate]

excrementitious
excrementitious (eks′kre-men-tish′us)

Relating to any excrement.

excrescence
excrescence (eks-kres′ens)

Any outgrowth from a surface. [L. ex- cresco, pp. -cretus, to grow forth]
Lambl excrescences small pointed projections from the edges of the aortic cusps of unknown significance.

excreta
excreta (eks-kre′ta)

SYN: excretion (2) . [L. neut. pl. of excretus, pp. of ex-cerno, to separate]

excrete
excrete (eks-kret′)

To separate from the blood and cast out; to perform excretion.

excretion
excretion (eks-kre′shun)

1. The process whereby the undigested residue of food and the waste products of metabolism are eliminated, material is removed to regulate the composition of body fluids and tissues, or substances are expelled to perform functions on an exterior surface. 2. The product of a tissue or organ that is material to be passed out of the body. SYN: excreta. Cf.:secretion. [see excrement]

excretory
excretory (eks′kre-to-re)

Relating to excretion.

excursion
excursion (eks-ker′zhun)

Any movement from one point to another, usually with the implied idea of returning again to the original position.
lateral e. movement of the mandible to the right or left side.
protrusive e. movement of the mandible to a position forward of the centric position.
retrusive e. the slight backward and return movement of the mandible between the position of closure and a slightly posterior position.

excycloduction
excycloduction (ek-si-klo-duk′shun)

A cycloduction in which the upper pole of the cornea is rotated outward (laterally). [ex- + cyclo- + L. duco, pp. ductus, to lead]

excyclophoria
excyclophoria (ek-si-klo-fo′re-a)

A cyclophoria in which the upper poles of each cornea tend to rotate laterally. [ex- + cyclo- + G. phora, a carrying]

excyclotorsion
excyclotorsion (eks′si-klo-tor′shun)

SYN: extorsion (1) . [ex- + cyclo- + L. torqueo, pp. torsus, to twist]

excyclotropia
excyclotropia (eks′si-klo-tro′pe-a)

A cyclotropia in which the upper poles of the corneas are rotated outward (laterally) relative to each other. [ex- + cyclo- + G. trope, a turning]

excyclovergence
excyclovergence (ek-si-klo-ver′jens)

Rotation of the upper pole of each cornea outwards. [ex- + cyclo- + L. vergo, to bend, incline]

excystation
excystation (ek-sis-ta′shun)

Removal from a cyst; denoting the action of certain encysted organisms in escaping from their envelope.

exduction
exduction (eks-duk′shun)

SYN: lateroduction. [ex- + L. duco, pp. ductus, to lead]

exemia
exemia (ek-se′me-a)

A condition, as in shock, in which a considerable portion of the blood is removed from the main circulation but remains within blood vessels in certain areas where it is stagnant. [G. ex, out of, + haima, blood]

exencephalia
exencephalia (eks′en-se-fa′le-a)

SYN: exencephaly.

exencephalic
exencephalic (eks′en-se-fal′ik)

Relating to exencephaly. SYN: exencephalous.

exencephalocele
exencephalocele (eks′en-sef′a-lo-sel)

Herniation of the brain. [ex, out, + G. enkephalos, brain, + kele, tumor]

exencephalous
exencephalous (eks-en-sef′a-lus)

SYN: exencephalic.

exencephaly
exencephaly (eks-en-sef′a-le)

Condition in which the skull is defective with the brain exposed or extruding. SYN: exencephalia. [G. ex, out, + enkephalos, brain]

exenteration
exenteration (eks-en-ter-a′shun)

Removal of internal organs and tissues, usually radical removal of the contents of a body cavity. SYN: evisceration (1) . [G. ex, out, + enteron, bowel]
anterior pelvic e. removal of the urinary bladder, lower parts of the ureter, vagina, uterus, adnexa, and adjacent lymph nodes; a urinary diversion is necessary.
orbital e. removal of the entire contents of the orbit.
pelvic e. removal of all of the organs and adjacent structures of the pelvis; usually performed to surgically ablate cancer involving urinary bladder, uterine cervix, and rectum.
posterior pelvic e. removal of the vagina, uterus, adnexa, rectum, anus, and adjacent lymph nodes; a colostomy is necessary.
total pelvic e. removal of the urinary bladder, lower parts of the ureter, vagina, uterus, adnexa, rectum, anus, and adjacent lymph nodes; a colostomy and urinary diversion are necessary. SYN: Brunschwig operation.

exenteritis
exenteritis (eks-en-ter-i′tis)

Inflammation of the peritoneal covering of the intestine. [G. exo, on the outside, + enteritis]

exercise
exercise (ek′ser-siz)

1. Active: bodily exertion for the sake of restoring the organs and functions to a healthy state or keeping them healthy. 2. Passive: motion of limbs without effort by the patient.
isometric e. e. consisting of muscular contractions without movement of the involved parts of the body.
isotonic e. SYN: isotonic contraction.
Kegel exercises alternate contraction and relaxation of perineal muscles for treatment of urinary stress incontinence.

exeresis
exeresis (ek-ser′e-sis)

SYN: excision. [G. exairesis, a taking out, fr. haireo, to take, grasp]

exergonic
exergonic (ek-ser-gon′ik)

1. Referring to a chemical reaction that takes place with a negative charge in Gibbs free energy. Cf.:endergonic. 2. Any process that can produce work. [exo- + G. ergon, work]

exflagellation
exflagellation (eks-flaj-e-la′shun)

The extrusion of rapidly waving flagellum-like microgametes from microgametocytes; in the case of human malaria parasites, this occurs in the blood meal taken by the proper anopheline vector within a few minutes after ingestion of the infected blood by the mosquito. SYN: polymitus.

exfoliation
exfoliation (eks-fo-le-a′shun)

1. Detachment and shedding of superficial cells of an epithelium or from any tissue surface. 2. Scaling or desquamation of the horny layer of epidermis, which varies in amount from minute quantities to shedding the entire integument. 3. Loss of deciduous teeth following physiological loss of root structure. [Mod. L. fr. L. ex, out, + folium, leaf]
e. of lens sheetlike separation of the capsule of the lens; it may occur if the eyes are exposed to intense heat.

exfoliative
exfoliative (eks-fo′le-a-tiv)

Marked by exfoliation, desquamation, or profuse scaling. [Mod. L. exfoliativus]

exhalation
exhalation (eks-ha-la′shun)

1. Breathing out. SYN: expiration (1) . 2. The giving forth of gas or vapor. 3. Any exhaled or emitted gas or vapor. [L. ex-halo, pp. -halatus, to breathe out]

exhale
exhale (eks′hal)

1. To breathe out. SYN: expire (1) . 2. To emit a gas or vapor or odor.

exhaustion
exhaustion (eg-zos′chun)

1. Extreme fatigue; inability to respond to stimuli. 2. Removal of contents; using up of a supply of anything. 3. Extraction of the active constituents of a drug by treating with water, alcohol, or other solvent. [L. ex-haurio, pp. -haustus, to draw out, empty]
heat e. a form of reaction to heat, marked by prostration, weakness, and collapse, resulting from severe dehydration.

exhibitionism
exhibitionism (ek-si-bish′un-izm)

A morbid compulsion to expose a part of the body, especially the genitals, with the intent of provoking sexual interest in the viewer.

exhibitionist
exhibitionist (ek-si-bish′un-ist)

One who engages in exhibitionism.

exhilarant
exhilarant (eg-zil′ar-ant)

Mentally stimulating. [L. ex-hilaro, pp. -atus, pres. p. -ans, to gladden]

existential
existential (eg-zi-sten′shal)

Pertaining to a branch of philosophy, existentialism, concerned with the search for the meaning of one's own existence, that has been extended into e. psychotherapy. [L. existentia, existence]

exitus
exitus (eks′i-tus)

An exit or outlet; death. [L. fr. ex-eo, pp. -itus, to go out]

Exner
Exner

Siegmund, Austrian physiologist, 1846–1926. See Call-E. bodies, under body, E. plexus.

exo- exo-

Exterior, external, or outward. SEE ALSO: ecto-. [G. exo, outside]

exoamylase
exoamylase (ek-so-am′il-as)

A glucanohydrolase acting on a glycosidic bond near an end of the polysaccharide; E.G., β-amylase.

exoantigen
exoantigen (ek-so-an′ti-jen)

SYN: ectoantigen.

exocardia
exocardia (ek-so-kar′de-a)

SYN: ectocardia.

exocrine
exocrine (ek′so-krin)

1. Denoting glandular secretion delivered to an apical or luminal surface. SYN: eccrine (1) . 2. Denoting a gland that secretes outwardly through excretory ducts. [exo- + G. krino, to separate]

exocyclic
exocyclic (ek-so-si′klik, -sik′lik)

Relating to atoms or groups attached to a cyclic structure but not themselves cyclic; e.g., the methyl group of toluene. Cf.:endocyclic.

exocytosis
exocytosis (ek′so-si-to′sis)

1. The appearance of migrating inflammatory cells in the epidermis. 2. The process whereby secretory granules or droplets are released from a cell; the membrane around the granule fuses with the cell membrane, which ruptures, and the secretion is discharged. SYN: emeiocytosis, emiocytosis. Cf.:endocytosis. [exo- + G. kytos, cell, + -osis, condition]

exodeviation
exodeviation (ek′so-de-ve-a′shun)

1. SYN: exophoria. 2. SYN: exotropia.

exodontia
exodontia (ek-so-don′she-a)

The branch of dental practice concerned with the extraction of teeth. [exo- + G. odous, tooth]

exodontist
exodontist (ek-so-don′tist)

One who specializes in the extraction of teeth.

exoenzyme
exoenzyme (ek-so-en′zim)

SYN: extracellular enzyme.

exogamy
exogamy (ek-sog′a-me)

Sexual reproduction by means of conjugation of two gametes of different ancestry, as in certain protozoan species. [exo- + G. gamos, marriage]

exogastrula
exogastrula (eks-o-gas′troo-la)

An abnormal embryo in which the primitive gut has been everted.

exogenetic
exogenetic (ek′so-je-net′ik)

SYN: exogenous.

exogenote
exogenote (ek-so-je′not)

In microbial genetics, the fragment of genetic material that has been transferred from a donor to the recipient and, being homologous for a region of the recipient's original genome (endogenote), produces in the homologous region a condition analogous to diploidy. [exo + genote]

exogenous
exogenous (eks-oj′e-nus)

Originating or produced outside of the organism. SYN: ectogenous, exogenetic. [exo- + G. -gen, production]

exo-1,4-α-d-glucosidase
exo-1,4-α-d-glucosidase

A hydrolase removing terminal α-1,4-linked d-glucose residues from nonreducing ends of chains, with release of β-d-glucose. SYN: acid maltase, amyloglucosidase, γ-amylase, glucoamylase.

exolever
exolever (ek′so-le′ver)

A modified elevator for the extraction of tooth roots. [exo- + L. levare, to raise]

exomphalos
exomphalos (eks-om′fa-lus)

1. Protrusion of the umbilicus. SYN: exumbilication (1) . 2. SYN: umbilical hernia. 3. SYN: omphalocele. [G. ex, out, + omphalos, umbilicus]

exon
exon (ek′son)

A portion of a DNA that codes for a section of the mature messenger RNA from that DNA, and is therefore expressed (“translated” into protein) at the ribosome. [ex- + on]

exon shuffle
exon shuffle

The variation in the patterns by which RNA may produce diverse sets of exons from a single gene.

exonuclease
exonuclease (ek-so-noo′kle-as)

A nuclease that releases one nucleotide at a time, serially, beginning at one end of a polynucleotide (nucleic acid); several have been prepared from Escherichia coli, designated e. I, e. II, etc.; e. III, which removes nucleotides from 3′ ends of DNA, is used in DNA sequencing. Cf.:endonuclease.

exopeptidase
exopeptidase (ek-so-pep′ti-das)

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the terminal amino acid of a peptide chain; e.g., carboxypeptidase. Cf.:endopeptidase.

Exophiala
Exophiala (ek-so-fi′a-la)

A genus of pathogenic fungi having dematiaceous conidiophores with one- or two-celled annelloconidia. They cause mycetoma or phaeohyphomycosis; in cases of mycetoma, black granules develop in subcutaneous abscesses; in cases of phaeohyphomycosis, hyaline or brownish hyphae are found in tissues. [exo + G. phiale, a broad flat vessel]
E. jeanselmei a fungal species found in cases of mycetoma or phaeohyphomycosis.
E. werneckii a fungal species that causes tinea nigra. SYN: Cladosporium werneckii.

exophoria
exophoria (ek′so-fo′re-a)

Tendency of the eyes to deviate outward when fusion is suspended. SYN: exodeviation (1) . [exo- + G. phora, a carrying]

exophoric
exophoric (ek-so-for′ik)

Relating to exophoria.

exophthalmic
exophthalmic (ek-sof-thal′mik)

Relating to exophthalmos; marked by prominence of the eyeball.

exophthalmometer
exophthalmometer (ek-sof-thal-mom′e-ter)

An instrument to measure the distance between the anterior pole of the eye and a fixed reference point, often the zygomatic bone. SYN: orthometer, proptometer, statometer. [exophthalmos + G. metron, measure]

exophthalmos
exophthalmos, exophthalmus (ek-sof-thal′mos)

Protrusion of one or both eyeballs; can be congenital and familial, or due to pathology, such as a retroorbital tumor (usually unilateral) or thyroid disease (usually bilateral). SYN: proptosis. [G. ex, out, + ophthalmos, eye]
endocrine e. e. associated with thyroid gland disorders. See Graves ophthalmopathy, Graves orbitopathy.
malignant e. relentless, progressive protrusion of the eyeballs.

exophyte
exophyte (ek′so-fit)

An exterior or external plant parasite. [exo- + G. phyton, plant]

exophytic
exophytic (ek-so-fit′ik)

1. Pertaining to an exophyte. 2. Denoting a neoplasm or lesion that grows outward from an epithelial surface.

exoplasm
exoplasm (ek′so-plazm)

SYN: ectoplasm.

exoserosis
exoserosis (ek′so-se-ro′sis)

Serous exudation from the skin surface, as in eczema or abrasions.

exoskeleton
exoskeleton (ek-so-skel′e-ton)

1. Hard parts, such as hair, teeth, nails, feathers, hooves, scales, etc., developed from the epidermis in vertebrates. SYN: dermoskeleton. 2. Outer chitinous envelope of an insect, or the chitinous or calcareous covering of certain Crustacea and other invertebrates.

exospore
exospore (ek′so-spor)

An exogenous spore, not encased in a sporangium. [exo- + G. sporos, seed]

exosporium
exosporium (ek-so-spo′re-um)

The outer envelope of a spore.

exostectomy
exostectomy (ek-sos-tek′to-me)

Removal of an exostosis. SYN: exostosectomy. [exostosis + G. ektome, excision]

exostosectomy
exostosectomy (ek-sos-to-sek′to-me)

SYN: exostectomy.

exostosis
exostosis, pl .exostoses (eks-os-to′sis, -sez)

A cartilage-capped bony projection arising from any bone that develops from cartilage. SEE ALSO: osteochondroma. SYN: hyperostosis (2) , poroma (2) . [exo- + G. osteon, bone, + -osis, condition]
e. bursata an e. arising from the joint surface of a bone and covered with cartilage and a synovial sac.
e. cartilaginea an ossified chondroma arising from the epiphysis or joint surface of a bone.
hereditary multiple exostoses [MIM*133700] a disturbance of enchondral bone growth in which multiple, generally benign osteochondromas of long bones appear during childhood, commonly with shortening of the radius and fibula; the skull is not involved; the ill effects are usually mechanical but malignant change is rare; autosomal dominant inheritance with genetic heterogeneity of which some cases are due to mutation in the e.-1 gene (EXT1) on 8q. SYN: hereditary deforming chondrodystrophy (1) , multiple e., osteochondromatosis.
ivory e. a small, rounded, eburnated tumor arising from a bone, usually one of the cranial bones.
multiple e. SYN: hereditary multiple exostoses.
solitary osteocartilaginous e. SYN: osteochondroma.
subungual e. painful osseous outgrowths that elevate the nail of the great toe or fingers in young people.

exoteric
exoteric (ek-so-tar′ik)

Of external origin; arising outside the organism. [G. exoterikos, outer]

exothermic
exothermic (ek-so-ther′mik)

1. Denoting a chemical reaction during which heat ( i.e., enthalpy) is emitted. Cf.:endothermic. 2. Relating to the external warmth of the body. [exo- + G. therme, heat]

exotoxic
exotoxic (ek-so-tok′sik)

1. Relating to an exotoxin. 2. Relating to the introduction of an exogenous poison or toxin.

exotoxin
exotoxin (ek-so-tok′sin)

A specific, soluble, antigenic, usually heat labile, injurious substance elaborated by certain Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria; it is formed within the cell, but is released into the environment where it is rapidly active in extremely small amounts; most exotoxins are protein in nature (MW 70,000–900,000) and can have the toxic portion of the molecule destroyed by heat, prolonged storage, or chemicals; the nontoxic but antigenic form is a toxoid. SYN: ectotoxin, extracellular toxin.

exotropia
exotropia (ek-so-tro′pe-a)

That type of strabismus in which the visual axes diverge; may be paralytic or concomitant, monocular or alternating, constant or intermittent. SYN: divergent squint, divergent strabismus, exodeviation (2) , external squint, wall-eye (1) . [exo- + G. trope, turn]
A-pattern e. divergent strabismus greater in downward than in upward gaze.
basic e. e. in which the strabismus is the same for near and far vision.
divergence excess e. e. in which the strabismus is notably greater for far vision than for near vision.
divergence insufficiency e. e. in which the strabismus is notably greater for near vision than for far vision.
V-pattern e. divergent strabismus greater in upward than in downward gaze.
X-pattern e. increasing divergence from primary position in both upward and downward gaze.

expansion
expansion (eks-pan′shun)

1. An increase in size as of chest or lungs. 2. The spreading out of any structure, as a tendon. 3. An expanse; a wide area. [L. ex-pando, pp. -pansus, to spread out]
clonal e. (klo′nal) production of daughter cells all arising originally from a single cell.
extensor e. SYN: extensor digital e..
extensor digital e. a triangular tendinous aponeurosis including the tendon of the extensor digitorum centrally, interosseus tendons on each side, and a lumbrical tendon laterally. It covers the dorsal aspect of the metacarpophalangeal joint and the proximal phalanx. SYN: dorsal hood, extensor aponeurosis, extensor e..
hygroscopic e. 1. e. due to the absorption of moisture; 2. in dental casting, the addition of water to the surface of the casting investment during setting to increase the size of the mold.
perceptual e. development of an ability to recognize and interpret sensory stimuli through associations with past similar stimuli; perceptual e. by relaxation of defenses is a goal of psychotherapy.
setting e. the dimensional increase that occurs concurrently with the hardening of various materials, such as plaster of Paris.
wax e. in dentistry, a method of expanding wax patterns to compensate for the shrinkage of gold during the casting process.

expansiveness
expansiveness (ek-span′siv-nes)

A state of optimism, loquacity, and reactivity.

expectation
expectation

In probability theory and statistics the true mean or average (of a sample distribution).

expectation of life
expectation of life

The average number of years of life an individual of a given age is expected to live if current mortality rates continue to apply; a statistical abstraction based on existing age-specific death rates.
e. at age x the average number of additional years a person aged x would live if current mortality trends continue to apply, based on the age-specific death rates for a given year.
e. at birth average number of years of life a newborn baby can be expected to live if current mortality trends continue.

expected
expected

In probability theory and statistics, interchangeable with mean or average; it need not be a probable or even possible value. For instance, the e. number of children in completed families may be 2.53, but that is not a possible size of any actual family.

expectorant
expectorant (ek-spek′to-rant)

1. Promoting secretion from the mucous membrane of the air passages or facilitating its expulsion. 2. An agent that increases bronchial secretion and facilitates its expulsion. [L. ex, out, + pectus, chest]

expectorate
expectorate (ek-spek′to-rat)

To spit; to eject saliva, mucus, or other fluid from the mouth.

expectoration
expectoration (ek-spek-to-ra′shun)

1. Mucus and other fluids formed in the air passages and upper food passages (the mouth), and expelled by coughing. SEE ALSO: sputum (1) . 2. The act of spitting; the expelling from the mouth of saliva, mucus, and other material from the air or upper food passages. SYN: spitting.
prune-juice e. SYN: prune-juice sputum.

experience
experience (ek-sper′e-ens)

The feeling of emotions and sensations, as opposed to thinking; involvement in what is happening rather than abstract reflection on an event or interpersonal encounter. [L. experientia, fr. experior, to try]
corrective emotional e. reexposure under favorable circumstances to an emotional situation with which one could not cope in the past.

experiment
experiment (eks-per′i-ment)

1. A study in which the investigator intentionally alters one or more factors under controlled conditions in order to study the effects of doing so. 2. In nuclear magnetic resonance, the term applied to a pulse sequence. [L. experimentum, fr. experior, to test, try]
Carr-Purcell e. in magnetic resonance, the multiple spin echo technique.
control e. an e. used to check another, to verify the result, or to demonstrate what would have occurred had the factor under study been omitted. SEE ALSO: control, control animal.
delayed reaction e. a method of measuring memory: a stimulus is presented and removed before the organism is permitted to respond to it; the interval during which the stimulus is absent, providing the organism responds correctly, is an indication of the length of memory.
double blind e. an e. conducted with neither experimenter nor subjects knowing which e. is the control; prevents bias in recording results. SEE ALSO: double-masked e..
double-masked e. a double-blind study conducted so neither the subject nor the observer knows the identity of the control or variable.
factorial experiments an experimental design in which two or more series of treatments are tried in all combinations.
hertzian experiments experiments demonstrating that electromagnetic induction is propagated in waves, analogous to waves of light but not affecting the retina.
Mariotte e. an e. in which one looks fixedly with one eye (the other being closed), at a black dot on a card, on which is also marked a black cross; as the card is moved to or from the eye, at a certain distance the cross becomes invisible but appears again as the card is moved further; this proves the absence of photoreceptors where the optic nerve enters the eye.
pulse-chase e. an e. in which an enzyme, a metabolic pathway, a culture of cells, etc., interacts with a brief addition (pulse) of a labeled compound followed by its removal and replacement (chase) by an excess of unlabeled compound.
Scheiner e. a demonstration of accommodation; through two minute holes in a card, separated from each other by less than the diameter of the pupil, one looks at a pin; at a short distance from the eye the pin appears double; as it is moved from the eye a point is found where it appears single, and beyond which it remains single for the emmetropic eye, but for the myopic eye it soon again becomes double.

expiration
expiration (eks-pi-ra′shun)

1. SYN: exhalation (1) . 2. A death. [L. expiro or ex-spiro, pp. -atus, to breathe out]

expiratory
expiratory (ek-spi′ra-to-re)

Relating to expiration.

expire
expire (ek-spir′)

1. SYN: exhale (1) . 2. To die.

explant
explant (eks′plant)

Living tissue transferred from an organism to an artificial medium for culture.

explantation
explantation (eks-plan-ta′shun)

The act of transferring an explant.

exploration
exploration (eks-plor-a′shun)

An active examination, usually involving a surgical procedure, to ascertain conditions present within a body cavity as an aid in diagnosis. [L. ex-ploro, pp. -ploratus, to explore]

exploratory
exploratory (eks-plor′a-tor-e)

Relating to, or with a view to, exploration.

explorer
explorer (ek′splor′er)

A sharp pointed probe used to investigate natural or restored tooth surfaces in order to detect caries or other defects.

explosion
explosion (eks-plo′zhun)

A sudden and violent increase in volume accompanied by noise and release of energy, as from a chemical change, nuclear reaction, or escape of gases or vapors under pressure. [L. explosio, fr. explodo, to drive away by clapping]

expose
expose (eks-poz′)

To perform or undergo exposure. [O. Fr. exposer, fr. L. ex-pono, pp. ex-positum, to set out, e.]

exposure
exposure (eks-po′zhoor)

1. A displaying, revealing, exhibiting, or making accessible. 2. In dentistry, loss of hard tooth structure covering the dental pulp due to caries, dental instrumentation, or trauma. 3. Proximity and/or contact with a source of a disease agent in such a manner that effective transmission of the agent or harmful effects of the agent may occur. 4. The amount of a factor to which a group or individual was exposed, in contrast to the dose, the amount that enters or interacts with the organism.

express
express (eks-pres′)

To press or squeeze out. [L. ex-premo, pp. -pressus, to press out]

expression
expression (eks-presh′un)

1. Squeezing out; expelling by pressure. 2. Mobility of the features giving a particular emotional significance to the face. SYN: facies (3) [TA] . 3. Any act by an individual. 4. Something that manifests something else. 5. The act of allowing information to become manifest. 6. A mathematical function consisting of a combination of constants, variables, other functions, and mathematical operations.
differential gene e. gene e. that responds to signals or triggers; a means of gene regulation; E.G., effects of certain hormones on protein biosynthesis.
gene e. 1. the detectable effect of a gene. 2. appearance of an inherited trait; for many genetic ( e.g., recessiveness, hypostasis, parastasis) and environmental (the absence of pertinent challenges) reasons, a gene may not be expressed at all. In those circumstances, it will have no impact on Darwinian evolution.
integrated rate e. an equation of a chemical or enzyme-catalyzed reaction for the entire progress curve.
e. library a collection of plasmid or phage containing a representative sample of cDNA or genomic fragments that are constructed in such a way that they will be transcribed and translated by the host organism (usually bacteria).

expressivity
expressivity (eks-pres-siv′i-te)

In clinical genetics, the degree of severity in which a gene is manifested.

expulsive
expulsive (eks-pul′siv)

Tending to expel. [L. ex-pello, pp. -pulsus, to drive out]

exquisite
exquisite (eks-kwiz′it)

Extremely intense, keen, sharp; said of pain or tenderness in a part. [L. exquiro, pp. exquisitus, to search out]

exsanguinate
exsanguinate (ek-sang′gwi-nat)

1. To remove or withdraw the circulating blood; to make bloodless. 2. SYN: exsanguine. [L. ex, out, + sanguis (-guin), blood]

exsanguination
exsanguination (ek-sang′gwi-na′shun)

Removal of blood; making exsanguine.

exsanguine
exsanguine (ek-sang′gwin)

Deprived of blood. SYN: exsanguinate (2) .

exsect
exsect (ek-sekt′)

Rarely used term for excise. [L. ex- seco, pp. -sectus, to cut out]

exsection
exsection (ek-sek′shun)

Rarely used term for excision.

Exserohilum
Exserohilum (eks′er-o-hi′lum)

A genus of fungi; a cause of human phaeohyphomycosis.

exsiccant
exsiccant (ek-sik′ant)

SYN: desiccant.

exsiccate
exsiccate (ek′si-kat)

SYN: desiccate.

exsiccation
exsiccation (ek-si-ka′shun)

1. SYN: desiccation. 2. The removal of water of crystallization. SYN: dehydration (3) . [L. ex sicco, pp. siccatus, to dry up]

exsomatize
exsomatize (ek-so′ma-tiz)

To remove from the body. [G. ex, out of, + soma, body]

exsorption
exsorption (ek-sorp′shun)

Movement of substances from the blood into the lumen of the gut. [L. ex, out, + sorbeo, to suck]

exstrophy
exstrophy (ek′stro-fe)

Congenital eversion of a hollow organ. SYN: ecstrophe. [G. ex, out, + strophe, a turning]
e. of the bladder a congenital gap in the anterior wall of the bladder and the abdominal wall in front of it, the posterior wall of the bladder being exposed. SYN: ectopia vesicae.
cloacal e. congenital anomaly with two exstrophied bladder units separated by an exstrophied segment of intestine, which is usually cecum, receiving ileum superiorly and continuing distally to blind ending microcolon. A number of variants of anatomic disarray can occur. SYN: ectopia cloacae.

extend
extend (eks-tend′)

To straighten a limb, to diminish or extinguish the angle formed by flexion; to place the distal segment of a limb in such a position that its axis is continuous with that of the proximal segment. [L. ex- tendo, pp. -tensus, to stretch out]

extension
extension (eks-ten′shun) [TA]

1. The act of bringing the distal portion of a joint in continuity (though only parallel) with the long axis of the proximal portion. 2. A pulling or dragging force exerted on a limb in a distal direction. 3. Obsolete term for traction. [L. extensio, a stretching out]
Buck e. SYN: Buck traction.
primer e. a technique for determining the 5′-untranslated region of a specific mRNA molecule. Uses an oligonucleotide complementary to the known RNA sequence as a primer for cDNA synthesis via reverse transcriptase.
ridge e. an intraoral surgical operation for deepening the labial, buccal, and/or lingual sulci; it is performed to increase the intraoral height of the alveolar ridge in order to assist denture retention.
skeletal e. SYN: skeletal traction.

extensor
extensor (eks-ten′ser, -sor) [TA]

A muscle the contraction of which causes movement at a joint with the consequence that the limb or body assumes a more straight line, or so that the distance between the parts proximal and distal to the joint is increased or extended; the antagonist of a flexor. See muscle. [L. one who stretches, fr. ex-tendo, to stretch out]

exterior
exterior (eks-te′re-or)

Outside; external. [L.]

exteriorize
exteriorize (eks-ter′e-or-iz)

1. To direct a patient's interests, thoughts, or feelings into a channel leading outside the self, to some definite aim or object. 2. To expose an organ temporarily for observation, or permanently for purposes of experiment. 3. Fixation of a segment of bowel with blood supply intact to the outer aspect of the abdominal wall.

extern
extern (eks′tern)

An advanced student or recent graduate who assists in the medical or surgical care of hospital patients; formerly, one who lived outside of the institution. [F. externe, outside, a day scholar]

external
external (eks-ter′nal) [TA]

On the outside or farther from the center; often incorrectly used to mean lateral. SYN: externus [TA] . [L. externus]

externus
externus (eks-ter′nus) [TA]

SYN: external.

exteroceptive
exteroceptive (eks′ter-o-sep′tiv)

Relating to the exteroceptors; denoting the surface of the body containing the end organs adapted to receive impressions or stimuli from without. [L. exterus, outside, + capio, to take]

exteroceptor
exteroceptor (eks′ter-o-sep′ter, -tor)

One of the peripheral end organs of the afferent nerves in the skin or mucous membrane, which respond to stimulation by external agents. [L. exterus, external, + receptor, receiver]

extinction
extinction (eks-tingk′shun)

1. In behavior modification or classical or operant conditioning, a progressive decrease in the frequency of a response that is not positively reinforced; the withdrawal of reinforcers known to maintain an undesirable behavior. See conditioning. 2. SYN: absorbance. [L. extinguo, to quench]
specific e. SYN: specific absorption coefficient.
visual e. SYN: pseudo-hemianopia.

extinguish
extinguish (eks-ting′gwish)

1. To abolish; to quench, as a flame; to cause loss of identity; to destroy. 2. In psychology, to progressively abolish a previously conditioned response. See conditioning. [L. extinguo, to quench]

extirpation
extirpation (eks-tir-pa′shun)

Partial or complete removal of an organ or diseased tissue. [L. extirpo, to root out, fr. stirps, a stalk, root]

Exton
Exton

William G., U.S. physician, 1876–1943. See E. reagent.

extorsion
extorsion (eks-tor′shun)

1. Conjugate rotation of the upper poles of each cornea outward. SYN: excyclotorsion. 2. Outward rotation of a limb or of an organ. [L. extorsio, fr. ex- torqueo, to twist out]

extortor
extortor (eks-tor′ter, -tor)

An outward rotator.

extra- extra-

Without, outside of. [L.]

extra-articular
extra-articular (eks-tra-ar-tik′u-lar)

Outside of a joint.

extraaxial
extraaxial (eks-tra-aks′e-al)

Off the axis; applied to intracranial lesions that do not arise from the brain itself.

extrabuccal
extrabuccal (eks-tra-buk′al)

Outside or not part of the cheek.

extrabulbar
extrabulbar (eks-tra-bul′bar)

Outside of or unrelated to any bulb, such as the bulb of the urethra, or the medulla oblongata.

extracaliceal
extracaliceal (eks′tra-ka-lis′e-al)

Outside of a calix.

extracapsular
extracapsular (eks′tra-kap′soo-lar)

Outside of the capsule of a joint.

extracarpal
extracarpal (eks-tra-kar′pal)

1. Outside of, having no relation to, the carpus. 2. On the outer side of the carpus.

extracellular
extracellular (eks-tra-sel′u-lar)

Outside the cells.

extrachromosomal
extrachromosomal (eks′tra-kro-mo-som′al)

Outside or separated from, a chromosome.

extracorporeal
extracorporeal (eks′tra-kor-po′re-al)

Outside of, or unrelated to, the body or any anatomic “corpus.”

extracorpuscular
extracorpuscular (eks′tra-kor-pus′ku-lar)

Outside the corpuscles, especially the blood corpuscles.

extracranial
extracranial (eks-tra-kra′ne-al)

Outside of the cranial cavity.

extract
extract

1. (ek′strakt)A concentrated preparation of a drug obtained by removing the active constituents of the drug with suitable solvents, evaporating all or nearly all of the solvent, and adjusting the residual mass or powder to the prescribed standard. 2. (ek-strakt′)To remove part of a mixture with a solvent. 3. To perform extraction. [L. ex-traho, pp. -tractus, to draw out]
alcoholic e. a solid e. obtained by extracting the alcohol-soluble principles of a drug, followed by the evaporation of the alcohol.
allergenic e. e. (usually containing protein) from various sources, e.g., food, bacteria, pollen, and the like, suspected of specific action in stimulating manifestations of allergy; may be used for skin testing or desensitization. SYN: allergic e..
allergic e. SYN: allergenic e..
belladonna e. a powdered e. from the leaves and/or roots of Atropa belladonna; used to formulate various pharmaceutical dosage forms. Contains the alkaloids of belladonna (atropine and scopolamine) and has been used in the treatment of ulcers, diarrhea, and parkinsonism.
Büchner e. a cell-free e. of yeast, such as was prepared by Eduard and Hans Büchner and observed to catalyze alcoholic fermentation; this observation essentially eliminated “vitalism” as being responsible for biologic chemical reactions and initiated the beginnings of modern biochemistry (enzymology).
equivalent e. a fluidextract of the same strength, weight for weight, as the original drug. SYN: valoid.
fluid e. fluidextract.
hydroalcoholic e. a solid e. obtained by extracting the soluble principles of the drug with alcohol and water, followed by evaporation of the solution.
liquid e. SYN: fluidextract.
pollen e. liquid obtained by extracting the protein from the pollen of plants used for diagnostic testing or treatment.

extractant
extractant (ek-strak′tant)

An agent used to isolate or extract a substance from a mixture or combination of substances, from the tissues, or from a crude drug.

extraction
extraction (ek-strak′shun)

1. Luxation and removal of a tooth from its alveolus. 2. Partitioning of material (solute) into a solvent. 3. The active portion of a drug; the making of an extract. 4. Surgical removal by pulling out. 5. Removal of the fetus from the uterus or vagina at or near the end of pregnancy, either manually or with instruments. 6. Removal by suction of the product of conception before a menstrual period has been missed. [L. extraho, pp. -tractus, to draw out]
Baker pyridine e. hot pyridine treatment of tissues fixed in dilute Bouin fixative, used to extract phospholipids from tissues as a control in the histochemical staining of this material.
breech e. obstetrical e. of the baby by the buttocks.
partial breech e. assisted breech delivery by the obstetrician with spontaneous delivery of the fetus to the level of the umbilicus.
podalic e. obstetrical e. of the baby by the feet.
serial e. the selective e. of certain deciduous or permanent teeth, or both, during the early years of dental development, usually with the eventual e. of the first, or occasionally the second, premolars, to encourage autonomous adjustment of moderate to severe crowding of anterior teeth; it may or may not require subsequent orthodontic treatment.
spontaneous breech e. delivery of a fetus in the breech presentation without e. by the obstetrician.
total breech e. delivery of a fetus in breech presentation with complete e. of the entire fetal body from the uterus.

extractives
extractives (ek-strak′tivs)

Substances present in vegetable or animal tissue that can be separated by successive treatment with solvents and recovered by evaporation of the solution.

extractor
extractor (ek-strak′ter, tor)

Instrument for use in drawing or pulling out any natural part, as a tooth, or a foreign body.
vacuum e. device for producing traction upon the head of a fetus by means of a soft cup held by a vacuum.

extracystic
extracystic (eks-tra-sis′tik)

Outside of, or unrelated to, the gallbladder or urinary bladder or any cystic tumor.

extradural
extradural (eks-tra-doo′ral)

1. On the outer side of the dura mater. 2. Unconnected with the dura mater.

extraembryonic
extraembryonic (eks′tra-em-bre-on′ik)

Outside the embryonic body; e.g., those membranes involved with the embryo's protection and nutrition which are discarded at birth without being incorporated in its body.

extraepiphysial
extraepiphysial (eks′tra-ep-i-fiz′e-al)

Not relating to, or connected with, an epiphysis.

extragenital
extragenital (eks′tra-jen′i-tal)

Outside of, away from, or unrelated to, the genital organs.

extrahepatic
extrahepatic (eks-tra-he-pat′ik)

Outside of, or unrelated to, the liver.

extraligamentous
extraligamentous (eks-tra-lig-a-men′tus)

Outside of, or unconnected with, a ligament.

extramalleolus
extramalleolus (eks-tra-mal-e′o-lus)

SYN: lateral malleolus.

extramedullary
extramedullary (eks-tra-med′u-lar-e)

Outside of, or unrelated to, any medulla, especially the medulla oblongata.

extramitochondrial
extramitochondrial (eks-tra-mi-to-kon′dre-al)

Outside of the mitochondria.

extramural
extramural (eks-tra-mu′ral)

Outside, not in the substance of, the wall of a part. [extra- + L. murus, wall]

extraneous
extraneous (eks-tra′ne-us)

Outside of the organism and not belonging to it. [L. extraneus]

extranuclear
extranuclear (eks-tra-noo′kle-er)

Located outside, or not involving, a cell nucleus.

extraocular
extraocular (eks-tra-ok′u-lar)

Adjacent to but outside the eyeball.

extraoral
extraoral (eks-tra-o′ral)

Outside of the oral cavity; external to the oral cavity. In its usual use it also includes anything external to the lips and cheeks.

extraovular
extraovular (eks′tra-ov′u-lar, -ov′u-lar)

Outside the egg;existence after hatching from the egg, as in reptiles and birds.

extrapapillary
extrapapillary (eks-tra-pap′i-la-re)

Unconnected with any papillary structure.

extraparenchymal
extraparenchymal (eks′tra-pa-reng′ki-mal)

Unrelated to the parenchyma of an organ.

extraperineal
extraperineal (eks-tra-per-i-ne′al)

Not connected with the perineum.

extraperiosteal
extraperiosteal (eks-tra-per-e-os′te-al)

Not connected with, or unrelated to, the periosteum.

extraperitoneal
extraperitoneal (eks-tra-per-i-to-ne′al)

Outside of the peritoneal cavity.

extraphysiologic
extraphysiologic (eks′tra-fiz-e-o-loj′ik)

Outside of the domain of physiology; more than physiologic, therefore pathologic.

extraplacental
extraplacental (eks-tra-pla-sen′tal)

Unrelated to the placenta.

extraprostatic
extraprostatic (eks-tra-pros-tat′ik)

Outside of, or independent of, the prostate.

extrapsychic
extrapsychic (eks-tra-fiz′ik)

Denoting the psychological dynamics that occur in the mind in association with the individual's exchanges with other persons or events. Cf.:intrapsychic.

extrapulmonary
extrapulmonary (eks-tra-pul′mo-nar-e)

Outside of, or having no relation to, the lungs.

extrapyramidal
extrapyramidal (eks-tra-pi-ram′i-dal)

Other than the pyramidal tract. See e. motor system.

extrasensory
extrasensory (eks-tra-sen′sor-e)

Outside or beyond the ordinary senses; not limited to the senses, as in e. perception.

extraserous
extraserous (eks-tra-se′rus)

Outside a serous cavity.

extrasomatic
extrasomatic (eks-tra-so-mat′ik)

Outside of, or unrelated to, the body.

extrasystole
extrasystole (eks′tra-sis′to-le)

A nonspecific word for an ectopic beat from any source in the heart. SYN: premature beat, premature systole.
atrial e. premature complex of the heart arising from an ectopic atrial focus. SYN: auricular e..
atrioventricular e. SYN: junctional e..
auricular e. SYN: atrial e..
interpolated e. a ventricular or atrial e. which, instead of being followed by a compensatory or noncompensatory pause, is sandwiched between two consecutive sinus cycles.
junctional e. a premature beat arising from the AV junction and leading to a simultaneous or almost simultaneous contraction of atria and ventricles. SYN: atrioventricular e..
return e. a form of reciprocal rhythm in which the impulse having arisen in the ventricle ascends toward the atria, but before reaching the atria is reflected back to the ventricles to produce a second ventricular contraction.
supraventricular e. an e. arising from a center above the ventricle, i.e., arising from the atrium or AV junction.
ventricular e. a premature ventricular complex.

extratarsal
extratarsal (eks-tra-tar′sal)

1. Outside, having no relation to, the tarsus. 2. On the outer side of the tarsus.

extratracheal
extratracheal (eks-tra-tra′ke-al)

Outside of the trachea.

extratubal
extratubal (eks-tra-too′bal)

Outside of any tube; specifically, not in the auditory (eustachian) or uterine (fallopian) tubes.

extrauterine
extrauterine (eks-tra-u′ter-in)

Outside of the uterus.

extravaginal
extravaginal (eks-tra-vaj′i-nal)

Outside of the vagina.

extravasate
extravasate (eks-trav′a-sat)

1. To exude from or pass out of a vessel into the tissues, said of blood, lymph, or urine. 2. The substance thus exuded. SYN: extravasation (2) , suffusion (4) . [L. extra, out of, + vas, vessel]

extravasation
extravasation (eks-trav′a-sa′shun)

1. The act of extravasating. 2. SYN: extravasate (2) . [extra- + L. vas, vessel]

extravascular
extravascular (eks-tra-vas′ku-lar)

Outside of the blood vessels or lymphatics or of any special blood vessel.

extraventricular
extraventricular (eks-tra-ven-trik′u-lar)

Outside of any ventricle, especially of one of the ventricles of the heart.

extraversion
extraversion (eks-tra-ver′zhun, -shun)

SYN: extroversion.

extravert
extravert (eks′-tra-vert)

SYN: extrovert.

extravisual
extravisual (ek-stra-vizh′oo-al)

Outside the field of vision, or beyond the visible spectrum.

extremital
extremital (eks-trem′i-tal)

Relating to an extremity. SEE ALSO: distal.

extremitas
extremitas (eks-trem′i-tas) [TA]

SYN: extremity. See limb. [L. fr. extremus, last, outermost]
e. acromialis claviculae [TA] SYN: acromial end of clavicle.
e. anterior splenica [TA] SYN: anterior extremity of spleen.
e. inferior [TA] SYN: inferior pole.
e. inferior renis [TA] SYN: inferior pole of kidney.
e. inferior testis [TA] SYN: lower pole of testis.
e. posterior splenica [TA] SYN: posterior extremity of spleen.
e. sternalis claviculae [TA] SYN: sternal end of clavicle.
e. superior [TA] SYN: superior pole.
e. superior renis [TA] SYN: superior pole of kidney.
e. superior testis [TA] SYN: upper pole of testis.
e. tubaria ovarii [TA] SYN: tubal extremity of ovary.
e. uterina ovarii [TA] SYN: uterine extremity of ovary.

extremity
extremity (eks-trem′i-te) [TA]

One of the ends of an elongated or pointed structure. Incorrectly used to mean limb. SEE ALSO: limb, end, pole. SYN: extremitas [TA] .
acromial e. of clavicle SYN: acromial end of clavicle.
anterior e. of caudate nucleus SYN: head of caudate nucleus.
anterior e. of spleen [TA] the anterior end of the spleen (extremitas anterior splenis [NA]). SYN: extremitas anterior splenica [TA] .
inferior e. 1. inferior pole. 2. incorrectly, but commonly used for lower limb.
inferior e. of kidney inferior pole of kidney.
lower e. SYN: lower limb.
posterior e. of spleen [TA] the posterior end of the spleen (extremitas posterior splenis [NA]). SYN: extremitas posterior splenica [TA] .
sternal e. of clavicle SYN: sternal end of clavicle.
superior e. 1. superior pole. 2. incorrectly, but commonly used term for upper limb.
superior e. of kidney superior pole of kidney.
tubal e. of ovary [TA] the rounded lateral end of the ovary, usually directed toward the infundibulum of the uterine tube. SYN: extremitas tubaria ovarii [TA] , lateral pole.
upper e. SYN: upper limb.
upper e. of fibula SYN: head of fibula.
uterine e. of ovary [TA] the rounded medial end of the ovary, usually directed toward the uterus. SYN: extremitas uterina ovarii [TA] , medial pole of ovary.

extrinsic
extrinsic (eks-trin′sik)

Originating outside of the part where found or upon which it acts; denoting especially a muscle, such as e. muscles of hand. [L. extrinsecus, from without]

extrogastrulation
extrogastrulation (eks′tro-gas-troo-la′shun)

Evagination of the primitive gut material during gastrulation instead of the normal invagination, as the result of some natural or experimental manipulation of the developing embryo or its environment.

extroversion
extroversion (eks′tro-ver′zhun, -shun)

1. A turning outward. 2. A trait involving social intercourse, as practiced by an extrovert. Cf.:introversion. SYN: extraversion. [incorrectly formed fr. L. extra, outside, + verto, pp. versus, to turn]

extrovert
extrovert (eks′tro-vert)

A gregarious person whose chief interests lie outside the self, and who is socially self-confident and involved in the affairs of others. Cf.:introvert. SYN: extravert.

extrude
extrude (eks-trood′)

To thrust, force, or press out.

extrusion
extrusion (eks-troo′zhun)

1. A thrusting or forcing out of a normal position. 2. The overeruption or migration of a tooth beyond its normal occlusal position.
e. of a tooth elongation of a tooth; movement of a tooth in an occlusal or incisal direction.

extubate
extubate (eks′too-bat)

To remove a tube.

extubation
extubation (eks′too-ba′shun)

Removal of a tube from an organ, structure, or orifice; specifically, removal of the tube after intubation. [L. ex, out, + tuba, tube]

exuberant
exuberant (ek-zoo′ber-ant)

Denoting excessive proliferation or growth, as of a tissue or granulation. [L. exubero, to abound, be abundant]

exudate
exudate (eks′oo-dat)

Any fluid that has exuded out of a tissue or its capillaries, more specifically because of injury or inflammation ( e.g., peritoneal pus in peritonitis, or the e. that forms a scab over a skin abrasion) in which case it is characteristically high in protein and white blood cells. Cf.:transudate. SYN: exudation (2) . [L. ex, out, + sudo, to sweat]

exudation
exudation (eks-oo-da′shun)

1. The act or process of exuding. 2. SYN: exudate.

exudative
exudative (eks-oo′da-tiv)

Relating to the process of exudation or to an exudate.

exude
exude (ek-zood′)

In general, to ooze or pass gradually out of a body structure or tissue; more specifically, restricted to a fluid or semisolid that so passes and may become encrusted or infected, because of injury or inflammation. [L. ex, out, + sudo, to sweat]

exulcerans
exulcerans (eks-ul′ser-anz)

Ulcerating.

exumbilication
exumbilication (eks′um-bil-i-ka′shun)

1. SYN: exomphalos (1) . 2. SYN: umbilical hernia. 3. SYN: omphalocele. [L. ex, out, + umbilicus, navel]

ex vivo
ex vivo (ex ve′vo)

Referring to the use or positioning of a tissue or cell after removal from an organism while the tissue or cells remain viable. [L. from the living]

eye
eye (i) [TA]

1. The organ of vision that consists of the eyeball and the optic nerve; SYN: oculus [TA] . 2. The area of the e., including lids and other accessory organs of the e.; the contents of the orbit (common). [A.S. eage]
amaurotic cat e. a yellow reflex from the pupil in cases of retinoblastoma or pseudoglioma.
aphakic e. the e. from which the lens is absent.
artificial e. a curved disk of opaque glass or plastic, containing an imitation iris and pupil in the center, inserted beneath the eyelids and supported by the orbital contents after evisceration or enucleation; it may be ready-made (stock) or custom-made.
black e. ecchymosis of the lids and their surroundings.
blear e. blepharitis accompanied by a viscid discharge that tends to cause the lid edges to cling together. SYN: lippitude, lippitudo.
bleary e. sore, runny, watery e. with an associated lackluster appearance and, by extension, dimness of vision.
compound e. the e. of arthropods, most highly developed in insects and crustaceans; the e. consists of a group of functionally related visual elements (ommatidia) whose corneal surfaces collectively form a segment of a sphere.
crossed eyes SYN: strabismus.
cyclopian e., cyclopean e. cyclopia.
dark-adapted e. an e. that has been in darkness or semidarkness and has undergone regeneration of rhodopsin (visual purple), which renders it more sensitive to reduced illumination. SYN: scotopic e..
dominant e. the e. that is customarily used for monocular tasks. SYN: master e..
epiphysial e. SYN: pineal e..
exciting e. the injured e. in sympathetic ophthalmia.
fixing e. the e., in cases of strabismus, that is directed toward the object of regard.
hare's e. SYN: lagophthalmia.
light-adapted e. an e. that has been exposed to light, with bleaching of rhodopsin (visual purple) and insensitivity to low illumination. SYN: photopic e..
Listing reduced e. a representation that simplifies calculations of retinal imagery: radius of anterior refracting surface, 5.1 mm; total length, 20 mm; distance of nodal point to retina, 15 mm.
master e. SYN: dominant e..
parietal e. SYN: pineal e..
phakic e. an e. containing the natural lens.
photopic e. SYN: light-adapted e..
pineal e. a non–image-forming, photoreceptive e. in or near the median line in certain crustacea and lower vertebrates; homologue of pineal gland in higher forms. SYN: epiphysial e., parietal e..
raccoon eyes bilateral ecchymosis in the periorbital region; suggests a basilar skull fracture and may also be seen in neuroblastoma. SYN: bilateral medial orbital ecchymoses.
reduced e. a simplified design of the ocular optical system, represented as having a single refracting surface and a uniform index of refraction; a model based on this concept is used in retinoscopy and ophthalmoscopy.
schematic e. the representation of the optical system of an ideal normal e. in which are listed the curvatures and indices of refraction of the refracting elements and their intervening distances.
scotopic e. SYN: dark-adapted e..
shipyard e. SYN: epidemic keratoconjunctivitis virus.
squinting e. the e., in cases of strabismus, that is not directed toward the object of regard.
sympathizing e. the uninjured e. in sympathetic ophthalmia that becomes involved later in the disease process.
watery e. 1. SYN: epiphora. 2. excessive lacrimation.
web e. SYN: pterygium (1) .

eyeball
eyeball (i′bawl) [TA]

The eye proper without the appendages. SYN: bulbus oculi [TA] , bulb of eye, globe of eye.

eye bank
eye bank

A place where corneas of eyes removed after death are preserved for subsequent keratoplasty.

eyebrow
eyebrow [TA]

The crescentic line of hairs at the superior edge of the orbit. SYN: supercilium.

eyeglasses
eyeglasses

SYN: spectacles.

eyegrounds
eyegrounds (i′growndz)

The fundus of the eye as seen with the ophthalmoscope.

eyelash
eyelash

One of the stiff hairs projecting from the margin of the eyelid. SYN: cilium (1) .
ectopic e. the condition in which the eyelashes grow from the eyelid at a site other than the lid margin. SYN: canities poliosis.
piebald e. an isolated bundle of white eyelashes among normally pigmented eyelashes. SYN: canities circumscripta, ciliary poliosis.

eyelid
eyelid [TA]

One of the two movable folds covering the front of the eyeball when closed; formed of a fibrous core (tarsal plate) and the palpebral portions of the orbicularis oculi muscle covered with skin on the superficial, anterior surface and lined with conjunctiva on the deep, posterior surface; rapid contraction of the contained muscle fibers produces blinking; they each have fixed (orbital) and free margins, the latter separated centrally by the palpebral fissure, united at the lateral and medial palpebral commissures, and bearing eyelashes, the openings of tarsal and ciliary glands and (medially) the lacrimal puncta. SYN: palpebra [TA] , blepharon, lid.
inferior e. [TA] the inferior, smaller and less mobile of the two eyelids; a check ligament from the inferior rectus muscle extends into it, pulling the lid inferiorly when the gaze is directed downward. SYN: palpebra inferior [TA] , lower e.&star, lower lid.
lower e. inferior e..
superior e. [TA] the superior, larger and more mobile of the two eyelids which covers most of the anterior surface of the eyeball, including the cornea, when closed; a portion of the lacrimal gland and the aponeurosis of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle extend into it, the muscle opening the closed eye and providing additional elevation when the gaze is directed upward. SYN: palpebra superior [TA] , upper e.&star, upper lid.
third e. SYN: plica semilunaris of conjunctiva (2) .
upper e. superior e..

eyepiece
eyepiece (i′pes)

The compound lens at the end of the microscope tube nearest the eye; it magnifies the image made by the objective.

eyespot
eyespot

1. A colored spot or plastid (chromatophore) in a unicellular organism. 2. SYN: ocellus (1) .

eyestone
eyestone

A small smooth shell or other object that is inserted beneath the eyelid for the purpose of removing a foreign body.

eyestrain
eyestrain

SYN: asthenopia.

eyewash
eyewash

A soothing solution used for bathing the eye.

(4E)-sphingenine
(4E)-sphingenine (sfing′gen-en)

SYN: sphingosine.