ι

The ninth letter in the Greek alphabet, iota.

I
I

1. Symbol for iodine; luminous intensity or radiant intensity; ionic strength (in mol/L); isoleucine; inosine. 2. Abbreviation (in italics) for intensity of electrical current, expressed in amperes. 3. As a subscript, symbol for inspired gas. 4. Designation for I blood group (see Blood Groups appendix).

123I
¹²³I

Symbol for iodine-123.

125I
¹²⁵I

Symbol for iodine-125.

127I
¹²⁷I

Symbol for iodine-127.

131I
¹³¹I

Symbol for iodine-131.

132I
¹³²I

Symbol for iodine-132.

-ia -ia

A suffix used to form terms for states or conditions, often abnormal. Cf.:-ism. [G. -ia, an ancient noun-forming suffix]

IAHS
IAHS

Abbreviation for infection-associated hemophagocytic syndrome.

IANC
IANC

Abbreviation for International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee. See Nomina Anatomica.

IAP
IAP

Abbreviation for intermittent acute porphyria.

-iasis -iasis

A condition or state, especially an unhealthy one; in medical neologisms it has the same value as, and is sometimes interchangeable with, -osis. [G. suffix forming nouns from verbs]

iatraliptic
iatraliptic (i′a-tra-lip′tik)

Obsolete term denoting treatment by inunction. [G. iatros, physician, + aleiptes, an anointer]

iatraliptics
iatraliptics (i′a-tra-lip′tiks)

Method of treatment by inunction.

iatric
iatric (i-at′rik)

Pertaining to medicine or to a physician or healer. [G. iatros, physician]

iatro- iatro-

Physicians, medicine, treatment. Cf.:medico-. [G. iatros, physician]

iatrochemical iatrochemical (i-at-ro-kem′i-kal)

Denoting a school of medicine practicing iatrochemistry.

iatrochemist iatrochemist (i-at-ro-kem′ist)

A member of the iatrochemical school.

iatrochemistry iatrochemistry (i-at-ro-kem′is-tre)

The study of chemistry in relation to physiologic and pathologic processes, and the treatment of disease by chemical substance as practiced by a school of medical thought in the 17th century.

iatrogenic
iatrogenic (i-at-ro-jen′ik)

Denoting response to medical or surgical treatment, induced by the treatment itself; usually used for unfavorable responses. [iatro- + G. -gen, producing]

iatrology
iatrology (i-a-trol′o-je)

Rarely used term for medical science. [iatro- + G. logos, study]

iatromathematical iatromathematical (i-at′ro-math-e-mat′i-kal)

SYN: iatrophysical.

iatromechanical iatromechanical (i-at′ro-me-kan′i-kal)

SYN: iatrophysical.

iatrophysical iatrophysical (i-at′ro-fiz′i-kal)

Denoting a school of medical thought in the 17th century that explained all physiologic and pathologic phenomena by the laws of physics. SYN: iatromathematical, iatromechanical.

iatrophysicist iatrophysicist (i-at′ro-fiz′-i-sist)

A member of the iatrophysical school.

iatrophysics
iatrophysics (i-at′ro-fiz′iks)

Physics as applied to medicine.

iatrotechnique
iatrotechnique (i-at′ro-tek-nek′)

Rarely used term for the art of medicine and surgery; the technique or mode of application of medical science. [iatro- + G. techne, art]

IBC
IBC

Abbreviation for iron-binding capacity.

ibogaine
ibogaine (i′bo-gan)

Indole alkaloid of the iboga group. Obtained from several parts of the African shrub Tabernanthe iboga (family Apocynaceae). Used by African hunters to arrest movement of the hunter; hallucinogenic, antidepressant, and euphoric.

ibotenic acid
ibotenic acid (i′bo-ten-ik)

Chemical similar to kainic acid extracted from poisonous mushroom species Amanita muscaria and A. pantherina (family Agaricaceae). Exhibits substantial neuroexcitatory properties. Used in neuropharmacologic research.

ibuprofen
ibuprofen (i-boo′pro-fen)

A propionic acid–derived, nonsteroidal analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent.

-ic -ic

1. Suffix denoting of, pertaining to. 2. Chemical suffix denoting an element in a compound in one of its highest valencies. Cf.:-ous (1) . 3. Suffix indicating an acid. [L. -icus, fr. G. -ikos]

ICAM-1
ICAM-1

Abbreviation for intercellular adhesion molecule-1.

iccosomes
iccosomes (i′ko-somz)

Beaded cytoplasmic structure on follicular dendrite cells; thought to be a repository for antigens. [immune complex coated + -some]

ICD
ICD

Abbreviation for International Classification of Diseases of the World Health Organization.

ICDA
ICDA

Abbreviation for International Classification of Diseases, Adapted for Use in the United States; includes a classification of surgical operations and other therapeutic and diagnostic procedures.

ice pack
ice pack

A cold local application to limit or reduce swelling in recently traumatized tissues; usually in the form of a water-impervious container for ice. Improvised means for containing ice (plastic bags, towels, etc.) are often employed, as are chemical sacks that when struck allow the commingling of chemicals that react endothermically.

ICF
ICF

Abbreviation for intracellular fluid.

ichor
ichor (i′kor)

Rarely used term for a thin watery discharge from an ulcer or unhealthy wound. [G. i., serum]

ichoremia
ichoremia (i-ko-re′me-a)

SYN: ichorrhemia.

ichoroid
ichoroid (i′ko-royd)

Denoting a thin purulent discharge. [G. ichor, serum, + eidos, resemblance]

ichorous
ichorous (i′kor-us)

Relating to or resembling ichor.

ichorrhea
ichorrhea (i′ko-re′a)

A profuse ichorous discharge. [G. ichor, serum, + rhoia, a flow]

ichorrhemia
ichorrhemia (i-ko-re′me-a)

Sepsis resulting from infection accompanied by an ichorous discharge. SYN: ichoremia. [G. ichor, serum, + rhoia, a flow, + haima, blood]

ICHPPC
ICHPPC

Abbreviation for International Classification of Health Problems in Primary Care.

ichthammol
ichthammol (ik′tham-mol)

A viscous fluid, reddish brown to brownish black in color, with a strong, characteristic, empyreumatic odor, soluble in water and in glycerin; obtained by the destructive distillation of certain bituminous schists, sulfonating the distillate and neutralizing the product with ammonia. It is used in skin disorders; its beneficial effect is due to its mild irritant, stimulant, antiseptic, and analgesic action; has been used in 10 and 20 percent concentration in an ointment (“drawing salve”). SYN: ammonium ichthosulfonate.

ichthyism
ichthyism (ik′thi-izm)

Poisoning by eating stale or otherwise unfit fish. SYN: ichthyismus. [G. ichthys, fish]

ichthyismus
ichthyismus (ik-thi-iz′mus)

SYN: ichthyism. [G. ichthys, fish]
i. exanthematicus toxic erythematous eruption due to ingestion of spoiled fish.
i. hystrix SYN: bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma.

ichthyo- ichthyo-

Fish. [G. ichthys]

ichthyoacanthotoxism
ichthyoacanthotoxism (ik′thi-o-a-kan′tho-tok′sizm)

Poisoning from the stings or spines of venomous fishes. [ichthyo- + G. akantha, thorn, + toxikon, poison]

ichthyocolla
ichthyocolla (ik-the-o-kol′a)

Fish gelatin obtained from sounds or swim bladders of fish such as the hake, cod, and sturgeon; used as a glue, a food substitute, and a clarifying agent. SYN: isinglass. [ichthyo- + G. kolla, glue]

ichthyohemotoxin
ichthyohemotoxin (ik′the-o-he′mo-tok′sin)

The toxic substance in the blood of certain fishes. [ichthyo- + G. haima, blood, + toxikon, poison]

ichthyohemotoxism
ichthyohemotoxism (ik′the-o-he′mo-tok′sizm)

Poisoning resulting from the ingestion of fish containing the toxic substance, ichthyohemotoxin.

ichthyoid
ichthyoid (ik′the-oyd)

Fish-shaped. [ichthyo- + G. eidos, resemblance]

ichthyootoxin
ichthyootoxin (ik′the-o-o-tok′sin)

Toxic substance restricted to the roe of fishes. [ichthyo- + G. oon, egg, + toxikon, poison]

ichthyophagous
ichthyophagous (ik-the-of′a-gus)

Fish-eating; subsisting on fish. [ichthyo- + G. phago, to eat]

ichthyophobia
ichthyophobia (ik′the-o-fo′be-a)

Morbid fear of fish. [ichthyo- + G. phobos, fear]

ichthyosarcotoxin
ichthyosarcotoxin (ik′the-o-sar′ko-tok′sin)

Toxic substance found in the flesh or organs of fishes. [ichthyo- + G. sarx, flesh, + toxikon, poison]

ichthyosarcotoxism
ichthyosarcotoxism (ik′the-o-sar′ko-tok′sizm)

Poisoning caused by the toxic substance (ichthyosarcotoxin) in the flesh or organs of fish. [ichthyo- + G. sarx, flesh, + toxikon, poison]

ichthyosis
ichthyosis (ik-the-o′sis)

Congenital disorders of keratinization characterized by noninflammatory dryness and scaling of the skin, often associated with other defects and with abnormalities of lipid metabolism; distinguishable genetically, clinically, microscopically, and by epidermal cell kinetics. SYN: alligator skin, fish skin, sauriasis. [ichthyo- + G. -osis, condition]
acquired i. a thickening and scaling of the skin associated with some malignant diseases ( e.g., Hodgkin lymphoma), leprosy, and severe nutritional deficiencies.
i. congenita SYN: lamellar i..
i. congenita neonatorum generalized i. with parchmentlike skin seen in premature babies.
i. corneae an ocular complication of a congenital abnormality of the skin with corneal keratinization, dryness, and scaling.
i. fetalis 1. SYN: harlequin fetus. 2. recessive condition in Holstein and Norwegian red poll cattle resembling harlequin fetus in humans.
i. follicularis a form of autosomal dominant type of i., with horny follicular plugging of the extensor surfaces of the extremities; onset in early childhood.
harlequin i. [MIM*242500] a fetal form of i. thought to be distinct from lamellar i., with plaques having a diamondlike shape resembling the suit of a harlequin clown; the keratinocytes contain increased amounts of tonofibrils, which are fibrillar structural proteins; autosomal recessive inheritance.
i. hystrix SYN: bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma. [G. hystrix, hedgehog]
lamellar i. [MIM*242300] a dry form of congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma, characterized by ectropion and large, coarse scales over most of the body with thickened palms and soles; may be fatal with complications of sepsis, protein, and electrolyte loss in the first year of life; histology shows hyperkeratosis, a prominent granular layer in the epidermis, slight acanthosis, many mitotic figures, and normal or reduced epidemal cell turnover. Autosomal recessive inheritance, caused by mutation in the gene encoding keratinocyte transglutaminase (TGM1) on chromosome 14q. SEE ALSO: collodion baby, harlequin fetus. SYN: i. congenita.
i. linearis circumflexa congenital or infantile migratory polycyclic erythema and scaling that shows a peripheral double margin; persists throughout life and may be associated with trichorrhexis invaginata in Netherton syndrome [MIM*256500]; autosomal recessive inheritance.
nacreous i. a variant of i. characterized by dry pearly scales.
i. palmaris et plantaris SYN: palmoplantar keratoderma.
i. scutulata i. marked by diamond-shaped or shield-shaped lesions.
i. simplex SYN: i. vulgaris.
i. vulgaris [MIM*146700] an autosomal dominant trait, with onset in childhood of scales on the trunk and extremities but not on the flexural areas, and associated with atopy and prominent palmar and plantar markings; histologically, there is hyperkeratosis, absence of a granular layer in the epidermis, and normal epidermal cell turnover. SYN: hyperkeratosis congenita, i. simplex.
X-linked i. [MIM*308100] a form of i., with onset at birth or in early infancy and affecting males; characterized by scaling predominantly on the scalp, neck and trunk and progressing centripetally; the palms and soles are spared; histologic manifestations are hyperkeratosis, a granular layer in the epidermis, and normal epidermal cell turnover. X-linked recessive inheritance, caused by mutation in the steroid sulfatase gene (STS) on Xp. SYN: steroid sulfatase deficiency.

ichthyotic
ichthyotic (ik-the-ot′ik)

Relating to ichthyosis.

ichthyotoxicology
ichthyotoxicology (ik′the-o-tok-si-kol′o-je)

The study of the poisons produced by fishes, and their recognition, effects, and antidotes. [ichthyo- + G. toxikon, poison, + logos, study]

ichthyotoxicon
ichthyotoxicon (ik-the-o-tok′si-kon)

A toxic principle in certain fishes. SYN: fish poison (1) . [ichthyo- + G. toxikon, poison]

ichthyotoxin
ichthyotoxin (ik′the-o-tok′sin)

The hemolytic active principle of eel serum. [ichthyo- + G. toxicon, poison]

ichthyotoxism
ichthyotoxism (ik′the-o-tok′sizm)

Poisoning by fish. [ichthyo- + G. toxikon, poison]

ICIDH
ICIDH

Abbreviation for International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps.

icosahedral
icosahedral (i′ko-sa-he′dral)

Having 20 equilateral triangular surfaces and 12 vertices, as do most viruses with cubic symmetry. [G. eikosi, twenty, + -edros, having sides or bases]

ICP
ICP

Abbreviation for intracranial pressure.

ICRP
ICRP

Abbreviation for International Commission on Radiological Protection.

-ics -ics

Organized knowledge, practice, treatment. [-ic + -s]

ICSH
ICSH

Abbreviation of interstitial cell-stimulating hormone.

ictal
ictal (ik′tal)

Relating to or caused by a stroke or seizure. [L. ictus, a stroke]

icteric
icteric (ik-ter′ik)

Relating to or marked by jaundice. [G. ikterikos, jaundiced]

ictero- ictero-

Icterus. [G. ikteros, jaundice]

icteroanemia
icteroanemia (ik′ter-o-a-ne′me-a)

SYN: acquired hemolytic icterus.

icterogenic
icterogenic (ik′ter-o-jen′ik)

Causing jaundice. [ictero- + G. -gen, producing]

icterohematuric
icterohematuric (ik′ter-o-he′ma-too′rik)

Denoting jaundice with the passage of blood in the urine. [ictero- + G. haima, blood, + ouron, urine]

icterohemoglobinuria
icterohemoglobinuria (ik′ter-o-he′mo-glo-bi-noo′re-a)

Jaundice with hemoglobin in the urine.

icteroid
icteroid (ik′ter-oyd)

Yellow-hued, or seemingly jaundiced. [ictero- + G. eidos, resemblance]

icterus
icterus (ik′ter-us)

SYN: jaundice. [G. ikteros]
acquired hemolytic i. i. and anemia occuring in association with a moderate degree of splenomegaly, increased fragility of red blood cells, and increased amounts of urobilin in the urine. SYN: icteroanemia.
benign familial i. SYN: familial nonhemolytic jaundice.
cholestatic hepatosis i. gravidarum SYN: intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.
chronic familial i. SYN: hereditary spherocytosis.
congenital hemolytic i. SYN: hereditary spherocytosis.
cythemolytic i. i. caused by absorption of bile produced in excess through stimulation by free hemoglobin caused by the destruction of red blood corpuscles.
i. gravis jaundice associated with high fever and delirium; seen in severe hepatitis and other diseases of the liver with severe functional failure. SYN: malignant jaundice.
infectious i. SYN: Weil disease.
i. melas a form in which the skin assumes a dirty dark brown color.
i. neonatorum SYN: physiologic i.. SYN: physiologic jaundice.
physiologic i. SYN: i. neonatorum.
i. praecox a relatively innocent but rapidly developing type of jaundice with mild anemia in the newborn, most frequently caused by ABO incompatibility between mother and fetus.

ictometer
ictometer (ik-tom′e-ter)

An apparatus for determining the force of the apex beat of the heart. [L. ictus, stroke, + G. metron, measure]

ictus
ictus (ik′tus)

1. A stroke or attack. 2. A beat. [L.]
i. cordis SYN: heart beat.
i. epilepticus an epileptic convulsion.
i. paralyticus a paralytic stroke.
i. solis SYN: sunstroke.

ICU
ICU

Abbreviation for intensive care unit.

I.D.
I.D.

Abbreviation for infecting dose. See minimal infecting dose.

id
id

1. In psychoanalysis, one of three components of the psychic apparatus in the freudian structural framework, the other two being the ego and superego. It is completely in the unconscious realm, is unorganized, is the reservoir of psychic energy or libido, and is under the influence of the primary processes. 2. The total of all psychic energy available from the innate biologic hungers, appetites, bodily needs, drives and impulses, in a newborn infant; through socialization this diffuse undirected energy becomes channeled in less egocentric and more socially responsive directions (development of the ego from the i.). [L. i., that]

-id -id

1. A state of sensitivity of the skin in which a part remote from the primary lesion reacts (“-id reaction”) to substances of the pathogen, giving rise to a secondary inflammatory lesion; the lesion manifesting the reaction is designated by the use of -id as a suffix. [G. -eides, resembling, through Fr. -ide] 2. Small, young specimen. [G. -idion, a diminutive ending]

IDA
IDA

Abbreviation for iminodiacetate, whose derivatives are used in radiopharmaceuticals with a ^99mTc label. See HIDA. SEE ALSO: DISIDA.

IDDM
IDDM

Abbreviation for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

-ide -ide

1. Suffix denoting the more electronegative element in a binary chemical compound; formerly denoted by the qualification -ureted; e.g., hydrogen sulfide was sulfureted hydrogen. 2. Suffix (in a sugar name) indicating substitution for the H of the hemiacetal OH; e.g., glycoside.

idea
idea (i-de′a)

Any mental image or concept. [G. form, appearance, fr. idein, to have seen, fr. obs. eido, to see]
autochthonous ideas thoughts that suddenly burst into awareness as if they are vitally important, often as if they have come from an outside source.
compulsive i. a fixed and repetitively recurring i..
dominant i. an i. that governs all one's actions and thoughts.
fixed i. 1. an exaggerated notion, belief, or delusion that persists, despite evidence to the contrary, and controls the mind; 2. the obstinate conviction of a psychotic person regarding the correctness of a delusion. SYN: idée fixe, overvalued i..
flight of ideas an uncontrollable symptom of the manic phase of a bipolar depressive disorder in which streams of unrelated words and ideas occur to the patient at a rate that is impossible to vocalize despite a marked increase in the individual's overall output of words. SEE ALSO: mania.
overvalued i. SYN: fixed i..
i. of reference the misinterpretation that other people's statements or acts or neutral objects in the environment are directed toward one's self when, in fact, they are not.

ideal
ideal (i-del′)

A standard of perfection.
ego i. the part of the personality that comprises the goals, aspirations, and aims of the self, usually growing out of the emulation of a significant person with whom one has identified.

ideation
ideation (i-de-a′shun)

The formation of ideas or thoughts.

ideational
ideational (i-de-a′shun-al)

Relating to ideation.

idée fixe
idée fixe (e-da′feks′)

SYN: fixed idea. [Fr. obsession]

identification
identification (i-den′ti-fi-ka′shun)

1. Act or process of determining classification or nature of. 2. A sense of oneness, or psychic continuity with another person or group; one of the freudian defense mechanisms common to everyone whereby anxiety regarding one's personal identity or worth is dissipated via the mechanism of perceiving oneself as having characteristics in common with a person in the public eye, or in childhood identifying with a more powerful person such as a parent. SYN: incorporation. [Mediev. L. identicus, fr. L. idem, the same, + facio, to make]
projective i. a defensive attribution of one's own psychic processes to another person.
synthetic sentence i. a test of central auditory pathway integrity in which a closed set of 10 syntactically incomplete sentences are presented with a competing message for i..

identity
identity (i-den′ti-te)

A person's social role person and his or her perception of it.
ego i. the ego's sense of its own i..
gender i. the consistency and persistence of one's individuality as male, female, or androgynous. Particularly as experienced in self-awareness; the internalized representation of gender role. Cf.:gender role, sex role.
sense of i. one's sense of one's own i. or psychological selfhood.

ideo- ideo-

Ideas; ideation Cf.:idio-. [G. idea, form, notion]

ideokinetic
ideokinetic (i′de-o-ki-net′ik)

SYN: ideomotor.

ideology
ideology (i-de-ol′o-je, id-e-)

The composite system of ideas, beliefs, and attitudes that constitutes an individual's or group's organized view of others. [ideo- + G. logos, study]

ideomotion
ideomotion (i-de-o-mo′shun)

Muscular movement executed under the influence of a dominant idea, being practically automatic and not volitional.

ideomotor
ideomotor (i′de-o-mo′ter)

Relating to ideomotion. SYN: ideokinetic.

ideophobia
ideophobia (i′de-o-fo′be-a)

Morbid fear of new or different ideas.

idio- idio-

Private, distinctive, peculiar to. Cf.:ideo-. [G. idios, one's own]

idioagglutinin
idioagglutinin (id′e-o-a-gloo′tin-in)

An agglutinin that occurs naturally in the blood of a person or an animal, without the injection of a stimulating antigen or the passive transfer of antibody.

idiodynamic
idiodynamic (id′e-o-di-nam′ik)

Independently active.

idiogenesis
idiogenesis (id′e-o-jen′e-sis)

Origin without evident cause; denoting especially that of an idiopathic disease. [idio- + G. genesis, production]

idioglossia
idioglossia (id′e-o-glos′e-a)

An extreme form of lalling or vowel or consonant substitution, by which the speech of a child may be made unintelligible and appear to be another language to one who does not have the key to the literal changes. [idio- + G. glossa, tongue, speech]

idioglottic
idioglottic (id′e-o-glot′ik)

Relating to idioglossia.

idiogram
idiogram (id′e-o-gram)

1. SYN: karyotype. 2. Diagrammatic representation of chromosome morphology characteristic of a species or population. [idio- + G. gramma, something written]

idiographic
idiographic (id′e-o-graf′ik)

Pertaining to the characteristics or behavior of a particular individual as an individual, as opposed to nomothetic. [idio- + G. grapho, to write]

idioheteroagglutinin
idioheteroagglutinin (id′e-o-het′er-o-a-gloo′tin-in)

An idioagglutinin occurring in the blood of one animal, but capable of combining with the antigenic material from another species. [idio- + G. heteros, another, + agglutinin]

idioheterolysin
idioheterolysin (id′e-o-het-er-ol′i-sin)

An idiolysin occurring in the blood of an animal of one species, but capable of combining with the red blood cells of another species, thereby causing hemolysis when complement is present.

idiohypnotism
idiohypnotism (id′e-o-hip′no-tizm)

SYN: autohypnosis.

idioisoagglutinin
idioisoagglutinin (id′e-o-i′so-a-gloo′tin-in)

An idioagglutinin occurring in the blood of an animal of a certain species, capable of agglutinating the cells from animals of the same species. [idio- + G. isos, equal, + agglutinin]

idioisolysin
idioisolysin (id′e-o-i-sol′i-sin)

An idiolysin occurring in the blood of an animal of a certain species, capable of combining with the red blood cells from animals of the same species, thereby causing hemolysis when complement is present.

idiolalia
idiolalia (id′e-o-la′le-a)

Use of a language invented by the person himself. [idio- + G. lalia, talk]

idiolysin
idiolysin (id-e-ol′i-sin)

A lysin that occurs naturally in the blood of a person or an animal, without the injection of a stimulating antigen or the passive transfer of antibody.

idiomuscular
idiomuscular (id′e-o-mus′ku-lar)

Relating to the muscles alone, independent of the nervous control.

idionodal
idionodal (id′e-o-no′dal)

Arising from the AV node itself; applied to the ventricular rhythm in complete S-A or AV block, or in other forms of AV dissociation, when the AV node rather than an ectopic ventricular focus controls the ventricles. More accurately idiojunctional, since it is usually impossible to more accurately locate an “AV nodal” rhythm; the AV node is part of the AV junction. SEE ALSO: idioventricular.

idiopathetic
idiopathetic (id′e-o-pa-thet′ik)

Rarely used term for idiopathic.

idiopathic
idiopathic (id′e-o-path′ik)

Denoting a disease of unknown cause. SYN: agnogenic. [idio- + G. pathos, suffering]

idiopathy
idiopathy (id-e-op′a-the)

An idiopathic disease. [idio- + G. pathos, suffering]

idiophrenic
idiophrenic (id′e-o-fren′ik)

Relating to, or originating in, the mind or brain alone, not reflex or secondary. [idio- + G. phren, mind]

idiopsychologic
idiopsychologic (id′e-o-si-ko-loj′ik)

Relating to ideas developed within one's own mind, independent of suggestion from without.

idioreflex
idioreflex (id-e-o-re′fleks)

A reflex due to a stimulus or irritation originating in the organ or part in which the reflex occurs.

idiosome
idiosome (id′e-o-som)

The centrosome of a spermatid or of an oocyte. [idio- + G. soma, body]

idiosyncrasy
idiosyncrasy (id′e-o-sin′kra-se)

1. An individual mental, behavioral, or physical characteristic or peculiarity. 2. In pharmacology, an abnormal reaction to a drug, sometimes specified as genetically determined. [G. idiosynkrasia, fr. idios, one's own, + synkrasis, a mixing together]

idiosyncratic
idiosyncratic (id′e-o-sin-krat′ik)

Relating to or marked by an idiosyncrasy.

idiotope
idiotope (id′e-otop)

Single antigenic determinant of an idiotype. SEE ALSO: idiotypic antigenic determinant. SYN: idiotypic antigenic determinant. [idio- + -tope]
set of idiotopes (antigenic determinants) of either the immunoglobulin or T cell receptor variable regions.

idiot-prodigy
idiot-prodigy (id′e-ot prod′i-je)

SYN: idiot-savant.

idiotrophic
idiotrophic (id′e-o-trof′ik)

Capable of choosing its own food. [idio- + G. trophe, food]

idiotropic
idiotropic (id′e-o-trop′ik)

Turning inward upon one's self. [idio- + G. trope, a turning]

idiot-savant
idiot-savant (e-de-o′ sah-vahn′)

A person of low general intelligence who possesses an unusual faculty for certain mental tasks of which most normal persons are incapable. SYN: idiot-prodigy. [Fr.]

idiotype
idiotype (id′e-o-tip)

Collection of idiotopes within the variable region that confers on an immunoglobulin molecule an antigenic “individuality” and is frequently a unique attribute of a given antibody in a given animal. It is the product of a limited number of B lymphocyte clones; also found on the T-cell receptor. See idiotope. [idio- + G. typos, model]

idioventricular
idioventricular (id-e-o-ven-trik′u-lar)

Pertaining to or associated with the cardiac ventricles alone.

iditol
iditol (i′di-tol)

Reduction product of the hexose idose.

IDL
IDL

Abbreviation for intermediate density lipoprotein.

idose
idose (i′dos)

One of the aldohexoses, isomeric with galactose; l-i. is epimeric with d-glucose. See sugar.

idoxuridine
idoxuridine (IDU) (i-doks-u′ri-den)

A pyrimidine analogue that produces both antiviral and anticancer effects by interference with DNA synthesis; used locally in the eye for the treatment of keratitis from herpes simplex or vaccinia.

IDP
IDP

Abbreviation for inosine 5′-diphosphate.

IDU
IDU

Abbreviation for idoxuridine.

iduronate
iduronate (i-door-on′at)

The salt or ester of iduronic acid.
i. sulfatase an enzyme required for the desulfation of 2-sulfate i. residues in heparan sulfate. It is also required in dermatan sulfate degradation; Hunter syndrome is associated with a deficiency of this enzyme.

iduronic acid
iduronic acid (i-door-on′ik)

The uronic acid of idose; a constituent of dermatan sulfate.

IEP
IEP

Abbreviation for isoelectric point.

IF
IF

Abbreviation for initiation factor; intrinsic factor.

IFN
IFN

Abbreviation for interferon.

IFN-α
IFN-α

Abbreviation for interferon alpha.

IFN-β
IFN-β

Abbreviation for interferon beta.

IFN-γ
IFN-γ

Abbreviation for interferon gamma.

Ig
Ig

Abbreviation for immunoglobulin.

IgA
IgA

Abbreviation for immunoglobulin A.

IgD
IgD

Abbreviation for immunoglobulin D.

IgE
IgE

Abbreviation for immunoglobulin E.

IGF
IGF

Abbreviation for insulinlike growth factor.

IgG
IgG

Abbreviation for immunoglobulin G.

IgM
IgM

Abbreviation for immunoglobulin M.

ignatia
ignatia (ig-na′she-a)

The dried ripe seed of Strychnos ignatii (family Loganiaceae). It is similar in its properties to nux vomica and is a source of strychnine. [St. Ignatius]

ignipedites
ignipedites (ig′ni-pe-di′tez)

Burning pain in the soles of the feet, in multiple neuritis. [L. ignis, fire, + pes (ped-), foot, + G. ites]

ignipuncture
ignipuncture (ig′ni-pungk-choor)

The original procedure of closing a retinal break in retinal separation by transfixation of the break with cautery. [L. ignis, fire, + puncture]

ignotine
ignotine (ig′no-ten)

SYN: carnosine.

IH
IH

Abbreviation for infectious hepatitis.

IJP
IJP

Abbreviation for inhibitory junction potential.

ikota
ikota (i-ko′ta)

A neurosis, similar to latah, affecting married women among the Samoyeds of Siberia.

IL-1
IL-1

Abbreviation for interleukin-1.

IL-2
IL-2

Abbreviation for interleukin-2.

IL-3
IL-3

Abbreviation for interleukin-3.

IL-4
IL-4

Abbreviation for interleukin-4.

IL-5
IL-5

Abbreviation for interleukin-5.

IL-6
IL-6

Abbreviation for interleukin-6.

IL-7
IL-7

Abbreviation for interleukin-7.

IL-8
IL-8

Abbreviation for interleukin-8.

IL-9
IL-9

Abbreviation for interleukin-9.

IL-10
IL-10

Abbreviation for interleukin-10.

IL-11
IL-11

Abbreviation for interleukin-11.

IL-12
IL-12

Abbreviation for interleukin-12.

IL-13
IL-13

Abbreviation for interleukin-13.

IL-14
IL-14

Abbreviation for interleukin-14.

IL-15
IL-15

Abbreviation for interleukin-15.

IL-16
IL-16

Abbreviation for interleukin-16.

IL-17
IL-17

Abbreviation for interleukin-17.

IL-18
IL-18

Abbreviation for interleukin-18.

ILA
ILA

Abbreviation for insulinlike activity.

ileac
ileac (il′e-ak)

1. Relating to ileus. 2. Relating to the ileum.

ileadelphus
ileadelphus (il′e-a-del′fus)

SYN: duplicitas posterior.

ileal
ileal (il′e-al)

Of or pertaining to the ileum.

ileectomy
ileectomy (il-e-ek′to-me)

Removal of the ileum. [ileum + G. ektome, excision]

ileitis
ileitis (il-e-i′tis)

Inflammation of the ileum.
backwash i. involvement of the terminal ileum by the inflammatory and ulcerative changes seen in chronic ulcerative colitis; distinguished from involvement of ileum and proximal colon by regional (granulomatous) enteritis ( e.g., Crohn disease of terminal ileum and proximal colon).
distal i., regional i., terminal i. SYN: regional enteritis.

ileo- ileo-

The ileum. [New L. ileum, groin]

ileocecal
ileocecal (il′e-o-se′kal)

Relating to both ileum and cecum.

ileocecocystoplasty
ileocecocystoplasty (il′e-o-se′ko-sis′to-plas-te)

Bladder reconstruction and augmentation with an isolated vascularized segment of ileocecum. [ileo- + ceco- + G. kystis, bladder, + plastos, formed]

ileocecostomy
ileocecostomy (il′e-o-se-kos′to′me)

Anastomosis of the ileum to the cecum. SYN: cecoileostomy.

ileocecum
ileocecum (il-e-o-se′kum)

The combined ileum and cecum.

ileocolic
ileocolic (il′e-o-kol′ik)

Relating to the ileum and the colon. SYN: ileocolonic.

ileocolitis
ileocolitis (il′e-o-ko-li′tis)

Inflammation to a varying extent of the mucous membrane of both ileum and colon.

ileocolonic
ileocolonic (il′e-o-ko-lon′ik)

SYN: ileocolic.

ileocolostomy
ileocolostomy (il′e-o-ko-los′to-me)

Anastomosis of the ileum to the colon. [ileo- + colostomy]

ileocystoplasty
ileocystoplasty (il′e-o-sis′to-plas-te)

Reconstruction of the bladder with an isolated vascularized segment of ileum to augment bladder capacity. [ileo- + G. kystis, bladder, + plastos, formed]

ileoentectropy
ileoentectropy (il′e-o-en-tek′tro-pe)

Rarely used term for eversion of a segment of the ileum. [ileo- + G. entos, within, + ek, out, + trope, a turning]

ileoileostomy
ileoileostomy (il′e-o-il-e-os′to-me)

1. Anastomosis between two segments of the ileum. 2. The opening so established. [ileum + ileum + G. stoma, mouth]

ileojejunitis
ileojejunitis (il′e-o-je-joo-ni′tis)

A chronic inflammatory condition involving the jejunum and parts or most of the ileum; occurs in different forms: a granulomatous state resembling regional ileitis, pseudodiverticula, or cicatricial stenosis of the bowel.

ileopexy
ileopexy (il′e-o-pek′se)

Surgical fixation of ileum. [ileo- + G. pexis, fixation]

ileoproctostomy
ileoproctostomy (il′e-o-prok-tos′to-me)

Anastomosis between the ileum and the rectum. SYN: ileorectostomy. [ileo- + G. proktos, anus (rectum), + stoma, mouth]

ileorectostomy
ileorectostomy (il′e-o-rek-tos′to-me)

SYN: ileoproctostomy. [ileum + rectum + G. stoma, mouth]

ileorrhaphy
ileorrhaphy (il′e-or′a-fe)

Suturing the ileum. [ileo- + G. rhaphe, suture]

ileosigmoidostomy
ileosigmoidostomy (il′e-o-sig′moyd-os′to-me)

Anastomosis between the ileum and the sigmoid colon. [ileo- + sigmoid, + G. stoma, mouth]

ileostomy
ileostomy (il′e-os′to-me)

Establishment of a fistula through which the ileum discharges directly to the outside of the body. [ileo- + G. stoma, mouth]
Brooke i. i. in which the divided proximal ileum, brought through the abdominal wall, is evaginated and its edge is sutured to the dermis; a 2-cm protrusion is the desired result of the procedure.
Kock i. SYN: Kock pouch.

ileotomy
ileotomy (il′e-ot′o-me)

Incision into the ileum. [ileo- + G. tome, incision]

ileotransversostomy
ileotransversostomy (il′e-o-tranz-vers-os′to-me)

Anastomosis of the ileum to the transverse colon. [ileum + transverse colon, + G. stoma, mouth]

ileum
ileum (il′e-um) [TA]

The third and longest portion of the small intestine, about 12 feet in length in humans, extending from an indistinct junction with the jejunum to the ileocecal opening. Overall, it is distinct from jejunum in being typically smaller in diameter with thinner walls, having smaller and less complex circular folds (plicae circulares), its mesentery having more fat and its arteries (ileal arteries) forming more tiers of arterial arcades with shorter vasa recta. [L. fr. G. eileo, to roll up, twist]
i. duplex tubular or cystic segmental duplications of alimentary tract.

ileus
ileus (il′e-us)

Mechanical, dynamic, or adynamic obstruction of the bowel; may be accompanied by severe colicky pain, abdominal distention, vomiting, absence of passage of stool, and often fever and dehydration. [G. eileos, intestinal colic, from eilo, to roll up tight]
adynamic i. obstruction of the bowel due to paralysis of the bowel wall, usually as a result of localized or generalized peritonitis or shock. SYN: paralytic i..
dynamic i. intestinal obstruction due to spastic contraction of a segment of the bowel. SYN: spastic i..
gallstone i. obstruction of the small intestine produced by passage of a gallstone from the biliary tract (usually the gallbladder as a result of cholecystitis) into the intestinal tract (usually by means of a fistulous connection between the gallbladder and the small intestine); occurrence and site of obstruction depend upon size of the stone, but the usual location is at or near the ileocecal junction.
mechanical i. obstruction of the bowel due to some mechanical cause, e.g., volvulus, gallstone, adhesions.
meconium i. intestinal obstruction in the fetus and newborn following inspissation of meconium and caused by lack of trypsin; associated with cystic fibrosis.
occlusive i. complete mechanical blocking of the intestinal lumen.
paralytic i. SYN: adynamic i..
spastic i. SYN: dynamic i..
i. subparta obstruction of the large bowel by pressure of the pregnant uterus.
terminal i. obstruction of the lower part of the small bowel. SYN: pars terminalis ilei [TA] .
verminous i. obstruction due to masses of intestinal parasites.

iliac
iliac (il′e-ak)

Relating to the ilium.

iliacus
iliacus (il-i′a-kus)

See i. (muscle).

iliadelphus
iliadelphus (il′e-a-del′fus)

SYN: duplicitas posterior. [L. ilium + G. adelphos, brother]

ilio- ilio-

The ilium. [L. ilium]

iliococcygeal
iliococcygeal (il′e-o-kok-sij′e-al)

Relating to the ilium and the coccyx.

iliocolotomy
iliocolotomy (il′e-o-ko-lot′o-me)

The operation of opening into the colon in the inguinal (iliac) region. [ilio- + G. kolon, colon, + tome, incision]

iliocostal
iliocostal (il′e-o-kos′tal)

Relating to the ilium and the ribs; denoting muscles passing between the two parts.

iliocostalis
iliocostalis (il′e-o-kos-ta′lis)

See i. (muscle).

iliofemoral
iliofemoral (il′e-o-fem′o-ral)

Relating to the ilium and the femur.

iliofemoroplasty
iliofemoroplasty (il-e-o-fem′or-o-plas-te)

An obsolete method of securing a hip fusion by an extra-articular technique (a joint bypass procedure) in which a turned down bone flap from the ilium is placed into a split in the greater trochanter.

iliohypogastric
iliohypogastric (il′e-o-hi-po-gas′trik)

Relating to the iliac and the hypogastric regions.

ilioinguinal
ilioinguinal (il′e-o-ing′gwi-nal)

Relating to the iliac region and the groin.

iliolumbar
iliolumbar (il-e-o-lum′bar)

Relating to the iliac and the lumbar regions.

iliopagus
iliopagus (il-e-op′a-gus)

Conjoined twins in which the fusion is restricted to the iliac region. See conjoined twins, under twin. [ilio- + G. pagos, something fixed]

iliopectineal
iliopectineal (il′e-o-pek-tin′e-al)

Relating to the ilium and the pubis.

iliopelvic
iliopelvic (il′e-o-pel′vik)

Relating to the iliac region and the cavity of the pelvis.

iliosacral
iliosacral (il′e-o-sa′kral)

Relating to the ilium and the sacrum.

iliosciatic
iliosciatic (il′e-o-si-at′ik)

Relating to the ilium and the ischium.

iliospinal
iliospinal (il′e-o-spi′nal)

Relating to the ilium and the spinal column.

iliothoracopagus
iliothoracopagus (il′e-o-thor-a-kop′a-gus)

Conjoined twins in which union occurs through the ilia and extends to involve the thoraces. See conjoined twins, under twin. SYN: ischiothoracopagus. [ilio- + G. thorax, chest, + pagos, fixed]

iliotibial
iliotibial (il′e-o-tib′e-al)

Relating to the ilium and the tibia.

iliotrochanteric
iliotrochanteric (il′e-o-tro-kan-ter′ik)

Relating to the ilium and the greater trochanter of the femur.

ilioxiphopagus
ilioxiphopagus (il′e-o-zi-fop′a-gus)

Conjoined twins in which the fusion extends from the xiphoid to the iliac region. See conjoined twins, under twin. [ilio- + xiphoid, + G. pagos, fixed]

ilium
ilium, pl .ilia (il′e-um, il′e-a) [TA]

The broad, flaring portion of the hip bone, distinct at birth but later becoming fused with the ischium and pubis; it consists of a body, which joins the pubis and ischium to form the acetabulum and a broad thin portion, called the ala or wing, bordered superiorly by a thicker crest. The body transmits the weight of the trunk to the femur, while the ala and crest provide for muscle attachment and protect abdominopelvic viscera. SYN: os i. [TA] , flank bone, iliac bone, os iliacum. [L. groin, flank]

illicium
illicium (il-lis′e-um)

Chinese or star anise, the dried fruit of Illhicium verum (family Magnoliaceae), an evergreen shrub or small tree of southern China; used as a stimulating carminative. [L. an allurement, fr. il-licio, to allure]

illinition
illinition (il-in-ish′un)

The friction of a surface to facilitate absorption of an ointment. [L. il-lino, pp. -litus, to smear on (in + lino)]

illness
illness (il′nes)

SYN: disease (1) .
environmental i. SYN: multiple chemical sensitivity.
factitious i. by proxy SYN: Munchausen syndrome by proxy.
functional i. SYN: functional disorder.
manic-depressive i. an older term for manic-depressive disorder, which is now called bipolar disorder in the current DSM.
mass sociogenic i. SYN: mass hysteria.
mental i. 1. a broadly inclusive term, generally denoting one or all of the following: 1) a disease of the brain, with predominant behavioral symptoms, as in paresis or acute alcoholism; 2) a disease of the “mind” or personality, evidenced by abnormal behavior, as in hysteria or schizophrenia; also called mental or emotional disease, disturbance, or disorder, or behavior disorder; 2. any psychiatric i. listed in Current Medical Information and Terminology of the American Medical Association or in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders of the American Psychiatric Association. SEE ALSO: behavior disorder.
nonspecific building-related illnesses a heterogeneous group of work- or domicile-related symptoms without clear objective physical or laboratory findings. Cf.:specific building-related illnesses.
severity of i. the degree of i. and risk of disease manifested by patients, based either on clinical data from the medical records or on hospital discharge/billing data. Outcome comparisons usually are interpreted in terms of severity of i. to ensure meaningful data interpretations are made.
specific building-related illnesses a group of infectious, allergic, and immunologic diseases with fairly homogeneous clinical signs whose causes can be traced to factors in buildings in which afflicted patients work or reside. Cf.:nonspecific building-related illnesses.

illumination
illumination (i-loo′mi-na′shun)

1. Throwing light on the body or a part or into a cavity for diagnostic purposes. 2. Lighting an object under a microscope. [L. il-lumino, pp. -atus, to light up]
axial i. the transmission or reflection of light in the direction of the axis of an optical system. SYN: central i..
central i. SYN: axial i..
contact i. i. of the eye by means of an instrument in contact with the cornea or bulbar conjunctiva.
critical i. the precise focusing of the light source directly upon the object being examined.
dark-field i. a procedure in which a black circular shield is used to block the majority of the vertically directed rays of light ( e.g., the field is dark), and a circumferential, suitably angled, mirrored surface is used to direct the peripheral rays horizontally against the object, thereby reflecting the light vertically through the objective lens and along the optical axis; thus, the object is well illuminated in a contrasting dark background. SYN: dark-ground i..
dark-ground i. SYN: dark-field i..
direct i. an i. in which the rays of light are directed downward, almost perpendicularly onto the upper surface of the object, which reflects the rays upward into the optical system. SYN: erect i., vertical i..
erect i. SYN: direct i..
focal i. i. in which a beam of light is directed diagonally to an object so that it is brilliantly illuminated while the surrounding area is in shadow. SYN: lateral i., oblique i..
Köhler i. a method of i. of microscopic objects in which the image of the light source is focused on the substage condenser diaphragm and the diaphragm of the light source is focused in the same plane with the object to be observed; maximizes both the brightness and uniformity of the illuminated field.
lateral i. SYN: focal i..
oblique i. SYN: focal i..
vertical i. SYN: direct i..

illuminism
illuminism (i-loo′mi-nizm)

A psychotic state of exaltation in which one has delusions and hallucinations of communion with supernatural or exalted beings.

illusion
illusion (i-loo′zhun)

A false perception; the mistaking of something for what it is not. [L. illusio, fr. il- ludo, pp. -lusus, to play at, mock]
i. of doubles SYN: Capgras syndrome.
i. of movement successive stimulation of neighboring retinal points which causes the sensation of movement.
oculogravic i. apparent movement of the visual field when the body is subjected to acceleration; due to gravity.
oculogyral i. an i. occurring in angular acceleration in which the position of fixed light appears to drift.
optical i. a false interpretation of the color, form, size, or movement of a visual sensation.

illusional
illusional (i-loo′zhun-al)

Relating to or of the nature of an illusion.

Ilosvay
Ilosvay

Lajos de, Hungarian chemist, 1851–1936. See I. reagent.

IM
IM

Abbreviation for internal medicine.

I.M.
I.M., i.m.

Abbreviation for intramuscular, or intramuscularly.

ima
ima (i′ma)

Lowest. SEE ALSO: imus. [L.]

image
image (im′ij)

1. Representation of an object made by the rays of light emanating or reflected from it. 2. Representation produced by x-rays, ultrasound, tomography, thermography, radioisotopes, etc. 3. To produce such representations. [L. imago, likeness]
accidental i. SYN: afterimage.
body i. 1. the cerebral representation of all body sensation organized in the parietal cortex; 2. personal conception of one's own body as distinct from one's actual anatomic body or the conception other persons have of it. SYN: body schema.
catatropic i. SYN: Purkinje-Sanson images.
direct i. SYN: virtual i..
eidetic i. vivid mental i. in the form of a dream, fantasy, or an unusual power of memory and visualization of objects previously seen or imagined.
false i. the i. in the deviating eye in strabismus.
heteronymous i. a double i. in physiological diplopia, when fixation is directed beyond an object; the right i. arises from the left eye, while the left i. arises from the right eye; i.e., there is a crossed diplopia.
homonymous images double images produced by stimuli arising from points proximal to the horopter. SYN: homonymous diplopia, simple diplopia, uncrossed diplopia.
hypnagogic i. imagery occurring between wakefulness and sleep.
hypnopompic i. imagery occurring after the sleeping state and before complete wakefulness; similar to hypnagogic imagery except for the time of occurrence.
inverted i. SYN: real i..
magnitude i. in magnetic resonance imaging, an i. formed from the amplitude of the signal, distinct from the phase information. SEE ALSO: magnetic resonance imaging.
mental i. a picture of an object not present, produced in the mind by memory or imagination.
mirror i. a representation of an object or part thereof as its reflected i. in a mirror.
motor i. the i. of body movements.
negative i. SYN: afterimage.
optical i. an i. formed by the refraction or reflection of light.
phase i. a magnetic resonance i. showing only phase shift information, to detect motion.
Purkinje images SYN: Purkinje-Sanson images.
Purkinje-Sanson images the two images formed by the anterior and posterior surfaces of the cornea and the two images formed by the anterior and posterior surfaces of the lens. SYN: catatropic i., Purkinje images, Sanson images.
real i. an i. formed by the convergence of the actual rays of light from an object. SYN: inverted i..
retinal i. a real i. formed on the retina.
Sanson images SYN: Purkinje-Sanson images.
sensory i. an i. based on one or more types of sensation.
specular i. the i. of a source of light made visible by the reflection from a mirror.
tactile i. an i. of an object as perceived by the sense of touch.
unequal retinal i. SYN: aniseikonia.
virtual i. an erect i. formed by projection of divergent rays from an optical system. SYN: direct i..
visual i. a collection of foci corresponding to all the luminous points of an object.

image intensifier
image intensifier

SYN: image amplifier.

imagery
imagery (im′ij-re)

A technique in behavior therapy in which the client or patient is conditioned to substitute pleasant fantasies to counter the unpleasant feelings associated with anxiety.

imaginal
imaginal (i-maj′i-nal)

Relating to an image or to the process of imagining.

imaging
imaging (im′a-jing)

Production of a clinical image using x-rays, ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance, radionuclide scanning, and thermography; especially, cross-sectional i., such as ultrasonography, CT, or MRI. See image.
blood pool i. nuclear medicine study using a radionuclide that is confined to the vascular compartment.
exercise i. See stress test.
magnetic resonance i. (MRI) a diagnostic radiologic modality, using nuclear magnetic resonance technology, in which the magnetic nuclei (especially protons) of a patient are aligned in a strong, uniform magnetic field, absorb energy from tuned radiofrequency pulses, and emit radiofrequency signals as their excitation decays. These signals, which vary in intensity according to nuclear abundance and molecular chemical environment, are converted into sets of tomographic images by using field gradients in the magnetic field, which permits 3-dimensional localization of the point sources of the signals. SYN: nuclear magnetic resonance i., NMR i., nuclear magnetic resonance tomography.
nuclear magnetic resonance i., NMR i. SYN: magnetic resonance i..
pharmacologic stress i. See stress test.
through transfer i. SYN: transfer i..
transfer i. the production of an ultrasound image by detection and analysis of sound on the opposite side of the body from the emitting transducer. SYN: through transfer i..

imaging department
imaging department

The diagnostic radiology department. See imaging, radiology.

imago
imago, pl .imagines (i-ma′go, i-maj′i-nez)

1. The last stage of an insect after it has completed all its metamorphoses through the egg, larva, and pupa; the adult insect form. 2. SYN: archetype (2) . [L. image]

imbalance
imbalance (im-bal′ans)

1. Lack of equality between opposing forces. 2. Lack of equality in some aspect of binocular vision, such as muscle balance, image size, and/or image shape. [L. in- neg. + bi-lanx (-lanc-), having two scales, fr. bis, twice, + lanx, dish, scale of a balance]
autonomic i. a lack of balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, especially in relation to the vasomotor disturbances. SYN: vasomotor i..
occlusal i. an inharmonious relationship between the teeth of the maxilla and mandible during closing or functional movements of the jaw.
sex chromosome i. any abnormal pattern of sex chromosomes; e.g., XXY in men with seminiferous tubule dysgenesis, XO in women with Turner syndrome; rarer patterns of i. are XXX, XXXY, and XYY. SEE ALSO: isochromosome.
sympathetic i. SYN: vagotonia.
vasomotor i. SYN: autonomic i..

imbecile
imbecile (im′be-sil)

An obsolete term for a subclass of mental retardation or the individual classified therein. [L. imbecillus, weak, silly]

imbed
imbed

SYN: embed.

imbibition
imbibition (im-bi-bish′un)

1. Absorption of fluid by a solid body without resultant chemical change in either. 2. Taking up of water by a gel, thereby increasing its size. [L. im-bibo, to drink in (in + bibo)]

imbricate
imbricate, imbricated (im′bri-kat, im′bri-ka-ted)

Overlapping like shingles. [L. imbricatus, covered with tiles]

imbrication
imbrication (im′bri-ka′shun)

The operative overlapping of layers of tissue in the closure of wounds or the repair of defects. [see imbricate]
eyelid i. an abnormality of eyelid position by which the upper eyelid overrides the lower eyelid on closure, leading to chronic ocular irritation.

imidazole
imidazole (im-id-az′ol)

A five-membered heterocyclic compound occurring in l-histidine and other biologically important compounds.
i. alkaloids alkaloids containing one or more i. moieties as part of its structure ( E.G., pilocarpine).

4-imidazolone-5-propionate
4-imidazolone-5-propionate (im-id-a-zo′lon)

An intermediate in histidine degradation; seen in reduced levels in urocanic aciduria.

imidazolyl
imidazolyl (im-id-az′o-lil)

The radical of imidazole. SYN: iminazolyl.

imide
imide (im′id)

The radical, group, or moiety, &dbond;NH, attached to two &cbond;CO&cbond; groups.

imido- imido-

Prefix denoting the radical of an imide, formed by the loss of the H of the &dbond;NH group.

imidodipeptidase
imidodipeptidase (im′i-do-di-pep′ti-das)

SYN: proline dipeptidase.

imidodipeptiduria
imidodipeptiduria (im-ido-di-pep′tid-oor-e-a)

Elevated levels of proline-containing dipeptides in the urine; associated with a deficiency of prolidase (peptidase D) resulting in impaired development.

imidole
imidole (im′i-dol)

SYN: pyrrole.

iminazolyl
iminazolyl (im-in-az′o-lil)

SYN: imidazolyl.

-imine -imine

Suffix denoting the group &dbond;NH.

imino- imino-

Prefix denoting the group &dbond;NH.

imino acids
imino acids (im′i-no, i-me′no)

Compounds with molecules containing both an acid group (usually the carboxyl, –COOH) and an imino group (&dbond;NH).

iminocarbonyl
iminocarbonyl (im′i-no-kar′bon-il)

See carboxamide.

iminodipeptidase
iminodipeptidase (im′i-no-di-pep′ti-das)

SYN: prolyl dipeptidase.

iminoglycinuria
iminoglycinuria (im′i-no-gli-si-noo′re-a) [MIM*242600]

A benign inborn error of amino acid transport in renal tubule and intestine; glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline are excreted in the urine; probably autosomal recessive inheritance; genetic heterogeneity is suggested.

iminohydrolases
iminohydrolases (im′i-no-hi′dro-las-ez) [EC class 3.5.3]

Enzymes that hydrolyze imino groups; e.g., arginine deiminase. SYN: deiminases.

iminostilbenes
iminostilbenes (im′i-no-stil′benz)

A chemical class of agents of which carbamazepine, an antiepileptic drug, is the most prominent.

imipenem
imipenem (im-i-pen′em)

A thienamycin antibiotic with broad spectrum activity used, in combination with cilastin, to treat a variety of infections.

imipramine hydrochloride
imipramine hydrochloride (im-ip′ra-men)

A tricyclic antidepressant. Metabolized to form desipramine, another tricyclic antidepressant.

imiquimod
imiquimod

An immune response modifier used on the skin in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts.

IML
IML

Abbreviation for intermediolateral cell column of the spinal cord gray matter.

Imlach
Imlach

Francis, Scottish anatomist and surgeon, 1819–1891. See I. fat-pad.

immedicable
immedicable (im-med′i-ka-bl)

Obsolete term meaning not curable by medicinal remedies. [L. in- neg. + medicabilis, curable]

immersion
immersion (i-mer′zhun)

1. The placing of a body under water or other liquid. 2. In microscopy, filling the space between the objective lens and the top of the cover glass with a fluid, such as water or oil, to reduce spherical aberration and increase effective numerical aperture by elimination of refractive effects that result from an air-glass interface; the best resolution is achieved when the space between the condenser lens and the specimen slide is also filled with the fluid. [L. immergo, pp. -mersus, to dip in (in + mergo)]
homogeneous i. in i. microscopy, use of a fluid, such as oil, that has a refractive index virtually identical to that of glass, providing the highest possible numerical aperture.
oil i., water i. i. (2) .

immiscible
immiscible (i-mis′i-bl)

Incapable of mutual solution; e.g., oil and water. [L. im-misceo, to mix in (in + misceo)]

immission
immission (im-ish′in)

Environmental concentration of a pollutant, resulting from a combination of imissions and dispersals; often synonymous with exposure. [L. immissio, introduction, fr. im- mitto, to introduce]

immittance
immittance (i-mit′ans)

Measurement of middle ear impedance and compliance. SYN: admittance. [L. immitto, to send in]

immobilization
immobilization (i-mo′bi-li-za′shun)

The act of making immovable. [see immobilize]

immobilize
immobilize (i-mo′bi-liz)

To render fixed or incapable of moving. [L. in- neg. + mobilis, movable]

immortalization
immortalization (i-mor′tal-i-za′shun)

Conferring on normal cells cultured in vitro the property of an infinite lifespan, as from spontaneous mutation, by exposure to chemical carcinogens, or by viral infection. I. of primary cells in culture is the first of several steps in the expression of transforming genes of DNA tumor viruses, of retrovirus oncogenes, and cellular oncogenes derived from human cancer cells.

immune
immune (i-mun′)

1. Free from the possibility of acquiring a given infectious disease; resistant to an infectious disease. 2. Pertaining to the mechanism of sensitization in which the reactivity is so altered by previous contact with an antigen that the responsive tissues respond quickly upon subsequent contact, or to in vitro reactions with antibody-containing serum from such sensitized individuals. [L. immunis, free from service, fr. in, neg., + munus (muner-), service]

immunifacient
immunifacient (im′u-ni-fa′shent)

Making immune after a specific disease. [L. immunis, exempt, + faciens, making, pr. part. of facio]

immunity
immunity (i-mu′ni-te)

1. The status or quality of being immune (1). 2. Protection against infectious disease. SYN: insusceptibility. [L. immunitas (see immune)]
acquired i. resistance resulting from previous exposure of the individual in question to an infectious agent or antigen; it may be active and specific, as a result of naturally acquired (apparent or inapparent) infection or intentional vaccination (artificial active i.); or it may be passive, being acquired from transfer of antibodies from another person or from an animal, either naturally, as from mother to fetus, or by intentional inoculation (artificial passive i.), and, with respect to the particular antibodies transferred, it is specific. Passive, cell-mediated i. produced by the transfer of living lymphoid cells from an immune (allergic or sensitive) animal to a normal one is sometimes referred to as adoptive i..
active i. acquired i..
adoptive i. acquired i..
antiviral i. i. resulting from virus infection, either naturally acquired or produced by intentional vaccination; compared to some bacterial immunities, it is of relatively long duration, but this may be the result of infection-i. rather than being peculiar to virus infection per se, since it occurs also in bacterial i. after infections such as typhoid fever.
artificial active i. acquired i..
artificial passive i. acquired i..
bacteriophage i. the state induced in a bacterium by lysogenization, the lysogenic bacterium being insusceptible to further lysogenization or to a lytic cycle by a superinfecting bacteriophage, in contradistinction to bacteriophage resistance.
cell-mediated i. (CMI) , cellular i. immune responses that are initiated by an antigen-presenting cell interacting with and mediated by T lymphocytes ( e.g., graft rejection, delayed-type hypersensitivity). SYN: delayed hypersensitivity (1) .
concomitant i. SYN: infection i..
general i. i. associated with widely diffused mechanisms that tend to protect the body as a whole, as compared with local i..
group i. SYN: herd i..
herd i. the resistance to invasion and spread of an infectious agent in a group or community, based on the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group; resistance is a product of the number susceptible and the probability that susceptibles will come into contact with an infected person. SYN: group i..
humoral i. i. associated with circulating antibodies, in contradistinction to cellular i..
infection i. the paradoxical immune status in which resistance to reinfection coincides with the persistence of the original infection. SYN: concomitant i..
innate i. resistance manifested by a species (or by races, families, and individuals in a species) that has not been immunized (sensitized, allergized) by previous infection or vaccination; much of it results from body mechanisms that are poorly understood, but are different from those responsible for the altered reactivity associated with the specific nature of acquired i.; in general, innate i. is nonspecific and is not stimulated by specific antigens. SEE ALSO: self. SYN: natural i., nonspecific i..
local i. a natural or acquired i. to certain infectious agents, as manifested by an organ or a tissue, as a whole or in part.
maternal i. i. acquired by a fetus because of the presence of maternal IgG that passes through the placenta.
natural i., nonspecific i. SYN: innate i..
passive i. acquired i..
relative i. a modified, not completely effective resistance that results when there is a sort of “fluctuating equilibrium” between the defense mechanisms of the host and the infective agent.
specific i. the immune status in which there is an altered reactivity directed solely against the antigenic determinants (infectious agent or other) that stimulated it. See acquired i..
specific active i. acquired i..
specific passive i. acquired i..
stress i. insusceptibility or resistance to the effects of emotional strain.

immunization
immunization (im-mu′ni-za′shun)

Protection of susceptible individuals from communicable diseases by administration of a living modified agent ( e.g., yellow fever vaccine), a suspension of killed organisms ( e.g., pertussis vaccine), or an inactivated toxin ( e.g., tetanus). SEE ALSO: vaccination, allergization.
active i. the production of active immunity.
passive i. the production of passive immunity.

immunize
immunize (im′u-niz)

1. To render immune. 2. To administer immunization.

immuno- immuno-

Immune, immunity. [L. immunis, immune]

immunoadjuvant
immunoadjuvant (im′u-no-ad′joo-vant)

See adjuvant (2) .

immunoagglutination
immunoagglutination (im′u-no-a-gloo-ti-na′shun)

Specific agglutination effected by antibody.

immunoassay
immunoassay (im′u-no-as′a, im-u′no)

Detection and assay of substances by serological (immunological) methods; in most applications the substance in question serves as antigen, both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. SEE ALSO: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, radioimmunoassay, radioimmunoelectrophoresis, immunologic pregnancy test. SYN: immunochemical assay.
double antibody i. SYN: double antibody precipitation.
enzyme i. any of several i. methods that use an enzyme covalently linked to an antigen or antibody as a label; the most common types are enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and enzyme-multiplied i. technique (EMIT). SEE ALSO: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, enzyme-multiplied i. technique.
enzyme-multiplied i. technique (EMIT) a type of i. in which the ligand is labeled with an enzyme, and the enzyme-ligand-antibody complex is enzymatically inactive, allowing quantitation of unlabeled ligand. SEE ALSO: competitive binding assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
solid phase i. i. in which the antigen or serum is bound to a solid surface, such as a microplate wall or the sides of a tube, the other reactants being free in solution.
thin-layer i. a method for detection of antigen-antibody reactions, applicable to detection of either antigen or antibody, based on the fact that either reactant, when added to a polystyrene surface (such as a well in a polystyrene plate) is adsorbed as a thin layer and acts as an immunosorbent capable of binding with the second reactant.

immunobiology
immunobiology (im′u-no-bi-ol-o-ije, im-oo′no)

The study of the immune factors that affect the growth, development, and health of biological organisms.

immunoblast
immunoblast (im′u-no-blast)

An antigenically stimulated lymphocyte; a large cell with well-defined basophilic cytoplasm, a large nucleus with prominent nuclear membrane, distinct nucleoli, and clumped chromatin. SEE ALSO: lymphoblast, lymphocyte transformation. [immuno- + G. blastos, germ]

immunoblot
immunoblot, immunoblotting (i′mu-no-blot′)

Process by which antigens can be separated by electrophoresis and allowed to adhere onto nitrocellulose sheets where they bind nonspecifically and then are subsequently identified by staining with appropriately labeled antibodies. SEE ALSO: Western blot analysis.

immunoblotting
immunoblotting

See immunoblot.

immunochemistry
immunochemistry (im′u-no-kem′is-tre)

The field of chemistry concerned with chemical aspects of immunologic phenomena, e.g., chemical reactions related to antigen stimulation of tissues, chemical studies of antigens and antibody.

immunocompetence
immunocompetence (im′u-no-kom′pe-tens)

The ability to produce a normal immune response.

immunocompetent
immunocompetent (im′u-no-kom′pe-tent)

Possessing the ability to mount a normal immune response.

immunocomplex
immunocomplex

Complexes of antibody and antigen. See immune complex.

immunocompromised
immunocompromised (im′u-no-kom′pro-mizd)

Denoting an individual whose immunologic mechanism is deficient either because of an immunodeficiency disorder or because it has been rendered so by immunosuppressive agents.

immunoconglutinin
immunoconglutinin (im′u-no-kon-gloo′ti-nin)

An autoantibody-like immunoglobulin (IgM) formed in animals (or man) against their own complement following injection of complement-containing complexes or sensitized bacteria.

immunocyte
immunocyte (im′u-no-sit, im-oo′no)

An immunologically competent leukocyte capable, actively or potentially, of producing antibodies or reacting in cell-mediated immunity reactions. SEE ALSO: I cell. [immuno- + G. kytos, cell]

immunocytoadherence
immunocytoadherence (im′u-no-si′to-ad-her′ens)

A method for determining cell surface properties, in which immunoglobulin or receptors on the surface of one cell population cause cells with corresponding molecular configurations on their surface to adhere in rosettes around the cells.

immunocytochemistry
immunocytochemistry (im′u-no-si-to-kem′is-tre)

The study of cell constituents by immunologic methods, such as the use of fluorescent antibodies or immunoperoxidase staining..

immunodeficiency
immunodeficiency (im′u-no-de-fish′en-se, im-u′)

A condition resulting from a defective immune mechanism; may be primary (due to a defect in the immune mechanism itself) or secondary (dependent upon another disease process), specific (due to a defect in either the B-lymphocyte or the T-lymphocyte system, or both) or nonspecific (due to a defect in one or another component of the nonspecific immune mechanism: the complement, properdin, or phagocytic system). SYN: immune deficiency, immunity deficiency, immunologic deficiency.
cellular i. with abnormal immunoglobulin synthesis an ill-defined group of sporadic disorders of unknown cause, occurring in both males and females and associated with recurrent bacterial, fungal, protozoal, and viral infections; there is thymic hypoplasia with depressed cellular (T-lymphocyte) immunity combined with defective humoral (B-lymphocyte) immunity, although immunoglobulin levels may be normal. SYN: Nezelof syndrome.
combined i. i. of both the B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes.
common variable i. i. of unknown cause, and usually unclassifiable; usual onset after age 15 years but may occur at any age in either sex; the total quantity of immunoglobulin is commonly less than 300 mg/dL; the number of B lymphocytes is often within normal limits but there is a lack of plasma cells in lymphoid tissue; cellular (T-lymphocyte) immunity is usually intact; there is an increased susceptibility to pyogenic infection and often autoimmune disease. SYN: acquired agammaglobulinemia, acquired hypogammaglobulinemia.
phagocytic dysfunction i. suppression in number or function of phagocytic cells such as in chronic granulomatous disease. SYN: phagocytic dysfunction disorders i..
phagocytic dysfunction disorders i. SYN: phagocytic dysfunction i..
secondary i. i. in which there is no evident defect in the lymphoid tissues, but rather hypercatabolism or loss of immunoglobulins such as occurs in familial idiopathic hypercatabolic hypoproteinemia or in defects associated with the nephrotic syndrome. SYN: secondary agammaglobulinemia, secondary antibody deficiency, secondary hypogammaglobulinemia.
severe combined i. (SCID) [MIM*202500,MIM*300400, and MIM*312863] an i. in which there is absence of both humoral and cellular immunity with lymphopenia (of both B-type and T-type lymphocytes); characterized by thymus atrophy, lack of delayed hypersensitivity, and marked susceptibility to infections by bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and live vaccines; although bone marrow transplants have been effective, death may occur in the first year of life. Both autosomal recessive and X-linked forms occur; about one-half of those with autosomal recessive SCID have adenosine deaminase deficiency. The X-linked form is caused by mutation in the interleukin-2 receptor gamma gene (IL2RG) on Xq. SYN: Swiss type agammaglobulinemia.
i. with elevated IgM i. with reduced IgG- and IgA-bearing cells; there is recurrent pyogenic infection; X-linked in some families.
i. with hypoparathyroidism SYN: DiGeorge syndrome.

immunodeficient
immunodeficient (im′u-no-de-fish′ent)

Lacking in some essential function of the immune system.

immunodepressant
immunodepressant (im′u-no-de-pres′ant)

SYN: immunosuppressant.

immunodepressor
immunodepressor (im′u-no-de-pres′or, -or)

SYN: immunosuppressant.

immunodiagnosis
immunodiagnosis (im′u-no-di-ag-no′sis)

The process of determining specified immunologic characteristics of individuals or of cells, serum, or other biologic specimens.

immunodiffusion
immunodiffusion (im′u-no-di-fu′zhun,, im-u′no-)

A technique to study antigen-antibody reactions by observing precipitates formed by antigen-antibody complexes, which are formed by combination of specific antigen and antibodies which have diffused in a gel in which they have been separately placed.
double i. gel diffusion precipitin tests in two dimensions, under test.
radial i. (RID) gel diffusion precipitin tests in one dimension, under test.
single i. gel diffusion precipitin tests in one dimension, under test, gel diffusion precipitin tests in two dimensions, under test.

immunoelectrophoresis
immunoelectrophoresis (im′u-no-e-lek′tro-fo-re′sis)

A kind of precipitin test in which the components of one group of immunological reactants (usually a mixture of antigens) are first separated on the basis of electrophoretic mobility in agar or other medium, the separated components then being identified, by means of the technique of double diffusion, on the basis of precipitates formed by reaction with components of the other group of reactants (antibodies).
crossed i. SYN: two-dimensional i..
rocket i. a quantitative method for serum proteins that involves electrophoresis of antigen into a gel containing antibody; the technique is restricted to detection of antigens that move to the positive pole on electrophoresis. See electroimmunodiffusion.
two-dimensional i. a combination of conventional electrophoretic separation and electroimmunodiffusion; electrophoresis is first carried out, then the electrophoretic strip is placed on a second slide and an antibody-containing agarose solution is allowed to solidify adjacent to it; electrophoresis is then performed at right angles to the original separation. SYN: crossed i..

immunoenhancement
immunoenhancement (im′u-no-en-hans′ment)

Increasing the immune response; aside from antibody, nonspecific substances may also act to enhance immune response. SYN: immunologic enhancement.

immunoenhancer
immunoenhancer (im′u-no-en-hans′er)

Any specific or nonspecific substance that increases the degree of the immune response.

immunoferritin
immunoferritin (im′u-no-fer′i-tin)

Antibody-ferritin conjugate used to identify specific antigen by electron microscopy.

immunofluorescence
immunofluorescence (im′u-no-flor-es′ens, i-mu′no-)

An immunohistochemical technique using labeling of antibodies by a fluorescent dye to identify antigenic material specific for the labeled antibody; the specific binding of antibody can be determined microscopically through the production of a characteristic visible light by the application of ultraviolet rays to the preparation. SEE ALSO: fluorescent antibody technique.
direct i. fluorescence microscopy of tissue from lesions after application of labeled antibodies. SEE ALSO: fluorescent antibody technique.
indirect i. fluorescence microscopy of normal tissue after application of the patient's serum, to detect antibodies to normal tissue components (autoantibodies). SEE ALSO: fluorescent antibody technique.

immunogen
immunogen (i-mu′no-jen)

SYN: antigen.

immunogenetics
immunogenetics (im′u-no-je-net′iks, im-u′no-)

The study of the genetics of transplantation and tissue rejection, histochemical loci, immunologic response, immunoglobulin structure, and immunosuppression.

immunogenic
immunogenic (im′u-no-jen′ik)

SYN: antigenic.

immunogenicity
immunogenicity (im′u-no-je-nis′i-te)

SYN: antigenicity.

immunoglobulin
immunoglobulin (Ig) (im′u-no-glob′u-lin)

One of a class of structurally related proteins, each consisting of two pairs of polypeptide chains, one pair of light (L) [low molecular weight] chains (κ or λ), and one pair of heavy (H) chains (γ, α, μ, δ, and ε), usually all four linked together by disulfide bonds. On the basis of the structural and antigenic properties of the H chains, Ig's are classified (in order of relative amounts present in normal human serum) as IgG (7S in size, 80%), IgA (10–15%), IgM (19S, a pentamer of the basic unit, 5–10%), IgD (less than 0.1%), and IgE (less than 0.01%). All of these classes are homogeneous and susceptible to amino acid sequence analysis. Each class of H chain can associate with either κ or λ L chains. Subclasses of Ig's, based on differences in the H chains, are referred to as IgG1, etc. When split by papain, IgG yields three pieces: the Fc piece, consisting of the C-terminal portion of the H chains, with no antibody activity but capable of fixing complement, and crystallizable; and two identical Fab pieces, carrying the antigen-binding sites and each consisting of an L chain bound to the remainder of an H chain. Antibodies are Ig's, and all Ig's probably function as antibodies. However, Ig refers not only to the usual antibodies, but also to a great number of pathological proteins classified as myeloma proteins, which appear in multiple myeloma along with Bence Jones proteins, myeloma globulins, and Ig fragments. From the amino acid sequences of Bence Jones proteins, it is known that all L chains are divided into a region of variable sequence (V_L) and one of constant sequence (C_L), each comprising about half the length of the L chain. The constant regions of all human L chains of the same type (κ or λ) are identical except for a single amino acid substitution, under genetic controls. H chains are similarly divided, although the V_H region, while similar in length to the V_L region, is only one-third or one-fourth the length of the C_H region. Binding sites are a combination of V_L and V_H protein regions. The large number of possible combinations of L and H chains make up the “libraries” of antibodies of each individual.
anti-D i. SYN: RH_o(D) immune globulin.
chickenpox i. SYN: chickenpox immune globulin (human).
i. domains structural units of i. heavy or light chains that are composed of approximately 110 amino acids. Light chains of an i. are composed of one constant domain and one variable domain. Heavy chains are composed of either three or four constant domains and one variable domain.
i. G subclass deficiency a rare inherited disorder in which there are reduced levels of one or more IgG subclasses resulting from defective heavy chain genes or an abnormality in the regulation of i. isotype switching.
human normal i. SYN: human gamma globulin.
measles i. SYN: measles immune globulin (human).
monoclonal i. a homogeneous i. resulting from the proliferation of a single clone of plasma cells and which, during electrophoresis of serum, appears as a narrow band or “spike”; it is characterized by heavy chains of a single class and subclass, and light chains of a single type. SYN: M protein (2) , monoclonal protein, paraprotein (2) .
pertussis i. SYN: pertussis immune globulin.
poliomyelitis i. SYN: poliomyelitis immune globulin (human).
rabies i. SYN: rabies immune globulin (human).
Rh_o(D) i. SYN: RH_o(D) immune globulin.
secretory i. usually IgA but may be IgM linked to a secretory component and found in mucous secretions.
secretory i. A a subclass of IgA that is found primarily in secretions such as tears and colostrum. This form of IgA is protected from proteolytic degradation by the presence of a secretory component.
selective i. A deficiency an inherited disorder in which there is a markedly reduced or absent IgA, resulting in immature IgA-bearing B cells.
tetanus i. SYN: tetanus immune globulin.
thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) in Graves disease, the antibodies to TSH receptors in the thyroid gland. These antibodies are produced by B-lymphocytes and stimulate the receptors, causing hyperthyroidism. Formerly known as LATS (long-acting thyroid stimulator).

immunohematology
immunohematology (im′u-no-he-ma-tol′o-je, im-u′no-)

That division of hematology concerned with immune, or antigen-antibody reactions and with related changes in the blood.

immunohistochemistry
immunohistochemistry (im′u-no-his′to-kem′is-tre)

Demonstration of specific antigens in tissues by the use of markers that are either fluorescent dyes or enzymes such as horseradish peroxidase.

immunolocalization
immunolocalization (im′u-no-lo′cal-i-za-shun)

Refers to use of immunologic techniques, including specific antibody, to identify the location of molecules or structures within cells or tissues.

immunologist
immunologist (im-u-nol′o-jist)

A specialist in the science of immunology.

immunology
immunology (im′u-nol′o-je)

1. The science concerned with the various phenomena of immunity, induced sensitivity, and allergy. 2. Study of the structure and function of the immune system. [immuno- + G. logos, study]

immunomodulatory
immunomodulatory (im′u-no-mod′u-la-to-re)

1. Capable of modifying or regulating one or more immune functions. 2. An immunological adjustment, regulation, or potentiation.

immunopathology
immunopathology (im′u-no-pa-thol′o-je, i-moo′no-)

The study of diseases or conditions resulting from immune reactions.

immunophilins
immunophilins (im′u-no-fil′inz)

High-affinity receptor proteins in the cytoplasm that combine with immunosuppressant drugs leading to rotamase inhibition and, in T cells, thus to interruption of cell activation. [immune + G. philos, fond, + in]

immunopotentiation
immunopotentiation (im′u-no-po-ten-she-a′shun)

Enhancement of the immune response by increasing its rate or prolonging its duration.

immunopotentiator
immunopotentiator (im′u-no-po-ten′she-a-tor)

Any of a wide variety of specific or nonspecific substances which on inoculation enhances or augments an immune response.

immunoprecipitation
immunoprecipitation (im′u-no-pre-sip-i-ta′shun)

The phenomenon of aggregation of sensitized antigen upon addition of specific antibody (precipitin) to antigen in solution. SYN: immune precipitation.

immunoreaction
immunoreaction (im′u-no-re-ak′shun)

An immunologic reaction, especially in vitro between antigen and antibody.

immunoreactive
immunoreactive (im′u-no-re-ak′tiv)

Denoting or exhibiting immunoreaction.

immunoselection
immunoselection (im′u-no-se-lek′shun)

1. Selective death or survival of fetuses of different genotypes depending on immunologic incompatibility with the mother. 2. The survival of certain cells depending on their surface antigenicity.

immunosorbent
immunosorbent (im′u-no-sor′bent)

An antibody (or antigen) used to remove specific antigen (or antibody) from solution or suspension; commonly used with reference to antibody bound to a particulate substance such as a dextran polymer used to remove soluble antigen ( e.g., insulin) from solution.

immunosuppressant
immunosuppressant (im′u-no-su-pres′ant)

An agent that induces immunosuppression ( e.g., cyclosporine, corticosteroids). SYN: immunodepressant, immunodepressor, immunosuppressive (2) .

immunosuppression
immunosuppression (im′u-no-su-presh′un)

Prevention or interference with the development of immunologic response; may reflect natural immunologic unresponsiveness (tolerance), may be artificially induced by chemical, biological, or physical agents, or may be caused by disease.

immunosuppressive
immunosuppressive (im′u-no-su-pres′iv)

1. Denoting or inducing immunosuppression. 2. SYN: immunosuppressant.

immunosurveillance
immunosurveillance (im′u-no-ser-va′lance)

Theory that holds that the immune system eliminates aberrant or tumor cells that arise spontaneously.

immunosympathectomy
immunosympathectomy (im′u-no-sim′pa-thek′to-me)

Inhibition of development of sympathetic ganglia induced in newborn animals by injection of antiserum specific for the protein which selectively enhances growth of sympathetic neurons.

immunotherapy immunotherapy (im′u-no-thar′a-pe)

Originally, therapeutic administration of serum or immune globulin containing preformed antibodies produced by another individual; currently, i. includes nonspecific systemic stimulation, adjuvants, active specific i., and adoptive i.. New forms of i. include the use of monoclonal antibodies. SYN: biologic i..This method has been widely adopted in oncology, particularly in cases that fail to respond to other treatment. I. seeks to boost immune system function, as with the administration of interferons and interleukin-2, or to attack cancerous cells directly, as with the injection of monoclonal antibodies. Various immunotherapeutic techniques have also been used in the treatment of AIDS. In addition, a number of alternative medical practices are claimed to enhance immune function, and various over-the-counter substances have gained popularity for this supposed property.
adoptive i. passive transfer of immunity from an immune donor through inoculation of sensitized lymphocytes, or antibodies in serum or gamma globulin. Vaccination with plasmid DNA is currently under investigation.
biologic i. SYN: i..

immunotolerance
immunotolerance (im′u-no-tol′er-ans)

SYN: immunologic tolerance.

immunotransfusion
immunotransfusion (im′u-no-trans-fu′zhun, i-moo′no-)

An indirect transfusion in which the donor is first immunized by means of injections of an antigen prepared from microorganisms isolated from the recipient; later, the donor's blood is collected, defibrinated, and then administered to the patient; the latter is then presumably passively immunized by means of antibody formed in the donor, e.g., antibody that reacts with the microorganisms in the patient.

IMP
IMP

Abbreviation for inosine 5′-monophosphate.

impact
impact

1. (im′pakt)The forcible striking of one body against another. 2. (im-pakt′)To press two bodies, parts, or fragments closely together so that the two parts move as a single unit. [L. impingo, pp. -pactus, to strike at (in + pango), fasten, drive in]

impacted
impacted (im-pak′ted)

Wedged or pressed closely so as to move as a single unit.

impaction
impaction (im-pak′shun)

The process or condition of being impacted.
dental i. confinement of a tooth in the alveolus and prevention of its eruption into normal position. SEE ALSO: impacted tooth.
fecal i. an immovable collection of compressed or hardened feces in the colon or rectum.
food i. the forcible wedging of food between adjacent teeth during mastication, producing gingival recession and pocket formation.
mucus i. filling of the proximal bronchi, and also the bronchioles, with mucus.

impairment
impairment (im-par′ment)

A physical or mental defect at the level of a body system or organ. The official WHO definition is: any loss or abnormality of psychologic, physiologic, or anatomic structure or function.
mental i. a disorder characterized by the display of an intellectual defect, as manifested by diminished cognitive, interpersonal, social, and vocational effectiveness and quantitatively evaluated by psychological examination and assessment.

IMP-aspartate ligase
IMP-aspartate ligase

SYN: adenylosuccinate synthase.

impatent
impatent (im-pat′ent, im-pa′tent)

Not patent; closed.

impedance
impedance (im-pe′dans)

1. Total opposition to flow. In electricity, when flow is steady, i. is simply the resistance, e.g., the driving pressure per unit flow; when flow is changing, i. also includes the factors that oppose changes in flow. Thus, deviations of i., from simple ohmic resistance because of the effects of capacitance and inductance, become more important in alternating current as the frequency of oscillations increases. In fluid analogies ( e.g., pulsatile flow of blood, to-and-fro flow of respiratory gas), i. depends not only on viscous resistance but also on compressibility, compliance, inertance, and the frequency of imposed oscillations. 2. Resistance of an acoustic system to being set in motion.
acoustic i. the resistance that a material offers to the passage of a sound wave (colloquial); a property of a medium computed as the product of density and sound propagation speed (characteristic acoustic i.). Discontinuities in acoustic i. are responsible for the echoes on which ultrasound imaging is based. Unit: the rayl.

imperception
imperception (im-per-sep′shun)

Inability to form a mental image of an object by combining the sensory data obtained therefrom. [L. in-, not, + per-cipio, pp. -ceptus, to perceive]

imperforate
imperforate (im-per′for-at)

SYN: atretic.

imperforation
imperforation (im-per-for-a′shun)

Condition of being atretic, occluded, or closed; indicated in compound words by the prefix atreto- or the suffix -atresia. [L. im- neg. + per-foro, pp. -atus, to bore through]

impermeable
impermeable (im-per′me-a-bl)

Not permeable; not permitting the passage of substances ( e.g., liquids, gases) or heat through a membrane or other structure. SYN: impervious. [L. im- permeabilis, not to be passed through]

impermeant
impermeant (im-per′me-ant)

Unable to pass through a particular semipermeable membrane. [L. im-, neg., + permano, to penetrate]

impersistence
impersistence (im-per-sis′tens)

A transitory existence or occurrence, lasting only a short time. [L. im-, neg. + persisto, to persist]
motor i. inability to sustain a movement.

impervious
impervious (im-per′ve-us)

SYN: impermeable.

impetiginization
impetiginization (im′pe-tij′i-ni-za′shun)

The occurrence of impetigo by infection of an area of preexisting dermatosis.

impetiginous
impetiginous (im-pe-tij′i-nus)

Relating to impetigo.

impetigo
impetigo (im-pe-ti′go)

A contagious superficial pyoderma, caused by Staphylococcus aureus and/or group A streptococci, that begins with a superficial flaccid vesicle that ruptures and forms a thick yellowish crust, most commonly occurring in children. SYN: i. contagiosa, i. vulgaris. [L. a scabby eruption, fr. im-peto (inp-), to rush upon, attack]
Bockhart i. SYN: follicular i..
i. bullosa i. with lesions of large size, forming bullae.
bullous i. of newborn usually, widely disseminated bullous lesions appearing soon after birth, caused by infection with Staphylococcus aureus. SYN: i. neonatorum (2) , pemphigus gangrenosus (2) .
i. circinata a ringlike configuration of bullous lesions of i. formed by confluence of several bullae or by the rupture of a single lesion with crusting of the periphery.
i. contagiosa SYN: i..
i. contagiosa bullosa discrete purulent skin lesions occasionally seen with streptococcal pyoderma.
follicular i. a superficial follicular pustular eruption involving the scalp or other hairy area. SYN: Bockhart i..
i. herpetiformis a rare pyoderma, which may be related to pustular psoriasis, occurring most commonly in pregnant women in the third trimester as an eruption of small, closely aggregated pustules developing upon an inflammatory base and accompanied by severe constitutional symptoms and fetal death; recurs with subsequent pregnancy.
i. neonatorum 1. SYN: dermatitis exfoliativa infantum. 2. SYN: bullous i. of newborn.
i. vulgaris SYN: i..

impetus
impetus (im′pe-tus)

In psychoanalysis, the motor element of an instinct; the amount of force of the individual's energy which the instinctive impulse demands. [L. an onset, fr. im-peto, to attack]

implant
implant

1. (im-plant′)To graft or insert. 2. Material inserted into nonliving tissues. SEE ALSO: graft, transplant. 3. (im′plant)In genitourinary surgery a device inserted to restore continence or potency. Also an injectable material to create a valvular competence of the ureterovesical junction or bladder outlet. SEE ALSO: prosthesis. [L. im-, in, + planto, pp. -atus, to plant, fr. planta, a sprout, shoot]
carcinomatous implants transference of carcinoma cells from a primary tumor to adjacent tissues where growth continues.
cochlear i. an electronic device consisting of a microphone, speech processor, and electrodes that are implanted in the inner ear to stimulate the remaining nerve fibers of the auditory division of the eighth cranial nerve in adults and children with profound hearing impairment and deafness. Many recipients of cochlear implants achieve high, open-set word recognition and can understand speech even over the telephone. SEE ALSO: auditory prosthesis. SYN: cochlear prosthesis.
dental implants crowns, bridges, or dentures attached permanently to the jaw by means of metal anchors, most frequently titanium posts.
endometrial implants fragments of endometrial mucosa implanted on pelvic structure following retrograde transference through the oviducts. SYN: endometriosis.
endo-osseous i. an i. into alveolar bone inserted through the prepared root canal of a tooth in order to increase effective root length.
endosseous i. SYN: endosteal i..
endosteal i. an i. that is inserted into the alveolar and/or basal bone and protrudes through the mucoperiosteum. SYN: endosseous i..
inflatable i. an empty silicone rubber bag with an inlet tube and a valve inserted into or behind the breast, then inflated with a liquid to the desired size; used in augmentation mammaplasty, and breast reconstruction.
intracorneal implants inserts placed within corneal pockets to alter the refractive power of the eye.
intraocular i. a plastic lens placed in the anterior or posterior chamber of the eye to substitute for the lens removed in cataract extraction.
magnetic i. a tissue-tolerated, magnetized metal placed within the bone to aid in denture retention; a similar magnet is placed in the overlying denture to complete the field.
orbital i. the glass, plastic, or metal device placed in the muscle cone after enucleation of an eye.
penile i. a rigid, flexible, or inflatable device surgically placed in the corpora cavernosa to produce an erection.
pin i. a type of dental i. usually rod-shaped, used in the area of the maxillary sinuses.
post i. that portion of a dental i. substructure that protrudes through the mucosa to connect with the restoration.
root-form i. an i. shaped like the root of a tooth.
silicone i. i. composed of silicone; common form of breast i. for augmentation.
submucosal i. a dental i. resting beneath the mucosa. SEE ALSO: i. denture.
subperiosteal i. an artificial dental metal appliance made to conform to the shape of a bone and placed on its surface beneath the periosteum. See i. denture substructure.
supraperiosteal i. an alloplastic graft inserted superficial to the periosteum to change the contour of an area.
testicular i. a device placed surgically in the scrotum in males with absence or severe hypoplasia of the testis. SYN: testicular prosthesis.
threaded i. an i. with screwlike threads that is either screwed into bone previously threaded by a tap, or by self-tapping, the i. cutting threads in the bone as it is inserted into a predrilled hole.
triplant i. a combination of three pin implants to form a single abutment to support or retain a dental prosthesis.

implantation
implantation (im-plan-ta′shun)

1. Attachment of the fertilized ovum (blastocyst) to the endometrium, and its subsequent embedding in the compact layer, occurring 6 or 7 days after fertilization of the ovum in humans. 2. The process of placing a device or substance within the body, e.g., placement of a saline-filled device beneath the breast mound. 3. Insertion of a natural tooth into an artificially constructed alveolus. 4. Tissue grafting. SEE ALSO: transplantation.
central i. i. in which the blastocyst remains in the uterine cavity, as in carnivores, rhesus monkeys, and rabbits. SYN: circumferential i., superficial i..
circumferential i. SYN: central i..
collagen i. SYN: collagen injection.
cortical i. i. of blastocyst in the ovarian cortex, causing an ovarian pregnancy. See ectopic pregnancy.
eccentric i. i. in which the blastocyst lies in a uterine crypt, as in the mouse, rat, and hamster.
interstitial i. i. in which the blastocyst lies within the substance of the endometrium, as in humans and guinea pigs.
nerve i. planting one nerve into the sheath of another nerve.
pellet i. intramuscular or subcutaneous insertion of an active therapeutic agent in pellet form to provide protracted absorption at a rate slower than subcutaneous or intramuscular injection and as a means of providing a sustained therapeutic effect without repeated administration.
periosteal i. insertion of a normal tendon into a periosteum as part of a tendon transplantation operation.
subcutaneous i. insertion of material under the skin.
superficial i. SYN: central i..

implosion
implosion (im-plo′shun)

1. A sudden collapse, as of an evacuated vessel, in which there is a bursting inward rather than outward as in an explosion. 2. A type of behavior therapy, similar to flooding, during which the patient is given massive exposure to extreme anxiety-arousing stimuli by being asked to describe, and thus relive in imagination, those life events or situations typically producing these overwhelming emotional reactions. As the patient does so, the therapist attempts to extinguish the future influence of such unconscious material over the patient's behavior and feelings, and previous avoidance responses to the stimuli are replaced by more appropriate responses.

impotence
impotence, impotency (im′po-tens, -ten-se)

1. Weakness; lack of power. 2. Specifically, inability of the male to achieve and/or maintain penile erection and thus engage in copulation; a manifestation of neurologic, vascular, or psychological dysfunction. [L. impotentia, inability, fr. in- neg. + potentia, power]
psychic i. that caused by psychologic factors.
vasculogenic i. i. due to alterations in the flow of blood to and from the penis.

impregnate
impregnate (im-preg′nat)

1. To fecundate; to cause to conceive. 2. To diffuse or permeate with another substance. SEE ALSO: saturate. [L. im-, in, + praegnans, with child]

impregnation
impregnation (im-preg-na′shun)

1. The act of making pregnant. 2. The process of diffusing or permeating with another substance, as in metallic i. of tissue components with silver nitrate or ammoniacal silver. SEE ALSO: saturation.

impressio
impressio, pl .impressiones (im-pres′e-o, im-pres-e-o′nez) [TA]

SYN: impression. [L.]
i. aortica pulmonis sinistri SYN: aortic impression of left lung.
i. cardiaca faciei diaphragmaticae hepatis [TA] SYN: cardiac impression of diaphragmatic surface of liver.
i. cardiaca pulmonis SYN: cardiac impression on lung.
i. colica hepatis [TA] SYN: colic impression on liver.
impressiones digitatae impressions of cerebral gyri.
i. duodenalis hepatis [TA] SYN: duodenal impression on liver.
i. esophagea hepatis [TA] SYN: esophageal impression on liver.
i. gastrica hepatis [TA] SYN: gastric impression on liver.
impressiones gyrorum [TA] SYN: impressions of cerebral gyri.
i. ligamenti costoclavicularis [TA] SYN: impression for costoclavicular ligament.
i. petrosa pallii SYN: petrosal impression of the pallium.
i. renalis hepatis [TA] SYN: renal impression on liver.
i. suprarenalis hepatis [TA] SYN: suprarenal impression on liver.
i. trigeminalis [TA] SYN: trigeminal impression.

impression
impression (im-presh′un)

1. A mark seemingly made by pressure of one structure or organ on another, seen especially in cadaveric dissections. See also groove for the various impressions of the lungs, e.g., descending aorta, subclavian artery, and vena cavae. 2. An effect produced upon the mind by some external object acting through the organs of sense. SYN: mental i.. 3. An imprint or negative likeness; especially, the negative form of the teeth and/or other tissues of the oral cavity, made in a plastic material that becomes relatively hard or set while in contact with these tissues, made in order to reproduce a positive form or cast of the recorded tissues; classified, according to the materials of that they are made, as reversible and irreversible hydrocolloid i., modeling plastic i., plaster i., and wax i.. SYN: impressio [TA] . [L. impressio, fr. im- primo, pp. -pressus, to press upon]
aortic i. of left lung a broad deep groove on the medial aspect of the left lung above and behind the hilum receiving the arch of the aorta and the thoracic aorta. SYN: aortic sulcus, impressio aortica pulmonis sinistri, sulcus aorticus.
basilar i. an invagination of the base of the skull into the posterior fossa with compression of the brainstem and cerebellar structures into the foramen magnum. Cf.:platybasia.
cardiac i. of diaphragmatic surface of liver [TA] a depression on the superior area of the diaphragmatic surface of the liver corresponding to the position of the heart. SYN: impressio cardiaca faciei diaphragmaticae hepatis [TA] .
cardiac i. on lung [TA] the depression on the medial surface of each lung produced by the presence of the heart. It is more pronounced on the left lung. SYN: impressio cardiaca pulmonis.
impressions of cerebral gyri [TA] the depressions on the inner surface of the skull which correspond to the convolutions of the brain. SYN: impressiones gyrorum [TA] , impressiones digitatae&star, juga cerebralia&star, digitate impressions.
colic i. on liver [TA] a hollow on the visceral surface of the right lobe of the liver anteriorly, corresponding to the situation of the right flexure and beginning of the transverse colon. SYN: impressio colica hepatis [TA] .
colic i. of spleen [TA] the part of the visceral surface of the spleen in contact with the colon. SYN: facies colica splenis [TA] , colic surface of spleen.
complete denture i. 1. an i. of an edentulous arch made for the purpose of constructing a complete denture; 2. a negative registration of the entire denture-bearing, stabilizing area of either the maxillae or mandible; 3. a negative registration of the entire denture foundation and border seal areas present in the edentulous mouth.
i. for costoclavicular ligament [TA] an irregular pitted area on the inferior surface of the clavicle at its sternal end, giving attachment to the costoclavicular ligament. SYN: impressio ligamenti costoclavicularis [TA] , costal tuberosity, rhomboid i., tuberositas costalis.
deltoid i. SYN: deltoid tuberosity (of humerus).
digitate impressions SYN: impressions of cerebral gyri.
direct bone i. an i. of denuded bone, used in the construction of subperiosteal denture implants.
duodenal i. on liver [TA] a hollow on the visceral surface of the right lobe of the liver alongside the gallbladder, marking the situation of the duodenum. SYN: impressio duodenalis hepatis [TA] .
esophageal i. on liver [TA] the marking of the esophagus on the back of the left lobe of the liver. SYN: impressio esophagea hepatis [TA] .
impressions of esophagus SYN: esophageal constrictions, under constriction.
final i. in dentistry, the i. that is used to make the master cast.
gastric i. on liver [TA] a hollow on the visceral surface of the left lobe of the liver corresponding to the location of the stomach. SYN: impressio gastrica hepatis [TA] .
gastric i. on spleen [TA] the surface of the spleen in contact with the stomach. SYN: facies gastrica splenis [TA] , gastric surface of spleen.
mental i. SYN: i. (2) .
partial denture i. an i. or negative copy of all or a part of the partially edentulous dental arch or area, made for the purpose of designing or constructing a partial denture.
petrosal i. of the pallium a shallow i. on the inferior surface of the cerebral hemisphere made by the superior margin of the petrous part of the temporal bone. SYN: impressio petrosa pallii.
preliminary i. in dentistry, one made for the purpose of diagnosis or the construction of a tray. SYN: primary i..
renal i. on liver [TA] a hollow on the visceral surface of the right lobe of the liver, in which lies the right kidney. SYN: impressio renalis hepatis [TA] .
renal i. of spleen [TA] the portion of the visceral surface of the spleen that contacts the left kidney. SYN: facies renalis splenis [TA] , facies renalis lienis&star, renal surface of spleen.
rhomboid i. SYN: i. for costoclavicular ligament.
sectional i. an i. that is made in sections.
suprarenal i. on liver [TA] a hollow on the visceral surface of the right lobe of the liver, adjoining the groove for inferior venae cava, in which lies the right suprarenal gland. SYN: impressio suprarenalis hepatis [TA] .
trigeminal i. [TA] a depression on the anterior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, near the apex, formed in relationship to the trigeminal ganglion. SYN: impressio trigeminalis [TA] .

imprinting
imprinting

A particular kind of learning characterized by its occurrence in the first few hours of life, and which determines species-recognition behavior.
genomic i. epigenetic process that leads to inactivation of paternal or maternal allele of certain genes susceptible to epigenetic regulation; accounts, among others, for the Angelman and Prader-Willi syndromes.

impromidine
impromidine (im′pro-mi-den)

An agent which is an agonist at H₂-type histamine receptors. Causes gastric acid secretion and tachycardia. Actions can be blocked by agents such as cimetidine and ranitidine.

impulse
impulse (im′puls)

1. A sudden pushing or driving force. 2. A sudden, often unreasoning, determination to perform some act. 3. The action potential of a nerve fiber. [L. im-pello, pp. -pulsus, to push against, impel (inp-)]
apex i. conventionally the lowermost, leftmost area of cardiac pulsation that is usually palpable.
cardiac i. movement of the chest wall produced by cardiac contraction.
ectopic i. an electrical i. from an area of the heart other than the sinus node.
escape i. one or more impulses (atrial, junctional, or ventricular) arising as a result of delay in the formation or arrival of impulses from the prevailing pacemaker.
irresistible i. a compulsion to act such that one feels or claims it cannot be resisted.
morbid i. an i. that drives one to commit some act, usually of a deviant or forbidden nature, notwithstanding efforts to restrain oneself.
right parasternal impulses cardiac activity as palpable or recordable just to the right of the sternum.

impulsion
impulsion (im-pul′shun)

An abnormal urge to perform a certain activity.

impulsive
impulsive (im-pul′siv)

Relating to or actuated by an impulse, rather than controlled by reason or careful deliberation.

imus
imus (i′mus)

Lowest; the most inferior or caudal of several similar structures. [L.]

IMV
IMV

Abbreviation for intermittent mandatory ventilation.

IMViC
IMViC

Acronym for indole production, methyl red, Voges-Proskauer reaction, and ability to use citrate as a sole source of carbon (i inserted for euphony); used primarily to differentiate Escherichia coli from Enterobacter aerogenes and related organisms.

In
In

Symbol for indium; inulin.

111In
¹¹¹In

Symbol for indium-111.

in- in-

1. Not, akin to G. a-, an-, or Eng. un-. 2. In, within, inside. 3. Very; appears as im- before b, p, or m. [L.]

-in -in

A suffix widely used to form names of biochemical substances, including proteins (e.g., globulin), lipids (lecithin), hormones (insulin), botanical principles (digoxin), antibiotics (streptomycin), synthetic drugs (aspirin), dyes (eosin), and others; initially a variant of -ine; in a few terms (e.g., dentin, thyroxin, spellings with and without final e are both found. [G. -inos,, L. -inus, adj. suffixes]

inaction
inaction (in-ak′shun)

Inactivity, rest, or lack of response to a stimulus.

inactivate
inactivate (in-ak′ti-vat)

To destroy the biologic activity or the effects of an agent or substance, as the activity of complement is destroyed when serum is heated.

inactivation
inactivation (in-ak-ti-va′shun)

The process of destroying or removing the activity or the effects of an agent or substance; e.g., the complementary effect of a serum may be destroyed by means of i. at 56°C for 30 min.
insertional i. a technique of recombinant DNA technology used to select bacteria that carry recombinant plasmids; a fragment of foreign DNA is inserted into a restriction site within a gene for antibiotic resistance, thus causing that gene to become nonfunctional.
X i. lyonization.

inanimate
inanimate (in-an′i-mat)

Not alive. [L. in- neg. + anima, breath, soul]

inanition
inanition (in′a-nish′un)

Severe weakness and wasting as occurs from lack of food, defect in assimilation, or neoplastic disease. [L. inanis, empty]

inapparent
inapparent (in′a-par′ent)

Not apparent; beneath the threshold of clinical recognition, as an i. infection.

inappetence
inappetence (in-ap′e-tens)

Lack of desire or of craving. [L. in- neg. + ap-peto, pp. -petitus, to strive after, long for (adp-)]

inarticulate
inarticulate (in-ar-tik′u-lit)

1. Not articulate in intelligible speech. 2. Unable to express oneself satisfactorily in words.

inassimilable
inassimilable (in-a-sim′il-a-bl)

Not assimilable; not capable of undergoing assimilation. See assimilation.

inattention
inattention (in-a-ten′shun)

Lack of attention; negligence.
selective i. an aspect of attentiveness in which a person attempts to ignore or avoid perceiving that which generates anxiety.
sensory i. the inability to feel a tactile stimulus when a similar stimulus, presented simultaneously in a homologous area of the body, is perceived.
visual i. the inability to perceive a photic stimulus in a visual field when a similar but perceived stimulus is presented simultaneously in the homologous field.

inborn
inborn (in′born)

Initiated during development in utero. In the specific context of i. error of metabolism, it connotes a genetic disruption of an enzyme. See i. errors of metabolism, under error. SYN: innate.

inbred
inbred

Denoting populations (groups, genetic lines, etc.) descended over several generations almost exclusively from a small set of ancestors, and hence having a high rate of consanguinity, often occult.

inbreeding
inbreeding (in′bred-ing)

1. Mating between organisms that are genetically more closely related than organisms selected at random from the population. 2. A practice of mating animals that are closely related. The term is clearly relative to how the population is defined; the higher the i. in the population, the less it will lie in the individual mating.

incarcerated
incarcerated (in-kar′ser-a-ted)

Confined; imprisoned; trapped. [L. in, in, + carcero, pp. -atus, to imprison, fr. carcer, prison]

incarnant
incarnant (in-kar′nant)

Promoting or accelerating the granulation of a wound. SYN: incarnative. [L. incarno, fr. in + caro (carn-), flesh]

incarnative
incarnative (in-kar′na-tiv)

SYN: incarnant.

incendiarism
incendiarism (in-sen′di-a-rizm)

SYN: pyromania. [L. incendiarius, causing a conflagration]

incentive
incentive (in-sen′tiv)

In experimental psychology, an object or goal of motivated behavior. [LL. incentivus, provocative]

incertae sedis
incertae sedis (in-ser′te se′dis)

Of uncertain or doubtful affiliation or doubtful position, said of organisms in taxonomic classifications. [L.]

incest
incest (in′sest)

1. Sexual relations between persons closely related by blood, especially between parents and children, brother and sister. 2. The crime of sexual relations between persons related by blood, where such cohabitation is prohibited by law. [L. incestus, unchaste, fr. in-, not, + castus, chaste]

incestuous
incestuous (in-ses′choo-us)

1. Pertaining to incest. 2. Guilty of incest.

incidence
incidence (in′si-dens)

1. The number of specified new events, e.g., persons falling ill with a specified disease, during a specified period in a specified population. 2. In optics, intersection of a ray of light with a surface. [L. incido, to fall into or upon, to happen]

incident
incident (in′si-dent)

Going toward; impinging upon, as i. rays. [L. incido, pp. -casus, to fall into, to meet with]

incidentaloma
incidentaloma (in′si-den-ta-lo′ma)

Mass lesion, usually of the adrenal gland, serendipitously noted during computerized tomographic examinations performed for other reasons. [incidental + -oma, tumor]

incisal
incisal (in-si′zal)

Cutting; relating to the cutting edges of the incisor and cuspid teeth. [L. incido, pp. -cisus, to cut into]

incise
incise (in-siz′)

To cut with a knife.

incision
incision (in-sizh′un)

A cut; a surgical wound; a division of the soft parts usually made with a knife. [L. incisio]
bucket-handle i. a bilateral subcostal abdominal i..
celiotomy i. an i. through the abdominal wall.
chevron i. a bilateral subcostal i. in the abdomen, in the shape of an inverted “V”; used in upper abdominal procedures.
clamshell i. i. made up of bilateral submammary anterior thoracotomies connected by a transverse sternotomy and providing access similar to that of a standard sternotomy. SEE ALSO: transverse thoracosternotomy. SYN: clamshell thoracotomy.
collar i. a cervical i., placed a few cm above the sternal notch, that is frequently used for thyroid or parathyroid procedures.
Deaver i. an i. in the right lower abdominal quadrant, with medial displacement of the rectus muscle.
Dührssen incisions three surgical incisions of an incompletely dilated cervix, corresponding roughly to 2, 6, and 10 o'clock, used as a means of effecting immediate delivery of the fetus when there is an entrapped head during a breech delivery.
endaural i. i. through the external auditory canal, avoiding cartilage, to permit mastoid surgery.
Fergusson i. an i. used in maxillectomy, along the junction of the nose and cheek, and bisecting the upper lip.
flank i. an i. usually made near and parallel to the 12th rib between the iliac crest and the rib.
Kocher i. an i. several inches below and parallel with the right costal margin.
lumbotomy i. SYN: posterior nephrectomy.
McBurney i. an i. parallel with the course of the external oblique muscle, one or two inches cephalad to the anterior superior spine of the ilium.
midline i. a vertical abdominal i. placed in the midline aponeurosis between the two sheaths of the rectus muscles of the abdomen.
paramedian i. an i. lateral to the midline.
Pfannenstiel i. an i. made transversely, and through the external sheath of the recti muscles, about an inch above the pubes, the muscles being separated at the midline in the direction of their fibers.
postauricular i. an i. parallel and a few millimeters posterior to the retroauricular fold, made to gain access to the mastoid cortex.
transmeatal i. an i. in the skin of the posterior external auditory canal that extends from just above the posterior malleolar fold to six o'clock inferiorly; for access to the posterior part of the middle ear.
transverse abdominal i. an abdominal i. that is placed perpendicular to the axis of the rectus muscles of the abdomen.

incisive
incisive (in-si′siv)

1. Cutting; having the power to cut. 2. Relating to the incisor teeth.

incisor
incisor (in-si′zor)

SYN: i. tooth. [L. incido, to cut into]
central i. the first tooth in the maxilla and mandible on either side of the midsagittal plane of the head.
Hutchinson incisors SYN: Hutchinson teeth, under tooth.
lateral i. SYN: second i..
second i. second maxillary or mandibular permanent or deciduous tooth on either side of the midsagittal plane of the head. SYN: lateral i..

incisura
incisura, pl .incisurae (in′si-soo′ra, in′si-soo′re) [TA]

SYN: notch. [L. a cutting into]
i. acetabuli [TA] SYN: acetabular notch.
i. angularis [TA] SYN: angular incisure.
i. anterior auriculae [TA]
i. anterior auris SYN: anterior notch of auricle.
i. apicis cordis [TA] SYN: notch of cardiac apex.
i. cardiaca SYN: cardial notch.
i. cardiaca pulmonis sinistri [TA] SYN: cardiac notch of left lung.
i. cardialis [TA] SYN: i. cardialis. SYN: i. cardialis [TA] .
i. cartilaginis meatus acustici [TA] SYN: notch in cartilage of acoustic meatus.
i. cerebelli anterior SYN: anterior cerebellar notch.
i. cerebelli posterior SYN: posterior cerebellar notch.
i. clavicularis [TA] SYN: clavicular notch of sternum.
incisurae costales [TA] SYN: costal notches, under notch.
i. ethmoidalis [TA] SYN: ethmoidal notch.
i. fibularis [TA] SYN: fibular notch.
i. frontalis [TA] SYN: frontal notch.
i. interarytenoidea [TA] SYN: interarytenoid notch.
i. intertragica [TA] SYN: intertragic notch.
i. ischiadica major [TA] SYN: greater sciatic notch.
i. ischiadica minor [TA] SYN: lesser sciatic notch.
i. jugularis ossis occipitalis [TA] SYN: jugular notch of occipital bone.
i. jugularis ossis temporalis [TA] SYN: jugular notch of petrous part of temporal bone.
i. jugularis sternalis [TA] SYN: jugular notch of sternum.
i. lacrimalis [TA] SYN: lacrimal notch.
i. ligamenti teretis hepatis [TA] SYN: notch for ligamentum teres.
i. mandibulae [TA] SYN: mandibular notch.
i. mastoidea [TA] SYN: mastoid notch.
i. nasalis [TA] SYN: nasal notch.
i. pancreatis [TA] SYN: pancreatic notch.
i. parietalis [TA] SYN: parietal notch.
i. preoccipitalis [TA] SYN: preoccipital notch.
i. pterygoidea SYN: pterygoid notch.
i. radialis [TA] SYN: radial notch.
i. rivini SYN: tympanic notch.
i. santorini SYN: notch in cartilage of acoustic meatus.
i. scapulae SYN: suprascapular notch.
i. semilunaris ulnae SYN: trochlear notch.
i. sphenopalatina [TA] SYN: sphenopalatine notch.
i. supraorbitalis [TA] SYN: supraorbital notch. SEE ALSO: supraorbital foramen.
i. tentorii [TA] SYN: tentorial notch.
i. of tentorium tentorial notch.
i. terminalis auricularis [TA] SYN: terminal notch of auricle.
i. terminalis auris SYN: terminal notch of auricle.
i. thyroidea inferior [TA] SYN: inferior thyroid notch.
i. thyroidea superior [TA] SYN: superior thyroid notch.
i. tragica SYN: intertragic notch.
i. trochlearis [TA] SYN: trochlear notch.
i. tympanica [TA] SYN: tympanic notch.
i. ulnaris [TA] SYN: ulnar notch.
i. umbilicalis SYN: notch for ligamentum teres.
i. vertebralis [TA] SYN: vertebral notch.

incisure
incisure (in-si′zhoor)

SYN: notch. [L. incisura]
angular i. [TA] a sharp angular depression in the lesser curvature of the stomach at the junction of the body with the pyloric canal. SYN: incisura angularis [TA] , angular notch, sulcus angularis.
Lanterman incisures SYN: Schmidt-Lanterman incisures.
Rivinus i. SYN: tympanic notch.
Santorini incisures SYN: notch in cartilage of acoustic meatus.
Schmidt-Lanterman incisures funnel-shaped interruptions in the regular structure of the myelin sheath of nerve fibers, formerly interpreted as actual breaks in the sheath but shown by electron microscopy to correspond each to a strand of cytoplasm locally separating the two otherwise fused oligodendroglial (or, in peripheral nerves, Schwann cell) membranes composing the myelin sheath. SYN: Lanterman incisures, Schmidt-Lanterman clefts.
tympanic i. SYN: tympanic notch.

inclinatio
inclinatio, pl .inclinationes (in′kli-na′she-o, -na-she-o′nez) [TA]

SYN: inclination. [L.]
i. pelvis [TA] SYN: pelvic inclination.

inclination
inclination (in-kli-na′shun) [TA]

1. A leaning or sloping. 2. In dentistry, deviation of the long axis of a tooth from the perpendicular. SYN: inclinatio [TA] , version (3) . [L. inclinatio, a leaning]
condylar guidance i. the angle of i. of the condylar guidance to an accepted horizontal plane.
enamel rod i. the direction of the enamel rods with reference to the outer surface of the enamel of a tooth.
lateral condylar i. the direction of the lateral condyle path.
pelvic i. [TA] the angle that the plane of the superior pelvic aperture makes with the horizontal plane. SYN: inclinatio pelvis [TA] , i. of pelvis.
i. of pelvis SYN: pelvic i..

inclinometer
inclinometer (in′kli-nom′e-ter)

Obsolete instrument for determining the direction of the ocular axes in astigmatism. [L. in- clino, to incline, + G. metron, measure]

inclusion
inclusion (in-kloo′zhun)

1. Any foreign or heterogeneous substance contained in a cell or in any tissue or organ, not introduced as a result of trauma. 2. The process by which a foreign or heterogeneous structure is misplaced in another tissue. [L. inclusio, a shutting in, fr. includo, pp. -clusis, to close in]
cell inclusions 1. the residual elements of the cytoplasm that are metabolic products of the cell, e.g., pigment granules or crystals; 2. storage materials such as glycogen or fat; 3. engulfed material such as carbon or other foreign substances. SEE ALSO: i. bodies, under body.
Döhle inclusions SYN: Döhle bodies, under body.
fetal i. unequal conjoined twins in which the incompletely developed parasite is wholly enclosed in the autosite.
leukocyte inclusions SYN: Döhle bodies, under body.

incoherent
incoherent (in-ko-her′ent)

Not coherent; disjointed; confused; denoting a lack of connectedness or organization of parts during verbal expression. [L. in- neg. + co-haereo, pp. -haesus, to cling together, fr. haereo, to stick]

incompatibility
incompatibility (in′kom-pat-i-bil′i-te)

1. The quality of being incompatible. 2. A means of classifying bacterial plasmids; two plasmids are incompatible if they cannot coexist in one host cell.
physiologic i. a form of i. in which the substances in a mixture exert opposing physiologic actions. SYN: therapeutic i..
Rh antigen i. SYN: erythroblastosis fetalis.
therapeutic i. SYN: physiologic i..

incompatible
incompatible (in-kom-pat′i-bl)

1. Not of suitable composition to be combined or mixed with another agent or substance, without resulting in an undesirable reaction (including chemical alteration or destruction or pharmacologic effect). 2. Denoting persons who are unable to associate with one another without resulting anxiety and conflict. 3. Having genotypes that put progeny at high risk of severe recessive disorders or that promote harmful maternal-fetal reaction ( e.g., erythroblastosis fetalis is Rh i.). 4. Having antigenic nonidentity between a donor and a recipient. [L. in- neg., + con-, with, + patior, pp. passus, to suffer, tolerate]

incompetence
incompetence, incompetency (in-kom′pe-tens, in-kom′pe-ten-se)

1. The quality of being incompetent or incapable of performing the allotted function, especially failure of cardiac or venous valves to close completely. 2. In forensic psychiatry, the inability to distinguish right from wrong or to manage one's affairs. [L. in-, neg. + com-peto, strive after together]
aortic i. defective closure of the aortic valve permitting regurgitation into the left ventricle during diastole.
cardiac i. inability of the ventricles to pump out the blood returning to the atria fast enough to prevent an abnormal rise in atrial pressure or to pump sufficient blood to maintain normal circulatory function.
cardiac valvular i. failure of a valve to perform its fundamental function: insurance of one-way flow; manifested by regurgitation of blood in the opposite direction when the valve is supposed to be closed.
mitral i. defective closure of the mitral valve permitting regurgitation into the left atrium during systole.
muscular i. imperfect closure of an anatomically normal cardiac valve, in consequence of defective action of its papillary muscles.
pulmonary i., pulmonic i. defective closure of the pulmonic valve permitting regurgitation into the right ventricle during diastole.
pyloric i. a patulous state or want of tone of the pylorus that allows the passage of food into the intestine before gastric digestion is completed.
relative i. imperfect closure of a cardiac valve, in consequence of excessive dilation of the corresponding cavity of the heart.
tricuspid i. defective closure of the tricuspid valve permitting regurgitation into the right atrium during systole.
valvular i. SYN: valvular regurgitation.

inconstant
inconstant (in-kon′stant)

1. Irregular. 2. In anatomy, denoting a structure, such as an artery, nerve, etc., that may or may not be present.

incontinence
incontinence (in-kon′ti-nens)

1. Inability to prevent the discharge of any of the excretions, especially of urine or feces. 2. Lack of restraint of the appetites, especially sexual. Cf.:intemperance. SYN: incontinentia. [L. in-continentia, fr. in- neg. + con-tineo, to hold together, fr. teneo, to hold]
fecal i. SYN: i. of feces.
i. of feces the involuntary voiding of feces into clothing or bedclothes, usually due to pathology affecting sphincter control or loss of cognitive functions. SYN: fecal i..
i. of milk SYN: galactorrhea.
overflow i. involuntary loss of urine associated with overdistention of the bladder, with or without a detrusor contraction. SYN: paradoxical i., passive i..
paradoxical i. SYN: overflow i..
passive i. SYN: overflow i..
i. of pigment loss of melanin from the epidermis, and accumulation in melanophages in the upper dermis; seen in several inflammatory diseases of the skin and in incontinentia pigmenti.
reflex i. loss of urine due to unintended detrusor hyperreflexia.
stress urinary i. (SUI) leakage of urine as a result of coughing, straining, or some sudden voluntary movement, due to incompetence of the sphincteric mechanisms. SYN: urinary exertional i..
urge i., urgency i. leakage of urine by unintended detrusor contraction with a strong desire to void.
urinary exertional i. SYN: stress urinary i..
i. of urine the involuntary voiding of urine into clothing or bedclothes. A common problem in elderly populations, especially those in nursing homes, it may be due to neurologic abnormalities, loss of sphincter function (especially common in multiparous women), chronic bladder outlet obstruction, or loss of cognitive functions.

incontinent
incontinent (in-kon′ti-nent)

Denoting incontinence.

incontinentia
incontinentia (in-kon′ti-nen′she-a)

SYN: incontinence. [L.]
i. pigmenti [MIM*146150, MIM*308300, and MIM*308310] a rare genodermatosis characterized by hyperpigmented lesions in linear, zebra stripe, and other bizarre configurations following the lines of Blaschko; occasionally accompanied by other developmental anomalies of the eyes, teeth, nails, skeleton, nails, heart. The dermatologic features involve four stages: stage I is characterized by erythema, vesicles, and pustules; stage II by papules, verrucous lesions, and hyperkeratosis; stage III by hyperpigmentation; and stage IV by pallor, atrophy, and scarring. Historically, there were thought to be two forms: 1) the sporadic type of i. pigmenti (IP1), which is now known to be hypomelanosis of Ito and 2) the familial type (IP2), which is X-linked dominant and a genetic lethal in males. SEE ALSO: hypomelanosis of Ito. SYN: Bloch-Sulzberger disease, Bloch-Sulzberger syndrome.
i. pigmenti achromians [MIM*146150] SYN: hypomelanosis of Ito.

incoordination
incoordination (in-ko-or-di-na′shun)

SYN: ataxia. [L. in- neg. + coordination]

incorporation
incorporation (in-kor-po-ra′shun)

SYN: identification. [L. in-, in, + corporare, pp. corporatus, to make into a body]

increase
increase (in′kres)

Any growth in quantity.
absolute cell i. an actual i. in one of the types of leukocytes, the absolute number of leukocytes in 1 cu mm of blood being obtained by multiplying the total leukocyte count by the percentage of the cell types in question.
base i. at low levels a hearing aid signal-processing strategy to i. gradually the amplification of low frequencies at low-intensity levels.
treble i. at low levels a hearing aid signal-processing strategy to i. gradually the amplification of high-frequency sounds at low levels.

increment
increment (in′kre-ment)

A change in the value of a variable; usually an increase, with “decrement” applied to a decrease, though “i.” can also correctly be applied to both. [L. incrementum, increase]

incretin
incretin

Generic term for all insulinotropic substances originating in the gastrointestinal tract that are released into the circulation by meals containing glucose. One is glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, which is released into the circulation from crypt cells in the proximal duodenum and jejunum after meals containing glucose or long-chain fatty acids. Another is proglucagon-derived polypeptide, cleavage product of glucagon, which is further processed into glucagonlike peptide-1 and then to glucagonlike insulinotropic peptide.

incretion
incretion (in-kre′shun)

The functional activity of an endocrine gland. [in- + secretion]

incrustation
incrustation (in′krus-ta′shun)

1. Formation of a crust or a scab. 2. A coating of some adventitious material or an exudate; a scab. [L. in-crusto, pp. -atus, to incrust, fr. crusta, crust]

incubation
incubation (in′ku-ba′shun)

1. Act of maintaining controlled environmental conditions for the purpose of favoring growth or development of microbial or tissue cultures or to maintain optimal conditions for a chemical or immunologic reaction. 2. Maintenance of an artificial environment for an infant, usually a premature or hypoxic one, by providing proper temperature, humidity, and, usually, oxygen. 3. The development, without sign or symptom, of an infection from the time the infectious agent gains entry until the appearance of the first signs or symptoms. [L. incubo, to lie on]

incubator
incubator (in′ku-ba′tor)

1. A container in which controlled environmental conditions may be maintained; e.g., for culturing microorganisms. 2. An apparatus for maintaining an infant (usually premature) in an environment of proper oxygenation, humidity, and temperature.

incubus
incubus (in′koo-bus)

Originally, an evil spirit that lay upon and oppressed sleeping persons; especially, a male spirit that copulated with sleeping women. Cf.:succubus. [L. fr. incubo, to lie on]

incudal
incudal (in′koo-dal)

Relating to the incus.

incudectomy
incudectomy (in-koo-dek′to-me)

Removal of the incus of the tympanum. [incus + G. ektome, excision]

incudes
incudes (in-koo′dez)

Plural of incus. [L.]

incudiform
incudiform (in-koo′di-form)

Shaped like an anvil. [L. incus (incud-), anvil]

incudomalleal
incudomalleal (in-koo′do-mal′le-al)

Relating to the incus and the malleus; denoting the articulation between the incus and the malleus in the middle ear. SYN: ambomalleal.

incudostapedial
incudostapedial (in-koo′do-sta-pe′de-al)

Relating to the incus and the stapes; denoting the articulation between the incus and the stapes in the middle ear.

incurable
incurable (in-kur′a-bl)

Denoting a disease or morbid process that is unresponsive to medical or surgical treatment.

incurvation
incurvation (in′ker-va′shun)

An inward curvature; a bending inward.

incus
incus, gen. incudis, pl .incudes (ing′kus, in-koo′dis, in-koo′dez) [TA]

The middle of the three ossicles in the middle ear; it has a body and two limbs or processes (long crus of i. and short crus of i.); at the tip of the long crus is a small knob, the lenticular process, which articulates with the head of the stapes. SYN: anvil. [L. anvil]

incycloduction
incycloduction (in-si-klo-duk′shun)

A cycloduction in which the upper pole of the cornea is rotated inward (medially). [in- + cyclo- + L. duco, pp. ductus, to lead]

incyclophoria
incyclophoria (in-si′klo-fo′re-a)

A cyclophoria in which the 12 o'clock position in the iris tends to twist medially. [L. in- + cyclo- + G. phora, a carrying]

incyclotropia
incyclotropia (in-si-klo-tro′pe-a)

A cyclotropia in which the upper poles of the corneas are rotated inward (medially) to each other. [in- + cyclo- + G. trope, a turning]

in d.
in d.

Abbreviation for L. in dies, daily.

indanedione derivatives
indanedione derivatives

Anticoagulants similar to warfarin in action. Anisindione and phenindione are clinically used; diphenadione is very long acting and used as a rodenticide.

indanediones
indanediones (in′dan-di-onz)

A class of orally effective indirect-acting anticoagulants of which phenindione is representative.

indeciduate
indeciduate (in-de-sid′u-at)

Relating to the mammals (Indecidua) that do not shed any maternal uterine tissue when expelling the placenta at birth ( e.g., horse, pig), in contrast to deciduate mammals ( e.g., human, dog, rodent).

indenization
indenization (in-den-i-za′shun)

SYN: innidiation. [in- + denizen]

indentation
indentation (in-den-ta′shun)

1. The act of notching or pitting. 2. A notch. 3. A state of being notched. [Mediev. L. indento, pp. -atus, to make notches like teeth, fr. L. dens (dent-), tooth]

independence
independence

1. The relationship between two or more events in which no information about any combination of some of them contains any information about any combination of the others. 2. The state of mutual detachment between or among autonomous units.
causal i. the state of systems that share no causes or effects.
stochastic i. i. of two or more events or variables; the state in which their joint probability or distribution is equal to the product of their marginal probabilities or distributions.

index
index, gen. indicis, pl .indicesindexes (in′deks, -di-sis, -di-sez, -dek-sez)

1. [NA] SYN: i. finger. 2. A guide, standard, indicator, symbol, or number denoting the relation in respect to size, capacity, or function, of one part or thing to another. SEE ALSO: quotient, ratio. 3. A core or mold used to record or maintain the relative position of a tooth or teeth to one another and/or to a cast. 4. A guide, usually made of plaster, used to reposition teeth, casts, or parts. 5. In epidemiology, a rating scale. [L. one that points out, an informer, the forefinger, an i., fr. in-dico, pp. -atus, to declare]
absorbancy i. 1. SYN: specific absorption coefficient. 2. SYN: molar absorption coefficient.
alveolar i. 1. SYN: gnathic i.. 2. SYN: basilar i..
amnionic fluid i. the sum of the diameters of the largest vertical pocket of amnionic fluid in each of the four quadrants of the uterus as obtained by ultrasound; a measure of fluid volume during pregnancy.
anesthetic i. ratio of the number of units of anesthetic required for anesthesia to the number of units of anesthetic required to produce respiratory or cardiovascular failure.
antitryptic i. an obsolete term for the relative retardation in loss of viscosity of a solution of casein incubated with trypsin, to which a drop of abnormal blood serum (as from a cancerous patient) has been added, compared with that in a similar solution to which normal serum has been added; if the former drips through the tube of the viscosimeter in 100 seconds, and the latter in 104 seconds, the antitryptic i. is 4.
apnea-hypopnea i. the number of apneic and hypopneic episodes combined per hour of sleep.
Arneth i. an expression based on adding the percentages of polymorphonuclear neutrophils with 1 or 2 lobes in their nuclei, plus one-half the percentage with 3 lobes; the normal value is 60%. SEE ALSO: Arneth formula, Arneth count.
auricular i. relation of the width to the height of the auricle or pinna: (width of pinna × 100)/length of pinna.
Ayala i. the cerebrospinal i. when 10 ml of cerebrospinal fluid have been removed. SYN: Ayala quotient, spinal quotient.
basilar i. ratio between the basialveolar line and the maximum length of the cranium, according to the formula: (basialveolar line × 100)/length of cranium. SYN: alveolar i. (2) .
Bödecker i. a modification of the DMF caries i..
body mass i. an anthropometric measure of body mass, defined as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared; a method of determining caloric nutritional status.
buffer i. SYN: buffer value.
cardiac i. the amount of blood ejected by the heart in a unit of time divided by the body surface area; usually expressed in liters per minute per square meter.
centromeric i. the ratio of the length of the short arm of the chromosome to that of the total chromosome; ordinarily expressed as a percentage.
cephalic i. the ratio of the maximal breadth to the maximal length of the head, obtained by the formula: (breadth × 100)/length. SYN: length-breadth i..
cephalo-orbital i. the ratio of the cubic content of the two orbits to that of the cranial cavity multiplied by 100.
cerebral i. the ratio of the transverse to the anteroposterior diameter of the cranial cavity multiplied by 100.
cerebrospinal i. the figure obtained by multiplying the pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid, after fluid has been withdrawn by spinal puncture, by the quantity of fluid withdrawn and then dividing by the original pressure.
chemotherapeutic i. the ratio of the minimal effective dose of a chemotherapeutic agent to the maximal tolerated dose. Originally used by Ehrlich to express the relative toxicity of a chemotherapeutic agent to a parasite and to its host.
chest i. SYN: thoracic i..
cranial i. the ratio of the maximal breadth to the maximal length of the skull, obtained by the formula: (breadth × 100)/length.
Cumulative I. Medicus collection of medical literature, published annually, which began in the US Army Surgeon General's office at the end of the Civil War. It has been taken over by the National Library of Medicine and has evolved into a database called MEDLINE.
Dean fluorosis i. an i. that measures the degree of mottled enamel (fluorosis) in teeth; used most often in epidemiological field studies.
def caries i., DEF caries i. an i. of past caries experience based upon the number of decayed, extracted, and filled deciduous (indicated by lower case letters) or permanent (indicated by capital letters) teeth.
degenerative i. the percentage of granulocytes that contain toxic granules in the cytoplasm, as compared with the total percentage of granulocytes.
dental i. (DI) 1. relation of the dental length (distance from the mesial surface of the first premolar to the distal surface of the third molar) to the basinasal (basion to nasion) length: (dental length ×100)/basinasal length; 2. a system of numbers for indicating comparative size of the teeth. SYN: Flower dental i..
df caries i., DF caries i. an i. of past caries experience based upon the number of decayed and filled deciduous (indicated by lower case letters) or permanent (indicated by capital letters) teeth. SYN: df, DF.
diet quality i. a measure of the quality of the diet using a composite of eight recommendations regarding the consumption of foods and nutrients from the National Academy of Sciences (NAS). Meeting the standard is assigned a value of 0, within 30% of goal a value of 1, differing by more than 30% a 2. The resulting i. can be a figure of between 0–16, the lower the better. The NAS recommendations include : reducing total fat intake to 30% or less of total energy; reducing saturated fatty-acid intake to less than 10% of energy; reducing cholesterol intake to less than 300 mg daily; eating 5 or more servings daily of vegetables and fruits; increasing intake of starches and other complex carbohydrates by eating 6 or more servings daily of bread, cereal, and legumes; maintaining protein intake at moderate levels (levels lower than twice the RDA); limiting total daily intake of sodium to 2400 mg or less; and maintaining adequate calcium intake (approximately the RDA).
dmfs caries i., DMFS caries i. an i. of past caries experience based upon the number of decayed, missing, and filled surfaces of deciduous (indicated by lower-case letters) or permanent (indicated by capital letters) teeth.
effective temperature i. a composite i. of environmental comfort which is compared after exposure to different combinations of air temperature, humidity, and movement.
empathic i. the degree of emotional understanding or empathy experienced by a health services provider or other person concerning another person, more particularly of a sufferer from some emotional or somatic condition.
endemic i. the percentage of children infected with malaria or other endemic disease, in any given locality.
erythrocyte indices calculations for determining the average size, hemoglobin content, and concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells, specifically mean cell volume, mean cell hemoglobin, and mean cell hemoglobin concentration; results are commonly used in the classification and diagnosis of red cell disorders.
facial i. relation of the length of the face to its maximal width between the zygomatic prominences; to get superior facial i., the length of the face is measured from the nasion to the alveolar point: (nasialveolar length × 100)/bizygomatic width; for total facial i., length is measured from the nasion to the mental tubercle: (nasimental length × 100)/bizygomatic width.
Flower dental i. SYN: dental i..
free thyroxine i. (FTI) an arbitrary value obtained by multiplying the triiodothyronine uptake by the serum thyroxine concentration; it largely corrects for variations in thyroid-bound globulin concentration by providing a clinically valid estimate of the physiologically active free thyroxine; direct assay or laboratory measurement of free serum thyroxine yields a more accurate value.
glycemic i. a ranking of the rise in serum glucose from various foodstuffs.
gnathic i. relation between the basialveolar (basion to alveolar point) and basinasal (basion to nasion) lengths: (basialveolar length × 100)/basinasal length; the result indicates the degree of projection of the maxilla or upper jaw. SYN: alveolar i. (1) .
health status i. set of measurements designed to detect short-term fluctuations in health of members of a population; the measurements usually include physical function, emotional well-being, activities of daily living, feelings, etc.
height-length i. SYN: vertical i..
international sensitivity i. (ISI) the slope of the line of best fit relating the log prothrombin time obtained with a standard reagent to the log prothrombin time obtained with the working reagent for both normal and patients who receive stable oral anticoagulant therapy; the standard reagents used for this value assignment are reference preparations calibrated against the World Health Organization standard reagent. SEE ALSO: international normalized ratio.
iron i. an obsolete i. of iron obtained by dividing the figure for the average content of iron in normal blood (42.74 mg) by the red cell count in millions; it normally varies between 8 and 9; in pernicious anemia, the i. is usually greater than 10, but it tends to be normal in chronic secondary anemia.
karyopyknotic i. an i. used to monitor the hormonal status of the patient as reflected by exfoliated vaginal cells and their morphology; an expression of the percentage of intermediate and superficial cells from squamous cells of vaginal epithelium which have pyknotic nuclei.
length-breadth i. SYN: cephalic i..
length-height i. SYN: vertical i..
leukopenic i. a significant decrease in the white blood count after ingestion of food to which a patient is hypersensitive, a count made during the normal fasting state being used as the basis for evaluation of the postprandial count.
maturation i. an i. indicating the degree of maturation attained by the vaginal epithelium as adjudged by the cell types being exfoliated; serves as an objective means of evaluating hormonal secretion or response; represents the percentage of parabasal cells/intermediate cells/superficials, in that order; “shift to the left” indicates more immature cells on the surface (atrophy), while “shift to the right” indicates more mature epithelium.
metacarpal i. the average ratio of length to breadth of metacarpals II to V; this ratio is increased in the Marfan syndrome.
mitotic i. the ratio of cells in a tissue that are undergoing mitosis, often expressed as either the number of cells in a specified area of tissue section or as a percentage of the total cell sample.
molar absorbancy i. SYN: molar absorption coefficient.
nasal i. relation of the greatest width of the nasal aperture to the length of a line from the nasion to the lower border of the nasal aperture: (nasal width × 100)/nasal height.
nucleoplasmic i. the quotient of the nuclear volume divided by the cytoplasmic volume.
obesity i. body weight divided by body volume.
opsonic i. a value that indicates the relative content of opsonin in the blood of a person with an infectious disease, as evaluated in vitro in comparison with presumably normal blood; the opsonic i. is calculated from the following equation: phagocytic i. of normal serum ÷ phagocytic i. of test serum = 1 ÷ x, where x represents the opsonic i..
orbital i. relation of the height of the orbit to its width: (orbital height × 100)/orbital width.
orbitonasal i. the ratio of the width between the lateral angles of the eyes, measured with a tape measure passing over the root of the nose times 100, to the width between the lateral angles of the eyes measured with a caliper.
palatal i., palatine i. SYN: palatomaxillary i..
palatomaxillary i. relation of the palatomaxillary width, measured between the outer borders of the alveolar arch just above the middle of the second molar tooth, and the palatomaxillary length, measured from the alveolar point to the middle of a transverse line touching the posterior borders of the two maxillae: (palatomaxillary width × 100)/palatomaxillary length; it notes the varying forms of the dental arcade and palate. SYN: palatal i., palatine i..
Pearl i. the number of failures of a contraceptive method per 100 woman years of exposure.
pelvic i. the ratio of the conjugate of the pelvic inlet to the transverse diameters of the pelvis: (conjugate of pelvic inlet × 100)/transverse diameter.
phagocytic i. the average number of bacteria or other particles observed in the cytoplasm of polymorphonuclear leukocytes or other phagocytic cells after mixing and incubating, at 37°C. It may reflect either the average number of particles ingested or the rate at which particles are cleared from either the blood or a culture.
Pirquet i. an obsolete method of establishing the presence of malnutrition by dividing the weight (grams/10) by the sitting height (in cm); the cube root of the quotient if < 0.945 was considered as indicating malnutrition.
PMA i. an i. which measures the presence or absence of gingival inflammation as occurring on the papillae or the marginal or attached gingivae.
ponderal i. cube root of body weight times 100 divided by height in cm.
pressure-volume i. method of evaluating the cerebrospinal fluid hydrodynamics.
pulsatility i. calculation of Doppler measurements of systolic and diastolic velocities in the uterine, umbilical, or fetal circulations.
refractive i. (n) the relative velocity of light in another medium compared to the velocity in air; e.g., in the case of air to crown glass, n = 1.52; in the case of air to water, n = 1.33. SEE ALSO: law of refraction.
Robinson i. an i. used to calculate heart work load. See double product.
Röhrer i. body weight in grams times 100 divided by the cube of height in centimeters.
root caries i. the ratio of the number of teeth with carious lesions of the root, and/or restorations of the root, to the number of teeth with exposed root surfaces.
sacral i. a ratio obtained by multiplying the greatest breadth of the sacrum by 100 and dividing by the length.
saturation i. an indication of the relative concentration of hemoglobin in the red blood cells, calculated as: grams of hemoglobin per 100 ml (expressed as percent of normal) ÷ hematocrit value (expressed as percent of normal) = saturation i. The normal i. for adults and infants is 0.97 to 1.02; in primary and secondary anemia, the i. is usually considerably less than 0.97.
Schilling i. SYN: Schilling blood count.
shock i. the quotient of the cardiac rate divided by the systolic blood pressure; normally approximately 0.5, but in shock ( e.g., rising pulse rate with falling blood pressure), the i. may reach 1.0.
short increment sensitivity i. a measure of the ability to detect small (1dB) increments in intensity; with cochlear lesions, this ability exceeds normal.
small increment sensitivity i. SISI test.
spiro-i. spiro-i..
splenic i. a rough indication of the salubrity, or the reverse, in regard to malaria of a particular district, judged by the relative absence or prevalence of enlarged spleens among the population.
staphyloopsonic i. the opsonic i. calculated in relation to a staphylococcal infection, with a young culture of Staphylococcus aureus or the strain of staphylococcus from the patient being used in the test.
stroke work i. a measure of the work done by the heart with each contraction, adjusted for body surface area; equal to the stroke volume of the heart multiplied by the arterial pressure and divided by body surface area; the normal stroke work i. does not exceed 40 g-m per m².
therapeutic i. the ratio of LD₅₀ to ED₅₀, used in quantitative comparison of drugs.
thoracic i. anteroposterior diameter of the thorax times 100 divided by the transverse diameter of the thorax. SYN: chest i..
tibiofemoral i. the ratio obtained by multiplying the length of the tibia by 100 and dividing by the length of the femur.
transversovertical i. SYN: vertical i..
tuberculoopsonic i. the opsonic i. calculated in relation to tuberculous infection, with an actively growing culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis or the strain of tubercle bacillus from the patient being used in the test.
ultraviolet i. a daily i. issued by the U.S. National Weather Service for many cities, forecasting the amount of dangerous ultraviolet light that will arrive at the earth's surface about noon the following day.
uricolytic i. the percentage of uric acid oxidized to allantoin before being secreted.
vertical i. the relation of the height to the length of the skull: (height × 100)/length. SYN: height-length i., length-height i., transversovertical i..
vital i. the ratio of births to deaths within a population during a given time.
Volpe-Manhold I. (V-MI) an i. for comparing the amount of dental calculus in individuals.
volume i. an indication of the relative size ( e.g., volume) of erythrocytes, calculated as follows: hematocrit value, expressed as per cent of normal ÷ red blood cell count, expressed as per cent of normal = volume i..
zygomaticoauricular i. the ratio between the zygomatic and the auricular diameters of the skull or head.

indican
indican (in′di-kan)

1. Indoxyl β-d-glucoside from Indigofera species and Polygonium tinctorium; a source of indigo. SYN: plant i.. 2. 3-Indoxylsulfuric acid, a substance found (as its salts) in sweat and in variable amounts in urine; indicative, when in quantity, of protein putrefaction in the intestine (indicanuria). SYN: metabolic i., uroxanthin.
metabolic i. SYN: i. (2) .
plant i. SYN: i. (1) .

indicanidrosis
indicanidrosis (in′di-kan-i-dro′sis)

Excretion of indican in the sweat. [indican + G. hidros, sweat]

indicant
indicant (in′di-kant)

1. Pointing out; indicating. 2. An indication; especially a symptom indicating the proper line of treatment. [L. in-dico, pres. p. -ans (-ant), to point out]

indicanuria
indicanuria (in′di-kan-u′re-a)

An increased urinary excretion of indican, a derivative of indol formed chiefly in the intestine when protein is putrefied; indol is also formed during the putrefaction of protein in other sites.

indication
indication (in-di-ka′shun)

The basis for initiation of a treatment for a disease or of a diagnostic test; may be furnished by a knowledge of the cause (causal i.), by the symptoms present (symptomatic i.), or by the nature of the disease (specific i.). [L. fr. in-dico, pp. -atus, to point out, fr. dico, to proclaim]
off label i. use of a medication for a purpose other than that approved by the FDA.

indicator
indicator (in′di-ka-ter, -tor)

1. In chemical analysis, a substance that changes color within a certain definite range of pH or oxidation potential, or in any way renders visible the completion of a chemical reaction; e.g., litmus, phenolsulfonphthalein. 2. An isotope that is used as a tracer. 3. The labeled substance whose distribution between reactants of a system is used to determine the amount of analyte present. [L. one that points out]
alizarin i. a solution consisting of 1 g sodium alizarin sulfonate dissolved in 100 mL distilled water; used as an i. for free acidity in gastric contents.
clinical i. a measure, process, or outcome used to judge a particular clinical situation and indicate whether the care delivered was appropriate.
health i. variable, susceptible to direct measurement, that reflects the state of health of persons in a community.
oxidation-reduction i. a substance that undergoes a definite color change at a specific oxidation potential. SYN: redox i..
redox i. SYN: oxidation-reduction i..

indices
indices (in′di-sez)

Alternative plural of index.

Indiella
Indiella (in-de-el′a)

Old name for Madurella.

indigenous
indigenous (in-dij′e-nus)

Native; natural to the country or region where found. [L. indigenus, born in fr. indu, within (old form of in), + G. -gen, producing]

indigestion
indigestion (in-di-jes′chun)

Nonspecific term for a variety of symptoms resulting from a failure of proper digestion and absorption of food in the alimentary tract.
acid i. i. resulting from hyperchlorhydria; often used by the laity as a synonym for pyrosis.
fat i. SYN: steatorrhea.
gastric i. SYN: dyspepsia.
nervous i. i. caused by emotional upsets or stress.

indigo
indigo (in′di-go) [C.I. 73000]

A blue dyestuff obtained from Indigofera tinctoria, and other species of Indigofera (family Leguminosae); also made synthetically. SYN: i. blue, indigotin. [L. indicum, fr. G. indikon, i., ntr. of Indikos, Indian]

indigo blue
indigo blue

SYN: indigo.

indigo carmine
indigo carmine [C.I. 73015]

A blue dye used for measurement of kidney function and as a special stain for Negri bodies. SYN: sodium indigotin disulfonate.

indigotin
indigotin (in-dig′o-tin, in-di-go′tin)

SYN: indigo.

indigouria
indigouria, indiguria (in′di-go-u′re-a, in-di-goo′re-a)

The excretion of indigo in the urine.

indisposition
indisposition (in-dis-po-zish′un)

Illness, usually slight; malaise. [L. in neg. + dispositio, an arrangement, fr. dis-pono, pp. -positus, to place apart]

indium
indium (In) (in′de-um)

A metallic element, atomic no. 49, atomic wt. 114.82. [indigo, because of its blue line in the spectrum]

indium-111
indium-111 (¹¹¹In)

A cyclotron-produced radionuclide with a half-life of 2.8049 days and with gamma ray emissions of 171.2 and 245.3 kiloelectron volts. In a chloride form, it is used as a bone marrow and tumor-localizing tracer; in a chelate form, as a cerebrospinal fluid tracer. It is also used as a white blood cell labeling agent and as an antibody label.
i. chloride, i. trichloride Cl₃In;used in electron microscopy to stain nucleic acids in thin tissue sections.

indium-113m
indium-113m (^113mIn)

A radioactive isomer of ¹¹³In; it has a half-life of 1.658 hours; it has been used in cisternography and as a diagnostic aid in cardiac output.

individuation
individuation (in′di-vid-u-a′shun)

1. Development of the individual from the specific. 2. In jungian psychology, the process by which one's personality is differentiated, developed, and expressed. 3. Regional activity in an embryo as a response to an organizer.

indocyanine green
indocyanine green (in-do-si′a-nen)

A tricarbocyanine dye that binds to serum albumin and is used in blood volume determinations and in liver function tests.

indocybin
indocybin (in-do-si′bin)

SYN: psilocybin.

indolaceturia
indolaceturia (in′dol-as-e-too′re-a)

Excretion of an appreciable amount of indoleacetic acid in the urine; a manifestation of Hartnup disease, also seen in patients with carcinoid tumors.

indolamine
indolamine (in-dol′a-men)

General term for an indole or indole derivative containing a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine group ( e.g., serotonin).

indole
indole (in′dol)

1. 2,3-Benzopyrrole;basis of many biologically active substances ( e.g., serotonin, tryptophan); formed in degradation of tryptophan. SYN: ketole. 2. Any of many alkaloids containing the i. (1) structure.

indolent
indolent (in′do-lent)

Inactive; sluggish; painless or nearly so, said of a morbid process. [L. in- neg. + doleo, pr. p. dolens (-ent-), to feel pain]

indolic acids
indolic acids (in-dol′ik)

Metabolites of l-tryptophan formed within the body or by intestinal microorganisms; the principal i. encountered in urine are indoleacetic acid, indoleacetylglutamine, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and indolelactic acid.

indologenous
indologenous (in′do-loj′e-nus)

Producing or causing the production of indole.

indoluria
indoluria (in-do-loo′re-a)

Excretion of indole in the urine; actual reference commonly is to indolic acids and indoxyl, as indole itself rarely appears in the urine.

indolyl
indolyl (in′do-lil)

The radical of indole.

indomethacin
indomethacin (in-do-meth′a-sin)

An analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory nonsteroidal agent used in the management of rheumatoid arthritis and in the treatment of osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and gout. It is also used to produce closure of a patent ductus arteriosus in infants.

indophenolase
indophenolase (in-do-fe′nol-as)

SYN: cytochrome c oxidase.

indophenol oxidase
indophenol oxidase (in-do-fe′nol)

SYN: cytochrome c oxidase.

indoramin
indoramin (in-dor′a-min)

A selective competitive α₁-antagonist that has been used for the treatment of hypertension; also an antagonist at H₁-histamine receptors and 5-HT receptors.

indoxyl
indoxyl (in-dok′sil)

The radical of 3-hydroxyindole; a product of intestinal bacterial degradation of indoleacetic acid, excreted in the urine as indoleaceturic acid (conjugated with glycine), as a sulfate (urinary indican), or as a glucuronide (glucosiduronate); increased amounts are excreted in phenylketonuria.

indoxyluria
indoxyluria (in-dok-sil-u′re-a)

The excretion of indoxyl, especially indoxyl sulfate, in the urine; i. may be associated with indicanuria, inasmuch as hydrolysis of indican results in formation of indoxyl.

induce
induce (in-doos′)

To cause or bring about. See induction.

inducer
inducer (in-doos′er)

A molecule, usually a substrate of a specific enzyme pathway, that combines with and deactivates an active repressor (produced by a regulator gene); this allows an operator gene previously repressed to activate the structural genes controlled by it to result in enzyme production; a homeostatic mechanism for regulating enzyme production in an inducible enzyme system.
embryonal i. any compound that will effect differentiation in the early stages of development.
gratuitous i. an analog of a natural i. that is capable of inducing an operon while not serving as a substrate for the enzyme being induced.

inductance
inductance (L) (in-duk′tans)

The coefficient of electromagnetic induction; the unit of i. is the henry. [see induction]

induction
induction (in-duk′shun)

1. Production or causation. 2. Production of an electric current or magnetic state in a body by electricity or magnetism in another body close to the first body. 3. The period from the start of anesthesia to the establishment of a depth of anesthesia adequate for a surgical procedure. 4. In embryology, the influence exerted by an organizer or evocator on the differentiation of adjacent cells or on the development of an embryonic structure. 5. A modification imposed on the offspring by the action of environment on the germ cells of one or both parents. 6. In microbiology, the change from probacteriophage to vegetative phage that may occur spontaneously or after stimulation by certain physical and chemical agents. 7. In enzymology, the process of increasing the amount or the activity of a protein. SEE ALSO: inducer. 8. A stage in the process of hypnosis. 9. Causal analysis; a method of reasoning in which an inference is made from one or more specific observations to a more general statement. Cf.:deduction. [L. inductio, a leading in]
electromagnetic i. electromagnetic waves propagated by i. in an electromagnetic field.
lysogenic i. i. that occurs when prophage is transferred to a nonlysogenic bacterium by conjugation or by transduction.
spinal i. the manner in which one sensory stimulus lowers the threshold for another.

inductor
inductor (in-duk′ter, -tor)

1. That which brings about induction. 2. In embryology, an evocator or an organizer.

inductorium
inductorium (in-duk-to′re-um)

An instrument formerly used in physiologic experiments to generate pulses of induced electricity for stimulating nerve or muscle.

inductotherm
inductotherm (in-duk′to-therm)

The apparatus used in inductothermy.

inductothermy
inductothermy (in-duk′to-ther-me)

Artificial fever production by means of electromagnetic induction. [induction + G. therme, heat]

indulin
indulin (in′doo-lin) [C.I. 50400-50415]

A blue quinone-imine dye related to nigrosin; occasionally used as a stain in histology and bacteriology.

indulinophil
indulinophil, indulinophile (in-doo-lin′o-fil, -fil)

Taking an indulin stain readily. [indulin + G. philos, fond]

indurated
indurated (in′doo-rat-ed)

Hardened, usually used with reference to soft tissues becoming extremely firm but not as hard as bone. [L. in-duro, pp. -duratus, to harden, fr. durus, hard]

induration
induration (in-doo-ra′shun)

1. The process of becoming extremely firm or hard, or having such physical features. 2. A focus or region of indurated tissue. SYN: sclerosis (1) . [L. induratio (see indurated)]
brown i. of the lung a condition characterized by firmness of the lungs, and a brown color associated with hemosiderin-pigmented macrophages in alveoli, consequent upon long-continued congestion due to heart disease. SYN: pigment i. of the lung.
cyanotic i. i. related to persistent, chronic venous congestion in an organ or tissue, frequently resulting in fibrous thickening of the walls of the veins and eventual fibrosis of adjacent tissue; the affected tissue becomes firmer than normal, and tends to have an unusual, red-blue color.
gray i. a condition occurring in lungs during and after pneumonic processes in which there is failure of resolution; there is a conspicuous increase in fibrous connective tissue in the walls of the alveoli, and also within the alveoli ( e.g., fibrous organization of exudate); in contrast to brown i., there is usually not a prominent degree of pigmentation, unless chronic passive congestion is also present.
pigment i. of the lung SYN: brown i. of the lung.
plastic i. sclerosis of corpus cavernosum of penis.
red i. a condition observed in lungs in which there is an advanced degree of acute passive congestion, acute pneumonitis or a similar pathologic process.

indurative
indurative (in′doo-ra-tiv)

Pertaining to, causing, or characterized by induration.

indusium
indusium, pl .indusia (in-doo′ze-um, -ze-a)

1. A membranous layer or covering. 2. The amnion. [L. a woman's undergarment, fr. induo, to put on]
i. griseum [TA] a thin layer of gray matter on the dorsal surface of the corpus callosum in which the medial and lateral longitudinal striae lie embedded. The i. griseum is a rudimentary component of the hippocampus, continuous caudally around the splenium of the corpus callosum with the fasciolar gyrus, a slender convolution in turn continuous with the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus; rostrally the i. griseum curves around the genu and rostrum of the corpus callosum and extends ventralward to the olfactory trigone as the tenia tecta or rudimentum hippocampi, hidden in the depth of the posterior parolfactory sulcus that marks the anterior border of the subcallosal gyrus or precommissural septum. SYN: supracallosal gyrus.

-ine -ine

1. A suffix used to form the names of chemical substances, including halogens (e.g., chlorine), organic bases (guanine), amino acids (glycine), botanical principles (caffeine), pharmaceuticals (meperidine ), and others. 2. General adj. suffix (e.g., equine, uterine). 3. Dim. suffix (e.g., cholerine). [G. -inos,, L. -inus, adj. suffixes]

inebriant
inebriant (in-e′bre-ant)

1. Making drunk; intoxicating. 2. An intoxicant, such as alcohol. [see inebriety]

inebriation
inebriation (in-e-bre-a′shun)

Intoxication, especially by alcohol. [see inebriety]

inebriety
inebriety (in-e-bri′e-te)

Habitual indulgence in alcoholic beverages in excessive amounts. [L. in- intensive + ebrietas, drunkenness]

Inermicapsifer
Inermicapsifer (in-er-mi-cap′si-fer)

Genus of tapeworm (order Cyclophyllidae) first recognized in humans in 1935; an arthropod is thought to be involved in transmission (rodent to human, human to human).
I. madagascariensis cestode often seen as human infection in Cuba in children 1–3 yrs old, causing vague intestinal symptoms; suspected arthropod vector; proglottids, eggs, and egg capsules resemble those of Raillietina spp.

inert
inert (in-ert′)

1. Slow in action; sluggish; inactive. 2. Devoid of active chemical properties, as the i. gases. 3. Denoting a drug or agent having no pharmacologic or therapeutic action. [L. iners, unskillful, sluggish, fr. in, neg. + ars, art]

inertia
inertia (in-er′she-a, in-er′shah)

1. The tendency of a physical body to oppose any force tending to move it from a position of rest or to change its uniform motion. 2. Denoting inactivity or lack of force, lack of mental or physical vigor, or sluggishness of thought or action. [L. want of skill, laziness]
magnetic i. SYN: hysteresis (2) .
psychic i. a psychiatric term denoting resistance to any change in ideas or to progress; fixation of an idea.
uterine i. absence of effective uterine contractions during labor; primary uterine i., true uterine i., uterine i. that occurs when the uterus fails to contract with sufficient force to effect continuous dilation or effacement of the cervix or descent or rotation of the fetal head, and when the uterus is easily indentable at the acme of contraction; secondary uterine i., uterine i. that occurs when the uterine contractions are initially vigorous but then decrease in vigor, and the progress of labor ceases.

in extremis
in extremis (in eks-tre′mis)

At the point of death. [L. extremus, last]

infancy
infancy (in′fan-se)

Babyhood; the earliest period of extrauterine life; roughly, the first year of life.

infant
infant

A child under the age of 1 year. [L. infans, not speaking]
i. Hercules term applied to young children with precocious sexual and muscular development due to a virilizing adrenocortical disorder.
liveborn i. the product of a livebirth; an i. who shows evidence of life after birth; life is considered to be present after birth if any one of the following is observed: 1) if the i. breathes; 2) if the i. shows beating of the heart; 3) if pulsation of the umbilical cord occurs; or 4) if there is definite movement of voluntary muscles.
postmature i. a baby born after over 42 weeks of gestation, which puts the child at risk because of inadequate placental function. The i. usually shows wrinkled skin, sometimes more serious abnormalities.
postterm i. an i. with a gestational age of 42 completed weeks or more (294 days or more).
preterm i. an i. with gestational age of more than 20 weeks and less than 37 completed weeks (259 completed days).
stillborn i. an i. who has achieved 20 weeks of gestation and shows no evidence of life after birth. Cf.:liveborn i..
term i. an i. with gestational age between 37 completed weeks (259 completed days) and 42 completed weeks (294 completed days).

infanticide
infanticide (in-fan′ti-sid)

1. The killing of an infant. 2. One who murders an infant. [infant + L. caedo, to kill]

infantile
infantile (in′fan-til)

1. Relating to, or characteristic of, infants or infancy. 2. Denoting childish behavior.

infantilism
infantilism (in-fan′ti-lizm)

1. A state marked by slow development of mind and body. SYN: infantile dwarfism. 2. Childishness, as characterized by a temper tantrum of an adolescent or adult. 3. Underdevelopment of the sexual organs.
Brissaud i. SYN: infantile hypothyroidism.
dysthyroidal i. SYN: infantile hypothyroidism.
hepatic i. delayed development as a result of liver disease.
hypophysial i. growth hormone deficiency due to failure of hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing hormone (also known as somatocrinin.)
hypothyroid i. SYN: infantile hypothyroidism.
idiopathic i. dwarfism generally associated with hypogonadism; may be caused by deficient secretion of anterior pituitary hormones. SYN: Lorain disease, proportionate i., universal i..
Lorain-Lévi i. SYN: pituitary dwarfism.
myxedematous i. SYN: infantile hypothyroidism.
pancreatic i. i. associated with deficiency or absence of pancreatic secretion.
pituitary i. SYN: pituitary dwarfism.
proportionate i. SYN: idiopathic i..
renal i. SYN: renal rickets.
sexual i. failure to develop secondary sexual characteristics after the normal time of puberty.
static i. a condition observed in young children resembling spastic spinal paralysis; it is marked by hypotonia of the muscles of the trunk and hypertonia of the muscles of the extremities.
tubal i. a term descriptive of a corkscrew-like fallopian tube as seen in fetal life.
universal i. SYN: idiopathic i..

infarct
infarct (in′farkt)

An area of necrosis resulting from a sudden insufficiency of arterial or venous blood supply. SYN: infarction (2) . [L. in-farcio, pp. -fartus (-ctus, an incorrect form), to stuff into]
anemic i. an i. in which little or no bleeding into tissue spaces occurs when the blood supply is obstructed. SYN: pale i., white i. (1) .
bland i. an uninfected i..
bone i. an area of bone tissue that has become necrotic as a result of loss of its arterial blood supply.
Brewer infarcts dark-red, wedge-shaped areas resembling infarcts, seen on section of a kidney in pyelonephritis.
embolic i. an i. caused by an embolus.
hemorrhagic i. an i. red in color from infiltration of blood from collateral vessels into the necrotic area. SYN: hemorrhagic gangrene (1) , red i..
pale i. SYN: anemic i..
red i. SYN: hemorrhagic i..
Roesler-Dressler i. myocardial infarction in dumbbell form involving the anterior and posterior left ventricle and the left side of the ventricular septum.
septic i. an area of necrosis resulting from vascular obstruction by emboli composed of clumps of bacteria or infected material.
thrombotic i. an i. caused by a thrombus.
uric acid i. precipitates of uric acid distending renal collecting tubules in the newborn; since there is no necrosis, the term i. is a misnomer.
white i. 1. SYN: anemic i.. 2. in the placenta, intervillous fibrin with ischemic necrosis of villi.
Zahn i. a pseudoinfarct of the liver, consisting of an area of congestion with parenchymal atrophy but no necrosis; due to obstruction of a branch of the portal vein.

infarction
infarction (in-fark′shun)

1. Sudden insufficiency of arterial or venous blood supply due to emboli, thrombi, mechanical factors, or pressure that produces a macroscopic area of necrosis; any organ can be affected. 2. SYN: infarct.
anterior myocardial i. i. involving the anterior wall of the left ventricle, and producing indicative electrocardiographic changes in the anterior chest leads and often in limb leads, I and aVL.
anteroinferior myocardial i. i. involving both anterior and inferior walls of the heart simultaneously.
anterolateral myocardial i. extensive anterior i. producing indicative changes across the precordium, often also on leads I and aVL.
anteroseptal myocardial i. an anterior i. in which indicative electrocardiographic changes are confined to the medial chest leads (V₁–V₄).
apical i. SYN: inferolateral myocardial i..
cardiac i. SYN: myocardial i..
diaphragmatic myocardial i. SYN: inferior myocardial i..
Freiberg i. SYN: Freiberg disease.
inferior myocardial i. i. in which the inferior or diaphragmatic wall of the heart is involved, producing indicative changes in leads II, III, and aVF in the electrocardiogram. SYN: diaphragmatic myocardial i..
inferolateral myocardial i. i. involving the inferior and lateral surfaces of the heart and producing indicative changes in the electrocardiogram in leads II, III, aVF, V₅, and V₆. SYN: apical i..
lateral myocardial i. i. involving only the lateral wall of the heart, producing indicative electrocardiographic changes confined to leads I, aVL, or V₅ and V₆.
myocardial i. (MI) i. of an segment of the heart muscle, usually as a result of occlusion of a coronary artery. SYN: cardiac i., heart attack.Myocardial i. is the most common cause of death in the U.S. About 800,000 people annually sustain first heart attacks, with a mortality rate of 30%, and 450,000 people sustain recurrent heart attacks, with a mortality rate of 50%. The most common cause of MI is thrombosis of an atherosclerotic coronary artery. Less common causes are coronary artery anomalies, vasculitis, or spasm induced by cocaine, ergot derivatives, or other agents. Risk factors for MI include male gender, family history of MI, obesity, hypertension, cigarette smoking, and elevation of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, homocysteine, lipoprotein (a), or C-reactive protein. At least 80% of MIs occur in people without a prior history of angina pectoris, and 20% are not recognized, either because they cause no symptoms (silent i.) or because symptoms are attributed to other causes. Some 20% of people sustaining MI die before reaching a hospital. The classical symptom of MI is crushing anterior chest pain radiating into the neck, shoulder, or arm, lasting more than 30 minutes, and not relieved by nitroglycerin; typically pain is accompanied by dyspnea, diaphoresis, weakness, and nausea. Significant physical findings, often absent, include an atrial gallop rhythm (4th heart sound) and a pericardial friction rub. The electrocardiogram shows ST segment elevation (later changing to depression) and T wave inversion in leads reflecting the area of i.. Q waves indicate transmural damage and a poorer prognosis. Diagnosis is supported by acute elevation in serum levels of CK-MB, lactic dehydrogenase, the myoglobin isoenzyme of creatine kinase, and troponins. Unequivocal evidence of MI may be lacking during the first 6 hours in as many as 50% of patients. Death from acute MI is usually due to arrhythmia (ventricular fibrillation or asystole), shock (forward failure), congestive heart failure, or papillary muscle rupture. Other grave complications, which may occur during convalescence, include cardiorrhexis, ventricular aneurysm, and mural thrombus. Acute MI is treated (ideally under continuous ECG monitoring in the intensive care or coronary care unit of a hospital) with narcotic analgesics, oxygen by inhalation, intravenous administration of a thrombolytic agent, antiarrhythmic agents when indicated, and usually anticoagulants (aspirin, heparin), beta-blockers, and ACE inhibitors. Patients with evidence of persistent ischemia require angiography and may be candidates for balloon angioplasty. Data from the Framingham Heart Study show that a higher percentage of acute MIs are silent or unrecognized in women and the elderly. Several studies have shown that women and the elderly tend to wait longer before seeking medical care after the onset of acute coronary symptoms than men and younger persons. In addition, women seeking emergency treatment for symptoms suggestive of acute coronary disease are less likely than men with similar symptoms to be admitted for evaluation, and women are less frequently referred than are men for diagnostic tests such as coronary angiography. Other studies have shown important gender differences in the presenting symptoms and medical recognition of MI. Chest pain is the most common symptom reported by both men and women, but men are more likely to complain of diaphoresis, while women are more likely to experience neck, jaw, or back pain, nausea, vomiting, dyspnea, or cardiac failure, in addition to chest pain. The incidence rates of acute pulmonary edema and cardiogenic shock in MI are higher in women, and mortality rates at 28 days and 6 months are also higher.
nontransmural myocardial i. (NTMI) necrosis of heart muscle that fails to extend from the endocardium completely to the epicardium, often erroneously considered relatively benign.
posterior myocardial i. i. involving the posterior wall of the heart; also formerly used erroneously of infarctions involving the inferior or diaphragmatic surface of the heart.
silent myocardial i. i. that produces none of the characteristic symptoms and signs of myocardial i..
subendocardial myocardial i. i. that involves only the layer of muscle subjacent to the endocardium.
through-and-through myocardial i. SYN: transmural myocardial i..
transmural myocardial i. i. that involves the whole thickness of the heart muscle from endocardium to epicardium. SYN: through-and-through myocardial i..
watershed i. cortical i. in an area where the distribution of major cerebral arteries meet or overlap.

infect
infect (in-fekt′)

1. For a microorganism to enter, invade, or inhabit another organism, causing infection or contamination. 2. To dwell internally, endoparasitically, as opposed to externally (infest). [L. in-ficio, pp. -fectus, to dip into, dye, corrupt, i., fr. in + facio, to make]

infection
infection (in-fek′shun)

Invasion of the body with organisms that have the potential to cause disease.
agonal i. SYN: terminal i..
airborne i. a mechanism of transmission of an infectious agent by particles, dust, or droplet nuclei suspended in the air.
apical i. implantation of microorganisms at the apex of a tooth, usually the result of the migration of microorganisms from the pulp canal through the apical foramen.
cross i. i. spread from one source to another, person to person, animal to person, person to animal, animal to animal.
cryptogenic i. bacterial, viral, or other i., the source of which is unknown.
disseminated gonococcal i. i. from Neisseria gonorrhea which is spread to distant parts of the body beyond the original portal of entry (usually the lower genital tract). Usually manifest by rash and arthritis.
droplet i. i. acquired through the inhalation of droplets or aerosols of saliva or sputum containing virus or other microorganisms expelled by another person during sneezing, coughing, laughing, or talking.
endogenous i. i. caused by an infectious agent already present in the body, the previous i. having been inapparent.
focal i. an old term that distinguishes local infections (focal) from generalized infections (sepsis).
inapparent i. presence of i. in a host without the occurrence of recognizable symptoms or signs.
latent i. an asymptomatic i. capable of manifesting symptoms under particular circumstances or if activated.
mass i. i. resulting from the entrance of a large number of pathogens into the circulation or tissues.
mixed i. i. by more than one variety of pathogenic microorganisms.
pyogenic i. i. characterized by severe local inflammation, usually with pus formation, generally caused by one of the pyogenic bacteria.
Salinem i. SYN: Salinem fever.
scalp i. an i. external to the galea; e.g., folliculitis or cellulitis.
secondary i. an i., usually septic, occurring in a person or animal already suffering from an i. of another nature.
terminal i. an acute i., commonly pneumonic or septic, occurring toward the end of any disease and often the cause of death. SYN: agonal i..
urinary tract i. (UTI) microbial i., usually bacterial, of any part of the urinary tract; can involve the parenchyma of the kidney, the renal pelvis, the ureter, the bladder, the urethra or combinations of these organs; often the entire urinary tract is affected; the most common organism causing such i. is Escherichia coli.
vector-borne i. class of infections transmitted by an insect or animal vector. The vector may merely be a passive carrier of the infectious agent, but many kinds of infectious agents undergo a stage in biological development in the vector, i.e., the vector, as well as the human host, is essential to the survival of the infectious agent.
Vincent i. SYN: necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis.
zoonotic i. an i. shared in nature by humans and other species of animals.

infection-immunity
infection-immunity

See infection immunity.

infectiosity
infectiosity (in-fek-she-os′i-te)

SYN: infectiousness.

infectious
infectious (in-fek′shus)

1. A disease capable of being transmitted from person to person, with or without actual contact. 2. SYN: infective. 3. Denoting a disease due to the action of a microorganism.

infectiousness
infectiousness (in-fek′shus-nes)

The state or quality of being infectious. SYN: infectiosity.

infective
infective (in-fek′tiv)

Capable of transmitting an infection. SYN: infectious (2) .

infectivity
infectivity (in-fek-tiv′i-te)

1. The characteristic of a disease agent that embodies capability of entering, surviving in, and multiplying and causing disease in a susceptible host. 2. The proportion of exposures in defined circumstances that result in infection.

infecundity
infecundity (in-fe-kun′di-te)

SYN: female sterility. [L. infecunditas, barrenness]

inference
inference (in′fer-ens)

The logical process of passing from observations and axioms to generalizations; in statistics, the development of generalizations from sample data, usually with calculated degrees of uncertainty.

inferior
inferior (in-fe′re-or)

1. Situated below or directed downward. 2. [TA] In human anatomy, situated nearer the soles of the feet in relation to a specific reference point; opposite of superior. 3. Less useful or of poorer quality. SYN: Lower. [L. lower]

inferiority
inferiority (in-fer-e-or′i-te)

The condition or state of being or feeling inadequate or inferior, especially relative to one's peers or to others similarly situated.

infertility
infertility (in-fer-til′i-te)

Diminished or absent ability to produce offspring; in either the male or the female, not as irreversible as sterility. [L. in- neg. + fertilis, fruitful]

infest
infest (in-fest′)

To occupy a site and dwell ectoparasitically on external surface tissue, as opposed to internally (infect). [L. infesto, pp. -atus, to attack]

infestation
infestation

Development on (rather than in) the body of a pathogenic agent, e.g., body lice. SYN: ectoparasitism.

infibulation
infibulation (in-fib-oo-la′shun)

Closure of the vaginal vestibule by creating a fusion of the labia majora; typically done after excision of the labia minora and clitoris and incision of the labia majora to create raw surfaces that can be surgically joined by pinning so that they will eventually grow together; done for cultural, not medical, reasons. SEE ALSO: female circumcision. [L. infibulo, to pin or clasp together, to join surgically (Celsus), fr. in- + fibula, pin, clasp]

infiltrate
infiltrate (in′-fil-trat, in-fil′trat)

1. To perform or undergo infiltration. 2. SYN: infiltration (2) . 3. A cellular infiltration (1) in the lung as inferred from appearance of a localized, ill-defined opacity on a chest radiograph; commonly used to describe a shadow on a radiograph. [L. in + Mediev. L. filtro, pp. -atus, to strain through felt, fr. filtrum, felt]
Assmann tuberculous i. SYN: infraclavicular i..
infraclavicular i. an incipient lesion of tuberculous infection. SYN: Assmann tuberculous i..

infiltration
infiltration (in′fil-tra′shun)

1. The act of permeating or penetrating into a substance, cell, or tissue; said of gases, fluids, or matter held in solution. 2. The gas, fluid, or dissolved matter that has entered any substance, cell, or tissue. SYN: infiltrate (2) . 3. Injection of solution into tissues, as in i. anesthesia. 4. Extravasation of solutions intended for intravascular injection.
adipose i. growth of normal adult fat cells in sites where they are not usually present.
calcareous i. SYN: calcification.
cellular i. migration of cells from their sources of origin, or direct extension of cells as a result of unusual growth and multiplication, thereby resulting in fairly well-defined foci, irregular accumulations, or diffusely distributed individual cells in the connective tissue and interstices of various organs and tissues; used especially with reference to such changes associated with inflammations and certain types of malignant neoplasms.
epituberculous i. an i. superimposed upon a tuberculous lesion.
fatty i. abnormal accumulation of fat droplets in the cytoplasm of cells, particularly of fat derived from outside the cells. SEE ALSO: fatty degeneration.
gelatinous i. SYN: gray i..
gray i. a term sometimes used for the relatively rapidly formed, semisolid, gray or gray-white exudate (chiefly necrotic cells and remnants of tissue, and macrophages) resulting from unusually acute, overwhelming, diffuse tuberculous infection in the lung. SYN: gelatinous i..
lipomatous i. nonencapsulated adipose tissue forming a lipomalike mass, usually in the cardiac interatrial septum where it may cause arrhythmia and sudden death. SYN: lipomatous hypertrophy.
paraneural i. SYN: perineural i..
perineural i. i. adjacent to or along a nerve. SYN: paraneural i..

infinity
infinity (in-fin′i-te)

SYN: infinite distance.

infirm
infirm (in-ferm′)

Weak or feeble because of old age or disease. [L. in-firmus, fr. in- neg. + firmus, strong]

infirmary
infirmary (in-fer′ma-re)

A clinic or small hospital, especially in a school or college. [L. infirmarium; see infirm]

infirmity
infirmity (in-fer′mi-te)

A weakness; an abnormal, more or less disabling, condition of mind or body. [see infirm]

inflammable
inflammable (in-flam′a-bl)

SYN: flammable. [L. in-, intensive, + flamma, flame]

inflammation
inflammation (in-fla-ma′shun)

A fundamental pathologic process consisting of a dynamic complex of cytologic and chemical reactions that occur in the affected blood vessels and adjacent tissues in response to an injury or abnormal stimulation caused by a physical, chemical, or biologic agent, including: 1) the local reactions and resulting morphologic changes, 2) the destruction or removal of the injurious material, 3) the responses that lead to repair and healing. The so-called “cardinal signs” of i. are: rubor, redness; calor, heat (or warmth); tumor, swelling; and dolor, pain; a fifth sign, functio laesa, inhibited or lost function, is sometimes added. All of the signs may be observed in certain instances, but no one of them is necessarily always present. [L. inflammo, pp. -atus, fr. in, in, + flamma, flame]
active i. SYN: acute i..
acute i. any i. that has a fairly rapid onset, quickly becomes severe, and is usually manifested for only a few days, but which may persist for even a few weeks; characterized histologically by edema, hyperemia, and inflitrates of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. SYN: active i..
adhesive i. i. in which the amount of fibrin in the exudate is sufficient to result in a slight or moderate degree of adherence of adjacent tissues, as in healing by first intention.
allergic i. allergic reaction.
alterative i. a local reaction to injury, occasionally observed in the walls of blood vessels and in parenchymal cells of various organs in reacting to certain chemicals, viruses, and other intracellular agents; the response is characterized by degenerative changes in the cytoplasm and nucleus, frequently resulting in necrosis, but exudation (if any) is ordinarily observed only in the wall of the affected vessel, or in the interstices immediately adjacent to the affected vessel or parenchymal cells. SYN: degenerative i..
atrophic i. a form of chronic i. or repeated episodes of acute i. in which the continued or recurrent proliferation of fibroblasts results in the formation of fibrous tissue that eventually contracts and leads to compression and atrophy of parenchymal tissue. SYN: fibroid i..
catarrhal i. obsolete term for an inflammatory process that is most frequent in the respiratory tract, but may occur in any mucous membrane, and is characterized by hyperemia of the mucosal vessels, edema of the interstitial tissue, enlargement of the secretory epithelial cells (which proliferate and form conspicuous globules of mucus), and an irregular layer of viscous, mucinous material on the surface; as exudation progresses, variable numbers of neutrophils migrate into the affected tissue and are included in the exudate, along with fragments of degenerated and necrotic epithelial cells; such an i. may frequently become mucopurulent.
chronic i. an i. that may begin with a relatively rapid onset or in a slow, insidious, and even unnoticed manner, and which tends to persist for several weeks, months, or years and has a vague and indefinite termination; occurs when the injuring agent (or products resulting from its presence) persists in the lesion, and the host's tissues respond in a manner (or to a degree) that is not sufficient to overcome completely the continuing effects of the injuring agent; characterized histopathologically by infiltrates of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and histiocytes; fibrosis; and granuloma formation.
chronic active i. the coexistence of chronic i. and superimposed acute i..
degenerative i. SYN: alterative i..
exudative i. i. in which the conspicuous or distinguishing feature is an exudate, which may be chiefly serous, serofibrinous, fibrinous, or mucous ( e.g., relatively few cells are present), or may be characterized by relatively large numbers of neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, or plasma cells, frequently with one or two types being predominant; it occurs not only as a separate and distinct pathologic process, but also frequently as a part of certain granulomatous inflammations.
fibrinopurulent i. a purulent i. in which the exudate contains an unusually large amount of fibrin; also, a fibrinous or serofibrinous i. in which the accumulation of large numbers of polymorphonuclear leukocytes results in liquefactive necrosis of tissue and the formation of pus with a relatively large quantity of fibrin.
fibrinous i. an exudative i. in which there is a disproportionately large amount of fibrin.
fibroid i. SYN: atrophic i..
granulomatous i. a form of proliferative i. SEE ALSO: granuloma.
hyperplastic i. SYN: proliferative i..
immune i. allergic reaction.
interstitial i. i. in which the inflammatory reaction occurs chiefly in the supportive fibrous connective tissue or stroma of an organ.
necrotic i., necrotizing i. usually an acute inflammatory reaction in which the predominant histologic change is fairly rapid necrosis that occurs diffusely or extensively in relatively large foci throughout the affected tissue, frequently with only little or no evidence of cells in the exudate.
productive i. a vague term ordinarily used with reference to proliferative i., with or without an exudate; also sometimes used to indicate any i. in which grossly visible exudate is formed.
proliferative i. an inflammatory reaction in which the distinguishing feature is an actual increase in the number of tissue cells, especially the reticuloendothelial macrophages, in contrast to cells exuded from blood vessels; in addition, exudates of various types are likely to be observed in granulomas and other forms of proliferative i., but the latter may occur without an exudate being formed (as in certain infections caused by virus). SYN: hyperplastic i..
pseudomembranous i. a form of exudative i. that involves mucous and serous membranes; relatively large quantities of fibrin in the exudate result in a rather tenacious membrane-like covering that is fairly adherent to the underlying acutely inflamed tissue; the pseudomembrane usually contains (in addition to the dense network of fibrin) varying quantities of plasma protein, degenerated and necrotic elements from the affected tissue, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, bacteria, etc.
purulent i. an acute exudative i. in which the accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes is sufficiently great that their enzymes cause liquefaction of the affected tissues, focally or diffusely; the purulent exudate is frequently termed pus, and consists of plasma and its constituents, end products of the enzymatic digestion of tissue, degenerated and necrotic cells and their debris, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and other white blood cells, the causal agent of the i., etc. SYN: suppurative i..
sclerosing i. i. leading to extensive formation of fibrous and scar tissue.
serofibrinous i. i. in which the exudate consists chiefly of serous fluid with an unusually large proportion of fibrin.
serous i. an exudative i. in which the exudate is predominantly fluid ( e.g., exuded from the blood vessels), with the protein, electrolytes, and other material contained therein; relatively few (if any) cells are observed.
subacute i. an i. that is intermediate in duration between that of an acute i. and that of a chronic i., usually persisting longer than 3 or 4 weeks.
suppurative i. SYN: purulent i..

inflammatory
inflammatory (in-flam′a-tor-e)

Pertaining to, characterized by, causing, resulting from, or becoming affected by inflammation.

inflation
inflation (in-fla′shun)

Distention by a fluid or gas. [L. inflatio, fr. in-flo, pp. -flatus, to blow into, inflate]

inflator
inflator (in-fla′ter, -tor)

An instrument for injecting air.

inflection
inflection, inflexion (in-flek′shun)

1. An inward bending. 2. Obsolete term for diffraction. [L. in-flecto, pp. -flexus, to bend]

influenza
influenza (in-floo-en′za)

An acute infectious respiratory disease, caused by i. viruses, which are in the family Orthomyxoviridae, in which the inhaled virus attacks the respiratory epithelial cells of susceptible persons and produces a catarrhal inflammation; characterized by sudden onset, chills, fever of short duration (3–4 days), severe prostration, headache, muscle aches, and a cough that usually is dry and may be followed by secondary bacterial infections that can last up to 10 days. The disease commonly occurs in epidemics, sometimes in pandemics, which develop quickly and spread rapidly; mortality rate is usually low, but may be high in cases with secondary bacterial pneumonia, particularly in the elderly and those with underlying debilitating diseases; strain-specific immunity develops, but mutations in the virus are frequent, and the immunity usually does not affect antigenically different strains. SYN: flu, grip (1) , grippe. [It. influence (of planets or stars), fr. L. influentia, fr. in-fluo, to flow in]
i. A the most common type of i.. These strains have a high propensity for antigenic change resulting in mutations, partly because they can infect various animals where dual infections can occur, giving rise to new hybrid strains. The infections occur in epidemics, which may occur every 2–3 years and which vary in size and severity; perhaps the most important of the three types of i. (A, B, and C).
Asian i. a worldwide i., apparently originating in China in the summer of 1957, which produces a milder disease than that of the pandemic of 1917–1919.
i. B i. caused by strains of i. virus type B; outbreaks are usually more limited than those due to i. virus type A, although infections by the two types are clinically indistinguishable; occasionally associated with Reye syndrome.
i. C i. caused by strains of type C i. virus; the disease is milder than that caused by types A and B and has become uncommon in recent years.
endemic i. i., usually of a less severe type, occurring with some degree of regularity during the winter season, especially in the larger cities of the world. SYN: i. nostras.
Hong Kong i. i. caused by a serotype of i. virus type A and first identified in Hong Kong in 1968.
i. nostras SYN: endemic i..
Russian i. a pandemic of a strain i. A virus thought to have originated in Russia; occurred in 1978.
Spanish i. i. that caused several waves of pandemic in 1918–1919, resulting in more than 20 million deaths worldwide; it was particularly severe in Spain (hence the name), but now is thought to have originated in the U.S. as a form of swine i..
swine i. an acute respiratory disease of swine caused by strains of i. virus type A; it is believed to have become adapted to swine in the United States during the great human pandemic in 1918; fatal cases, as in such cases of pandemic i. in humans, are commonly associated with secondary bacterial pneumonia.

influenzal
influenzal (in-floo-en′zal)

Relating to, marked by, or resulting from influenza.

Influenza virus
Influenza virus (in-floo-en′za-vi-rus)

The family of Orthomyxoviridae contains 3 genera: Influenzavirus A, B; Influenzavirus C; and “Thogoto-like viruses.” Each type of virus has a stable nucleoprotein group antigen common to all strains of the type, but distinct from that of the other type; the genome is negative sense single-stranded RNA in 6–8 segments; each also has a mosaic of surface antigens (hemagglutinin and neuraminidase) that characterize the strains and that are subject to variations of two kinds: 1) a rather continual drift that occurs independently within the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens; 2) after a period of years, a sudden shift (notably in type A virus of human origin) to a different hemagglutinin or neuraminidase antigen. The sudden major shifts are the basis of subdivisions of type A virus of human origin, which occur following infection of the animal host with 2 different strains at the same time, resulting in a hybrid virus. Strain notations indicate type, geographic origin, year of isolation, and, in the case of type A strains, the characterizing subtypes of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens ( e.g., A/Hong Kong/1/68 (H₃ N₂); B/Hong Kong/5/72).

infold
infold (in-fold′)

To inclose within a fold, as in “infolding” an ulcer of the stomach, in which the walls on either side of the lesion are brought together and sutured.

informatics
informatics (in-for-mat′iks)

1. The study of information and ways to process and handle it, especially by means of information technology, i.e., computers and other electronic devices for rapid transfer, processing, and analysis of large amounts of data. 2. The science of arranging and organizing the product of genomic and functional genomic studies so that useful insight can result. SEE ALSO: bioinformatics. [information + -ics]

informed consent
informed consent

Voluntary consent given by a person or a responsible proxy ( e.g., a parent) for participation in a study, immunization program, treatment regimen, invasive procedure, etc., after being informed of the purpose, methods, procedures, benefits, and risks. The essential criteria of i. are that the subject has both knowledge and comprehension, that consent is freely given without duress or undue influence, and that the right of withdrawal at any time is clearly communicated to the subject. Other aspects of i. in the context of epidemiologic and biomedical research, and criteria to be met in obtaining it, are specified in International Guidelines for Ethical Review of Epidemiologic Studies (Geneva: CIOMS/WHO 1991) and International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects (Geneva: CIOMS/WHO 1993).

informofers
informofers (in-for′mo-fers)

Name suggested for the protein particles that appear when RNA is removed from nucleoprotein particles. [information + -fer]

informosomes
informosomes (in-for′mo-somz)

Name suggested for the bodies composed of messenger (informational) RNA and protein that are found in the cytoplasm of animal cells. [information + G. soma, body]

infra- infra-

A position below the part denoted by the word to which it is joined. [L. below]

infraaxillary
infraaxillary (in′fra-ak′si-lar-e)

SYN: subaxillary.

infrabulge
infrabulge (in′fra-bulj)

1. That portion of the crown of a tooth gingival to the height of contour. 2. That area of a tooth where the retentive portion of a clasp of a removable partial denture is placed.

infracardiac
infracardiac (in′fra-kar′de-ak)

Beneath the heart; below the level of the heart.

infracerebral
infracerebral (in′fra-ser′e-bral)

Pertaining to that portion of the nervous system below the level of the cerebrum.

infraclavicular
infraclavicular (in′fra-kla-vik′u-lar)

SYN: subclavian (1) .

infraclusion
infraclusion (in-fra-kloo′zhun)

The state wherein a tooth has failed to erupt to the maxillomandibular plane of interdigitation. SYN: infraocclusion, infraversion (3) .

infracortical
infracortical (in-fra-kor′ti-kal)

Beneath the cortex of an organ, mainly the brain or kidney. See subcortical.

infracostal
infracostal (in-fra-kos′tal)

SYN: subcostal (1) .

infracotyloid
infracotyloid (in-fra-kot′i-loyd)

Below the acetabulum or cotyloid cavity.

infracristal
infracristal (in-fra-kris′tal)

Below the supraventricular crest of the right ventricle; usually used in reference to ventricular septal defect. [infra- + L. crista, crest]

infraction
infraction (in-frak′shun)

Obsolete term for fracture; especially one without displacement. [L. infractio, a breaking, fr. infringere, to break]

infradentale
infradentale (in′fra-den-ta′le)

In craniometrics, the apex of the septum between the mandibular central incisors. SYN: lower alveolar point.

infradian
infradian (in-fra′de-an)

Relating to biologic variations or rhythms occurring in cycles less frequent than every 24 hours. Cf.:circadian, ultradian. [infra- + L. dies, day]

infradiaphragmatic
infradiaphragmatic (in′fra-di′a-frag-mat′ik)

SYN: subdiaphragmatic.

infraduction
infraduction (in-fra-duk′shun)

SYN: deorsumduction.

infraglenoid
infraglenoid (in′fra-gle′noyd)

Inferior to the glenoid cavity of the scapula. SYN: subglenoid.

infraglottic
infraglottic (in-fra-glot′ik)

Inferior to the glottis. SYN: subglottic.

infrahepatic
infrahepatic (in-fra-he-pat′ik)

SYN: subhepatic.

infrahyoid
infrahyoid (in′fra-hi′oyd)

Below the hyoid bone; denoting especially a group of muscles: the sternohyoideus, sternothyroideus, thyrohyoideus, and omohyoideus. SYN: subhyoid, subhyoidean.

inframamillary
inframamillary (in-fra-mam′i-lar-e)

Relating to that which is situated below a nipple.

inframammary
inframammary (in-fra-mam′a-re)

Inferior to the mammary gland. SYN: submammary (2) .

inframandibular
inframandibular (in-fra-man-dib′u-lar)

SYN: submandibular.

inframarginal
inframarginal (in-fra-mar′ji-nal)

Below any margin or edge.

inframaxillary
inframaxillary (in-fra-mak′si-la-re)

SYN: mandibular.

infranatant
infranatant (in′fra-na′tant)

1. See i. fluid. 2. Lying below. [infra- + L. natare, to swim]

infraocclusion
infraocclusion (in′fra-o-kloo′zhun)

SYN: infraclusion.

infraorbital
infraorbital (in′fra-or′bi-tal)

Below or beneath the orbit. SYN: suborbital.

infrapatellar
infrapatellar (in-fra-pa-tel′ar)

Inferior to the patella; denoting especially a bursa, a pad of fat, or a synovial fold. SYN: subpatellar (2) .

infrapsychic
infrapsychic (in-fra-si′kik)

Denoting ideas or actions originating below the level of consciousness.

infrared
infrared (IR, ir) (in′fra-red)

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths between 730 and 1000 nm.

infrascapular
infrascapular (in-fra-skap′u-lar)

Inferior to the scapula. SYN: subscapular (2) .

infrasonic
infrasonic (in′fra-son′ik)

Denoting those frequencies that lie below the range of human hearing. [infra- + L. sonus, sound]

infraspinatus
infraspinatus (in-fra-spi-na′tus)

See i. (muscle).

infraspinous
infraspinous (in-fra-spi′nus)

Below a spine or spinous process; specifically, the fossa infraspinata. SYN: subspinous (1) .

infrasplenic
infrasplenic (in′fra-splen′ik, -sple′nik)

Beneath or below the spleen.

infrasternal
infrasternal (in-fra-ster′nal)

Inferior to the sternum. SYN: substernal (2) .

infrasubspecific
infrasubspecific (in′fra-sub-spe-si′fik)

Denoting a category of organisms of rank lower than subspecies.

infratemporal
infratemporal (in-fra-tem′po-ral)

Below the temporal fossa.

infrathoracic
infrathoracic (in′fra-tho-ras′ik)

Below or at the lower portion of the thorax.

infratonsillar
infratonsillar (in-fra-ton′si-lar)

Below the palatine tonsil or cerebellar tonsil.

infratrochlear
infratrochlear (in′fra-trok′le-ar)

Inferior to the trochlea or pulley of the superior oblique muscle of the eye.

infraumbilical
infraumbilical (in′fra-um-bil′i-kal)

Inferior to the umbilicus. SYN: subumbilical.

infraversion
infraversion (in′fra-ver′shun)

1. A turning (version) downward. 2. In physiologic optics, rotation of both eyes downward. 3. SYN: infraclusion.

infriction
infriction (in-frik′shun)

The application of liniments or ointments combined with friction. [L. in, on, + frictio, a rubbing]

infundibula
infundibula (in-fun-dib′u-la)

Plural of infundibulum.

infundibular
infundibular (in-fun-dib′u-lar)

Relating to an infundibulum.

infundibulectomy
infundibulectomy (in′fun-dib′u-lek′to-me)

Excision of the infundibulum, especially of hypertrophied ventricular septal myocardium encroaching on the ventricular outflow tract in the tetralogy of Fallot. [infundibulum + G. ektome, excision]

infundibuliform
infundibuliform (in-fun-dib′u-li-form)

SYN: choanoid. [L. infundibulum, funnel, + forma, form]

infundibulin
infundibulin (in-fun-dib′u-lin)

A 20% solution of an extract of the posterior lobe of the hypophysis cerebri.

infundibuloma
infundibuloma (in-fun-dib′u-lo′ma)

A pilocytic astrocytoma arising in the neurohypophysis of the pituitary. [infundibulum + G. -oma, tumor]

infundibulo-ovarian
infundibulo-ovarian (in-fun-dib′u-lo-o-va′re-an)

Relating to the fimbriated extremity of a uterine tube and the ovary.

infundibulopelvic
infundibulopelvic (in-fun-dib′u-lo-pel′vik)

Relating to any two structures called infundibulum and pelvis, such as the expanded portion of a calyx and the pelvis of the kidney, or the fimbriated extremity of the uterine tube and the pelvis.

infundibulum
infundibulum, pl .infundibula (in-fun-dib′u-lum, -u-la)

1. [TA] A funnel or funnel-shaped structure or passage. 2. SYN: i. of uterine tube. 3. The expanding portion of a calyx as it opens into the renal pelvis. 4. [TA] SYN: conus arteriosus. 5. Termination of a bronchiole in the alveolus. 6. Termination of the cochlear canal beneath the cupola. 7. [TA] The funnel-shaped, unpaired prominence of the base of the hypothalamus behind the optic chiasm, enclosing the infundibular recess of the third ventricle and continuous below with the stalk of the hypophysis. [L. a funnel]
ethmoid i. SYN: ethmoidal i..
ethmoidal i. [TA] a passage from the middle meatus of the nose communicating with the anterior ethmoidal cells and frontal sinus. SYN: i. ethmoidale [TA] , ethmoid i..
i. ethmoidale [TA] SYN: ethmoidal i..
i. of gallbladder [TA] tapering portion of gallbladder, opposite the fundus, as the body of the gallbladder narrows to the neck (from which the cystic duct proceeds). SYN: i. vesicae biliaris [TA] , i. vesicae felleae&star.
i. hypophysis [TA]
i. hypothalami [TA] SYN: i. of pituitary gland.
hypothalamic i. SYN: i. of pituitary gland.
i. of lungs in the embryo, one of the expanded extremities of the subdivisions of the lung buds; in later development minute pouches (the air sacs) appear in its wall.
i. of pituitary gland [TA] the apical portion of the tuber cinereum extending into the stalk of the hypophysis. SYN: i. hypothalami [TA] , hypothalamic i..
i. of right ventricle [TA]
i. tubae uterinae [TA] SYN: i. of uterine tube.
i. of uterine tube [TA] the funnel-like expansion of the abdominal extremity of the uterine (fallopian) tube. SYN: i. tubae uterinae [TA] , i. (2) .
i. vesicae biliaris [TA] SYN: i. of gallbladder.
i. vesicae felleae i. of gallbladder.

infusible
infusible (in-foo′zi-bl)

1. Incapable of being melted or fused. 2. Capable of being made into an infusion.

infusion
infusion (in-fu′zhun)

1. The process of steeping a substance in water, either cold or hot (below the boiling point), in order to extract its soluble principles. 2. A medicinal preparation obtained by steeping the crude drug in water. 3. The introduction of fluid other than blood, e.g., saline solution, into a vein. [L. infusio, fr. in-fundo, pp. -fusus, to pour in]

Infusoria
Infusoria (in-foo-so′re-a)

Archaic term for Ciliophora. [Mod. L. pertaining to or found in an infusion, fr. in-fundo, pp. in-fusus, to pour in]

infusorian
infusorian (in-fu-so′re-an)

Archaic term for a member of the class Infusoria, now the phylum Ciliophora.

Ingelfinger
Ingelfinger

Franz, U.S. nephrologist and editor, 1910–1980. See I. rule.

ingesta
ingesta (in-jes′ta)

Solid or liquid nutrients taken into the body. [pl. of L. ingestum, ntr. pp. of in-gero, -gestus, to carry in]

ingestion
ingestion (in-jes′chun)

1. Introduction of food and drink into the stomach. 2. Incorporation of particles into the cytoplasm of a phagocytic cell by invagination of a portion of the cell membrane as a vacuole. [L. in-gero, to carry in]

ingestive
ingestive (in-jes′tiv)

Relating to ingestion.

Ingrassia
Ingrassia

Giovanni F., Italian anatomist, 1510–1580. See I. process.

ingravescent
ingravescent (in-gra-ves′ent)

Increasing in severity. [L. ingravesco, to grow heavier, fr. gravis, heavy]

inguen
inguen (ing′gwen) [TA]

SYN: groin (1) . [L.]

inguinal
inguinal (ing′gwi-nal)

Relating to the groin.

inguinocrural
inguinocrural (ing′gwi-no-kroo′ral)

Relating to the groin and the thigh.

inguinodynia
inguinodynia (ing′gwi-no-din′e-a)

Rarely used term for pain in the groin. [L. inguen (inguin-), groin, + G. odyne, pain]

inguinolabial
inguinolabial (ing′gwi-no-la′be-al)

Relating to the groin and the labium.

inguinoperitoneal
inguinoperitoneal (ing′gwi-no-per′i-to-ne′al)

Relating to the groin and the peritoneum.

inguinoscrotal
inguinoscrotal (ing′gwi-no-skro′tal)

Relating to the groin and the scrotum.

INH
INH

Abbreviation for isonicotinic acid hydrazide.

inhalant
inhalant (in-ha′lant)

1. That which is inhaled; a remedy given by inhalation. 2. A drug (or combination of drugs) with high vapor pressure, carried by an air current into the nasal passage, where it produces its effect. 3. Group of products consisting of finely powdered or liquid drugs that are carried to the respiratory passages by the use of special devices such as low pressure aerosol containers. SYN: insufflation (2) . SEE ALSO: inhalation, aerosol. [see inhalation]

inhalation
inhalation (in-ha-la′shun)

1. The act of drawing in the breath. SYN: inspiration. 2. Drawing a medicated vapor in with the breath. 3. A solution of a drug or combination of drugs for administration as a nebulized mist intended to reach the respiratory tree. [L. in-halo, pp. -halatus, to breathe at or in]
solvent i. i. of volatile organic solvents used in glue, nail polish remover, lacquer thinners, cleaning fluid, lighter fluid, and gasoline, for the purpose of self-intoxication. SEE ALSO: glue-sniffing.

inhale
inhale (in-hal′)

To draw in the breath. SYN: inspire.

inhaler
inhaler (in-hal′er)

1. SYN: respirator (2) . 2. An apparatus for administering pharmacologically active agents by inhalation.
metered-dose i. a device used to administer a defined dose of medication for inhalation; used frequently in the treatment of asthma and other respiratory conditions.

inherent
inherent (in-her′ent)

Occurring as a natural part or consequence; latent imminent; intrinsic. [L. inhaerens, sticking to, adhering]

inheritance
inheritance (in-her′i-tans)

1. Characters or qualities that are transmitted from parent to offspring by coded cytologic data; that which is inherited. 2. Cultural or legal endowment. 3. The act of inheriting. [L. heredito, inherit, fr. heres (hered-), an heir]
alternative i. 1. SYN: mendelian i.. 2. galton term for an assumed form in which all the characters are derived from one parent.
blending i. galton term for i. in which no component is conspicuous or obtrusive.
codominant i. i. in which two alleles are individually expressed in the presence of each other; there may be other alleles available at the locus that may or may not exhibit codominance.
collateral i. the appearance of characters in collateral members of a family group, as when an uncle and a niece show the same character inherited from a common ancestor; in recessive characters it may appear irregularly, in contrast to dominant characters transmitted directly from one generation to the next.
cytoplasmic i. transmission of characters dependent on self-perpetuating elements not nuclear in origin ( e.g., mitochondrial DNA). SYN: extranuclear i..
dominant i. dominance of traits.
extrachromosomal i. transmission of characters dependent on some factor not connected with the chromosomes.
extranuclear i. SYN: cytoplasmic i..
galtonian i. i. in which a measurable phenotype is generated by many loci, the contributions of which are statistically independent, additive, and of about equal value. (The latter are in accordance with the classical central limit therein and justify the use of the multivariate normal distribution in galtonian genetics). SYN: polygenic i..
holandric i. SYN: Y-linked i..
hologynic i. transmission of a trait from mother to her daughters but to no sons, attributed to attached (partially fused) X chromosomes, to cytoplasmic i., or to sex limitation with abnormal segregation, e.g., hematocolpos.
maternal i. transmission of characters that are dependent on properties of the egg cytoplasm produced by nuclear genes or by mitochondrial genes or both.
mendelian i. i. in which stable and undecomposable characters controlled entirely or overwhelmingly by a single genetic locus are transmitted over many generations. See Mendel first law, law of segregation, law of independent assortment. SYN: alternative i. (1) .
mosaic i. i. in which the paternal influence is dominant in one group of cells and the maternal in another. Cf.:lyonization.
multifactorial i. i. involving many factors, of which at least one is genetic but none is of overwhelming importance, as in the causation of a disease by multiple genetic and environmental factors. Cf.:galtonian i..
polygenic i. SYN: galtonian i..
recessive i. dominance of traits.
sex-influenced i. i. that is autosomal but has a different intensity of expression in the two sexes, e.g., male pattern baldness.
sex-limited i. i. of a trait that can be expressed in one sex only, e.g., testicular feminization.
sex-linked i. the pattern of i. that may result from a mutant gene located on either the X or Y chromosome.
X-linked i. the pattern of i. that may result from a mutant gene on an X chromosome.
Y-linked i. the pattern of i. that may result from a mutant gene located on a Y chromosome. SYN: holandric i..

inherited
inherited (in-her′it-ed)

Derived from a preformed genetic code present in the parents. Contrast with acquired.

inhibin
inhibin (in-hib′in)

One of several proteins that participate in differentiation and growth. Two glycoproteins, i. A and i. B, are secreted by Sertoli cells in the testis and granulosa cells in the ovary, inhibiting FSH secretion by direct action on the pituitary. [inhibit + -in]

inhibit
inhibit (in-hib′it)

To curb or restrain.

inhibitine
inhibitine (in-hib′i-ten)

SYN: carnosine.

inhibition
inhibition (in-hi-bish′un)

1. Depression or arrest of a function. SEE ALSO: inhibitor. 2. In psychoanalysis, the restraining of instinctual or unconscious drives or tendencies, especially if they conflict with one's conscience or with societal demands. 3. In psychology, a generic term for a variety of processes associated with the gradual attenuation, masking, and extinction of a previously conditioned response. 4. The reduction of the rate of a reaction or process. [L. inhibeo, pp. -hibitus, to keep back, fr. habeo, to have]
allogeneic i. i. or injury to allogeneic cells that occurs when lymphocytes are mixed and cultured with other cells of different genotypes in vitro.
central i. suppression or diminution of outgoing impulses from a reflex center.
competitive i. blocking of the action of an enzyme by a compound that binds to the free enzyme, preventing the substrate from binding and thus preventing the enzyme from acting on that substrate. The competitive inhibitor is often a substrate analog and binds at the active site; however, this is not an absolute requirement for competitive i.. Saturating concentrations of substrate can remove the i.. Cf.:isostery. SYN: selective i..
contact i. cessation of replication of dividing cells that come into contact, as in the center of a healing wound.
end product i. SYN: feedback i..
feedback i. i. of activity by an end product of the pathway of which that activity is a part; e.g., thyroliberin stimulates thyroglobulin production, and thyroglobulin decreases thyrotropin formation. SYN: end product i., retroinhibition.
hapten i. of precipitation i. of precipitation that occurs when the antibody has combined with hapten of the same specificity as the subsequently added antigen.
hemagglutination i. i. of nonimmune hemagglutination by antibody specific for the hemagglutinin; e.g., viral hemagglutination will not occur if antibody specific for the virus is added before addition of red blood cells. The i. is specific and is widely used for virus identification and for antibody determination.
noncompetitive i. a type of enzyme i. in which the inhibiting compound does not compete with the natural substrate for the active site on the enzyme, but inhibits the reaction by combining with the enzyme-substrate complex or with the free enzyme.
potassium i. arrest of the heart in the fully relaxed state as a result of potassium intoxication.
proactive i. a type of interference or negative transfer, observed in memory experiments and other learning situations, when something learned previously interferes with present learning or recall. Cf.:retroactive i..
product i. i. of an enzyme activity by a product of the reaction catalyzed by that enzyme.
reciprocal i. 1. SYN: reciprocal innervation. 2. SYN: systematic desensitization.
reflex i. a situation in which sensory stimuli decrease reflex activity.
residual i. the i. or suppression of tinnitus by use of a sound-generating device (residual inhibitor) that masks the sounds of tinnitus and produces a residual sound-inhibiting effect when the device is turned off.
retroactive i. the partial or complete obliteration of memory by a more recent event, particularly new learning. Cf.:proactive i..
selective i. SYN: competitive i..
substrate i. i. of an enzyme activity by a substrate of the reaction catalyzed by that enzyme; often, this type of i. occurs at elevated substrate concentrations in which the substrate is binding to a second, non-active site on the enzyme.
uncompetitive i. an inhibitory effect on a metabolic function, such as an enzyme, not based on competition for the binding site of the naturally occurring substrate, but on a different effect on the molecule whose function is being inhibited.
Wedensky i. i. of muscle response resulting from application of a series of rapidly repeated stimuli to the motor nerve where slower frequency of stimulation results in muscle response.

inhibitor
inhibitor (in-hib′i-ter, -tor)

1. An agent that restrains or retards physiologic, chemical, or enzymatic action. 2. A nerve, stimulation of which represses activity. SEE ALSO: inhibition.
α-glucosidase i. an oral agent that aids in the control of diabetes mellitus by delaying the absorption of glucose from the digestive system.α-Glucosidase inhibitors such as acarbose block the function of enzymes produced by mucosal cells of the proximal small bowel that normally break down complex dietary carbohydrates into simple sugars, including glucose. As a consequence, postprandial rises in blood glucose occur much more gradually. Administered before meals, acarbose can reduce peak postprandial glucose levels by as much as 75 mg/dL. Hence it permits reduction in the dose of oral antihyperglycemic agents or insulin. The drug is not absorbed into the circulation and acts only topically on intestinal lining cells. By itself it cannot induce hypoglycemia, but by reducing the need for insulin, it can increase the risk of hypoglycemia for a given dose of a sulfonylurea or insulin. It may cause flatulence, bloating, and diarrhea as complex carbohydrates reach the colon instead of being digested and absorbed.
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) a class of drugs used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure; they produce a reduction of peripheral arterial resistance, although the exact mechanism of action has not been fully determined; they block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a powerful vasoconstrictor.
aromatase inhibitors drugs, such as aminoglutethimide, that inhibit aromatase, an enzyme used in the synthesis of estrogens.
Bowman-Birk i. a polypeptide that will inhibit both trypsin and chymotrypsin.
carbonate dehydratase i. an agent, usually chemically related to the sulfonamides, that inhibits the activity of carbonate dehydratase, producing a general decrease in the formation of H₂CO₃ in the tissues. SEE ALSO: acetazolamide, dichlorphenamide. SYN: carbonic anhydrase i..
carbonic anhydrase i. SYN: carbonate dehydratase i..
C1 esterase i. an α₂-neuraminoglycoprotein that inhibits the enzymatic activity of C1 esterase, the activated first component of complement. A deficiency of this i. results in a lack of inhibition of C1r and C1s leading to uncontrolled activation of the complement cascade and edema.
cholinesterase i. a drug, such as neostigmine, which, by inhibiting biodegradation of acetylcholine, restores myoneural function in myasthenia gravis or after nondepolarizing neuromuscular relaxants have been administered.
familial lipoprotein lipase i. an i. found in certain individuals that inhibits lipoprotein lipase resulting in accumulation of chylomicrons, VLDL, and triacylglycerols; similar in symptoms to familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency.
glucosidase inhibitors agents such as acarbose that reduce gastrointestinal absorption of carbohydrates. This group of drugs has been known popularly as “starch blockers.” They lower plasma glucose levels and tend to cause weight loss. A limiting side effect is flatulence.
HMG CoA-reductase inhibitors drugs that interfere with the biosynthesis of cholesterol; used to treat hyperlipidemia.HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, generically called statins, lower total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in people with hyperlipidemia, delay progression of atherosclerosis, and decrease the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In the synthesis of cholesterol in the liver, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) is converted to mevalonic acid by the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase. Normally this enzyme is inhibited by a high dietary intake of cholesterol, and conversely a reduction of dietary cholesterol may increase HMG-CoA reductase activity. Drugs that block the action of HMG-CoA reductase are structural analogs of HMG-CoA and competitively inhibit the enzyme, preventing cholesterol synthesis. A decline in intracellular cholesterol levels promotes increased expression of cell surface LDL receptors and uptake of circulating LDL. Controlled studies have shown that in people with a history of angina pectoris or heart attack, lovastatin, pravastatin, and simvastatin substantially reduce cardiovascular mortality, conferring protection against unstable angina and lowering the risk of fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction, the number and duration of hospitalizations, the need for revascularization procedures, and the incidence of transient ischemic attacks and strokes. Prospective studies on the use of these agents by people with normal cholesterol levels have shown substantial reduction in the risk of a major coronary event in postmenopausal women and in people of both sexes over 65. In contrast, studies in which cholesterol was lowered by diet alone or by other drugs ( e.g., cholestyramine, gemfibrozil) have shown no consistent effect on the rate of either heart attacks or strokes. The beneficial effects of cholesterol lowering with statins are independent of concomitant medicines such as aspirin, beta-blockers, and calcium-channel blockers. Hence physical regression of atheroma may not be the principal mechanism by which cholesterol lowering alters cardiac risk. There is experimental evidence that statins affect immune function and the proliferation and metabolism of macrophages and endothelial cells independently of changes in plasma LDL concentrations. Animal studies suggest that statins may reduce the risk of thrombosis after plaque disruption by inhibiting platelet aggregation and maintaining a favorable balance between prothrombotic and fibrinolytic mechanisms. Not all statins have shown equal protective effect. Benefits have been clearly demonstrated only with “natural” statins produced by fermentation (lovastatin, pravastatin, and simvastatin). Synthetic statins have different chemical structures and are metabolized differently; although they lower LDL cholesterol, there are no data to show that they prolong life or reduce the risk of heart attack.
human α₁-protease i. (α₁PI) SYN: α₁-antitrypsin.
β-lactamase inhibitors drugs such as clavulanic acid, which are used to inhibit bacterial β-lactamases; often used with a penicillin or cephalosporin to overcome drug resistance.
lipoprotein-associated coagulation i. (LACI) formerly known as anticonvertin; a protein that inhibits the extrinsic pathway of coagulation by binding to the tissue factor III-factor VII-Ca²⁺-factor Xa complex.
mechanism-based i. SYN: suicide substrate.
monoamine oxidase i. (MAOI) a class of chemical compounds that exert antidepressant effect by the reversible or irreversible inhibition of monoamine oxidase A.
ovulation i. a compound that inhibits ovulation; often found in oral contraceptives.
protease i. a newly developed class of synthetic drug used in the treatment of HIV infection, with a mode of action different from those of previously used antiretroviral agents including nucleoside analogs.HIV-1 protease activity is critical for the terminal maturation of infectious virions. Protease inhibitors specific for HIV-1 competitively inhibit this enzyme, thereby preventing the maturation of virions capable of infecting other cells. These agents can reduce the viral load (level of HIV RNA in the serum) below the measurable level in a patient with AIDS. Their use has been shown to reduce the risk of disease progression and mortality in patients with HIV infection. They have also been found to improve CD4 counts and reverse AIDS dementia in some patients. Protease inhibitors are administered in combination with nucleoside analogs (nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors) in order to exploit the different modes of action of these 2 classes of antiviral drug. Because emergence of resistance to protease inhibitors has already been a problem, combination regimens including 3 agents are standard. A few strains of HIV have shown resistance to all available protease inhibitors. Significant side effects of protease inhibitors include elevation of cholesterol and triglyceride levels, insulin resistance and emergence of frank diabetes mellitus, and cosmetically objectionable lipodystrophy (excessive accumulation of fat in the abdomen and breasts accompanied by fat wasting in the face, extremities, and buttocks). Protease inhibitors currently in use include indinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, and saquinavir. Several others are in various stages of development and testing.
proton pump i. agents that block the transport of hydrogen ions into the stomach and hence are useful in the treatment of gastric hyperacidity, as observed in ulcer disease.
5α-reductase inhibitors Drugs that inhibit the action of 5α-reductase, resulting in lower levels of prostatic dihydrotestosterone, produced by the enzyme from testosterone as the primary androgen in the prostate.
residual i. a sound-generating device, worn in the ear, that inhibits or suppresses the sounds of tinnitus by masking, with a residual inhibitory effect when the device is turned off.
respiratory i. a compound that inhibits the respiratory chain. SYN: respiratory poison.
selective norepinephrine reuptake i. a class of chemical compounds that selectively, to varying degrees, inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine by the presynaptic neurons and are posited to exert their antidepressant effect by this mechanism.
selective serotonin reuptake i. a class of chemical compounds that selectively, to varying degrees, inhibit the reuptake of serotonin by presynaptic neurons and are posited to exert their antidepressant effect by this mechanism.
serine protease inhibitors a class of highly polymorphic inhibitors of trypsin, elastase, and certain other proteases synthesized by hepatocytes and macrophages SEE ALSO: α₁-antitrypsin. SYN: serpins.
serotonin norepinephrine reuptake i. a class of antidepressant drugs whose action is thought to result from inhibition of presynaptic reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine.
suicide i. SYN: suicide substrate.
trypsin i. 1. a peptide formed from trypsinogen via hydrolysis under the catalytic influence of enteropeptidase, with trypsin also produced as a result; so called because the peptide masks or inhibits the active site of the trypsin molecule; 2. one of the polypeptides, from various sources ( e.g., human and bovine colostrum, soybeans, egg white), that inhibit the action of trypsin. Cf.:Bowman-Birk i..
α₁-trypsin i. SYN: α₁-antitrypsin.
uncompetitive i. a type of enzyme i. in which the inhibiting compound only binds to the enzyme-substrate complex.

inhibitory
inhibitory (in-hib′i-tor-e)

Restraining; tending to inhibit.

iniac
iniac (in′e-ak)

Relating to the inion. SYN: inial.

iniad
iniad (in′e-ad)

In a direction toward the inion. [L. ad, to]

inial
inial (in′e-al)

SYN: iniac.

iniencephaly
iniencephaly (in′e-en-sef′a-le)

Malformation consisting of a cranial defect at the occiput, with the brain exposed; often in combination with a cervical rachischisis and retroflexion. [G. inion, back of the head, + enkephalos, brain]

inion
inion (in′e-on) [TA]

A point located on the external occipital protuberance at the intersection of the midline with a line drawn tangent to the uppermost convexity of the right and left superior nuchal lines. [G. nape of the neck]

iniopagus
iniopagus (in′e-op′a-gus)

SYN: craniopagus occipitalis. [inion + G. pagos, fixed]

iniops
iniops (in′e-ops)

SYN: janiceps asymmetrus. [inion + G. ops, eye, face]

initiation
initiation (i-ni-she-a′shun)

1. The first stage of tumor induction by a carcinogen; subtle alteration of cells by exposure to a carcinogenic agent so that they are likely to form a tumor upon subsequent exposure to a promoting agent (promotion). 2. Starting point of replication or translation in macromolecule biosynthesis. 3. Start of chemical or enzymatic reaction. 4. The first step in a chain reaction.

initis
initis (in-i′tis)

1. Inflammation of fibrous tissue. 2. SYN: myositis. [G. is (in-), fiber, + -itis, inflammation]

inject
inject (in-jekt′)

To introduce into the body; denoting a fluid forced beneath the skin or into a blood vessel. SEE ALSO: injection. [L. injicio, to throw in]

injectable
injectable (in-jek′ta-bl)

1. Capable of being injected into anything. 2. Capable of receiving an injection.

injected
injected (in-jek′ted)

1. Denoting a fluid introduced into the body. 2. Denoting visible blood vessels distended with blood.

injection
injection (in-jek′shun)

1. Introduction of a medicinal substance or nutrient material into the subcutaneous tissue (subcutaneous or hypodermic i.), the muscular tissue (intramuscular i.), a vein (intravenous i.), an artery (intraarterial i.), the rectum (rectal i. or enema), the vagina (vaginal i. or douche), the urethra, or other canals or cavities of the body. 2. An injectable pharmaceutical preparation. 3. Congestion or hyperemia. [L. injectio, a throwing in, fr. in-jicio, to throw in]
adrenal cortex i. obsolete treatment involving the parenteral administration of extract of the adrenal cortex; formerly used in treatment of Addison disease.
collagen i. correction of superficial soft tissue deformities, acne scars, or age-related skin changes by i. (implantation) of collagen; bovine collagen preparations are commonly used. Prior intradermal testing is necessary to exclude hypersensitivity. SYN: collagen implantation.
depot i. an i. of a substance in a vehicle that tends to keep it at the site of i. so that absorption occurs over a prolonged period.
hypodermic i. the administration of a remedy in liquid form by i. into the subcutaneous tissues. SYN: hypodermic (2) .
insulin i. a preparation that usually contains 100 USP insulin units per ml; it is administered subcutaneously, occasionally intravenously, and has a rapid onset of action, has a brief duration (5 to 7 hours), and is compatible for mixing with long-acting insulin preparations; used in the treatment of diabetic acidosis and insulin coma. SYN: regular insulin i..
intracytoplasmic sperm i. a procedure in which a single sperm cell is injected into the oocyte during in vitro fertilization.
intrathecal i. introduction of material for diffusion throughout the subarachnoid space by means of lumbar puncture.
intraventricular i. the introduction of materials for diffusion throughout the ventricular and subarachnoid space by means of ventricular puncture.
jet i. hypodermic i. of drugs by a jet injector.
lactated Ringer i. a sterile solution of calcium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, and sodium lactate in water for i.; used intravenously as a systemic alkalizer and a fluid and electrolyte replenisher.
regular insulin i. SYN: insulin i..
Ringer i. a sterile solution of sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and calcium chloride, containing in each 100 ml between 820 and 900 mg of sodium chloride, between 25 and 35 mg of potassium chloride, and between 30 and 37 mg of calcium chloride; used intravenously as a fluid and electrolyte replenisher.
selective i. i. of contrast medium following selective catheterization of a branch artery or vein for angiography.
sensitizing i. an i. that sensitizes a person so that subsequent exposure to the antigen (allergen) evokes an allergic response.
test i. intravenous i. of a few milliliters of radiographic contrast medium to screen for allergic or idiosyncratic responses.
Z-tract i. a technique in which the skin and subcutaneous tissue are displaced laterally before inserting the needle intramuscularly; used to prevent leakage along the track of the needle and consequent tissue irritation.

injector
injector (in-jek′ter)

A device for making injections.
jet i. an i. that uses high pressure to force a liquid through a small orifice at a velocity sufficient to penetrate skin or mucous membrane without the use of a needle.
power i. an i. for rapid contrast medium injection in angiography or computed tomography.

injure
injure (in′jer)

To wound, hurt, or harm.

injury
injury (in′jer-e)

The damage or wound of trauma. [L. injuria, fr. in- neg. + jus (jur-), right]
blast i. tearing of lung tissue or rupture of any tissue or organ without external i., as by the force of an explosion.
brachial plexus i. damage to the brachial plexus related to delivery; associated with excessive lateral stretching of the head, typically in cases of shoulder dystocia or breech deliveries. SEE ALSO: brachial birth palsy.
closed head i. a head i. in which continuity of the scalp and mucous membranes is maintained.
contrecoup i. of brain an i. occurring beneath the skull opposite to the area of impact.
coup i. of brain an i. occurring directly beneath the skull at the area of impact.
current of i. See current of i..
degloving i. avulsion of the skin of a portion of the body (most commonly on the extremities) in which the part is skeletonized by removal of most or all of the skin and subcutaneous tissue.
egg-white i. SYN: egg-white syndrome.
flexion-extension i. forceful application of a forward and backward movement of the unsupported head that may produce an i. to the cervical spine or the brain.
hyperextension-hyperflexion i. violence to the body causing the unsupported head to move rapidly backward and forward resulting in hyperextension and hyperflexion of the neck; does not imply any specific resultant trauma or pathology.
i. of intervertebral disk traumatic cervical discopathy.
open head i. a head i. in which there is a loss of continuity of scalp or mucous membranes; the term is sometimes used to indicate a communication between the exterior and the intracranial cavity. SEE ALSO: penetrating wound.
pneumatic tire i. separation of the skin and subcutaneous tissue from the underlying fascia, classically occurring when an extremity is crushed and rolled over by the tire of a vehicle; however, it may be incurred through other mechanisms that produce shear forces; similar to a degloving i., except that the skin and subcutaneous tissue layers remain in continuity.
reperfusion i. myocardial impairment, usually with arrhythmia, following the opening of arterial blockage and considered to be due to oxygen-derived free radicals.
steering wheel i. trauma to the anterior chest wall caused by impact with the steering wheel during an automobile accident; can include fractured sternum and ribs, cardiac contusion, tear of the aorta or other great vessels, as well as lung injuries.
whiplash i. popular term for flexion-extension i..

inlay
inlay (in′la)

1. In dentistry, a prefabricated restoration sealed in the cavity with cement. 2. A graft of bone into a bone cavity. 3. A graft of skin into a wound cavity for epithelialization. 4. In orthopedics, an orthomechanical device inserted into a shoe; commonly called an “arch support.”
epithelial i. SYN: i. graft.
gold i. a gold restoration fabricated by casting in a mold made from a wax pattern; the restoration is sealed in the prepared cavity with dental cement.
porcelain i. a fused porcelain restoration luted in a cavity prepared in a tooth.

inlet
inlet [TA]

A passage leading into a cavity. SYN: aditus [TA] .
laryngeal i. [TA] the aperture between the pharynx and larynx, bounded by the superior edges of the epiglottis (anteriorly), the aryepiglottic folds (laterally), and the mucosa between the arytenoids (posteriorly). SYN: aditus laryngis [TA] , laryngeal aditus [TA] , i. of larynx, laryngeal aperture.
i. of larynx SYN: laryngeal i..
pelvic i. [TA] the upper opening of the true pelvis, bounded anteriorly by the pubic symphysis and the pubic crest on either side, laterally by the iliopectineal lines, and posteriorly by the promontory of the sacrum. SYN: apertura pelvis superior [TA] , aditus pelvis, first parallel pelvic plane, pelvic brim, pelvic plane of i., plane of i., superior pelvic aperture.
thoracic i. SYN: superior thoracic aperture.

innate
innate (i′nat, i-nat′)

SYN: inborn. [L. in-nascor, pp. -natus, to be born in, pp. as adj. inborn, i.]

innervation
innervation (in′er-va′shun)

The supply of nerve fibers functionally connected with a part. [L. in, in, + nervus, nerve]
reciprocal i. contraction in a muscle is accompanied by a loss of tone or by relaxation in the antagonistic muscle. SYN: reciprocal inhibition (1) .

innidiation
innidiation (i-nid-e-a′shun)

The growth and multiplication of abnormal cells in another location to which they have been transported by means of lymph or blood stream, or both. SEE ALSO: metastasis. SYN: colonization (1) , indenization. [L. in, in, + nidus, nest]

innocent
innocent (in′o-sent)

1. Not apparently harmful. 2. Free from legal or moral wrong. [L. innocens (-ent-), fr. in, neg., + noceo, to injure]

innocuous
innocuous (i-nok′u-us)

Harmless. SYN: innoxious. [L. innocuus]

innominatal
innominatal (i-nom′i-na-tal)

Relating to the hip bone.

innominate
innominate (i-nom′i-nat)

Without name; a term formerly applied to the large vessels in the thorax (now called the brachiocephalic trunk and vein) and the hip bone. SYN: anonyma. [L. innominatus, fr. in- neg. + nomen (nomin-), name]

innoxious
innoxious (i-nok′shus)

SYN: innocuous. [L. in-noxius, fr. in, neg. + noceo, to injure]

INO
INO

Acronym for internuclear ophthalmoplegia.

Ino
Ino

Symbol for inosine.

ino- ino-, in-

Fiber, fibrous. SEE ALSO: fibro-. [G. is (in-), fiber]

inoculability
inoculability (i-nok′u-la-bil′i-te)

The quality of being inoculable.

inoculable
inoculable (i-nok′u-la-bl)

1. Transmissible by inoculation. 2. Susceptible to a disease transmissible by inoculation.

inoculate
inoculate (i-nok′u-lat)

1. To introduce the agent of a disease or other antigenic material into the subcutaneous tissue or a blood vessel, or through an abraded or absorbing surface for preventive, curative, or experimental purposes. 2. To implant microorganisms or infectious material into or upon culture media. 3. To communicate a disease by transferring its virus. [L. inoculo, pp. -atus, to ingraft]

inoculation
inoculation (i-nok-u-la′shun)

Introduction into the body of the causative organism of a disease. Also sometimes used, incorrectly, to mean immunization with any type of vaccine.
stress i. in clinical psychology, an approach intended to provide patients with cognitive and attitudinal skills that they can use to cope with stress.

inoculum
inoculum (i-nok′u-lum)

The microorganism or other material introduced by inoculation.

Inocybe
Inocybe (i-no′si-be)

A genus of mushrooms containing several species that have a high yield of muscarine.

inopectic
inopectic (in-o-pek′tik)

Relating to inopexia.

inoperable
inoperable (in-op′er-a-bl)

Denoting that which cannot be operated upon, or a condition that cannot likely be cured by surgery.

inopexia
inopexia (in-o-pek′se-a)

A tendency toward spontaneous coagulation of the blood. [ino + G. pexis, fixation, + -ia]

inorganic
inorganic (in-or-gan′ik)

1. Not organic; not formed by living organisms. 2. See i. compound. 3. Not containing carbon.

inosamine
inosamine (in-os′a-men)

An inositol in which an &cbond;OH group is replaced by an –NH₂ group.

inoscopy
inoscopy (in-os′ko-pe)

The microscopic examination of biologic materials ( e.g., tissue, sputum, clotted blood) after dissecting or chemically digesting the fibrillary elements and strands of fibrin. [ino- + G. skopeo, to look at]

inose
inose (in′os)

SYN: inositol.

inosemia
inosemia (in-o-se′me-a)

1. The presence of inositol in the circulating blood. 2. SYN: fibremia. [inose + G. haima, blood]

inosinate
inosinate (in-o′si-nat)

A salt or ester of inosinic acid.

inosine
inosine (I, Ino) (in′o-sen)

9-β-d-Ribosylhypoxanthine;a nucleoside formed by the deamination of adenosine. SYN: hypoxanthinosine.

inosine 5′-diphosphate
inosine 5′-diphosphate (IDP)

Inosine esterified at its 5′ position with diphosphoric acid.

inosine 5′-monophosphate
inosine 5′-monophosphate (IMP)

SYN: inosinic acid.
IMP dehydrogenase an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of IMP, water, and NAD⁺ to form NADH and xanthosine 5′-monophosphate (XMP), the immediate precursor of GMP.

inosine pranobex
inosine pranobex (in′o-sen pran′o-beks)

A 1:3 molar complex of 1-dimethylaminopropan-2-ol-4-acetamidobenzoate and inosine, used as an antiviral agent.

inosine 5′-triphosphate
inosine 5′-triphosphate (ITP) (in′o-sen)

Inosine with triphosphoric acid esterified at its 5′ position; participates in a number of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.

inosinic acid
inosinic acid (in-o-sin′ik)

A mononucleotide found in muscle and other tissues; a key intermediate in purine biosynthesis; also produced in relatively high levels in muscle. SYN: inosine 5′-monophosphate.

inosinicase
inosinicase (in-o-sin′-a-kas)

An enzyme that functions in purine biosynthesis and catalyzes the ring closure reaction that produces inosinic acid from 5′-phosphoribosyl 5-formamidoimidazole-4-carboxamide.

inosinyl
inosinyl (in-o′si-nil)

The radical of inosinic acid.

inosite
inosite (in′o-sit)

SYN: inositol.

inositide
inositide (in-o′si-tid)

Term used for phosphatidylinositol or any inositol-containing phospholipid.

inositol
inositol (in-o′si-tol, -tol)

1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexahydroxycyclohexane;a member of the vitamin B complex necessary for growth of yeast and of mice; absence from the diet causes alopecia and dermatitis in mice and “spectacle eyes” in rats. It occurs in a number of stereoisomeric forms: cis-, epi-, allo-, neo-, myo-, muco-, chiro-, and scyllo-inositols; the most abundant naturally occurring i. is myo-i. (usually meant when “i.” occurs without a prefix). SYN: antialopecia factor, inose, inosite, lipositol, mouse antialopecia factor.
i. niacinate a peripheral vasodilator.
i. 1,3,4,5-tetraphosphate a phosphorylated derivative of i. formed from i. 1,4,5-trisphosphate that causes Ca²⁺ entry into the cytosol from the extracellular medium; inactivated by hydrolysis to form i. 1,3,4-trisphosphate.
i. 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP₃) a second messenger formed from phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate; triggers the release of calcium ions from special vesicles of the endoplasmic reticulum; has a role in the activation of neutrophils.

inosituria
inosituria (in′o-si-too′re-a)

The excretion of inositol in the urine. SYN: inosuria (1) . [inositol + G. ouron, urine]

inosuria
inosuria (in-o-soo′re-a)

1. SYN: inosituria. 2. The occurrence of fibrin in the urine.

inotropic
inotropic (in-o-trop′ik)

Influencing the contractility of muscular tissue. [ino- + G. tropos, a turning]
negatively i. weakening muscular action.
positively i. strengthening muscular action.

Inoviridae
Inoviridae (i-no-vir′i-de)

A family of filamentous viruses that infect Gram-negative bacteria with a genome of single-stranded DNA (MW 1.9–2.7 × 10⁶). Coliphage fd, the type species of the fd phage group genus, adsorbs to the tips of pili of male enterobacteria and, after multiplication, particles are released without causing lysis of the host bacterium. [ino- + virus]

in phase
in phase

Moving in the same direction at the same time; a possible characteristic of two simultaneous oscillations of similar frequency.

inquest
inquest (in′kwest)

A legal inquiry into the cause of sudden, violent, or mysterious death. [L. in, in, + quaero, pp. quaesitus, to seek]

inquiline
inquiline (in′kwi-lin, -lin)

An animal that lives habitually in the abode of some other species (an oyster crab within the shell of an oyster) causing little or no inconvenience to the host. SEE ALSO: commensal. [L. inquilinus, an inhabitant of a place that is not his own, fr. in, in, + colo, to inhabit]

INR
INR

Abbreviation for international normalized ratio.

insalubrious
insalubrious (in-sa-loo′bre-us)

Unwholesome; unhealthful; usually in reference to climate. [L. in-salubris, unwholesome]

insane
insane (in-san′)

1. Of unsound mind; severely mentally impaired; deranged; crazy. 2. Relating to insanity. [L. in- neg. + sanus, sound, sane]

insanitary
insanitary (in-san′i-tar-e)

Injurious to health, usually in reference to an unclean or contaminated environment. SYN: unsanitary. [L. in- neg. + sanus, sound]

insanity
insanity (in-san′i-te)

1. An outmoded term referring to severe mental illness or psychosis. 2. In law, that degree of mental illness which negates the individual's legal responsibility or capacity. [L. in- neg. + sanus, sound]
criminal i. in forensic psychiatry, a term that describes the degree of mental competence and that is defined by such currently applicable legal precedents as the American Law Institute rule, Durham rule, M'Naghten rule, and the New Hampshire rule.
i. defense in forensic psychiatry, the use in the courtroom of i. as a mitigating factor in the defense of an individual on trial for a serious criminal offense. See criminal i..

inscriptio
inscriptio (in-skrip′she-o)

SYN: inscription. [L. fr. in-scribo, pp. -scriptus, to write on]
i. tendinea SYN: tendinous intersection.

inscription
inscription (in-skrip′shun)

1. The main part of a prescription; that which indicates the drugs and the quantity of each to be used in the mixture. 2. A mark, band, or line. SYN: inscriptio. [L. inscriptio]
tendinous i. SYN: tendinous intersection.

Insecta
Insecta (in-sek′ta)

The insects, the largest class of the phylum Arthropoda and the largest major grouping of living things, chiefly characterized by flight, great adaptability, vast speciation in terrestrial and freshwater environments, and possession of three pairs of jointed legs and, usually, two pairs of wings. Some are parasitic, others serve as intermediate hosts for parasites, including those that cause many human diseases. Some are wingless; others, such as the Diptera, have only one pair of wings. Respiration is by tracheoles, cuticle-lined air tubes that pass air directly to the tissues. Development in higher forms is holometabolous and passes through distinctive egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages. SYN: Hexapoda. [L. pl. of insectus, insect, fr. in-seco, pp. -sectus, to cut into]

insectarium
insectarium (in-sek-ta′re-um)

Place for keeping and breeding insects for scientific purposes. [L.]

insecticide
insecticide (in-sek′ti-sid)

An agent that kills insects. [insect + L. caedo, to kill]

insectifuge
insectifuge (in-sek′ti-fooj)

A substance that drives off insects. [insect + L. fugo, to put to flight]

Insectivora
Insectivora (in-sek-tiv′o-ra)

An order of small, plantigrade, placental mammals that are extremely active and often highly predaceous; they feed mostly on insects and small rodents, although the jes or potomogale of Africa feeds on fish. Eight living families include the solenodons of Cuba and Haiti, tenrecs of Madagascar, hedgehog of Europe and Asia, and shrews and moles of the U.S., Africa, and Asia. [insect + L. voro, to devour]

insectivorous
insectivorous (in-sek-tiv′o-rus)

Insect-eating. [insect + L. voro, to devour]

insecurity
insecurity (in-se-kur′i-te)

A feeling of unprotectedness and helplessness.

insemination
insemination (in-sem-i-na′shun)

Deposit of seminal fluid within the vagina, normally during coitus. SYN: semination. [L. in-semino, pp. -atus, to sow or plant in, fr. semen, seed]
artificial i. the introduction of semen into the vagina other than by coitus.
donor i. SYN: heterologous i..
heterologous i. artificial i. with semen from a donor who is not the woman's husband. SYN: donor i..
homologous i. artificial i. with the husband's semen.
intrauterine i. (IUI) placement of sperm that have been washed of seminal fluid directly into the uterus to bypass the cervix.

insenescence
insenescence (in-se-nes′ens)

The process of growing old. [L. insenesco, to begin to grow old]

insensible
insensible (in-sen′si-bl)

1. SYN: unconscious. 2. Not appreciable by the senses. [L. in-sensibilis, fr. in, neg. + sentio, pp. sensus, to feel]

insert
insert (in′sert)

1. An additional length of base pairs in DNA that has been introduced into that DNA. 2. An additional length of bases that has been introduced into RNA. 3. An additional length of amino acids acyl residues that has been introduced into a protein.

insertion
insertion (in-ser′shun)

1. A putting in. 2. The usually more distal attachment of a muscle to the more movable part of the skeleton, as distinguished from origin. 3. In dentistry, the intraoral placing of a dental prosthesis. 4. Intrusion of fragments of any size from molecular to cytogenetic into the normal genome. [L. insertio, a planting in, fr. insero, -sertus, to plant in]
parasol i. SYN: velamentous i..
velamentous i. a form of i. of the fetal blood vessels into the placenta, in which the vessels separate before reaching the placenta and develop toward it in a fold of amnion, somewhat like the ribs of an open parasol. SYN: parasol i..

insheathed
insheathed (in-shethd′)

Enclosed in a sheath or capsule.

insidious
insidious (in-sid′e-us)

Treacherous; stealthy; denoting a disease that progresses gradually with inapparent symptoms. [L. insidiosus, cunning, fr. insidiae (pl.), an ambush]

insight
insight (in′sit)

Self-understanding as to the motives and reasons behind one's own actions or those of another's.

in situ
in situ (in si′too)

In position, not extending beyond the focus or level of origin. [L. in, in, + situs, site]

insolation
insolation (in-so-la′shun)

1. Exposure to the sun's rays. 2. SYN: sunstroke. [L. insolare, to place in the sun]

insoluble
insoluble (in-sol′u-bl)

Not soluble.

insomnia
insomnia (in-som′ne-a)

Inability to sleep, in the absence of external impediments, such as noise, a bright light, etc., during the period when sleep should normally occur; may vary in degree from restlessness or disturbed slumber to a curtailment of the normal length of sleep or to absolute wakefulness. SYN: sleeplessness. [L. fr. in- priv. + somnus, sleep]
conditioned i. a form of i. resulting from conditioned behaviors that are incompatible with sleep, e.g., each time a person walks into his bedroom, his first thought is that he is not going to be able to sleep.
subjective i. a condition characterized by the subjective experience of greatly reduced sleep, in the context of relatively normal physiologic measures of sleep.

insomniac
insomniac (in-som′ne-ak)

1. A sufferer from insomnia. 2. Exhibiting, tending toward, or producing insomnia.

insorption
insorption (in-sorp′shun)

Movement of substances from the lumen of the gut into the blood. [L. in, in, + sorbeo, to suck]

inspection
inspection

visual i. with acetic acid SYN: acetowhitening, cervicoscopy.

inspersion
inspersion (in-sper′shun, -zhun)

Sprinkling with a fluid or a powder. [L. inspersio, fr. in-spergo, pp. -spersus, to scatter upon, fr. spargo, to scatter]

inspiration
inspiration (in-spi-ra′shun)

SYN: inhalation (1) . [L. inspiratio, fr. in-spiro, pp. -atus, to breathe in]
crowing i. noisy breathing associated with respiratory obstruction, usually at the larynx.

inspiratory
inspiratory (in-spi′ra-to-re)

Relating to or timed during inhalation.

inspire
inspire (in-spir′)

SYN: inhale.

inspirometer
inspirometer (in-spi-rom′e-ter)

An instrument for measuring the force, frequency, or volume of inspirations. [L. in-spiro, to breathe in, + G. metron, measure]

inspissate
inspissate (in-spis′at)

To perform or undergo inspissation.

inspissation
inspissation (in-spi-sa′shun)

1. The act of thickening or condensing, as by evaporation or absorption of fluid. 2. An increased thickening or diminished fluidity. [L. in, intensive, + spisso, pp. -atus, to thicken]

inspissator
inspissator (in-spis′a-tor)

An apparatus for evaporating fluids.

instability
instability (in-sta-bil′i-te)

The state of being unstable, or lacking stability.
detrusor i. involuntary detrusor contractions that may occur at bladder volumes below capacity. SYN: detrusor hyperreflexia.
spinal i. the inability of the spinal column, under physiologic loads, to maintain its normal configuration; may result in damage to the spinal cord or nerve roots or lead to the development of a painful spinal deformity.

instar
instar (in′stahr)

Any of the successive nymphal stages in the metamorphosis of hemimetabolous insects (simple or incomplete metamorphosis), or the stages of larval change by successive molts that characterize the holometabolous insects (complex or complete metamorphosis). [L. form]

instep
instep

The arch, or highest part of the dorsum of the foot. SEE ALSO: tarsus.

instillation
instillation (in-sti-la′shun)

Dropping of a liquid on or into a body part. [L. instillatio, fr. in-stillo, pp. -atus, to pour in by drops, fr. stilla, a drop]

instillator
instillator (in′sti-la-ter)

A device for performing instillation. SYN: dropper.

instinct
instinct (in′stinkt)

1. An enduring disposition or tendency of an organism to act in an organized and biologically adaptive manner characteristic of its species. 2. The unreasoning impulse to perform some purposive action without an immediate consciousness of the end to which that action may lead. 3. In psychoanalytic theory, the forces or drives assumed to exist behind the tension caused by the needs of the id. [L. instinctus, impulse]
aggressive i. SYN: death i..
death i. an i. of living creatures toward self-destruction, death, or a return to the inorganic lifelessness from which they arose. SYN: aggressive i..
ego instincts self-preservative needs and self-love, as opposed to object love; drives that are primarily erotic.
herd i. tendency or inclination to band together with and share the customs of others of a group, and to conform to the opinions and adopt the views of the group. SYN: social i..
life i. the i. of self-preservation and sexual procreation; the basic urge toward preservation of the species. SYN: sexual i..
sexual i. SYN: life i..
social i. SYN: herd i..

instinctive
instinctive, instinctual (in-stink′tiv, -stink′choo-al)

Relating to instinct.

instrument
instrument (in′stroo-ment)

A tool or implement. [L. instrumentum]
diamond cutting instruments in dentistry, cylinders, disks, and other cutting instruments to which numerous small diamond pyramids have been attached by a plating of metal.
hearing i. SYN: hearing aid.
Krueger i. stop a mechanical device limiting the insertion of a root canal i. into a canal.
plugging i. SYN: plugger.
purse-string i. an intestinal clamp with jaws at an angle to the handle; when closed across the bowel, large grooved interdigitating serrations allow passage of a straight needle and suture through each side to form a purse-string suture, after which the clamp is removed.
Sabouraud-Noiré i. an obsolete device for measuring the quantity of x-rays by means of the change in color of a disk of barium platinocyanide which exposure to them produces; the unit used in this method is called tint B. see erythema dose.
stereotactic i., stereotaxic i. an apparatus attached to the head, used to localize precisely an area in the brain by means of coordinates related to intracerebral structures.
test handle i. a root canal i. the handle of which is similar to a collet chuck and which can be secured in position on the root canal i. to adjust its effective length.

instrumentarium
instrumentarium (in′stroo-men-tar′e-um)

A collection of instruments and other equipment for an operation or for a medical procedure.

instrumentation
instrumentation (in′stroo-men-ta′shun)

1. The use of instruments. 2. In dentistry, the application of armamentarium in a restorative procedure.

insuccation
insuccation (in′su-ka′shun)

Maceration or soaking, especially of a crude drug to prepare it for further pharmaceutical operation. [L. insuco, pp. -atus, to soak in, fr. in, in, + sucus, juice, sap (improp. succ-)]

insudate
insudate (in′soo-dat)

Fluid swelling within an arterial wall (ordinarily serous), differing from an exudate in that it does not come to lie extramurally. [L. in, in, + sudo, pp. -atus, to sweat]

insufficiency
insufficiency (in-su-fish′en-se)

Lack of completeness of function or power. SEE ALSO: incompetence. [L. in-, neg. + sufficientia, fr. sufficio to suffice]
accommodative i. a lack of appropriate accommodation for near focus.
acute adrenocortical i. severe adrenocortical i. when an intercurrent illness or trauma causes an increased demand for adrenocortical hormones in a patient with adrenal i. due to disease or use of relatively large amounts of similar hormones as therapy; characterized by nausea, vomiting, hypotension, and frequently hyperthemia, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, and hypoglycemia; can be fatal if untreated. SYN: addisonian crisis, adrenal crisis, Bernard-Sergent syndrome.
adrenocortical i. loss, to varying degrees, of adrenocortical function. SYN: hypocorticoidism.
aortic i. valvular regurgitation.
cardiac i. SYN: heart failure (1) .
chronic adrenocortical i. adrenocortical i. usually as the result of idiopathic atrophy or destruction of both adrenal glands by tuberculosis, an autoimmune process, or other diseases; characterized by fatigue, decreased blood pressure, weight loss, increased melanin pigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes, anorexia, and nausea or vomiting; without appropriate replacement therapy, it can progress to acute adrenocortical i.. SYN: Addison disease, addisonian syndrome, hyposupradrenalism, morbus Addisonii.
convergence i. that condition in which an exophoria or exotropia is more marked for near vision than for far vision.
coronary i. inadequate coronary circulation leading to anginal pain. SYN: coronarism (1) .
divergence i. that condition in which an esophoria or esotropia is more marked for far vision than for near vision.
exocrine pancreatic i. lack of exocrine secretions of pancreas, due to destruction of acini, usually by chronic pancreatitis; lack of digestive enzymes from pancreas results in diarrhea, usually fatty (steatorrhea) because of lack of pancreatic enzymes.
hepatic i. defective functional activity of the liver cells.
latent adrenocortical i. adrenocortical i. not clinically evident but which can become severe if a sudden stress, such as an intercurrent acute illness, develops.
mitral i. valvular regurgitation.
muscular i. failure of any muscle to contract with its normal force, especially such failure of any of the eye muscles.
myocardial i. SYN: heart failure (1) .
parathyroid i. SYN: hypoparathyroidism.
partial adrenocortical i. normal basal adrenocortical function with failure of adrenocortical reserve to respond to ACTH stimulation.
primary adrenocortical i. adrenocortical i. caused by disease, destruction, or surgical removal of the adrenal cortices.
pulmonary i. valvular regurgitation.
pyloric i. patulousness of the pyloric outlet of the stomach, allowing regurgitation of duodenal contents into the stomach.
renal i. defective function of the kidneys, with accumulation of waste products (particularly nitrogenous) in the blood.
respiratory i. failure to adequately provide oxygen to the cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them.
secondary adrenocortical i. adrenocortical i. caused by failure of ACTH secretion resulting from anterior pituitary disease or inhibition of ACTH production resulting from exogenous steroid therapy.
thyroid i. subnormal secretion of hormones by the thyroid gland. SEE ALSO: hypothyroidism.
tricuspid i. valvular regurgitation.
uterine i. atony of the uterine musculature.
valvular i. SYN: valvular regurgitation.
velopharyngeal i. anatomical or functional deficiency in the soft palate or superior constrictor muscle of the pharynx, resulting in the inability to achieve velopharyngeal closure.
venous i. inadequate drainage of venous blood from a part, resulting in edema or dermatosis.

insufflate
insufflate (in-suf′lat)

To deliver air or gas under pressure to a cavity or chamber of the body as, e.g,, the injection of carbon dioxide into the peritoneum to achieve pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopy and laparoscopic surgery. [L. in-sufflo, to blow on or into]

insufflation
insufflation (in-suf-la′shun)

1. The act or process of insufflating. 2. SYN: inhalant (3) .
perirenal i. an obsolete technique involving injection of air or carbon dioxide about the kidneys for radiography of the adrenal glands.
peritoneal i. the administration of a gas, usually carbon dioxide, within the peritoneal cavity to facilitate laparoendoscopic procedures.

insufflator
insufflator (in′suf-la-ter)

An instrument used in insufflation.

insula
insula, gen. and pl. insulae (in′soo-la, -le) [TA]

1. [TA] An oval region of the cerebral cortex overlying the extreme capsule, lateral to the lenticular nucleus, buried in the depth of the fissura lateralis cerebri (sylvian fissure), separated from the adjacent opercula by the circular sulcus of i.. SYN: insular area, insular cortex, island of Reil. 2. SYN: island. 3. Any circumscribed body or patch on the skin. [L. island]
Haller i. a doubling of the thoracic duct for part of its course through the thorax. SYN: Haller anulus.

insular
insular (in′soo-lar)

Relating to any insula, especially the island of Reil.

insulate
insulate (in′su-lat)

To prevent the passage of electric or radiant energy by the interposition of a nonconducting substance. [L. insulatus, made like an island]

insulation
insulation (in-su-la′shun)

1. The act of insulating. 2. The nonconducting substance so used. 3. The state of being insulated.

insulator
insulator (in′su-la-ter)

A nonconducting substance used as insulation.

insulin
insulin (in′su-lin)

A polypeptide hormone, secreted by beta cells in the islets of Langerhans, that promotes glucose utilization, protein synthesis, and the formation and storage of neutral lipids; available in a variety of preparations including genetically engineered human i., which is presently favored, i. is used parenterally in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. [L. insula, island, + -in]
biphasic i. the specific antidiabetic principle of the pancreas of the ox in a solution of that from the pancreas of the pig.
globin i. SYN: regular i..
globin zinc i. a sterile solution of i. modified by the addition of zinc chloride and globin; it contains 100 units per ml; duration of action is about 18 hours.
human i. a protein that has the normal structure of i. produced by the human pancreas, prepared by recombinant DNA techniques and by semisynthetic processes.
immunoreactive i. that portion of i. in blood measured by immunochemical methods for the hormone; presumed to represent the free (unbound) and biologically active fraction of total blood i..
isophane i. a modified form of i. composed of i., protamine, and zinc; an intermediately acting preparation used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. SYN: NPH i..
lente i. SYN: i. zinc suspension.
lispro i. a modified version of natural human i., synthesized by a genetically programmed strain of nonpathogenic Escherichia coli, in which the amino acids lysine (Lys) and proline (Pro) near the end of the B chain are transposed. This chemical alteration yields an i. with a much faster onset of action, which reaches its peak effect earlier than regular i.. [Lys + Pro] Lispro i., introduced in 1996, has the same molecular weight and the same biochemical functions as the natural hormone, and when administered intravenously its effects are virtually indistinguishable from those of regular i.. However, when it is injected subcutaneously it reaches its peak serum level in 30–90 minutes, as compared to 50–120 minutes for regular i., and it also has a shorter half-life. While the original indication for lispro i. was for use as a rapid-acting premeal i., clinical experience has shown that this agent improves postprandial glucose levels, reduces the incidence of severe hypoglycemia and nighttime hypoglycemia, and improves glucose control as measured by glycosylated hemoglobin, when appropriate adjustments are made to basal i., snacking, and exercise level. Unlike other insulins, lispro i. is not available without a prescription. It is not recommended for use in pregnancy because its effects on the fetus have not been assessed.
NPH i. SYN: isophane i.. [Neutral Protamine Hagedorn]
protamine zinc i. i. modified by the addition of protamine and zinc chloride; it contains 100 units per ml.
regular i. a rapidly acting form of i. which is a clear solution and may be administered intravenously as well as subcutaneously; may be mixed with longer acting forms of i. to extend the duration of effect. Onset of effect occurs in 12 to 1 hour, peak effects are observed in 2 to 3 hours, and the duration of effect is about 5 to 7 hours. SYN: globin i..
semilente i. SYN: prompt i. zinc suspension.
ultralente i. a form of zinc precipitated i. in suspension in which the particle size is large, and thus release into the bloodstream after subcutaneous injection is slow; it can be mixed with other insulins having different particle sizes to achieve different durations of activity. Can be derived from porcine, bovine, or genetically engineered human type.

insulinemia
insulinemia (in′su-li-ne′me-a)

Literally, insulin in the circulating blood; usually connotes abnormally large concentrations of insulin in the circulating blood. [insulin + G. haima, blood]

insulinogenesis
insulinogenesis (in′su-lin-o-jen′e-sis)

Production of insulin. [insulin + G. genesis, production]

insulinogenic
insulinogenic, insulogenic (in′su-lin-o-jen′ik, in′su-lo-jen′ik)

Relating to insulinogenesis.

insulinoma
insulinoma (in′su-li-no′ma)

An islet cell adenoma that secretes insulin.

insulitis
insulitis (in′su-li′tis)

Inflammation of the islands of Langerhans, with lymphocytic infiltration which may result from viral infection and be the initial lesion of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [L. insula, island, + -itis, inflammation]

insult
insult (in′sult)

An injury, attack, or trauma. [LL. insultus, fr L. insulto, to spring upon]

insurance
insurance

fee-for-service i. i. coverage that reimburses participants and providers following submission of a claim. Participants have few if any restrictions on which hospitals or doctors to use.

insusceptibility
insusceptibility (in′su-sep′ti-bil′i-te)

SYN: immunity. [L. suscipio, pp. -ceptus, to take upon one, fr. sub, under, + capio, to take]

int. cib.
int. cib.

Abbreviation for L. inter cibos, between meals.

integral
integral (int′e-gral)

1. Constituent. 2. Integrated. 3. See integration (3) .

integration
integration (in-te-gra′shun)

1. The state of being combined, or the process of combining, into a complete and harmonious whole. 2. In physiology, the process of building up, as by accretion, anabolism, etc. 3. In mathematics, the process of ascertaining a function from its differential. 4. In molecular biology, a recombination event in which a genetic element is inserted. [L. integro, pp. -atus, to make whole, fr. integer, whole]
personality i. the effective organization of old and new experience, data, and emotional capacities into the personality; the harmonious organization of the personality.

integrins
integrins (in-te′grinz)

A family of cell membrane glycoproteins that are heterodimers composed of α- and β-chain subunits. They serve as extracellular matrix glycoprotein receptors involved in cell adhesion, e.g., the mediation of adhesion of neutrophils to endothelial cells. [L. integer, whole, intact, fr. in- + tango, to touch + -in]

integrity
integrity (in-teg′ri-te)

Soundness or completeness of structure; a sound or unimpaired condition.
marginal i. of amalgam the ability of a dental amalgam restoration to maintain its original marginal form at the cavosurface margins.

integument
integument (in-teg′u-ment) [TA]

1. The enveloping membrane of the body; includes, in addition to the epidermis and dermis, all of the derivatives of the epidermis, e.g., hairs, nails, sudoriferous and sebaceous glands, and mammary glands. 2. The rind, capsule, or covering of any body or part. SYN: tegument (2) . SYN: integumentum commune [TA] , integumentary system, tegument (1) . [L. integumentum, a covering, fr. intego, to cover]

integumentary
integumentary (in-teg-u-men′ta-re)

Relating to the integument. SEE ALSO: cutaneous, dermal.

integumentum commune
integumentum commune (in-teg-u-men′tum ko-moo′ne) [TA]

SYN: integument.

intellectualization
intellectualization (in-te-lek′choo-al-i-za′shun)

An unconscious defense mechanism in which reasoning, logic, or focusing on and verbalizing intellectual minutiae is used in an attempt to avoid confrontation with an objectionable impulse, affect, or interpersonal situation. [L. intellectus, perception, discernment]

intelligence
intelligence (in-tel′i-jens)

1. An person's aggregate capacity to act purposefully, think rationally, and deal effectively with the environment, especially in relation to the extent of one's perceived effectiveness in meeting challenges. 2. In psychology, a person's relative standing on two quantitative indices, measured i. and effectiveness of adaptive behavior; a quantitative score or similar index on both indices constitutes the operational definition of i.. [L. intelligentia]
abstract i. the capacity to understand and manage abstract ideas and symbols.
artificial i. 1. a branch of computer science in which attempts are made to replicate human intellectual functions. One application is the development of computer programs for diagnosis. Such programs are often based on epidemiologic analysis of data in large numbers of medical records; 2. a machine that replicates human intellectual functions, although no machine ( i.e., computer) can do this yet.
measured i. that i. which can be ranked relative to an age or peer group quantitative index by use of scores on i. tests.
mechanical i. the capacity to understand and manage technical mechanisms.
social i. the capacity to understand and manage one's human relations and social affairs.

intemperance
intemperance (in-tem′per-ans)

Lack of proper self-control, usually in reference to the use of alcoholic beverages. Cf.:incontinence (2) . [L. intemperantia, fr. in-, neg. + temperantia, moderation]

intensity
intensity (in-ten′si-te)

1. Marked tension; great activity; often used simply to denote a measure of the degree or amount of some quality. 2. The magnitude of energy flux, field strength, or force. [L. in- tendo, pp. -tensus, to stretch out]
luminous i. (I) the luminous flux per unit solid angle in a given direction. SYN: candle-power, radiant i..
performance i. the improvement in recognition of spoken words that occurs with increasing i. of sound.
radiant i. (I) SYN: luminous i..
i. of sound the objective measurement of the amplitude of vibration of a sound wave.

intensive
intensive (in-ten′siv)

Relating to or marked by intensity; denoting a form of treatment by means of very large doses or of substances possessing great strength or activity.

intention
intention (in-ten′shun)

1. An objective. 2. In surgery, a process or operation. [L. intentio, a stretching out; i.]

inter- inter-

Among, between. [L. inter, between]

interacinar
interacinar (in-ter-as′i-nar)

SYN: interacinous.

interacinous
interacinous (in-ter-as′i-nus)

Between the acini of a gland. SYN: interacinar.

interaction
interaction (int′er-ak′shun)

1. The reciprocal action between two entities in a common environment as in chemical i., ecological i., social i., etc. 2. The effects when two entities concur that would not be observed with either in isolation. 3. In statistics, pharmacology, and quantitative genetics, the phenomenon that the combined effects of two causes differ from the sum of the effects separately (as in synergism and antagonism). 4. Independent operation of two or more causes to produce or prevent an effect. 5. In statistics, the necessity for a product term in a linear model. 6. The transfer of energy between elementary particles or between fields of energy.
apolar i. SYN: hydrophobic i..
hydrophobic i. i. between uncharged substituents on different molecules without a sharing of electrons or protons; entropy-driven i.. SYN: apolar i..

interalveolar
interalveolar (in′ter-al-ve′o-lar)

Between any alveoli, especially the alveoli of the lungs.

interannular
interannular (in-ter-an′u-lar)

Between any two ringlike structures or constrictions. [inter- + L. anulus, ring]

interarch
interarch (in′ter-arch)

See i. distance.

interarticular
interarticular (in-ter-ar-tik′u-lar)

1. Between two joints. Cf.:intra-articular. 2. Between two joint surfaces. [inter- + L. articulus, joint]

interarytenoid
interarytenoid (in′ter-ar′i-te′noyd)

Between the arytenoid cartilages.

interasteric
interasteric (in-ter-a-ste′rik)

Between the two asteria. See asterion.

interatrial
interatrial (in-ter-a′tre-al)

Between the atria of the heart. SYN: interauricular (1) .

interaural
interaural (in-ter-aw′ral)

Referring to differences between ears, particularly temporal events occurring in or emanating from the ears.

interauricular
interauricular (in′ter-aw-rik′u-lar)

1. SYN: interatrial. 2. Between the auricles or pinnae.

interbody
interbody (in′ter-bod′e)

Between the bodies of two adjacent vertebrae.

intercadence
intercadence (in-ter-ka′dens)

The occurrence of an extra beat between the two regular pulse beats. [inter- + L. cado, pr. p. cadens (-ent-), to fall]

intercadent
intercadent (in-ter-ka′dent)

Irregular in rhythm; characterized by intercadence.

intercalary
intercalary (in-ter′ka-ler-e, in-ter-kal′er-e)

1. Occurring between two others; as in a pulse tracing, an upstroke interposed between two normal pulse beats. 2. In fungi, located in a hypha or between hyphal segments, not at a hyphal terminus. [L. intercalarius, concerning an insertion]

intercalated
intercalated (in-ter′ka-la-ted)

Interposed; inserted between two others. [L. intercalatus]

intercalation
intercalation (in′ter-ka′la-shun)

The process of insertion between two other entities; E.G., insertion of a dye or drug between stacked bases in DNA.

intercanalicular
intercanalicular (in-ter-kan-a-lik′u-lar)

Between canaliculi.

intercapillary
intercapillary (in-ter-kap′i-la-re)

Between or among capillary vessels.

intercarotic
intercarotic, intercarotid (in-ter-ka-rot′ik, -id)

Between the internal and external carotid arteries.

intercarpal
intercarpal (in-ter-kar′pal)

Between the carpal bones.

intercartilaginous
intercartilaginous (in′ter-kar-ti-laj′i-nus)

Between or connecting cartilages. SYN: interchondral.

intercavernous
intercavernous (in′ter-kav′er-nus)

Between two cavities.

intercellular
intercellular (in-ter-sel′u-lar)

Between or among cells.

intercentral
intercentral (in-ter-sen′tral)

Connecting or lying between two or more centers.

intercerebral
intercerebral (in′ter-ser′e-bral)

Between the cerebral hemispheres.

interchondral
interchondral (in-ter-kon′dral)

SYN: intercartilaginous. [inter- + L. chondros, cartilage]

intercilium
intercilium (in-ter-sil′e-um)

SYN: glabella. [inter- + L. cilium, eyelid]

interclavicular
interclavicular (in-ter-kla-vik′u-lar)

Between or connecting the clavicles.

intercoccygeal
intercoccygeal (in′ter-kok-sij′e-al)

Situated between unfused segments of the coccyx.

intercolumnar
intercolumnar (in-ter-ko-lum′nar)

Between any two columns, as the columns or crura of the superficial inguinal ring.

intercondylar
intercondylar, intercondylic, intercondyloid (in-ter-kon′di-lar, -kon-dil′ik, -kon′di-loyd)

Between two condyles.

interconversion
interconversion (in-ter-kon-ver′shun)

A mutual alteration of the physical or chemical nature of a substance or entity; E.G., i. of chemical compounds or of foodstuffs.
enzyme i. the reversible transformation of one enzyme form into another, typically with an alteration in the enzyme activity or regulation, E.G., phosphorylation of a glycogen phosphorylase.

intercostal
intercostal (in-ter-kos′tal)

Between the ribs. [inter- + L. costa, rib]

intercostohumeral
intercostohumeral (in′ter-kos′to-hu′mer-al)

Relating to an intercostal space and the arm. See intercostobrachial nerves, under nerve.

intercostohumeralis
intercostohumeralis (in-ter-kos′to-hu-mer-a′lis)

See intercostobrachial nerves, under nerve.

intercourse
intercourse (in′ter-kors)

Communication or dealings between or among people. [L. intercursus, a running between]
sexual i. SYN: coitus.

intercricothyrotomy
intercricothyrotomy (in-ter-kri′ko-thi-rot′o-me)

SYN: cricothyrotomy.

intercrines
intercrines (in′ter-krinz)

SYN: chemokines. [inter- + G. krino, to separate, secrete]

intercristal
intercristal (in-ter-kris′tal)

Between two crests, as between the crests of the ilia, applied to one of the pelvic measurements.

intercross
intercross (in′ter-kros)

A mating between two individuals both heterozygous at a specified locus or loci.

intercrural
intercrural (in-ter-kroo′ral)

Between two crura; e.g., the cerebral peduncles of the brain, etc .

intercurrent
intercurrent (in-ter-ker′ent)

Intervening; said of a disease attacking a person already ill of another malady. [inter- + L. curro, pr. p. currens (-ent-), to run]

intercuspation
intercuspation (in′ter-kus-pa′shun)

1. The cusp-to-fossa relation of the maxillary and mandibular posterior teeth to each other. 2. The interlocking or fitting together of the cusps of opposing teeth. SYN: interdigitation (4) . SYN: intercusping.

intercusping
intercusping (in-ter-kus′ping)

SYN: intercuspation. [L. inter, among, mutually, + cusp]

intercutaneomucous
intercutaneomucous (in′ter-ku-ta′ne-o-mu′kus)

Between skin and mucous membrane, as in the cheek or lip or at the mucocutaneous border of the lips or anus.

interdeferential
interdeferential (in-ter-def-er-en′shal)

Between the deferent ducts.

interdental
interdental (in-ter-den′tal)

1. Between the teeth. 2. Denoting the relationship between the proximal surfaces of the teeth of the same arch. [inter- + L. dens, tooth]

interdentium
interdentium (in-ter-den′she-um)

The interval between any two contiguous teeth.

interdigit
interdigit (in-ter-dij′it)

That part of the hand or foot lying between any two adjacent fingers or toes.

interdigital
interdigital (in-ter-dij′i-tal)

Between the fingers or toes.

interdigitation
interdigitation (in′ter-dij-i-ta′shun)

1. The mutual interlocking of toothed or tonguelike processes. 2. The processes thus interlocked. 3. Infoldings or plicae of adjacent cell or plasma membranes. 4. SYN: intercuspation (2) . [inter- + L. digitus, finger]

interdisciplinary
interdisciplinary (in-ter-dis′i-pli-nar-e)

Denoting the overlapping interests of different fields of medicine and science. [inter- + L. disciplina, instruction, teaching]

interface
interface (in′ter-fas)

1. A surface that forms a common boundary of two bodies. 2. The boundary between regions of different radiopacity, acoustic, or magnetic resonance properties; the projection of the i. between tissues of different such properties on an image.
crystalline i. in dentistry, a boundary between adjacent crystals.
dermoepidermal i. the line of meeting of the dermis and epidermis.
metal i. in dentistry, a boundary between metal and nonsolvent solder, or between metal and surface oxide.
structural i. in dentistry, a boundary between tooth and restorative material.

interfacial
interfacial (in-ter-fa′shal)

Relating to an interface.

interfascicular
interfascicular (in′ter-fa-sik′u-lar)

Between fasciculi.

interfemoral
interfemoral (in-ter-fem′o-ral)

Between the thighs.

interference
interference (in-ter-fer′ens)

1. The coming together of waves in various media in such a way that the crests of one series correspond to the hollows of the other, the two thus neutralizing each other; or so that the crests of the two series correspond, thus increasing the excursions of the waves. 2. Collision within the myocardium of two waves of excitation at the junction of territories controlled by each, as is seen in AV dissociation. 3. Also, in AV dissociation, the disturbance of the regular rhythm of the ventricles by a conducted impulse from the atria, e.g., by a ventricular capture (i. beat). 4. The condition in which infection of a cell by one virus prevents superinfection by another virus, or in which superinfection prevents effects which would result from infection by either virus alone, even though both viruses persist. [inter- + L. ferio, to strike]
bacterial i. the condition in which colonization by one bacterial strain prevents colonization by another strain.
cuspal i. SYN: deflective occlusal contact.

interferometer
interferometer (in′ter-fe-rom′e-ter)

An instrument for measuring minute distances or movements through the interference of light waves thereby produced. [interfere + G. metron, measure]
electron i. an i. that employs an electron beam in place of a light beam.

interferometry
interferometry (in′ter-fe-rom′e-tre)

Measurement of mi-nute distances or movements by interaction of waves of electromagnetic energy.
electron i. i. in which a beam of electrons is used instead of a beam of light.

interferon
interferon (IFN) (in-ter-fer′on)

A class of small protein and glycoprotein cytokines (15–28 kD) produced by T cells, fibroblasts, and other cells in response to viral infection and other biological and synthetic stimuli. Interferons bind to specific receptors on cell membranes; their effects include inducing enzymes, suppressing cell proliferation, inhibiting viral proliferation, enhancing the phagocytic activity of macrophages, and augmenting the cytotoxic activity of T lymphocytes. Interferons are divided into five major classes (alpha, beta, gamma, tau, and omega) and several subclasses (indicated by Arabic numerals and letters) on the basis of physicochemical properties, cells of origin, mode of induction, and antibody reactions. [interfere + -on] The discovery in 1957 that viral infection of human cells induces the formation of natural antiviral agents raised the hope that these substances might have therapeutic potential. Early studies showed that, unlike antibodies, interferons are active against a broad range of viruses, but progress in applying this knowledge to human medicine was retarded by the difficulty of producing interferons in sufficient quantity. In the 1980s the development of recombinant DNA technology overcame this obstacle, and interferons now play an important role in the treatment not only of viral infections but also of certain malignancies. Commercially available interferons are produced by genetically altered colonies of Escherichia coli or Chinese hamster ovary cells, or are induced by controlled viral infection in pooled human leukocytes. Alpha interferons have found the widest application in medicine. (The spelling alpha is used with respect to naturally occurring interferons; in compliance with international conventions for generic drug names, the spelling alfa appears in names of pharmaceutical formulations.) Alpha interferons are used in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis C, hairy cell leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma, malignant melanoma, condylomata acuminata and recurrent respiratory papillomatosis due to human papillomavirus, and infantile hemangiomatosis. About 50% of patients treated for chronic hepatitis B with i.-alfa show disappearance of hepatitis B_e antigen (HB_eAg) and reversion of alanine aminotransferase to normal. The response rate in chronic hepatitis C is lower (15–25%), but better results are achieved by using more aggressive therapy (daily rather than thrice weekly administration) and continuing it longer (a minimum of 12 months). Modified formulations of i.-alfa conjugated with polyethylene glycol (PEG), which have yielded promising results in hepatitis C with once-a-week dosing, are in phase III trials. Beta interferons reduce clinical recurrences and progression of myelin damage in multiple sclerosis. Gamma i. is effective in retarding tissue changes in osteopetrosis and systemic scleroderma and in reducing the frequency and severity of infections in chronic granulomatous disease. Administration of interferons is parenteral (intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intranasal, intrathecal, or intralesional) and several weeks of treatment may be required before clinical response is noted. More than 50% of patients experience a flulike syndrome of fatigue, myalgia, and arthralgia. Gastrointestinal and CNS side effects are also common, and marrow suppression may occur with prolonged treatment.
i. alfa 2b a water-soluble protein (MW 19,271) secreted by cells infected by virus; used to treat hairy cell leukemia, malignant melanoma, condylomata acuminata, AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma, and chronic hepatitis C.
i. alpha (IFN-α) the major i. made by virus-induced leukocytes; a number of different subtypes exist that are elaborated by leukocytes in response to viral infection or to stimulation with double-stranded RNA. There are 14 genes on the short arm of chromosome 9 that code for these substances in humans. IFN-α-2A and -2B are protein products made by recombinant DNA techniques and are used as antineoplastic agents. SYN: leukocyte i..
antigen i. SYN: i. gamma.
i. beta (IFN-β) i. elaborated by fibroblasts and microphages in response to the same stimuli as i. alpha; only one gene codes for this i.. SYN: fibroblast i..
i. beta 1b a purified protein containing 165 amino acids (MW approximately 18,500) with antiviral and immunomodulatory effects, used in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis to reduce the frequency of clinical exacerbations.
fibroblast i. SYN: i. beta.
i. gamma (IFN-γ) i. elaborated by T lymphocytes in response to either specific antigen or mitogenic stimulation; only one gene codes for γ i.. i. gamma behaves like a biological response modifies and is highly immunoregulatory. SYN: antigen i., immune i..
immune i. SYN: i. gamma.
leukocyte i. SYN: i. alpha.
i.-omega a form of i. known as i.-alpha-2.
i.-tau an i. secreted by bovine concepti, with potent antiretroviral activity; in experimental use. SYN: trophoblast i., trophoblastin.
trophoblast i. SYN: i.-tau.
type I i. antiviral interferons, including i.-alpha; and i.-beta;.
type II i. immune i., i.-gamma;

interferon-β2
interferon-β2

SYN: interleukin-6.

interfibrillar
interfibrillar, interfibrillary (in′ter-fi′bri-lar, -fi′bri-lar-e; -fi-bril′ar)

Between fibrils.

interfibrous
interfibrous (in-ter-fi′brus)

Between fibers.

interfilamentous
interfilamentous (in′ter-fil-a-men′tus)

Between filaments.

interfrontal
interfrontal (in-ter-fron′tal)

Between the unfused halves of the frontal bone; denoting a persistent suture there present. (anomalous)

interganglionic
interganglionic (in′ter-gang′le-on′ik)

Between or among or connecting ganglia.

intergemmal
intergemmal (in′ter-jem′al)

Between any two or more budlike or bulblike bodies such as the taste buds; denoting especially a nerve termination between two end bulbs. [inter- + L. gemma, bud]

intergenal
intergenal (in-ter-jen′al)

Between different genes.

interglobular
interglobular (in-ter-glob′u-lar)

Between globules.

intergluteal
intergluteal (in-ter-gloo′te-al)

Between the buttocks. [inter- + G. gloutos, buttock]

intergonial
intergonial (in-ter-go′ne-al)

Between the two gonia. See gonion. [inter- + G. gonia, angle]

intergyral
intergyral (in-ter-ji′ral)

Between the gyri or convolutions of the brain.

interhemicerebral
interhemicerebral (in′ter-hem′e-ser′e-bral)

Between the cerebral hemispheres.

interictal
interictal (in-ter-ik′tal)

The period between convulsions. [inter- + L. ictus, stroke]

interior
interior (in-ter′e-or)

Relating to the inside; situated within.

interischiadic
interischiadic (in-ter-is-ke-ad′ik)

Between the two ischia; especially, between the two tuberosities of the ischia. SYN: intersciatic.

interkinesis
interkinesis (in′ter-ki-ne′sis)

Period between the first and second divisions of meiosis; comparable to interphase of mitosis. [inter- + G. kinesis, movement]

interlamellar
interlamellar (in′ter-la-mel′ar, -lam′e-lar)

Between lamellae.

interleukin
interleukin

The name given to a group of multifunctional cytokines once their amino acid structure is known. They are synthesized by lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and certain other cells. See lymphokine, cytokine. [inter- + leukocyte + -in]
recombinant human i. 11 a drug that increases the number of blood platelets; useful in ameliorating severe thrombocytopenia resulting from cancer chemotherapy. SYN: rhIL-11.

interleukin-1
interleukin-1 (IL-1) (in-ter-loo′kin)

A cytokine, derived primarily from mononuclear phagocytes, which enhances the proliferation of T helper cells and growth and differentiation of B cells. When secreted in larger quantities it is a mediator of inflammation, entering the bloodstream and causing fever, inducing synthesis of acute phase proteins, and initiating metabolic wasting. There are two distinct forms of IL-1: α and β, both of which perform the same functions, but represent different proteins.

interleukin-2
interleukin-2 (IL-2)

A cytokine derived from T helper lymphocytes that causes proliferation of T lymphocytes and activated B lymphocytes.

interleukin-3
interleukin-3 (IL-3)

A cytokine derived from activated CD4+ lymphocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells that increases production of monocytes. It acts in hematopoiesis by controlling production and differentiation of granulocytes. SYN: multicolony-stimulating factor.

interleukin-4
interleukin-4 (IL-4)

A cytokine derived from T4 lymphocytes that causes differentiation of B lymphocytes. Promotes Ig class switch. It stimulates DNA biosynthesis. SYN: B cell differentiating factor.

interleukin-5
interleukin-5 (IL-5)

A cytokine derived from T lymphocytes that causes activation of B lymphocytes and differentiation of eosinophils.

interleukin-6
interleukin-6 (IL-6)

A cytokine derived from macrophages and endothelial cells that increases synthesis and secretion of immunoglobulins by B lymphocytes; also induces acute phase proteins. In hepatocytes, it induces acute-phase reactants. SYN: B cell stimulatory factor 2, interferon-β2.

interleukin-7
interleukin-7 (IL-7)

A cytokine derived from bone marrow cells that causes proliferation of B and T lymphocytes.

interleukin-8
interleukin-8 (IL-8)

A cytokine (chemokine) derived from endothelial cells, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, macrophages, and monocytes which causes chemotaxis of neutrophils and T-cell lymphocytes. SYN: anionic neutrophil-activating peptide, monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor, neutrophil chemotactant factor, neutrophil-activating factor.

interleukin-9
interleukin-9 (IL-9)

A cytokine derived from T cells that causes IL-2/Il-4-independent growth and proliferation of T cells.

interleukin-10
interleukin-10 (IL-10)

A cytokine derived from helper T-cell lymphocytes (TH₂) that inhibits γ-interferon (IFNγ) and IL-2 secretion by T cell lymphocytes (TH₁) and inhibits mononuclear cell inflammation.

interleukin-11
interleukin-11 (IL-11)

A cytokine and growth factor derived from bone marrow stromal cells (endothelial cells, macrophages, and preadipocytes) that stimulates increased plasma concentrations of acute phase proteins and is a growth factor with multiple hematopoietic effects.

interleukin-12
interleukin-12 (IL-12)

A cytokine derived from B lymphocytes and macrophages that induces γ-interferon (IFNγ) gene expression and IL-2 in T lymphocytes and NK cells and down regulates TH₂ cytokines.

interleukin-13
interleukin-13 (IL-13)

A cytokine derived from helper T cell lymphocytes that inhibits mononuclear cell inflammation and is considered a modulator or B cell responses.

interleukin-14
interleukin-14 (IL-14)

A cytokine derived from T cells that stimulates B cell proliferation and inhibits Ig secretion.

interleukin-15
interleukin-15 (IL-15)

A cytokine derived from T cells which stimulates T cell proliferation and NK cell activation.

interleukin-16
interleukin-16 (IL-16)

A cytokine made by T cells that is a potent chemotactant for CD4⁺ T cells.

interleukin-17
interleukin-17 (IL-17)

A proinflammatory cytokine made by T cells.

interleukin-18
interleukin-18 (IL-18)

A cytokine made by macrophages; a potent inducer of interferon-γ by T cells and NK cells.

interlobar
interlobar (in-ter-lo′bar)

Between the lobes of an organ or other structure.

interlobitis
interlobitis (in′ter-lo-bi′tis)

Inflammation of the pleura separating two pulmonary lobes.

interlobular
interlobular (in-ter-lob′u-lar)

Between the lobules of an organ.

intermalleolar
intermalleolar (in-ter-mal-e′o-lar)

Between the malleoli.

intermammary
intermammary (in-ter-mam′a-re)

Between the breasts. [inter- + L. mamma, breast]

intermammillary
intermammillary (in-ter-mam′i-la-re)

Between the breasts; between the nipples; denoting a line drawn between the two nipples. [inter- + L. mammilla, breast, nipple]

intermarriage
intermarriage (in-ter-mar′ij)

1. Marriage of relatives. 2. Marriage of persons of different races or cultures.

intermaxilla
intermaxilla (in-ter-maks-il′a)

SYN: incisive bone.

intermaxillary
intermaxillary (in-ter-mak′si-la-re)

Between the maxillae, or upper jaw bones.

intermediary
intermediary (in′ter-me′de-ar-e)

Occurring between. [L. intermedius, lying between, fr. medius, middle]

intermediate
intermediate (in′ter-me′de-it) [TA]

1. Between two extremes; interposed; intervening. 2. A substance formed in the course of chemical reactions that then proceeds to participate in further reactions; such substances, when appearing in the course of the reactions involved in metabolism, are metabolic intermediates. 3. In dentistry, a cement base. 4. An element or organ between right and left (or lateral and medial) structures. SYN: intermedius [TA] .
replicative i. during the copying of the viral RNA of an RNA virus, the opposite sense strand that serves as a template for positive strand production.

intermedin
intermedin (in-ter-me′din)

SYN: melanotropin.

intermediolateral
intermediolateral (in-ter-me′de-o-lat′er-al)

Intermediate, and to one side, not central. Used especially to denote the i. cell column of spinal cord gray mattter, abbreviated IML, the location of all presynaptic sympathetic nerve cell bodies. See i. nucleus.

intermedius
intermedius (in-ter-me′de-us) [TA]

SYN: intermediate (4) . [L.]

intermembranous
intermembranous (in-ter-mem′bra-nus)

Between membranes.

intermeningeal
intermeningeal (in′ter-me-nin′je-al)

Between the meninges.

intermenstrual
intermenstrual (in-ter-men′stroo-al)

Between two consecutive menstrual periods.

intermetacarpal
intermetacarpal (in-ter-met′a-kar′pal)

Between the metacarpal bones.

intermetameric
intermetameric (in′ter-met′a-mer′ik)

Between two metameres; denoting especially the intervertebral disks.

intermetatarsal
intermetatarsal (in-ter-met′a-tar′sal)

Between the metatarsal bones.

intermetatarseum
intermetatarseum (in-ter-met′a-tar′se-um)

SYN: os i..

intermission
intermission (in-ter-mish′un)

1. A temporary cessation of symptoms or of any action. 2. An interval between two paroxysms of a disease, such as malaria. [L. intermissio, fr. intermitto, to leave off, intermit, fr. mitto, to send]

intermit
intermit

To cease for a time.

intermittence
intermittence, intermittency (in-ter-mit′ens, -en-se)

1. A condition marked by intermissions or interruptions in the course of a disease or other process or state or in any continued action; denoting especially a loss of one or more pulse beats. 2. Complete cessation of symptoms between two periods of activity of a disease.

intermittent
intermittent (in-ter-mit′ent)

Marked by intervals of complete quietude between two periods of activity.

intermuscular
intermuscular (in-ter-mus′ku-lar)

Between the muscles.

intern
intern (in′tern)

An advanced student or recent graduate undertaking further education (usually the first postgraduate year) by assisting in the medical or surgical care of hospital patients, with supervision and instruction; formerly, one who resided within the institution. [F. interne, inside]

internal
internal (in-ter′nal) [TA]

Away from the surface; often incorrectly used to mean medial. SYN: internus [TA] . [L. internus]

internalization
internalization (in-ter′nal-i-za′shun)

Adopting as one's own the standards and values of another person or society.

internarial
internarial (in-ter-na′re-al)

Between the nares or nostrils. SYN: internasal.

internasal
internasal (in-ter-na′sal)

SYN: internarial.

International Classification of Diseases
International Classification of Diseases (ICD, ICDA)

The classification of specific conditions and groups of conditions determined by an internationally representative expert committee that advises the World Health Organization, which publishes the complete list in a periodically revised book, the Manual of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries and Causes of Death. The Tenth Revision (ICD-10) came into use in 1992; it has 20 chapters, each with a hierarchical arrangement of subdivisions (rubrics); some chapters are etiological, some relate to body systems, some to classes of conditions, some to procedures.

International Classification of Health Problems in Primary Care
International Classification of Health Problems in Primary Care (ICHPPC)

A classification of diseases, conditions and problems arranged for use in primary care where diagnostic precision is seldom possible.

International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps
International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps (ICIDH)

A WHO-sponsored numerical taxonomy of the impairments, disabilities and handicaps consequent upon injury and disease.

International Committee of the Red Cross
International Committee of the Red Cross

A politically neutral Swiss organization serving as an intermediary between contending forces in armed conflict, in civil war, or internal strife, to help victims receive protection and other humanitarian assistance under the Geneva Conventions in accordance with the fundamental principles of the Red Cross.

International System of Units
International System of Units (SI)

A system of measurements, based on the metric system, adopted at the 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures of the International Organization for Standardization (1960) to cover both the coherent units (basic, supplementary, and derived units) and the decimal multiples and submultiples of these units formed by use of prefixes proposed for general international scientific and technological use. SI proposes seven basic units: meter (m), kilogram (kg), second (s), ampere (A), Kelvin (K), candela (cd), and mole (mol) for the basic quantities of length, mass, time, electric current, temperature, luminous intensity, and amount of substance, respectively; supplementary units proposed include the radian (rad) for plane angle and steradian (sr) for solid angle; derived units ( e.g., force, power, frequency) are stated in terms of the basic units ( e.g., velocity is in meters per second, m s⁻¹). Multiples (prefixes) in descending order are: exa- (E, 10¹⁸), peta- (P, 10¹⁵), tera- (T, 10¹²), giga- (G, 10⁹), mega- (M, 10⁶), kilo- (k, 10³), hecto- (h, 10²), deca- (da, 10¹), deci- (d, 10⁻¹), centi- (c, 10⁻²), milli- (m, 10⁻³), micro- (μ, 10⁻⁶), nano- (n, 10⁻⁹), pico- (p, 10⁻¹²), femto- (f, 10⁻¹⁵), atto- (a, 10⁻¹⁸). Proposed prefixes are zetta- (z, 10²¹), yotta- (y, 10²⁴), zepto- (z, 10⁻²¹), and yocto- (y, 10⁻²⁴). Those involving a multiple of 10³ are recommended; compounds of these are not recommended ( e.g., mμ for n). [Fr. Système International d'Unités]

interne
interne

Intern.

interneuromeric
interneuromeric (in′ter-noor-o-mer′ik)

Between the neuromeres.

interneurons
interneurons (in′ter-noo′ronz)

Combinations or groups of neurons between sensory and motor neurons that govern coordinated activity.

internist
internist (in-ter′nist, in′ter-nist)

A physician trained in internal medicine.

internodal
internodal (in-ter-no′dal)

Between two nodes; relating to an internode.

internode
internode (in′ter-nod)

SYN: internodal segment.

internuclear
internuclear (in-ter-noo′kle-ar)

Between nerve cell groups in the brain or retina.

internuncial
internuncial (in-ter-nun′se-al)

1. Indicating a neuron functionally interposed between two or more other neurons. 2. Acting as a medium of communication between two organs. [L. internuntius (or -nuncius), a messenger between two parties, fr. inter, between, + nuncius, a messenger]

internus
internus (in-ter′nus) [TA]

SYN: internal. [L.]

interocclusal
interocclusal (in′ter-o-kloo′sal)

Between the occlusal surfaces of opposing teeth.

interoceptive
interoceptive (in′ter-o-sep′tiv)

Relating to the sensory nerve cells innervating the viscera (thoracic, abdominal and pelvic organs, and the cardiovascular system), their sensory end organs, or the information they convey to the spinal cord and the brain. [inter- + L. capio, to take]

interoceptor
interoceptor (in′ter-o-sep′ter)

One of the various forms of small sensory end organs (receptors) situated within the walls of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts or in other viscera. [inter- + L. capio, to take]

interolivary
interolivary (in-ter-ol′i-var-e)

Between the left and right inferior olive of the medulla oblongata.

interorbital
interorbital (in-ter-or′bi-tal)

Between the orbits.

interosseal
interosseal (in-ter-os′e-al)

SYN: interosseous.

interossei
interossei (in-ter-os′e-i)

Plural of interosseus.

interosseous
interosseous (in′ter-os′e-us)

Lying between or connecting bones; denoting certain muscles and ligaments. SYN: interosseal. [inter- + L. os, bone]

interosseus
interosseus, pl .interossei (in′ter-os′e-us, -os′e-i)

See muscle.

interpalpebral
interpalpebral (in-ter-pal′pe-bral)

Between the eyelids.

interparietal
interparietal (in′ter-pa-ri′e-tal)

Between the walls of a part, or between the parietal bones. [inter- + L. paries, wall]

interparoxysmal
interparoxysmal (in′ter-par-ok-siz′mal)

Occurring between successive paroxysms of a disease.

interpediculate
interpediculate (in-ter-pe-dik′u-lat)

Between vertebral pedicles.

interpeduncular
interpeduncular (in-ter-pe-dunk′u-lar)

Between any two peduncles.

interpersonal
interpersonal (in-ter-per′son-al)

Pertaining to relations and social exchanges between persons.

interphalangeal
interphalangeal (in′ter-fa-lan′je-al)

Between two phalanges; denoting the finger or toe joints.

interphase
interphase (in′ter-faz)

The stage between two successive divisions of a cell nucleus in which the biochemical and physiologic functions of the cell are performed and replication of chromatin occurs. SYN: karyostasis.

interphyletic
interphyletic (in′ter-fi-let′ik)

Denoting the transitional forms between two kinds of cells during the course of metaplasia. [inter- + G. phyle, tribe]

interplant
interplant

The material transferred from donor to host in interplanting.

interplanting
interplanting

In experimental embryology, the transferring of a primordial cell mass from an embryo to an indifferent environment in another embryo, as in chorioallantoic grafts or intraocular transplants.

interpretation
interpretation (in-ter-pre-ta′shun)

1. In psychoanalysis, the characteristic therapeutic intervention of the analyst. 2. In clinical psychology, drawing inferences and formulating the meaning in terms of the psychological dynamics inherent in an individual's responses to psychological tests or during psychotherapy.

interproximal
interproximal (in-ter-prok′si-mal)

Between adjoining surfaces.

interpubic
interpubic (in-ter-pu′bik)

Between the two pubic bones.

interpupillary
interpupillary (in-ter-pu′pi-lar-e)

Between the pupils.

interradial
interradial (in-ter-ra′de-al)

Situated between radii or rays.

interrenal
interrenal (in-ter-re′nal)

Between the two kidneys.

interscapular
interscapular (in-ter-skap′u-lar)

Between the scapulae.

interscapulum
interscapulum (in-ter-skap′u-lum)

The part of the back between the shoulders, or that between the scapulae.

intersciatic
intersciatic (in-ter-si-at′ik)

SYN: interischiadic.

intersectio
intersectio, pl .intersectiones (in′ter-sek′she-o, -sek-she-o′nez) [TA]

SYN: intersection. [L.]
intersectiones tendineae musculi recti abdominis [TA] SYN: tendinous intersections of rectus abdominis, under intersection.
i. tendinea [TA] SYN: tendinous intersection.

intersection
intersection (in′ter-sek-shun) [TA]

The site of crossing of two structures. SYN: intersectio [TA] .
tendinous i. [TA] a tendinous band or partition running across a muscle. SYN: intersectio tendinea [TA] , inscriptio tendinea, tendinous inscription.
tendinous intersections of rectus abdominis [TA] usually three but occasionally four transverse fibrous bands or partial bands occurring at intervals as interruptions of the fleshy, contractile portions of the rectus abdominis muscle; they usually occur at and superior to the umbilicus. SYN: intersectiones tendineae musculi recti abdominis [TA] .

intersectiones
intersectiones (in-ter-sek-she-o′nez)

Plural of intersectio.

intersegmental
intersegmental (in-ter-seg-men′tal)

Between two segments, such as metameres or myotomes.

interseptal
interseptal (in-ter-sep′tal)

Lying between two septa.

interseptovalvular
interseptovalvular (in′ter-sep-to-val′vu-lar)

Between the embryonic septum primum and septum spurium.

interseptum
interseptum (in-ter-sep′tum)

SYN: diaphragm (1) . [L]

intersexual
intersexual (in-ter-seks′u-al)

Relating to or characterized by intersexuality.

intersexuality
intersexuality (in′ter-seks-u-al′i-te)

The condition of having both male and female characteristics; being intermediate between the sexes.

interspace
interspace (in′ter-spas)

Any space between two similar objects, such as a costal i. or interval between two ribs.

interspinal
interspinal (in-ter-spi′nal)

Between two spines, such as the spinous processes of the vertebrae. SYN: interspinous.

interspinalis
interspinalis (in-ter-spi-na′lis)

See interspinales (muscles), under muscle.

interspinous
interspinous (in-ter-spi′nus)

SYN: interspinal.

interstice
interstice, pl .interstices (in-ter′stis, -sti-siz)

SYN: interstitium. [L. interstitium, fr. sisto, to stand]

interstitial
interstitial (in-ter-stish′al)

1. Relating to spaces or interstices in any structure. 2. Relating to spaces within a tissue or organ, but excluding such spaces as body cavities or potential space. Cf.:intracavitary.

interstitium
interstitium (in-ter-stish′e-um)

A small area, space, or gap in the substance of an organ or tissue. SEE ALSO: connective tissue. SYN: interstice. [L.]

intertarsal
intertarsal (in-ter-tar′sal)

Denoting the articulations of the tarsal bones with each other. SYN: tarsotarsal.

interthalamic
interthalamic (in-ter-thal′a-mik)

Between the thalami.

intertransversalis
intertransversalis (in-ter-trans-ver-sa′lis)

Intertransversarius. See muscle.

intertransverse
intertransverse (in′ter-trans′vers)

Between the transverse processes of the vertebrae.

intertriginous
intertriginous (in-ter-trij′i-nus)

Characterized by or related to intertrigo.

intertrigo
intertrigo (in-ter-tri′go)

Irritant dermatitis occurring between folds or juxtaposed surfaces of the skin, as between the buttocks, between the scrotum and the thigh, beneath pendulous breasts, etc.; caused by friction, sweat retention, moisture, warmth, and concomitant overgrowth of resident microorganisms; occurring in young children (see diaper dermatitis) and obese adults. [L. a galling of the skin, fr. inter, between, + tero, to rub]

intertrochanteric
intertrochanteric (in′ter-tro-kan-tar′ik)

Between the two trochanters of the femur.

intertubular
intertubular (in-ter-too′bu-lar)

Between or among tubules.

interureteral
interureteral (in′ter-u-re′ter-al)

Between the two ureters. SYN: interureteric.

interureteric
interureteric (in-ter-u-re-tar′ik)

SYN: interureteral.

interval
interval (in′ter-val)

A time or space between two periods or objects; a break in continuity. [L. inter-vallum, space between breastworks in a camp, an i., fr. vallum, a rampart, wall]
a-c i. the i. between the onset of the a wave and that of the c wave of the jugular pulse.
AH i. the time from the initial rapid deflection of the atrial wave to the initial rapid deflection of the His bundle (H) potential; it approximates the conduction time through the AV node (normally 50–120 msec).
AN i. the time between onset of the atrial deflection and the nodal potential (normally 40–100 msec).
atrioventricular i. SYN: auriculoventricular i..
auriculoventricular i. the time between depolarization of the atria and of the ventricle. SYN: atrioventricular i..
AV i. the time from the beginning of atrial systole to the beginning of ventricular systole as measured from pressure pulses or cardiac volume curves in animals, or from the electrocardiogram in humans.
BH i. the duration of the His bundle deflections (normally 15–20 msec).
calibration i. the period of time or series of measurements during which calibration can be expected to remain stable within specified and documented limits.
cardioarterial i., c-a i. the time between the apex beat of the heart and the radial pulse beat.
confidence i. a range of values for a variable of interest, constructed so that this range has a specified probability of including the true value of the variable.
coupling i. the i., expressed in milliseconds, between a normal sinus beat and the ensuing premature beat.
escape i. the time between the last beat of the patient's basic rhythm (ectopic or sinus beat) and a beat from a spontaneous escape focus or the initial electronic pacemaker impulse (a preset i. in the circuitry); it may be either a shorter or a longer time period than the pulse i..
focal i. the distance between the anterior and posterior focal points of the eye.
HV i. the time from the initial deflection of the His bundle (H) potential and the onset of ventricular activity (normally 35–45 msec).
interectopic i. the distance between consecutive ectopic complexes in the electrocardiogram.
isovolumic i. time during which both an AV and a semilunar valve are closed.
lucid i. in psychoses or delirium, a rational period appearing in the course of the mental disorder.
PA i. the time from onset of the P wave to the initial rapid deflection of the A wave in the His bundle electrogram (normally 25–45 msec); it represents the intraatrial conduction time.
PJ i. the time elapsing from the beginning of the P wave to the end of the QRS complex (J for junction between QRS and T wave) in the electrocardiogram.
P-P i. the distance between consecutive P waves in the electrocardiogram.
PQ i. SYN: PR i..
PR i. in the electrocardiogram, the time elapsing between the beginning of the P wave and the beginning of the next QRS complex; it corresponds to the a-c i. of the venous pulse and is normally 0.12–0.20 sec. SYN: PQ i..
QR i. the time elapsing from the onset of the QRS complex to the peak of the R or the final R wave; measures the time of onset of the intrinsicoid deflection if determined in an appropriate unipolar lead tracing.
QRB i. the time between the onset of the Q wave of the QRS complex and the right bundle-branch potential (normally 15–20 msec).
QRS i. the duration of the QRS complex in the electrocardiogram.
QS₂ i. SYN: electromechanical systole.
QT i. time from electrocardiogram Q wave to the end of the T wave corresponding to electrical systole.
R-R i. the time elapsing between two consecutive R waves in the electrocardiogram.
serial i. the period of time between analogous phases of an infectious illness in successive cases of a chain of infection that is spread from person to person. SEE ALSO: mass action principle, infection transmission parameter.
sphygmic i. the period in the cardiac cycle when the semilunar valves are open and blood is being ejected from the ventricles into the arterial system. SYN: ejection period.
Sturm i. the distance between the anterior and posterior focal lines in a spherocylindrical lens combination.
systolic time intervals See electromechanical systole, left ventricular ejection time, preejection period.

intervascular
intervascular (in-ter-vas′ku-lar)

Between blood or lymph vessels.

intervention
intervention (in-ter-ven′shun)

An action or ministration that produces an effect or that is intended to alter the course of a pathologic process. [L. inter-ventio, a coming between, fr inter-venio, to come between]
crisis i. a psychotherapeutic technique directed at counseling at the time of an acute life crisis and limited in aim to helping resolve the crisis.

interventricular
interventricular (in-ter-ven-trik′u-lar)

Between the ventricles.

intervertebral
intervertebral (in-ter-ver′te-bral)

Between two vertebrae.

interview
interview

Zarit burden i. a structured verbal interaction used to evaluate levels of stress in family members or caregivers of Alzheimer patients.

intervillous
intervillous (in-ter-vil′us)

Between or among villi.

intestinal
intestinal (in-tes′ti-nal)

Relating to the intestine.
i. pseudo-obstruction clinical manifestations falsely suggesting obstruction of the small intestine, usually occurring in patients with multiple jejunal diverticula.

intestine
intestine (in-tes′tin) [TA]

The digestive tube passing from the stomach to the anus. It is divided primarily into the intestinum tenue (small i.) and the intestinum crassum (large i.). SYN: bowel, gut (1) , intestinum (1) . [L. intestinum]
large i. [TA] the portion of the digestive tube extending from the ileocecal valve to the anus; it comprises the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal. SYN: intestinum crassum [TA] .
small i. [TA] the portion of the digestive tube between the stomach and the cecum or beginning of the large i.; it consists of three portions: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. SYN: intestinum tenue [TA] .

intestinotoxin
intestinotoxin (in-tes′ti-no-tok′sin)

Obsolete term for enterotoxin.

intestinum
intestinum, pl .intestina (in-tes-ti′num, -na)

1. [TA] SYN: intestine. 2. Inward; inner. [neuter of intestinus] [L. intestinus, internal, ntr. as noun, the entrails, fr. intus, within]
i. cecum SYN: cecum (1) .
i. crassum [TA] SYN: large intestine.
i. ileum twisted intestine. See ileum.
i. jejunum empty intestine. See jejunum.
i. rectum straight intestine. See rectum.
i. tenue [TA] SYN: small intestine.
i. tenue mesenteriale SYN: mesenteric portion of small intestine.

intima
intima (in′ti-ma)

Innermost. See tunica i.. [L. fem. of intimus, inmost]

intimal
intimal (in′ti-mal)

Relating to the intima or inner coat of a vessel.

intimitis
intimitis (in-ti-mi′tis)

Inflammation of an intima, as in endangiitis. [intima + G. -itis, inflammation]
proliferative i. eruption characterized by dusky erythema and small ulcers due to proliferative changes in capillary bed.

intoe
intoe (in′to)

SYN: metatarsus adductus.

intolerance
intolerance (in-tol′er-ans)

Abnormal metabolism, excretion, or other disposition of a given substance; term often used to indicate impaired utilization or disposal of dietary constituents.
hereditary fructose i. [MIM*229600] a metabolic error due to deficiency of hepatic fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase B (which also acts on fructose 1-phosphate), which is the second enzyme in the specific fructose pathway. Vomiting and hypoglycemia follow intake of fructose; prolonged fructose ingestion in young children results in failure to thrive, jaundice, hepatomegaly, albuminuria, aminoaciduria, and sometimes cachexia and death; autosomal recessive inheritance caused by mutation in aldolase B gene (ALDOB) on chromosome 9q.
lactose i. a disorder characterized by abdominal cramps and diarrhea after consumption of food containing lactose ( e.g., milk, ice cream); believed to reflect a deficiency of intestinal lactase; may appear first in young adults who had tolerated milk well as infants.
lysinuric protein i. an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by elevated levels of dibasic amino acids ( E.G., l-lysine, l-arginine, and l-ornithine) in the urine; apparently due to a defect in dibasic amino acid transport.

intorsion
intorsion (in-tor′shun)

Conjugate rotation of the upper poles of each cornea inward. [L. in-torqueo, pp. tortus, to twist]

intortor
intortor (in-tor′tor)

SYN: medial rotator.

intoxation
intoxation (in-tok-sa′shun)

Poisoning, especially by the toxic products of bacteria or poisonous animals, other than alcohol. [see intoxication]

intoxicant
intoxicant (in-tok′si-kant)

1. Having the power to intoxicate. 2. An intoxicating agent, such as alcohol.

intoxication
intoxication (in-tok-si-ka′shun)

1. SYN: poisoning (2) . 2. SYN: acute alcoholism. [L. in, in, + G. toxikon, poison]
acid i. poisoning by acid products (β-oxybutyric acid, diacetic acid, or acetone) formed as a result of faulty metabolism ( e.g., uncontrolled diabetes mellitus) or by acids introduced from without; marked by epigastric pain, headache, loss of appetite, constipation, restlessness, and an odor of acetone in the breath, followed by air hunger, coma, and collapse.
anaphylactic i. i. following an anaphylactic reaction.
citrate i. a toxic condition that may develop during massive replacement therapy with transfused blood that contains citrate as an anticoagulant; the citrate combines with calcium ions and may result in tetany.
intestinal i. SYN: autointoxication.
septic i. SYN: septicemia.
water i. a metabolic encephalopathy resulting from severe overhydration.

intra- intra-

Inside, within; opposite of extra-. SEE ALSO: endo-, ento-. [L. within]

intra-abdominal
intra-abdominal (in′tra-ab-dom′i-nal)

Within the abdomen.

intraacinous
intraacinous (in-tra-as′i-nus)

Within an acinus.

intra-adenoidal
intra-adenoidal (in′tra-ad-e-noy′dal)

Within the adenoids.

intra-arterial
intra-arterial (in′tra-ar-ter′e-al)

Within an artery or the arteries.

intra-articular
intra-articular (in′tra-ar-tik′ular)

Within the cavity of a joint. [intra- + L. articulus, joint]

intra-atrial
intra-atrial (in′tra-a-tre-al)

Within one or both of the atria of the heart.

intra-aural
intra-aural (in′tra-aw′ral)

Within the ear. [intra- + L. auris, ear]

intraauricular
intraauricular (in′tra-aw-rik′u-lar)

Within an auricle ( e.g., of the ear).

intrabronchial
intrabronchial (in-tra-brong′ke-al)

Within the bronchi or bronchial tubes. SYN: endobronchial.

intrabuccal
intrabuccal (in′tra-buk′al)

1. Within the mouth. 2. Within the substance of the cheek. [intra- + L. bucca, cheek]

intracanalicular
intracanalicular (in′tra-kan-a-lik′u-lar)

Within a canaliculus or canaliculi.

intracapsular
intracapsular (in′tra-kap′soo-lar)

Within a capsule, especially the capsule of a joint.

intracardiac
intracardiac (in′tra-kar′de-ak)

Within one of the chambers of the heart. SYN: endocardiac (1) , endocardial, intracordal. [intra- + G. kardia, heart]

intracarpal
intracarpal (in-tra-kar′pal)

Within the carpus; among the carpal bones.

intracartilaginous
intracartilaginous (in′tra-kar-ti-laj′i-nus)

Within a cartilage or cartilaginous tissue. SYN: enchondral, endochondral.

intracatheter
intracatheter (in′tra-kath′e-ter)

A plastic tube, usually attached to the puncturing needle, inserted into a blood vessel for infusion, injection, or pressure monitoring.

intracavitary
intracavitary (in′tra-cav′i-tar-e)

Within an organ or body cavity.

intracelial
intracelial (in′tra-se′le-al)

Within any of the body cavities, especially within one of the ventricles of the brain. [intra- + G. koilia, cavity]

intracellular
intracellular (in-tra-sel′u-lar)

Within a cell or cells.

intracerebellar
intracerebellar (in′tra-ser-e-bel′ar)

Within the cerebellum.

intracerebral
intracerebral (in′tra-ser′e-bral)

Within the cerebrum.

intracerebroventricular
intracerebroventricular (in-tra-ser-e′-bro-ven-trik′-u-lar)

The locus of administration of drugs or chemicals into the ventricular system of the brain. Often used in animal studies and occasionally for the introduction of antiinfectives that do not penetrate the blood-brain barrier into the brain in humans.

intracervical
intracervical (in′tra-ser′vi-kal)

SYN: endocervical (1) .

intracisternal
intracisternal (in′tra-sis-ter′nal)

Within one of the subarachnoid cisternae; usually refers to the introduction of a cannula into the cerebellomedullary cistern for aspiration of cerebrospinal fluid or the injection of air into the ventricles of the brain.

intracolic
intracolic (in′tra-kol′ik)

Within the colon.

intracordal
intracordal (in′tra-kor′dal)

SYN: intracardiac. [intra- + L. cor, heart]

intracoronal
intracoronal (in′tra-kor′o-nal)

Within the crown portion of a tooth.

intracorporeal
intracorporeal (in′tra-kor-po′re-al)

1. Within the body. 2. Within any structure anatomically styled a corpus. [intra- + L. corpus, body]

intracorpuscular
intracorpuscular (in′tra-kor-pus′ku-lar)

Within a corpuscle, especially a red blood corpuscle. SYN: intraglobular (2) .

intracostal
intracostal (in′tra-kos′tal)

On the inner surface of the ribs.

intracranial
intracranial (in′tra-kra′ne-al)

Within the skull.

intracrine
intracrine (in′tra-krin)

Denoting self-stimulation through cellular production of a factor that acts within the cell. [intra- + G. krino, to separate, secrete]

intractable
intractable (in′trak′ta-bl)

1. SYN: refractory (1) . 2. SYN: obstinate (1) . [L. in-tractabilis, fr. in- neg. + tracto, to draw, haul]

intracutaneous
intracutaneous (in′tra-koo-ta′ne-us)

Within the substance of the skin, particularly the dermis. SYN: intradermal, intradermic. [intra- + L. cutis, skin]

intracystic
intracystic (in′tra-sis′tik)

Within a cyst or the urinary bladder.

intrad
intrad (in′trad)

Toward the inner part.

intradermal
intradermal, intradermic (in′tra-der′mal, -der′mik)

SYN: intracutaneous. [intra- + G. derma, skin]

intraduct
intraduct (in′tra-dukt)

Within the duct or ducts of a gland.

intradural
intradural (in′tra-doo′ral)

Within or enclosed by the dura mater.

intraembryonic
intraembryonic (in′tra-em-bre-on′ik)

Within the embryonic body, e.g., the portion of the umbilical vein within the embryo (in contrast to the portion in the umbilical cord which is discarded at birth). Cf.:extraembryonic.

intraepidermal
intraepidermal (in′tra-ep-i-der′mal)

Within the epidermis.

intraepiphysial
intraepiphysial (in′tra-ep-i-fiz′e-al)

Within the epiphysis of a long bone.

intraepithelial
intraepithelial (in′tra-ep-i-the′le-al)

Within or among the epithelial cells.

intrafaradization
intrafaradization (in′tra-fa-ra-di-za′shun)

Application of a faradic cauterizing current to the inner surface of a cavity or hollow organ.

intrafascicular
intrafascicular (in′tra-fa-sik′u-lar)

Within the fasciculi of a tissue or structure ( e.g., fasciculus intrafasciculus).

intrafebrile
intrafebrile (in′tra-fe′bril, -feb′ril)

Occurring during the febrile stage of a disease. SYN: intrapyretic.

intrafilar
intrafilar (in′tra-fi′lar)

Lying within the meshes of a network. [intra- + L. filum, thread]

intrafusal
intrafusal (in′tra-fu′sal)

Applied to structures within the muscle spindle.

intragalvanization
intragalvanization (in′tra-gal-van-i-za′shun)

Application of a galvanic cauterizing current to the interior of a cavity or hollow organ.

intragastric
intragastric (in′tra-gas′trik)

Within the stomach.

intragemmal
intragemmal (in′tra-jem′al)

Within any budlike or bulblike body; denoting especially a nerve termination within an end bulb or taste bud. [intra- + L. gemma, bud]

intragenal
intragenal (in′tra-jen′al)

Within a gene.

intraglandular
intraglandular (in′tra-glan′doo-lar)

Within a gland or glandular tissue.

intraglobular
intraglobular (in′tra-glob′u-lar)

1. Within a globule in any sense. 2. SYN: intracorpuscular.

intragyral
intragyral (in′tra-ji′ral)

Within a gyrus or convolution of the brain.

intrahepatic
intrahepatic (in′tra-he-pat′ik)

Within the liver.

intrahyoid
intrahyoid (in′tra-hi′oyd)

Within the hyoid bone; denoting certain accessory thyroid glands that lie in the hollow or within the substance of the hyoid bone.

intralaryngeal
intralaryngeal (in′tra-la-rin′je-al)

Within the larynx.

intraligamentous
intraligamentous (in′tra-lig-a-men′tus)

Within a ligament, especially the broad ligament of the uterus.

intralobar
intralobar (in′tra-lo′bar)

Within a lobe of any organ or other structure.

intralobular
intralobular (in′tra-lob′u-lar)

Within a lobule.

intralocular
intralocular (in-tra-lok′u-lar)

Within the loculi of any structure or part.

intraluminal
intraluminal (in-tra-loo′mi-nal)

SYN: intratubal.

intramedullary
intramedullary (in′tra-med′u-lar-e)

1. Within the bone marrow. 2. Within the spinal cord. 3. Within the medulla oblongata.

intramembranous
intramembranous (in′tra-mem′bra-nus)

1. Within, or between the layers of, a membrane. 2. Denoting a method of bone formation directly from mesenchymal cells without an intervening cartilage stage (occurring, for example, in the calvaria), as distinguished from intracartilaginous bone formation.

intrameningeal
intrameningeal (in′tra-me-nin′je-al)

Within or enclosed by the meninges of the brain or spinal cord.

intramitochondrial
intramitochondrial (in′tra-mi-to-kon′dre-al)

Within the mitochondria.

intramolecular
intramolecular (in′tra-mo-lek′u-lar)

Referring to situations and events within a molecule.

intramural
intramural (in′tra-mu′ral)

Within the substance of the wall of any cavity or hollow organ. SYN: intraparietal (1) .

intramuscular
intramuscular (I.M., i.m.) (in′tra-mus′ku-lar)

Within the substance of a muscle.

intramyocardial
intramyocardial (in′tra-mi′o-kar′de-al)

Within the myocardium.

intramyometrial
intramyometrial (in′tra-mi′o-me′tre-al)

Within the muscular coat of the uterus.

intranasal
intranasal (in′tra-na′sal)

Within the nasal cavity.

intranatal
intranatal (in′tra-na′tal)

During or at the time of birth. [intra- + L. natalis, relating to birth]

intraneural
intraneural (in′tra-noo′ral)

Within a nerve. [intra- + G. neuron, nerve]

intranuclear
intranuclear (in′tra-noo′kle-ar)

Within the nucleus of a cell.

intraocular
intraocular (in′tra-ok′u-lar)

Within the eyeball.

intraoral
intraoral (in′tra-o′ral)

Within the mouth. [intra- + L. os, mouth]

intraorbital
intraorbital (in′tra-or′bi-tal)

Within the orbit.

intraosseous
intraosseous (in′tra-os′e-us)

Within bone. SYN: intraosteal. [intra- + L. os, bone]

intraosteal
intraosteal (in′tra-os′te-al)

SYN: intraosseous.

intraovarian
intraovarian (in′tra-o-va′re-an)

Within the ovary.

intraovular
intraovular (in′tra-ov′u-lar)

Within the ovum.

intraparietal
intraparietal (in′tra-pa-ri′e-tal)

1. SYN: intramural. 2. Denoting the i. sulcus. See i. sulcus.

intrapartum
intrapartum (in′tra-par′tum)

During labor and delivery or childbirth. Cf.:antepartum, postpartum. [intra- + L. partus, childbirth]

intrapelvic
intrapelvic (in′tra-pel′vik)

Within the pelvis.

intrapericardiac
intrapericardiac, intrapericardial (in′tra-per′e-kar′de-ak, -kar′de-al)

Within the pericardial cavity. SYN: endopericardiac.

intraperitoneal
intraperitoneal (I.P., i.p.) (in′tra-per′i-to-ne′al)

Within the peritoneal cavity.

intrapersonal
intrapersonal (in′tra-per′son-al)

SYN: intrapsychic.

intrapial
intrapial (in′tra-pi′al)

Within the pia mater.

intrapleural
intrapleural (in′tra-ploo′ral)

Within the pleura or the pleural cavity.

intrapontine
intrapontine (in′tra-pon′tin)

Within the pons of the brainstem.

intraprostatic
intraprostatic (in′tra-pros-tat′ik)

Within the prostate gland.

intraprotoplasmic
intraprotoplasmic (in′tra-pro-to-plas′mik)

Within the protoplasm of a cell.

intrapsychic
intrapsychic (in′tra-si′kik)

Denoting the psychological dynamics that occur inside the mind without reference to the individual's exchanges with other persons or events. SYN: intrapersonal.

intrapulmonary
intrapulmonary (in′tra-pul′mo-nar-e)

Within the lungs.

intrapyretic
intrapyretic (in′tra-pi-ret′ik)

SYN: intrafebrile. [intra- + L. pyretos, fever]

intrarectal
intrarectal (in′tra-rek′tal)

Within the rectum.

intrarenal
intrarenal (in′tra-re′nal)

Within the kidney. [intra- + L. ren, kidney]

intraretinal
intraretinal (in′tra-ret′i-nal)

Within the retina.

intrarrhachidian
intrarrhachidian, intrarachidian (in′tra-ra-kid′e-an)

SYN: intraspinal. [intra- + G. rachis, spine]

intrascrotal
intrascrotal (in′tra-skro′tal)

Within the scrotum.

intraspinal
intraspinal (in′tra-spi′nal)

Within the vertebral canal or spinal cord. SYN: intrarrhachidian, intrarachidian.

intrasplenic
intrasplenic (in′tra-splen′ik)

Within the spleen.

intrastromal
intrastromal (in′tra-stro′mal)

Within the stroma or foundation substance of any organ or part.

intrasynovial
intrasynovial (in′tra-si-no′ve-al)

Within the synovial sac of a joint or a synovial tendon sheath.

intratarsal
intratarsal (in′tra-tar′sal)

Within the tarsus; among the tarsal bones.

intrathecal
intrathecal (in′tra-the′kal)

1. Within a sheath. 2. Within either the subarachnoid or the subdural space.

intrathoracic
intrathoracic (in′tra-tho-ras′ik)

Within the cavity of the chest.

intratonsillar
intratonsillar (in′tra-ton-si-lar)

Within the substance of a tonsil.

intratubal
intratubal (in′tra-too′bal)

Within any tube. SYN: intraluminal.

intratubular
intratubular (in′tra-too′bu-lar)

Within any tubule.

intratympanic
intratympanic (in′tra-tim-pan′ik)

Within the middle ear or tympanic cavity.

intrauterine
intrauterine (in′tra-u′ter-in)

Within the uterus.

intravascular
intravascular (in′tra-vas′ku-lar)

Within the blood vessels or lymphatics.

intravenous
intravenous (I.V., i.v.) (in′tra-ve′nus)

Within a vein or veins. SYN: endovenous.

intraventricular
intraventricular (I-V) (in′tra-ven-trik′u-lar)

Within a ventricle of the brain or heart.

intravesical
intravesical (in′tra-ves′i-kal)

Within a bladder, especially the urinary bladder.

intra vitam
intra vitam (in′tra vi′tam)

During life. [L. vita, life]

intravitelline
intravitelline (in′tra-vi-tel′in, -en)

Within the vitellus yolk.

intravitreous
intravitreous (in′tra-vit′re-us)

Within the vitreous body.

intrinsic
intrinsic (in-trin′sik)

1. Belonging entirely to a part. 2. In anatomy, denoting those muscles whose origin and insertion are both within the structure under consideration, distinguished from the extrinsic muscles that have their origin outside of the structure under consideration; applied especially to the limbs but also to the ciliary muscle as distinguished from the recti and other orbital muscles which are outside the eyeball. SYN: essential (6) . [L. intrinsecus, on the inside]

intro- intro-

Inwardly, into; opposite of extra-. Cf.:intra-. [L. intro, into]

introducer
introducer (in-tro-doos′er)

An instrument, such as a catheter, needle, or endotracheal tube, for introduction of a flexible device. SYN: intubator. [L. intro-duco, to lead into, introduce]

introflection
introflection, introflexion (in′tro-flek′shun)

A bending inward. [intro- + L. flecto, pp. flectus, to bend]

introgastric
introgastric (in-tro-gas′trik)

Leading or passed into the stomach. [intro- + G. gaster, belly, stomach]

introitus
introitus (in-tro′i-tus)

The entrance into a canal or hollow organ, as the vagina. [L. entrance, fr. intro-eo, to go into]
i. canalis SYN: i. of facial canal.
i. of facial canal entrance to facial canal, through which the facial nerve passes, at end of internal acoustic meatus. SYN: i. canalis.
vaginal i. SYN: vestibule of vagina.

introject
introject (in′tro-jekt)

The dynamically endowed, enduring internal representation of an object.

introjection
introjection (in-tro-jek′shun)

A psychological defense mechanism involving appropriation of an external happening and its assimilation by the personality, making it a part of the self. [intro- + L. jacto, to throw]

intromission
intromission (in-tro-mish′un)

The insertion or introduction of one part into another. [intro- + L. mitto, to send]

intromittent
intromittent (in-tro-mit′ent)

Conveying or sending into a body or cavity.

intron
intron (in′tron)

A portion of DNA that lies between two exons, is transcribed into RNA, but does not appear in that mRNA after maturation because the i. is removed and the exons spliced together, and so is not expressed (as protein) in protein synthesis. By customary usage, the term is extended to the corresponding regions in the primary transcript of mRNA prior to maturation. SYN: intervening sequence. [inter- + -on]

introspection
introspection (in-tro-spek′shun)

Looking inward; self-scrutinizing; contemplating one's own mental processes. [intro- + L. specto, to look at, inspect]

introspective
introspective (in-tro-spek′tiv)

Relating to introspection.

introsusception
introsusception (in′tro-sus-sep′shun)

SYN: intussusception.

introversion
introversion (in-tro-ver′zhun)

1. The turning of a structure into itself. SEE ALSO: intussusception, invagination. 2. A trait of preoccupation with oneself, as practiced by an introvert. Cf.:extraversion. [intro- + L. verto, pp. versus, to turn]

introvert
introvert

1. (in′tro-vert)One who tends to be unusually shy, introspective, self-centered, and avoids becoming concerned with or involved in the affairs of others. Cf.:extrovert. 2. (in-tro-vert′)To turn a structure into itself, to invert.

intubate
intubate (in′too-bat)

To insert a tube.

intubation
intubation (in-too-ba′shun)

Insertion of a tubular device into a canal, hollow organ, or cavity; specifically, passage of an oro- or nasotracheal tube for anesthesia or for control of pulmonary ventilation. [L. in, in, + tuba, tube]
altercursive i. rarely used term for diversion of secretion intermittently to the exterior from its normal destination, e.g., of the bile from the intestine.
aqueductal i. insertion of a tube in the sylvian aqueduct to relieve atresia or narrowing of the aqueduct.
blind nasotracheal i. passage of tube through the nose into the trachea without using a laryngoscope.
endotracheal i. passage of a tube through the nose or mouth into the trachea for maintenance of the airway during anesthesia or for ventilatory support or for maintenance of an imperiled airway. SYN: intratracheal i..
intratracheal i. SYN: endotracheal i..
nasotracheal i. tracheal i. through the nose.
orotracheal i. tracheal i. through the mouth.
tracheal i. passage of a tube through the nose, mouth, or a tracheotomy into the trachea for maintenance of patency of the airway.

intubator
intubator (in′too-ba-tor)

SYN: introducer.

intumesce
intumesce (in-too-mes′)

To swell up; to enlarge. [L. in-tumesco, to swell up, fr. tumeo, to swell]

intumescence
intumescence (in-too-mes′ens)

1. SYN: enlargement. 2. The process of enlarging or swelling; used to describe the spinal enlargements.
tympanic i. SYN: tympanic enlargement.

intumescent
intumescent (in-too-mes′ent)

Enlarging; becoming enlarged or swollen.

intumescentia
intumescentia (in-too-mes-sen′she-a) [TA]

SYN: enlargement. [Mod. L.]
i. cervicalis [TA] SYN: cervical enlargement.
i. ganglioformis SYN: geniculate ganglion.
i. lumbosacralis [TA] SYN: lumbosacral enlargement.
i. tympanica [TA] SYN: tympanic enlargement.

intussusception
intussusception (in′tus-su-sep′shun)

1. The taking up or receiving of one part within another, especially the enfolding of one segment of the intestine within another. SEE ALSO: introversion, invagination. 2. Often, specifically, the process of incorporation of new material in the growth of the cell wall. SYN: introsusception. [L. intus, within, + sus-cipio, to take up, fr. sub + capio, to take]
colic i. the ensheathing of one portion of the colon into another.
double i. a second i. that involves the bowel above the first; the first i. is followed by contraction of the bowel wall around it, and the solid mass so formed is enveloped by the proximal portion of the bowel and is thus the cause of the second i..
ileal i. i. in which one portion of the ileum is ensheathed in another portion of the same division of the bowel.
ileocecal i. i. in which the lower segment of the ileum passes through the valve of the colon into the cecum.
ileocolic i. i. in which the lower portion of the ileum with the valve of the cecum passes into the ascending colon.
jejunogastric i. a rare complication following gastrojejunostomy in which the afferent or the efferent loop of bowel invaginates into the stomach.
retrograde i. the invagination of a lower segment of the bowel into one just above.

intussusceptive
intussusceptive (in′tus-su-sep′tiv)

Relating to or characterized by intussusception.

intussusceptum
intussusceptum (in′tus-su-sep′tum)

The inner segment in an intussusception; that part of the bowel which is received within the other part.

intussuscipiens
intussuscipiens (in′tus-su-sip′e-enz)

The portion of the bowel, in intussusception, which receives the other portion. [L. intus, within, + suscipiens, pr. p. of suscipio, to take up]

inulase
inulase (in′u-las)

SYN: inulinase.

inulin
inulin (In) (in′u-lin)

A fructose polysaccharide from the rhizome of Inula helenium or elecampane (family Compositae) and other plants; used by intravenous injection, where it is filtered by the renal glomeruli but not re-absorbed and thus can be used to determine the rate of glomerular filtration; also used in bread for diabetics. Cf.:i. clearance. SYN: alant starch, alantin, dahlin.

inulinase
inulinase (in′u-lin-as)

An enzyme acting upon 2,1-β-d-fructoside links in inulin, releasing d-fructose. SYN: inulase.

inulol
inulol (in′u-lol)

SYN: alantol.

inunction
inunction (in-ungk′shun)

Administration of a drug in ointment form by rubbing to cause absorption of the active ingredient. [L. inunctio, an anointing, fr. inunguo, pp. -unctus, to smear on]

invaccination
invaccination (in-vak-si-na′shun)

Obsolete term for accidental inoculation of some disease, e.g., syphilis, during vaccination.

in vacuo
in vacuo (in vak′u-o)

In a vacuum, e.g., under reduced pressure. [L.]

invaginate
invaginate (in-vaj′i-nat)

To ensheathe, infold, or insert a structure within itself or another. [L. in, in, + vagina, a sheath]

invagination
invagination (in-vaj′i-na′shun)

1. The ensheathing, enfolding, or insertion of a structure within itself or another. 2. The state of being invaginated. SEE ALSO: introversion, intussusception.
basilar i. SYN: platybasia.

invaginator
invaginator (in-vag′i-na-ter, -tor)

An instrument for pushing inward any tissue.

invalid
invalid (in′va-lid)

1. Weak; sick. 2. A person partially or completely disabled. [L. in- neg. + validus, strong]

invalidism
invalidism (in′va-lid-izm)

The condition of being an invalid.

invasin
invasin (in-va′sin)

SYN: hyaluronidase (1) .

invasion
invasion (in-va′zhun)

1. The beginning or incursion of a disease. 2. Local spread of a malignant neoplasm by infiltration or destruction of adjacent tissue; for epithelial neoplasms, i. signifies infiltration beneath the epithelial basement membrane. 3. Entrance of foreign cells into a tissue, such as polymorphonuclear leukocytes in inflammation. [L. invasio, fr. in-vado, pp. -vasus, to go into, attack]

invasive
invasive (in-va′siv)

1. Denoting or characterized by invasion. 2. Denoting a procedure requiring insertion of an instrument or device into the body through the skin or a body orifice for diagnosis or treatment.

inventory
inventory (in′ven-tor-e)

A detailed, often descriptive, list of items.
Millon clinical multiaxial i. (MCMI) SYN: Millon Clinical Multiaxial I. test.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality I. SYN: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality I. test.
personality i. a psychological test for evaluation of habitual modes of behavior, thinking, and feeling based on the comparable characteristics of individuals in one's peer group.

invermination
invermination (in-ver-mi-na′shun)

SYN: helminthiasis. [L. in, in, + vermis (vermin-), worm]

inversion
inversion (in-ver′zhun)

1. A turning inward, upside down, or in any direction contrary to the existing one. 2. Conversion of a disaccharide or polysaccharide by hydrolysis into a monosaccharide; specifically, the hydrolysis of sucrose to d-glucose and d-fructose; so called because of the change in optical rotation. 3. Alteration of a DNA molecule made by removing a fragment, reversing its orientation, and putting it back into place. 4. Heat-induced transition of silica, in which the quartz tridymite or cristobalite changes its physical properties as to thermal expansion. 5. Conversion of a chiral center into its mirror image. [L. inverto, pp. -versus, to turn upside down, to turn about]
i. of chromosomes a chromosome aberration resulting from a double break in a segment of the chromosome, with end for end rotation of the fragment between the fracture lines, and refusion of the fragments; this results in reversal of the order of genes in that segment.
paracentric i. i. in a chromosome of a single segment in which the centromere is not included.
pericentric i. i. in a chromosome of a single segment that includes the centromere.
i. of the uterus a turning of the uterus inside out, usually following childbirth.
visceral i. SYN: situs inversus viscerum.

invert
invert (in′vert)

1. In chemistry, subjected to inversion, e.g., i. sugar. 2. To reverse in direction, sequence, or effect. 3. Rarely used term for a homosexual. See inversion.

invertase
invertase (in′ver-tas)

SYN: β-fructofuranosidase.

Invertebrata
Invertebrata (in-ver-te-bra′ta)

A general category of the kingdom Animalia (multicellular animals) including those phyla whose members lack a notochord; i.e., all animals except vertebrates in the phylum Chordata.

invertebrate
invertebrate (in-ver′te-brat)

1. Not possessed of a spinal or vertebral column. 2. Any animal that has no spinal column.

inverted repeat
inverted repeat

A sequence of nucleotides that is repeated nearly without change except in the opposite direction, usually at some point distant from the original sequence; often associated with gene insertion.

invertin
invertin (in′ver-tin)

SYN: β-fructofuranosidase.

invertor
invertor (in-ver′ter, -tor)

A muscle that inverts or causes inversion or turns a part, such as the foot, inward. [see inversion]

investing
investing

1. In dentistry, covering or enveloping wholly or in part an object such as a denture, tooth, wax form, crown, etc., with a refractory investment material before curing, soldering, or casting. 2. In psychoanalysis, allocating to or charging an object with psychic energy or cathexis.
vacuum i. the i. of a pattern utilizing a vacuum to remove trapped air from the investment material.

investment
investment

1. In dentistry, any material used in investing. 2. In psychoanalysis, the psychic charge or cathexis invested in an object.
refractory i. an i. material which can withstand the high temperatures used in soldering or casting.

inveterate
inveterate (in-vet′er-at)

Long seated; firmly established; said of a disease or of confirmed habits. [L. in-vetero, pp. -atus, to render old, fr. vetus, old]

inviscation
inviscation (in-vis-ka′shun)

1. Smearing with mucilaginous matter. 2. The mixing of the food, during mastication, with saliva. [L. in, in, on, + viscum, birdlime]

in vitro
in vitro (in ve′tro)

In an artificial environment, referring to a process or reaction occurring therein, as in a test tube or culture media. Cf.:in vivo. [L. in glass]

in vivo
in vivo (in ve′vo)

In the living body, referring to a process or reaction occurring therein. Cf.:in vitro. [L. in the living being]

involucre
involucre (in′vo-loo-ker)

SYN: involucrum.

involucrin
involucrin (in-vo-loo′krin)

A non–keratin-soluble precursor of the highly cross-linked protein known as the corneocyte envelope. [fr. L. involucrum, a wrapper]

involucrum
involucrum, pl .involucra (in-vo-loo′krum, -loo′kra)

1. An enveloping membrane, e.g., a sheath or sac. 2. The sheath of new bone that forms around a sequestrum. SYN: involucre. [L. a wrapper, fr. in-volvo, to roll up]

involuntary
involuntary (in-vol′un-tar-e)

1. Independent of the will; not volitional. 2. Contrary to the will. [L. in- neg. + voluntarius, willing, fr. volo, to wish]

involution
involution (in-vo-loo′shun)

1. Return of an enlarged organ to normal size. 2. Turning inward of the edges of a part. 3. In psychiatry, mental decline associated with advanced age. SYN: catagenesis. [L. in-volvo, pp. -volutus, to roll up]
senile i. the retrogression of vital organs and psychological processes incident to aging.
i. of the uterus the process of reduction of the uterus to its normal nonpregnant size and state following childbirth.

involutional
involutional (in-vo-loo′shun-al)

Relating to involution.

iobenzamic acid
iobenzamic acid (i-o-ben-zam′ik)

A radiographic contrast medium formerly used for oral cholecystography.

iocetamic acid
iocetamic acid (i′o-se-tam′ik)

A radiographic contrast medium formerly used for oral cholecystography.

iodamide
iodamide (i-o′da-mid)

A radiographic contrast medium formerly used for oral cholecystography. SYN: ametriodinic acid.

Iodamoeba
Iodamoeba (i-od-a-me′ba)

A genus of parasitic amebae in the superclass Rhizopoda, order Amoebida.
I. bütschlii a parasitic ameba in the large intestine of man; trophozoites are usually 9–14 μm in diameter; the cysts are usually 8–10 μm in diameter, uninucleate and somewhat irregular in shape, with a thick wall and a large compact mass of glycogen that stains deeply with a solution of iodine; clinically recognizable amebiasis caused by this organism is rare, with symptoms resembling those of chronic disease caused by Entamoeba histolytica; it is also found in other primates and is the commonest ameba of pigs.

iodate
iodate (i′o-dat)

A salt of iodic acid.

iodic
iodic (i-od′ik)

1. Relating to, or caused by, iodine or an iodide. 2. Denoting a compound of iodine in its pentavalent state.

iodic acid
iodic acid

Crystalline powder, soluble in water; used as an astringent, caustic, disinfectant, deodorant, and formerly as an intestinal antiseptic.

iodide
iodide (i′o-did)

1. The negative ion of iodine, I⁻. 2. Any salt of hydroiodic acid. 3. Any compound containing an iodine atom linked to a carbon.
i. peroxidase an oxidoreductase catalyzing reactions between iodine and water to yield i. and H₂O₂; also catalyzes iodination and deiodination of tyrosine compounds; a deficiency of this enzyme leads to a loss of the iodotyrosine derivatives and iodine from the thyroid and results in goiter. SYN: iodinase, iodotyrosine deiodase.
sodium i. iodine-131 prepared from radioactive iodine (¹³¹I); nominally carrier-free, with a half-life of 8.1 days; used as a diagnostic agent in suspected thyroid disease and in the treatment of selected thyroid diseases.

iodimetry
iodimetry (i-o-dim′e-tre)

SYN: iodometry. [iodine + G. metron, measure]

iodinase
iodinase (i′o-din-as)

SYN: iodide peroxidase.

iodinate
iodinate (i′o-di-nat)

To treat or combine with iodine.

iodine
iodine (I) (i′o-din, -den)

A nonmetallic chemical element, atomic no. 53, atomic wt. 126.90447; used in the manufacture of i. compounds and as a catalyst, reagent, tracer, constituent of radiographic contrast media, topical antiseptic, antidote for alkaloidal poisons, and in certain stains and solutions; formerly used for prophylaxis of i. deficiency. [G. iodes, violet-like, fr. ion, a violet, + eidos, form]
butanol-extractable i. (BEI) i. that can be separated from plasma proteins by butanol or other extractable solvents; used to measure thyroid function.
Gram i. a solution containing i. and potassium iodide, used in Gram stain.
povidone i. a water soluble complex of i. with polyvinylpyrrolidone. Applied as an antiseptic in the form of solutions or ointments, it releases i.. Used in cleansing and disinfecting the skin, preparing the skin preoperatively, and treating infections susceptible to i.. SYN: polyvinylpyrrolidone-i. complex, povidone-i..
protein-bound i. (PBI) thyroid hormone in its circulating form, consisting of one or more of the iodothyronines bound to one or more of the serum proteins.
radioactive i. the i. radioisotopes ¹³¹I, ¹²⁵I, or ¹²³I used as tracers in biology and medicine.
tamed i. SYN: iodophor.
i. tincture a hydroalcoholic solution containing 2% elemental i. and 2.4% potassium iodide to facilitate dissolution and 47% alcohol; used as an antiseptic/germicide on the skin surface for cuts and scratches. Has been used as a skin disinfectant before surgery but is now largely replaced by organic forms of i..

iodine-123
iodine-123 (¹²³I)

A radioisotope of iodine with a 159 keV gamma emission and a physical half-life of 13.2 h, used for studies of thyroid disease and of renal function.

iodine-125
iodine-125 (¹²⁵I)

Radioactive iodine isotope that decays by K-capture (internal conversion) with a half-life of 59.4 days; used as a label in immunoassay and in imaging; formerly used as a tracer in thyroid studies and as a label in imaging.

iodine-127
iodine-127 (¹²⁷I)

Stable, nonradioactive iodine, the most abundant iodide isotope found in nature; dietary deficiency causes simple goiter; used to block thyroid uptake of radioactive iodine released from nuclear accidents.

iodine-131
iodine-131 (¹³¹I)

A radioactive iodine isotope; beta and gamma emitter with a half-life of 8.1 days; used as a tracer in thyroid studies, as therapy in hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer, and as a label in immunoassay and imaging; formerly used as therapy in heart disease.

iodine-132
iodine-132 (¹³²I)

A beta- and gamma-emitting radioisotope of iodine with a half-life of 2.28 h, usually obtained from a tellurium-132 radionuclide generator; its clinical use has been supplanted by ¹³¹I and ¹²³I.

iodine-fast
iodine-fast

Denoting hyperthyroidism unresponsive to iodine therapy, which develops frequently in most cases so treated.

iodinophil
iodinophil, iodinophile (i-o-din′o-fil, -fil)

1. Staining readily with iodine. SYN: iodinophilous. 2. Any histologic element that stains readily with iodine. [iodine + G. philos, fond]

iodinophilous
iodinophilous (i-o-din-of′i-lus)

SYN: iodinophil (1) .

iodipamide
iodipamide (i-o-dip′a-mid)

An ionic, dimeric, water-soluble radiographic contrast medium for intravenous cholangiography; used as the sodium or methylglucamine salt. SYN: Adipiodone.
methylglucamine i. a water-soluble organic iodine compound used for intravenous cholangiography and cholecystography.

iodism
iodism (i′o-dizm)

Poisoning by iodine, a condition marked by severe coryza, an acneform eruption, weakness, salivation, and foul breath; caused by the continuous administration of iodine or one of the iodides.

iodixanol
iodixanol (i-o-diks′a-nol)

5,5′-[(2-Hydroxy-1,3-propane)bis(acetylamino)]bis[N,N′-bis(2,3- dihydroxypropyl)-2,4,6- triiodo-1,3-benzenedicarboxamide];a dimeric, nonionic, low osmolar, water-soluble radiographic contrast medium for intravascular use.

iodize
iodize (i′o-diz)

To treat or impregnate with iodine.

iodized oil
iodized oil (i′o-dizd)

An iodine addition product of vegetable oils, containing not less than 38% and not more than 42% of organically combined iodine; a radiopaque medium.

iodoacetamide
iodoacetamide (i-o′do-a-se′ta-mid)

ICH₂&cbond;CONH₂;a chemical reacting readily with sulfhydryl groups and therefore a strong inhibitor of many enzymes.

iodoalphionic acid
iodoalphionic acid (i-o′do-al-fe-on′ik)

A radiographic contrast medium formerly used for cholecystography.

iodocasein
iodocasein (i-o-do-ka′sen)

A compound of iodine with casein, in which the iodine is attached to tyrosine molecules; possesses thyroxine activity.

iodochlorhydroxyquin
iodochlorhydroxyquin, iodochlorohydroxyquinoline (i′o-do-klor′hi-drok′si-kwin, -klor′o-hi-drok′si-kwin′o-len)

Topical antiinfective. SYN: chloriodoquin, clioquinol.

iodochlorol
iodochlorol (i′o-do-klor′ol)

SYN: chloriodized oil.

iododerma
iododerma (i-o′do-der′ma)

1An eruption of follicular papules and pustules, or panniculitis, caused by iodine toxicity or sensitivity.

iodoform
iodoform (i-o′do-form)

A topical antiseptic. SYN: triiodomethane.

iodoglobulin
iodoglobulin (i-o′do-glob′u-lin)

SYN: thyroglobulin (1) .

iodogorgoic acid
iodogorgoic acid (i-o′do-gor-go′ik)

3,5-Diiodotyrosine;a precursor of thyroxine.

iodohippurate sodium
iodohippurate sodium (i-o′do-hip′poo-rat)

A radiopaque compound formerly used intravenously, orally, or for retrograde urography. When tagged with iodine-131, it is used to measure effective renal plasma flow and to image the kidneys for radioisotopic renography.

iodomethamate sodium
iodomethamate sodium (i-o′do-meth′a-mat)

A high osmolar, ionic, water-soluble, radiographic contrast medium formerly used widely as the disodium salt for intravenous urography.

iodometric
iodometric (i-o′do-met′rik)

Relating to iodometry.

iodometry
iodometry (i-o-dom′e-tre)

Analytic techniques involving titrations in which visible form(s) of iodine is either formed or consumed, the sudden appearance or disappearance of iodine marking the end point. SYN: iodimetry. [iodine + G. metron, measure]

iodopanoic acid
iodopanoic acid (i-o′do-pa-no′ik)

SYN: iopanoic acid.

iodophendylate
iodophendylate (i-o′do-fen′dil-at)

SYN: iophendylate.

iodophilia
iodophilia (i-o′do-fil′e-a)

An affinity for iodine, as manifested by some leukocytes in certain conditions. When treated with a solution of iodine and potassium iodide, normal polymorphonuclear leukocytes stain a fairly bright yellow; in certain pathologic conditions, the polymorphonuclear leukocytes frequently stain diffusely brown or yellow-brown; the reaction may be intracellular (as described) or extracellular, affecting the particles in the immediate vicinity of the leukocytes. [iodine + G. phileo, to love]

iodophor
iodophor (i-o′do-for)

A combination of iodine with a surfactant carrier, usually polyvinylpyrrolidone. Commercial preparations generally contain 1% “available” iodine, which is slowly released to take effect against microorganisms; used as skin disinfectants, particularly for surgical scrubs. SYN: tamed iodine. [iodine + G. phora, a carrying]

iodophthalein
iodophthalein (i-o′do-thal′en, -dof-thal′e-in)

A radiographic contrast medium. The disodium salt was once used in radiography of the gallbladder. SYN: tetraiodophenolphthalein sodium.

3-iodo-1,2-propanediol
3-iodo-1,2-propanediol

SYN: glyceryl iodide.

iodopropylidene glycerol
iodopropylidene glycerol

SYN: iodinated glycerol.

iodoproteins
iodoproteins (i-o′do-pro′tenz)

Proteins containing iodine bound to tyrosyl groups.

iodopsin
iodopsin (i-o-dop′sin)

Any of three visual pigments, composed of 11-cis-retinal bound to an opsin, found in the cones of the retina. SYN: visual violet. [G. ion, violet, + ops, eye, + -in]

iodopyracet
iodopyracet (i-o′do-pi′ra-set)

A radiographic contrast medium formerly used for intravenous urography; also used to determine the renal plasma flow and the renal tubular excretory mass. SYN: diodone.

iodoquinol
iodoquinol (i-o′do-kwin′ol)

Drug used as an amebicide prepared by the action of iodine monochloride on 8-hydroxyquinoline.

iodotherapy
iodotherapy (i′o-do-thar′a-pe)

Treatment with iodine.

iodothyronines
iodothyronines (i-o′do-thi′ro-nenz)

Iodinated derivatives of thyronine.

iodotyrosine
iodotyrosine (i-o′do-ti′ro-sen)

An iodinated tyrosine.
i. deiodase SYN: iodide peroxidase.

iodoxamate meglumine
iodoxamate meglumine (i-o-doks′a-mat)

The methylglucamine salt of an ionic, water-soluble, dimeric, radiographic contrast medium; formerly used primarily for intravenous cholangiography.

ioduria
ioduria (i-o-doo′re-a)

Urinary excretion of iodine.

ioglycamic acid
ioglycamic acid (i′o-gli-kam′ik)

3,3′-[oxybis(methylene carbonylimino)]bis[2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid];an ionic, water-soluble, dimeric, radiographic contrast medium, formerly used for intravenous cholangiography.

iohexol
iohexol (i′o-heks′ol)

A monomeric, nonionic, water-soluble, low osmolar radiographic contrast medium for urography or angiography. Used intrathecally and intravascularly.

iometer
iometer (i-om′e-ter)

An apparatus for measuring ionization. [ion + G. metron, measure]

ion
ion (i′on)

An atom or group of atoms carrying an electric charge by virtue of having gained or lost one or more electrons. Ions charged with negative electricity (anions) travel toward a positive pole (anode); those charged with positive electricity (cations) travel toward a negative pole (cathode). Ions may exist in solid, liquid, or gaseous environments, although those in liquid (electrolytes) are more common and familiar. [G. i., going]
aquo-i. aquo-i..
dipolar ions ions possessing both a negative charge and a positive charge, each localized at a different point in the molecule, which thus has both positive and negative “poles”; amino acids are the most notable dipolar ions, containing a positively charged NH₃⁺ group and a negatively charged COO⁻ group at neutral pH. SYN: amphions, zwitterions.
gram-i. gram-i..
hydride i. the H⁻ i., transferred to acceptor molecules in some biologic oxidations.
hydrogen i. (H⁺) a hydrogen atom minus its electron and therefore carrying a unit positive charge ( i.e., a proton); in water, it combines with a water molecule to form hydronium i., H₃O⁺.
hydronium i. the hydrated proton, H₃O⁺, a form in which hydrogen i. exists in aqueous solutions; also, H₃O⁺&chmpnt;H₂O, H₃O⁺&chmpnt;2H₂O, etc. SYN: oxonium i..
oxonium i. SYN: hydronium i..
sulfonium i. a compound in which a sulfur atom has three single covalent bonds and therefore has a positive charge analogous to the nitrogen of an ammonium compound; e.g., S-adenosyl-l-methionine.

Ionescu
Ionescu

See Jonnesco.

ion exchange
ion exchange (i′on eks-chanj′)

See anion exchange, cation exchange, i. chromatography.

ion exchanger
ion exchanger (i′on eks-chanj′er)

See anion exchanger, cation exchanger.

ionic
ionic (i-on′ik)

Relating to an ion.

ionium
ionium (i-o′ne-um)

Former term for thorium-230. [G. ion, going]

ionization
ionization (i′on-i-za′shun)

1. Dissociation into ions, occurring when an electrolyte is dissolved in water or certain liquids or when molecules are subjected to electrical discharge or ionizing radiation. 2. Production of ions as a result of interaction of radiation with matter. 3. SYN: iontophoresis.

ionize
ionize (i′on-iz)

To separate into ions; to dissociate atoms or molecules into electrically charged atoms or radicals.

ionogram
ionogram (i′on-o-gram)

SYN: electropherogram.

ionone
ionone (i′o-non)

One of two cyclic terpene ketones with an odor of violets or cedar wood, the α and β varieties of which differ in the location of the double bond in the ring: provitamins A and vitamin A have i. configuration in the ring portion; α-carotene contains one α- and one β-i. moieties, β-carotene contains two β-i. moieties, and γ-carotene contains one β-i. moiety.

ionopherogram
ionopherogram (i′on-o-fer′o-gram)

SYN: electropherogram.

ionophore
ionophore (i-on′o-for)

A compound or substance that forms a complex with an ion and transports it across a membrane. [ion + G. phore, a bearer]

ionophoresis
ionophoresis (i-on′o-for-e′sis)

SYN: electrophoresis. [ion + G. phoresis, a carrying]

ionophoretic
ionophoretic (i-on′o-for-et′ik)

SYN: electrophoretic.

iontophoresis
iontophoresis (i-on′to-for-e′sis)

The introduction into the tissues, by means of an electric current, of the ions of a chosen medicament. SYN: ionic medication, ionization (3) , iontotherapy. [ion + G. phoresis, a carrying]

iontophoretic
iontophoretic (i-on′to-for-et′ik)

Relating to iontophoresis.

iontotherapy
iontotherapy (i-on′to-thar′a-pe)

SYN: iontophoresis.

iopamidol
iopamidol (i′o-pam′i-dol)

A monomeric, nonionic, water-soluble, low osmolar radiographic contrast medium for urography or angiography.

iopanoic acid
iopanoic acid (i′o-pa-no′ik)

A water-insoluble radiographic contrast medium, once used widely for oral cholecystography. SYN: iodopanoic acid.

iopentol
iopentol (i′o-pen′tol)

N,N′-Bis(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-5-[N-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxypropyl) acetamido]-2,4,6-triiodoisophthalamide;a nonionic, monomeric, low osmolar radiographic contrast medium for intravenous urography or angiography.

iophendylate
iophendylate (i-o-fen′dil-at)

A mixture of isomers of ethyl iodophenylundecylate, an iodized fatty acid of low viscosity; used for radiography of the spinal canal. SYN: iodophendylate.

iophenoic acid
iophenoic acid (i′o-fen-o-ik)

SYN: iophenoxic acid.

iophenoxic acid
iophenoxic acid (i′o-fen-oks′ik)

A radiographic contrast medium; formerly used for oral cholecystography. SYN: iophenoic acid.

iophobia
iophobia (i-o-fo′be-a)

Morbid fear of poisons. [G. ios, poison, + phobos, fear]

iopromide
iopromide (i-o′pro-mid)

N,N′-Bis(2,3-dihydroxy propyl)-2,4-6-triiodo-5-(2-methoxyacetamido)-N-methyl isophthalamide;a monomeric, nonionic, water-soluble, low osmolar radiographic contrast medium for intravenous urography or angiography.

iota
iota (ι) (i-ot′a)

1. The ninth letter in the Greek alphabet. 2. In chemistry, denotes the ninth in a series, or the ninth atom from a carboxyl group or other functional group. 3. A tiny or minute amount.

iotacism
iotacism (i-o′ta-sizm)

A speech defect marked by the frequent substitution of a long e sound (that of the Greek iota) for other vowels. [G. iota, the letter ι]

iothalamic acid
iothalamic acid (i′o-tha-lam′ik)

An ionic, monomeric, water-soluble radiographic contrast medium, widely used as the sodium or methylglucamine salt (iothalamate) for intravenous urography and angiography.

iothiouracil sodium
iothiouracil sodium (i′o-thi-o-ur′a-sil)

The sodium salt of 5-iodo-2-thiouracil; an organic iodine derivative of thiouracil with the thyroid-involuting action of iodine and the capability of inhibiting thyroxine production.

iotrol
iotrol (i′o-trol)

SYN: iotrolan.

iotrolan
iotrolan (i-o′tro-lan)

5,5′-[Malonylbis(methylimino)]bis[N, N′-bis[2,3-dihydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)propyl]-2,4,6-triiodoisophthalamide];a dimeric, nonionic, water-soluble, low osmolar radiographic contrast medium, used for myelography and other nonvascular applications. SYN: iotrol.

ioversol
ioversol (i-o-ver′sol)

N,N′-Bis(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-5-[N-[2-hydroxyethyl)glycolamido]-2,4,6-triiodoisophthalamide;a water-soluble, nonionic, low osmolar, radiographic contrast medium.

ioxaglate
ioxaglate (i-oks-ag′lat)

A diagnostic radiopaque medium, usually a combination of i. meglumine (C₂₄H₂₁I₆N₅O₈&chmpnt;C₇H₁₇NO₅), and i. sodium (C₂₄H₂₀I₆N₅NaO₈); used in angiography, aortography, arteriography, venography, and urography.

ioxilan
ioxilan (i-oks′i-lan)

N-(2,3-Dihydroxypropyl)-5-[N(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido]-N′-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2,4,6-triiodoisophthalamide;a monomeric, nonionic, water-soluble, low osmolar radiographic contrast medium for urography or angiography.

ioxithalamate
ioxithalamate (i-oks-i-thal′a-mat)

5-Acetamido-2,4,6-triiodo-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)isophthalamic acid;an ionic, monomeric, water-soluble radiographic contrast medium for urography and angiography.

I.P.
I.P., i.p.

Abbreviation for intraperitoneal or intraperitoneally; isoelectric point.

IP3
IP₃

Abbreviation for inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate.

IPA
IPA

Abbreviation for independent practice association; isopropyl alcohol.

ipecac
ipecac (ip′e-kak)

SYN: ipecacuanha.
powdered i. a form of i. used in the preparation of i. syrup.

ipecacuanha
ipecacuanha (ip-e-kak-u-an′a)

The dried root of Uragoga (Cephaelis) i. (family Rubiaceae), a shrub of Brazil and other parts of South America; contains emetine, cephaeline, emetamine, ipecacuanhic acid, psychotrine, and methylpsychotrine; has expectorant, emetic, and antidysenteric properties. SYN: ipecac. [native Brazilian word]
de-emetinized i. i. from which the emetic principle has been extracted; has been used as an antidysenteric agent.
prepared i. a fine powder to contain 2% of the total alkaloids of i., calculated as emetine.

IPF
IPF

Abbreviation for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis or interstitial pulmonary fibrosis.

ipodate
ipodate (i′po-dat)

A radiographic contrast medium, given orally as the sodium or, more often, the calcium salt, for opacification of the gallbladder and central biliary tree.

ipomea
ipomea (i-po-me′a)

The dried root of Ipomoea orizabensis (family Convolvulaceae). SEE ALSO: i. resin. SYN: orizaba jalap root. [G. ips (ip-), a worm, + homoios, like]

Ipomoea
Ipomoea (i-po-me′a)

A plant genus of the family Convolvulaceae including the morning glory. [L. ipomea]
I. rubrocoerulea praecox the seeds contain lysergic acid amide, isolysergic acid amide, chanoclavine, elymoclavine, and other ergot (indole) alkaloids; ingestion of the seeds produces hallucinatory and euphoric effects. SYN: morning glory (1) .
I. versicolor a species whose seeds contain hallucinogenic ergot (indole) alkaloids.

IPPB
IPPB

Abbreviation for intermittent positive pressure breathing.

IPPV
IPPV

Abbreviation for intermittent positive pressure ventilation.

ipratropium
ipratropium (i-pra-tro′pe-um)

A synthetic quaternary ammonium compound, chemically related to atropine, that has anticholinergic activity and is a bronchodilator given by inhalation.

iproniazid
iproniazid (i-pro-ni′a-zid)

An antituberculous and antidepressant agent similar to isoniazid, but more toxic and rarely used; it inhibits monoamine oxidase. The first antidepressant agent.

iproveratril
iproveratril (i-pro-ver′a-tril)

SYN: verapamil.

iPrSGal
iPrSGal

Abbreviation for isopropylthiogalactoside.

Ips
Ips

Abbreviation for pipsyl.

ipsefact
ipsefact (ip′se-fakt)

All parts or aspects of the environment that an individual, colony, population, or species of animal has modified chemically or physically by its own behavior ( e.g., a nest or home, rodent or deer runs, excrement, pheromones). [L. ipse, self, + factum, a thing done]

ipsilateral
ipsilateral (ip-si-lat′er-al)

On the same side, with reference to a given point, e.g., a dilated pupil on the same side as an extradural hematoma with contralateral limbs being paretic. SYN: homolateral. [L. ipse, same, + latus (later-), side]

IPSP
IPSP

Abbreviation for inhibitory postsynaptic potential.

IPTG
IPTG

Abbreviation for isopropylthiogalactoside.

IPV
IPV

Abbreviation for inactivated poliovirus vaccine. See poliovirus vaccines, under vaccine.

IQ
IQ

Abbreviation for intelligence quotient.

IR
IR, ir

Abbreviation for infrared.

Ir
Ir

Symbol for iridium.

IRB
IRB

Abbreviation for institutional review board.

irid- irid-

See irido-.

iridal
iridal (i′ri-dal, ir′i-dal)

Relating to the iris. SYN: iridial, iridian, iridic.

iridectomy
iridectomy (ir′i-dek′to-me)

1. Excision of a portion of the iris. 2. The hole in the iris produced by a surgical i.. [irido- + G. ektome, excision]
buttonhole i. SYN: peripheral i..
optical i. i. performed for the purpose of improving vision by making an artificial pupil.
peripheral i. in narrow-angle glaucoma, the surgical removal of a minute portion of the iris at its root; in intracapsular extraction of cataract, removal of one or more minute sections near the peripheral border, leaving the pupillary margin intact. SYN: buttonhole i., stenopeic i..
sector i. an i. in which a portion of the pupillary margin is excised.
stenopeic i. SYN: peripheral i..
therapeutic i. an i. performed for the prevention or cure of disease, e.g., angle-closure glaucoma.

iridencleisis
iridencleisis (ir′i-den-kli′sis)

The incarceration of a portion of the iris by corneoscleral incision in glaucoma to effect filtration between the anterior chamber and subconjunctival space. [irido- + G. enkleio, to shut in]

irideremia
irideremia (ir′i-der-e′me′a, i′rid-)

Condition wherein the iris is so rudimentary as to appear to be absent. Cf.:aniridia. [irido- + G. eremia, absence]

irides
irides (ir′i-dez)

Plural of iris. [G.]

iridescent
iridescent (ir-i-des′ent)

Presenting multiple bright refractile colors, typically as a result of optical interference when incident white light is broken into its spectral components when reflected back through several thin-layered films. [G. iris, rainbow]

iridesis
iridesis (i-rid′e-sis, i-ri-de′sis)

Ligature of a portion of the iris brought out through an incision in the cornea. [irido- + G. desis, a binding together]

iridial
iridial, iridian, iridic (i-rid′e-al; i-rid′e-an; i-rid′ik, i-rid′-)

SYN: iridal.

iridin
iridin (ir′i-din)

1. Irigenin 7-glucoside from orris root, Iris florentina. 2. A resinoid from blue flag, Iris versicolor; used as a cholagogue and cathartic. SYN: irisin.

iridium
iridium (Ir) (i-rid′e-um)

A white, silvery metallic element, atomic no. 77, atomic wt. 192.22; ¹⁹²Ir is a radioisotope (half-life of 73.83 days) that has been used in the interstitial treatment of certain tumors. [L. iris, rainbow]

irido- irido-, irid-

The iris. [G. iris (irid-), rainbow]

iridoavulsion
iridoavulsion (ir′i-do-a-vul′shun)

Avulsion, or tearing away, of the iris.

iridocele
iridocele (ir′i-do-sel)

Herniation of a portion of the iris through a corneal defect. [irido- + G. kele, hernia]

iridochoroiditis
iridochoroiditis (ir′i-do-ko-roy-di′tis)

Inflammation of both iris and choroid.

iridocoloboma
iridocoloboma (ir′i-do-ko-lo-bo′ma)

A coloboma or congenital defect of the iris. [irido- + G. koloboma, coloboma]

iridocorneal
iridocorneal (ir′i-do-kor′ne-al)

Relating to the iris and the cornea.

iridocyclectomy
iridocyclectomy (ir′i-do-si-klek′to-me)

Removal of the iris and ciliary body for excision of a tumor. [irido- + G. kyklos, circle (ciliary body), + ektome, excision]

iridocyclitis
iridocyclitis (ir′i-do-si-kli′tis)

Inflammation of both iris and ciliary body. SEE ALSO: iritis, uveitis. [irido- + G. kyklos, circle (ciliary body), + -itis, inflammation]
i. septica SYN: Behçet syndrome.

iridocyclochoroiditis
iridocyclochoroiditis (ir′i-do-si′klo-ko-royd-i′tis)

Inflammation of the iris, involving the ciliary body and the choroid.

iridocystectomy
iridocystectomy (ir′i-do-sis-tek′to-me)

An operation for making an artificial pupil when posterior synechiae follow extracapsular extraction of cataract; the border of the iris and a portion of the capsule of the lens are drawn out through an incision in the cornea and cut off. [irido- + G. kystis, bladder (capsule), + ektome, excision]

iridodiagnosis
iridodiagnosis (ir′i-do-di-ag-no′sis)

Diagnosis of systemic diseases by observation of changes in form and color of the iris.

iridodialysis
iridodialysis (ir′i-do-di-al′i-sis)

A colobomatous defect of the iris caused by its separation from the scleral spur. [irido- + G. dialysis, loosening]

iridodilator
iridodilator (ir′i-do-di-la′ter)

Causing dilation of the pupil; applied to the musculus dilator pupillae.

iridodonesis
iridodonesis (ir′i-do-do-ne′sis)

Agitated motion of the iris. SYN: tremulous iris. [irido- + G. doneo, to shake to and fro]

iridokinetic
iridokinetic (ir′i-do-ki-net′ik)

Relating to the movements of the iris.

iridology
iridology (ir-i-dol′o-je)

A hypothetical non–evidence-based system of medicine based on an examination of the iris, using a chart on which certain areas of the iris are presumed diagnostically specific for particular organs, systems, and structures. [irido- + G. logos, study]

iridomalacia
iridomalacia (ir′i-do-ma-la′she-a)

Degenerative softening of the iris. [irido- + G. malakia, softness]

iridomesodialysis
iridomesodialysis (ir′i-do-mes′o-di-al′i-sis)

Separation of adhesions around the inner margin of the iris. [irido- + G. mesos, middle, + dialysis, loosening]

iridomotor
iridomotor (ir′i-do-mo′tor)

SYN: pupillomotor.

iridoparalysis
iridoparalysis (ir′i-do-pa-ral′i-sis)

SYN: iridoplegia.

iridopathy
iridopathy (ir-i-dop′a-the)

Pathologic lesions in the iris.

iridoplegia
iridoplegia (ir′i-do-ple′je-a)

Paralysis of the musculus sphincter iridis. SYN: iridoparalysis. [irido- + G. plege, stroke]
complete i. paralysis of both the dilator and sphincter muscles of the iris.
reflex i. absence of the pupillary light reflex, as in the Argyll Robertson pupil.
sympathetic i. i. due to the paralysis of the sympathetically innervated dilator pupillae muscle.

iridoptosis
iridoptosis (ir′i-dop-to′sis)

Prolapse of the iris. [irido- + G. ptosis, a falling]

iridorrhexis
iridorrhexis (ir′i-do-rek′sis)

Deliberate, surgical tearing of the iris from the scleral spur in order to increase the breadth of a coloboma. [irido- + G. rhexis, rupture]

iridoschisis
iridoschisis (ir-i-dos′ki-sis)

Separation of the anterior layer of the iris from the posterior layer; ruptured anterior fibers float in the aqueous humor. [irido- + G. schisma, cleft]

iridosclerotomy
iridosclerotomy (ir′i-do-skle-rot′o-me)

An incision involving both sclera and iris. [irido- + sclera, + G. tome, incision]

iridotomy
iridotomy (ir-i-dot′o-me)

Transverse division of some of the fibers of the iris, forming an artificial pupil. [irido- + G. tome, incision]
laser i. peripheral iridectomy as performed by laser.

Iridoviridae
Iridoviridae (ir′i-do-vir′i-de)

A family of viruses including iridescent viruses of insects (Iridovirus) and viruses that infect frogs and fish. These viruses are large, icosahedral (120–170 nm in diameter), and contain lipid. The genome is a single molecule of double-stranded DNA with molecular weight of 130–160 × 10⁶.

Iridovirus
Iridovirus (ir′i-do-vi′rus)

A genus of viruses (family Iridoviridae) comprised of the iridescent insect viruses of which the type species is the tipula iridescent virus.

irigenin
irigenin (i-ri-jen′in)

A trihydroxy trimethoxy isoflavone component of iridin.

iris
iris, pl .irides (i′ris, ir′i-dez) [TA]

The anterior division of the vascular tunic of the eye, a diaphragm, perforated in the center (the pupil), attached peripherally to the scleral spur; it is composed of stroma and a double layer of pigmented retinal epithelium from which are derived the sphincter and dilator muscles of the pupil. SYN: orris. [G. rainbow, the i. of the eye]
i. bicolor a variegated or two-colored i.. SYN: monocular heterochromia.
i. bombé a condition occurring in posterior annular synechia, in which an increase of fluid in the posterior chamber causes a forward bulging of the peripheral i..
plateau i. in angle-closure glaucoma, a flat appearance of the i. rather than a forward convexity.
tremulous i. SYN: iridodonesis.

iris frill
iris frill

SYN: collarette.

irisin
irisin (i′ri-sin)

SYN: iridin (2) .

iritic
iritic (i-rit′ik)

Relating to iritis.

iritis
iritis (i-ri′tis)

Inflammation of the iris. SEE ALSO: iridocyclitis, uveitis.
fibrinous i. acute inflammation of the iris, with profuse exudate; occurs in uveitis of tertiary syphilis.
follicular i. rarely used term for chronic i. with glassy nodules situated deep down between the anterior and posterior layers of the iris.
i. glaucomatosa an outpouring of exudate and cells after control of angle-closure glaucoma.
hemorrhagic i. i. with such severe hyperemia that hyphema occurs.
nodular i. i. with aggregations of round cells in the iris.
plastic i. i. with a fibrinous exudation.
quiet i. i. without inflammatory signs such as redness or edema of the cornea.
serous i. inflammation of the iris, with a serous exudate in the anterior chamber.
sympathetic i. i. consecutive to a similar condition in the other eye.

iron
iron (Fe) (i′ern, i′run)

A metallic element, atomic no. 26, atomic wt. 55.847, that occurs in the heme of hemoglobin, myoglobin, transferrin, ferritin, and i.-containing porphyrins, and is an essential component of enzymes such as catalase, peroxidase, and the various cytochromes; its salts are used medicinally. For individual salts not listed below, see ferric and ferrous entries. [A.S. iren]
albuminized i., i. albuminate a compound of i. oxide and albumin; rendered soluble by the presence of sodium citrate; occurs as reddish brown, lustrous granules, odorless or nearly so; used in anemia.
i. alum SYN: ferric ammonium sulfate.
i. filings small packets of Paragonimus spp. eggs that can be seen in the sputum; the egg clumps tend to be yellow-brown.
i. protoporphyrin a protoporphyrin to which an i. atom is complexed; e.g., heme.
i. pyrites native sulfide of i..

iron-52
iron-52 (⁵²Fe)

A radioactive iron isotope; a cyclotron-produced positron emitter with a half-life of 8.28 h, used to study iron metabolism.

iron-55
iron-55 (⁵⁵Fe)

An iron isotope; a positron emitter with a half-life of 2.73 years; used (less often than ⁵⁹Fe) as a tracer in study of iron metabolism and in blood perfusion studies.

iron-59
iron-59 (⁵⁹Fe)

An iron isotope; a gamma and beta emitter with a half-life of 44.51 days; used as tracer in the study of iron metabolism, determination of blood volume, and in blood transfusion studies.

irradiate
irradiate (i-ra′de-at)

To apply radiation from a source to a structure or organism. [see irradiation]

irradiation
irradiation (i-ra-de-a′shun)

1. The subjective enlargement of a bright object seen against a dark background. 2. Exposure to the action of electromagnetic radiation ( e.g., heat, light, x-rays). 3. The spreading of nervous impulses from one area in the brain or cord, or from a tract, to another tract. SEE ALSO: radiation. [L. ir-radio, (in-r), pp. -radi-atus, to beam forth]

irrational
irrational (i-rash′un-al)

Not rational; unreasonable (contrary to reason) or unreasoning (not exercising reason). [L. irrationalis, without reason]

irreducible
irreducible (ir-re-doo′si-bl, i-re-)

1. Not reducible; incapable of being made smaller. 2. In chemistry, incapable of being made simpler, or of being replaced, hydrogenated, or reduced in positive charge.

irrespirable
irrespirable (ir-re-spir′a-bl)

1. Incapable of being inhaled because of irritation to the airway, resulting in breath-holding. 2. Denoting a gas or vapor either poisonous or containing insufficient oxygen. 3. Denoting an aerosol composed of particles with aerodynamic size larger than 10 μ.

irresponsibility
irresponsibility (ir′re-spons-i-bil′i-te)

The state of not acting in a manner that is responsible, for conscious or unconscious reasons.
criminal i. the state, usually attributed to mental defect or disease, that renders a person not responsible for criminal conduct.

irresuscitable
irresuscitable (ir′re-sus′i-ta-bl)

Incapable of being revived.

irreversible
irreversible (ir-re-ver′si-bl)

Incapable of being reversed; permanent. [L. in- (ir-) neg. + re-verto, pp. -versus, to turn back]

irrigate
irrigate (ir′i-gat)

To perform irrigation. [L. ir-rigo, pp. -atus, to i., fr. in, on, + rigo, to water]

irrigation
irrigation (ir-i-ga′shun)

The washing out of a body cavity, space, or wound with a fluid. [see irrigate]

irrigator
irrigator (ir′i-ga-ter)

An appliance used in irrigation.

irritability
irritability (ir′i-ta-bil′i-te)

The property inherent in protoplasm of reacting to a stimulus. [L. irritabilitas, fr. irrito, pp. -atus, to excite]
electric i. the response of a nerve or muscle to the passage of a current of electricity; in cases of degeneration in nerve or muscle this i. is altered or lost. See modal alteration, qualitative alteration, quantitative alteration.
myotatic i. the ability of a muscle to contract in response to the stimulus produced by a sudden stretching.

irritable
irritable (ir′i-ta-bl)

1. Capable of reacting to a stimulus. 2. Tending to react immoderately to a stimulus. Cf.:excitable.

irritant
irritant (ir′i-tant)

1. Irritating; causing irritation. 2. Any agent with this action.
primary i. a substance that causes inflammation and other evidence of irritation, particularly of the skin, on first contact or exposure, or as a reaction to cumulative contacts, not dependent on a mechanism of sensitization.

irritation
irritation (ir-i-ta′shun)

1. Extreme incipient inflammatory reaction of the tissues to an injury. 2. The normal response of nerve or muscle to a stimulus. 3. The evocation of a normal or exaggerated reaction in the tissues by the application of a stimulus. [L. irritatio]

irritative
irritative (ir-i-ta′tiv)

Causing irritation.

irrumation
irrumation (ir′oo-ma′shun)

SYN: fellatio. [L. irrumo, pp. -atus, to give suck]

irruption
irruption (i-rup′shun)

Act or process of breaking through to a surface. [L. irruptio, fr. irrumpo, to break in]

irruptive
irruptive (i-rup′tiv)

Relating to or characterized by irruption.

IRS-1
IRS-1

Abbreviation for insulin receptor substrate-1.

IRV
IRV

Abbreviation for inspiratory reserve volume.

Irvine
Irvine

A. Ray, Jr., U.S. ophthalmologist, *1917. See I.-Gass syndrome.

ISA
ISA

Abbreviation for intrinsic sympathomimetic activity.

Isamine blue
Isamine blue (is′a-men, i′sa-)

SYN: pyrrol blue.

isauxesis
isauxesis (i-sawk-ze′sis)

Growth of parts at the same rate as growth of the whole. [G. isos, even, + auxesis, increase]

ischemia
ischemia (is-ke′me-a)

Local anemia due to mechanical obstruction (mainly arterial narrowing or disruption) of the blood supply. [G. ischo, to keep back, + haima, blood]
myocardial i. inadequate circulation of blood to the myocardium, usually as a result of coronary artery disease. SEE ALSO: angina pectoris, myocardial infarction.
postural i. the reduced blood pressure and flow induced in a part, e.g., the leg or foot, by raising it above the heart level; used to reduce bleeding during surgical operations on the extremities.
i. retinae diminished blood supply in the retina due to failure of the arterial circulation; it may occur as a result of arterial embolism or spasm; poisoning, as by quinine; or exsanguination from recurring profuse hemorrhages; bilateral transitory or permanent blindness may result.
silent i. myocardial i. without accompanying signs or symptoms of angina pectoris; can be detected by ECG and other lab techniques. SEE ALSO: silent myocardial infarction.

ischemic
ischemic (is-ke′mik)

Relating to or affected by ischemia.

ischesis
ischesis (is-ke′sis)

Suppression of any discharge, especially of a normal one. [G. ischo, to hold back]

ischia
ischia (is′ke-a)

Plural of ischium.

ischiadic
ischiadic (is-ke-ad′ik)

SYN: sciatic (1) .

ischiadicus
ischiadicus (is-ke-ad′i-kus)

SYN: sciatic. [L.]

ischial
ischial (is′ke-al)

SYN: sciatic (1) .

ischialgia
ischialgia (is-ke-al′je-a)

1. Obsolete term for pain in the hip; specifically, the ischium. SYN: ischiodynia. 2. Obsolete term for sciatica. [G. ischion, hip, + algos, pain]

ischiatic
ischiatic (is-ke-at′ik)

SYN: sciatic (1) .

ischio- ischio-

The ischium. [G. ischion, hip joint, haunch (ischium)]

ischioanal
ischioanal (is-ke-o-a′nal)

Relating to the ischium and the anus.

ischiobulbar
ischiobulbar (is-ke-o-bul′bar)

Relating to the ischium and the bulb of the penis.

ischiocapsular
ischiocapsular (is-ke-o-kap′soo-lar)

Relating to the ischium and the capsule of the hip joint; denoting that part of the capsule which is attached to the ischium.

ischiocavernosus
ischiocavernosus

See ischiocavernous (muscle).

ischiocavernous
ischiocavernous (is-ke-o-kav′er-nus)

Relating to the ischium and the corpus cavernosum.

ischiocele
ischiocele (is′ke-o-sel)

SYN: sciatic hernia. [ischio- + G. kele, hernia]

ischiococcygeal
ischiococcygeal (is-ke-o-kok-sij′e-al)

Relating to the ischium and the coccyx.

ischiococcygeus
ischiococcygeus (is-ke-o-kok-sij′e-us)

SYN: coccygeus muscle. See muscle.

ischiodynia
ischiodynia (is′ke-o-din′e-a)

SYN: ischialgia (1) . [ischio- + G. odyne, pain]

ischiofemoral
ischiofemoral (is-ke-o-fem′o-ral)

Relating to the ischium, or hip bone, and the femur, or thigh bone.

ischiofibular
ischiofibular (is′ke-o-fib′u-lar)

Relating to or connecting the ischium and the fibula.

ischiomelus
ischiomelus (is-ki-om′e-lus)

Unequal conjoined twins in which the parasite, often only an arm or a leg, arises from the pelvic region of the autosite. See conjoined twins, under twin. [ischio- + G. melos, limb]

ischionitis
ischionitis (is′ke-o-ni′tis)

Inflammation of the ischium.

ischiopagus
ischiopagus (is-ke-op′a-gus)

Conjoined twins united in their ischial region. See conjoined twins, under twin. [ischio- + G. pagos, fixed]

ischioperineal
ischioperineal (is′ke-o-per-i-ne′al)

Relating to the ischium and the perineum.

ischiopubic
ischiopubic (is′ke-o-poo′bik)

Relating to both ischium and pubis.

ischiorectal
ischiorectal (is′ke-o-rek′tal)

Relating to the ischium and the rectum.

ischiosacral
ischiosacral (is′ke-o-sa′kral)

Relating to the ischium and the sacrum.

ischiothoracopagus
ischiothoracopagus (is′ke-o-thor-a-kop′a-gus)

SYN: iliothoracopagus.

ischiotibial
ischiotibial (is′ke-o-tib′e-al)

Relating to or connecting the ischium and the tibia.

ischiovaginal
ischiovaginal (is-ke-o-vaj′i-nal)

Relating to the ischium and the vagina.

ischiovertebral
ischiovertebral (is-ke-o-ver′te-bral)

Relating to the ischium and the vertebral column.

ischium
ischium, gen. ischii, pl .ischia (is′ke-um, is′ke-i, is′ke-a) [TA]

The lower and posterior part of the hip bone, distinct at birth but later becoming fused with the ilium and pubis; it consists of a body, where it joins the ilium and superior ramus of the pubis to form the acetabulum, and a ramus joining the inferior ramus of the pubis. SYN: os ischii [TA] , ischial bone. [Mod. L. fr. G. ischion, hip]

ischochymia
ischochymia (is-ko-ki′me-a)

Retention of food in the stomach due to dilation of that organ. [G. ischo, to keep back, + chymos, juice]

ischuretic
ischuretic (is-koo-ret′ik)

1. Relating to or relieving ischuria. 2. An agent that relieves retention or suppression of urine.

ischuria
ischuria (is-koo′re-a)

Retention or suppression of urine. [G. ischo, to keep back, + ouron, urine]

isethionate
isethionate (i-se-thi′o-nat)

A salt or ester of isethionic acid.

isethionic acid
isethionic acid (i′se-thi-on′ik)

2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid;a colorless viscous liquid, miscible with water and alcohols, that forms crystalline salts with organic acids.

Ishak
Ishak

See Luna-I. stain.

Ishihara
Ishihara

Shinobu, Japanese ophthalmologist, 1879–1963. See I. test.

ISI
ISI

Abbreviation for international sensitivity index.

isinglass
isinglass (i′zing-glas)

SYN: ichthyocolla. [Old Ger. huysenblas, sturgeon's bladder]

island
island (i′land)

In anatomy, any isolated part, separated from the surrounding tissues by a groove, or marked by a difference in structure. SYN: insula (2) [TA] . [A.S. igland]
blood i. an aggregation of splanchnic mesodermal cells on the embryonic yolk sac, with the potentiality of forming vascular endothelium and primitive blood cells. SYN: blood islet.
bone i. a macroscopic focus of cortical bone within medullary bone, commonly seen as a dense round or oval opacity on radiographs of the pelvis, femoral head, humerus, or ribs.
islands of Calleja dense clusters of very small nerve cells (granule cells) characteristic of the olfactory tubercle at the base of the forebrain.
epimyoepithelial islands (ep′e-mi-o-ep′e-the′li-al) proliferation of salivary gland ductal epithelium and myoepithelium. Characteristic of benign lymphoepithelial lesions and Sjögren syndrome.
Langerhans islands SYN: islets of Langerhans, under islet.
pancreatic islands SYN: islets of Langerhans, under islet.
i. of Reil SYN: insula (1) .

islet
islet (i′let)

A small island.
blood i. SYN: blood island.
islets of Langerhans cellular masses varying from a few to hundreds of cells lying in the interstitial tissue of the pancreas; they are composed of different cell types that comprise the endocrine portion of the pancreas and are the source of insulin and glucagon. SYN: i. tissue, Langerhans islands, pancreatic islands, pancreatic islets.
pancreatic islets SYN: islets of Langerhans.

-ism -ism

1. A condition, disease, or intoxication. 2. A practice, doctrine. Cf.:-ia, -ismus. [G. -isma, -ismos, noun-forming suffix]

-ismus -ismus

L. for -ism; customarily used to imply spasm, contraction. [L. fr. G. -ismos, suffix forming nouns of action]

iso- iso-

1. Prefix meaning equal, like. 2. In chemistry, prefix indicating “isomer of” (isomerism); e.g., isocyanate vs. cyanate. 3. In immunology, prefix designating sameness with respect to species; in recent years, the meaning has shifted to sameness with respect to genetic constitution of individuals. [G. isos, equal]

isoacceptor tRNA
isoacceptor tRNA (i′so-ak′sep-tor)

Different tRNA species that bind to alternate codons for the same amino acid residue; can be one tRNA that recognizes the various codons that signify those for the particular amino acid residue.

isoagglutination
isoagglutination (i′so-a-gloo-ti-na′shun)

Agglutination of red blood cells as a result of the reaction between an isoagglutinin and specific antigen in or on the cells. SYN: isohemagglutination. [iso- + L. ad, to, + gluten, glue]

isoagglutinin
isoagglutinin (i′so-a-gloo′ti-nin)

An isoantibody that causes agglutination of cells of genetically different members of the same species. SYN: isohemagglutinin.

isoagglutinogen
isoagglutinogen (i′so-a-gloo-tin′o-jen)

An isoantigen that induces agglutination of the cells to which it is attached upon exposure to its specific isoantibody.

isoallele
isoallele (i′so-a-lel′)

One of a number of alleles that can be distinguished only by special analyses.

isoalloxazine
isoalloxazine (i′so-a-loks′a-zen)

The heterocyclic compound that forms the structural foundation of riboflavin and other flavins.

isoaminile
isoaminile (i-so-am′i-nil)

An antitussive agent.

isoamyl
isoamyl (i-so-am′il)

See amyl.

isoamylase
isoamylase (i-so-am′il-as)

A hydrolase that cleaves 1,6-α-d-glucosidic branch linkages in glycogen, amylopectin, and their β-limit dextrins; part of the complex known as debranching enzyme; similar to α-dextrin endo-1,6-α-glucosidase but unable to act on pullulan.

isoandrosterone
isoandrosterone (i′so-an-dros′ter-on)

SYN: epiandrosterone.

isoantibody
isoantibody (i′so-an′ti-bod-e)

1. An antibody that occurs only in some individuals of a species and reacts specifically with a particular foreign isoantigen. For specific isoantibodies of blood groups, see the Blood Groups appendix. 2. Sometimes used as a synonym of alloantibody. [G. isos, equal]

isoantigen
isoantigen (i′so-an′ti-jen)

1. An antigenic substance that occurs only in some individuals of a species, such as the blood group antigens of humans. For specific isoantigens of blood groups, see the Blood Groups appendix. 2. Sometimes used as a synonym of alloantigen.

isobar
isobar (i′so-bar)

1. One of two or more nuclides having the same total number of protons plus neutrons, but with different distribution; e.g., argon-40 with 18 protons and 22 neutrons, potassium-40 with 19 protons and 21 neutrons, calcium-40 with 20 protons and 20 neutrons. The product of a β-disintegration is an i. of its parent. 2. The line on a map connecting points of equal barometric pressure. 3. Any curve or equation relating quantities measured at the same pressure. [iso- + G. baros, weight]

isobaric
isobaric (i-so-bar′ik)

1. Having equal weights or pressures. 2. With respect to solutions, having the same density as the diluent or medium; e.g., in spinal anesthesia, an i. solution has the same specific gravity as has spinal fluid.

isobornyl thiocyanoacetate
isobornyl thiocyanoacetate (i-so-bor′nil thi-o-si′a-no-as′e-tat)

C₁₃H₁₉NO₂S;a pediculicide.

isobutane
isobutane (i′so-bu′tan)

See butane.

isobuteine
isobuteine (i-so-bu′te-en)

S-(2-Carboxypropyl)cysteine;a sulfur-containing compound found in urine.

isobutyl nitrite
isobutyl nitrite

A liquid present in commercial amyl nitrite, with similar antispasmodic and vasodilator properties.

isobutyric acid
isobutyric acid (i′so-bu-tir′ik)

See butyric acid.

isocapnia
isocapnia (i-so-kap′ne-a)

A state in which the arterial carbon dioxide pressure remains constant or unchanged. [iso- + G. kapnos, vapor]

isocellular
isocellular (i′so-sel′u-lar)

Composed of cells of equal size or of similar character. [iso- + L. cellula, dim. of cella, a storeroom]

isochoric
isochoric (ii′so-kor′ik)

SYN: isovolumic. [iso- + G. chora, space]

isochromatic
isochromatic (i-so-kro-mat′ik)

1. Of uniform color. SYN: isochroous. 2. Denoting two objects of the same color. [iso- + G. chroma, color]

isochromatophil
isochromatophil, isochromatophile (i′so-kro-mat′o-fil, fil)

Having an equal affinity for the same dye; said of cells or tissues. [iso- + G. chroma, color, + philos, fond]

isochromosome
isochromosome (i′so-kro′mo-som)

A chromosomal aberration that arises as a result of transverse rather than longitudinal division of the centromere during meiosis; two daughter chromosomes are formed, each lacking one chromosome arm but with the other doubled.

isochronia
isochronia (i-so-kro′ne-a)

1. The state of having the same chronaxie. 2. Agreement, with respect to time, rate, or frequency, between processes. [iso- + G. chronos, time]

isochronous
isochronous (i-sok′ro-nus)

Occurring during the same time.

isochroous
isochroous (i-sok′ro-us)

SYN: isochromatic (1) .

isocitrase
isocitrase, isocitratase (i-so-sit′ras, -sit′ra-tas)

SYN: isocitrate lyase.

isocitrate
isocitrate (i-so-sit′rat)

(i-sit′rat)A salt or ester of isocitric acid.
i. dehydrogenase one of two enzymes that catalyze the conversion of threo-d_s-i., the product of the action of both aconitase and i. lyase, to α-ketoglutarate (2-oxoglutarate) and CO₂; one of the isozymes uses NAD⁺ (participating in the tricarboxylic acid cycle), while the other uses NADP⁺. SYN: isocitric acid dehydrogenase, oxalosuccinic carboxylase.
i. lyase an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible aldol condensation of glyoxylate and succinate, forming threo-d_s-i.; participates in the glyoxylate cycle. SYN: isocitrase, isocitratase, isocitritase.

isocitric acid
isocitric acid (i-so-sit′rik)

An intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
i. dehydrogenase SYN: isocitrate dehydrogenase.

isocitritase
isocitritase (i-so-sit′ri-tas)

SYN: isocitrate lyase.

isocline
isocline (i′so-klin)

A line in a geographical region that joins all points at which in a population there is the same average frequency for the various alleles at a genetic locus. SEE ALSO: cline. [iso- + G. klino, to slope]

isoconazole
isoconazole (i′so-ko′na-zol)

Antibacterial and antifungal related to ketoconazole and oxiconazole.

isocoria
isocoria (i-so-ko′re-a)

Equality in the size of the two pupils. [iso- + G. kore, pupil]

isocortex
isocortex (i-so-kor′teks) [TA]

O. and C. Vogt term for the larger part of the mammalian cerebral cortex, distinguished from the allocortex by being composed of a larger number of nerve cells arranged in six layers. SEE ALSO: cerebral cortex. SYN: neocortex [TA] , homotypic cortex, neopallium.

isocyanate
isocyanate (i-so-si′a-nat)

The radical –N&dbond;C&dbond;O from isocyanic acid.

isocyanic acid
isocyanic acid (i-so-si′a-nik)

A highly reactive chemical, HNCO.

isocyanide
isocyanide (i-so-si′a-nid)

The radical –NC; organic isocyanides are called isonitriles.

isocytolysin
isocytolysin (i′so-si-tol′i-sin)

A cytolysin that reacts with the cells of certain other animals of the same species, but not with the cells of the individual that formed the i..

isodactylism
isodactylism (i-so-dak′ti-lizm)

Condition in which the fingers or toes are all approximately of equal length. [iso- + G. daktylos, finger]

isodense
isodense (i′so-dens)

Denoting a tissue having a radiopacity (radiodensity) similar to that of another or adjacent tissue.

isodesmosine
isodesmosine (i-so-des′mo-sen)

A cross-linking amino acid formed from lysyl residues; found in elastin.

isodose
isodose

Area of equivalent radiation dose. [iso- + dose]

isodulcit
isodulcit (i-so-dul′sit)

SYN: l-rhamnose.

isodynamic
isodynamic (i′so-di-nam′ik)

1. Of equal force or strength. 2. Relating to foods or other materials that liberate the same amount of energy on combustion. [iso- + G. dynamis, force]

isodynamogenic
isodynamogenic (i′so-di-na-mo-jen′ik, -di-nam′o-)

1. SYN: isoenergetic. 2. Producing equal nerve force. [iso- + G. dynamis, force, + -gen, producing]

isoelectric
isoelectric (i′so-e-lek′trik)

Of equal electrical potential. Cf.:i. point. SYN: isopotential.
i. focusing electrophoresis of small molecules or macromolecules in a pH gradient.

isoenergetic
isoenergetic (i′so-en-er-jet′ik)

Exerting equal force; equally active. SYN: isodynamogenic (1) .

isoenzyme
isoenzyme (i-so-en′zim)

One of a group of enzymes that catalyze the same reaction but may be differentiated by variations in physical properties, such as isoelectric point, electrophoretic mobility, kinetic parameters, or modes of regulation; e.g., lactate dehydrogenase, a tetramer composed of varying amounts of α and β subunits ( i.e., 4α, 3α + 1β, 2α + 2β, 1α + 3β, and 4β). SYN: isozyme.
creatine kinase isoenzymes the isoenzymes of creatine kinase. Creatine kinase is a dimer with M (muscle) and/or B (brain) subunits; it exists in three i. forms: CK-MM, the predominant form, found primarily in skeletal muscle; CK-MB, found in cardiac muscle, tongue, diaphragm, and in small amounts in skeletal muscle; and CK-BB found in the brain, smooth muscle, thyroid, lungs, and prostate. Elevations detected by electrophoresis or other methodologies can be used to help in the differential diagnosis of a variety of disease states, with CK-MB elevations as an important marker following myocardial infarctions, elevations in CK-MM an indicator of muscle disease, and increases in CK-BB an occasional finding following brain infarcts, bowel infarcts, or in the presence of certain malignancies.

isoerythrolysis
isoerythrolysis (i′so-e-rith-rol′i-sis)

Destruction of erythrocytes by isoantibodies. [iso- + erythrocyte = G. lysis, dissolution]
neonatal i. 1. i. in the newborn animal; 2. hemolytic icterus of the newborn.

isofluorphate
isofluorphate (i-so-flor′fat)

A toxic cholinergic agent that acts by irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase; an ophthalmic cholinergic agent used in the treatment of glaucoma; also used in biochemical research as an enzyme inhibitor. SYN: diisopropyl fluorophosphate.

isoflurane
isoflurane (i-so-floor′an)

A nonflammable, nonexplosive, halogenated ether with potent anesthetic action; an isomer of enflurane.

isogamete
isogamete (i-so-gam′et)

1. One of two or more similar cells that conjugate or fuse and subsequently divide, resulting in reproduction. 2. A gamete of the same size as the gamete with which it unites. [iso- + G. gametes or gamete, husband or wife]

isogamy
isogamy (i-sog′a-me)

Conjugation between two equal gametes or two individual cells alike in all respects. [iso- + G. gamos, marriage]

isogeneic
isogeneic, isogenic (i′so-je-ne′ik, -jen′ik)

SYN: syngeneic.

isogenous
isogenous (i-soj′e-nus)

Of the same origin, as in development from the same tissue or cell. [iso- + G. genos, family, kind]

isogentiobiose
isogentiobiose (i′so-jen-shi-o-bi′os)

SYN: isomaltose.

isoglutamine
isoglutamine (i-so-gloo′ta-men)

A glutamic amide.

isognathous
isognathous (i-sog′na-thus)

Having jaws of approximately the same width. [iso- + G. gnathos, jaw]

isograft
isograft (i′so-graft)

SYN: syngraft.

isohemagglutination
isohemagglutination (i′so-he′ma-gloo′ti-na′shun)

SYN: isoagglutination. [iso- + G. haima, blood, + L. ad, to, + gluten, glue]

isohemagglutinin
isohemagglutinin (i′so-he′ma-gloo′ti-nin)

SYN: isoagglutinin.

isohemolysin
isohemolysin (i′so-he-mol′i-sin)

An isolysin that reacts with red blood cells.

isohemolysis
isohemolysis (i′so-he-mol′i-sis)

A form of isolysis in which there is dissolution of red blood cells as a result of the reaction between an isolysin (isohemolysin) and specific antigen in or on the cells. [iso- + G. haima, blood, + lysis, dissolution]

isohydric
isohydric (i-so-hi′drik)

Denoting two substances possessing the same pH.

isohydruria
isohydruria (i′so-hi-droo′re-a)

Fixation of the pH of the urine without the usual variation. [iso- + G. hydor, water, + ouron, urine, + -ia]

isoimmunization
isoimmunization (i′so-im′u-ni-za′shun)

Development of a significant titer of specific antibody as a result of antigenic stimulation with material contained on or in the red blood cells of another individual of the same species; e.g., i. is likely to occur when an Rh-negative person is treated with a transfusion of Rh-positive blood from another human being, or an Rh-negative woman has a pregnancy in which the fetus inherits Rh-positive red blood cells.

isolate
isolate (i′so-lat)

1. To separate, to set apart from others; that which is so treated. 2. To free of chemical contaminants. 3. In psychoanalysis, to separate ideas, experiences, or memories from the affects pertaining to them. 4. In group psychotherapy, an individual who is not responded to by others in the group. 5. Viable organisms separated on a single occasion from a sample taken from a host or culture system. 6. A population that for geographic, linguistic, cultural, social, religious, or other reasons is subject to little or no gene flow. SYN: genetic i.. [It. isolare; Mediev. L. insulo, pp. -atus, to insulate, fr. L. insula, island]
genetic i. SYN: i. (6) .
mating i. a population separated from its neighbors by any means so that all or most matings occur within the population group.

isolation
isolation

1. In microbiology, separation of an organism from others, usually by making serial cultures. 2. Separation for the period of communicability of infected persons or animals from others, so as to prevent or limit the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent from those who are infected to those who are susceptible.

isolecithal
isolecithal (i-so-les′i-thal)

Denoting an ovum in which there is a moderate amount of uniformly distributed yolk.

isoleucine
isoleucine (I) (i-so-loo′sen)

2-Amino-3-methylvaleric acid;the l-amino acid found in almost all proteins; an isomer of leucine and, like it, a dietary essential amino acid.

isoleucyl
isoleucyl (i-so-loo′sil)

The acyl radical of isoleucine.

isoleukoagglutinin
isoleukoagglutinin (i′so-loo′ko-a-gloo′ti-nin)

Abnormal antibody in the blood of some persons, capable of agglutinating human leukocytes.

isologous
isologous (li-sol′o-gus)

SYN: syngeneic. [iso- + G. logos, ratio]

isolysin
isolysin (i-sol′i-sin)

An antibody that combines with, sensitizes, and results in complement-fixation and dissolution of cells that contain the specific isoantigen; isolysins occur in the blood of some members of a species and they react with the cells of that species, but not with the cells of the individual (or the same type) in which the isolysins are naturally formed.

isolysis
isolysis (i-sol′i-sis)

Lysis or dissolution of cells as a result of the reaction between an isolysin and specific antigen in or on the cells. SEE ALSO: isohemolysis. [iso- + G. lysis, dissolution]

isolytic
isolytic (i-so-lit′ik)

Pertaining to, characterized by, or causing isolysis.

isomaltase
isomaltase (i-so-mal′tas)

SYN: oligo-α-1,6-glucosidase. SEE ALSO: sucrose α-d-glucohydrolase.

isomaltose
isomaltose (i-so-mal′tos)

A disaccharide in which two glucose molecules are attached by an α-1,6 link, rather than an α-1,4 link as in maltose. SYN: isogentiobiose.

isomastigote
isomastigote (i-so-mas′ti-got)

Denoting a protozoan having two or four flagella of equal length at one extremity. [iso- + G. mastix, whip]

isomer
isomer (i′so-mer)

1. One of two or more substances displaying isomerism (q.v.); e.g., l-glucose and d-glucose or citrate and isocitrate. Cf.:stereoisomer. 2. One of two or more nuclides having the same atomic and mass numbers but differing in energy states for a finite period of time; e.g., ^99mTc and ⁹⁹Tc. [iso- + G. meros, part]
geometric i. geometric isomerism.

isomerase
isomerase (i-som′er-as)

A class of enzymes (EC class 5) catalyzing the conversion of a substance to an isomeric form; e.g., glucosephosphate i..

isomeric
isomeric (i-so-mar′ik)

Relating to or characterized by isomerism. SYN: isomerous.

isomerism
isomerism (i-som′er-izm)

The existence of a chemical compound in two or more forms that are identical with respect to percentage composition but differ as to the positions of one or more atoms within the molecules, as well as in physical and chemical properties.
geometric i. a form of i. displayed by unsaturated or ring compounds where free rotation about a bond (usually a carbon-carbon bond) is restricted; e.g., the i. of a cis- or trans- compound as in oleic acid and elaidic acid. Cf.:cis-, entgegen, trans-, zusammen.
optic i. stereoisomerism involving the arrangement of substituents about an asymmetric atom or atoms (usually carbon) so that there is a difference in the behavior of the various isomers with regard to the extent of their rotation of the plane of polarized light. Cf.:stereoisomerism.
stereochemical i. SYN: stereoisomerism.
structural i. i. involving the same atoms in different arrangements; e.g., the butyric acids, leucine and isoleucine, glucose and fructose.

isomerization
isomerization (i-som′er-i-za′shun)

A process in which one isomer is formed from another, as in the action of isomerases.
enzyme i. reversible changes in enzyme conformation.

isomerous
isomerous (i-som′er-us)

SYN: isomeric.

isomethadone
isomethadone (i-so-meth′a-don)

A narcotic analgesic.

isometheptene
isometheptene (i′so-meth-ep′ten)

An unsaturated aliphatic sympathomimetic amine with antispasmodic and vasoconstrictor actions.

isometric
isometric (i-so-met′rik)

1. Of equal dimensions. 2. In physiology, denoting the condition when the ends of a contracting muscle are held fixed so that contraction produces increased tension at a constant overall length. Cf.:auxotonic, isotonic (3) , isovolumic. [iso- + G. metron, measure]

isometropia
isometropia (i′so-me-tro′pe-a)

Equality in refraction in the two eyes. [iso- + G. metron, measure, + ops (op-), eye]

isomorphic
isomorphic (i-so-mor′fik)

SYN: isomorphous.

isomorphism
isomorphism (i-so-mor′fizm)

Similarity of form between two or more organisms or between parts of the body. [iso- + G. morphe, shape]

isomorphous
isomorphous (i-so-mor′fus)

Having the same form or shape, or being morphologically equal. SYN: isomorphic.

isonaphthol
isonaphthol (i-so-naf′thol)

See naphthol.

isoncotic
isoncotic (i-son-kot′ik)

Of equal oncotic pressure.

isoniazid
isoniazid (i-so-ni′a-zid)

Isonicotinic acid hydrazide;first-line and probably most commonly used antituberculosis drug. Organisms rapidly develop resistance against this drug if it is used alone in the treatment of active disease. Hepatic toxicity is the major side effect.

isonicotinic acid
isonicotinic acid (i-so-nik-o-tin′ik)

The substance of which the hydrazide is isoniazid.

isonitrile
isonitrile (i-so-ni′tril)

An organic isocyanide.

isonitrosoacetone
isonitrosoacetone (i′so-ni-tro-so-as′e-ton)

A cholinesterase reactivator that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier readily and cause significant reactivation of phosphorylated acetylcholinesterase in the central nervous system; used to protect human beings and animals against otherwise lethal poisoning with organophosphorous anticholinesterase agents. SYN: monoisonitrosoacetone, pyruvaldoxine.

iso-osmotic
iso-osmotic (i′so-os-mot′ik)

SYN: isosmotic.

isopathy
isopathy (i-sop′a-the)

Treatment of disease by means of the causal agent or a product of the same disease; or treatment of a diseased organ by an extract of a similar organ from a healthy animal. SEE ALSO: homeopathy. [iso- + G. pathos, suffering]

isopentenylpyrophosphate
isopentenylpyrophosphate (i-so-pen-ten-il′pi-ro-fos′fat)

An intermediate in the biosynthesis of steroids, terpenes, dolichol, and prenylated proteins.

isopentyl
isopentyl (i-so-pen′til)

See amyl.

isopeptide
isopeptide (i-so-pep′tid)

See i. bond.

isophagy
isophagy (i-sof′a-je)

SYN: autolysis. [iso- + G. phago, to eat]

isoplassonts
isoplassonts (i-so-plas′onts)

Like-formed entities having certain features in common. [iso- + G. plasso, to form]

isoplastic
isoplastic (i-so-plas′tik)

SYN: syngeneic. [iso- + G. plasso, to form]

isopleth
isopleth (i′so-pleth)

A line on a Cartesian nomogram consisting of all points that represent a particular value of a variable; e.g., an isobar is an i. for a particular pressure.

isopotential
isopotential (i′so-po-ten′chul)

SYN: isoelectric.

isoprecipitin
isoprecipitin (i′so-pre-sip′i-tin)

An antibody that combines with and precipitates soluble antigenic material in the plasma or serum, or in an extract of the cells, from another member, but not all members, of the same species. [iso- + precipitin]

isoprenaline hydrochloride
isoprenaline hydrochloride (i-so-pren′a-len)

SYN: isoproterenol hydrochloride.

isoprenaline sulfate
isoprenaline sulfate

SYN: isoproterenol sulfate.

isoprene
isoprene (i′so-pren)

2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene;an unsaturated five-carbon hydrocarbon with a branched chain, which in the plant and animal kingdom is used as the basis for the formation of isoprenoids; e.g., terpenes, carotenoids and related pigments, rubber. Fat-soluble vitamins either are isoprenoid or have isoprenoid side chains; steroids are synthesized via isoprenoid intermediates as are ubiquinone, dolichol, and prenylated proteins.

isoprenoids
isoprenoids (i-so-pren′oydz)

Polymers whose carbon skeletons consist in whole or in large part of isoprene units joined end to end; e.g., carotene, lycopene, vitamin A. Vitamins K and E and the coenzymes Q have isoprenoid side chains.

isoprenylation
isoprenylation (i-so-pren′il-a′shun)

See prenylation.

isopropanol
isopropanol (i-so-pro′pa-nol)

SYN: isopropyl alcohol.

isoprophenamine hydrochloride
isoprophenamine hydrochloride (i′so-pro-fen′a-men)

SYN: clorprenaline hydrochloride.

isopropyl alcohol
isopropyl alcohol (i-so-pro′pil)

An isomer of propyl alcohol and a homologue of ethyl alcohol, similar in its properties, when used externally, to the latter, but more toxic when taken internally; used as an ingredient of various cosmetics and of medicinal preparations for external use; also available as isopropyl rubbing alcohol, which contains 68 to 72% of i. (by volume) in water; used as a rubefacient. SYN: dimethylcarbinol, isopropanol.

isopropylarterenol hydrochloride
isopropylarterenol hydrochloride (i-so-pro′pil-ar-ter′e-nol)

SYN: isoproterenol hydrochloride.

isopropylcarbinol
isopropylcarbinol (i′so-pro-pil-kar′bin-ol)

See butyl alcohol.

isopropyl myristate
isopropyl myristate (i-so-pro′pil)

A pharmaceutic aid used in topical medicinal preparations to promote absorption through the skin.

isopropylthiogalactoside
isopropylthiogalactoside (iPrSGal, IPTG) (i-so-pro′pil-thi′o-ga-lak′to-sid)

An artificial galactoside capable of inducing β-galactosidase in Escherichia coli without being split, as are the natural substrates such as lactose.

isoproterenol hydrochloride
isoproterenol hydrochloride (i′so-pro-ter′e-nol)

A sympathomimetic β-receptor stimulant possessing the cardiac excitatory, but not the vasoconstrictor, actions of epinephrine. Chemically it differs from epinephrine in having an isopropyl group replacing the methyl group attached to the nitrogen atom; used in the treatment of bronchial asthma and heart block, including Adams-Stokes attacks. SYN: isoprenaline hydrochloride, isopropylarterenol hydrochloride.

isoproterenol sulfate
isoproterenol sulfate

Used for inhalation as an aerosol in the treatment of acute asthmatic attacks and chronic pulmonary emphysema; now rarely used because less toxic, more specific agents are preferred. SYN: isoprenaline sulfate.

isopter
isopter (i-sop′ter)

A line of equal retinal sensitivity in the visual field. [iso- + G. opter, observer]

isopyknic
isopyknic (i-so-pik′nik)

Having the same density. [iso- + G. phknos, thick, dense, + -ic]

isopyrocalciferol
isopyrocalciferol (i-so-pi′ro-cal-sif′er-ol)

9β-Ergosterol;a thermal decomposition product of calciferol; a stereoisomer of pyrocalciferol and ergosterol.

isoquinoline
isoquinoline (i-so-kwin′o-len)

1. Ring structure characteristic of the group of opium alkaloids represented by papaverine. 2. A class of alkaloids containing the i. (1) ring structure.

isoriboflavin
isoriboflavin (i′so-ri′bo-fla-vin)

8-Demethyl-6-methylriboflavin;a riboflavin antimetabolite, differing from riboflavin in that the methyl groups on the isoalloxazine nucleus are in the 6,7 positions rather than the 7,8.

isorrhea
isorrhea (i-so-re′a)

Equality of intake and output of water; maintenance of water equilibrium. [iso- + G. rhoia, a flow]

isosbestic
isosbestic (i-sos-bes′tik)

Denoting the wavelength of light at which two related compounds have identical extinction coefficients; e.g., the wavelength at which the absorption spectra of hemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin cross is their i. point. Spectrophotometry at that wavelength measures total concentration of hemoglobin, regardless of the extent to which it might be oxygenated. [Ger. isosbestisch, fr. G. isos, equal, + sbestos, extinguished]

isoschizomer
isoschizomer (i-so-skiz′o-mer)

A restriction endonuclease from different organisms that recognizes and hydrolyzes at the same DNA sequence. [jiso- + G. schizo to split, + -mer]

isosensitize
isosensitize (i-so-sen′si-tiz)

SYN: autosensitize.

isosexual
isosexual (i-so-sek′shoo-al)

Descriptive of an individual's somatic characteristics, or of processes occurring within, that are consonant with the sex of that individual.

isosmotic
isosmotic (i′sos-mot′ik)

Having the same total osmotic pressure or osmolality as another fluid (ordinarily intracellular fluid); such a fluid is not isotonic if it includes solutes that freely permeate cell membranes. SYN: iso-osmotic.

isosorbide
isosorbide

A compound with diuretic properties prepared by acid dehydration of d-glucitol.

isosorbide dinitrate
isosorbide dinitrate (i-so-sor′bid di-ni′trat)

A coronary vasodilator that acts via the formation of nitric oxide.

Isospora
Isospora (i-sos′po-ra)

A genus of coccidia (family Eimeriidae, class Sporozoea), with species chiefly in mammals; the ripe oocysts contain two sporocysts, each of which contains four sporozoites. This genus is now known to be closely related to Toxoplasma and Sarcocystis, with a similar sexual phase in the life cycle and a similar apical complex. [iso- + G. sporos, seed]
I. belli a relatively rare species occurring in the small intestine of man, most common in the tropics but probably of worldwide distribution; most infections are subclinical, but sometimes they may cause mucous diarrhea.
I. bigemina a species that occurs in the small intestine of the dog, cat, fox, mink, and possibly other carnivores; the most pathogenic coccidium in dogs and cats, causing enteritis and diarrhea; the oocysts are usually sporulated when passed in the feces, but are indistinguishable from those of Toxoplasma gondii, so considerable question remains as to the status of these parasites.
I. canis a species of worldwide distribution that is mildly pathogenic in dogs and is not infective in cats.
I. felis a species found in the small intestine and sometimes the cecum and colon of cats, lions, and other felids; it is only slightly, if at all, pathogenic in cats and is not infective in dogs.
I. rivolta a species that occurs in the small intestine of dogs, cats, dingos, and probably other wild carnivores; pathogenic capabilities are similar to those of I. bigemina.
I. suis a species that affects the small intestine of the pig, producing mild diarrhea.

isosporiasis
isosporiasis (i-sos-po-ri′a-sis)

Disease caused by infection with a species of Isospora, such as I. belli of humans; human disease usually is mild except in cases of immunodeficiency, as in AIDS, where it may cause an intractable diarrhea.

isostere
isostere (i′so-ster)

One of two or more atoms or molecules having the same electron arrangement; e.g., N₂ and CO. [iso- + G. stereos, solid]

isostery
isostery (i-so-ster′e)

Physiological enzyme or metabolic regulation via competitive inhibition by structural analogs of natural substrates.

isosthenuria
isosthenuria (i-sos′the-noo′re-a, i′so-sthe-)

A state in chronic renal disease in which the kidney cannot form urine with a higher or a lower specific gravity than that of protein-free plasma; specific gravity of the urine becomes fixed around 1.010, irrespective of the fluid intake. [iso- + G. sthenos, strength, + ouron, urine]

isosuccinic acid
isosuccinic acid (i′so-suk-sin′ik)

SYN: methylmalonic acid.

isosulfan blue
isosulfan blue (i-so-sul′fan)

A dye used as a radiographic adjunct to mark lymphatic vessels during lymphography.

isothermal
isothermal (i-so-ther′mal)

Having the same temperature. [iso- + G. therme, heat]

isothiocyanate
isothiocyanate (i′so-thi-o-si′a-nat)

The radical of isothiocyanic acid, –N&dbond;C&dbond;S.

isothipendyl
isothipendyl (i′so-thi-pen′dil)

An H₁ antihistaminic.

isotone
isotone (i′so-ton)

One of several nuclides having the same number of neutrons in their nuclei; e.g., K and Ca with 20 each, Fe and Ni with 30 each. [iso- + G. tonos, stretching, tension]

isotonia
isotonia (i-so-to′ne-a)

A condition of tonic equality in which tension or osmotic pressure in two substances or solutions is the same. [iso- + G. tonos, tension]

isotonic
isotonic (i-so-ton′ik)

1. Relating to isotonicity or isotonia. 2. Having equal tension; denoting solutions possessing the same osmotic pressure; more specifically, limited to solutions in which cells neither swell nor shrink. Thus, a solution that is isosmotic with intracellular fluid will not be i. if it includes solute, such as urea, that freely permeates cell membranes. 3. In physiology, denoting the condition when a contracting muscle shortens against a constant load, as when lifting a weight. Cf.:auxotonic, isometric (2) .

isotonicity
isotonicity (i-so-to-nis′i-te)

1. The quality of possessing and maintaining a uniform tone or tension. 2. The property of a solution in being isotonic.

isotope
isotope (i′so-top)

One of two or more nuclides that are chemically identical, having the same number of protons, yet differ in mass number, since their nuclei contain different numbers of neutrons; individual isotopes are named with the inclusion of their mass number in the superior position (¹²C) and the atomic number (nuclear protons) in the inferior position (₆C). In former usage, the mass numbers follow the chemical symbol (C-12). [iso- + G. topos, part, place]
daughter i. an element produced by radioactive decay of another. See radionuclide generator, cow.
radioactive i. an i. with an unstable nuclear composition; such nuclei decompose spontaneously by emission of a nuclear electron (β particle) or helium nucleus (α particle) and radiation (γ rays), thus achieving a stable nuclear composition; used as tracers and as radiation and energy sources. See half-life.
stable i. a nonradioactive nuclide; an i. that shows no tendency to undergo radioactive decomposition.

isotopic
isotopic (i-so-top′ik)

Of identical chemical composition but differing in some physical property, such as atomic weight.

isotransplantation
isotransplantation (i′so-tranz-plan-ta′shun)

Transfer of an isograft (syngraft).

isotretinoin
isotretinoin (i-so-tret′i-noyn)

A retinoid used for treatment of severe recalcitrant cystic acne; a known human teratogen.

isotropic
isotropic, isotropous (i-so-trop′ik, i-sot′ro-pus)

Having properties that are the same in all directions. [iso- + G. trope, a turn]

isotype
isotype (i′so-tip)

An antigenic determinant (marker) that occurs in all members of a class or subclass in the heavy chains of an immunoglobulin or in the type and subtype of light chains of an immunoglobulin molecule. Whereas a given allotypic marker or determinant is thought to occur in only one subclass, an antigenic marker that is isotypic in one subclass may also occur as an allotypic marker in another subclass. [iso- + G. typos, model]

isotypic
isotypic (i-so-tip′ik)

Pertaining to an isotype.

isovaleric acid
isovaleric acid (i′so-va-lar′ik, -ler′ik)

3-Methylbutyric acid;a metabolic intermediate in oxidative processes; elevated in cases of isovaleric acidemia.

isovaleric acidemia
isovaleric acidemia [MIM*243500]

An inborn error of leucine metabolism characterized by psychomotor retardation, a specific odor reminiscent of sweaty feet, vomiting, acidosis, and coma; associated with excessive production of isovaleric acid upon protein ingestion or during infectious episodes and is due to a deficiency of isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase; severe metabolic acidosis results from the large quantities of acid formed. Autosomal recessive inheritance; two forms are known: 1) the acute neonatal form with fulminant metabolic acidosis and rapid death, and 2) the chronic form characterized by intermittent episodes of severe ketoacidosis. SYN: sweaty feet syndrome.

isovaleryl-CoA
isovaleryl-CoA (i-so-val′er-il)

The condensation product of isovaleric acid and coenzyme A; an intermediate in the catabolism of l-leucine. SYN: isovalerylcoenzyme A.
isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase an enzyme that participates in the catabolism of l-leucine; it converts isovaleryl-CoA to 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA using FAD; a deficiency in this enzyme will result in isovaleric acidemia.

isovalerylcoenzyme A
isovalerylcoenzyme A

SYN: isovaleryl-CoA.

isovalthine
isovalthine (i-so-val′then)

A sulfur-containing compound found in urine.

isovolume
isovolume (i-so-vol′um)

At the same or equal volume. SEE ALSO: isovolumic.

isovolumetric
isovolumetric (i′so-vol-u-met′rik)

SYN: isovolumic.

isovolumic
isovolumic (i′so-vol-u′mik)

Occurring without an associated alteration in volume, as when, in early ventricular systole, the muscle fibers initially increase their tension without shortening so that ventricular volume remains unaltered. SEE ALSO: isometric. SYN: isochoric, isovolumetric.

isoxsuprine hydrochloride
isoxsuprine hydrochloride (i-soks′soo-pren)

Sympathomimetic amine with potent inhibitory effects on vascular, uterine, and other smooth muscles; used as a vasodilator in various vascular diseases and as a uterine relaxant.

isozyme
isozyme (i′so-zim)

SYN: isoenzyme.

issue
issue (ish′u)

Archaic term for a discharge of pus, blood, or other matter. [Fr. a going out]
nature-nurture i. a controversy concerning the relative importance of heredity (nature) and environment (nurture) in various aspects of individual development, such as intelligence, personality, or mental illness.

isthmectomy
isthmectomy (is-mek′to-me)

Excision of the midportion of the thyroid. [G. isthmos, isthmus, + ektome, excision]

isthmic
isthmic, isthmian (is′mik, is′me-an)

Denoting an anatomical isthmus.

isthmoparalysis
isthmoparalysis (is′mo-pa-ral′i-sis)

Paralysis of the velum pendulum palati and the muscles forming the anterior pillars of the fauces. SYN: faucial paralysis, isthmoplegia. [G. isthmos, isthmus, + paralysis]

isthmoplegia
isthmoplegia (is′mo-ple′je-a)

SYN: isthmoparalysis. [G. isthmos, isthmus, + plege, stroke]

isthmus
isthmus, pl .isthmiisthmuses (is′mus, -mi, -mus-ez) [TA]

1. A constriction in the embryonic neural tube delineating the anterior portion of the rhombencephalon, the future metencephalon, form the more rostrally located mesenephalon. 2. SYN: rhombencephalic i.. [G. isthmos]
i. of aorta SYN: aortic i..
i. aortae [TA] SYN: aortic i..
aortic i. [TA] a slight constriction of the aorta immediately distal to the left subclavian artery at the point of attachment of the ductus arteriosus. SYN: i. aortae [TA] , i. of aorta.
i. of auditory tube SYN: i. of pharyngotympanic tube.
i. of cartilage of ear SYN: i. of cartilaginous auricle.
i. of cartilaginous auricle [TA] a narrow bridge connecting the cartilage of the external acoustic meatus and the lamina of the tragus with the main portion of the cartilage of the auricle. SYN: i. cartilaginis auris, i. of cartilage of ear.
i. cartilaginis auricularis [TA]
i. cartilaginis auris SYN: i. of cartilaginous auricle.
i. of cingulate gyrus [TA] the narrowing of the cingulate gyrus, at its transition with the hippocampal gyrus behind and below the splenium of the corpus callosum, caused by the anterior extension of the conjoined parieto-occipital and calcarine sulci. SYN: i. gyri cinguli [TA] , i. of gyrus fornicatus, i. of limbic lobe.
i. of eustachian tube SYN: i. of pharyngotympanic tube.
i. of external acoustic meatus the narrowest portion of this canal in the bony part near its deep termination. SYN: i. meatus acustici externi.
i. of fauces [TA] the constricted and short space which establishes the connection between the cavity of the mouth and the oro-pharynx, bounded anteriorly by the palatoglossal folds and posteriorly by the palatopharyngeal folds; the lateral well is the tonsillar fossa. SYN: i. faucium [TA] , oropharyngeal i..
i. faucium [TA] SYN: i. of fauces.
i. glandulae thyroideae [TA] SYN: i. of thyroid gland.
Guyon i. SYN: i. of uterus.
i. gyri cinguli [TA] SYN: i. of cingulate gyrus.
i. of gyrus fornicatus SYN: i. of cingulate gyrus.
i. of His SYN: rhombencephalic i..
Krönig i. the narrow straplike portion of the resonant field that extends over the shoulder, connecting the larger areas of resonance over the pulmonary apex in front and behind.
i. of limbic lobe SYN: i. of cingulate gyrus.
i. meatus acustici externi SYN: i. of external acoustic meatus.
oropharyngeal i. SYN: i. of fauces.
pharyngeal i. SYN: i. of pharynx.
i. pharyngis SYN: i. of pharynx.
i. pharyngonasalis SYN: choanae.
i. of pharyngotympanic tube [TA] the narrowest portion of the auditory tube at the junction of the cartilaginous and bony portions. SYN: i. tubae auditivae [TA] , i. tubae auditoriae&star, i. of auditory tube, i. of eustachian tube.
i. of pharynx [TA] passage posterior to the soft palate by which the nasopharynx and oropharynx communicate (i.e., the junction of naso- and oropharynx), closed during swallowing by elevation of the soft palate and contraction of the posterior fascicle of palatopharyngeus (muscle), forming a Passavant cushion. SYN: i. pharyngis, pharyngeal i..
pleural i. SYN: mesopneumonium.
i. prostatae [TA] SYN: i. of prostate.
i. of prostate [TA] the narrow middle part of the prostate anterior to the urethra. SYN: i. prostatae [TA] .
i. rhombencephali SYN: rhombencephalic i..
rhombencephalic i. 1. a constriction in the embryonic neural tube delineating the mesencephalon from the rhombencephalon; 2. the anterior portion of the rhombencephalon connecting with the mesencephalon. SYN: i. (2) [TA] , i. of His, i. rhombencephali.
i. of thyroid gland [TA] the central part of the thyroid gland joining the two lateral lobes. SYN: i. glandulae thyroideae [TA] .
i. tubae auditivae [TA] SYN: i. of pharyngotympanic tube.
i. tubae auditoriae i. of pharyngotympanic tube.
i. tubae uterinae [TA] SYN: i. of uterine tube.
i. uteri [TA] SYN: i. of uterus.
i. of uterine tube [TA] the narrow portion of the uterine tube adjoining the uterus. SYN: i. tubae uterinae [TA] .
i. of uterus [TA] an elongated constriction at the junction of the body and cervix of the uterus. SYN: i. uteri [TA] , Guyon i., orificium internum uteri, os uteri internum, ostium uteri internum.
Vieussens i. SYN: limbus fossae ovalis.

itaconic acid
itaconic acid (it′a-kon′ik)

The decarboxylation product of cis-aconitic acid. SYN: methylenesuccinic acid.

itch
itch

1. An irritating sensation in the skin that arouses the desire to scratch. SYN: pruritus (2) . 2. Common name for scabies. [A.S. gikkan]
azo i. itching that occurs among workers in azo dyes.
baker i. an eruption on the hands and arms of bakers due to an allergic reaction to flour or other substances handled, or to the grain i. mite.
barber i. SYN: tinea barbae.
bath i. SYN: bath pruritus.
copra i. a dermatitis occurring in workers in copra mills, caused by the presence of a mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae.
Cuban i. SYN: alastrim.
frost i. SYN: winter i..
grain i. a wheal-like cutaneous eruption occasionally noted in farmers and grain handlers, caused by the action of the mite Pyemotes ventricosus.
grocer i. a vesicular dermatitis seen in grocers and bakers who handle sugar or flour; caused by a mite of the genus Glycophagus.
ground i. SYN: cutaneous larva migrans.
kabure i. SYN: schistosomiasis japonica.
Norway i. SYN: Norwegian scabies.
poultryman's i. eruption due to infestation with the mite, Dermanyssus gallinae.
rice i. SYN: schistosomiasis japonica.
Saint Ignatius i. SYN: pellagra.
straw i., straw-bed i. an urticarial eruption caused by the mite, Pyemotes ventricosus, which can infest straw used in mattresses. SYN: dermatitis pediculoides ventricosus.
summer i. SYN: pruritus aestivalis.
swimmer's i. SYN: schistosomal dermatitis.
water i. 1. SYN: cutaneous larva migrans. 2. SYN: schistosomal dermatitis.
winter i. a recurrent eczema appearing with the advent of cold weather. SYN: dermatitis hiemalis, frost i., pruritus hiemalis.

itching
itching

An uncomfortable sensation of irritation of the skin or mucous membranes that causes scratching or rubbing of the affected parts. SYN: pruritus (1) .

-ite -ite

1. Of the nature of, resembling. 2. A salt of an acid that has the termination -ous. 3. In comparative anatomy, a suffix denoting an essential portion of the part to the name of which it is attached. SEE ALSO: -ites. [G. -ites, fem. -itis]

iter
iter (i′ter)

A passage leading from one anatomic part to another. SEE ALSO: canaliculus. [L. i. (itiner-), a way, journey]
i. chordae anterius SYN: anterior canaliculus of chorda tympani.
i. chordae posterius SYN: posterior canaliculus of chorda tympani.
i. dentis the route or routes by which one or more teeth erupt. SYN: i. dentium.
i. dentium SYN: i. dentis.
i. a tertio ad quartum ventriculum SYN: cerebral aqueduct. [L. path from the third to the fourth ventricle]

iteral
iteral (i′ter-al)

Relating to an iter.

-ites -ites

G. adjectival suffix attached to noun stems, corresponding to L. -alis or -inus or to Eng. -y or -like. An adjective formed with this suffix sometimes stands alone, representing a phrase from which a noun has been dropped ( e.g., tympanites for tympanites hydrops, drumlike swelling of the abdomen. SEE ALSO: -ite, -itis. [G. ites,]

-itides -itides

Plural of -itis.

-itis -itis

Feminine form of the G. adjectival suffix -ites. An adjective formed with this suffix sometimes stands alone, representing a phrase from which a noun has been droped e.g., nephritis for nephritis nosos, disease of the kidneys). Hence is has become in effect a noun suffix. Moreover, it so frequently occurs in terms for inflammatory disorders that it has acquired the denotation of inflammation. SEE ALSO: -ites. [G. -ites]

Ito
Ito

Toshio, 20th century Japanese physician. See I. cells, under cell.

Ito
Ito

Minor, 20th century Japanese dermatologist. See I. nevus, hypomelanosis of I..

ITP
ITP

Abbreviation for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura; inosine 5′-triphosphate.

itramin tosylate
itramin tosylate (i′tra-min)

A vasodilator.

IU
IU

Abbreviation for international unit.

IUB
IUB

Abbreviation for International Union of Biochemistry.

IUCD
IUCD

Abbreviation for intrauterine contraceptive devices, under device.

IUD
IUD

Abbreviation for intrauterine devices, under device.

IUI
IUI

Abbreviation for intrauterine insemination.

IUPAC
IUPAC

Abbreviation for International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.

I-V
I-V

Abbreviation for intraventricular.

I.V.
I.V., i.v.

Abbreviation for intravenous, or intravenously.

IVB
IVB

Abbreviation for intraventricular block.

IVC
IVC

Abbreviation for inferior vena cava.

Ivemark
Ivemark

Björn, Swedish pathologist, *1925. See I. syndrome.

ivermectin
ivermectin (i-ver-mek′tin)

A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic effective in the treatment of filariasis. The drug destroys Onchocerca microfilaria and Filaria bancrofti. Also approved by the FDA for the treatment of scabies by topical administration.

IVF
IVF

Abbreviation for in vitro fertilization.

IVF-ET
IVF-ET

Abbreviation for in vitro fertilization and in vivo transfer of the embryo to the uterus, Fallopian tube, or the peritoneal cavity.

IVP
IVP

Abbreviation for intravenous pyelography or pyelogram.

IVU
IVU

Abbreviation for intravenous urogram; preferred to IVP. See intravenous urography.

Ivy
Ivy

Robert H., U.S. oral and plastic surgeon, 1881–1974. See I. loop wiring, I. bleeding time test.

Ixodes
Ixodes (ik-so′dez)

A genus of hard ticks (family Ixodidae), many species of which are parasitic on humans and animals; they are characterized by an anal groove surrounding the anus anteriorly, absence of eyes and festoons, and marked sexual dimorphism; about 40 species have been described from North America. [G. i., sticky, like bird-lime, fr. ixos, mistletoe, + eidos, form]
I. cookei a species that is a vector of Powassan virus in Canada.
I. dammini a species that is a vector of Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) and human babesiosis (Babesia microti) in the U.S. Bites causing Lyme disease in humans are from nymphal ticks about the size of a pencil point, infected with B. burgdorferi from white-footed field mice. Adult ticks complete their two-year life cycle feeding on deer.
I. pacificus the California black-legged tick, a species that is the vector of Lyme disease in the western U.S.
I. persulcatus the taiga tick, a Eurasian species that is a vector for Russian spring-summer encephalitis and Lyme disease.
I. redikorzevi a Eurasian species that has caused human toxicosis in Israel.
I. ricinus the castor bean tick, a Eurasian species that infests cattle, sheep, and wild animals, and transmits the piroplasm Babesia divergens, the tick-borne encephalitis virus, and the Lyme disease bacterium.
I. scapularis the black-legged or shoulder tick, a species found on animals in the southern and eastern U.S.; is the primary vector of Lyme disease in the U.S.
I. spinipalpis a species parasitic on wild rodents in British Columbia and the vector of Powassan virus in mice of the genus Peromyscus.

ixodiasis
ixodiasis (ik-so-di′a-sis)

Skin lesions caused by the bites of ixodid ticks.

ixodic
ixodic (ik-sod′ik)

Relating to or caused by ticks.

ixodid
ixodid (ik′so-did)

Common name for members of the family Ixodidae.

Ixodidae
Ixodidae (ik-sod′i-de)

A family of ticks (order Acarina, suborder Ixodidea), the so-called “hard” ticks, characterized by rigid body form, presence of a dorsal shield, and an anteriorly projecting capitulum. It includes the genera Ixodes, Hyalomma, Amblyomma, Boophilus, Margaropus, Dermacentor, Haemaphysalis, and Rhipicephalus, species of which transmit many important human and animal diseases and cause tick paralysis; they occasionally attack humans, a few habitually so. [G. ixodes, sticky]

Ixodoidea
Ixodoidea (ik′so-do-id′e-a)

Superfamily of the order Acarina that includes the families Ixodidae and Argasidae. [G. ixodes, sticky]

in utero
in utero (in u′ter-o)

Within the womb; not yet born. [L.]