S-adenosyl-<SMCAP>l</SMCAP>-homocysteine

S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine (a-den′o-sil-ho-mo-sis′te-en)

The compound formed by the demethylation of S-adenosyl-l-methionine.

S-adenosyl-<SMCAP>l</SMCAP>-methionine
S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM, AdoMet) (a-den′o-sil-me-thi′o-nen)

Condensation product of adenosine and l-methionine involving replacement of the &cbond;OPO₃H₂ of adenylic acid by &cbond;S⁺(CH₃)CH₂CH₂CH(NH₃⁺)CO₂ of methionine; a sulfonium compound bearing a methyl group that is transferred in transmethylation reactions. SEE ALSO: methionine adenosyltransferase. SYN: active methionine.

S-nitrosohemoglobin
S-nitrosohemoglobin (ni-tro′so-he′moglo′bin)

A compound formed by the binding of nitric oxide with hemoglobin; release and uptake of the nitric oxide group produce changes in vascular resistance and blood flow, which assist in oxygen homeostasis.

σ
σ, Σ

1. The 18th letter of the Greek alphabet, sigma. 2. (σ) Symbol for reflection coefficient; standard deviation; a factor in prokaryotic RNA initiation; wavenumber; surface tension. 3. (Σ) Summation of a series.

S
S

1. Abbreviation for sacral vertebra (S1–S5); spherical, spherical lens; Svedberg unit. 2. Symbol for siemens; sulfur; entropy in thermodynamics; substrate in the Michaelis-Menton mechanism; percentage saturation of hemoglobin (when followed by subscript O₂ or CO); serine; one of the two stereochemical designations (in italics) in the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog system. 3. Designation of a rare human antigen (hemagglutinogen) related genetically to the MNSs blood group. See Blood Groups appendix.

S100
S100

An acidic, calcium-binding protein characterized by its partial solubility in saturated ammonium sulfate; stains for S. are used in the differential diagnosis of melanomas, which are commonly positive for S..

35S
³⁵S

Symbol for sulfur-35.

S1
S₁

Symbol for first heart sound.

S
S

Symbol for entropy.

S2
S₂

Symbol for second heart sound.

S3
S₃

Symbol for third heart sound.

S4
S₄

Symbol for fourth heart sound.

S7
S₇

SYN: summation gallop.

Sf
S_f

Symbol for flotation constant.

s
s

Abbreviation of L. sinister, left; L. semis, half; second; as a subscript, denotes steady state.

s
s

Abbreviation for L. sine, without.

s
s

Symbol for selection coefficient; sedimentation coefficient.

S-A
S-A

Abbreviation for sinuatrial.

SA
SA

Abbreviation for sacroanterior position.

sabadilla
sabadilla (sab-a-dil′a)

The seed of Schoenocaulon officinale (family Liliaceae), a plant of the shores of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea; it yields cevadine, veratridine, and several other alkaloids; has been used externally as a parasiticide. SYN: cevadilla. [Sp. cevadilla, ult. fr. L. cibus, food]

Sabin
Sabin

Albert B., Polish-U.S. virologist, 1906–1993. See S. vaccine, S.-Feldman dye test.

Sabouraud
Sabouraud

Raymond J.A., French dermatologist, 1864–1938. See S. agar, S. pastils, under pastil, S.-Noiré instrument.

sabulous
sabulous (sab′u-lus)

Sandy; gritty. [L. sabulosus, fr. sabulum, coarse sand]

saburra
saburra (sa-bur′a)

Foulness of the stomach or mouth resulting from decomposed food. [L. sand]

saburral
saburral (sa-bur′al)

Relating to saburra.

sac
sac (sak) [TA]

1. A pouch or bursa. SYN: saccus [TA] . SEE ALSO: sacculus. 2. An encysted abscess at the root of a tooth. 3. The capsule of a tumor, or envelope of a cyst. [L. saccus, a bag]
abdominal s. the part of the embryonic celom that becomes the abdominal cavity.
air s. SYN: alveolar s..
allantoic s. the dilated distal portion of the allantois; it forms part of the placenta in many mammals.
alveolar s. 1. terminal dilation of the alveolar ducts that give rise to alveoli in the lung; a small air chamber in the pulmonary tissue from which the pulmonary alveoli project like bays and into which an alveolar duct opens; SYN: sacculus alveolaris [TA] . 2. in birds, air-containing extensions of bronchi that connect with bone cavities. SYN: air s..
amnionic s. SYN: amnion.
aneurysmal s. the dilated wall of an artery in a saccular aneurysm.
aortic s. in mammalian embryos, the endothelially lined dilation just distal to the truncus arteriosus; it is the primordial vascular channel from which the aortic arch/arteries arise and is homologous to the ventral aorta of gill-bearing vertebrates.
chorionic s. SYN: chorion.
conjunctival s. [TA] the space bound by the conjunctival membrane between the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, into which the lacrimal fluid is secreted; it is a closed space when eye is closed; when eye is open, the s. is open anteriorly via the palpebral fissure (between the eyelids). SYN: saccus conjunctivalis [TA] .
cupular blind s. SYN: cupular cecum of the cochlear duct.
dental s. the outer investment of mesenchymal tissue surrounding a developing tooth; involved in formation of the root and periodental ligament. SEE ALSO: dental follicle.
endolymphatic s. [TA] the dilated blind extremity of the endolymphatic duct, which lies external to the dura on the posterior aspect of the petrous part of the temporal bone. SYN: saccus endolymphaticus [TA] , Böttcher space, Cotunnius space, sacculus endolymphaticus.
gestational s. cystic structure of early pregnancy that represents the amnionic s., fluid, and placenta.
heart s. SYN: pericardium.
hernial s. the protruding envelope of peritoneum in a hernia.
Hilton s. SYN: laryngeal saccule.
lacrimal s. [TA] the dilated upper portion of the nasolacrimal duct into which the two lacrimal canaliculi empty. SYN: saccus lacrimalis [TA] , dacryocyst, sacculus lacrimalis, tear s..
lesser peritoneal s. SYN: omental bursa.
lymph sacs the earliest lymphatic vessels formed in the embryo.
nasal sacs the deepened nasal pits that develop into the definitive nasal cavities.
omental s. SYN: omental bursa.
preputial s. the space between the prepuce and the glans penis.
pudendal s. a pear-shaped encapsulated collection of connective tissue and fat in each labium majus. SYN: Broca pouch.
tear s. SYN: lacrimal s..
tooth s. a capsule that encloses the developing tooth.
vestibular blind s. SYN: vestibular cecum of the cochlear duct.
vitelline s. SYN: yolk s..
yolk s. 1. in vertebrates with telolecithal eggs; the highly vascular layer of splanchnopleure surrounding the yolk of an embryo; 2. in humans and other mammals, the s. of extraembryonic membrane that is located ventral to the embryonic disk and, after formation of the gut tube, is connected to the midgut; by the second month of development, this connection has become the narrow yolk stalk; the yolk s. is the first hematopoietic organ of the embryo, and its vitelline circulation plays an important role in the early embryonic circulation; the s. is also the site of origin of the primordial germ cells. SYN: umbilical vesicle, vesicula umbilicalis, vitelline s..

saccade
saccade (sa-kad′)

Rapid eye movement to redirect the line of sight. [Fr. s., sudden check of a horse]

saccadic
saccadic (sa-kad′ik)

Jerky. See s. movement.

saccate
saccate (sak′at)

Relating to a sac. [L. saccus, sac]

sacchar- sacchar-

See saccharo-.

saccharase
saccharase (sak′a-ras)

SYN: β-fructofuranosidase.

saccharate
saccharate (sak′a-rat)

A salt or ester of saccharic acid.

saccharephidrosis
saccharephidrosis (sak-ar-ef-i-dro′sis)

The presence of sugar in the sweat. [sacchar- + G. ephidrosis, a slight perspiration]

sacchari- sacchari-

See saccharo-.

saccharic
saccharic (sa-kar′ik)

Relating to sugar.

saccharic acid
saccharic acid (sak′a-rik)

Term used to denote the class of dicarboxy sugar acids.

saccharides
saccharides (sak′a-ridz)

S. are classified as mono-, di-, tri-, and polysaccharides according to the number of monosaccharide groups composing them. See carbohydrates.

sacchariferous
sacchariferous (sak′a-rif′er-us)

Producing sugar.

saccharification
saccharification (sa-kar′i-fi-ka′shun)

The process of saccharifying.

saccharify
saccharify (sa-kar′i-fi)

To convert starch or cellulose or other polysaccharides into sugar. [sacchari- + L. facio, to make]

saccharimeter
saccharimeter (sak-a-rim′e-ter)

An instrument for determining the amount of sugar in a solution; it may be a polarimeter, a hygrometer, or a container in which the solution is fermented and the amount estimated by the volume of CO₂ produced. SYN: saccharometer. [(sacchari- + G. metron, measure]

saccharin
saccharin (sak′a-rin)

In dilute aqueous solution it is 300–500 times sweeter than sucrose; used as a noncaloric sweetening agent (sugar substitute); s. sodium and s. calcium have the same use. SYN: benzosulfimide.

saccharine
saccharine (sak′a-ren, -rin, -rin)

Relating to sugar; sweet.

saccharo- saccharo-, sacchar-, sacchari-

Combining forms denoting sugar (saccharide). [G. sakcharon, sugar]

saccharogen amylase
saccharogen amylase (sak′a-ro-jen)

SYN: β-amylase.

saccharolytic
saccharolytic (sak′a-ro-lit′ik)

Capable of hydrolyzing or otherwise breaking down a sugar molecule. [saccharo- + G. lysis, loosening]

saccharometabolic
saccharometabolic (sak′a-ro-met′a-bol′ik)

Relating to saccharometabolism.

saccharometabolism
saccharometabolism (sak-a-ro-me-tab′o-lizm)

Metabolism of sugar; the process of utilization of sugar in cells.

saccharometer
saccharometer (sak-a-rom′e-ter)

SYN: saccharimeter.

Saccharomyces
Saccharomyces (sak′a-ro-mi′sez)

A genus of budding yeasts (family Saccharomycetaceae); an ascomycete. S. cerevisiae is used to produce brewer's yeast and ethanol. S. cerevisiae is a very rare pathogen in humans. [saccharo- + G. mykes, fungus]

Saccharomycetaceae
Saccharomycetaceae (sak′a-ro-mi-se-ta′se-e)

The family of yeasts; that group of fungi comprising the ascomycetes which possess a predominantly unicellular thallus, reproduce asexually by budding, transverse division, or both, and produce ascospores in an ascus, originating from a zygote or pathogenetically from a single somatic cell. The term yeastlike fungus is often applied to fungi that are not known to form ascospores, but otherwise possess the characteristics of yeasts; such forms are properly placed with the Fungi Imperfecti unless methods of sexual reproduction are known; e.g., Cryptococcus neoformans.

Saccharomycetales
Saccharomycetales (sak′a-ro-mi′se-ta′lez)

SYN: Endomycetales.

saccharopine
saccharopine (sak-ar′o-pen)

A derivative of α-ketoglutarate and l-lysine that is an intermediate in l-lysine catabolism; elevated in cases of saccharopinuria.
s. dehydrogenase two enzymes that are used in the pathway of l-lysine catabolism; the first isoform catalyzes the reversible conversion of l-lysine, α-ketoglutarate, and NADH to s. and NAD⁺; the other isoform reversibly catalyzes to conversion of s. and NAD⁺ to l-glutamate, NADH, and l-α-aminoadipate δ-semialdehyde. A deficiency of one of these isoforms is associated with familial hyperlysinemia and saccharopinuria.

saccharopinuria
saccharopinuria (sak-ar′o-pen-oor-e-a)

Elevated levels of saccharopine in the urine; associated with a variant of familial hyperlysinuria.

saccharose
saccharose (sak′a-ros)

SYN: sucrose.

saccharum
saccharum (sak′a-rum)

SYN: sucrose. [Mod. L. fr. G. sakcharon]
s. canadense SYN: maple sugar.
s. lactis SYN: lactose.

sacciform
sacciform (sak′si-form)

Pouched; sac-shaped. SYN: saccular, sacculated. [L. saccus, sack, + forma, form]

saccular
saccular (sak′u-lar)

SYN: sacciform.

sacculated
sacculated (sak′u-la′ted)

SYN: sacciform.

sacculation
sacculation (sak′u-la′shun)

1. A structure formed by a group of sacs. 2. The formation of a sac or pouch.
s. of colon SYN: haustra of colon, under haustrum.

saccule
saccule (sak′ul) [TA]

1. [TA] The smaller of the two membranous sacs in the vestibule of the labyrinth, lying in the spherical recess; it is connected with the cochlear duct by a very short tube, the ductus reuniens, and with the utriculus by the beginning of the ductus endolymphaticus and the ductus utriculosaccularis that joins it. 2. The immense bag-shaped structure formed by peptidoglycans as part of the cell wall of certain microorganisms. SYN: sacculus [TA] , sacculus proprius, sacculus vestibuli. [L. sacculus]
laryngeal s. [TA] a small diverticulum provided with mucous glands extending upward from the ventricle of the larynx between the vestibular fold and the lamina of the thyroid cartilage; it is a vestigial structure, being a much larger structure interdigitating with the neck musculature in some of the great apes, where it serves as a resonating chamber. SYN: sacculus laryngis [TA] , appendix ventriculi laryngis, Hilton sac, laryngeal pouch, s. of larynx.
s. of larynx SYN: laryngeal s..

sacculocochlear
sacculocochlear (sak′u-lo-kok′le-ar)

Relating to the sacculus and the membranous cochlea.

sacculus
sacculus, pl .sacculi (sak′u-lus, -li) [TA]

SYN: saccule. [L. dim. of saccus, sac]
s. alveolaris, pl .sacculi alveolares [TA] SYN: alveolar sac (1) .
s. communis SYN: utricle.
s. endolymphaticus SYN: endolymphatic sac.
s. lacrimalis SYN: lacrimal sac.
s. laryngis [TA] SYN: laryngeal saccule.
s. proprius SYN: saccule.
s. vestibuli SYN: saccule.

saccus
saccus, pl .sacci (sak′us, sak′si) [TA]

SYN: sac (1) . [L. a bag, sack]
s. conjunctivalis [TA] SYN: conjunctival sac.
s. endolymphaticus [TA] SYN: endolymphatic sac.
s. lacrimalis [TA] SYN: lacrimal sac.
s. reuniens SYN: sinus venosus.
s. vaginalis an embryonic peritoneal fossa indicating the site where the processus vaginalis peritonei extends through the anterior abdominal wall during descent of the testis.

Sachs
Sachs

Bernard, U.S. neurologist, 1858–1944. See Tay-S. disease.

Sachs
Sachs

Hans, German bacteriologist, 1877–1945. See S.-Georgi test.

Sachs
Sachs

Maurice D., U.S. radiologist, *1909. See Hill-S. lesion.

Sacks
Sacks

Benjamin, U.S. physician, 1896–1939. See Libman-S. endocarditis, Libman-S. syndrome.

sacr- sacr-

See sacro-.

sacrad
sacrad (sa′krad)

In the direction of the sacrum. [sacr- + L. ad, to]

sacral
sacral (sa′kral)

Relating to or in the neighborhood of the sacrum.

sacralgia
sacralgia (sa-kral′je-a)

Pain in the sacral region. SYN: sacrodynia. [sacr- + G. algos, pain]

sacralization
sacralization (sa′kral-i-za′shun)

Lumbar development and appearance of the first sacral vertebra.

sacrectomy
sacrectomy (sa-krek′to-me)

Resection of a portion of the sacrum to facilitate an operation. SYN: sacrotomy. [sacr- + G. ektome, excision]

sacro- sacro-, sacr-

The sacrum. [L. os sacrum, sacred bone]

sacrococcygeal
sacrococcygeal (sa-kro-kok-sij′e-al)

Relating to both sacrum and coccyx.

sacrococcygeus
sacrococcygeus (sa′kro-kok-si-je′us)

See muscle.

sacrodynia
sacrodynia (sa′kro-din′e-a)

SYN: sacralgia. [sacro- + G. odyne, pain]

sacroiliac
sacroiliac (sa-kro-il′e-ak)

Relating to the sacrum and the ilium.

sacroiliitis
sacroiliitis (sa′kro-il-e-i′tis)

Inflammation of the sacroiliac joint.

sacrolumbalis
sacrolumbalis (sa′kro-lum-ba′lis)

The iliocostalis lumborum muscle.

sacrolumbar
sacrolumbar (sa′kro-lum′bar)

SYN: lumbosacral.

sacrosciatic
sacrosciatic (sa′kro-si-at′ik)

Relating to both sacrum and ischium.

sacrospinal
sacrospinal (sa′kro-spi′nal)

Relating to the sacrum and the vertebral column above.

sacrotomy
sacrotomy (sa-krot′o-me)

SYN: sacrectomy. [sacro- + G. tome, incision]

sacrovertebral
sacrovertebral (sa′kro-ver′te-bral)

Relating to the sacrum and the vertebrae above.

sacrum
sacrum, pl .sacra (sa′krum, sa′kra) [TA]

The segment of the vertebral column forming part of the pelvis; a broad, slightly curved, spade-shaped bone, thick above, thinner below, closing in the pelvic girdle posteriorly; it is formed by the fusion of five originally separate sacral vertebrae; it articulates with the last lumbar vertebra, the coccyx, and the hip bone on either side. SYN: os s. [TA] , sacred bone, vertebra magna. [L. (lit. sacred bone), neuter of sacer (sacr-), sacred]
assimilation s. one which is composed of six segments, the last lumbar vertebra assuming the appearance of a sacral segment; or one which is composed of but four segments, the first sacral being free and having the characteristics of a lumbar vertebra.

SACT
SACT

Abbreviation for sinoatrial conduction time.

SAD
SAD

Abbreviation for seasonal affective disorder.

saddle
saddle (sad′l)

1. A structure shaped like, or suggestive of, a seat or s. used in horseback riding. SYN: sella. 2. SYN: denture base.
Turkish s. SYN: sella turcica.

sadism
sadism (sa′dizm, sad′izm)

A form of perversion, often sexual in nature, in which a person finds pleasure in inflicting abuse and maltreatment. Cf.:masochism. [Marquis de Sade, 1740–1814, confessedly addicted to the practice]

sadist
sadist (sa′dist, sad′ist)

One who practices sadism.

sadistic
sadistic (sa-dis′tik)

Pertaining to or characterized by sadism.

sadomasochism
sadomasochism (sa-do-mas′o-kizm, sad-o-)

A form of perversion marked by enjoyment of cruelty and/or humiliation in its received or active and/or dispensed and passive form. [sadism + masochism]

Saemisch
Saemisch

Edwin T., German ophthalmologist, 1833-1909. See S. section, S. ulcer.

Saenger
Saenger

M., Prague obstetrician, 1853–1903. See S. operation.

safflower
safflower (saf′low-er)

SYN: carthamus. [Ar. safra, yellow]

safflower oil
safflower oil

An oil extracted from the seeds of Carthamus tinctorius, containing 74.5% linoleic acid and 6.6% saturated fatty acids; recommended for use in hypercholesteremia, myocardial infarction, and coronary insufficiency.

saffron
saffron (saf′ron)

SYN: crocus. [Ar. zafaran, fr. safra, yellow]

safranin O
safranin O (saf′ra-nin) [C.I. 50240]

A mixture of dimethyl- and trimethylphenosafranin chloride, a basic red dye that exhibits orange metachromasia; used in histology as a nuclear stain, in microbiology as a counterstain in the Gram method, and to demonstrate enterochromaffin.

safranophil
safranophil, safranophile (saf′ra-no-fil, -fil)

Staining readily with safranin; denoting certain cells and tissues.

safrole
safrole (saf′rol)

The methylene ether of allyl pyrocatechol; contained in oil of sassafras, oil of camphor, and various other volatile oils; it is obtained chiefly from oil of camphor by fractional distillation; used as a tonic and carminative; prolonged administration causes fatty degeneration.

sage
sage (saj)

SYN: salvia. [L. salvia, the s. plant, fr. salvus, safe]

sagitta
sagitta (saj′i-ta)

SYN: otoliths.

sagittal
sagittal (saj′i-tal) [TA]

Resembling an arrow; in the line of an arrow shot from a bow, i.e., in an anteroposterior direction; referring to a s. plane or direction. SYN: sagittalis [TA] . [L. sagitta, an arrow]

sagittalis
sagittalis (saj-i-ta′lis) [TA]

SYN: sagittal. [L.]

Saint
Saint

Charles F.M., African surgeon, *1886. See S. triad.

Saint Anthony fire
Saint Anthony fire (sant anth-o-ne)

1. SYN: ergotism. 2. Any of several inflammations or gangrenous conditions of the skin ( E.G., erysipelas). [St. Anthony, Egyptian monk, about 250–350 ad]

Sakaguchi reaction
Sakaguchi reaction

See under reaction.

Saksenaea vasiformis
Saksenaea vasiformis

one of the fungal species that cause mucormycosis. This species is notable for the proportion of cases with subcutaneous infection, rather than pulmonary or paranasal sinus disease, more typical manifestations of mucormycosis.

Sakurai
Sakurai

Japanese ophthalmologist. See S.-Lisch nodule.

sal
sal, pl .sales (sal, sal′ez)

SYN: salt. [L.]
s. alembroth the product obtained by crystallization from a solution of equal parts of ammonium chloride and mercuric chloride. SYN: salt of wisdom. [an alchemist's term of unknown origin]
s. ammoniac SYN: ammonium chloride.
s. diureticum SYN: potassium acetate.
s. soda SYN: sodium carbonate.
s. volatile SYN: aromatic ammonia spirit.

Salah
Salah

M., 20th century Egyptian surgeon. See S. sternal puncture needle.

salbutamol
salbutamol (sal-bu′ta-mol)

SYN: albuterol.

Saldino
Saldino

Ronald M., American radiologist.

salicin
salicin (sal′i-sin)

A glucoside of o-hydroxybenzylalcohol, obtained from the bark of several species of Salix (willow) and Populus (poplar); s. is hydrolyzed to glucose and saligenin (salicyl alcohol); formerly used in rheumatoid arthritis.

salicyl
salicyl (sal′i-sil)

The acyl radical of salicylic acid.
s. aldehyde obtained from Spirea ulmaria (meadow sweet), and made synthetically; used as a diuretic and antiseptic, and in perfumery. SYN: salicylic aldehyde.

salicylamide
salicylamide (sal-i-sil′a-mid)

The amide of salicylic acid, o-hydroxybenzamide; an analgesic, antipyretic and antiarthritic, similar in action to aspirin.

salicylanilide
salicylanilide (sal′i-sil-an′i-lid)

An antifungal agent especially useful in the treatment of tinea capitis caused by Microsporum audouinii.

salicylate
salicylate (sa-lis′i-lat)

1. A salt or ester of salicylic acid. 2. To treat foodstuffs with salicylic acid as a preservative. SYN: salicylize.

salicylated
salicylated (sa-lis′i-lat-ed)

Treated by the addition of salicylic acid as a preservative.

salicylazosulfapyridine
salicylazosulfapyridine (sal′i-sil-az′o-sool-fa-pir′i-den)

SYN: sulfasalazine.

salicylic acid
salicylic acid (sal-i-sil′ik)

A component of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), derived from salicin and made synthetically; used externally as a keratolytic agent, antiseptic, and fungicide.

salicylic aldehyde
salicylic aldehyde (sal-i-sil′ik)

SYN: salicyl aldehyde.

salicylism
salicylism (sal′i-sil-izm)

Poisoning by salicylic acid or any of its compounds.

salicylize
salicylize (sal′i-sil-iz)

SYN: salicylate (2) .

salicylsalicylic acid
salicylsalicylic acid (sal′i-sil-sal-i-sil′ik)

SYN: salsalate.

salicylsulfonic acid
salicylsulfonic acid (sal′i-sil-sul-fon′ik)

SYN: sulfosalicylic acid.

salicyluric acid
salicyluric acid (sal′i-sil-ur′ik)

The conjugation product of glycine with salicylic acid; excreted in urine after the administration of salicylic acid or some of its compounds.

salient
salient (sa′le-ent, sal′yent)

1. SYN: projection. 2. In radiology, an obsolete term for projection. [L. salio, to leap or spring up]

salifiable
salifiable (sal-i-fi′a-bl)

Capable of being made into salts; said of a base that combines with acids to make salts.

salify
salify (sal′i-fi)

To convert into a salt.

saligenin
saligenin, saligenol (sal-i-jen′in, sal′i-jen-ol)

Obtained by the hydrolysis of salicin; a local anesthetic.

salimeter
salimeter (sa-lim′e-ter)

A hydrometer used to determine the specific gravity, or the concentration, of a saline solution.

saline
saline (sa′len, -lin)

1. Relating to, of the nature of, or containing salt; salty. 2. A salt solution, usually sodium chloride. [L. salinus, salty, fr. sal, salt]
physiologic s. an isotonic aqueous solution of salts, containing 0.9% sodium chloride.

salinometer
salinometer (sal-i-nom′e-ter)

A hydrometer so calibrated as to give a direct reading of the percentage of a particular salt present in solution.

saliva
saliva (sa-li′va)

A clear, tasteless, odorless, slightly acid (pH 6.8) viscid fluid, consisting of the secretion from the parotid, sublingual, and submandibular salivary glands and the mucous glands of the oral cavity; its function is to keep the mucous membrane of the mouth moist, to lubricate the food during mastication, and, in a measure, to convert starch into maltose, the latter action being effected by a diastatic enzyme, ptyalin. SYN: spittle. [L. akin to G. sialon]
chorda s. the secretion of the submaxillary gland obtained by stimulation of the chorda tympani nerve.
ganglionic s. submaxillary s. obtained by direct irritation of the gland.
resting s. the s. found in the mouth in the intervals of food taking and mastication.
sympathetic s. submaxillary s. obtained by stimulation of the sympathetic fibers innervating the gland.

salivant
salivant (sal′i-vant)

1. Causing a flow of saliva. 2. An agent that increases the flow of saliva. SYN: salivator.

salivary
salivary (sal′i-var-e)

Relating to saliva. SYN: sialic, sialine. [L. salivarius]

salivate
salivate (sal′i-vat)

To cause an excessive flow of saliva.

salivation
salivation (sal′i-va′shun)

SYN: sialorrhea.

salivator
salivator (sal′i-va-ter)

SYN: salivant (2) .

salivolithiasis
salivolithiasis (sa-li′vo-li-thi′a-sis)

SYN: sialolithiasis.

Salk
Salk

Jonas, U.S. immunologist, 1914–1995. See S. vaccine.

Salmonella
Salmonella (sal′mo-nel′a)

A genus of aerobic to facultatively anaerobic bacteria (family Enterobacteriaceae) containing Gram-negative rods that are either motile or nonmotile; motile cells are peritrichous. These organisms do not liquefy gelatin or produce indole and vary in their production of hydrogen sulfide; they utilize citrate as a sole source of carbon; their metabolism is fermentative, producing acid and usually gas from glucose, but they do not attack lactose; most are aerogenic, but S. typhi never produces gas; they are pathogenic for humans and other animals. The type species is S. choleraesuis. [Daniel E. Salmon, U.S. pathologist, 1850–1914]
S. enterica enteritidis a widely distributed bacterial species that occurs in humans and in domestic and wild animals, especially rodents; it causes human gastroenteritis.
S. enterica paratyphi A a bacterial species that is an important etiologic agent of enteric fever in developing countries.
S. enterica paratyphi B (formerly known as S. schottmülleri), consists of two distinct types of strains, those that produce enteric fever, found primarily in humans, and those producing gastroenteritis in humans, also found in animal species. This species includes 56 strains distinguishable by phage typing and/or biotyping, features of epidemiologic value.
S. enterica typhi SYN: S. typhi.
S. enterica typhimurium a bacterial species causing food poisoning in humans; it is a natural pathogen of all warm-blooded animals and is also found in snakes and pet turtles; worldwide, it is the most frequent cause of gastroenteritis due to S. enterica species.
S. enterica choleraesuis a bacterial species that occurs in pigs, where it is an important secondary invader in the virus disease hog cholera, but does not occur as a natural pathogen in other animals; occasionally causes acute gastroenteritis and enteric fever in humans; it is the type species of the genus S..
S. typhi the bacterial species that causes typhoid fever in humans; transmitted through ingestion of contaminated water or food. SYN: Eberth bacillus, S. enterica typhi, typhoid bacillus.
S. typhosa former name for S. typhi.

salmonellosis
salmonellosis (sal′mo-nel-o′sis)

Infection with bacteria of the genus Salmonella. Patients with sickle cell anemia and compromised immune systems are particularly susceptible. [Salmonella + G. -osis, condition]

salol
salol (sal′ol)

SYN: phenyl salicylate.

salping- salping-

See salpingo-.

salpingectomy
salpingectomy (sal-pin-jek′to-me)

Removal of the fallopian tube. SYN: tubectomy. [salping- + G. ektome, excision]
abdominal s. removal of one or both fallopian tubes through an abdominal incision.

salpinges
salpinges (sal-pin′jez)

Plural of salpinx.

salpingian
salpingian (sal-pin′je-an)

Relating to the fallopian tube or to the auditory tube.

salpingioma
salpingioma (sal-pin-je-o′ma)

Any tumor arising in the tissues of a uterine tube. [salping- + G. -oma, tumor]

salpingitic
salpingitic (sal-pin-jit′ik)

Relating to salpingitis.

salpingitis
salpingitis (sal-pin-ji′tis)

Inflammation of the uterine or the eustachian tube. [salping- + G. -itis, inflammation]
chronic interstitial s. s. in which fibrosis or mononuclear cell infiltration involves all layers of the uterine or eustachian tube.
foreign body s. s. in which giant cells form in the tissue, as a result of introduction of foreign material into the uterine tube.
gonorrheal s. inflammation of the uterine tube following acute gonorrheal infection.
s. isthmica nodosa a condition of the fallopian tube characterized by nodular thickening of the tunica muscularis of the isthmic portion of the tube enclosing glandlike or cystic duplications of the lumen. SYN: adenosalpingitis.
pyogenic s. a form of acute s. usually occurring with puerperal infection.

salpingo- salpingo-, salping-

A tube (usually the uterine or auditory tube). SEE ALSO: tubo-. [G. salpinx, trumpet (tube)]

salpingocele
salpingocele (sal-ping′go-sel)

Hernia of a fallopian tube. [salpingo- + G. kele, hernia]

salpingocyesis
salpingocyesis (sal-ping′go-si-e′sis)

SYN: tubal pregnancy. [salpingo- + G. kyesis, pregnancy]

salpingography
salpingography (sal-ping-gog′ra-fe)

Radiography of the fallopian tubes after the injection of radiopaque contrast medium. [salpingo- + G. grapho, to write]

salpingolysis
salpingolysis (sal-ping-gol′i-sis)

Freeing the fallopian tube from adhesions. [salpingo- + G. lysis, loosening]

salpingoneostomy
salpingoneostomy (sal-ping′o-ne-os′to-me)

Surgical reopening of a uterine tube clubbed because of fimbrial adhesions. [salpingo- + neostomy]

salpingo-oophor- salpingo-oophor-, salpingo-oophoro-

The uterine tube and ovary. [salpingo- + Mod. L. oophoron, ovary, fr. G. oophoros, egg-bearing]

salpingo-oophorectomy
salpingo-oophorectomy (sal-ping′go-o-of-o-rek′to-me)

Removal of the ovary and its fallopian tube. SYN: salpingo-ovariectomy, tubo-ovariectomy.

salpingo-oophoritis
salpingo-oophoritis (sal-ping′go-o-of-o-ri′tis)

Inflammation of both fallopian tube and ovary. SYN: tubo-ovaritis.

salpingo-oophorocele
salpingo-oophorocele (sal-ping′go-o-of′o-ro-sel)

Hernia of both ovary and fallopian tube.

salpingo-ovariectomy
salpingo-ovariectomy (sal-ping′go-o-var-e-ek′to-me)

SYN: salpingo-oophorectomy.

salpingoperitonitis
salpingoperitonitis (sal-ping′go-per-i-to-ni′tis)

Inflammation of the fallopian tube, perisalpinx, and peritoneum. [salpingo- + peritonitis]

salpingopexy
salpingopexy (sal-ping′go-pek-se)

Operative fixation of an oviduct. [salpingo- + G. pexis, fixation]

salpingopharyngeal
salpingopharyngeal (sal-ping′go-fa-rin′je-al)

Relating to the auditory tube and pharynx.

salpingopharyngeus
salpingopharyngeus

See s. (muscle).

salpingoplasty
salpingoplasty (sal-ping′go-plas-te)

Plastic surgery of the fallopian tubes. SYN: tuboplasty. [salpingo- + G. plastos, formed]

salpingorrhagia
salpingorrhagia (sal-ping-go-ra′je-a)

Hemorrhage from a fallopian tube. [salpingo- + G. rhegnymi, to burst forth]

salpingorrhaphy
salpingorrhaphy (sal-ping-gor′a-fe)

Suture of the fallopian tube. [salpingo- + G. rhaphe, stitching]

salpingoscopy
salpingoscopy (sal-ping-gos′ko-pe)

Visualization of the intraluminal portion of the fallopian tubes, usually by x-ray or by means of an endoscope. [salpingo- + G. skopeo, to view]

salpingostomy
salpingostomy (sal-ping-gos′to-me)

Establishment of an artificial opening in a fallopian tube primarily as surgical treatment for an ectopic pregnancy. [salpingo- + G. stoma, mouth]

salpingotomy
salpingotomy (sal-ping-got′o-me)

Incision into a fallopian tube. [salpingo- + G. tome, incision]
abdominal s. incision into the fallopian tube through an opening in the abdominal wall.

salpinx
salpinx, pl .salpinges (sal′pingks, sal-pin′jez)

uterine tube. [G. a trumpet (tube)]
s. uterina SYN: uterine tube.

salsalate
salsalate (sal′sa-lat)

A combination of 2 molecules of salicylic acid in ester linkage. The compound is hydrolyzed during and after absorption to salicylic acid which, like other salicylates, exerts analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. SYN: salicylsalicylic acid.

salt
salt

1. A compound formed by the interaction of an acid and a base, the ionizable hydrogen atoms of the acid being replaced by the positive ion of the base. 2. Sodium chloride, the prototypical s.. 3. A saline cathartic, especially magnesium sulfate, sodium sulfate, or Rochelle s.; often denoted by the plural, salts. SYN: sal. [L. sal]
acid s. a s. in which not all of the ionizable hydrogen of the acid is replaced by the electropositive element; e.g., NaHSO₄, KH₂PO₄. SYN: protosalt.
artificial Carlsbad s. a mixture of potassium sulfate, sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, and dried sodium sulfate; a laxative.
artificial Kissingen s. a mixture of potassium chloride, sodium chloride, anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and sodium bicarbonate; an antacid and laxative.
artificial Vichy s. a mixture of sodium bicarbonate, anhydrous magnesium sulfate, potassium carbonate, and sodium chloride; an antacid.
basic s. a s. in which there are one or more hydroxyl ions not replaced by the electronegative element of an acid; e.g., Fe(OH)₂Cl.
bile salts the s. forms of bile acids; e.g., taurocholate, glycocholate.
bone s. bone-s..
common s. SYN: sodium chloride.
diazonium salts salts of a theoretical base, R–&tbond;N or R–N&dbond;NOH, useful in histochemistry to demonstrate tissue phenols and aryl amines or with enzymatically released naphthols and naphthylamines to form the chromophore azo group –N&dbond;N–; diazonium salts contain only one R–&tbond;N group, tetrazonium salts contain two, and hexazonium salts contain three; examples include fast garnet GBC base and naphthol AS.
double s. a s. in which two different positive ions are bonded to the same negative ion, or vice versa; e.g., NaKSO₄.
effervescent salts preparations made by adding sodium bicarbonate and tartaric and citric acids to the active s.; when thrown into water the acids break up the sodium bicarbonate, setting free the carbonic acid gas.
Epsom salts SYN: magnesium sulfate.
Glauber s. SYN: sodium sulfate.
hexazonium salts diazonium salts that contain three azo groups.
Reinecke s. an ammonium s. prepared by fusing ammonium thiocyanate with ammonium dichromate; dark red crystals; used in the detection and analysis of primary and secondary amines, including amino acids; also used as a reagent for mercury.
Rivière s. SYN: potassium citrate.
Rochelle s. SYN: potassium sodium tartrate.
Seignette s. SYN: potassium sodium tartrate.
smelling salts SYN: aromatic ammonia spirit.
s. substitute A low-sodium food additive that tastes like s., such as potassium chloride; useful as a dietary alternative to s..
table s. SYN: sodium chloride.
tetrazonium salts diazonium salts that contain two azo groups.
s. of wisdom SYN: sal alembroth.

saltation
saltation (sal-ta′shun)

A dancing or leaping, as in a disease ( e.g., chorea) or physiologic function ( e.g., saltatory conduction). [L. saltatio, fr. salto, pp. -atus, to dance, fr. salio, to leap]

saltatory
saltatory (sal′ta-tor-e)

Pertaining to, or characterized by, saltation.

Salter
Salter

Robert B., 20th century Canadian orthopedist. See S.-Harris classification of epiphysial plate injuries.

Salter
Salter

Sir Samuel J.A., English dentist, 1825–1897. See S. incremental lines, under line.

salting in
salting in (salt′ing)

The increase in solubility (as observed for some proteins) by dilute salt solutions (as compared to pure water).

salting out
salting out

The precipitation of a protein from its solution by saturation or partial saturation with such neutral salts as sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, or ammonium sulfate.

saltpeter
saltpeter (salt′pe-ter)

SYN: potassium nitrate.
Chilean s. SYN: sodium nitrate.

salubrious
salubrious (sa-loo′bre-us)

Healthful, usually in reference to climate. [L. salubris, healthy, fr. salus, health]

saluresis
saluresis (sal-u-re′sis)

Excretion of sodium in the urine. [L. sal, salt, + G. ouresis, uresis (urination)]

saluretic
saluretic (sal-u-ret′ik)

Facilitating the renal excretion of sodium.

Salus
Salus

Robert, Bohemian ophthalmologist, *1877. See Koerber-S.-Elschnig syndrome.

salutarium
salutarium (sal-u-tar′e-um)

SYN: sanitarium. [L. salutaris, healthful, fr. salus (salut-), health]

salutary
salutary (sal′u-tar-e)

Healthful; wholesome. [L. salutaris]

Salvarsan
Salvarsan (sal′var-san)

Historic proprietary name for arsphenamine. [L. salvare, to preserve, + sanitas, health]

salve
salve (sav)

SYN: ointment. [A.S. sealf]

salvia
salvia (sal′ve-a)

The dried leaves of S. officinalis (family Labiatae), garden or meadow sage; it inhibits secretory activity, especially of the sweat glands, and was also used in bronchitis and inflammation of the throat. SYN: sage. [L.]

Salzmann
Salzmann

Maximilian, German ophthalmologist, 1862–1954. See S. nodular corneal degeneration.

SAM
SAM

Abbreviation for S-adenosyl-l-methionine.

samandarine
samandarine (sa-man′da-ren)

A toxic alkaloid from salamanders; causes hemolysis.

samarium
samarium (Sm) (sa-mar′e-um)

A metallic element of the lanthanide group, atomic no. 62, atomic wt. 150.36. [bands indicating its presence first found in the spectrum of samarskite, a mineral named after Col. von Samarski, 19th century Russian mine official]

sambucus
sambucus (sam-bu′kus)

The dried flowers of S. canadensis or S. nigra (family Caprifoliaceae), the common elder or black elder; slightly laxative. SYN: elder, elder flowers. [L. an elder-tree]

sAMP
sAMP

Abbreviation for adenylosuccinic acid.

sample
sample (sam′pel)

1. A specimen of a whole entity small enough to involve no threat or damage to the whole; an aliquot. 2. A selected subset of a population; a s. may be random or nonrandom (haphazard), representative or nonrepresentative. [M.E. ensample, fr. L. exemplum, example]
cluster s. each sampling unit is a group of individuals.
end-tidal s. a s. of the last gas expired in a normal expiration, ideally consisting only of alveolar gas.
Haldane-Priestley s. an approximation of alveolar gas obtained from the end of a sudden maximal expiration into a Haldane tube.
probability s. each individual in the s. has a known, generally equal, chance of being selected.
proficiency samples samples sent to a laboratory as unknowns to allow an external assessment of laboratory performance, a frequent practice as part of proficiency testing programs to ensure the laboratory is generating correct results. SEE ALSO: proficiency testing.
Rahn-Otis s. an approximation of alveolar gas continuously provided by a simple device that admits just the latter part of each expiration.
random s. a selection on the basis of chance of individuals or items in a population for research; selection is made in such a way that all members presumably have the same chance of being selected.
stratified s. a subset of a total population, defined by some objective criterion such as age or occupation, is sampled.

sampling
sampling

The policy of inferring the behavior of a whole batch by studying a fraction of it. [MF essample, fr. L. exemplum, taking out]
biological s. denotes s. that can be taken without jeopardy to the whole organism ( e.g., for hematological or biochemical study). Because of the complexity of biological samples it is usually supposed that the source of the sample is thoroughly mixed and hence representative; this assumption is often not true, e.g., in genetic studies in mosaic patients.
chemical s. a sample that is obtained by whatever means is convenient and then purified of irrelevant elements before analysis; the assumption of thorough mixing is not necessary.
continuous interleaved s. a strategy in speech processing for cochlear implants in which brief pulses are presented to each electrode in a nonoverlapping sequence.
haphazard s. the assembly of data in an unprescribed and undefined fashion that allows no sound scientific inferences other than establishing the existence of types. (Finding even one unicorn in such a set would establish that unicorns can exist, but no inference about their prevalence could be made from it.) Cf.:random sample.
random s. a selection of elements from a population such that each possible outcome is independent of other possible outcomes and the probability of each member of the population being chosen is equal.
snowball s. a method whereby the names of prospective interview subjects for a statistical study are obtained from subjects already interviewed for the study.

Sanarelli
Sanarelli

Giuseppe, Italian bacteriologist, 1865–1940. See S. phenomenon, S.-Shwartzman phenomenon.

sanative
sanative (san′a-tiv)

Having a tendency to heal. [L. sano, to cure, heal]

sanatorium
sanatorium (san′a-tor′e-um)

An institution for the treatment of chronic disorders and a place for recuperation under medical supervision. Cf.:sanitarium. [Mod. L. neuter of sanatorius, curative, fr. sano, to cure, heal]

sanatory
sanatory (san′a-tor-e)

Health-giving; conducive to health. [Mod. L. sanatorius]

Sanchez Salorio
Sanchez Salorio

Manuel, Spanish ophthalmologist, *1930. See S. syndrome.

sand
sand

The fine granular particles of quartz and other crystalline rocks, or a gritty material resembling s.. [A.S.]
brain s. SYN: corpora arenacea, under corpus.
hydatid s. the scoleces, daughter cysts, hooks, and calcareous corpuscles of Echinococcus tapeworms in the fluid within a primary or daughter hydatid cyst.
intestinal s. minute calculi or gritty material occurring in feces, composed of soaps, bile pigment, cholesterol, magnesium salts, succinic acid, etc.
urinary s. multiple small calculous particles passed in the urine of patients with nephrolithiasis; each particle is usually too small to cause significant symptoms or to be identified as a true calculus.

sandalwood oil
sandalwood oil (san′dal-wood)

SYN: santal oil.

sandfly
sandfly (sand′fli)

A small, biting, dipterous midge of the genus Phlebotomus or Lutzomyia; a vector of leishmaniasis.

Sandhoff
Sandhoff

K., contemporary German biochemist. See S. disease.

Sandison
Sandison

J. Calvin, U.S. surgeon, *1899. See S.-Clark chamber.

Sandström
Sandström

I., Swedish anatomist, 1852–1889. See S. bodies, under body.

sandworm
sandworm (sand′werm)

Any of the various dog and cat hookworms whose larvae cause cutaneous larva migrans.

sane
sane (san)

Denoting sanity. [L. sanus]

Sanfilippo
Sanfilippo

Sylvester J., 20th century U.S. pediatrician. See S. syndrome.

Sanger
Sanger

Frederick, English biochemist and twice Nobel laureate, *1918. See S. reagent, S. method.

sangui- sangui-, sanguin-, sanguino-

Blood, bloody. [G. sanguis]

sanguifacient
sanguifacient (sang-gwi-fa′shent)

SYN: hemopoietic. [sangui- + L. facio, to make]

sanguiferous
sanguiferous (sang-gwif′er-us)

Conveying blood. SYN: circulatory (2) . [sangui- + L. fero, to carry]

sanguification
sanguification (sang′gwi-fi-ka′shun)

SYN: hemopoiesis. [sangui- + L. facio, to make]

sanguinarine
sanguinarine (sang-gwi-na′ren)

An alkaloid obtained from the bloodroot plant, Sanguinaria canadensis, used to treat and remove dental plaque.

sanguine
sanguine (sang′gwin)

1. SYN: plethoric. 2. Formerly, denoting a temperament characterized by a light, fair complexion, full pulse, good digestion, optimistic outlook, and a quick but not lasting temper. SYN: sanguineous (3) . [L. sanguineus]

sanguineous
sanguineous (sang-gwin′e-us)

1. Relating to blood; bloody. 2. SYN: plethoric. 3. SYN: sanguine (2) . [L. sanguineus]

sanguinolent
sanguinolent (sang-gwin′o-lent)

Bloody; tinged with blood. [L. sanguinolentus]

sanguinopurulent
sanguinopurulent (sang′gwi-no-poo′roo-lent)

Denoting exudate or matter containing blood and pus. [sanguino- + L. purulentus, festering (suppurative), fr. pus, pus]

Sanguisuga
Sanguisuga (sang-gwi-soo′ga)

Former name for Hirudo. [L. a leech, fr. sanguis, blood, + sugo, pp. suctus, to suck]

sanguivorous
sanguivorous (sang-gwiv′er-us)

Bloodsucking, as applied to certain bats, leeches, insects, etc. [sangui- + L. voro, to devour]

sanies
sanies (sa′ne-ez)

A thin, blood-stained, purulent discharge. [L.]

saniopurulent
saniopurulent (sa′ne-o-poo′roo-lent)

Characterized by bloody pus. [L. sanies, thin, bloody matter, + purulentus, festering (suppurative), fr. pus, pus]

sanioserous
sanioserous (sa′ne-o-ser′us)

Characterized by blood-tinged serum.

sanious
sanious (sa′ne-us)

Relating to sanies; ichorous and blood-stained.

sanitarian
sanitarian (san-i-tar′e-an)

One who is skilled in sanitation and public health. [L. sanitas, health, fr. sanus, sound]

sanitarium
sanitarium (san-i-tar′e-um)

A health resort. Cf.:sanatorium. SYN: salutarium. [L. sanitas, health]

sanitary
sanitary (san′i-tar-e)

Healthful; conducive to health; usually in reference to a clean environment. [L. sanitas, health]

sanitation
sanitation (san-i-ta′shun)

Use of measures designed to promote health and prevent disease; development and establishment of conditions in the environment favorable to health. [L. sanitas, health]

sanitization
sanitization (san′i-ti-za′shun)

The process of making something sanitary.

sanity
sanity (san′i-te)

Soundness of mind, emotions, and behavior; of a sound degree of mental health. [L. sanitas, health]

San Jose
San Jose

Hermenia, 20th century Chilean pathologist. See Maldonado-S. stain.

Sansom
Sansom

Arthur E., English physician, 1839–1907. See S. sign.

Sanson
Sanson

Louis J., French physician, 1790–1841. See S. images, under image, Purkinje-S. images, under image.

santal oil
santal oil (san′tal)

A volatile oil distilled from the wood of Santalum album (family Santalaceae), a tree of India; formerly used in subacute bronchitis and in gonorrhea. SYN: sandalwood oil.

santonin
santonin (san′to-nin)

The inner anhydride or lactone of santoninic acid, obtained from santonica, the unexpanded flower heads of Artemisia cina and other species of Artemisia (family Compositae); has been used to effect expulsion of roundworms (Ascaris lumbricoides), and in the treatment of urinary incontinence. [G. santonikon, wormwood]

Santorini
Santorini

Giandomenico (Giovanni Domenico), Italian anatomist, 1681–1737. See S. canal, S. cartilage, S. major caruncle, S. minor caruncle, S. concha, S. duct, S. fissures, under fissure, S. incisures, under incisure, S. labyrinth, S. muscle, S. tubercle, S. vein, incisura s..

sap
sap

The juice or tissue fluid of a living organism.
cell s. contents of vacuoles.
nuclear s. SYN: karyolymph.

saphena
saphena (sa-fe′na)

See vein. [Med. L. attributed by some as derived fr. Ar. safin, standing; by others, fr. G. saphenes, manifest, clearly visible]

saphenectomy
saphenectomy (saf-e-nek′to-me)

Excision of a saphenous vein. [saphena + G. ektome, excision]

saphenous
saphenous (sa-fe′nus)

Relating to or associated with a s. vein; denoting a number of structures in the leg. [see saphena]

sapo- sapo-, sapon-

Soap. [L. sapo]

sapogenin
sapogenin (sa-poj′e-nin)

The aglycon of a saponin; one of a family of steroids of the spirostan type (a 16,22:22,26-diepoxycholestane).

saponaceous
saponaceous (sap-o-na′shus)

Soapy; relating to or resembling soap.

saponatus
saponatus (sap-o-na′tus)

Mixed with soap. [L.]

saponification
saponification (sa-pon′i-fi-ka′shun)

Conversion into soap, denoting the hydrolytic action of an alkali on fat, especially on triacylglycerols; in histochemistry, s. is used to demethylate or reverse blockage of carboxylic acid groups, thus permitting basophilia to occur. [sapo- (sapon-) + L. facio, to make]

saponify
saponify (sa-pon′i-fi)

To perform or undergo saponification.

saponins
saponins (sap′o-ninz)

Glycosides of plant origin characterized by properties of foaming in water and of lysing cells (as in hemolysis of erythrocytes when s. are injected into the bloodstream); powerful surfactants; many have antibiotic activities.

Sappey
Sappey

Marie P.C., French anatomist, 1810–1896. See S. fibers, under fiber, S. plexus, S. veins, under vein.

sapphism
sapphism (saf′izm)

SYN: lesbianism. [Sappho, homosexual Greek poet, queen of the island of Lesbos]

sapr- sapr-

See sapro-.

sapremia
sapremia (sa-pre′me-a)

Obsolete term for septicemia. [sapr- + G. haima, blood]

sapro- sapro-, sapr-

Rotten, putrid, decayed. [G. sapros]

saprobe
saprobe (sap′rob)

An organism that lives upon dead organic material. This term is preferable to saprophyte, since bacteria and fungi are no longer regarded as plants. [sapro- + G. bios, life]

saprobic
saprobic (sap-ro′bik)

Pertaining to a saprobe.

saprodontia
saprodontia (sap-ro-don′she-a)

SYN: dental caries. [sapro- + G. odous, tooth]

saprogen
saprogen (sap′ro-jen)

An organism living on dead organic matter and causing the decay thereof. [sapro- + G. -gen, producing]

saprogenic
saprogenic, saprogenous (sap-ro-jen′ik, sa-proj′e-nus)

Causing or resulting from decay.

saprophilous
saprophilous (sa-prof′i-lus)

Thriving on decaying organic matter. [sapro- + G. philos, fond]

saprophyte
saprophyte (sap′ro-fit)

An organism that grows on dead organic matter, plant or animal. See saprobe. SYN: necroparasite. [sapro- + G. phyton, plant]
facultative s. an organism, usually parasitic, that occasionally may live and grow as a s..

saprophytic
saprophytic (sap-ro-fit′ik)

Relating to a saprophyte.

saprozoic
saprozoic (sap-ro-zo′ik)

Living in decaying organic matter; especially denoting certain protozoa. [sapro- + G. zoikos, relating to animals]

saprozoonosis
saprozoonosis (sap′ro-zo-o-no′sis)

A zoonosis, the agent of which requires both a vertebrate host and a nonanimal (food, soil, plant) reservoir or developmental site for completion of its life cycle. Combination terms may be used, such as saprometazoonoses for fluke infections, when metacercariae encyst on plants, or saprocyclozoonoses for tick infestations, whose agents complete part of their life cycles in soil. [sapro- + G. zoon, animal, + nosos, disease]

SAR
SAR

Abbreviation for scaffold-associated regions, under region.

Sar
Sar

Abbreviation for sarcosine.

saralasin acetate
saralasin acetate (sar-al′a-sin)

An angiotensin II antagonist used in the treatment of essential hypertension.

Sarcina
Sarcina (sar′si-na)

A genus of nonmotile, strictly anaerobic bacteria (family Peptococcaceae) containing Gram-positive cocci, 1.8–3.0 μm in diameter, which divide in three perpendicular planes, producing regular packets of eight or more cells. The metabolism of these chemoorganotrophic organisms is fermentative. Saprophytic and facultatively parasitic species occur. The type species is S. ventriculi. [L. s., a pack, bundle, fr. sarcio, to mend, patch]
S. ventriculi a bacterial species found in soil, mud, the contents of a diseased human stomach, rabbit and guinea pig stomach contents, and on the surfaces of cereal seeds; it is the type species of the genus S..

sarcine
sarcine (sar′sen)

Obsolete term for hypoxanthine.

sarco- sarco-

Combining form denoting muscular substance or a resemblance to flesh. [G. sarx (sark-), flesh]

sarcoblast
sarcoblast (sar′ko-blast)

SYN: myoblast. [sarco- + G. blastos, germ]

Sarcocystis
Sarcocystis (sar-ko-sis′tis)

A genus of protozoan parasites, related to the sporozoan genera Eimeria, Isospora, and Toxoplasma, and placed in a distinct family, Sarcocystidae, but with the above genera in the same suborder, Eimeriina, within the subclass Coccidia, class Sporozoea, and phylum Apicomplexa. Tissue stages of S. are usually seen as thick-walled cylindrical or (often extremely large (1 cm or more), fusiform cysts (Miescher tubes) in reptile, bird, or mammal striated muscles. Cysts are smooth in the house mouse form or with radial spines (cytophaneres) in sheep or rabbit; contents may be compartmentalized by septa. Variably shaped spores (Rainey corpuscles) probably are peripheral rounded cells (sporoblasts, cytomeres) that divide to form mature “spores” (bradyzoites), motile bodies when released from the cyst; sexual stages have been described in tissue cultures. These parasites are abundant but rarely of pathogenic significance. Humans who have ingested meat containing the mature sarcocysts serve as the definitive hosts; fever, severe diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss have been reported in a small number of immunocompromised hosts. When humans accidentally ingest oocysts from other animal stool sources, the sarcocysts that develop in human muscle appear to cause no inflammatory response. [sarco- + G. kystis, bladder]
S. bovih′ominis SYN: S. hominis.
S. fusiformis a species found in the striated and heart muscle of cattle and water buffalo.
S. hominis a species now recognized as a two-host infection, with beef serving as the intermediate host source of infective tissue cysts to humans, who serve as the final host. Gamogony and sporogony occur in mucosal cells of the human small intestine; cattle become infected from human feces contaminated with S. hominis sporocysts. SYN: S. bovih′ominis.
S. lindemanni a protozoan species described on rare occasions from the striated and heart muscles of humans, probably as an infection due to various species, possibly from domestic dogs or other final hosts from which infective oocysts or sporocysts were passed to humans via water or direct exposure; in these instances humans serve as an intermediate rather than a final host.
S. miescheriana a common species of worldwide distribution that is found in the striated and heart muscle of pigs; it is the type species of the genus S..
S. suihominis a form of S. in which humans serve as the final host, with the pig serving as intermediate host, the source of infected tissues to humans. The life cycle and moderate disease induced follow the pattern of S. hominis, though the disease appears to be somewhat more pathogenic. Human infection is widespread, having been reported in Europe, the Mediterranean, West Africa, Indonesia, and South America.
S. tenella an extremely common species of worldwide distribution that is found in the striated and heart muscle of sheep and goats.

sarcocystosis
sarcocystosis (sar′ko-sis-to′sis)

Infection with protozoan parasites of the genus Sarcocystis.

sarcode
sarcode (sar′kod)

A term of historical interest (1835), applied to the protoplasm of protozoa before the term protoplasm was coined. [sarco- + G. eidos, resemblance]

Sarcodina
Sarcodina (sar′ko-di′na, -de′na)

The amebae; a subphylum of protozoa in the phylum Sarcomastigophora, possessing pseudopodia or locomotive protoplasmic flow for movement. Includes forms that possess flagella during development and forms with an internal or external test or skeleton and others lacking such a structure; asexual reproduction occurs by fission, and sexual reproduction, if present, by flagellate or ameboid gametes; most species are free-living. [Mod. L. fr. G. sarx, flesh]

sarcoglia
sarcoglia (sar-kog′le-a)

The accumulation of neurolemma cells at the motor endplate. [sarco- + G. glia, glue]

sarcoid
sarcoid (sar′koyd)

SYN: sarcoidosis. [sarco- + G. eidos, resemblance]
Boeck s. SYN: sarcoidosis.
Spiegler-Fendt s. SYN: benign lymphocytoma cutis.

sarcoidosis
sarcoidosis (sar-koy-do′sis)

A systemic granulomatous disease of unknown cause, especially involving the lungs with resulting interstitial fibrosis, but also involving lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands; granulomas are composed of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little or no necrosis. SYN: Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann disease, Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann syndrome, Boeck disease, Boeck sarcoid, sarcoid, Schaumann syndrome. [sarcoid + G. -osis, condition]
hypercalcemic s. s. with hypercalcemia of unknown cause, not necessarily associated with detectable bone involvement by s..

sarcolemma
sarcolemma (sar′ko-lem′a)

The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber; formerly, the delicate connective tissue of the endomysium was included under this term by some. SYN: myolemma. [sarco- + G. lemma, husk]

sarcolemmal
sarcolemmal, sarcolemmic, sarcolemmous (sar′ko-lem′al, -lem′ik, -lem′us)

Relating to the sarcolemma.

sarcology
sarcology (sar-kol′o-je)

1. SYN: myology. 2. The anatomy of the soft parts, as distinguished from osteology. [sarco- + G. logos, study]

sarcolysine
sarcolysine (sar-ko-li′sen)

SYN: merphalan.

sarcoma
sarcoma (sar-ko′ma)

A connective tissue neoplasm, usually highly malignant, formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells. [G. sarkoma, a fleshy excrescence, fr. sarx, flesh, + -oma, tumor]
alveolar soft part s. a malignant tumor formed of a reticular stroma of connective tissue enclosing aggregates of large round or polygonal cells; occurs in subcutaneous and fibromuscular tissues.
ameloblastic s. SYN: ameloblastic fibrosarcoma.
angiolithic s. obsolete term for psammomatous meningioma.
avian s. SYN: Rous s..
botryoid s. a polypoid form of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma that occurs in children, most frequently in the urogenital tract, characterized by the formation of grossly apparent grapelike clusters of neoplastic tissue that consist of rhabdomyoblasts and spindle and stellate cells in a myxomatous stroma; neoplasms of this type grow relatively rapidly and are highly malignant.
endometrial stromal s. a term sometimes used for a relatively rare s. believed to be a form of endometriosis in which the lesions form multiple foci in the myometrium and in vascular spaces in other sites, and which consist of histologic and cytologic elements that resemble those of the endometrial stroma.
Ewing s. SYN: Ewing tumor.
fascicular s. SYN: spindle cell s..
giant cell s. a malignant giant cell tumor of bone.
giant cell monstrocellular s. of Zülch SYN: giant cell glioblastoma multiforme.
granulocytic s. a malignant tumor of immature myeloid cells, frequently subperiosteal, associated with or preceding granulocytic leukemia. SEE ALSO: chloroma. SYN: myeloid s..
immunoblastic s. obsolete term for immunoblastic lymphoma.
Jensen s. a mouse tumor transmissible by inoculation.
juxtacortical osteogenic s. a form of osteogenic s. of relatively low malignancy, probably arising from the periosteum and initially involving cortical bone and adjacent connective tissue, which occurs in middle-aged as well as young adults and most commonly affects the lower part of the femoral shaft. SYN: periosteal s..
Kaposi s. a multifocal malignant neoplasm of primitive vasoformative tissue, occurring in the skin and sometimes in lymph nodes or viscera, consisting of spindle cells and irregular small vascular spaces frequently infiltrated by hemosiderin-pigmented macrophages and extravasated red cells; clinically manifested by cutaneous lesions consisting of reddish-purple to dark-blue macules, plaques, or nodules; seen most commonly in men over 60 years of age and, in AIDS patients, as an opportunistic disease associated with human herpes virus 8 infection. SYN: multiple idiopathic hemorrhagic s..
leukocytic s. SYN: leukemia.
lymphatic s. obsolete term for lymphosarcoma.
medullary s. a soft, extremely vascular s..
multiple idiopathic hemorrhagic s. SYN: Kaposi s..
myelogenic s. s. originating in the bone marrow.
myeloid s. SYN: granulocytic s..
osteogenic s. the most common and malignant of bone sarcomas, which arises from bone-forming cells and affects chiefly the ends of long bones; its greatest incidence is in the age group between 10 and 25 years. SYN: osteosarcoma.
periosteal s. SYN: juxtacortical osteogenic s..
reticulum cell s. obsolete term for histiocytic lymphoma.
round cell s. obsolete term for an undifferentiated malignant neoplasm, believed to be of mesenchymal origin, composed chiefly of closely packed round cells.
Rous s. a fibrosarcoma, originally observed in a Plymouth Rock hen, now thought to be an expression of infection by certain viruses of the avian leukosis-s. complex in the family Retroviridae. SYN: avian s., Rous tumor.
spindle cell s. a malignant neoplasm of mesenchymal origin composed of elongated, spindle-shaped cells. SYN: fascicular s..
synovial s. a rare malignant tumor of synovial origin, most commonly involving the knee joint and composed of spindle cells usually enclosing slits or pseudoglandular spaces that may be lined by radially disposed epithelial-like cells.
telangiectatic osteogenic s. a lytic cystic variant of osteogenic s. composed of aneurysmal blood-filled spaces lined by s. cells producing osteoid.

Sarcomastigophora
Sarcomastigophora (sar′ko-mas-ti-gof′o-ra)

A phylum of the subkingdom Protozoa characterized by flagellae, pseudopodia, or both types of locomotory organelles; includes both the flagellates (subphylum Mastigophora) and the amebae (subphylum Sarcodina) in a single large assemblage. [sarco- + G. mastix (mastig-), whip, + phoros, to bear]

sarcomatoid
sarcomatoid (sar-ko′ma-toyd)

Resembling a sarcoma. [sarcoma + G. eidos, resemblance]

sarcomatosis
sarcomatosis (sar′ko-ma-to′sis)

Occurrence of several sarcomatous growths on different parts of the body. [sarcoma + G. -osis, condition]

sarcomatous
sarcomatous (sar-ko′ma-tus)

Relating to or of the nature of sarcoma.

sarcomere
sarcomere (sar′ko-mer)

The segment of a myofibril between two adjacent Z lines, representing the functional unit of striated muscle. [sarco- + G. meros, part]

sarconeme
sarconeme (sar′ko-nem)

SYN: microneme. [sarco- + G. nema, thread]

sarcoplasm
sarcoplasm (sar′ko-plazm)

The nonfibrillar cytoplasm of a muscle fiber. [sarco- + G. plasma, a thing formed]

sarcoplasmic
sarcoplasmic (sar-ko-plaz′mik)

Relating to sarcoplasm.

sarcoplast
sarcoplast (sar′ko-plast)

SYN: satellite cell of skeletal muscle. [sarco- + G. plastos, formed]

sarcopoietic
sarcopoietic (sar′ko-poy-et′ik)

Forming muscle. [sarco- + G. poiesis, a making]

Sarcopsylla penetrans
Sarcopsylla penetrans (sar-ko-sil′a pen′e-tranz)

SYN: Tunga penetrans.

Sarcopsyllidae
Sarcopsyllidae (sar-kop-sil′li-de)

Older name for Tungidae. [sarco- + G. psylla, flea]

Sarcoptes scabiei
Sarcoptes scabiei (sar-kop′tez ska′be-i)

Formerly Acarus scabiei, the itch mite, varieties of which are distributed worldwide and affect humans, horses, cattle, swine, sheep, dogs, cats, and many wild animals; serious and fatal infections are not uncommon in untreated animals. Although considered to belong to a single species, they do not readily pass from one host to another of a different animal species; transitory infections of this type do occur, however, especially from various animals to humans, and are spread by direct contact. The mite burrows into the skin and lays eggs within the burrow; intense itching and rash develop near the burrow in about a month. See scabies, mange. [sarco- + G. kopto, to cut; L. scabies, scurf]

sarcoptic
sarcoptic (sar-kop′tik)

Of, relating to, or caused by mites of the genus Sarcoptes or other members of the family Sarcoptidae.

sarcoptid
sarcoptid (sar-kop′tid)

Common name for members of the Sarcoptidae, a family of mites that includes the genera Sarcoptes, Knemidokoptes, and Notoedres.

sarcosine
sarcosine (Sar) (sar′ko-sen)

N-Methylglycine;an intermediate in the metabolism of choline; it can donate a methyl group to tetrahydrofolate, yielding N⁵,N¹⁰-methylenetetrahydrofolate; demethylation by s. dehydrogenase yields formaldehyde, glycine, and a reduced acceptor; elevated in certain inherited disorders.
s. dehydrogenase an enzyme that cleaves s. using some acceptor to produce glycine, formaldehyde, and a reduced acceptor molecule; a deficiency of this enzyme will result in sarcosinemia.

sarcosinemia
sarcosinemia (sar′ko-si-ne′me-a) [MIM*268900]

A disorder of amino acid metabolism due to deficiency of sarcosine dehydrogenase, causing the sarcosine level to rise in blood plasma and be excreted in the urine; some affected infants fail to thrive, are irritable, may have muscle tremors, and have retarded motor and mental development; autosomal recessive inheritance. SYN: hypersarcosinemia.

sarcosis
sarcosis (sar-ko′sis)

1. An abnormal increase of flesh. 2. A multiple growth of fleshy tumors. 3. A diffuse sarcoma involving the whole of an organ. [G. sarkosis, the growth of flesh, fr. sarx, flesh]

sarcosome
sarcosome (sar′ko-som)

1. Formerly, any granule in a muscle fiber. 2. Now, sometimes used synonymously with myomitochondrion. [sarco- + G. soma, body]

sarcostosis
sarcostosis (sar-kos-to′sis)

Ossification of muscular tissue. [sarco- + G. osteon, bone, + -osis, condition]

sarcotic
sarcotic (sar-kot′ik)

1. Relating to sarcosis. 2. Causing an increase of flesh.

sarcotripsy
sarcotripsy (sar′ko-trip-se)

Rarely used term for use of a crushing forceps to stop hemorrhage. [sarco- + G. tripsis, a rubbing]

sarcotubules
sarcotubules (sar-ko-too′boolz)

The continuous system of membranous tubules in striated muscle that corresponds to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of other cells.

sarcous
sarcous (sar′kus)

Relating to muscular tissue; fleshy. [G. sarx, flesh]

sardonic grin
sardonic grin (sar-don′ik)

SYN: risus caninus.

sargramostim
sargramostim (sar-gra-mos′tim)

A recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF); used to protect against infection in the presence of acute myelogenous leukemia and in bone marrow transplants.

sarin
sarin (zah-ren′)

A nerve poison similar to diisopropyl fluorophosphate and tetraethyl pyrophosphate; a very potent irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor and a more toxic nerve gas than tabun or soman. [Ger.]

sarmassation
sarmassation (sar-ma-sa′shun)

Erotic squeezing, kneading, or caressing of female tissues and organs. [G. sarx, flesh, + masso, to knead]

sarsaparilla
sarsaparilla (sar′sa-per-il′a, sas-per-il′a)

The dried root of Smilax aristolochiaefolia (Mexican s.), S. regelii (Honduras s.), S. febrifuga (Ecuadorian s.), or of undetermined species of Smilax (family Liliaceae), a thorny vine widely distributed throughout the tropical and semitropical world; it has been used in treatments of psoriasis, gout, rheumatism, and syphilis, and popularly as a “blood purifier.” [Sp. zarza, a bramble]

SART
SART

Abbreviation for sinoatrial recovery time.

sartorius
sartorius (sar-tor′e-us)

See s. (muscle). [L. sartor, a tailor, the muscle being used in crossing the legs in the tailor's position, fr. sarcio pp. sartus, to patch, mend]

Sartwell
Sartwell

Philip, U.S. epidemiologist, *1908. See S. incubation model.

sassafras
sassafras (sas′a-fras)

The dried bark of the root of S. albidum (family Lauraceae), a tree of the eastern U.S.; a flavoring agent, diuretic, and diaphoretic; s. oil, a volatile oil obtained by distillation from the bark of S. albidum and S. variifolium, is used as a carminative, topical antiseptic, pediculicide, and flavoring agent.

sat.
sat.

Abbreviation for saturated or saturation, as in O₂ sat.

satellite
satellite (sat′e-lit)

1. A minor structure accompanying a more important or larger one; e.g., a vein accompanying an artery, or a small or secondary lesion adjacent to a larger one. 2. The posterior member of a pair of gregarine gamonts in syzygy, several of which may be found in some species. SEE ALSO: primite. [L. satelles (sattelit-), attendant]
chromosome s. a small chromosomal segment separated from the main body of the chromosome by a secondary constriction; in humans it is usually associated with the short arm of an acrocentric chromosome.
perineuronal s. an oligodendroglia cell surrounding the neuron.

satellitosis
satellitosis (sat′e-li-to′sis)

1. A condition marked by an accumulation of neuroglia cells around the neurons of the central nervous system. 2. The presence of satellite, smaller structures, or lesions, e.g., metastatic melanoma in the skin adjacent to the primary tumor, or lymphocytes in contact with a damaged keratinocyte in acute cutaneous graft versus host reaction. [L. satelles (satellit-), an attendant, + G. -osis, condition]

satiation
satiation (sa-she-a′shun)

The state produced by fulfillment of a specific need, such as hunger or thirst. [L. satio, pp. -atus, to fill, satisfy]

sat. sol.
sat. sol., sat. soln.

Abbreviation for saturated solution.

Sattler
Sattler

Hubert, Austrian ophthalmologist, 1844–1928. See S. elastic layer, S. veil.

saturate
saturate (satch′u-rat)

1. To impregnate to the greatest possible extent. 2. To neutralize; to satisfy all the chemical affinities of a substance (as by converting all double bonds to single bonds). 3. To dissolve a substance up to that concentration beyond which the addition of more results in two phases. [L. saturo, pp. -atus, to fill, fr. satur, sated]

saturation
saturation (satch-u-ra′shun)

1. Impregnation of one substance by another to the greatest possible extent. 2. Neutralization, as of an acid by an alkali. 3. That concentration of a dissolved substance that cannot be exceeded. 4. In optics, see saturated color. 5. Filling of all the available sites on an enzyme molecule by its substrate, or on a hemoglobin molecule by oxygen (symbol S_O₂) or carbon monoxide (symbol S_CO). [L. saturatio, fr. saturo, to fill, fr. satis, enough]
secondary s. a technique of nitrous oxide anesthesia consisting of an abrupt curtailment of the oxygen in the inhaled mixture to produce a deep plane of anesthesia, following which oxygen is administered to correct hypoxia.

saturnine
saturnine (sat′er-nin)

1. Relating to lead. 2. Due to or symptomatic of lead poisoning. [Mediev. L. saturninus, fr. saturnus, lead, fr. L. saturnus, the god and planet Saturn]

saturnism
saturnism (sat′er-nizm)

SYN: lead poisoning. [Mediev. L. saturnus, alchemical term for lead]

satyriasis
satyriasis (sat-i-ri′a-sis)

Satyromania; excessive sexual excitement and behavior in the male; the counterpart of nymphomania in the female. SYN: satyrism. [G. satyros, a satyr]

satyrism
satyrism (sat′i-rizm)

SYN: satyriasis.

saucerization
saucerization (saw′ser-i-za′shun)

Excavation of tissue to form a shallow depression, performed in wound treatment to facilitate drainage from infected areas. SYN: craterization.

Saundby
Saundby

Robert, English physician, 1849–1918. See S. test.

sauriasis
sauriasis (saw-ri′a-sis)

SYN: ichthyosis. [G. sauros, lizard, + -iasis, condition]

Savage
Savage

Henry, English anatomist and gynecologist, 1810–1900. See S. perineal body.

saw
saw

A metal operating instrument having an edge of sharp, toothlike projections, for dividing bone, cartilage, or plaster; edges may be attached to a rigid band, a flexible wire or chain, or a motorized oscillator. [A.S. saga]
Gigli s. a hand-held wire s. for use in craniotomy.
Stryker s. a rapidly oscillating s. used for cutting bone or plaster casts; it cuts hard matter, but soft tissues give and thus are not injured.

saxitoxin
saxitoxin (sak-si-tok′sin)

A potent neurotoxin found in shellfish, such as the mussel or the clam, produced by the dinoflagellate Gonyaulax catenella, which is ingested by the shellfish; the cause of cases of poisoning from eating California sea mussel (Mytilus californianus), the scallop, and the Alaskan butterclam (Saxidomus giganteus).

Sayre
Sayre

George P., U.S. ophthalmologist, *1911. See Kearns-S. syndrome.

Sb
Sb

Symbol for antimony.

SBE
SBE

Abbreviation for subacute bacterial endocarditis.

SBS
SBS

Abbreviation for shaken baby syndrome.

Sc
Sc

Symbol for scandium.

s.c.
s.c.

Abbreviation for subcutaneous; subcutaneously.

scab
scab (skab)

A crust formed by coagulation of blood, pus, serum, or a combination of these, on the surface of an ulcer, erosion, or other type of wound. [A.S. scaeb]

scabicidal
scabicidal (ska-bi-si′dal)

Destructive to scabies mites.

scabicide
scabicide (ska′bi-sid)

An agent lethal to scabies mites.

scabies
scabies (ska′bez)

1. An eruption due to the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis; the female of the species burrows into the skin, producing a vesicular eruption with intense pruritus between the fingers, on the male or female genitalia, buttocks, and elsewhere on the trunk and extremities. 2. In animals, s. or scab is usually applied to cutaneous acariasis in sheep, which may be caused by Sarcoptes, Psoroptes, or Chorioptes. [L. scabo, to scratch]
crusted s. SYN: Norwegian s..
Norwegian s. a severe form of s. with innumerable mites in thickened stratum corneum; has been linked with cellular immune deficiencies, including AIDS. SYN: crusted s., Norway itch.

scabrities
scabrities (ska-brish′i-ez)

Roughness of the skin. [L., fr. scaber, scurfy]
s. unguium thickening and distortion of the nails.

scala
scala, pl .scalae (ska′la, -le)

One of the cavities of the cochlea winding spirally around the modiolus. [L. a stairway]
Löwenberg s. SYN: cochlear duct.
s. media SYN: cochlear duct.
s. tympani [TA] the division of the spiral canal of the cochlea lying on the basal side of the spiral lamina.
s. vestibuli [TA] the division of the spiral canal of the cochlea lying on the apical side of the spiral lamina and vestibular membrane. SYN: vestibular canal.

scald
scald (skawld)

1. To burn by contact with a hot liquid or steam. 2. The lesion resulting from such contact. [L. excaldo, to wash in hot water]

scalding
scalding (skawl′ding)

A burning pain on urinating.

scale
scale (skal)

1. A standardized test for measuring psychological, personality, or behavioral characteristics. SEE ALSO: score, test. 2. SYN: squama. 3. A small thin plate of horny epithelium, resembling a fish s., cast off from the skin. 4. To desquamate. 5. To remove tartar from the teeth. 6. A device by which some property can be measured. [L. scala, a stairway]
absolute s. obsolete term for Kelvin s..
activities of daily living s. a s. to score physical activity and its limitations, based on answers to simple questions about mobility, self-care, grooming, etc; widely used in geriatrics, rheumatology, etc.
adaptive behavior scales a behavioral assessment device to quantify the levels of skills of mentally retarded and developmentally delayed individuals in interacting with the environment; consists of three developmentally related factors: 1) personal self-sufficiency, e.g., eating, dressing; 2) community self-sufficiency, e.g., shopping, communicating; 3) personal and social responsibility, e.g., use of leisure time, job performance. See intelligence.
Ångström s. a table of wavelengths of a large number of light rays corresponding to as many Fraunhofer lines in the spectrum.
Baumé s. a hydrometer s. for determining the specific gravity of liquids heavier and lighter than water, respectively: for liquids lighter than water, divide 140 by 130 plus the Baumé degree; for liquids heavier than water, divide 145 by 145 minus the Baumé degree.
Bayley Scales of Infant Development a psychological test used to measure the developmental progress of infants over the first 2 1/2 of life; consists of three scales: mental, motor, and behavior record.
Binet s. a measure of intelligence designed for both children and adults.
Binet-Simon s. forerunner of individual intelligence tests, particularly the Stanford-Binet intelligence s., and sometimes referred to as the Binet s..
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment S. a s. used by obstetricians, pediatricians, and pediatric psychologists to assess the sensory, motor, emotional and physical development of the neonate, usually beginning at birth or in the first month of life.
Cattell Infant Intelligence S. a standardized s. for assessment of the cognitive development of infants between the ages of 3 and 30 months.
Celsius s. a temperature s. that is based upon the triple point of water (defined to be 273.16 K) and assigned the value of 0.01°C; this has replaced the centigrade s. because the triple point of water can be more accurately measured than the ice point, although, for most practical purposes, the two scales are equivalent.
centigrade s. a thermometer s. in which there are 100 degrees between the freezing point of water (assigned the value of 0.0°C) and the boiling point of water at sea level; technically, supplanted by the Celsius s.. Cf.:Celsius s..
Charrière s. SYN: French s..
Columbia Mental Maturity S. an individually administered intelligence test that provides an estimate of the intellectual ability of children; provides mental ages ranging from 3–12 years and requires no verbal response and minimal motor response. [Columbia University, NY]
coma s. a clinical s. to assess impaired consciousness; assessment may include motor responsiveness, verbal performance, and eye opening, as in the Glasgow (Scotland) c.s., or the same three items and dysfunction of cranial nerves, as in the Maryland (U.S.) c.s.
digital gray s. SYN: latitude.
expanded disability status s. (EDSS) a commonly used rating system for evaluating the degree of neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis, based on neurologic findings, and not symptoms; there are 10 grades in all, in steps and half-steps ( e.g., 4, 4.5, 5), with “1” being neurologically normal and “10” being death. SYN: Kurtzke multiple sclerosis disability s..
Fahrenheit s. a thermometer s. in which the freezing point of water is 32°F and the boiling point of water 212°F; 0°F indicates the lowest temperature Fahrenheit could obtain by a mixture of ice and salt in 1724; °C = 59(°F − 32).
French s. (F) a s. for grading sizes of sounds, tubes, and catheters as based on a diameter of 13 mm equaling 1 F on the s. ( e.g., 3 F = 1 mm); grading to s. is carried out using a metal plate with holes ranging from 13 mm to 1 cm in diameter. SYN: Charrière s..
Gaffky s. SYN: Gaffky table.
gray s. SYN: latitude. See gray-s. ultrasonography.
Guttman s. a measurement s. that ranks response categories to a question with each unit representing an increasingly strong expression of an attribute such as pain or disability.
Hamilton anxiety rating s. a list of specific symptoms used as a measure of severity of anxiety.
Hamilton depression rating s. a list of specific symptoms used as a measure of severity of depression.
hardness s. a qualitative s. in which minerals are classified in order of their increasing hardness, based on the fact that the harder of two materials will scratch the softer and will not be scratched by it. The s. lists 15 substances: 1, talc; 2, gypsum; 3, calcite; 4, fluorite; 5, apatite; 6, orthoclase, periclase; 7, vitreous pure silica; 8, quartz, stellite; 9, topaz; 10, garnet; 11, tantalum carbide, fused zirconia; 12, fused alumina; 13, silicon carbide; 14, boron carbide; 15, diamond. SYN: Mohs s..
homigrade s. a special thermometer s. in which 100° indicates the normal human temperature (98.6°F, 37°C), 0° the freezing point, and 270° the boiling point of water.
interval s. like a temperature s. in centigrade or Fahrenheit units, a s. on which the intervals are equal but which has an arbitrary zero point; e.g., intelligence quotient values are values along an interval s..
Karnofsky s. a performance s. for rating a person's usual activities; used to evaluate a patient's progress after a therapeutic procedure.
Kelvin s. temperature s. in which the triple point of water is assigned the value of 273.16 K; °C = K − 273.15.
Kurtzke multiple sclerosis disability s. SYN: expanded disability status s..
Leiter International Performance S. a nonverbal (performance) test for measuring intelligence that contains norms for each age between 2 and 18; originally developed as a method of assessing the comparative intellectual abilities of Caucasian, Chinese, and Japanese children, but now occasionally used for assessing slow learners and those who are blind, deaf, or verbally handicapped.
Likert s. ordinal s. of responses to a question or statement, ordered in hierarchical sequence from strongly negative to strongly positive. Used mainly in behavioral sciences and psychiatry.
masculinity-femininity s. any s. on a psychological test that assesses the relative masculinity or femininity of an individual; scales vary and may focus, for example, on basic identification with either sex or preference for a particular sex role.
Mohs s. SYN: hardness s..
ordinal s. a s. that is based on classification of persons or things into ordered qualitative categories, such as socioeconomic status.
pH s. SYN: Sörensen s..
Rahe-Holmes social readjustment rating s. a widely used s. in the social and behavioral sciences that assigns values to significant life events such as marriage, birth of offspring, bereavement, loss of job; such events correlate with emotional states.
Rankine s. a thermometer s. in which each degree Rankine (°Rank) is equal to the Fahrenheit but applied to the absolute temperature s. with its zero point at absolute zero; °Rank = °F + 459.67.
ratio s. a s. that involves physical units and demonstrates their relations.
Réaumur s. a thermometer s. in which each degree Réaumur (°R) is 180 of the temperature difference between the freezing point and boiling point of pure water at 1 atm, with 0°R set at the freezing point and 80°R set at the boiling point of water.
Shipley-Hartford s. a test of intellectual and conceptual aptitude. [Hartford Retreat, CT, where Shipley was employed]
Sörensen s. the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration, used as a s. for expressing acidity and alkalinity. SEE ALSO: pH. SYN: pH s..
Stanford-Binet intelligence s. a standardized test for the measurement of intelligence consisting of a series of questions, graded according to the intelligence of normal children at different ages, the answers to which indicate the mental age of the person tested; primarily used with children, but also contains norms for adults standardized against adult age levels rather than those of children, as formerly was the case. SYN: Binet test.
Wechsler-Bellevue s. a measure of general intelligence superseded by the Wechsler adult intelligence s. and its subsequent revision. SEE ALSO: Wechsler intelligence scales.
Wechsler intelligence scales continuously revised and updated standardized scales for the measurement of general intelligence in preschool children (Wechsler preschool and primary s. of intelligence), in children (Wechsler intelligence s. for children), and in adults (Wechsler adult intelligence s., the successor to the Wechsler-Bellevue s.).
Zubrod s. a 5-point s. similar to the 10-point Karnofsky s.; both measure the performance status of a patient's ambulatory nature, from normal activity to total dependence on others for care. SEE ALSO: Karnofsky s..

scalene
scalene (ska′len)

1. Having sides of unequal length, said of a triangle so formed. 2. One of several muscles so named. See scalenus anterior (muscle), musculus scalenus anticus, scalenus medius (muscle), scalenus minimus (muscle), scalenus posterior (muscle), musculus scalenus posticus. SYN: scalenus. [G. skalenos, uneven]

scalenectomy
scalenectomy (ska′le-nek′to-me)

Resection of the scalene muscles. [scalene + G. ektome, excision]

scalenotomy
scalenotomy (ska′le-not′o-me)

Division or section of the anterior scalene muscle. [scalene + G. tome, incision]

scalenus
scalenus (ska-le′nus)

SYN: scalene. [L.]

scaler
scaler (ska′ler)

1. An instrument for removing tartar from the teeth. 2. A device for counting electrical impulses, as in the assay of radioactive materials.
hoe s. a hoe-shaped s. with a very short blade.
ultrasonic s. an ultrasonic instrument that uses high frequency vibration to remove adherent deposits from the teeth.

scaling
scaling (ska′ling)

In dentistry, removal of accretions from the crowns and roots of teeth by use of special instruments.

scalloping
scalloping (skal′o-ping)

A series of indentations or erosions on a normally smooth margin of a structure.

scalp
scalp (skalp)

The skin and subcutaneous tissue, normally hair-bearing, covering the neurocranium. [M. E. fr. Scand. skalpr, sheath]

scalpel
scalpel (skal′pl)

A knife used in surgical dissection. [L. scalpellum; dim. of scalprum, a knife]
plasma s. a s. that uses a fine high-temperature gas jet, instead of a blade, for cutting.

scalpriform
scalpriform (skal′pri-form)

Chisel-shaped. [L. scalprum, chisel, + forma, shape]

scalprum
scalprum (skal′prum)

1. A large, strong scalpel. 2. A raspatory. [L. chisel, penknife, fr. scalpo, pp. scalptus, to carve]

scaly
scaly (ska′le)

SYN: squamous.

scammony
scammony (skam′o-ne)

The plant, Convolvulus scammonia (family Convolvulaceae), the dried root of which contains a cathartic resin. SEE ALSO: ipomea. [G. skammonia]

scan
scan (skan)

1. To survey by traversing with an active or passive sensing device. 2. The image, record, or data obtained by scanning, usually identified by the technology or device employed; e.g., CT s., radionuclide s., ultrasound s., etc. 3. Abbreviated form of scintiscan, usually identified by the organ or structure examined; e.g., brain s., bone s., etc.
CT s. See tomography.
duplex Doppler s. a method of visualizing and selectively assessing the flow patterns of peripheral arteries and veins using ultrasound imaging and pulsed Doppler.
EMI s. historically, the name commonly used for computed tomography of the head, the technique devised by Hounsfield, who was a scientist at EMI, an English electronics firm.
Meckel s. use of ^99mtechnetium pertechnetate in a s. of the small bowel to detect ectopic gastric mucosa in Meckel diverticulum; the pertechnetate anion is secreted by epithelial cells in the gastric mucosa.
multiple-gated acquisition s. (MUGA) a nuclear medicine cardiac blood pool study collected by multiple-gated acquisition; used for ejection fraction and wall motion assessment. SEE ALSO: radionuclide ejection fraction.
renal cortical s. an imaging technique wherein a renal cortex–localizing radiopharmaceutical ( e.g., ^99mTc-DMSA, ^99mTc-glucohepatanate) is injected to image the renal cortex to find scarring or pyelonephritis.
sector s. in ultrasonography, a system in which the transducer or transmitted ultrasound beam is rotated through an angle, resulting in a pie-shaped image.
ventilation-perfusion s. a lung function test, especially useful for pulmonary embolism, employing an inhaled radionuclide for ventilation and an intravenous radionuclide for perfusion; their respective distributions in the lung are recorded scintigraphically.

scandium
scandium (Sc) (skan′de-um)

A metallic element, atomic no. 21, atomic wt. 44.955910. [L. Scandia, Scandinavia, where discovered]

scanner
scanner (skan′er)

A device or instrument that scans.

scanning
scanning (skan′ing)

The act of imaging by traversing with an active or passive sensing device, often identified by the technology or device employed.
transvaginal s. ultrasonography of the female pelvis with the transducer placed inside the vagina.

scanogram
scanogram (skan′o-gram)

A radiographic technique for showing true dimensions by moving a narrow orthogonal beam of x-rays along the length of the structure being measured, e.g., the lower extremities. [scan- + G. gramma, something written]

Scanzoni
Scanzoni

Friedrich W., German obstetrician, 1821–1891. See S. maneuver.

scapha
scapha (skaf′a, ska′fa)

1. [TA] The longitudinal furrow between the helix and the antihelix of the auricle. SYN: fossa of helix. 2. Obsolete term for scaphoid fossa. [L. fr. G. skaphe, skiff]

scapho- scapho-

A scapha, scaphoid. [G. skaphe, skiff, boat]

scaphocephalic
scaphocephalic (skaf-o-se-fal′ik)

Denoting or relating to scaphocephaly. SYN: scaphocephalous, tectocephalic.

scaphocephalism
scaphocephalism (skaf-o-sef′a-lizm)

SYN: scaphocephaly.

scaphocephalous
scaphocephalous (skaf-o-sef′a-lus)

SYN: scaphocephalic.

scaphocephaly
scaphocephaly (skaf-o-sef′a-le)

A form of craniosynostosis that results in a long, narrow head in which the parietal eminences are absent and frontal and occiptal protrusions are conspicuous; there may be a crest indicating the site of a prenatally closed sagittal suture; sometimes accompanied by mental retardation. SYN: cymbocephaly, sagittal synostosis, scaphocephalism, tectocephaly. [scapho- + G. kephale, head]

scaphohydrocephalus
scaphohydrocephalus, scaphohydrocephaly (skaf′o-hi′dro-sef′a-lus, -le)

Occurrence of hydrocephalus in a scaphocephalic individual.

scaphoid
scaphoid (skaf′oyd) [TA]

Boat-shaped; hollowed. See s. (bone). [scapho- + G. eidos, resemblance]

scapula
scapula, gen. and pl. scapulae (skap′u-la, -le) [TA]

A large triangular flattened bone lying over the ribs, posteriorly on either side, articulating laterally with the clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint and the humerus at the glenohumeral joint. It forms a functional articulation with the chest wall, the scapulothoracic articulation. SYN: blade bone, shoulder blade. [L. scapulae, the shoulder blades]
s. alata SYN: winged s..
s. elevata SYN: Sprengel deformity.
winged s. condition wherein the medial border of the s. protrudes away from the thorax; the protrusion is posterior and lateral, as the s. rotates out; most commonly caused by paralysis of the serratus anterior muscle. SYN: s. alata.

scapulalgia
scapulalgia (skap′u-lal′je-a)

Rarely used term meaning pain in the shoulder blades. SYN: scapulodynia. [scapula + G. algos, pain]

scapular
scapular (skap′u-lar)

Relating to the scapula.

scapulary
scapulary (skap′u-lar-e)

A form of brace or suspender for keeping a belt or body bandage in place.

scapulectomy
scapulectomy (skap′u-lek′to-me)

Excision of the scapula. [scapula + G. ektome, excision]

scapulo- scapulo-

Scapula, scapular. [L. scapulae, shoulder blades]

scapuloclavicular
scapuloclavicular (skap′u-lo-kla-vik′u-lar)

1. SYN: acromioclavicular. 2. SYN: coracoclavicular.

scapulodynia
scapulodynia (skap′u-lo-din′e-a)

SYN: scapulalgia. [scapulo- + G. odyne, pain]

scapulohumeral
scapulohumeral (skap′u-lo-hu′mer-al)

Relating to both scapula and humerus. SEE ALSO: glenohumeral.

scapulopexy
scapulopexy (skap′u-lo-pek-se)

Operative fixation of the scapula to the chest wall or to the spinous process of the vertebrae. [scapulo- + G. pexis, fixation]

scapus
scapus, pl .scapi (ska′pus, -pi)

A shaft or stem. [L. shaft, stalk]
s. penis SYN: body of penis.
s. pili SYN: hair shaft.

scar
scar (skar)

Fibrous tissue replacing normal tissues destroyed by injury or disease. [G. eschara, scab]
cigarette-paper scars atrophic scars in the skin at sites of minor lacerations over the knees, shins, and elbows of persons with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. SYN: papyraceous scars.
hypertrophic s. an elevated s. resembling a keloid but which does not spread into surrounding tissues, is rarely painful, and regresses spontaneously; collagen bundles run parallel to the skin surface.
papyraceous scars SYN: cigarette-paper scars.
radial s. SYN: radial sclerosing lesion.

Scardino
Scardino

Peter T., U.S. urologist, *1915. See S. vertical flap pyeloplasty.

Scarff
Scarff

John E., U.S. neurosurgeon, 1898–1978. See Stookey-S. operation.

scarification
scarification (skar-i-fi-ka′shun)

The making of a number of superficial incisions in the skin. [L. scarifico, to scratch, fr. G. skariphos, a style for sketching]

scarify
scarify (skar′i-fi)

To produce scarification.

scarlatina
scarlatina (skar′la-te′na)

An acute exanthematous disease, caused by infection with streptococcal organisms producing erythrogenic toxin, marked by fever and other constitutional disturbances, and a generalized eruption of closely aggregated points or small macules of a bright red color followed by desquamation in large scales, shreds, or sheets; mucous membrane of the mouth and fauces is usually also involved. SYN: scarlet fever. [through It. fr. Mediev. L. scarlatum, scarlet, a scarlet cloth]
anginose s., s. anginosa a form of s. in which the throat affection is unusually severe. SYN: Fothergill disease (2) .
s. hemorrhagica a form of s. in which blood extravasates into the skin and mucous membranes, giving to the eruption a dusky hue; frequent bleeding from the nose and into the intestine also occurs.
s. latens, latent s. a form of s. in which the rash is absent, but other complications of streptococcal infection occur, such as acute nephritis.
s. maligna a severe scarlet fever in which the patient is quickly overcome with the intensity of the systemic intoxication.
s. rheumatica SYN: dengue.
s. simplex a mild form of the disease.

scarlatinal
scarlatinal (skar-la-te′nal)

Relating to scarlatina.

scarlatinella
scarlatinella (skar-la-ti-nel′a)

SYN: Filatov-Dukes disease. [dim. of scarlatina]

scarlatiniform
scarlatiniform (skar-la-te′ni-form, -tin′i-form)

Resembling scarlatina, denoting a rash. SYN: scarlatinoid (1) .

scarlatinoid
scarlatinoid (skar-la-te′noyd, skar-lat′i-noyd)

1. SYN: scarlatiniform. 2. SYN: Filatov-Dukes disease. [scarlatina + G. eidos, resemblance]

scarlet
scarlet (skar′let)

Denoting a bright red color tending toward orange. [Mediev. L. scarlatum, s. cloth]

scarlet red
scarlet red [C.I. 26905]

An azo dye; a dark, brownish red powder, soluble in oils, fats, and chloroform, but insoluble in water; used in medicine as a vulnerary, in histology to stain fat in tissue sections and basic proteins at high pH, and in immunoelectrophoresis. SYN: Biebrich s., medicinal s., scharlach red, Sudan IV.

scarlet red sulfonate
scarlet red sulfonate

An azo dye that has been used to stimulate healing of chronic superficial wounds and ulcers.

Scarpa
Scarpa

Antonio, Italian anatomist, orthopedist, and ophthalmologist, 1747–1832. See canals of S., under canal, membranous layer of subcutaneous tissue of abdomen, S. fluid, S. foramina, under foramen, fossa scarpae major, S. ganglion, S. habenula, S. hiatus, S. liquor, S. membrane, S. method, S. sheath, S. staphyloma, S. triangle.

Scatchard
Scatchard

George, U.S. chemist and biochemist, 1892–1973. See S. plot.

scatemia
scatemia (ska-te′me-a)

Intestinal autointoxication. [scato- + G. haima, blood]

scato- scato-

Feces. SEE ALSO: copro-, sterco-. [G. skor (skat-), excrement]

scatologic
scatologic (skat-o-loj′ik)

Pertaining to scatology.

scatology
scatology (ska-tol′o-je)

1. The scientific study and analysis of feces, for physiologic and diagnostic purposes. SYN: coprology. 2. The study relating to the psychiatric aspects of excrement or excremental (anal) function. [scato- + G. logos, study]

scatoma
scatoma (ska-to′ma)

SYN: fecaloma. [scato- + G. -oma, tumor]

scatophagy
scatophagy (ska-tof′a-je)

SYN: coprophagia. [scato- + G. phago, to eat]

scatoscopy
scatoscopy (ska-tos′ko-pe)

Examination of the feces for purposes of diagnosis. [scato- + G. skopeo, to view]

scatter
scatter (skat′er)

1. A change in direction of a photon or subatomic particle, as the result of a collision or interaction. 2. The secondary radiation resulting from the interaction of primary radiation with matter.
Compton s. the mechanism of s. called the Compton effect.

scattergram
scattergram (skat-er-gram)

Graphical display of distribution of two variables in relation to each other. [scatter + G. gramma, something written]

scatula
scatula (skat′u-la)

A square pillbox. [Mediev. L. a rectangular figure whose width is one-tenth of its length]

Scedosporium
Scedosporium (se-do-spor′e-um)

An imperfect fungus of the form-class Hyphomycetes; anamorph of Pseudallescheria.
S. apiospermum (sked-os-por′e-um) the imperfect state of the fungus Pseudallescheria boydii, one of the 16 species of true fungi that may cause mycetoma in humans or severe infection in immunosuppressed patients.
S. inflatum See S. prolificans.
S. prolificans a mold; a rare cause of deep fungal infection. Formerly called S. inflatum.

scelalgia
scelalgia (se-lal′je-a)

Pain in the leg. [G. skelos, leg, + algos, pain]

scene
scene

primal s. in psychoanalysis, the actual or fantasied observation by a child of sexual intercourse, particularly between the parents.

scent
scent (sent)

SYN: odor. [M.E., fr. O.Fr., fr. L. sentio, to feel]

Schacher
Schacher

Polycarp G., German physician, 1674–1737. See S. ganglion.

Schaer reagent
Schaer reagent

See under reagent.

Schäfer
Schäfer

Sir Edward A. Sharpey-, English physiologist and histologist, 1850–1935. See S. method.

Schäffer
Schäffer

Max, German neurologist, 1852–1923. See S. reflex.

Schaffer test
Schaffer test

See under test.

Schamberg
Schamberg

Jay F., U.S. dermatologist, 1870–1934. See S. fever.

Schapiro
Schapiro

Heinrich, Russian physician, 1852–1901. See S. sign.

Schardinger
Schardinger

Franz, Austrian scientist, 1853–1920. See S. dextrins, under dextrin, S. enzyme, S. reaction.

scharlach red
scharlach red (shar′lak)

SYN: scarlet red.

Schatzki
Schatzki

Richard, U.S. radiologist, 1901–1992. See S. ring.

Schaudinn
Schaudinn

Fritz R., German bacteriologist, 1871–1906. See S. fixative.

Schaumann
Schaumann

Jörgen N., Swedish physician, 1879–1953. See S. bodies, under body, S. lymphogranuloma, S. syndrome, Besnier-Boeck-S. disease, Besnier-Boeck-S. syndrome.

Schaumberg
Schaumberg

H.H., U.S. neuropathologist, *1912.

Schauta
Schauta

Friedrich, Austrian gynecologist, 1849–1919. See S. vaginal operation.

Schede
Schede

Max, German surgeon, 1844–1902. See S. method.

schedule
schedule (sked′jool)

A procedural plan for a proposed objective, especially the sequence and time allotted for each item or operation required for its completion. [L. scheda, fr. scida, a strip of papyrus, leaf of paper]
schedules of reinforcement in the psychology of conditioning, established procedures or sequences for reinforcing operant behavior; e.g., in a lever-pressing situation, every displacement of the lever will bring a pellet of food or comparable reinforcer (continuous reinforcement s.), or the reinforcer will come at every 5 seconds, regardless of how many displacements occur earlier (fixed-interval reinforcement s.), at every 10th displacement (fixed-ratio reinforcement s.), or on an average of every 5 seconds (variable-interval reinforcement s.), or the reinforcer will come in a noncontinuous fashion in which less than 100% of the displacements bring a reinforcer (intermittent reinforcement s.).

Scheele
Scheele

Karl W., Swedish chemist, 1742–1786. See S. green.

Scheibe
Scheibe

A., U.S. physician, *1875. See S. hearing impairment.

Scheibler reagent
Scheibler reagent

See under reagent.

Scheie
Scheie

Harold G., U.S. ophthalmologist, *1909. See S. syndrome.

Scheiner
Scheiner

Christoph, German physicist, 1575–1650. See S. experiment.

Schellong
Schellong

Fritz, German physician, 1891–1953. See S. test, S.-Strisower phenomenon.

schema
schema, pl .schemata (ske′ma, ske-mah′ta)

1. A plan, outline, or arrangement. SYN: scheme. 2. In sensorimotor theory, the organized unit of cognitive experience. [G. s., shape, form]
body s. SYN: body image.

schematic
schematic (ske-mat′ik)

Made after a definite type of formula; representing in general, but not with absolute exactness; denoting an anatomical drawing or model. [G. schematikos, in outward show, fr. schema, shape, form]

schematograph
schematograph (ske-mat′o-graf)

An instrument for making a tracing in reduced size of the outline of the body. [G. schema, form, + grapho, to write]

scheme
scheme (skem)

SYN: schema (1) .
occlusal s. SYN: occlusal system.

schemochromes
schemochromes (ske-mo-kromz)

SYN: structural color.

Schenck
Schenck

Benjamin R., U.S. surgeon, 1873–1920. See S. disease.

Scheuermann
Scheuermann

Holger W., Danish surgeon, 1877–1960. See S. disease.

Schick
Schick

Bela, Austrian pediatrician in U.S., 1877–1967. See S. method, S. test, S. test toxin.

Schiff
Schiff

Hugo, German chemist in Florence, 1834–1915. See S. base, S. reagent, Kasten fluorescent S. reagents, under reagent, periodic acid-S. stain, ninhydrin-S. stain for proteins.

Schiff
Schiff

Moritz, German physiologist, 1823–1896. See S.-Sherrington phenomenon.

Schilder
Schilder

Paul Ferdinand, Austrian neurologist, 1886–1940.

Schiller
Schiller

Walter, Austrian pathologist in U.S., 1887–1960. See S. test.

Schilling
Schilling

Victor, German hematologist, 1883–1960. See S. blood count, S. band cell, S. index, S. test, S. type of monocytic leukemia.

schindylesis
schindylesis (skin-di-le′sis) [TA]

A form of fibrous joint in which the sharp edge of one bone is received in a cleft in the edge of the other, as in the articulation of the vomer with the rostrum of the sphenoid. SYN: schindyletic joint, wedge-and-groove joint, wedge-and-groove suture. [G. s., splintering]

Schiötz
Schiötz

Hjalmar, Norwegian physician, 1850–1927. See S. tonometer.

Schirmer
Schirmer

Otto W.A., German ophthalmologist, 1864–1917. See S. test.

schisto- schisto-

Cleft, division. SEE ALSO: schizo-. [G. schistos, split]

schistocelia
schistocelia (skis-to-se′le-a)

Congenital fissure of the abdominal wall. [schisto- + G. koilia, a hollow]

schistocormia
schistocormia (skis-to-kor′me-a)

Congenital clefting of the trunk, the lower extremities of the fetus usually being imperfectly developed. SYN: schistosomia. [schisto- + G. kormos, trunk of a tree]

schistocystis
schistocystis (skis-to-sis′tis)

Fissure of the bladder. [schisto- + G. kystis, bladder]

schistocyte
schistocyte (skis′to-sit)

A variety of poikilocyte that owes its abnormal shape to fragmentation occurring as the cell flows through damaged small vessels. SYN: schizocyte. [schisto- + G. kytos, cell]

schistocytosis
schistocytosis (skis′to-si-to′sis)

The occurrence of many schistocytes in the blood. SYN: schizocytosis.

schistoglossia
schistoglossia (skis-to-glos′e-a)

Congenital fissure or cleft of the tongue. [schisto- + G. glossa, tongue]

schistomelia
schistomelia (skis′to-mel′e-a)

Congenital cleft of a limb.

schistorrhachis
schistorrhachis (skis-tor′a-kis)

SYN: spina bifida. [schisto- + G. rhachis, spine]

Schistosoma
Schistosoma (skis-to-so′ma)

A genus of digenetic trematodes, including the important blood flukes of humans and domestic animals, that cause schistosomiasis; characterized by elongate shape, by separate sexes with marked sexual dimorphism, by their unusual location in the smaller blood vessels of their host, and by utilization of water snails as intermediate hosts. [schisto- + G. soma, body]
S. haematobium the vesical blood fluke, a species with terminally spined eggs that occurs as a parasite in the portal system and mesenteric veins of the bladder (causing human schistosomiasis haematobium) and rectum; common in the Nile delta but is found along waterways, irrigation ditches, or streams throughout Africa and in parts of the Middle East; the intermediate host is Bulinus truncatus in Egypt; elsewhere, other snails of the subfamily Bulininae (Bulinus, Physopsis, Pyrgophysa) are involved.
S. intercalatum a blood fluke species related to S. haematobium locally distributed in Zaire and other areas of central Africa, causing mild dysentery and abdominal pains, with enlargement of the spleen and liver; a planorbid snail, Bulinus (Physopsis) africanus, serves as the intermediate host.
S. japonicum the Oriental or Japanese blood fluke, a species having eggs with small lateral spines, usually only a small knob; causes schistosomiasis japonica, with extensive pathology from encapsulation of the eggs, particularly in the liver, and is the most pathogenic of the three common schistosome species afflicting man, possibly owing to greater egg production per female worm; it is also the most intractable to treatment and the most difficult to control, as the intermediate hosts are amphibious snails (species of Oncomelania, family Hydrobiidae) that can leave the water to avoid molluscicides, and also because many other animals, such as pigs, oxen, cattle, and dogs, serve as reservoir hosts.
S. malayensis a member of the S. japonicum complex described from the rodent Rattus muelleri in peninsular Malaysia. The aquatic snail Robertsiella kaporensis and two other species of this genus were found to be naturally infected. S. malayensis is considered most closely related to S. mekongi. Human infections, based on serologic evidence, were reported among the indigenous people of central peninsular Malaysia.
S. mansoni a common species of trematode characterized by large eggs with a strong lateral spine and transmitted by planorbid snails of the genus Biomphalaria; causes schistosomiasis mansoni in humans in Africa, parts of the Middle East, South America, and certain Caribbean islands.
S. mattheei a species found in the portal and mesenteric veins of ruminants, primates (including humans), zebra, and rodents in Africa.
S. mekongi the Mekong schistosome, a species described from the Mekong delta in southern Laos and northern Cambodia. Infection rates are highest for ages 7–15; dogs appear to be the chief reservoir host; the intermediate host snail is the operculid snail, Tricula aperta. Pathology is similar to but generally less severe than that of S. japonicum.

schistosome
schistosome (skis′to-som)

Common name for a member of the genus Schistosoma.

schistosomia
schistosomia (skis-to-so′me-a)

SYN: schistocormia. [schisto- + G. soma, body]

schistosomiasis
schistosomiasis (skis′to-so-mi′a-sis)

Infection with a species of Schistosoma; manifestations of this often chronic and debilitating disease vary with the infecting species but depend in large measure upon tissue reaction (granulation and fibrosis) to the eggs deposited in venules and in the hepatic portals, the latter resulting in portal hypertension and esophageal varices, as well as liver damage leading to cirrhosis. See tropical diseases, under disease. SEE ALSO: schistosomal dermatitis, Symmers clay pipestem fibrosis. SYN: bilharziasis, bilharziosis, hemic distomiasis, snail fever.
Asiatic s. SYN: s. japonica.
bladder s. SYN: s. haematobium.
cutaneous s. japonica SYN: s. japonica.
ectopic s. a clinical form of s. that occurs outside of the normal site of parasitism (mesenteric vein or hepatic portals); may result from accidental blood-borne transport of schistosome eggs or, rarely, adult worms, to various unusual sites such as the skin, brain, or spinal cord.
s. haematobium infection with Schistosoma haematobium, the eggs of which invade the urinary tract, causing cystitis and hematuria, and possibly an increased likelihood of bladder cancer. SYN: bladder s., Egyptian hematuria, endemic hematuria, urinary s..
S. intercalatum infection with Schistosoma intercalatum; occurs only in West Africa; few symptoms reported and no cases of hepatic fibrosis known.
intestinal s. SYN: s. mansoni.
s. japonica, Japanese s. infection with Schistosoma japonicum, characterized by dysenteric symptoms, painful enlargement of the liver and spleen, dropsy, urticaria, and progressive anemia. SYN: Asiatic s., cutaneous s. japonica, kabure itch, kabure, Katayama syndrome, Kinkiang fever, Oriental s., rice itch, urticarial fever, Yangtze Valley fever.
Manson s. SYN: s. mansoni.
s. mansoni infection with Schistosoma mansoni, the eggs of which invade the wall of the large intestine and the liver, causing irritation, inflammation, and ultimately fibrosis. SYN: intestinal s., Manson disease, Manson s..
s. mekongi infection with Schistosoma mekongi, which chiefly afflicts children in the Mekong delta, where it was discovered; the disease is similar to s. japonica.
Oriental s. SYN: s. japonica.
pulmonary s. pulmonary manifestations of infection with Schistosoma, usually Schistosoma mansoni, occurring when schistosomals, which form in the skin from the cercariae which have entered from infected water, migrate via the bloodstream to the lungs, en route to the gastrointestinal tract and the portal vein; symptoms are usually limited to cough.
urinary s. SYN: s. haematobium.

schistosomulum
schistosomulum, pl .schistosomula (skis-to-so′mu-lum, -la)

The stage in the life cycle of a blood fluke of the genus Schistosoma immediately after penetration of the skin as a cercaria; marked by loss of the tail and gaining of physiological modifications allowing it to survive in a mammalian bloodstream.

schistosternia
schistosternia (skis-to-ster′ne-a)

SYN: schistothorax. [schisto- + G. sternon, sternum]

schistothorax
schistothorax (skis-to-thor′aks)

Congenital cleft of the chest wall. SYN: schistosternia. [schisto- + G. thorax, thorax]

schiz- schiz-

See schizo-.

schizamnion
schizamnion (skiz-am′ne-on)

An amnion developing, as in the human embryo, by the formation of a cavity over or within the inner cell mass. [schiz- + amnion]

schizaxon
schizaxon (skiz-ak′son)

An axon divided into two branches. [schiz- + G. axon, axis]

schizencephaly
schizencephaly (skiz-en-sef′a-le)

Abnormal divisions or clefts of the brain substance. [schiz- + G. enkephalos, brain]

schizo- schizo-, schiz-

Split, cleft, division; schizophrenia. SEE ALSO: schisto-. [G. schizo, to split or cleave]

schizo-affective
schizo-affective (skiz′o-a-fek′tiv)

Having an admixture of symptoms suggestive of both schizophrenia and affective (mood) disorder.

schizocyte
schizocyte (skiz′o-sit)

SYN: schistocyte. [schizo- + G. kytos, cell]

schizocytosis
schizocytosis (skiz′o-si-to′sis)

SYN: schistocytosis.

schizogenesis
schizogenesis (skiz-o-jen′e-sis)

Reproduction by fission. SYN: fissiparity, scissiparity. [schizo- + G. genesis, origin]

schizogony
schizogony (ski-zog′o-ne)

Multiple fission in which the nucleus first divides and then the cell divides into as many parts as there are nuclei; called merogony if daughter cells are merozoites, sporogony if daughter cells are sporozoites, or gametogony if daughter cells are gametes. SYN: agamocytogeny. [schizo- + G. gone, generation]

schizogyria
schizogyria (skiz-o-ji′re-a, -jir′e-a)

Deformity of the cerebral convolutions marked by occasional interruptions of their continuity. [schizo- + G. gyros, circle (convolution)]

schizoid
schizoid (skiz′oyd)

Socially isolated, withdrawn, having few (if any) friends or social relationships; resembling the personality features characteristic of schizophrenia, but in a milder form. SEE ALSO: s. personality. [schizo(phrenia), + G. eidos, resemblance]

schizoidism
schizoidism (skiz′oy-dizm)

A schizoid state; the manifestation of schizoid tendencies.

schizomycete
schizomycete (skiz′o-mi-set)

A member of the class Schizomycetes; a bacterium.

schizomycetic
schizomycetic (skiz-o-mi-se′tik)

Relating to or caused by fission fungi (bacteria).

schizont
schizont (skiz′ont)

A sporozoan trophozoite (vegetative form) that reproduces by schizogony, producing a varied number of daughter trophozoites or merozoites. SEE ALSO: meront, segmenter. SYN: agamont, segmenting body. [schizo- + G. on (ont-), a being]

schizonticide
schizonticide (ski-zon′ti-sid)

An agent that kills schizonts. [schizont + L. caedo, to kill]

schizonychia
schizonychia (skiz-o-nik′e-a)

Splitting of the nails. [schizo- + G. onyx, nail]

schizophasia
schizophasia (skiz-o-fa′ze-a)

A rarely used term for the disordered speech (word salad) of the schizophrenic individual. [schizo- + G. phasis, speech]

schizophrenia schizophrenia (skiz-o-fre′ne-a, skit′so-)

A term coined by Bleuler, synonymous with and replacing dementia praecox; a common type of psychosis, characterized by abnormalities in perception, content of thought, and thought processes (hallucinations and delusions) and by extensive withdrawal of interest from other people and the outside world, with excessive focusing on one's own mental life; now considered a group or spectrum of disorders rather than a single entity, with distinction sometimes made between process s. and reactive s.. The “split” personality of s., in which individual psychic components or functions split off and become autonomous, is popularly but erroneously identified with multiple personality, in which 2 or more relatively complete personalities dominate by turns the psychic life of an individual. [schizo- + G. phren, mind] S. is the most prevalent psychosis, affecting some 2 million Americans. The annual cost of the disease to the U.S. economy is estimated at $65 billion, of which $46 billion reflects lost productivity of patients and their caregivers. The lifetime incidence risk is about 1%. Onset is typically gradual, without an obvious precipitating cause. Early symptoms include shortened attention span, memory deficits, and diminished ability to make decisions. Most patients become ill before age 40. Psychotic symptoms persist for months or years, and there is a lifelong risk of relapse. Cognitive malfunctions are typically accompanied by reduced energy level, flat or depressed affect, anhedonia, and abulia. Virtually all patients display impoverished thought content, social withdrawal, and impairment of occupational functioning, and even with intensive psychotherapy and drug treatment about 25% require custodial or institutional care. Although some persons with s. become assassins or mass murderers, the vast majority pose no threat to society; about 10% commit suicide. Neurophysiologic studies have shown generalized limbic lobe and prefrontal cortical abnormalities, abnormal smallness of the thalamus, and changes in signal intensity in adjacent white matter. Brain imaging inconsistently demonstrates structural or physiologic abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, temporal cortex, and hippocampal formation. The amelioration or exacerbation of s. by certain pharmacologic agents seems to indicate that it represents a malfunction of neuronal systems using dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as transmitters or modulators. Genetic studies suggest that susceptibility to s. is inherited as a complex of variations affecting several genes. According to the neurodevelopmental hypothesis, a brain lesion is present or acquired early in life but does not fully manifest itself until late adolescence or early adulthood, when it triggers abnormalities of neuronal proliferation, axonal outgrowth, cell migration, cell survival, synaptic regression, or myelination. Psychotherapy and behavioral therapy are inconsistently effective in the treatment of s.. Neuroleptic drugs shorten episodes of acute psychosis, limit the need for institutional care, and reduce the risk of relapse, but their long-term use is associated with serious side effects, particularly tardive dyskinesia. Newer agents such as clozapine, olanzipine, quetiapine, and risperidone are more effective in improving cognitive function and less likely to induce extrapyramidal side effects. Persons with s. frequently stop taking their medicine, and it is estimated that at any given time only one-half of them are receiving medical treatment or supervision.
acute s. a disorder in which the symptoms of s. occur abruptly; they may subside or become chronic over time. SYN: acute schizophrenic episode.
ambulatory s. a milder form of s. in which the patient is capable of maintaining himself or herself in society and need not be hospitalized.
catatonic s. s. characterized by marked disturbance, which may involve stupor, negativism, rigidity, excitement, or posturing; sometimes there is rapid alternation between the extremes of excitement and stupor. Associated features include stereotypic behavior, mannerisms, and waxy flexibility; mutism is particularly common.
childhood s. SYN: infantile autism.
disorganized s. a severe form of s. characterized by the predominance of incoherence, blunted, inappropriate or silly affect, and the absence of systematized delusions. SYN: hebephrenic s..
hebephrenic s. SYN: disorganized s..
latent s. a preexisting susceptibility for developing overt s. under strong emotional stress.
paranoid s. s. characterized predominantly by delusions of persecution and megalomania.
process s. an obsolete term for those forms of severe schizophrenic disorders in which chronic and progressive biologic conditions in the brain are considered to be the primary cause and in which prognosis is poor as well, with insidious onset at a young age, as contrasted with reactive s..
pseudoneurotic s. s. in which the underlying psychotic process is masked by complaints ordinarily regarded as neurotic.
reactive s. those forms of severe schizophrenic disorders which are distinguished from process s. by their more acute onset, greater relation to environmental stress, and better prognosis.
residual s. blunted or inappropriate affect, social withdrawal, eccentric behavior, or loose associations, but without prominent psychotic symptoms, as the remains of former psychotic symptoms of s..
simple s. s. characterized by withdrawal, apathy, indifference, and impoverishment of human relationships without overt psychotic features.

schizophrenic
schizophrenic (skiz-o-fren′ik, -fre′nik, skit-so-)

Relating to, characteristic of, or suffering from one of the schizophrenias.

schizotonia
schizotonia (skiz-o-to′ne-a)

Division of the distribution of tone in the muscles. [schizo- + G. tonos, tension, tone]

schizotrichia
schizotrichia (skiz-o-trik′e-a)

A splitting of the hairs at their ends. SYN: scissura pilorum. [schizo- + G. thrix, hair]

Schizotrypanum cruzi
Schizotrypanum cruzi (skiz-o-tri′pan-um kroo′zi)

A distinct generic designation used for Trypanosoma cruzi, used frequently by workers in the endemic area of South American trypanosomiasis; also used as a subgeneric designation, i.e., Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi. [schizo- + G. trypanon, a borer, an auger]

schizozoite
schizozoite (skiz-o-zo′it)

A merozoite prior to schizogony, as in the exoerythrocytic phase of the development of the Plasmodium agent after sporozoite invasion of the hepatocyte and before multiple division. [schizo- + G. zoon, animal]

schlammfieber
schlammfieber (shlam′fe-ber)

Name given to an outbreak of leptospirosis near Breslau in Germany thought to have been due to infection with Leptospira grippotyphosa.

Schlatter
Schlatter

Carl B., Swiss surgeon, 1864–1934. See Osgood-S. disease.

Schlemm
Schlemm

Friedrich, German anatomist, 1795–1858. See S. canal.

Schlesinger
Schlesinger

Hermann, Austrian physician, 1868–1934. See S. sign, Pool-S. sign.

schlieren
schlieren (schler′en)

See s. optics.

Schmid
Schmid

Rudi, Swiss-U.S. internist and biochemist, *1922. See McArdle-S.-Pearson disease.

Schmid
Schmid

W. See S.-Fraccaro syndrome.

Schmidel
Schmidel

Kasimir C., German anatomist, 1718–1792. See S. anastomoses, under anastomosis.

Schmidt
Schmidt

Gerhard, U.S. biochemist, *1900. See S.-Thannhauser method.

Schmidt
Schmidt

Henry D., U.S. anatomist and pathologist, 1823–1888. See S.-Lanterman clefts, under cleft, S.-Lanterman incisures, under incisure.

Schmidt
Schmidt

Johann F.M., German laryngologist, 1838–1907. See S. syndrome.

Schmidt
Schmidt

Martin Benno, German physician, 1863–1949. See S. syndrome.

Schmorl
Schmorl

Christian G., German pathologist, 1861–1932. See S. nodule, S. ferric-ferricyanide reduction stain, S. picrothionin stain, S. jaundice.

Schneider
Schneider

C.V., German anatomist, 1614–1680. See schneiderian membrane.

Schneider
Schneider

Franz C., German chemist, 1813–1897. See S. carmine.

Schneider
Schneider

Kurt, German psychiatrist, 1887–1967.

Schneidersitz
Schneidersitz (shni′der-zitz)

A typical sitting position with legs crossed in front, exhibited by severely defective patients with phenylketonuria and resembling the position which was commonly attributed to tailors. [Ger.]

Schnitzler
Schnitzler

L., 20th century European physician. See S. syndrome.

Scholander
Scholander

Per F., Norwegian physiologist, 1905–1980. See S. apparatus, Roughton-S. apparatus, Roughton-S. syringe.

Scholz
Scholz

Willibald, German neurologist, 1889–1971. See S. disease.

Schönbein
Schönbein

Christian F., German chemist, 1799–1868. See S. test.

Schönlein
Schönlein

Johann L., German physician, 1793–1864. See S. purpura, Henoch-S. purpura.

school
school (skool)

A set of beliefs, teachings, methods, etc. [O. E. scol]
biometrical s. a group of British geneticists, followers of Galton and Karl Pearson, whose approach to genetics was quantitative rather than enumerative.
iatromathematical s. a group of academicians, of whom Descartes was one of the foremost proponents, who maintained that all physiologic processes were the result of physical laws. SYN: mechanistic s..
mechanistic s. SYN: iatromathematical s..

Schott
Schott

Theodor, 1850–1921, German physician in Bad Nauheim. See S. treatment.

schradan
schradan (schra′dan)

A potent irreversible organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor used as an insecticide. It was prepared for potential use as a nerve gas. Poisoning produces a cholinergic crisis which can be fatal. SYN: octamethyl pyrophosphoramide. [Gerhard Schrader, Ger. chemist, + -an]

Schreger
Schreger

Christian H.T., German anatomist and chemist, 1768–1833. See S. lines, under line, Hunter-S. bands, under band, Hunter-S. lines, under line.

Schridde
Schridde

Hermann R.A., German pathologist, *1876. See S. cancer hairs, under hair.

Schroeder
Schroeder

Karl L.E., German gynecologist, 1838–1887. See S. operation.

Schuchardt
Schuchardt

Karl A., German surgeon, 1856–1902. See S. operation.

Schüffner
Schüffner

Wilhelm, German pathologist in Sumatra, 1867–1949. See S. granules, under granule, S. dots, under dot.

Schüller
Schüller

Karl H.L.A. Max, German surgeon, 1843–1907. See S. ducts, under duct.

Schüller
Schüller

Artur, Austrian neurologist, *1874. See S. disease, S. phenomenon, S. syndrome, Hand-S.-Christian disease.

Schultes
Schultes

Johann. See Scultetus.

Schultz
Schultz

Werner, German internist, 1878–1947. See S.-Charlton phenomenon, S.-Charlton reaction, S.-Dale reaction.

Schultz
Schultz

Arthur R.H., German physician, *1890. See S. reaction, S. stain.

Schultze
Schultze

Max J.S., German histologist and zoologist, 1825–1874. See S. cells, under cell, S. membrane, S. sign, comma bundle of S., comma tract of S..

Schultze
Schultze

Bernhard S., German obstetrician, 1827–1919. See S. fold, S. mechanism, S. phantom, S. placenta.

Schütz
Schütz

Erich, German biochemist, *1902. See S. law, S. rule.

Schütz
Schütz

Hugo, 19th century German anatomist. See S. bundle.

Schwabach
Schwabach

Dagobert, German otologist, 1846–1920. See S. test.

Schwalbe
Schwalbe

Gustav A., German anatomist, 1844–1916. See S. corpuscle, S. nucleus, S. ring, S. spaces, under space.

Schwann
Schwann

Theodor, German histologist and physiologist, 1810–1882. See S. cells, under cell, S. cell unit, S. white substance, sheath of S..

schwannoma
schwannoma (shwah-no′ma)

A benign, encapsulated neoplasm in which the fundamental component is structurally identical to a syncytium of Schwann cells; the neoplastic cells proliferate within the endoneurium, and the perineurium forms the capsule. The neoplasm may originate from a peripheral or sympathetic nerve, or from various cranial nerves, particularly the eighth nerve; when the nerve is small, it is usually found (if at all) in the capsule of the neoplasm; if the nerve is large, the neurilemoma may develop within the sheath of the nerve, the fibers of which may then spread over the surface of the capsule as the neoplasm enlarges. Microscopically, neurilemoma is composed of combinations of two patterns, Antoni types A and B, either of which may be predominant in various examples of neurilemomas. SEE ALSO: neurofibroma. SYN: neurilemoma, neuroschwannoma. [Theodor Schwann + -oma]
acoustic s. SYN: vestibular s..
vestibular s. a benign but life-threatening tumor arising from Schwann cells, usually of the vestibular division of the eighth cranial nerve; produces hearing loss, tinnitus, and vestibular disturbances, early and cerebellar, brainstem, and other cranial nerve signs and increased intracranial pressure in late stages. SYN: acoustic neurinoma, acoustic neuroma, acoustic s., acoustic tumor, cerebellopontine angle tumor, eighth nerve tumor.

schwannosis
schwannosis (shwah-no′sis)

A nonneoplastic proliferation of Schwann cells in the perivascular spaces of the spinal cord; seen particularly in older patients, especially those with diabetes mellitus.

Schwartz
Schwartz

Henry G., U.S. neurosurgeon, *1909. See S. tractotomy.

Schwartz
Schwartz

Oscar, U.S. pediatrician, *1919. See S. syndrome.

Schweigger-Seidel
Schweigger-Seidel

Franz, German physiologist, 1834–1871. See sheath of Schweigger-Seidel.

Schweninger
Schweninger

Ernst, German dermatologist, 1850–1924. See S.-Buzzi anetoderma, S. method.

sciage
sciage (se-ahzh′)

A to-and-fro, sawlike movement of the hand in massage. [Fr. scie, saw]

sciatic
sciatic (si-at′ik)

1. Relating to or situated in the neighborhood of the ischium or hip. Ischial or s.. SYN: ischiadic, ischial, ischiatic. 2. Relating to sciatica. SYN: ischiadicus. [Mediev. L. sciaticus, a corruption of G. ischiadikos, fr. ischion, the hip joint]

sciatica
sciatica (si-at′i-ka)

Pain in the lower back and hip radiating down the back of the thigh into the leg, initially attributed to sciatic nerve dysfunction (hence the term), but now known to usually be due to herniated lumbar disk compromising a nerve root, most commonly the L5 or S1 root. SYN: sciatic neuralgia, sciatic neuritis. [see sciatic]

SCID
SCID

Abbreviation for severe combined immunodeficiency.

SCID mice
SCID mice

Abbreviation for severe combined immunodeficient mice.

science
science (si′ens)

1. The branch of knowledge that produces theoretical explanations of natural phenomena based on experiments and observations. 2. An area of such knowledge that is restricted to explaining a limited class of phenomena. [L. scientia, knowledge, fr. scio, to know]

scientometrics
scientometrics (si-en-to-met′riks)

The measurement of scientific output, and the impact of scientific findings, e.g., on public policy. [L. scientia, science, knowledge, fr. scio, to know, + G. metron, measure, + -ics]

scilla
scilla (sil′a)

SYN: squill. [G.]

scillaren
scillaren (sil′la-ren)

A mixture of glycosides, possessing digitalis-like actions, present in squill.
s. A a crystalline steroidal glycoside (Scilla maritima), present in squill that can be hydrolyzed to glucose and proscillaridin A; the latter can be hydrolyzed to rhamnose and the steroid aglycone scillaridin A; has the same actions and uses as digitalis glycosides. SYN: transvaalin.
s. B an amorphous glycosidal fraction obtained from squill, consisting of at least seven cardioactive glycosides: glucoscillaren A, scillipheoside, glucoscillipheoside, scillicryptoside, scilliglaucoside, scillicyanoside, and scillazuroside.

scillaricide
scillaricide (sil′ar-i-sid)

A toxic principle from squill used as a rodenticide.

scilliroside
scilliroside (sil′ir-o-sid)

Glycoside from red squill, the red variety of Urginea maritima (family Liliaceae). Used as a rodenticide.

scinticisternography
scinticisternography (sin′ti-sis-tern-og′ra-fe)

Cisternography performed with a radiopharmaceutical and recorded with a radionuclide imaging device.

scintigram
scintigram (sin′ti-gram)

SYN: scintiscan. [L. scintilla, spark, + G. gramma, something written]

scintigraphic
scintigraphic (sin′ti-graf′ik)

Relating to or obtained by scintigraphy.

scintigraphy
scintigraphy (sin-tig′ra-fe)

A diagnostic procedure consisting of the administration of a radionuclide with an affinity for the organ or tissue of interest, followed by recording the distribution of the radioactivity with a stationary or scanning external scintillation camera. See gamma camera.

scintillascope
scintillascope (sin-til′a-skop)

Obsolete term for scintillation counter. [L. scintilla, spark, + G. skopeo, to observe]

scintillation
scintillation (sin-ti-la′shun)

1. Flashing or sparkling; a subjective sensation as of sparks or flashes of light. 2. In radiation measurement, the light produced by an ionizing event in a phosphor, as in a crystal or liquid scintillator. SEE ALSO: s. counter. [L. scintilla, a spark]

scintillator
scintillator (sin′ti-la-ter, -tor)

A substance that emits visible light when hit by a subatomic particle or x- or gamma ray. SEE ALSO: scintillation counter.
liquid s. a liquid with the properties of a s., in which the substance whose radioactivity is to be measured can be dissolved, to be placed in a well counter.

scintillometer
scintillometer (sin-ti-lom′e-ter)

SYN: scintillation counter. [L. scintilla, spark, + G. metron, measure]

scintimammography
scintimammography (sin′te-mam-og′ra-fe)

Breast imaging that uses a radionuclide for the detection of cancer.

scintiphotograph
scintiphotograph (sin-ti-fo′to-graf)

The image obtained by scintiphotography; obsolete. SEE ALSO: scintiscan.

scintiphotography
scintiphotography (sin′ti-fo-tog′ra-fe)

The process of obtaining a photographic recording of the distribution of an internally administered radiopharmaceutical with the use of a gamma camera; obsolete. SYN: scintography.

scintiscan
scintiscan (sin′ti-skan)

The record obtained by scintigraphy. SEE ALSO: scan. SYN: photoscan, scintigram.

scintiscanner
scintiscanner (sin′ti-skan′er)

The apparatus used to make a scintiscan.

scintography
scintography (sin-tog′ra-te)

SYN: scintiphotography.

scion
scion (si′on)

In experimental embryology, an embryonic tissue or part grafted to another embryo of the same or of another species. SEE ALSO: chimera. [O. Fr. sion, shoot, sprig, fr. L. seco, to cut]

scirrhosity
scirrhosity (skir-os′i-te, sir-)

A scirrhous state or hardness of a tumor.

scirrhous
scirrhous (skir′us, sir′)

Hard; relating to a scirrhus.

scirrhus
scirrhus (skir′us, sir′)

Obsolete term for any fibrous indurated area, especially an indurated carcinoma. [G. skirrhos, hard, a hard tumor]

scission
scission (sizh′un)

1. A separation, division, or splitting, as in fission. 2. SYN: cleavage (2) . [L. scissio, fr. scindo, pp. scissus, to cleave]

scissiparity
scissiparity (sis-i-par′i-te)

SYN: schizogenesis. [L. scissio, cleavage, + pario, to bring forth]

scissors
scissors (siz′erz)

An instrument with two blades, moving on a pivot, that cut against each other. SYN: shears. [L. scindo, pp. scissus, to cut]
de Wecker s. a small s. with sharp points for intraocular cutting of the iris and lens capsule.
Smellie s. obsolete term for lance-pointed shears, with external cutting edges, used for fetal craniotomy.

scissors-shadow
scissors-shadow

A distorted image seen in mixed astigmatism by retinoscopy.

scissura
scissura, pl .scissurae (si-soo′ra, -re)

1. Cleft or fissure. 2. A splitting. SYN: scissure. [L.]
s. pilorum SYN: schizotrichia.

scissure
scissure (sish′oor)

SYN: scissura.

scler- scler-

See sclero-.

sclera
sclera, pl .sclerassclerae (skler′a, -az, -e) [TA]

A portion of the fibrous layer forming the outer envelope of the eyeball, except for its anterior sixth, which is the cornea. SYN: sclerotic coat, sclerotica, tunica albuginea oculi, tunica sclerotica. [Mod. L. fr. G. skleros, hard]
blue s. appearance of the uveal tissue through a thin s. seen in a number of conditions including myopia, buphthalmos, scleral staphyloma, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Marfan syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta, Paget disease, and Pierre Robin syndrome.

scleradenitis
scleradenitis (skler′ad-e-ni′tis)

Inflammatory induration of a gland. [scler- + G. aden, gland, + -itis, inflammation]

scleral
scleral (skler′al)

Relating to the sclera. SYN: sclerotic (2) .

scleratogenous
scleratogenous (skler-a-toj′e-nus)

SYN: sclerogenous.

sclerectasia
sclerectasia (skler-ek-ta′ze-a)

Localized bulging of the sclera. SYN: scleral ectasia. [scler- + G. ektasis, an extension]
partial s. partial protrusion of a portion of the sclera, typically seen in severe myopia. See staphyloma.
total s. uniform stretching of the entire sclera, typically seen in buphthalmos.

sclerectomy
sclerectomy (skle-rek′to-me)

1. Excision of a portion of the sclera. 2. Removal of the fibrous adhesions formed in chronic otitis media. [scler- + G. ektome, excision]

scleredema
scleredema (skler-e-de′ma)

Hard nonpitting edema of the skin of the dorsal aspect of the upper body and extremities, giving a waxy appearance and no sharp demarcation; seen in diabetics and in s. adultorum. [scler- + G. oidema, a swelling (edema)]
s. adultorum a benign spreading induration of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, possibly streptoccocal in origin, that may follow a febrile illness, with nonpitting thickening and induration of the skin by collagen and mucin deposit appearing first on the head and neck and extending over the trunk; a misnomer, because the disease is not restricted to adults. SYN: Buschke disease.

sclerema
sclerema (skle-re′ma)

Induration of subcutaneous fat. [scler- + edema]
s. neonatorum s. appearing at birth or in early infancy, usually in premature and hypothermic infants, as sharply demarcated and yellowish white indurated plaques that usually involve the cheeks, buttocks, shoulders, and calves; subcutaneous fat has a high proportion of saturated fatty acids; microscopically, there is thickening of interlobular fibrous tissue and formation of triglyceride crystals and foreign body giant cells; prognosis is poor for widespread lesions, but localized lesions may resolve slowly over a period of many months.

sclerencephaly
sclerencephaly, sclerencephalia (skler-en-sef′a-le, -en-se-fa′le-a)

Sclerosis and shrinkage of the brain substance. [scler- + G. enkephalos, brain]

scleritis
scleritis (skle-ri′tis)

Inflammation of the sclera.
anterior s. inflammation of the sclera adjacent to the cornea.
anular s. an often protracted inflammation of the anterior portion of the sclera, forming a ring around the corneoscleral limbus.
brawny s. a gelatinous-appearing swelling surrounding, and with a tendency to involve the periphery of, the cornea. SYN: gelatinous s..
deep s. severe inflammation of the sclera, with involvement of the underlying uvea.
gelatinous s. SYN: brawny s..
malignant s. progressive inflammation of the anterior sclera and adjacent choroid with associated uveitis.
necrotizing s. fibrinoid degeneration and necrosis of the sclera.
nodular s. firm, immobile, single or multiple areas of localized s..
posterior s. inflammation, often monocular, of the sclera adjacent to the optic nerve, with frequent extension to the retina and choroid.

sclero- sclero-, scler-

Hardness (induration), sclerosis, relationship to sclera. [G. skleros, hard]

scleroatrophy
scleroatrophy (skler-o-at′ro-fe)

SYN: sclerotylosis.

scleroblastema
scleroblastema (skler-o-blas-te′ma)

The embryonic tissue entering into the formation of bone. [sclero- + G. blastema, sprout]

sclerochoroidal
sclerochoroidal (skler-o-ko-roy′dal)

Relating to both the sclera and the choroid.

sclerochoroiditis
sclerochoroiditis (skler′o-ko-roy-di′tis)

Inflammation of the sclera and choroid.
s. anterior a secondary inflammation of the sclera by an extension of a process from the uvea.
s. posterior SYN: posterior staphyloma.

scleroconjunctival
scleroconjunctival (skler′o-kon-jungk-ti′val)

Relating to the sclera and the conjunctiva.

sclerocornea
sclerocornea (skler-o-kor′ne-a)

1. The cornea and sclera regarded as forming together the hard outer coat of the eye, the fibrous tunic of the eye. 2. A congenital anomaly in which the whole or part of the cornea is opaque and resembles the sclera; other ocular abnormalities are frequently present.

sclerodactyly
sclerodactyly, sclerodactylia (skler-o-dak′ti-le, -dak-til′e-a)

SYN: acrosclerosis. [sclero- + G. daktylos, finger or toe]

scleroderma
scleroderma (skler-o-der′ma)

Thickening and induration of the skin caused by new collagen formation, with atrophy of pilosebaceous follicles; either a manifestation of progressive systemic sclerosis or localized (morphea). See systemic sclerosis, morphea. SYN: systemic s., systemic sclerosis (2) . [sclero- + G. derma, skin]
linear s. localized s. with band-like lesions of skin with induration, atrophy, hyper- or hypopigmentation, which may be disfiguring with extension into underlying tissues and joint contractures. Involvement of the forehead and scalp has been called coup de sabre (q.v.). SYN: morphea linearis.
localized s. SYN: morphea.
progressive familial s. [MIM*181750] a syndrome characterized by calcinosis cutis, Raynaud phenomenon, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia; usually due to s.; autosomal dominant form of progressive systemic sclerosis.
systemic s. SYN: s..

sclerodermatous
sclerodermatous (skler-o-der′ma-tus)

Marked by, or resembling, scleroderma.

sclerogenous
sclerogenous, sclerogenic (skle-roj′e-nus, skler-o-jen′ik)

Producing hard or sclerotic tissue; causing sclerosis. SYN: scleratogenous. [sclero- + G. -gen, producing]

scleroid
scleroid (skler′oyd)

Indurated or sclerotic, of unusually firm texture, leathery, or of scarlike texture. SYN: sclerosal, sclerous. [sclero- + G. eidos, resemblance]

scleroiritis
scleroiritis (skler′o-i-ri′tis)

Inflammation of both sclera and iris.

sclerokeratitis
sclerokeratitis (skler′o-ker-a-ti′tis)

Inflammation of the sclera and cornea. [sclero- + G. keras, horn]

sclerokeratoiritis
sclerokeratoiritis (skler-o-ker′a-to-i-ri′tis)

Inflammation of sclera, cornea, and iris.

scleroma
scleroma (skle-ro′ma)

A circumscribed indurated focus of granulation tissue in the skin or mucous membrane. [G. skleroma, an induration]
respiratory s. rhinoscleroma in which the lesion involves the mucous membrane of the greater part or all of the upper respiratory tract.

scleromalacia
scleromalacia (skler′o-ma-la′she-a)

Degenerative thinning of the sclera, occurring in persons with rheumatoid arthritis and other collagen disorders. [sclero- + G. malakia, a softening]

scleromere
scleromere (skler′o-mer)

1. Any metamere of the skeleton, such as a vertebral segment. 2. Caudal half of a sclerotome. [sclero- + G. meros, part]

sclerometer
sclerometer (skle-rom′e-ter)

A device for determining the density or hardness of any substance. [sclero- + G. metron, measure]

scleromyxedema
scleromyxedema (skler′o-mik-se-de′ma)

Generalized lichen myxedematosus with diffuse thickening of the skin underlying the papules.

scleronychia
scleronychia (skler-o-nik′e-a)

Induration and thickening of the nails. [sclero- + G. onyx, nail, + -ia, condition]

sclero-oophoritis
sclero-oophoritis (skler′o-o-of′o-ri′tis)

Inflammatory induration of the ovary. [sclero- + Mod. L. oophoron, ovary + G. -itis, inflammation]

sclerophthalmia
sclerophthalmia (skler-of-thal′me-a)

An abnormality in which most of the normally transparent cornea resembles the opaque sclera. [sclero- + G. ophthalmos, eye]

scleroplasty
scleroplasty (skler′o-plas-te)

Plastic surgery of the sclera. [sclero- + G. plastos, formed]

scleroprotein
scleroprotein (skler-o-pro′ten)

SYN: albuminoid (3) . SEE ALSO: fibrous protein.

sclerosal
sclerosal (skle-ro′sal)

SYN: scleroid.

sclerosant
sclerosant (skler′o-sant)

An injectable irritant used to treat varices by producing thrombi in them.

sclerose
sclerose (skle-roz′)

To harden; to undergo sclerosis.

sclerosis
sclerosis, pl .scleroses (skle-ro′sis, -sez)

1. SYN: induration (2) . 2. In neuropathy, induration of nervous and other structures by a hyperplasia of the interstitial fibrous or glial connective tissue. [G. sklerosis, hardness]
Alzheimer s. hyaline degeneration of the medium and smaller blood vessels of the brain.
amyotrophic lateral s. (ALS) a fatal degenerative disease involving the corticobulbar, corticospinal, and spinal motor neurons, manifested by progressive weakness and wasting of muscles innervated by the affected neurons; fasciculations and cramps commonly occur. The disorder is 90–95% sporadic in nature (although a number of cases are inherited as an autosomal dominant trait [MIM*105400]), affects adults (typically, older adults), and usually is fatal within 2–5 years of onset. It is the most common subgroup of motor neuron disease, and the only one manifested by a combination of upper and lower abnormalities. Variants include: 1) progressive bulbar palsy, in which isolated or predominant lower brainstem motor involvement occurs; 2) primary lateral s., in which only upper motor neuron abnormalities are seen; and 3) progressive spinal muscle atrophy, in which only lower motor neuron dysfunction is noted. SYN: Aran-Duchenne disease, Charcot disease, Duchenne-Aran disease, Lou Gehrig disease, progressive muscular atrophy, progressive spinal amyotrophy.
arterial s. SYN: arteriosclerosis.
arteriocapillary s. arteriosclerosis, especially of the finer vessels.
arteriolar s. SYN: arteriolosclerosis.
bone s. SYN: eburnation.
Canavan s. SYN: Canavan disease.
central areolar choroidal s. SYN: areolar choroidopathy.
combined s. SYN: subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord.
diffuse infantile familial s. SYN: globoid cell leukodystrophy.
disseminated s. SYN: multiple s..
endocardial s. SYN: endocardial fibrosis.
glomerular s. SYN: glomerulosclerosis.
hippocampal s. a loss of cortical neurons and a reactive astrocytosis in the hippocampal regions of some persons with epilepsy.
idiopathic hypercalcemic s. of infants idiopathic hypercalcemia of infants.
insular s. SYN: multiple s..
laminar cortical s. a degeneration of nerve fibers in the corona radiata in a laminar pattern.
lateral spinal s. SYN: primary lateral s..
lobar s. SYN: Pick atrophy.
mantle s. a common cerebral lesion in the palsied states of early life characterized by nodular cortical atrophy.
menstrual s. SYN: physiologic s..
Mönckeberg s. SYN: Mönckeberg arteriosclerosis.
multiple s. (MS) common demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system, causing patches of s. (plaques) in the brain and spinal cord; occurs primarily in young adults, and has protean clinical manifestations, depending upon the location and size of the plaque; typical symptoms include visual loss, diplopia, nystagmus, dysarthria, weakness, paresthesias, bladder abnormalities, and mood alterations; characteristically, the plaques are “separated in time and space” and clinically the symptoms show exacerbations and remissions. SYN: disseminated s., insular s..
nodular s. SYN: atherosclerosis.
nuclear s. increased refractivity of the central portion of the lens of the eye. See nuclear cataract.
ovulational s. SYN: physiologic s..
physiologic s. a slowly progressive s. in the walls of the ovarian arteries that commences after puberty. SYN: menstrual s., ovulational s..
posterior s. SYN: tabetic neurosyphilis.
posterior spinal s. SYN: tabetic neurosyphilis.
primary lateral s. considered by many to be a subgroup of motor neuron disease; a slowly progressive degenerative disorder of the motor neurons of the cerebral cortex, resulting in widespread weakness on an upper motor neuron basis; spasticity, hyperreflexia, and Babinski signs are present, but not fasciculation potentials, nor any electrodiagnostic evidence of a lower motor neuron lesion. SYN: lateral spinal s..
systemic s. 1. a systemic disease characterized by formation of hyalinized and thickened collagenous fibrous tissue, with thickening of the skin and adhesion to underlying tissues (especially of the hands and face), dysphagia due to loss of peristalsis and submucosal fibrosis of the esophagus, dyspnea due to pulmonary fibrosis, myocardial fibrosis, and renal vascular changes resembling those of malignant hypertension; Raynaud phenomenon, atrophy of the soft tissues, and osteoporosis of the distal phalanges (acrosclerosis), sometimes with gangrene at the ends of the digits, are common findings. The term progressive systemic s. is commonly used and is appropriate for cases with initially widespread skin involvement including the trunk. However, when skin involvement is limited to the distal extremities and face, there is often prolonged delay in appearance of visceral manifestations. SEE ALSO: CREST syndrome. 2. SYN: scleroderma.
tuberous s. [MIM*191100] phacomatosis characterized by the formation of multisystem hamartomas producing seizures, mental retardation, and angiofibromas of the face; the cerebral and retinal lesions are glial nodules; other skin lesions are hypopigmented macules, shagreen patches, and periungual fibromas; autosomal dominant inheritance with variable expression, caused by mutation in either the tuberous s. gene (TSC1) on chromosome 9q or TSC2 on 16p. SYN: Bourneville disease, epiloia.
unicellular s. a growth of fibrous tissue between and isolating the individual cells of a part.
valvular s. fibrosis, often with calcification of valves, considered to be an aging change and not due to primary valvular disease.
vascular s. SYN: arteriosclerosis.
s. of white matter SYN: leukodystrophy.

sclerostenosis
sclerostenosis (skler-o-ste-no′sis)

Induration and contraction of the tissues. [sclero- + G. stenosis, a narrowing]

Sclerostoma
Sclerostoma (skle-ros′to-ma)

A former generic name for strongyle (hookworm) nematodes and for trichostrongyle worms of horses; now replaced by other genera but still used as a collective term for this group. Species include S. duodenale (Ancylostoma duodenale) and S. syngamus (Syngamus trachea) [sclero- + G. stoma, mouth]

sclerostomy
sclerostomy (skle-ros′to-me)

Surgical perforation of the sclera, as for the relief of glaucoma. [sclero- + G. stoma, mouth]

sclerotherapy
sclerotherapy (skler-o-thar′a-pe)

Treatment involving the injection of a sclerosing solution into vessels or tissues. SYN: sclerosing therapy.

sclerothrix
sclerothrix (skler′o-thriks)

Induration and brittleness of the hair. SYN: sclerotrichia. [sclero- + G. thrix, hair]

sclerotic
sclerotic (skle-rot′ik)

1. Relating to or characterized by sclerosis. 2. SYN: scleral.

sclerotica
sclerotica (skle-rot′i-ka)

SYN: sclera. [Mod. L. scleroticus, hard]

sclerotium
sclerotium, pl .sclerotia (skle-ro′she-um, -she-a)

1. In fungi, a variably sized resting body composed of a hardened mass of hyphae with or without host tissue, usually with a darkened rind, from which fruit bodies, stromata, conidiophores, or mycelia may develop. 2. The hardened resting condition of the plasmodium of Myxomycetes.

sclerotome
sclerotome (skler′o-tom)

1. A knife used in sclerotomy. 2. The group of mesenchymal cells emerging from the ventromedial part of a somite and migrating toward the notochord. Sclerotomal cells from adjacent somites become merged in intersomitically located masses that are the primordia of the centra of the vertebrae. [sclero- + G. tome, a cutting]

sclerotomy
sclerotomy (skle-rot′o-me)

An incision through the sclera. [sclero- + G. tome, incision]
anterior s. incision into the anterior chamber of the eye.
posterior s. incision through the sclera into the vitreous humor.

sclerotrichia
sclerotrichia (skler-o-trik′e-a)

SYN: sclerothrix.

sclerotylosis
sclerotylosis (skler′o-ti-lo′sis) [MIM*181600]

Atrophic fibrosis of the skin, hypoplasia of the nails, and palmoplantar keratoderma; associated with skin and gastrointestinal cancers; autosomal dominant inheritance. SYN: scleroatrophy. [sclero- + G. tylosis, the process of becoming callous]

sclerous
sclerous (skler′us)

SYN: scleroid. [G. skleros, hard]

SCM
SCM

Abbreviation for sternocleidomastoid (muscle).

scoleces
scoleces (sko′le-sez)

Plural of scolex.

scoleciasis
scoleciasis (sko-le-si′a-sis)

Infection of the intestine by larvae of lepidopterans (moths and butterflies). [G. skolex, worm, + -iasis, condition]

scoleciform
scoleciform (sko-le′si-form)

SYN: scolecoid.

scolecoid
scolecoid (sko′le-koyd)

1. Resembling a tapeworm scolex. 2. Wormlike. SEE ALSO: lumbricoid (1) , vermiform. SYN: scoleciform. [G. skolekoeides, fr. skolex, worm, + eidos, appearance]

scolecology
scolecology (sko-le-kol′o-je)

SYN: helminthology. [G. skolex, worm, + logos, study]

scolex
scolex, pl .scolecesscolices (sko′leks, sko′le-sez, sko′li-sez)

The head or anterior end of a tapeworm attached by suckers, and frequently by rostellar hooks, to the wall of the intestine; it is formed within the hydatid cyst in Echinococcus, within a cysticercus in Taenia, a cysticercoid in Hymenolepis, or by a plerocercoid, as in Diphyllobothrium latum. The form of the s. varies greatly, the most familiar being rounded or club-shaped with four circular muscular suckers and an armed or unarmed rostellum, or a spatulate flattened s. with a pair of slitlike suckers (bothria) and no rostellum, as in Diphyllobothrium and its allies. Other forms have complex leaflike, cup-shaped, or fimbriated shapes, or retractile, multiply spined proboscides. These varied forms characterize the orders of cestodes, which are particularly well developed as parasites of sharks and skates or rays. [G. skolex, a worm]

scoliokyphosis
scoliokyphosis (sko′le-o-ki-fo′sis)

SYN: kyphoscoliosis. [G. scolios, curved, + kyphosis, kyphosis]

scoliometer
scoliometer (sko-le-om′e-ter)

An instrument for measuring curves, especially those in lateral curvature of the spine. [G. skolios, curved, + metron, measure]

scoliosis
scoliosis (sko-le-o′sis) [TA]

Abnormal lateral and rotational curvature of the vertebral column. Depending on the etiology, there may be one curve, or primary and secondary compensatory curves; s. may be “fixed” as a result of muscle and/or bone deformity or “mobile” as a result of unequal muscle contraction. [G. skoliosis, a crookedness]
coxitic s. s. in the lumbar spine resulting from tilting of the pelvis in the presence of hip disease.
empyemic s. s. due to retraction of one side of the chest following an empyema.
habit s. s. supposedly due to habitual standing or sitting in an improper position.
myopathic s. lateral curvature due to weakness of the spinal muscles, as in poliomyelitis.
ocular s., ophthalmic s. s. supposed to be due to head tilting, caused by ophthalmological dysfunction.
osteopathic s. lateral curvature of the spine due to vertebral disease.
paralytic s. lateral curvature of the spine due to paralysis of spinal muscles.
rachitic s. s. occurring as a result of rickets.
sciatic s. s. caused by asymmetric spasm of spinal muscles usually associated with sciatica, usually presenting as a list toward one side.
static s. lateral curvature of the spine due to inequality in length of the legs.

scoliotic
scoliotic (sko′le-ot′ik)

Relating to or suffering from scoliosis.

scoliotone
scoliotone (sko′le-o-ton)

An apparatus for stretching the spine and reducing the curve in scoliosis. [G. skolios, crooked, + tonos, tension]

Scolopendra
Scolopendra (sko-lo-pen′dra)

A genus of centipedes characterized by 21–23 pairs of legs. Common U.S. species are S. heros (the Western house centipede) and S. morsitans. [Mod. L., fr. G. skolopendra, multipede]

s-cone
s-cone

Short wavelength sensitive c. (blue c.).

scoop
scoop (skoop)

A narrow, spoonlike instrument for extracting the contents of cavities or cysts. [A.S. skopa]

-scope -scope

Denoting an instrument for viewing, but extended to include other methods of examination ( e.g., stethoscope). [G. skopeo, to view]

scopine
scopine (sko′pen)

Scopolamine less the tropic acid side chain, i.e., 6,7-epoxytropine, or 6,7-epoxy-3-hydroxytropane.

scopolamine
scopolamine (sko-pol′a-men, -min)

An alkaloid found in the leaves and seeds of Hyoscyamus niger, Duboisia myoproides, Scopolia japonica, Scopolia carniolica, Atropa belladonna, and other solanaceous plants; the 6,7-epoxide of atropine, i.e., 6,7-epoxytropine tropate. Exerts anticholinergic actions similar to atropine; thought to have greater central nervous system effects; useful in preventing motion sickness. SYN: hyoscine.
s. hydrobromide anticholinergic action is similar to that of atropine. SYN: hyoscine hydrobromide.
s. methylbromide a quaternary ammonium derivative of s.; used when spasmolytic or antisecretory effects are desired.

scopolia
scopolia (sko-po′le-a)

The dried rhizome and roots of S. carniolica (family Solanaceae), a herb of Austria and neighboring countries of Europe; it resembles belladonna in pharmacologic action. [G.A. Scopoli, Italian naturalist, 1723–1788]
s. japonica japanese belladonna, the leaves, root, and seeds of which contain scopolamine.

scopoline
scopoline (sko′po-len)

A decomposition product of scopolamine, and an isomer of scopine, in that the epoxy and hydroxyl groups are in different locations.

scopometer
scopometer (sko-pom′e-ter)

A device for determining the density of a precipitate by the degree of translucency of a fluid containing it. SEE ALSO: nephelometer. [G. skopeo, to view, + metron, measure]

scopophilia
scopophilia (sko-po-fil′e-a)

SYN: voyeurism. [G. skopeo, to view, + philos, fond]

scopophobia
scopophobia (sko-po-fo′be-a)

Morbid dread of being stared at. [G. skopeo, to view, + phobos, fear]

Scopulariopsis
Scopulariopsis (sko′pu-lar-e-op′sis)

A genus of filamentous fungi rarely pathogenic for humans; several species have been implicated in onychomycosis, ulcerating granuloma, and other “mycotic” entities. Penicillium-like, it is common in nature and generally a contaminant in laboratory cultures of human tissues. [Mod. L. scopula, a small broom, + G. opsis, appearance]

-scopy -scopy

An action or activity involving the use of in instrument for viewing. [G. skopeo, to view]

scorbutic
scorbutic (skor-bu′tik)

Relating to, suffering from, or resembling scurvy (scorbutus).

scorbutigenic
scorbutigenic (skor-bu-ti-jen′ik)

Scurvy-producing.

scorbutus
scorbutus (skor-bu′tus)

SYN: scurvy. [Mediev. L. form of Teutonic schorbuyck, scurvy]

scordinema
scordinema (skor′di-ne′ma)

Heaviness of the head with yawning and stretching, occurring as a prodrome of an infectious disease. [G. skordinema, yawning]

score
score (skor)

An evaluation, usually expressed numerically, of status, achievement, or condition in a given set of circumstances. [M. E. scor, notch, tally]
APACHE s. Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation. The most widely used method of assessing the severity of illness in acutely ill patients in intensive care units.
Apgar s. evaluation of a newborn infant's physical status by assigning numerical values (0–2) to each of 5 criteria: 1) heart rate, 2) respiratory effort, 3) muscle tone, 4) response stimulation, and 5) skin color; a s. of 8–10 indicates the best possible condition.
Bishop s. system to determine the inducibility of the cervix in a pregnant patient, based on dilation, effacement, station, and cervical consistency and position.
discrimination s. the percentage of words that a subject can repeat correctly from a list of phonetically balanced words presented at 25–40 dB above the speech reception threshold.
Dubowitz s. a method of clinical assessment of gestational age in the newborn that includes neurological criteria for the infant's maturity and other physical criteria to determine the gestational age of the infant; useful from birth to 5 days of life.
Gleason s. Gleason tumor grade.
Jarman s. index of social and medical deprivation, used mainly by family doctors, especially in the U.K.
Logistic Organ Dysfunction S. an evaluation method used in intensive care that enumerates the level of dysfunction of each organ system and among organ systems; includes evaluation of degree of dysfunction of cardiovascular, hepatic, hematologic, pulmonary, renal, and nervous systems.
raw s. the actual s., measurement, or value obtained before any statistics are applied to it. Cf.:standard s..
recovery s. a number expressing the condition of an infant at various stipulated intervals greater than 1 min after birth and based on the same features assessed by the Apgar s. at 60 seconds after birth.
standard s. a statistically referenced or derived s. representing the deviation of a raw s. from its mean in standard deviation units.
symptom s. American Urological Association's scoring system to evaluate prostatic obstruction.

scorpion
scorpion (skor′pe-on)

A member of the order Scorpionida; includes the devil s., Vejovis, and the hairy s., Hadrurus. [G. skorpios]

Scorpionida
Scorpionida (skor-pe-on′i-da)

The scorpions; an order of venomous, predaceous, arachnid arthropods characterized by a distinctly segmented bony abdomen terminating in a sharply recurved stinging spine equipped with a poison gland; causes a severely painful but rarely fatal sting. North American genera include Centruroides, Hadrurus, and Vejovis. [Mod. L.]

scoto- scoto-

Darkness. [G. skotos]

scotochromogens
scotochromogens (sko′to-kro′mo-jenz)

SYN: Runyon group II mycobacteria. [scoto- + G. chroma, color, + -gen, producing]

scotograph
scotograph (sko′to-graf)

An appliance for aiding one to write in straight lines in the dark or for aiding the blind to write, as used by the historian W.H. Prescott. SYN: noctograph. [scoto- + G. grapho, to write]

scotoma
scotoma, pl .scotomata (sko-to′ma, sko-to′ma-ta)

1. An isolated area of varying size and shape, within the visual field, in which vision is absent or depressed. 2. A blind spot in psychological awareness. [G. skotoma, vertigo, fr. skotos, darkness]
absolute s. a s. in which there is no perception of light.
anular s. a circular s. surrounding the center of the field of vision. See ring s..
arcuate s. a s. extending from the blind spot and arching into the nasal field following the lines of retinal nerve fibers.
Bjerrum s. a comet-shaped s., occurring in glaucoma, attached at the temporal end to the blind spot or separated from it by a narrow gap; the defect widens as it extends above and nasally curves around the fixation spot, and then extends downward to end exactly at the nasal horizontal meridian. SYN: Bjerrum sign, sickle s..
cecocentral s. a s. involving the optic disk area (blind spot) and the papillomacular fibers; there are three forms: 1) the cecocentral defect, which extends from the blind spot toward or into the fixation area; 2) angioscotoma; 3) glaucomatous nerve-fiber bundle s., due to involvement of nerve-fiber bundles at the edge of the optic disk. SEE ALSO: Bjerrum s., R&slash;onne nasal step.
central s. a s. involving the fixation point.
color s. an area of depressed color vision in the visual field.
flittering s. SYN: scintillating s..
glaucomatous nerve-fiber bundle s. cecocentral s..
hemianopic s. a s. involving half of the central field.
mental s. absence of insight into, or inability to comprehend, items relative to a subject whose content is highly emotional to the individual. SYN: blind spot (2) .
negative s. a s. that is not ordinarily perceived, but is detected only on examination of the visual field.
paracentral s. a s. adjacent to the fixation point.
pericentral s. a s. that surrounds the fixation point more or less symmetrically.
peripheral s. a s. outside of the central 30 degrees of the visual field.
physiologic s. the negative s. in the visual field, corresponding to the optic disk. SYN: blind spot (1) .
positive s. a s. that is perceived as a black spot within the field of vision.
quadrantic s. a s. involving a quarter segment of the central visual field.
relative s. a s. in which there is visual depression but not complete loss of light perception.
ring s. an annular area of blindness in the visual field surrounding the fixation point in pigmentary degeneration of the retina and in glaucoma.
scintillating s. a localized area of blindness edged by brilliantly colored shimmering lights (teichopsia); usually a prodromal symptom of migraine. SEE ALSO: fortification spectrum. SYN: flittering s..
Seidel s. a form of Bjerrum s.. SEE ALSO: Seidel sign.
sickle s. SYN: Bjerrum s..
zonular s. a curved s. not corresponding to the path of retinal nerve fibers.

scotomata
scotomata (sko-to′ma-ta)

Plural of scotoma.

scotomatous
scotomatous (sko-to′ma-tus)

Relating to scotoma.

scotometer
scotometer (sko-tom′e-ter)

An instrument for determining the size, shape, and intensity of a scotoma.

scotometry
scotometry (sko-tom′e-tre)

The plotting and measuring of a scotoma. [scoto- + G. metron, measure]

scotophilia
scotophilia (sko-to-fil′e-a)

SYN: nyctophilia. [scoto- + G. philos, fond]

scotophobia
scotophobia (sko-to-fo′be-a)

SYN: nyctophobia. [scoto- + G. phobos, fear]

scotopia
scotopia (sko-to′pe-a)

SYN: scotopic vision. [scoto- + G. opsis, vision]

scotopic
scotopic (sko-to′pik, -top′ik)

Referring to low illumination to which the eye is dark-adapted. See s. vision.

scotopsin
scotopsin (sko-top′sin)

The protein moiety of the pigment in the rods of the retina.

scotoscopy
scotoscopy (sko-tos′ko-pe)

SYN: retinoscopy. [scoto- + G. skopeo, to view]

Scott
Scott

Charles I., Jr., U.S. pediatrician, *1934. See Aarskog-S. syndrome.

Scott
Scott

Henry William Jr., U.S. surgeon, *1916. See S. operation.

Scott-Wilson
Scott-Wilson

H., English scientist. See Scott-Wilson reagent.

scotty dog
scotty dog (scot′te dawg)

The fancied appearance of the articular facets on oblique radiographs of the lumbar spine; the neck of the s. is the pars interarticularis, site of the most common defect in spondylolysis.

scrape
scrape

SYN: scraping.

scrapie
scrapie (skrap′e, skra′pe)

A communicable spongiform encephalopathy of the central nervous system of sheep and goats caused by a prion and characterized by a very long incubation period followed by pruritus, abnormalities of gait, and invariably death; it resembles Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and kuru in humans. [from scraping by affected animals against objects to relieve itching]

scraping
scraping (skrap′ing)

A specimen scraped from a lesion or specific site, for cytologic examination. SEE ALSO: smear. SYN: scrape.

screen
screen (skren)

1. A sheet of any substance used to shield an object from any influence, such as heat, light, x-rays, etc. 2. A sheet upon which an image is projected. 3. Formerly, to make a fluoroscopic examination. 4. In psychoanalysis, concealment, as one image or memory concealing another. SEE ALSO: s. memory. 5. To examine, evaluate; to process a group to select or separate certain individuals from it. 6. A thin layer of crystals that converts x-rays to light photons to expose film; used in a cassette to produce radiographic images on film. [Fr. écran]
Bjerrum s. SYN: tangent s..
s.-film contact the closeness and uniformity with which the x-ray film in a cassette lies against the s. (6). Image resolution is dependent on this property.
fluorescent s. a s. coated with fluorescent crystals such as the calcium tungstate used in the fluoroscope.
Hess s. a s. used in the measurement of ocular deviation.
intensifying s. a s. (6) used in radiography.
multiple marker s. use of two or more markers in the maternal serum to determine the relative risk of an abnormal fetus. SEE ALSO: triple s..
rare-earth s. an intensifying s. (6) made of a rare-earth oxide phosphor, more efficient than calcium tungstate, especially at the higher kilovoltages used in modern radiography.
tangent s. a flat, usually black surface used to measure the central 30 degrees of the field of vision. SYN: Bjerrum s..
triple s. test of maternal serum α-fetoprotein, chorionic gonadotropin, and unconjugated estrogen for indications of increased risk of fetal abnormality, especially trisomy 21.
vestibular s. a s. made of acrylic resin that covers the labial or buccal surfaces of one or both dental arches; used to treat oral habits and to stimulate tooth movement by using perioral muscle force.

screening
screening (skren′ing)

1. To screen (5). 2. Examination of a group of usually asymptomatic individuals to detect those with a high probability of having a given disease, typically by means of an inexpensive diagnostic test. 3. In the mental health professions, initial patient evaluation that includes medical and psychiatric history, mental status evaluation, and diagnostic formulation to determine the patient's suitability for a particular treatment modality.
carrier s. indiscriminate examination of members of a population to detect heterozygotes for serious disorders and counsel about the risks of marriages with other carriers, and by antenatal diagnosis where a married couple are both carriers; often sacrifices specificity to sensitivity and is most effectively applied to populations known to be at high risk.
cytologic s. a s. for the detection of early disease, usually cancer, through microscopic examination of a cellular specimen by inspecting each cell and structure present, usually at ×100 magnification with a mechanical stage, so that all areas are screened; the findings are evaluated and significant abnormalities are flagged ( e.g., by dotting the cover slip) for further evaluation by a cytopathologist. This s. is usually performed by a cytotechnologist, but at times is done by automated machine prescreening.
familial s. s. directed at close relatives of probands with diseases that may lie latent, as in age-dependent dominant traits, or that may involve risk to progeny, as X-linked traits.
mass s. examination of a large population to detect the manifestation of a disease in order to initiate treatment or prevent spread, as part of a public health campaign.
multiphasic s. the routine use of multiple tests, usually biochemical, for the purpose of detecting disease at a preventable or curable stage.
neonatal s. testing of newborns for the detection of preventable or curable disease or for diagnosis of genetic disease.
prenatal s. s. for the detection of fetal disease, usually by ultrasound examination or by testing amnionic fluid obtained by amniocentesis. Other s. techniques include testing maternal serum and placental biopsy.

screw
screw (skroo)

A helically grooved cylinder for fastening two objects together or for adjusting the position of an object resting on one end of the s..
afterloading s. a device for setting the length at which a contracting muscle encounters an afterload.

screw-worm
screw-worm (skroo′werm)

The larva of the botfly, Cochliomyia hominivorax, and other similar forms that cause human and animal myiasis.
primary screw-worm an obligatory s. that can penetrate normal tissues and feed as a primary invader. The important myiasis flies of humans that serve as p. screw-worms are Cochliomyia hominivorax, Chrysomyia bezziana, and Wohlfahrtia magnifica.
secondary screw-worm an accidental or facultative s. that enters a prior wound or suppurated condition and feeds on infected rather than intact tissues. Many blowflies are included, such as Calliphora vicina, Phaenicia sericata, Phormia regina, Cochliomyia macellaria, Chrysomyia species, and other fleshflies.

scribe
scribe (skrib)

1. To write, trace, or mark by making a line with a marker or pointed instrument, as in surveying a dental cast for a removable prosthesis. 2. To form, by instrumentation, negative areas within a master cast to provide a positive beading in the framework of a removable partial denture, or the posterior palatal seal area for a complete denture. [L. scribo, pp. scripto, to write]

Scribner
Scribner

Belding H., U.S. nephrologist, *1921. See S. shunt.

scrobiculate
scrobiculate (skro-bik′u-lat)

Pitted; marked with minute depressions. [L. scrobiculus; dim. of scrobis, a trench]

scrobiculus cordis
scrobiculus cordis (skro-bik′u-lus kor′dis)

SYN: epigastric fossa. [L. pit or fossa of the heart]

scrofula
scrofula (skrof′u-la)

Historic term for cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis. [L. scrofulae (pl. only), a glandular swelling, s., fr. scrofa, a breeding sow]

scrofuloderma
scrofuloderma (skrof′u-lo-der′ma)

Tuberculosis resulting from extension into the skin from underlying atypical mycobacterial infection, most commonly of cervical lymph nodes in children with tonsillar infection by bovine tubercle bacillus. [scrofula + G. derma, skin]

scrofulous
scrofulous (skrof′u-lus)

Relating to or suffering from scrofula.

scrotal
scrotal (skro′tal)

Relating to the scrotum. SYN: oscheal.

scrotectomy
scrotectomy (skro-tek′to-me)

Removal of all or part of the scrotum. [scrotum, + G. ektome, excision]

scrotiform
scrotiform (skro′ti-form)

Having the shape or form of a scrotum.

scrotitis
scrotitis (skro-ti′tis)

Inflammation of the scrotum.

scrotoplasty
scrotoplasty (skro′to-plas-te)

Surgical reconstruction of the scrotum. SYN: oscheoplasty. [scrotum + G. plastos, formed]

scrotum
scrotum, pl .scrotascrotums (skro′tum, -ta, -tumz) [TA]

A musculocutaneous sac containing the testes; it is formed of skin, containing a network of nonstriated muscular fibers (the dartos or dartus fascia), which also forms the scrotal septum internally. SYN: marsupium (1) . [L.]
lymph s. SYN: elephantiasis scroti.
watering-can s. urinary fistulas in s. and perineum, resulting from disease of the perineal urethra. SEE ALSO: watering-can perineum.

scruple
scruple (skroo′pl)

An apothecaries' weight of 20 grains or one-third of a dram. [L. scrupulus, a small sharp stone, a weight, the 24th part of an ounce, a s., dim. of scrupus, a sharp stone]

SCUBA
SCUBA

Acronym for self-contained underwater breathing apparatus.

Scultetus
Scultetus, Scultet

Originally Schultes, Johann, German surgeon, 1595–1645. See S. bandage, S. position.

scum
scum (skum)

A film of insoluble material that rises to the surface of a liquid, as in epistasis. [M.E.]

scurf
scurf (skerf)

SYN: dandruff. [A.S.]

scurvy
scurvy (sker′ve)

A disease marked by inanition, debility, anemia, and edema of the dependent parts; a spongy condition sometimes with ulceration of the gums and loss of teeth, hemorrhages into the skin from the mucous membranes and internal organs, and poor wound healing; due to a diet lacking vitamin C. SYN: scorbutus, sea s.. [fr. A.S. scurf]
Alpine s. SYN: pellagra.
hemorrhagic s. s. with extensive hemorrhages in gums, skin, and other tissues, typical of severe stage of the disease.
infantile s. osteopathia hemorrhagia infantum;a cachectic condition in infants, resulting from malnutrition and marked by pallor, fetid breath, coated tongue, diarrhea, and subperiosteal hemorrhages; probably a combination of s. and rickets due to combined deficiency of vitamins C and D. SYN: Barlow disease, Cheadle disease, osteopathia hemorrhagica infantum, s. rickets.
land s. formerly, s. occurring in people who had not been to sea.
sea s. SYN: s..

scutate
scutate (skoo′tat)

SYN: scutiform.

scute
scute (skoot)

A thin lamina or plate. SYN: scutum (1) . [L. scutum, shield]
tympanic s. the thin bony plate separating the epitympanic recess from the mastoid cells.

scutiform
scutiform (skoo′ti-form)

Shield-shaped. SYN: scutate. [L. scutum, shield, + forma, form]

Scutigera
Scutigera (skoo-tij′er-a)

A genus of centipedes commonly found in the eastern U.S.; the Eastern house centipede is a member of the species S. cleopatra. [L. scutum, an oblong shield]

scutulum
scutulum, pl .scutula (skoo′tu-lum, -la; skoo′choo-loom)

A yellow, saucer-shaped crust, the characteristic lesion of favus, consisting of a mass of hyphae, pus, and scales. [L. dim. of scutum, shield]

scutum
scutum, pl .scuta (skoo′tum, -ta)

1. SYN: scute. 2. In ixodid (hard) ticks, a plate that largely or entirely covers the dorsum of the male and forms an anterior shield behind the capitulum of the female or immature ticks. [L. shield]

scybala
scybala (sib′a-la)

Plural of scybalum.

scybalous
scybalous (sib′a-lus)

Relating to scybala.

scybalum
scybalum, pl .scybala (sib′a-lum, -la)

A hard, round mass of inspissated feces. [G. skybalon, excrement]

scyphiform
scyphiform (si′fi-form)

SYN: scyphoid. [G. skyphos, goblet, cup, + L. forma, form]

scyphoid
scyphoid (si′foyd)

Cup-shaped. SYN: scyphiform. [G. skyphos, cup, + eidos, resemblance]

SD
SD

Abbreviation for streptodornase; standard deviation.

SDA
SDA

Abbreviation for specific dynamic action.

SDS
SDS

Abbreviation for sodium dodecyl sulfate.

Se
Se

Symbol for selenium.

seal
seal (sel)

1. A tight closure. 2. To effect a tight closure.
border s. the contact of the denture border with the underlying or adjacent tissues to prevent the passage of air or other substances. SYN: peripheral s..
palatal s. SYN: posterior palatal s..
peripheral s. SYN: border s..
posterior palatal s. the s. at the posterior border of a denture. SEE ALSO: posterior palatal s. area. SYN: palatal s., post dam, postdam, postpalatal s..
postpalatal s. SYN: posterior palatal s..
velopharyngeal s. closure between the oral and nasopharyngeal cavities.

sealant
sealant (se′lant)

A material used to effect an airtight closure.
dental s. SYN: fissure s..
fissure s. a dental material usually made from interaction between bisphenol A and glycidyl methacrylate; such sealants are used to seal nonfused, noncarious pits and fissures on surfaces of teeth. SYN: dental s..

sea nettle
sea nettle (se net′il)

SYN: Chrysaora quinquecirrha.

searcher
searcher (ser′cher)

A form of sound used to determine the presence of a calculus in the bladder.

Seashore
Seashore

Carl E., U.S. psychologist, 1866–1949. See S. test.

seasickness
seasickness (se′sik-nes)

A form of motion sickness caused by the motion of a floating platform, such as a ship, boat, or raft. SYN: mal de mer, naupathia, vomitus marinus.

season
season (se′zon)

A particular phase of some slow cyclic phenomenon, especially the annual weather cycle.

seat
seat (set)

A surface against which an object may rest to gain support.
basal s. SYN: denture foundation area.
rest s. SYN: rest area.

seatworm
seatworm (set′werm)

SYN: pinworm.

sea wasp
sea wasp

SYN: Chiropsalmus quadrumanus.

seb- seb-

See sebo-.

sebaceous
sebaceous (se-ba′shus)

Relating to sebum; oily; fatty. SYN: sebaceus. [L. sebaceus]

sebaceus
sebaceus (se-ba′shus)

SYN: sebaceous. [L.]

sebiagogic
sebiagogic (seb′e-a-goj′ik)

SYN: sebiferous. [sebi- + G. agogos, leading]

sebiferous
sebiferous (se-bif′er-us)

Producing sebaceous matter. SYN: sebiagogic, sebiparous. [sebi- + L. fero, to bear]

Sebileau
Sebileau

Pierre, French anatomist, 1860–1953. See S. hollow, S. muscle.

sebiparous
sebiparous (se-bip′a-rus)

SYN: sebiferous. [sebi- + L. pario, to produce]

sebo- sebo-, seb-, sebi-

Sebum, sebaceous. [L. sebum, suet, tallow]

seborrhea
seborrhea (seb-o-re′a)

Overactivity of the sebaceous glands, resulting in an excessive amount of sebum. [sebo- + G. rhoia, a flow]
s. capitis s. of the scalp.
eczematoid s. seborrheic eczema in which lesions have lost definition and have become confluent, usually as a result of trauma and overzealous use of soap and medication.
s. faciei, s. of face s. affecting especially the nose and forehead.
s. furfuracea SYN: s. sicca (1) .
s. oleosa a greasy condition of the skin due to excessive secretion of the sebaceous glands.
s. sicca 1. an accumulation on the skin, especially the scalp, of dry scales; SYN: s. furfuracea. 2. SYN: dandruff.
s. squamosa neonatorum seborrheic dermatitis in infants.

seborrheic
seborrheic (seb-o-re′ik)

Relating to seborrhea.

sebum
sebum (se′bum)

The secretion of the sebaceous glands. [L. tallow]

sec
sec

Abbreviation for second.

Secernentasida
Secernentasida (se-ser-nen-tas′i-da)

A class of nematodes possessing lateral canals opening into the excretory system and phasmids; it includes most of the familiar nematode parasites of humans and domestic animals, including the soil-borne nematodes, strongyles, and filiariae. SEE ALSO: Adenophorasida. SYN: Phasmidia, Secernentia. [L. secerno, to separate, hide]

Secernentia
Secernentia (se-ser-nen′she-a)

SYN: Secernentasida.

Seckel
Seckel

Helmut P.G., German physician, *1900. See S. dwarfism, S. syndrome.

secobarbital
secobarbital (se-ko-bar′bi-tahl)

An obsolescent sedative and short-acting hypnotic; largely replaced by benzodiazepines.

secondaries
secondaries (sek′on-dar-ez)

1. SYN: metastasis. 2. The lesions of secondary syphilis.

secosteroid
secosteroid (sek′o-ster′oyd)

A compound derived from a steroid in which there has been a ring cleavage. [L. seco, to cut, + steroid]

secreta
secreta (se-kre′ta)

Secretions. [L. neuter pl. of secretus, pp. of se-cerno, to separate]

secretagogue
secretagogue (se-kre′ta-gog)

An agent that promotes secretion; e.g., acetylcholine, gastrin, secretin. SYN: secretogogue. [secreta + G. agogos, drawing forth]

secretase
secretase (se-kre′tas)

A term used to describe a proteinase that acts on amyloid precursor protein to produce peptides that do not contain the entire amyloid β protein (a major constituent of the plaques found in Alzheimer disease), are soluble, and do not precipitate to produce amyloid.

secrete
secrete (se-kret′)

To elaborate or produce some physiologically active substance ( e.g., enzyme, hormone, metabolite) by a cell and to deliver it into blood, body cavity, or sap, either by direct diffusion, cellular exocytosis, or by means of a duct. [L. se-cerno, pp. -cretus, to separate]

secretin
secretin (se-kre′tin)

A hormone, formed by the epithelial cells of the duodenum under the stimulus of acid contents from the stomach, that incites secretion of pancreatic juice; used as a diagnostic aid in the diagnosis of pancreatic exocrine disease and as an adjunct in obtaining desquamated pancreatic cells for cytological examination. SYN: oxykrinin. [secrete + -in]
s. family a class of hormones that are structurally and functionally similar to s.; E.G., s., glucagon, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, and glicentin.

secretion
secretion (se-kre′shun)

1. Production by a cell or aggregation of cells (a gland) of a physiologically active substance and its movement out of the cell or organ in which it is formed. 2. The solid, liquid, or gaseous product of cellular or glandular activity that is stored in or used by the organism in which it is produced. Cf.:excretion. [L. secerno, pp. -cretus, to separate]
cytocrine s. the transfer of secretory material from one cell to another, such as the transfer of melanin granules from melanocytes to epidermal cells.
external s. a substance formed by a cell and transported outside the cell walls as a means of ridding the cell of the substance or as a messenger to affect the function of other cells.
neurohumoral s. transmission of a nerve impulse across a synapse or to an end-organ by s. of a minute amount of a chemical transmitter such as acetylcholine.

secretogogue
secretogogue (se-kre′to-gog)

SYN: secretagogue.

secretomotor
secretomotor, secretomotory (se-kre′to-mo′ter, -mo′ter-e)

Stimulating secretion. [secrete + motor, mover]

secretor
secretor (se-kre′ter, tor)

An individual whose bodily fluids (saliva, semen, vaginal secretions) contain a water-soluble form of the antigens of the ABO blood group. Secretors constitute 80% of the population. In forensic medicine, the examination of fluids has enhanced the ability of law enforcement officials to develop identifying information about perpetrators and narrow a field of suspects.

secretory
secretory (se-kret′e-re, se′kre-tor-e)

Relating to secretion or the secretions.

sectile
sectile (sek′til, til)

1. Capable of being cut or divided. 2. Having the appearance of being divided. [L. sectilis, fr. seco, to cut]

sectio
sectio, pl .sectiones (sek′she-o, sek-she-o′nez) [TA]

In anatomy, a subdivision or segment. [L.]

section
section (sek′shun)

1. The act of cutting. 2. A cut or division. 3. A segment or part of any organ or structure delimited from the remainder. 4. A cut surface. 5. A thin slice of tissue, cells, microorganisms, or any material for examination under the microscope. SYN: microscopic s.. [L. sectio, a cutting, fr. seco, to cut]
abdominal s. SYN: celiotomy.
attached cranial s. SYN: attached craniotomy.
axial s. SYN: transverse s..
cesarean s. incision through the abdominal wall and the uterus (abdominal hysterotomy) for extraction of the fetus.
classical cesarean s. a cesarean s. in which the uterus is entered through a vertical fundal incision.
coronal s. a cross s. attained by slicing, actually or through imaging techniques, the body or any part of the body or any anatomic structure in the coronal or frontal plane, i.e., in a vertical plane perpendicular to the median or sagittal plane. Since actual sectioning in the coronal plane results in an anterior and a posterior portion, an anatomic coronal s. may be a two-dimensional view of the cut surface of the posterior aspect of the anterior portion, or of the anterior aspect of the posterior portion. SYN: frontal s..
cross s. 1. a planar or two-dimensional view, diagram, or image of the internal structure of the body, part of the body, or any anatomic structure afforded by slicing, actually or through imaging (radiographic, magnetic resonance, or microscopic) techniques, the body or structure along a particular plane. Traditionally, “cross s.” referred to views resulting from slicing at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the structure (axial or transaxial), but in contemporary use, the term is applied when the structure is sliced in any given plane; 2. the slice or s. of a given thickness created by actual serial parallel cuts through a structure or by the application of imaging technique.
detached cranial s. SYN: detached craniotomy.
diagonal s. SYN: oblique s..
frontal s. SYN: coronal s..
frozen s. a thin slice of tissue cut from a frozen specimen, often used for rapid microscopic diagnosis.
Latzko cesarean s. a cesarean s. in which the uterus is entered by paravesical blunt dissection without entering the peritoneal cavity.
longitudinal s. a cross sectio attained by slicing in any plane parallel to the long or vertical axis, actually or through imaging techniques, the body or any part of the body or anatomic structure. Longitudinal sections include, but are not limited to, median, sagittal, and coronal sections.
lower uterine segment cesarean s. a cesarean s. in which the uterus is entered in its lower segment by a transperitoneal approach.
median s. a cross s. attained by slicing in the median plane, actually or through imaging techniques, the body or any part of the body which occupies or crosses the median plane or by slicing any generally symmetrical anatomic structure, such as a finger or a cell, in its midline. Since actual sectioning of the median plane results in a right and a left half, an anatomical median s. may be a two-dimensional view of the cut surface on the medial aspect of either half. SYN: midsagittal s..
microscopic s. SYN: s. (5) .
midsagittal s. SYN: median s..
oblique s. a diagonal cross s. attained by slicing, actually or through imaging techniques, the body or any part of the body or anatomic structure, in any plane which does not parallel the longitudinal axis or intersect it at a right angle, i.e., which is neither longitudinal (vertical) nor transverse (horizontal). SYN: diagonal s..
parasagittal s. SYN: sagittal s..
perineal s. any s. through the perineum, either lateral or median lithotomy (operations of historical importance) or external urethrotomy.
pituitary stalk s. transection of the neurovascular connection between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.
Saemisch s. procedure of transfixing the cornea beneath an ulcer and then cutting from within outward through the base.
sagittal s. a cross s. obtained by slicing, actually or through imaging techniques, the body or any part of the body, or any anatomic structure in the sagittal plane, i.e., in a vertical plane parallel to the median plane. Since actual sectioning in the sagittal plane results in a right and a left portion, an anatomical sagittal s. may be a two-dimensional view of the cut surface on the medial aspect of either portion. SYN: parasagittal s..
serial s. one of a number of consecutive microscopic sections.
thin s., ultrathin s. a s. of tissue for electron microscopic examination; the specimen is fixed, typically in glutaraldehyde and/or in osmium tetroxide, embedded in a plastic resin, and sectioned at less than 0.1 μm in thickness with a glass or diamond knife in an ultramicrotome.
transverse s. a cross s. obtained by slicing, actually or through imaging techniques, the body or any part of the body structure, in a horizontal plane, i.e., a plane which intersects the longitudinal axis at a right angle. Since actual sectioning in the transverse plane results in an inferior and a superior portion, an anatomical transverse s. may be a two-dimensional view of the cut surface on the inferior aspect of the superior portion, or of the superior aspect of the inferior portion. By convention, in medical imaging transverse sections demonstrate the former unless otherwise stated. SYN: axial s..

sectoranopia
sectoranopia (sek′tor-an-o′pe-a)

Loss of vision in a sector of the visual field. [sector + G. an- priv. + opsis, vision]

sectorial
sectorial (sek-tor′e-al)

1. Relating to a sector. 2. Cutting or adapted for cutting; denoting the carnassial or shearing molar and premolar teeth of carnivores. [L. sector, cutter]

secundigravida
secundigravida (sek′un-di-grav′i-da)

See gravida.

secundina
secundina, pl .secundinae (sek-un-di′na, -ne)

SYN: afterbirth. [L. secundinae, the afterbirth, fr. secundus, second]

secundines
secundines (sek′un-denz)

SYN: afterbirth. [L. secundinae, the afterbirth]

secundipara
secundipara (sek′un-dip′a-ra)

See para.

sedate
sedate (se-dat′)

To bring under the influence of a sedative. [L. sedatus; see sedation]

sedation
sedation (se-da′shun)

1. The act of calming, especially by the administration of a sedative. 2. The state of being calm. [L. sedatio, to calm, allay]

sedative
sedative (sed′a-tiv)

1. Calming; quieting. 2. A drug that quiets nervous excitement; designated according to the organ or system upon which specific action is exerted; e.g., cardiac, cerebral, nervous, respiratory, spinal. [L. sedativus; see sedation]

SEDC
SEDC

Abbreviation for spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita.

sedigitate
sedigitate (se-dij′i-tat)

SYN: sexdigitate. [L. sex, six, + digitus, digit]

sediment
sediment (sed′i-ment)

1. Insoluble material that tends to sink to the bottom of a liquid, as in hypostasis. SYN: sedimentum. 2. To cause or effect the formation of a s. or deposit, as in the case of centrifugation or ultracentrifugation. SYN: sedimentate. [L. sedimentum, a settling, fr. sedeo, to sit, settle down]

sedimentate
sedimentate (sed′i-men-tat)

SYN: sediment (2) .

sedimentation
sedimentation (sed′i-men-ta′shun)

Formation of a sediment.

sedimentator
sedimentator (sed′i-men-ta′ter, tor)

A centrifuge.

sedimentometer
sedimentometer (sed′i-men-tom′e-ter)

A photographic apparatus for the automatic recording of the blood sedimentation rate. [sediment + G. metron, measure]

sedimentum
sedimentum (sed-i-men′tum)

SYN: sediment (1) . [L.]
s. lateritium SYN: brickdust deposit.

sedoheptulose
sedoheptulose (se-do-hep′tu-los)

A 2-ketoheptulose formed metabolically in the pentose monophosphate pathway as the 7-phosphate by condensation of d-xylulose 5-phosphate and d-ribose 5-phosphate, splitting out d-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; the unphosphorylated sugar is found in Sedum (stonecrop). SYN: d-altro-2-heptulose.

sedoxantrone trihydrochloride
sedoxantrone trihydrochloride (se-doks′an-tron tri-hi-dro-klor-id)

A topoisomerase II inhibitor in cancer chemotherapy.

seed
seed (sed)

1. The reproductive body of a flowering plant; the mature ovule. SYN: semen (2) . 2. In bacteriology, to inoculate a culture medium with microorganisms. [A.S. soed]

Seeligmüller
Seeligmüller

Otto L.G.A., German neurologist, 1837–1912. See S. sign.

Seessel
Seessel

Albert, U.S. embryologist, 1850–1910. See S. pocket, S. pouch.

segment
segment (seg′ment) [TA]

1. A section; a part of an organ or other structure delimited naturally, artificially, or by invagination from the remainder. SYN: segmentum [TA] . SEE ALSO: metamere. 2. A territory of an organ having independent function, supply, or drainage. 3. To divide and redivide into minute equal parts. [L. segmentum, fr. seco, to cut]
A1 s. of anterior cerebral artery precommunicating part of anterior cerebral artery.
A2 s. of anterior cerebral artery postcommunicating part of anterior cerebral artery.
abnormal ST s. SYN: isoelectric period.
anterior s. [TA] a delimited part or section of an organ or other structure that lies in front of or ventral to the other similar parts or sections. See anterior (bronchopulmonary) s. [S III], anterior basal (bronchopulmonary) s. [S VIII], anterior inferior renal s., anterior superior renal s., anterior ocular s.. SYN: segmentum anterius [TA] .
anterior basal (bronchopulmonary) s. [S VIII] of the four bronchopulmonary segments of the inferior lobes of the right or left lung that contact the diaphragm, the one lying in front, i.e., nearest the costal cartilages; supplied by the anterior basal segmental bronchi [B VIII] and anterior basal segmental (pulmonary) artery. SYN: segmentum (bronchopulmonale) basale anterius [S VIII].
anterior (bronchopulmonary) s. [S III] [TA] of the three bronchopulmonary segments comprising the upper lobe of the right or left lungs, the one that lies nearest the costal cartilages, supplied by the anterior segmental bronchis [B III] and anterior segmental (pulmonary) artery. SYN: segmentum (bronchopulmonale) anterius S III [TA] .
anterior inferior renal s. portion of the kidney exclusively supplied by the anterior inferior segmental (renal) artery. SYN: segmentum renale anterius inferius.
anterior ocular s. portion of the eyeball comprised by the cornea, iris, and lens and the associated chambers (anterior and posterior), which are filled with aqueous humor. SYN: segmentum oculare anterius [TA] .
anterior superior renal s. [TA] portion of the kidney exclusively supplied by the anterior superior segmental (renal) artery. SYN: segmentum renale anterius superius.
apical (bronchopulmonary) s. [S I] of the three bronchopulmonary segments comprising the superior lobe of the right lung, the one extending to the highest level (into the cervical parietal pleura) that is supplied by the apical segmental bronchus [B I] and the apical segmental (pulmonary) artery. SYN: segmentum bronchopulmonale apicale S I.
apicoposterior (bronchopulmonary) s. [SI + SII] of the four bronchopulmonary segments typically comprising the superior lobe of the left lung, the most superior and posterior, supplied by the left apicoposterior segmental bronchus [B I + II]; they correspond approximately in position to the separate apical and posterior bronchopulmonary segments of the superior lobe of the right lung. SYN: segmentum (bronchopulmonale) apicoposterius [SI + II].
arterial segments of kidney SYN: renal segments.
segmentum bronchopulmonale basale posterius S X [TA] SYN: posterior basal bronchopulmonary s. S X.
bronchopulmonary s. [TA] smallest surgically resectable subdivision of the lobes of the lungs, supplied exclusively by a tertiary (segmental) bronchus and the corresponding tertiary branch of the pulmonary artery (segmental pulmonary artery); typically, the right lung has ten bronchopulmonary segments, and the left has eight or nine due to a merging of the apical and posterior segments of the upper lobe and of the anterior and medial basal segments of the lower lobe. SYN: segmentum bronchopulmonale [TA] .
cardiac s. SYN: medial basal bronchopulmonary s. S VII.
cervical segments of spinal cord [C1–C8] cervical part of spinal cord.
coccygeal s. of spinal cord [Co] inferiormost s. of spinal cord that gives rise to the coccygeal pair of spinal nerves and constitutes the coccygeal part of the spinal cord. SYN: segmentum medullae spinalis coccygeum [Co] [TA] .
hepatic segments [TA] surgically resectable portions of the liver supplied by independent branches of the portal vein and hepatic artery, and drained by independent lobular branches of the hepatic bile ducts; thus, the naming and numbering of the eight hepatic segments in TA is based on the portobilioarterial distribution: posterior [I], lateral [II], left lateral anterior [III], and medial [IV] segments of the left (part of) liver, and anterior medial [V], right anterior lateral [VI], posterior lateral [VII], and posterior medial [VIII] segments of the right (part of) liver; the hepatic segments are separated by the vertical planes of the three major (right, intermediate, and left) hepatic veins; those of the right (part of) liver are also separated by the horizontal plane of the right division of the portobilioarterial tree. See anterior s., lateral s., medial s., posterior s.. SYN: segmenta hepatis [TA] , segments of liver.
s. I posterior hepatic s. I.
inferior s. [TA] a delimited part or section of an organ or other structure that lies at the lowest level (nearest the feet) compared with the other similar parts or sections. SYN: segmentum inferius [TA] .
inferior lingular (bronchopulmonary) s. [S V] of the four bronchopulmonary segments that typically comprise the superior lobe of the left lung, the most inferior, supplied by the inferior lingular bronchus [B V] and inferior lingular segmental (pulmonary) artery; corresponds approximately in position to the medial [S V] s. of the middle lobe of the right lung; the lingula is a feature of this part of the left lung. SYN: segmentum lingulare bronchopulmonale inferius S V [TA] .
inferior renal s. portion of the kidney exclusively supplied by the inferior segmental (renal) artery. SYN: segmentum renale inferius [TA] .
interannular s. SYN: internodal s..
intermaxillary s. the primordial mass of tissue formed by the merging of the medial nasal prominences of the embryo; it contributes to the intermaxillary portion of the upper jaw, the prolabial portion of the upper lip, and the primary palate.
internodal s. the portion of a myelinated nerve fiber between two successive nodes. SYN: interannular s., internode, Ranvier s., segmentum internodale.
Lanterman segments the divisions of the nerve fiber between the Schmidt-Lanterman incisures.
lateral s. [TA] a delimited part or section of an organ or other structure that lies farthest to the left or right compared with the other similar parts or sections. See lateral bronchopulmonary s. S IV, lateral basal (bronchopulmonary) s. [S IX], (left anterior) lateral hepatic s. [III], (left posterior) lateral hepatic s. III, right anterior lateral hepatic s. [VI], (right) posterior lateral hepatic s. [VII]. SYN: segmentum laterale [TA] .
lateral basal (bronchopulmonary) s. [S IX] of the four bronchopulmonary segments of the inferior lobes of the right or left lung that contact the diaphragm, the one lying farthest to the right in the right lung, and farthest to the left in the left lung, supplied by the lateral basal segmental bronchi [B IX] and lateral basal segmental (pulmonary) artery. SYN: segmentum (bronchopulmonale) basale laterale [S IX].
lateral bronchopulmonary s. S IV [TA] of the two bronchopulmonary segments comprising the middle lobe of the right lung, the one placed on the right side that is supplied by the lateral segmental bronchus [B IV] and the lateral segmental (pulmonary) artery. SYN: segmentum bronchopulmonale laterale S IV [TA] .
(left anterior) lateral hepatic s. [III] [TA] one of the three hepatic segments that constitute the left (part of) liver, the one which lies to the left of the inferior portion of the falciform ligament, typically overlapping the stomach anteriorly, supplied by the lower lateral branch from the umbilical part of the left branch of the hepatic portal vein. SYN: lateral inferior hepatic area [TA] , segmentum hepatis anterius laterale sinistrum [III] [TA] , segmentum III&star.
(left) medial hepatic s. [IV] [TA] of the three hepatic segments that constitute the left (part of) liver, the one that lies to the right of the falciform ligament; it lies between that ligament and the vertical plane of the right hepatic vein, that is demarcated on the diaphragmatic surface of the liver by a line extrapolated from the fossa for the gallbladder to the inferior vena cava; the quadrate lobe of the visceral surface of the liver is also part of the medial hepatic s.; the medial s. is supplied by medial branches of the umbilical part of the left branch of the portal vein. SYN: segmentum hepatis mediale (sinistrum) [IV] [TA] , segmentum IV&star.
(left posterior) lateral hepatic s. III [TA] of the three hepatic segments that constitute the left (part of) liver, the one that lies to the left of the superior portion of the falciform ligament and the fissure for the ligamentum venosum; typically, it lies superior to the stomach and is supplied by the upper lateral branch from the umbilical part of the left branch of the hepatic portal vein. SYN: lateral superior hepatic area [TA] , segmentum hepatis posterius laterale sinistrum [II] [TA] , segmentum II&star.
segments of liver SYN: hepatic segments.
lower uterine s. the inferior portion or isthmus of the uterus, the lower extremity of which joins with the cervical canal and, during pregnancy, expands to become the lower part of the uterine cavity. This is not the active contracting portion of the uterus.
lumbar segments L1–L5 of spinal cord SYN: lumbar part of spinal cord.
lumbar segments of spinal cord L1–5 the five segments of the spinal cord that give rise to the five pairs of lumbar spinal nerves [L1–L5] and constitute the lumbar part of the spinal cord, that in the adult, lies within the portion of the vertebral canal formed by the T11–L1 vertebrae. SYN: segmenta medullae spinalis lumbaria L1–L5.
medial s. [TA] a delimited part or section of an organ or other structure that lies closest to the midline compared with the other similar parts or sections. See medial bronchopulmonary s. S V, medial basal bronchopulmonary s. S VII, (left) medial hepatic s. [IV], (right) posterior medial hepatic s. [VIII], (right) anterior medial hepatic s. [V]. SYN: segmentum mediale [TA] .
medial basal bronchopulmonary s. S VII [TA] of the four bronchopulmonary segments of the inferior lobes of the right or left lung that contact the diaphragm, the one lying directly inferior to the hilum of the lung in contact with the middle of the lateral aspect of the mediastinum, supplied by the medial basal segmental bronchis [B VII] and medial basal segmental (pulmonary) artery. SYN: segmentum bronchopulmonale basale mediale S VII [TA] , cardiac s., segmentum cardiacum.
medial bronchopulmonary s. S V [TA] of the two bronchopulmonary segments comprising the middle lobe of the right lung, the one placed on the left that is supplied by the medial segmental bronchus [B V] and the medial segmental (pulmonary artery). SYN: segmentum bronchopulmonale mediale S V [TA] .
mesoblastic s. SYN: somite.
M2 s. of middle cerebral artery terminal branches of middle cerebral artery, under branch.
neural s. SYN: neuromere.
posterior s. [TA] a delimited part or section of an organ or other structure that lies in back of or dorsal to the other similar parts or sections. See posterior bronchopulmonary s. S II, posterior basal bronchopulmonary s. S X, posterior hepatic s. I, (right) posterior lateral hepatic s. [VII], (right) posterior medial hepatic s. [VIII], posterior renal s.. SYN: segmentum posterius [TA] .
posterior basal bronchopulmonary s. S X [TA] of the four bronchopulmonary segments of the inferior lobes of the right or left lung that contact the diaphragm, the one lying nearest the vertebral column, supplied by the posterior basal segmental bronchus [B X] and posterior basal segmental (pulmonary) artery. SYN: segmentum bronchopulmonale basale posterius S X [TA] .
posterior bronchopulmonary s. S II [TA] of the three bronchopulmonary segments comprising the upper lobe of the right lungs, the one that lies nearest the vertebral column, supplied by the posterior segmental bronchus [B II] and posterior segmental (pulmonary) artery. SYN: segmentum bronchopulmonale posterius S II [TA] .
posterior hepatic s. I [TA] the relatively small part of the liver supplied by caudate branches of the left (or left and right) branches of the portal vein, demarcated on the visceral surface of the liver as the caudate lobe. SYN: segmentum hepatis posterius I [TA] , caudate lobe&star, lobus caudatus&star, posterior liver&star, posterior part of liver&star, s. I&star, segmentum I&star, Spigelius lobe.
posterior renal s. [TA] part of the kidney exclusively supplied by the posterior segmental (renal) artery. SYN: segmentum renale posterius [TA] .
P1 s. of posterior cerebral artery SYN: precommunicating part of posterior cerebral artery.
P2 s. of posterior cerebral artery postcommunicating part of posterior cerebral artery.
P3 s. of posterior cerebral artery [TA] SYN: lateral occipital artery.
P4 s. of posterior cerebral artery medial occipital artery.
PR s. that part of the electrocardiographic curve between the end of the P wave and the beginning of the QRS complex.
precommunical s. of anterior cerebral artery SYN: precommunicating part of anterior cerebral artery.
precommunical s. of posterior cerebral artery SYN: precommunicating part of posterior cerebral artery.
Ranvier s. SYN: internodal s..
renal segments [TA] regions of the kidney supplied by end arteries branching from the renal arteries; they are named anterior inferior s., anterior superior s., inferior s., posterior s., and superior s.. SYN: segmenta renalia [TA] , arterial segments of kidney.
right anterior lateral hepatic s. [VI] [TA] of the four segments comprising the right (part of) liver (i.e., that lie to the right side of the plane of the middle hepatic vein), the one that also lies to the right of the plane of the right hepatic vein and inferior to the plane of the transverse portion of the right branch of the hepatic portal vein; it is supplied by the lateral anterior branch of the portal vein. SYN: segmentum hepatis anterius laterale dextrum [VI] [TA] .
(right) anterior medial hepatic s. [V] [TA] of the four segments comprising the right (part of) liver (i.e., that lie to the right side of the plane of the middle hepatic vein), the one that lies between that plane and the plane of the right hepatic vein and inferior to the plane of the transverse portion of the right branch of the hepatic portal vein; it is supplied by the medial anterior branch of the portal vein. SYN: segmentum hepatis anterius mediale (dextrum) [V] [TA] .
(right) posterior lateral hepatic s. [VII] [TA] of the four segments comprising the right (part of) liver (i.e., that lie to the right side of the plane of the middle hepatic vein), the one that also lies to the right of the plane of the right hepatic vein and superior to the plane of the transverse portion of the right branch of the hepatic portal vein; it is supplied by the lateral posterior branch of the portal vein. SYN: segmentum hepatis posterius laterale (dextrum) [VII] [TA] .
(right) posterior medial hepatic s. [VIII] [TA] of the four segments comprising the right (part of) liver (i.e., that lie to the right side of the plane of the middle hepatic vein), the one that lies between that plane and the plane of the right hepatic vein and superior to the plane of the transverse portion of the right branch of the hepatic portal vein; it is supplied by the medial posterior branch of the portal vein. SYN: segmentum hepatis posterius mediale (dextrum) [VIII] [TA] .
RST s. the part of the electrocardiogram between the QRS complex and the T wave. Virtually never distinct in normal hearts in which it forms the initial limb of the T wave without an agreed endpoint. SYN: ST s..
segments of spinal cord [C1–Co] [TA] one of the 31 portions of the spinal cord, each of which gives rise to the anterior and posterior roots that combine to form a single pair of spinal nerves. These are the cervical spinal cord segments [C1–C8]; the thoracic spinal cord segments [T1–T12]; the lumbar spinal cord segments [L1–L5]; the sacral spinal cord segments [S1–S5], and the coccygeal spinal cord s. [Co]. SYN: segmenta medullae spinalis C1–Co [TA] .
segments of spleen splenic territories receiving independent arterial supply or drained by independent roots of the splenic vein. SYN: segmenta lienis.
ST s. SYN: RST s..
subapical s. an inconstant s. of the inferior lobe of the right and left lungs. SYN: segmentum subapicale, segmentum subsuperius, subsuperior s..
subsuperior s. SYN: subapical s..
superior s. the uppermost s. of the kidney;
superior lingular bronchopulmonary s. S IV [TA] of the four bronchopulmonary segments that typically comprise the superior lobe of the left lung, the s. that lies centrally and posteriorly, supplied by the superior lingular bronchus [B IV] and superior lingular segmental (pulmonary) artery; corresponds approximately in position to the lateral [S IV] s. of the middle lobe of the right lung. SYN: segmentum bronchopulmonale lingulare superius[S IV] [TA] .
superior renal s. [TA] portion of the kidney exclusively supplied by the superior segmental (renal) artery. SYN: segmentum renale superius [TA] .
sympathetic s. a divison of the sympathetic trunks based on the origins of the gray communicating branches.
upper uterine s. the main portion of the body of the gravid uterus, the contraction of which furnishes the chief force of expulsion in labor.
venous segments of the kidney anatomic segments of the kidney drained by tributaries of the renal vein; not a true segmental distribution, since cross communication exists between the various tributaries within the kidney.

segmenta
segmenta (seg-men′ta)

Plural of segmentum.

segmental
segmental (seg-men′tal)

Relating to a segment.

segmentation
segmentation (seg′men-ta′shun)

1. The act of dividing into segments; the state of being divided into segments. 2. SYN: cleavage (1) .

segmentectomy
segmentectomy (seg-men-tek′to-me)

Excision of an anatomic segment of any organ or gland.

segmenter
segmenter (seg′men-ter)

A schizont; usually applied to the malaria parasite developing in a red blood cell after having undergone nuclear and cytoplasmic division, just before cell rupture and release of the merozoites.

Segmentina
Segmentina (seg-men-ti′na)

A genus of freshwater pulmonate snails (family Planorbidae, subfamily Segmentininae); includes the species S. hemisphaerula, an important intermediate host of Fasciolopsis buski. [L. segmentum, fr. seco, to cut]

segmentum
segmentum, pl .segmenta (seg-men′tum, -ta) [TA]

SYN: segment (1) . [L. segment]
s. A1 arteriae cerebri anterioris precommunicating part of anterior cerebral artery.
s. A2 arteriae cerebri anterioris postcommunicating part of anterior cerebral artery.
s. anterius [TA] SYN: anterior segment.
s. apicale apical segment of the inferior lobe of the right and left lungs.
s. bronchopulmonale [TA] SYN: bronchopulmonary segment.
s. (bronchopulmonale) anterius S III [TA] SYN: anterior (bronchopulmonary) segment [S III].
s. bronchopulmonale apicale S I SYN: apical (bronchopulmonary) segment [S I].
s. (bronchopulmonale) basale laterale [S IX] SYN: lateral basal (bronchopulmonary) segment [S IX].
s. bronchopulmonale basale mediale S VII [TA] SYN: medial basal bronchopulmonary segment S VII.
s. bronchopulmonale laterale S IV [TA] SYN: lateral bronchopulmonary segment S IV.
s. bronchopulmonale lingulare superius[S IV] [TA] SYN: superior lingular bronchopulmonary segment S IV.
s. bronchopulmonale mediale S V [TA] SYN: medial bronchopulmonary segment S V.
s. bronchopulmonale posterius S II [TA] SYN: posterior bronchopulmonary segment S II.
s. (bronchopulmonale) apicoposterius [SI + II] SYN: apicoposterior (bronchopulmonary) segment [SI + SII].
s. cardiacum SYN: medial basal bronchopulmonary segment S VII.
segmenta cervicalia C1–C5 SYN: cervical part of spinal cord.
segmenta cervicalia medullae spinalis [TA] SYN: cervical part of spinal cord.
segmenta coccygea medullae spinalis [TA] SYN: coccygeal part of spinal cord.
segmenta hepatis [TA] SYN: hepatic segments, under segment.
s. hepatis anterius laterale dextrum [VI] [TA] SYN: right anterior lateral hepatic segment [VI].
s. hepatis anterius laterale sinistrum [III] [TA] SYN: (left anterior) lateral hepatic segment [III].
s. hepatis anterius mediale (dextrum) [V] [TA] SYN: (right) anterior medial hepatic segment [V].
s. hepatis mediale (sinistrum) [IV] [TA] SYN: (left) medial hepatic segment [IV].
s. hepatis posterius I [TA] SYN: posterior hepatic segment I.
s. hepatis posterius laterale sinistrum [II] [TA] SYN: (left posterior) lateral hepatic segment III.
s. hepatis posterius laterale (dextrum) [VII] [TA] SYN: (right) posterior lateral hepatic segment [VII].
s. hepatis posterius mediale (dextrum) [VIII] [TA] SYN: (right) posterior medial hepatic segment [VIII].
s. I posterior hepatic segment I.
s. II (left posterior) lateral hepatic segment III.
s. III (left anterior) lateral hepatic segment [III].
s. inferius [TA] SYN: inferior segment.
s. internodale SYN: internodal segment.
s. IV (left) medial hepatic segment [IV].
s. laterale [TA] SYN: lateral segment.
segmenta lienis SYN: segments of spleen, under segment.
s. lingulare bronchopulmonale inferius S V [TA] SYN: inferior lingular (bronchopulmonary) segment [S V].
segmenta lumbalia L1–L5 SYN: lumbar part of spinal cord.
segmenta lumbalia medullae spinalis SYN: lumbar part of spinal cord.
s. mediale [TA] SYN: medial segment.
segmenta medullae spinalis C1–Co [TA] SYN: segments of spinal cord [C1–Co], under segment.
segmenta medullae spinalis cervicalia C1–C8 [TA] SYN: cervical part of spinal cord.
s. medullae spinalis coccygeum [Co] [TA] SYN: coccygeal segment of spinal cord [Co].
segmenta medullae spinalis lumbaria L1–L5 SYN: lumbar segments of spinal cord L1–5, under segment.
s. oculare anterius [TA] SYN: anterior ocular segment.
s. P4 arteriae cerebri posterioris medial occipital artery.
s. P3 arteriae cerebri posterioris [TA] SYN: lateral occipital artery.
s. P1 arteriae cerebri posterioris medial occipital artery.
s. posterius [TA] SYN: posterior segment.
s. renale anterius inferius SYN: anterior inferior renal segment.
s. renale anterius superius SYN: anterior superior renal segment.
s. renale inferius [TA] SYN: inferior renal segment.
segmenta renalia [TA] SYN: renal segments, under segment.
s. renale posterius [TA] SYN: posterior renal segment.
s. renale superius [TA] SYN: superior renal segment.
segmenta sacralia medullae spinalis [TA] SYN: sacral part of spinal cord.
s. (bronchopulmonale) basale anterius [S VIII] SYN: anterior basal (bronchopulmonary) segment [S VIII].
s. subapicale SYN: subapical segment.
s. subsuperius SYN: subapical segment.
segmenta thoracica medullae spinalis [TA] SYN: thoracic part of spinal cord.

segregation
segregation (seg-re-ga′shun)

1. Removal of certain parts from a mass, e.g., those with infectious diseases. 2. Separation of contrasting characters in the offspring of heterozygotes. 3. Separation of the paired state of genes, which occurs at the reduction division of meiosis; only one member of each somatic gene pair is normally included in each sperm or ovum; e.g., an individual heterozygous for a gene pair, Aa, will form gametes half containing gene A and half containing gene a. 4. Progressive restriction of potencies in the zygote to the following embryo. [L. segrego, pp. -atus, to set apart from the flock, separate]

segregator
segregator (seg′re-ga-ter, tor)

SYN: separator (2) .

Seidel
Seidel

Erich, German ophthalmologist, 1882–1946. See S. scotoma, S. sign.

Seignette
Seignette

Pierre, French apothecary, 1660–1719. See S. salt.

Seiler
Seiler

Carl, Swiss laryngologist and anatomist in U.S., 1849–1905. See S. cartilage.

Seip
Seip

Martin, 20th century Scandinavian physician. See Lawrence-S. syndrome, S. syndrome.

seismocardiogram
seismocardiogram (siz′mo-kar′de-o-gram)

Recording of cardiac vibrations as they affect the entire body, by various techniques. [G. seismos, a shaking, + cardiogram]

seismotherapy
seismotherapy (siz-mo-thar′a-pe)

SYN: vibratory massage. [G. seismos, a shaking, vibration]

seizure
seizure (se′zher)

1. An attack; the sudden onset of a disease or of certain symptoms. 2. An epileptic attack. SYN: convulsion (2) . [O. Fr. seisir, to grasp, fr. Germanic]
absence s. a s. characterized by impaired awareness of interaction with, or memory of, ongoing events external or internal to the person; may comprise the following elements: mental confusion, diminished awareness of environment, inability to respond to internal or external stimuli, and amnesia. (The term absence was first used by Louis-Florentin Calmeil (1798–1895) to introduce the concept of epileptic absence for the brief loss of consciousness or confusion seen in epileptic patients.)
akinetic s. SYN: atonic s..
anosognosic seizures SYN: anosognosic epilepsy.
astatic s. s. causing loss of erect posture.
atonic s. a s. characterized by sudden, brief (1–2 s.) loss of muscle tone, involving postural muscles; the term usually applies to bilaterally synchronous events. SYN: akinetic s..
atypical absence s. an absence s. associated with an EEG pattern of irregular or slow spike and wave at less than 2.5 Hz or paroxysmal fast activity on an abnormally slow background EEG.
audiogenic s. a reflex s. precipitated by loud noises, rare in humans. Audiogenic seizures in rodents are an animal model of epilepsy.
automotor s. s. characterized by an automatism predominantly involving the distal limbs.
autonomic s. s. characterized by objectively documented dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system, usually involving cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, or sudomotor functions.
clonic s. a s. characterized by repetitive rhythmical jerking of all or part of the body.
complex motor s. s. characterized by muscles of each limb contracting asynchronously and sequentially to produce a movement that may resemble voluntary activity.
complex partial s. a s. with impairment of consciousness, occurring in a patient with focal epilepsy.
convulsive s. s. with clonic or tonic-clonic motor activity.
dileptic s. s. characterized by impaired awareness of, interaction with, or memory of ongoing events.
early s. a s. occurring within one week after craniocerebral trauma.
electrographic s. SYN: subclinical s..
epileptic s. clinical and/or laboratory manifestations of an epileptic attack.
febrile s. SYN: febrile convulsion.
focal motor s. a simple partial s. with localized motor activity.
gelastic s. a s. characterized by bursts of involuntary laughter or giggling, usually without an appropriate affective tone; most often related to hypothalamic lesions, such as hamartomas.
generalized seizures seizures characterized by generalized clinical manifestations.
generalized tonic-clonic s. a generalized s. characterized by the sudden onset of tonic contraction of the muscles often associated with a cry or moan, and frequently resulting in a fall to the ground. The tonic phase of the s. gradually give way to clonic convulsive movements occurring bilaterally and synchronously before slowing and eventually stopping, followed by a variable period of unconsciousness and gradual recovery. SYN: cryptogenic epilepsy, generalized tonic-clonic epilepsy, grand mal s., grand mal, idiopathic epilepsy (2) , major epilepsy.
grand mal s. SYN: generalized tonic-clonic s..
hypermotor s. s. characterized by automatisms involving predominantly proximal limb muscles and producing marked limb displacement.
hypomotor s. s. characterized by complete or partial arrest of ongoing motor activity in a patient whose level of consciousness cannot be determined accurately ( e.g., newborns, infants, mentally retarded patients).
jacksonian s. a motor s. that initially involves one part of the body and then progressively spreads to other parts of the body on the same side; may become generalized; often originates in or near the contralateral rolandic neocortex. SYN: jacksonian epilepsy.
late s. a s. that occurs greater than one week after a craniocerebral trauma or CNS insult.
major motor s. a grand mal s. or other convulsive s..
minor motor s. old term for nonconvulsive s. seen in patients with secondary generalized epilepsies.
myoclonic s. a s. characterized by sudden, brief (200-ms) contractions of muscle fibers, muscles, or groups of muscles of variable topography (axial, proximal, or distal limb).
negative myoclonic s. s. characterized by abrupt, brief cessation of muscular activity, occasionally preceded by a single myoclonic contraction; term usually is applied to unilateral, distal muscles.
nonconvulsive s. a s. without clonic or tonic activity or other convulsive motor activity. SEE ALSO: complex partial s., absence s..
nonepileptic s. any behavior that resembles a s., but is not epileptic, i.e., not associated with abnormal cerebral EEG activity. SEE ALSO: psychogenic s..
partial s. s. characterized by localized cerebral ictal onset. The symptoms experienced are dependent on the cortical area of ictal onset or s. spread.
petit mal s. obsolescent term for a cerebral s. not manifested by tonic-clonic movements ( i.e., grand mal); formerly thought to be the clinical manifestation solely of a 3-s. spike in wave pattern, as seen on electroencephalography, but now known to be associated with several different EEG patterns.
psychic s. a simple partial s. characterized by an attack of psychic phenomena such as a dreamy state, déjà vu, autonomic sensation or emotion; commonly, but not exclusively, associated with temporal lobe epilepsy.
psychogenic s. a clinical spell that resembles an epileptic s., but is not due to epilepsy. The EEG is normal during an attack, and the behavior is often related to psychiatric disturbance, such as a conversion disorder.
psychomotor s. a s. characterized by psychic manifestation, and a complex motor s.. See psychic s..
secondarily generalized tonic-clonic s. a generalized tonic-clonic s. that begins with a partial s. and evolves into a generalized tonic-clonic s..
simple partial s. a partial s. that is not associated with impairment of consciousness; seen in patients with focal epilepsy.
subclinical s. a s. detected by EEG, which has no clinical correlate, i.e., an EEG s. alone. SYN: electrographic s..
tonic s. a s. characterized by a sustained increase in muscle tone, of abrupt or gradual onset and offset, lasting a few seconds to a minute, usually 10–20 s.; tonic seizures affecting proximal muscles bilaterally frequently lead to the adoption of a posture.
tonic-clonic s. a s. characterized by a sequence consisting of a tonic-clonic phase; when generalized, constitutes what has been known as a “grand mal” s..
versive s. a s. characterized by sustained, forced conjugate ocular and cephalic and/or truncal deviation.

selaphobia
selaphobia (se-la-fo′be-a)

Rarely used term for a morbid fear of a flash of light. [G. selas, light, + phobos, fear]

Seldinger
Seldinger

Sven Ivar, Swedish radiologist, *1921. See S. technique.

selectin
selectin (sel-ek′tin)

A cell surface molecule involved in immune adhesion and cell trafficking. [L. se-ligo, pp. se-lectum, to sort, choose, + -in]
E s. cell surface receptor produced by endothelium.
L s. cell surface receptor produced by leukocytes.
P s. cell surface receptor present on endothelium that is involved with neutrophil migration into inflamed tissue.

selection
selection (se-lek′shun)

The combined effect of the causes and consequences of genetic factors that determine the average number of progeny of a species that attain sexual maturity; phenotypes that are lethal early in life ( e.g., Tay-Sachs disease), that cause sterility ( e.g., Turner syndrome), or that produce sterile progeny are selected against. When s. is used of individual pedigrees, other factors, notably variance of the number of progeny and number that survive to maturity, are important considerations; in large populations, these factors even out and the mean only is of importance. [L. se-ligo, to separate, select, fr. se, apart, + lego, to pick out]
artificial s. interference by humans with natural s. by purposeful breeding of animals or plants of specific genotype or phenotype to produce a strain with desired characteristics; e.g., breeding of dairy cattle for high milk production.
medical s. preservation, by medical care and treatment, of individuals of pathologic genotypes who would not otherwise reproduce, thus tending to increase the frequency of pathologic genes in the population; conversely, reduction of the frequency of pathologic genes by preventing reproduction of individuals of specified genotype by surgical sterilization or other means.
natural s. “survival of the fittest,” the principle that in nature those individuals best able to adapt to their environment will survive and reproduce, while those less able will die without progeny, and the genes carried by the survivors will increase in frequency. This principle is heuristic rather than rigorous since it cannot be tested, the outcome being tautologous with the empirical definition of fitness.
sexual s. a form of natural s. in which, according to Darwin theory, the male or female is attracted by certain characteristics, form, color, behavior, etc., in the opposite sex; thus modifications of a special nature are brought about in the species.

selegiline
selegiline (se-lej′e-len)

A monoamine oxidase enzyme inhibitor; inhibits only the type B isozyme so that consuming tyramine-containing foods or beverages is less likely to induce hypertensive crisis in persons treated with s. than in persons treated with nonselective monoamine oxidase inhibitors. The drug is used in the treatment of Parkinson disease. SYN: deprenyl.

selene unguium
selene unguium (se-le′ne ung′gwi-um)

SYN: lunule of nail. [G. selene, moon; gen. pl. of L. unguis, nail]

selenium
selenium (Se) (se-le′ne-um)

A metallic element chemically similar to sulfur, atomic no. 34, atomic wt. 78.96; an essential trace element toxic in large quantities; required for glutathione peroxidase and a few other enzymes; ⁷⁵Se (half-life equal to 119.78 days) is used in scintography of the pancreas and parathyroid glands. [G. selene, moon]
s. sulfide a mixture of crystalline s. monosulfide and solid solutions of s. and sulfur in an amorphous form, containing 52–55.5% Se; used in the treatment of seborrhea of the scalp or dandruff; it is applied to the scalp as a suspension.

selenocysteine
selenocysteine (se-le-no-sis′ten)

Cysteine containing selenium in place of one sulfur atom.

selenodont
selenodont (se-le′no-dont)

Denoting an animal, or humans, having teeth, as the human molars, with longitudinal crescent-shaped ridges. [G. selene, moon, + odous (odont-), tooth]

selenomethionine
selenomethionine (se-le′no-me-thi′o-nen)

Methionine containing selenium in place of sulfur.

Selenomonas
Selenomonas (se-le′no-mo′nas)

A genus of bacteria of uncertain taxonomic affiliation, containing curved to crescentic or helical, Gram-negative, strictly anaerobic rods that are motile with an active tumbling motion. Several flagella are present in a tuft, often near the center of the concave side. The type species, S. sputigena, is found in the human buccal cavity. [G. selene, moon, + monas, single (unit)]

self
self

1. A sum of the attitudes, feelings, memories, traits, and behavioral predispositions that make up the personality. 2. The individual as represented in his or her own awareness and in his or her environment. 3. In immunology, an individual's autologous cell components as contrasted with non-s., or foreign, constituents; the basic mechanism underlying recognition of s. from non-s. is unknown, but serves to protect the host from an immunologic attack on the host's own antigenic constituents, as opposed to immune system destruction or elimination of foreign antigens.
subliminal s. the sum of the mental processes which take place without the conscious knowledge of the individual. SYN: subconscious mind.

self-accusation
self-accusation

A common psychiatric symptom, encountered most characteristically in agitated depression.

self-analysis
self-analysis

SYN: autoanalysis.

self-awareness
self-awareness

Realization of one's ongoing feeling and emotional experience; a major goal of all psychotherapy.

self-centeredness
self-centeredness

SYN: autosynnoia.

self-commitment
self-commitment

Voluntary mental hospitalization.

self-control
self-control

1. Self-regulation of one's behavior in accordance with personal beliefs, goals, attitudes and societal expectations. 2. Use by an individual of active coping strategies to deal with problem situations, in contrast to passive conditioning strategies which do things to the individual and require no action by the person.

self-differentiation
self-differentiation

Differentiation resulting from the action of intrinsic causes.

self-discovery
self-discovery

In psychoanalysis, the freeing of the repressed ego in a person raised to be submissive to those around him.

self-efficacy
self-efficacy

An individual's estimate or personal judgment of his or her own ability to succeed in reaching a specific goal, e.g., quitting smoking or losing weight, or a more general goal, e.g., continuing to remain at a prescribed weight level.

self-fertilization
self-fertilization

Fecundation of the ovules by the pollen of the same flower, or of the ova by the spermatozoa of the same animal in hermaphrodite forms; denoting an extreme type of inbreeding seen in certain plants and animal forms which produce both male and female gametes.

self-infection
self-infection

SYN: autoinfection.

self-knowledge
self-knowledge

SYN: autognosis.

self-limited
self-limited

Denoting a disease that tends to cease after a definite period; e.g., pneumonia.

self-love
self-love

SYN: narcissism.

self-poisoning
self-poisoning

SYN: autointoxication.

self-regulation
self-regulation

A three-stage strategy patients are taught to use in order to end risky health-associated behaviors such as smoking and overeating: 1. self-monitoring (self-observation), the first stage in s. involves the individual's deliberately attending to and recording his or her own behavior; 2. self-evaluation, the second stage, in which the individual assesses what was learned by self-monitoring, such as how often and where one smokes, and uses those observational data to establish health goals or criteria; and 3. self-reinforcement, the third stage, in which the individual rewards him/herself for each behavioral success on the road to that goal, thereby enhancing the chance of reaching it.

self-stimulation
self-stimulation

A technique for electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves, spinal cord, or brain by the patient to relieve pain.

self-tolerance
self-tolerance

SYN: horror autotoxicus.

Selivanoff
Selivanoff

Feodor, Russian chemist, *1859. See S. test.

sella
sella (sel′a)

SYN: saddle (1) . [L. saddle]
empty s. a s. turcica, often enlarged, that contains no discernible pituitary gland; may be primarily due to an incompetent sellar diaphragm with compression of the pituitary gland by herniating arachnoid or secondarily due to surgery or radiotherapy.
s. turcica [TA] a saddlelike bony prominence on the upper surface of the body of the sphenoid bone, constituting the middle part of the butterfly-shaped middle cranial fossa; it includes the tuberculum sellae anteriorly and the dorsum sellae posteriorly; with its covering of dura mater it constitutes the hypophysial fossa that accommodates the hypophysis or pituitary gland. SYN: pars sellaris, Turkish saddle.

sellar
sellar (sel′ar)

Relating to the sella turcica.

Sellick
Sellick

Brian A., 20th century British anesthetist. See S. maneuver.

Selye
Selye

Hans, Austrian endocrinologist in Canada, 1907–1982. See adaptation syndrome of S..

SEM
SEM

Abbreviation for standard error of the mean.

semantics
semantics (se-man′tiks)

A branch of semiotics: 1. The study of the significance and development of the meaning of words. 2. The study concerned with the relations between signs and their referents; the relations between the signs of a system; and human behavioral reaction to signs, including unconscious attitudes, influences of social institutions, and epistemological and linguistic assumptions. [G. semaino, to show]

Sémélaigne
Sémélaigne

Georges, 20th century French pediatrician. See Debré-S. syndrome, Kocher-Debré-S. syndrome.

semelincident
semelincident (sem-el-in′si-dent)

An obsolete term that means happening once only; said of an infectious disease, one attack of which confers permanent immunity. [L. semel, once, + incido, to happen, fr. cado, to fall]

semen
semen, pl .seminasemens (se′men, se-mi′na, se′menz)

1. [NA] The penile ejaculate; a thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid containing spermatozoa; a mixture produced by secretions of the testes, seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands. SYN: seminal fluid. 2. SYN: seed (1) . [L. s. (semin-), seed (of plants, men, animals)]

semenuria
semenuria (se-me-noo′re-a)

The excretion of urine containing semen. SYN: seminuria, spermaturia.

semi- semi-

One-half; partly. Cf.:hemi-. [L. semis, half]

semialdehyde
semialdehyde (sem-e-al′de-hid)

The monoaldehyde of a dicarboxylic acid, so called because half the COOH groups of the original acid are reduced to the aldehyde while the other half are unchanged; e.g., glutamic acid γ-s., OHC–CH₂CH₂CH(NH₃)⁺–COO⁻. Many semialdehydes are intermediates in the biosynthesis and metabolic degradation of amino acids ( e.g., l-proline, l-lysine, l-glutamate).

semicanal
semicanal (sem′e-ka-nal′)

A half canal; a deep groove on the edge of a bone that, uniting with a similar groove or part of an adjoining bone, forms a complete canal. SYN: semicanalis.
s. of auditory tube SYN: canal for pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube.
s. for tensor tympani muscle SYN: canal for tensor tympani muscle.

semicanalis
semicanalis, pl .semicanales (sem′e-ka-nal′is, -ez)

SYN: semicanal. [L.]
s. musculi tensoris tympani [TA] SYN: canal for tensor tympani muscle.
s. tubae auditivae [TA] SYN: canal for pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube.
s. t′ubae audito′riae SYN: canal for pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube.

semicartilaginous
semicartilaginous (sem′e-kar-ti-laj′i-nus)

Composed partly of cartilage.

semicircular
semicircular (sem′e-sir′ku-lar)

Forming a half circle or an incomplete circle. SYN: semiorbicular.

semicoma
semicoma (sem′e-ko′ma)

See semicomatose.

semicomatose
semicomatose (sem′e-ko′ma-tos)

An imprecise term for a state of drowsiness and inaction, in which more than ordinary stimulation may be required to evoke a response, and the response may be delayed or incomplete. SYN: semiconscious.

semiconductor
semiconductor (sem′e-kon-duk′ter)

A metalloid, in one form or another, that conducts electricity more easily than a true nonmetal but less easily than a metal; e.g., silicon, germanium.

semiconscious
semiconscious (sem′e-kon′shus)

SYN: semicomatose.

semiconservative
semiconservative

The process of replicating DNA in which the two strands remain intact, separate, and are copied and one parental strand goes to each daughter cell.

semicrista
semicrista (sem′e-kris′ta)

A small or imperfect ridge or crest. [semi- + L. crista, crest, tuft]
s. incisiva SYN: nasal crest.

semidecussation
semidecussation (sem′e-de-kus-sa′shun)

Incomplete decussation such as occurs in the human optic chiasm.

semiflexion
semiflexion (sem-e-flek′shun)

The position of a joint or segment of a limb midway between extension and flexion.

semilunar
semilunar (sem-e-loo′nar)

SYN: lunar (2) . [semi- + L. luna, moon]

semilunare
semilunare (sem-e-loo-na′re)

Obsolete term for lunate (bone).

semiluxation
semiluxation (sem-e-luk-sa′shun)

SYN: subluxation.

semimembranosus
semimembranosus (sem′e-mem-bra-no′sus)

See s. (muscle).

semimembranous
semimembranous (sem′e-mem′bra-nus)

Consisting partly of membrane; denoting the semimembranosus muscle.

seminal
seminal (sem′i-nal)

1. Relating to the semen. 2. Original or influential of future developments.

semination
semination (sem-i-na′shun)

SYN: insemination.

seminiferous
seminiferous (sem′i-nif′er-us)

Carrying or conducting the semen; denoting the tubules of the testis. [L. semen, seed (semen) + fero, to carry]

seminoma
seminoma (sem-i-no′ma)

A radiosensitive malignant neoplasm usually arising from germ cells in the testis of young male adults which metastasizes to the paraortic lymph nodes; a counterpart of dysgerminoma of the ovary. [L. semen, seed (semen) + G. -oma, tumor]
spermacytic s. a relatively slow-growing, locally invasive type of testicular s. that does not metastasize and has no ovarian counterpart.

seminomatous
seminomatous (sem-i-no′ma-tus)

Relating to a seminoma.

seminormal
seminormal (N/2) (sem-e-nor′mal)

Denoting a solution one-half the strength of a normal solution (0.5 n).

seminuria
seminuria (se-mi-noo′re-a)

SYN: semenuria.

semiopathic
semiopathic, semeiopathic (se′me-o-path′ik)

Denoting the disordered use of symbols. [G. semeion, sign, + pathos, disease]

semiorbicular
semiorbicular (se-me-or-bik′u-lar)

SYN: semicircular.

semiosis
semiosis, semeiosis (se-me-o′sis)

The mental or symbolic process in which something ( e.g., word, symbol, nonverbal cue) functions as a sign for the organism. [G. semeiosis, fr. semeion, sign]

semiotic
semiotic, semeiotic (se-me-ot′ik, sem-e-)

1. Relating to semiotics. 2. Relating to signs, linguistic or bodily. [G. semeiotikos, fr. semeion, sign]

semiotics
semiotics, semeiotics (se-me-ot′iks, sem-e-)

1. The general philosophic theory of signs and symbols in communication, having three branches: syntactics, semantics, and pragmatics. 2. Obsolete term for symptomatology. [see semiotic]

semipennate
semipennate (sem′e-pen′at) [TA]

1. Having a feather arrangement on one side; resembling one-half of a feather. 2. Denoting certain muscles with fibers running at an acute angle from one side of a tendon. SYN: unipennate&star, demipenniform.

semipenniform
semipenniform (sem′e-pen′i-form)

Penniform on one side. See semipennate muscle.

semipermeable
semipermeable (sem-e-per′me-a-bl)

Freely permeable to water (or other solvent) but relatively impermeable to solutes. Depending on the context, it has been used to imply impermeability to all solutes except very small uncharged molecules ( e.g., a cell membrane), or merely impermeability to very large molecules such as proteins ( e.g., a capillary membrane).

semipronation
semipronation (sem′e-pro-na′shun)

The attitude or assumption of a partly prone position, as in Sims position.

semiprone
semiprone (sem-e-pron′)

Denoting semipronation.

semiquinone
semiquinone (sem-e-kwin′on)

A free radical resulting from the removal of one hydrogen atom with its electron during the process of dehydrogenation of a hydroquinone to quinone or similar compound ( e.g., flavin mononucleotide).

semispinal
semispinal (sem-e-spi′nal)

Half spinal; denoting muscles attached in part to the spinous processes of the vertebrae.

Semisulcospina
Semisulcospina (sem′e-sul-ko-spi′na)

A genus of operculate snails (family Pleuroceriidae, subclass Prosobranchiata). An oriental form, S. libertina, is the first intermediate host of a number of trematodes, including Paragonimus westermani. [semi- + L. sulcus, a furrow + spina, thorn, spine]

semisulcus
semisulcus (sem′e-sul′kus)

A slight groove on the edge of a bone or other structure, which, uniting with a similar groove on the corresponding adjoining structure, forms a complete sulcus.

semisupination
semisupination (sem′e-soo-pi-na′shun)

The attitude or assumption of a partly supine position.

semisupine
semisupine (sem-e-soo-pin′)

Denoting semisupination.

semisynthetic
semisynthetic (sem′e-sin-thet′ik)

Describing the process of synthesizing a particular chemical utilizing a naturally occurring chemical as a starting material, thus obviating part of a total synthesis; e.g., the conversion of cholesterol (obtained from a natural source) into a corticosteroid.

semisystematic name
semisystematic name (sem′e-sis-te-mat′ik)

A name of a chemical of which at least one part is systematic and at least one part is not ( i.e., is trivial). For example, calciferol includes the -ol suffix denoting an &cbond;OH radical, while calcifer-, which has no systematic meaning, is used only in this word. Cortisone contains the -one suffix, indicating a ketone group, but the rest of the term derives from cortex (adrenal). Hippuric acid (trivial) may be defined as N-benzoylglycine (semitrivial name); benzoyl is systematic for the C₆H₅–CO– radical, whereas glycine is the trivial name for α-aminoacetic (or 2-aminoethanoic, to be completely systematic) acid, and the N signifies that the benzoyl is attached to the nitrogen of glycine; from this, the structure C₆H₅–CO–NH–CH₂–COOH is uniquely defined. Many generic or nonproprietary names of drugs, including USAN names, hormones, etc., are semitrivial in this chemical sense, although often termed trivial names; distinction between trivial and semitrivial is not often made. SYN: semitrivial name.

semitendinosus
semitendinosus (sem′e-ten-di-no′sus)

SYN: semitendinous. [L.]

semitendinous
semitendinous (sem′e-ten′di-nus)

Composed in part of tendon; denoting the semitendinosus muscle. SYN: semitendinosus. [L. semitendinosus]

semitertian
semitertian (sem-e-ter′she-an, -ter′shun)

Partly tertian, partly quotidian; denoting a malarial fever in which two paroxysms occur on one day and one on the succeeding day.

semitrivial name
semitrivial name (sem-e-triv′e-al)

SYN: semisystematic name.

semivalent
semivalent (sem-e-va′lent)

Denoting the ability to form a one-electron bond.

Semon
Semon

Richard W., German biologist, 1859–1918. See S.-Hering theory.

Semple
Semple

Sir David, English physician, 1856–1937. See S. vaccine.

semustine
semustine (se-mus′ten)

SYN: methyl-CCNU.

Senear
Senear

Francis E., U.S. dermatologist, 1889–1958. See S.-Usher disease, S.-Usher syndrome.

Senecio
Senecio (se-ne′se-o, -she-o)

1. A large genus of plants (family Compositae), many species of which contain alkaloids that produce hepatic necrosis. 2. A common weed of the eastern U.S., formerly used in the treatment of amenorrhea and other menstrual irregularities. [L. a plant, groundsel, fr. s., an old man]

senecioic acid
senecioic acid (se-ne′si-o-ik)

A polymer precursor and a precursor of isoprenoid and terpene compounds; the acid component of binapacryl in which it is esterified with 4,6-dinitro-2-(1-methylpropyl)phenol; the coenzyme A derivative is an intermediate in l-leucine degradation; used as a fungicide and miticide.

seneciosis
seneciosis (se-ne-se-o′sis)

Liver degeneration and necrosis caused by ingestion of plants of the genus Senecio, such as ragwort and groundsel; similar hepatotoxic properties have been observed after ingestion of some kinds of Crotalaria and Heliotropium.

senega
senega (sen′e-ga)

The dried root of Polygala s. (family Polygalaceae), a herb of eastern and central North America; an expectorant. SYN: Seneca snakeroot. [Seneca, an Indian tribe]

senescence
senescence (se-nes′ens)

The state of being old. [L. senesco, to grow old, fr. senex, old]
dental s. that condition of the teeth and associated structures in which there is deterioration due to normal or premature aging processes.

senescent
senescent (se-nes′ent)

Growing old.

Sengstaken
Sengstaken

Robert W., U.S. neurosurgeon, *1923. See S.-Blakemore tube.

senile
senile (se′nil, sen′il)

Relating to or characteristic of old age. [L. senilis]

senility
senility (se-nil′i-te)

Old age; a general term for a variety of organic disorders, both physical and mental, occurring in old age. [see senile]

senium
senium (se′ne-um)

Rarely used term for old age; especially the debility of advanced age. [L. the feebleness of age, fr. seneo, to be old, feeble]

senna
senna (sen′a)

The dried leaflets or legumes of Cassia acutifolia (Alexandrine s.) and C. angustifolia (Tinnevelly or Indian s.); a laxative. [Ar. sena]

sennoside A
sennoside A, sennoside B (sen′o-sid)

Two anthraquinone glucosides that are the laxative principles of senna.

sensate
sensate (sen′sat)

Able to perceive touch and other sensations; used in reference to patients who have had partial nerve or spinal cord injuries.

sensation
sensation (sen-sa′shun)

A feeling; the translation into consciousness of the effects of a stimulus exciting any of the organs of sense. [L. sensatio, perception, feeling, fr. sentio, to perceive, feel]
delayed s. a s. that is not perceived until the lapse of an appreciable interval following the application of the stimulus.
general s. a s. referred to the body as a whole rather than to any particular part.
girdle s. SYN: zonesthesia.
primary s. a s. that is the direct result of a stimulus.
referred s. a s. felt in one place in response to a stimulus applied in another.

sense
sense (sens)

The faculty of perceiving any stimulus. [L. sentio, pp. sensus, to feel, to perceive]
chemical senses the senses of smell and taste.
color s. the ability to perceive variations in hue, luminosity, and saturation of light.
s. of equilibrium the s. that makes possible a normal physiologic posture. SYN: static s..
geometric s. one or other of two directions along a curve in which something is moving, e.g., clockwise or counterclockwise.
joint s. SYN: articular sensibility.
kinesthetic s. the sensation felt in muscle when it is contracting; awareness of movement or activity in muscles or joints; s. of position or movement mediated in large part by the posterior columns and medial lemniscus. SEE ALSO: bathyesthesia. SYN: deep sensibility, muscular s., myesthesia, myoesthesis, myoesthesia.
light s. the ability to perceive variations in the degree of light or brightness.
muscular s. SYN: kinesthetic s..
obstacle s. the ability, often found in the blind, to avoid objects without visual warning.
position s. SYN: posture s..
posture s. the ability to recognize the position in which a limb is passively placed, with the eyes closed. SYN: position s..
pressure s. the faculty of discriminating various degrees of pressure on the surface. SYN: baresthesia, weight s..
seventh s. SYN: visceral s..
space s. the faculty of perceiving the relative positions of objects in the external world.
special s. one of the five senses related respectively to the organs of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch.
static s. SYN: s. of equilibrium.
tactile s. SYN: touch (1) .
temperature s. SYN: thermoesthesia.
thermal s., thermic s. SYN: thermoesthesia.
time s. the faculty by which the passage of time is appreciated.
visceral s. the perception of the existence of the internal organs. SYN: seventh s., splanchnesthesia, splanchnesthetic sensibility.
weight s. SYN: pressure s..

sensibility
sensibility (sen-si-bil′i-te)

The consciousness of sensation; the capability of perceiving sensible stimuli. [L. sensibilitas]
articular s. appreciation of sensation in joint surfaces. SYN: arthresthesia, joint sense.
bone s. SYN: pallesthesia.
cortical s. the integration of sensory stimuli by the cerebral cortex.
deep s. SYN: bathyesthesia, kinesthetic sense.
dissociation s. the loss of the pain and the thermal senses with preservation of tactile s. or vice versa.
electromuscular s. s. of muscular tissue to stimulation by electricity.
epicritic s. epicritic.
pallesthetic s. SYN: pallesthesia.
proprioceptive s. proprioceptive.
protopathic s. protopathic.
splanchnesthetic s. SYN: visceral sense.
vibratory s. SYN: pallesthesia.

sensible
sensible (sen′si-bl)

1. Perceptible to the senses. 2. Capable of sensation. 3. SYN: sensitive. 4. Having reason or judgment; intelligent. [L. sensibilis, fr. sentio, to feel, perceive]

sensiferous
sensiferous (sen-sif′er-us)

Conducting a sensation. [L. sensus, sense, + fero, to carry]

sensigenous
sensigenous (sen-sij′e-nus)

Giving rise to sensation. [L. sensus, sense, + G. -gen, to produce]

sensimeter
sensimeter (sen-sim′e-ter)

An instrument that measures degrees of cutaneous sensation. [L. sensus, sense, + G. metron, measure]

sensing
sensing

quorum s. a phenomenon in bacteria that limits certain behaviors to occurring only above a certain population density.

sensitive
sensitive (sen′si-tiv)

1. Capable of perceiving sensations. 2. Responding to a stimulus. 3. Acutely perceptive of interpersonal situations. 4. One who is readily hypnotizable. 5. Readily undergoing a chemical change, with but slight change in environmental conditions, as a s. reagent. 6. In immunology, denoting: 1) a sensitized antigen; 2) a person (or animal) rendered susceptible to immunological reactions by previous exposure to the antigen concerned. SYN: sensible (3) .

sensitivity
sensitivity (sen-si-tiv′i-te)

1. The ability to appreciate by one or more of the senses. 2. State of being sensitive. SYN: esthesia (2) . 3. In clinical pathology and medical screening, the proportion of affected individuals who give a positive test result for the disease that the test is intended to reveal, i.e., true positive results divided by total true positive and false negative results, usually expressed as a percentage. Cf.:specificity (2) . [L. sentio, pp. sensus, to feel]
acquired s. SYN: allergy (1) .
analytical s. 1. the minimum detection limit; 2. the degree of response to a change in concentration of analyte being measured in an assay.
antibiotic s. microbial susceptibility to antibiotics. SEE ALSO: antibiotic s. test, minimal inhibitory concentration.
clinical s. test positivity in disease; ability of a test to correctly identify disease. SEE ALSO: diagnostic s..
contrast s. in optics, the ability to discern the difference in brightness of adjacent areas; in radiology, allergic reaction to iodinated radiographic contrast medium.
diagnostic s. the probability (P) that, given the presence of disease (D), an abnormal test result (T) indicates the presence of disease; i.e., P(T/D). SEE ALSO: clinical s..
idiosyncratic s. atopy, a type I allergic reaction.
induced s. SYN: allergy (1) .
multiple chemical s. a symptom array of variable presentation attributed to recurrent exposure to known environmental chemicals at dosages generally below levels established as harmful; complaints involve multiple organ systems. SYN: environmental illness.
pacemaker s. the minimum cardiac activity required to consistently trigger a pulse generator.
photoallergic s. photosensitization.
phototoxic s. photosensitization.
primaquine s. nonimmunologic inborn s. to primaquine, causing hemolysis on exposure to the drug, due to deficiency of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase in red cells.
relative s. the s. of a medical screening test as determined by comparison with the same type of test; e.g., s. of a new serologic test relative to s. of an established serologic test.
salt s. the tendency of certain bacterial suspensions to agglutinate spontaneously in physiologic saline solution.
spectral s. the reciprocal of the amount of monochromatic radiation that produces a fixed response.

sensitization
sensitization (sen′si-ti-za′shun)

Immunization, especially with reference to antigens (immunogens) not associated with infection; the induction of acquired sensitivity or of allergy.
autoerythrocyte s. autoerythrocyte s. syndrome.
covert s. aversive conditioning or training to rid oneself of an unwanted behavior during which the patient is taught to imagine unpleasant and related aversive consequences while engaging in the unwanted habit.
photodynamic s. the action by which certain substances, notably fluorescing dyes (acridine, eosin, methylene blue, rose bengal) absorb visible light and emit the energy at wavelengths that are deleterious to microbes or other organisms in the dye-containing suspension, or selectively destroy cancer cells sensitized by intravenous porphyrin and exposed to red laser light. SYN: photosensitization (2) .

sensitize
sensitize (sen′si-tiz)

To render sensitive; to induce acquired sensitivity, to immunize. SEE ALSO: sensitized antigen.

sensitizer
sensitizer (sen′si-tiz-er)

1. A substance that causes allergy or dermatitis only after alteration (sensitization) of the skin by previous exposure to that substance. 2. SYN: antibody.

sensitometry
sensitometry (sen-si-tom′e-tre)

In radiology, the procedure of measuring film response to radiation. [sensitivity + G. metron, measure]

sensomobile
sensomobile (sen-so-mo′bel)

Capable of movement in response to a stimulus.

sensomobility
sensomobility (sen-so-mo-bil′i-te)

The state of being sensomobile.

sensomotor
sensomotor (sen-so-mo′ter)

SYN: sensorimotor.

sensor
sensor (sen′sor)

A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism, or movement, and to transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. See sense.

sensori- sensori-

Sensory. [L. sensorius]

sensorial
sensorial (sen-sor′e-al)

Relating to the sensorium.

sensoriglandular
sensoriglandular (sen′sor-i-glan′du-lar)

Relating to glandular secretion excited by stimulation of the sensory nerves.

sensorimotor
sensorimotor (sen′sor-i-mo′ter)

Both sensory and motor; denoting a mixed nerve with afferent and efferent fibers. SYN: sensomotor.

sensorimuscular
sensorimuscular (sen′sor-i-mus′ku-lar)

Denoting muscular contraction in response to a sensory stimulus.

sensorium
sensorium, pl .sensoriasensoriums (sen-sor′e-um, -a, -umz)

1. An organ of sensation. 2. The hypothetical “seat of sensation.” SYN: perceptorium. 3. In human biology and psychology, consciousness; sometimes used as a generic term for the intellectual and cognitive functions. [Late L.]

sensorivascular
sensorivascular (sen′sor-i-vas′ku-lar)

SYN: sensorivasomotor.

sensorivasomotor
sensorivasomotor (sen′sor-i-vas-o-mo′ter)

Denoting contraction or dilation of the blood vessels occurring as a sensory reflex. SYN: sensorivascular.

sensory
sensory (sen′so-re)

Relating to sensation. [L. sensorius, fr. sensus, sense]

sensual
sensual (sen′shoo-al)

1. Relating to the body and the senses, as distinguished from the intellect or spirit. 2. Denoting bodily or sensory pleasure, not necessarily sexual. [L. sensualis, endowed with feeling]

sensualism
sensualism (sen′shoo-al-izm)

1. Domination by the emotions. 2. Indulgence in sensory pleasures. [L. sensualis, endowed with feeling, fr. sentio, to feel]

sensuality
sensuality (sen-shu-al′i-te)

The state or quality of being sensual.

sen′su la′to
sen′su la′to

In a broad sense. [L.]

sen′su stri′cto
sen′su stri′cto

In a strict sense. [L.]

sentient
sentient (sen′shent, sen′she-ent)

Capable of, or characterized by, sensation. [L. sentiens, pres. p. of sentio, to feel, perceive]

sentiment
sentiment (sen′ti-ment)

1. Feeling or emotion in relation to one idea. 2. A complex disposition or organization of a person with reference to a given object (a person, thing, or abstract idea) that makes the object what it is for him or her. [L. sentio, to feel]

sentisection
sentisection (sen-ti-sek′shun)

Vivisection of an animal that is not anesthetized. [L. sentio, to feel, + sectio, a cutting]

separation
separation (sep-a-ra′shun)

1. The act of keeping apart or dividing, or the state of being held apart. 2. In dentistry, the process of gaining slight spaces between the teeth preparatory to treatment.
jaw s. the amount of space between the jaws at any degree of opening.
s. of retina SYN: retinal detachment.
sternochondral s. s. of the costal cartilage from the sternum, especially of the 2nd to 7th ribs, which are true joints lined with synovial membranes.
s. of teeth 1. loss of proximal contact of teeth; 2. in orthodontics, the creation of interproximal spaces for the fitting of an appliance.

separator
separator (sep′er-a-ter)

1. That which divides or keeps apart two or more substances or prevents them from mingling. 2. In dentistry, an instrument for forcing two teeth apart, so as to gain access to adjacent proximal walls. SYN: segregator. [L. se-paro, pp. -atus, to separate, fr. se, apart, + paro, to prepare]

Sephadex
Sephadex (sef′a-deks)

Trade name for certain polydextrans used in column chromatography.

sepsis
sepsis, pl .sepses (sep′sis, -sez)

The presence of various pathogenic organisms, or their toxins, in the blood or tissues; septicemia is a common type of s.. [G. s., putrefaction]
intestinal s. s. associated with autointoxication of intestinal origin.
s. lenta a slowly developing and more or less localized infection.
puerperal s. SYN: puerperal fever.

sept- sept-

See septi-, septico-, septo-.

septa
septa (sep′ta)

Plural of septum. [L.]
intra-alveolar s. SYN: interradicular s. of maxilla and mandible, under septum.

septal
septal (sep′tal)

Relating to a septum.

septan
septan (sep′tan)

Denoting a malarial fever the paroxysms of which recur every seventh day, counting the day of the occurrence as the first day, i.e., with a five-day asymptomatic interval. [L. septem, seven]

Septata
Septata (sep-ta′ta)

A recently described member of the protozoan phylum Microspora found in the intestine of an immunocompromised individual. The species described is S. intestinalis. This organism has been relcassified as Encephalitozoon intestinalis. SEE ALSO: Encephalitozoon intestinalis.

septate
septate (sep′tat)

Having a septum; divided into compartments. [L. saeptum, septum]

septectomy
septectomy (sep-tek′to-me)

Operative removal of the whole or a part of a septum, specifically of the nasal septum. [L. saeptum, septum, + G. ektome, excision]

septemia
septemia (sep-te′me-a)

A rarely used term for septicemia.

septi- septi-, sept-

Seven. [L. septem]

septic
septic (sep′tik)

Relating to or caused by sepsis.

septicemia
septicemia (sep-ti-se′me-a)

Systemic disease caused by the spread of microorganisms and their toxins via the circulating blood; formerly called “blood poisoning.” SEE ALSO: pyemia. SYN: septic fever, septic intoxication. [G. sepsis, putrefaction, + haima, blood]
acute fulminating meningococcal s. SYN: Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome.
anthrax s. SYN: anthracemia.
cryptogenic s. a form of s. in which no primary focus of infection can be found.
metastasizing s. sepsis, with entry of microorganisms into the bloodstream leading to abscess formation at a distance from the original site of infection.
morphine injector's s. bloodstream infection in an individual who injects him or herself with narcotics, usually intravenously, due to bacterial contamination of equipment used. Seen more often with heroin and narcotics other than morphine.
plague s. infection with the plague organism, Yersinia pestis, with bloodstream infection.
puerperal s. a severe bloodstream infection resulting from an obstetric delivery or procedure.
typhoid s. typhoid during the phase when the organism can be cultured from the blood. SYN: typhosepsis.

septicemic
septicemic (sep-ti-se′mik)

Relating to, suffering from, or resulting from septicemia.

septico- septico-, septic-

Sepsis, septic. [G. septikos, putrifying, fr. sepsis, putrefaction]

septicopyemia
septicopyemia (sep′ti-ko-pi-e′me-a)

Pyemia and septicemia occurring together.

septicopyemic
septicopyemic (sep′ti-ko-pi-e′mik)

Relating to septicopyemia.

septivalent
septivalent (sep-ti-va′lent, sep-tiv′a-lent)

Having a combining power (valency) of seven.

septo- septo-, sept-

Septum. [L. saeptum]

septodermoplasty
septodermoplasty (sep-to-der′mo-plas-te)

Operation to graft squamous epithelium and dermis to replace the mucous membrane of the nasal septum, especially for patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. [septo- + dermo- + G. plastos, formed]

septomarginal
septomarginal (sep′to-mar′ji-nal)

Relating to the margin of a septum, or to both a septum and a margin.

septonasal
septonasal (sep′to-na′sal)

Relating to the nasal septum.

septoplasty
septoplasty (sep′to-plas-te)

Operation to correct defects or deformities of the nasal septum, often by alteration or partial removal of skeletal structures. [septo- + G. plastos, formed]

septorhinoplasty
septorhinoplasty (sep-to-ri′no-plas-te)

Combined operation to repair defects or deformities of the nasal septum and of the external nose. [septo- + G. rhis, nose, + plastos, formed]

septostomy
septostomy (sep-tos′to-me)

Surgical creation of a septal defect. [septo- + G. stoma, mouth]
atrial s. establishment of a communication between the two atria of the heart. SYN: atrioseptostomy.
balloon s. s. performed by cardiac catheterization with the use an of inflated balloon pulled across the interatrial septum through the foramen ovale; used in cases of transposition of the great vessels and tricuspid atresia.

septulum
septulum, pl .septula (sep′tu-lum, -la)

A minute septum. [Mod. L. dim. of septum]
s. testis SYN: septula of testis.
septula of testis one of the trabeculae of the testis; imperfect septa and fibrous cords radiating toward the surface of the gland from the mediastinum testis. SYN: s. testis, trabecula testis.

septum
septum, gen. septi, pl .septa (sep′tum, -ti, -ta)

1. [TA] A thin wall dividing two cavities or masses of softer tissue. See septal area, transparent s.. 2. In fungi, a wall; usually a cross-wall in a hypha. [L. saeptum, a partition]
s. accessorium an additional ridge forming the lower border of the limbus fossae ovalis.
alveolar s. SYN: interalveolar s..
anteromedial intermuscular s. [TA] dense fascial triangle extending from the inferior medial border of the adductor magnus muscle to the vastus medialis muscle. Along with the sartorius muscle, this dense fascia forms the roof of the lower half of the adductor canal and, as the femoral vessels pass deep to it, is often mistaken for the adductor hiatus. SYN: s. intermusculare vastoadductorium [TA] , subsartorial fascia, vastoadductor fascia.
aortopulmonary s. the spiral s. which, during development, separates the truncus arteriosus into a ventral pulmonary trunk and dorsal aorta. SEE ALSO: bulbar ridge.
atrioventricular s. [TA] the small part of the membranous s. of the heart just above the septal cusp of the tricuspid valve that separates the right atrium from the left ventricle. SYN: s. atrioventriculare [TA] .
s. atrioventriculare [TA] SYN: atrioventricular s..
Bigelow s. SYN: calcar femorale.
bony nasal s. [TA] the bones supporting the bony part of the nasal s.; these are the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, the vomer, the sphenoidal rostrum, the crest of the nasal bones, the frontal spine, and the median crest formed by the apposition of the maxillary and palatine bones. SYN: s. nasi osseum [TA] .
bulbar s. obsolete term for spiral s..
s. bulbi urethrae a fibrous s. in the interior of the bulb of the penis which divides it into two hemispheres.
s. canalis musculotubarii SYN: s. of pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube.
cartilaginous s. SYN: septal nasal cartilage.
s. cervicale intermedium [TA] SYN: intermediate cervical s..
s. clitoridis SYN: s. of corpora cavernosa of clitoris.
Cloquet s. SYN: femoral s..
comblike s. SYN: pectiniform s..
s. of corpora cavernosa of clitoris [TA] an incomplete fibrous s. between the corpora cavernosa of the clitoris. SYN: s. corporum cavernosorum clitoridis [TA] , s. clitoridis.
s. corporum cavernosorum clitoridis [TA] SYN: s. of corpora cavernosa of clitoris.
crural s. SYN: femoral s..
distal spiral s. spiral s..
endovenous s., s. endovenosum a remnant of the primitive separation between veins that fused to form a definitive trunk, such as the trunk leading to the left common iliac and the left renal veins.
femoral s. [TA] mass of connective tissue that occupies the femoral canal, effectively closing the canal but permitting the passage of lymphatics draining the lower limb. SYN: s. femorale [TA] , Cloquet s., crural s..
s. femorale [TA] SYN: femoral s..
s. of frontal sinuses [TA] the bony partition between the right and left frontal sinuses; it is often deflected to one side of the middle line. SYN: s. sinuum frontalium [TA] .
gingival s. SYN: gingival papilla.
s. glandis [TA] SYN: s. of glans penis.
s. of glans penis [TA] a fibrous partition extending through the glans penis from the lower surface of the tunica albuginea to the urethra. SYN: s. glandis [TA] .
hanging s. the deformity caused by an abnormal width of the septal portion of the alar cartilages.
interalveolar s. [TA] 1. the tissue intervening between two adjacent pulmonary alveoli; it consists of a close-meshed capillary network covered on both surfaces by very thin alveolar epithelial cells; 2. one of the bony partitions between the tooth sockets of the mandible and maxilla (septa interalveolare mandibulae et maxillae). SYN: s. interalveolare [TA] , alveolar s., septal bone.
s. interalveolare, pl .septa interalveolaria [TA] SYN: interalveolar s..
interatrial s. [TA] the wall between the atria of the heart. SEE ALSO: s. primum, s. secundum. SYN: s. interatriale [TA] .
s. interatriale [TA] SYN: interatrial s..
interdental s. the bony portion separating two adjacent teeth in a dental arch.
interlobular s. the connective tissue between secondary pulmonary lobules, usually containing a vein and lymphatics; seen radiographically when thickened as a Kerley B or septal line.
intermediate cervical s. [TA] a thin s. composed of glia fiber and leptomeningeal connective tissue in the cervical spinal cord marking the border between the gracile fasciculi and cuneatus of the dorsal funiculus. SYN: s. cervicale intermedium [TA] .
s. intermedium old term for the s. of the atrioventricular canal of the embryonic heart formed by the fusion of the dorsal and ventral atrioventricular canal cushions.
intermuscular s. [TA] a term applied to aponeurotic sheets separating various muscles of the limbs; these are anterior and posterior crural intermuscular septa of leg (septa intermuscularis cruris anterius et posterius), lateral and medial femoral intermuscular septa (septa intermuscularis femoris laterale et mediale), lateral and medial intermuscular septa of arm (septa intermuscularis brachii laterale et mediale). SYN: s. intermusculare [TA] .
s. intermusculare [TA] SYN: intermuscular s..
s. intermusculare vastoadductorium [TA] SYN: anteromedial intermuscular s..
interpulmonary s. SYN: mediastinum (2) .
septa interradicularia mandi′bulae et ma′xillae [TA] SYN: interradicular septa of maxilla and mandible.
interradicular septa of maxilla and mandible [TA] the bony partitions that project into the alveoli between the roots of the molar teeth. SYN: septa interradicularia mandi′bulae et ma′xillae [TA] , intra-alveolar septa.
interventricular s. [TA] the wall between the ventricles of the heart. SYN: s. interventriculare [TA] , ventricular s..
s. interventriculare [TA] SYN: interventricular s..
s. linguae [TA] SYN: lingual s..
lingual s. [TA] the median vertical fibrous partition of the tongue merging posteriorly into the aponeurosis of the tongue. SYN: s. linguae [TA] , s. of tongue.
s. lucidum SYN: s. pellucidum.
s. mediastinale SYN: mediastinum (2) .
s. membranaceum ventriculorum SYN: membranous part of interventricular s..
membranous s. 1. SYN: membranous part of nasal s.. 2. SYN: membranous part of interventricular s..
s. mobile nasi SYN: mobile part of nasal s..
s. musculare ventriculorum SYN: muscular part of interventricular s. (of heart).
s. of musculotubal canal SYN: s. of pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube.
nasal s. [TA] the wall dividing the nasal cavity into halves; it is composed of a central supporting skeleton covered on each side by a mucous membrane. SYN: s. nasi [TA] .
s. nasi [TA] SYN: nasal s..
s. nasi osseum [TA] SYN: bony nasal s..
orbital s. [TA] a fibrous membrane attached to the margin of the orbit and extending into the lids, containing the orbital fat and constituting in great part the posterior fascia of the orbicularis oculi muscle. SYN: s. orbitale [TA] .
s. orbitale [TA] SYN: orbital s..
pectiniform s., s. pectiniforme the anterior portion of the s. penis which is broken by a number of slitlike perforations. SYN: comblike s..
s. pellucidum [TA] a thin plate of brain tissue, containing nerve cells and numerous nerve fibers, that is stretched like a flat, vertical sheet between the column and body of fornix below, and the corpus callosum above and anteriorly; it is usually fused in the median plane with its partner on the opposite side so as to form a thin, median partition between the left and right frontal horn of the lateral ventricles; in less than 10% of humans there is a blind, slitlike, fluid-filled space between the two transparent septa, the cavity of s. pellucidum. The transparent s. is continuous ventralward through the interval between the corpus callosum and the anterior commissure with the precommissural s. and subcallosal gyrus. SEE ALSO: cavity of s. pellucidum, septal area. SYN: s. lucidum, transparent s..
s. penis [TA] the portion of the tunica albuginea incompletely separating the two corpora cavernosa of the penis.
s. of pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube [TA] a very thin horizontal plate of bone forming two semicanals, the upper, smaller, for the tensor tympani muscle, and the lower, larger for the pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube; its termination in the middle ear is the processus cochleariformis. SYN: s. canalis musculotubarii, s. of musculotubal canal, s. tubae.
placental septa incomplete partitions between placental cotyledons; they are covered with trophoblast and contain a core of maternal tissue.
precommissural s. septal area.
s. primum a crescentic s. in the embryonic heart that develops on the dorsocephalic wall of the originally single atrium and initiates its partitioning into right and left chambers; the tips of the s. grow toward and fuse with the atrioventricular canal cushions.
proximal spiral s. spiral s..
rectovaginal s. [TA] the fascial layer between the vagina and the lower part of the rectum. SYN: s. rectovaginale [TA] .
s. rectovaginale [TA] SYN: rectovaginal s..
rectovesical s. [TA] a fascial layer that extends superiorly from the central tendon of the perineum to the peritoneum between the prostate and rectum. SYN: s. rectovesicale [TA] , Denonvilliers aponeurosis, rectovesical fascia, Tyrrell fascia.
s. rectovesicale [TA] SYN: rectovesical s..
scrotal s. [TA] an incomplete wall of connective tissue and nonstriated muscle (dartos fascia) dividing the scrotum into two sacs, each containing a testis. SYN: s. scroti [TA] .
s. scroti [TA] SYN: scrotal s..
s. secundum the second of two major septal structures involved in the partitioning of the atrium, developing later than the s. primum and located to the right of it; like the s. primum, it is crescentic, but its tips are directed toward the sinus venosus, and it is more heavily muscular; it remains an incomplete partition until after birth, with its unclosed area constituting the foramen ovale.
sinus s. a small fold forming the medial end of the valve of the inferior vena cava; it is developed from the dorsal wall of the embryonic sinus venosus.
s. sinuum frontalium [TA] SYN: s. of frontal sinuses.
s. sinuum sphenoidalium [TA] SYN: s. of sphenoidal sinuses.
s. of sphenoidal sinuses [TA] the bony partition between the two sphenoidal sinuses, often deflected to one side of the midline. SYN: s. sinuum sphenoidalium [TA] .
spiral s. a s. dividing the embryonic bulbus cordis into pulmonary and aortic outflow tracts from the developing heart; the distal spiral s. is derived from the right and left endocardial cushions and so separates the pulmonary and aortic orifices; the proximal spiral s. is the portion of the s. that is incorporated into the membranous part of the interventricular s..
spiral bulbar s. spiral s..
s. spurium a s. in the right atrium of the embryonic heart formed by the right venous valve and its continuation onto the dorsocephalic wall of the atrium; in human embryos, it reaches its fullest development during the third month and then undergoes regression, taking no part in atrial partitioning (hence its designation as false); reduced portions persist as the valve of the inferior vena cava and the valve of the coronary sinus.
s. of testis SYN: mediastinum of testis.
s. of tongue SYN: lingual s..
transparent s. SYN: s. pellucidum.
transverse s. 1. SYN: ampullary crest. 2. the mesodermal mass separating the pericardial and peritoneal cavities; it is covered with mesothelium except where intimately associated with the liver, which originally develops within it; the s. is definitively incorporated into the diaphragm as the central tendon.
s. tubae SYN: s. of pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube.
urogenital s. the coronally placed ridge formed by the caudal portion of the urogenital ridges meeting in the midline of the embryo; it lies between the hindgut dorsally and the bladder ventrally.
urorectal s. in embryos, a partition dividing the cloaca into a dorsal, rectal portion and a ventral portion called the urogenital sinus; reaching the cloacal membrane at about the time of its disintegration, the urorectal s. divides the cloacal exit into an anal and a urogenital orifice. SYN: urorectal fold.
ventricular s. SYN: interventricular s..

sequela
sequela, pl .sequelae (se-kwel′a, se-kwel′e)

A condition following as a consequence of a disease. [L. s., a sequel, fr. sequor, to follow]

sequence
sequence (se′kwens)

The succession, or following, of one thing or event after another. [L. sequor, to follow]
Alu sequences in the human genome a repeated, relatively conserved s. of about 300 bp that often contains a cleavage site for the restriction enzyme AluI near the center; about 1 million copies in the human genome.
chi s. an octomeric s. of bases in DNA that participates in RecBC-mediated genetic recombination.
coding s. the portion of DNA that codes for transcription of messenger RNA. See exon.
insertion s. discrete DNA sequences of nucleotides that are repeated at various sites on bacterial chromosomes, certain plasmids, and bacteriophages and that can move from one site to another on the chromosome, to another plasmid in the same bacterium, or to a bacteriophage.
intervening s. SYN: intron.
s. ladder The array of bands, made conspicuous by labeling, when DNA fragmented by endonucleases is subject to gel electrophoresis; corresponds to the nucleotide s..
leader sequences sequences at the end of either nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) or proteins that must be processed off to allow for a specific function of the mature molecule.
long terminal repeat sequences (LTR) regions of the RNA genome associated with regulation, integration, and expression of retroviruses.
monotonic s. a s. in which each value in a set is greater than the preceding value.
palindromic s. palindrome.
pulse s. in magnetic resonance imaging, a series of changes in the induced magnetic field, which include the phase and frequency-encoding gradients and read-out functions.
regulatory s. any DNA s. that is responsible for the regulation of gene expression, such as promoters and operators.
Shine-Dalgarno s. a purine-rich, untranslated region of mRNA upstream from the initiation codon in prokaryotes; assists in aligning the mRNA on the ribosome.
termination s. SYN: termination codon.
twin reversed arterial perfusion s. (TRAP) a circulatory anomaly in monozygotic twins wherein there are placental arterioarterial and venovenous anastomoses and umbilical anomalies, with one fetus being perfused with deoxygenated blood; the recipient fetus develops as an acardiac acephalic, and the pump or donor twin is at risk for cardiac failure.

sequencing
sequencing (se′kwens-ing)

The determination of the sequence of subunits in a macromolecule.
dideoxy s. a method of s. DNA using 2′,3′-dideoxyribonucleoside triphosphates.
Maxim-Gilbert s. a method of s. DNA using dimethyl sulfate and hydrazinolysis.

sequential
sequential (se-kwen′shal)

Occurring in sequence.

sequestra
sequestra (se-kwes′tra)

Plural of sequestrum.

sequestral
sequestral (se-kwes′tral)

Relating to a sequestrum.

sequestration
sequestration (se-kwes-tra′shun)

1. Formation of a sequestrum. 2. Loss of blood or of its fluid content into spaces within the body so that it is withdrawn from the circulating volume, resulting in hemodynamic impairment, hypovolemia, hypotension, and reduced venous return to the heart. [L. sequestratio, fr. sequestro, pp. -atus, to lay aside]
bronchopulmonary s. a congenital anomaly in which a mass of lung tissue becomes isolated, during development, from the rest of the lung; the bronchi in the mass are usually dilated or cystic and are not connected with the bronchial tree; it is supplied by a branch of the aorta.

sequestrectomy
sequestrectomy (se-kwes-trek′to-me)

Operative removal of a sequestrum. SYN: sequestrotomy. [sequestrum + G. ektome, excision]

sequestrotomy
sequestrotomy (se-kwes-trot′o-me)

SYN: sequestrectomy. [sequestrum + G. tome, incision]

sequestrum
sequestrum, pl .sequestra (se-kwes′trum, -tra)

A piece of necrotic tissue, usually bone, that has become separated from the surrounding healthy tissue. [Mod. L. use of Mediev. L. s., something laid aside, fr. L. sequestro, to lay aside, separate]
primary s. a completely detached s..

sequoiosis
sequoiosis (se-kwoy-o′sis)

Extrinsic allergic alveolitis caused by inhalation of redwood sawdust containing spores of Graphium, Pullularia, Aureobasidium, and other fungi. [Sequoia (genus name) for Sequoah (George Guess), Cherokee scholar, + G. -osis, condition]

SER
SER

Abbreviation for somatosensory evoked response. SEE ALSO: evoked response.

Ser
Ser

Symbol for serine and its radical.

sera
sera (ser′a)

Plural of serum.

seralbumin
seralbumin (ser-al-bu′min)

SYN: serum albumin.

serendipity
serendipity (ser-en-dip′i-te)

Accidental discovery; in science, finding one thing while looking for something else, as in Fleming's discovery of penicillin. [coined by Horace Walpole and relates to The Three Princes of Serendip, fr. alternate spelling of Serendib, ancient name for Sri Lanka]

Sergent
Sergent

Emile, French physician, 1867–1943. See S. white line, Bernard-S. syndrome.

series
series, pl .series (ser′ez)

1. A succession of similar objects following one another in space or time. 2. In chemistry, a group of substances, either elements or compounds, having similar properties or differing from each other in composition by a constant ratio. [L. fr. sero, to join together]
aromatic s. all the compounds derived from benzene, or similar cyclic compounds that obey the Hückel rule, distinguished from those compounds that are acyclic or that contain rings that lack the conjugated double bond structure characteristic of benzene.
erythrocytic s. the cells in the various stages of development in the red bone marrow leading to the formation of the erythrocyte, e.g., erythroblasts, normoblasts, erythrocytes.
fatty s. the alkanes; all the acyclic compounds in the methane, ethane, propane, etc., group, as distinguished from the aromatic s..
granulocytic s. the cells in the several stages of development in the bone marrow leading to the mature granulocyte of the circulation, e.g., myeloblasts, different stages of the myelocyte, granulocytes.
Hofmeister s. the s. of cations Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺, Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺, Cs⁺, and of anions citrate³⁻, tartrate²⁻, SO₄²⁻, acetate⁻, NO₃⁻, CIO₃⁻, I⁻, CNS⁻ (among others), each s. arranged in order of decreasing ability to: 1) precipitate the dispersed substance of lyophilic sols; 2) “salt out” organic substances ( e.g., aniline, ethyl acetate) from aqueous solutions; or 3) inhibit the swelling of gels. These effects, among other related ones, are ascribable to the abstraction and binding of water by these ions ( i.e., hydration), which also decreases in the orders given, so that (in the monovalent cation s.) Li⁺, with the smallest crystal radius, has the largest hydrated radius, and vice versa for Cs⁺. SYN: lyotropic s..
homologous s. a s. of organic compounds, the succeeding members of which differ from each other by the radical CH₂ (as in the fatty s.).
lymphocytic s., lymphoid s. the cells at various states in the development in lymphoid tissue of the mature lymphocytes, e.g., lymphoblasts, young lymphocytes, mature lymphocytes.
lyotropic s. SYN: Hofmeister s..
myeloid s. the granulocytic and the erythrocytic s..
small bowel s. radiographic examination of the small intestine following the oral administration of contrast medium, usually barium sulfate. Cf.:small bowel enema.
thrombocytic s. the cells of successive stages in thrombocytic (platelet) development in the bone marrow, e.g., thromboblasts, thrombocytes.
upper GI s. a radiographic contrast study of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.

serine
serine (S, Ser) (ser′en)

2-Amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid;the l-isomer is one of the amino acids occurring in proteins.
s. deaminase SYN: threonine dehydratase.
s. dehydrase SYN: l-s. dehydratase.
l-s. dehydratase l-hydroxyamino acid dehydratase;a deaminating hydro-lyase converting l-s. to pyruvate and NH₃; a part of amino acid catabolism. SEE ALSO: threonine dehydratase. SYN: s. dehydrase.
s. sulfhydrase SYN: cystathionine β-synthase.

seriograph
seriograph (ser′e-o-graf)

An instrument for making a series of radiographs; used, e.g., in cerebral angiography; an obsolete term for rapid film changer. [series + G. grapho, to write]

seriography
seriography (ser-e-og′ra-fe)

The making of a series of radiographs by means of the seriograph.

serioscopy
serioscopy (ser-e-os′ko-pe)

Formerly, a series of radiographs of a region taken from different directional points and later combined. [series + G. skopeo, to view]

seriscission
seriscission (ser-i-sish′un)

Rarely used term denoting division of the pedicle of a tumor or other tissue by a silk ligature. [L. sericum, silk, + scissio, a cleaving]

SERM
SERM

Abbreviation for selective estrogen receptor modulator.

sero- sero-

Serum, serous. [L. serum, whey]

serocolitis
serocolitis (ser′o-ko-li′tis)

SYN: pericolitis. [Mod. L. serosa, serous membrane, + colitis]

seroconversion
seroconversion (ser′o-kon-ver′zhun)

Development of detectable specific antibodies in the serum as a result of infection or immunization.

serocystic
serocystic (ser-o-sis′tik)

Relating to one or more serous cysts.

serodiagnosis
serodiagnosis (ser′o-di-ag-no′sis)

Diagnosis by means of serologic reactions using blood serum or other serous fluids in the body.

seroenteritis
seroenteritis (ser′o-en-ter-i′tis)

SYN: perienteritis. [Mod. L. serosa, serous membrane, + enteritis]

seroepidemiology
seroepidemiology (ser′o-ep-i-de-me-ol′o-je)

Epidemiologic study based on the detection of infection by serologic testing.

serofast
serofast (ser′o-fast)

SYN: serum-fast.

serofibrinous
serofibrinous (ser-o-fi′bri-nus)

Denoting an exudate composed of serum and fibrin.

serofibrous
serofibrous (ser-o-fi′brus)

Relating to a serous membrane and a fibrous tissue.

serogroup
serogroup (ser′o-groop, ser)

1. A group of bacteria containing a common antigen, used in the classification of certain genera of bacteria. 2. A group of viral species that are antigenically closely related.

serologic
serologic (ser-o-loj′ik)

Relating to serology.

serology
serology (se-rol′o-je)

The branch of science concerned with serum, especially with specific immune or lytic serums; to measure either antigens or antibodies in sera. [sero- + G. logos, study]

seroma
seroma (se-ro′ma)

A mass or tumefaction caused by the localized accumulation of serum within a tissue or organ. [sero- + G. -oma, tumor]

seromembranous
seromembranous (ser′o-mem′bra-nus)

Relating to a serous membrane.

seromucoid
seromucoid (ser-o-mu′koyd)

General term for a mucoprotein (glycoprotein) from serum.
acid s. SYN: orosomucoid.

seromucous
seromucous (ser-o-mu′kus)

Pertaining to a mixture of watery and mucinous material, such as that of certain glands.

seromyotomy
seromyotomy (se′ro-mi-ot′o-me)

Incision in the wall of a hollow viscus that involves the serosa and muscularis but not the mucosa. [serosa (1) + G. mys, muscle, + tome, a cutting]

seronegative
seronegative (ser-o-neg′a-tiv)

Lacking an antibody of a specific type in serum; used to mean absence of prior infection with a specific agent ( e.g., rubella virus), disappearance of antibodies after treatment of a disease ( e.g., syphilis), or absence of antibody usually found in a given syndrome ( e.g., rheumatoid arthritis without rheumatoid factor).

seropositive
seropositive (ser-o-poz′i-tiv)

Containing antibody of a specific type in serum; used to indicate presence of immunological evidence of a specific infection ( e.g., Lyme disease, syphilis) or presence of a diagnostically useful antibody ( e.g., rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor).

seropurulent
seropurulent (ser′o-poo′roo-lent)

Composed of or containing both serum and pus; denoting a discharge of thin watery pus (seropus).

seropus
seropus (ser′o-pus)

Purulent serum, i.e., pus largely diluted with serum.

seroreversion
seroreversion (sir-o-re-vur′zhun)

A loss in serological reactivity; may be spontaneous or in response to therapy.

serosa
serosa (se-ro′sa) [TA]

1. The outermost coat or serous layer of a visceral structure that lies in the body cavities of the abdomen or thorax; it consists of a surface layer of mesothelium reinforced by irregular fibroelastic connective tissue. 2. The outermost of the extraembryonic membranes that encloses the embryo and all its other membranes; it consists of somatopleure, i.e., ectoderm reinforced by somatic mesoderm; the s. of mammalian embryos is frequently called the trophoderm. SYN: membrana s. (2) . SEE ALSO: chorion. SYN: tunica s. [TA] , serous coat&star, membrana s. (1) , serous membrane, serous tunic. [fem. of Mod. L. serosus, serous]
s. of colon SYN: s. of large intestine.
s. of esophagus [TA] serous coat of the abdominal part of the esophagus. SYN: tunica s. esophagi [TA] .
s. of gallbladder [TA] serous coat of the gallbladder; the visceral peritoneum covering the portions of the gallbladder not in direct contact with the liver. SYN: tunica s. vesicae biliaris [TA] , tunica s. vesicae felleae&star.
s. of large intestine [TA] serous coat of the colon; the visceral peritoneum of the large intestine. SYN: tunica s. intestini crassi [TA] , s. of colon, tunica s. coli.
s. of liver [TA] serous coat of the liver; peritoneal covering of the liver, enclosing almost all except for a triangular area on its posterior surface (the “bare area of the liver”) and a smaller area where the liver and gallbladder are in direct contact. SYN: tunica s. hepatis [TA] .
s. of parietal pleura [TA] glistening inner surface of the parietal pleura. SYN: tunica s. pleurae perietalis [TA] .
s. of peritoneum simple squamous epithelium that forms the glistening surface of the parietal and visceral layers of peritoneum. SYN: tunica s. peritonei [TA] , serous coat of peritoneum&star, serous layer of peritoneum.
s. of serous pericardium [TA] single layer of flat cells that lines the pericardial sac and heart; this layer, plus the subserous layer, constitute the serous pericardium. SYN: tunica s. pericardii serosi [TA] .
s. of small intestine [TA] serous coat of the small intestine; the peritoneal covering of the external surface of the small intestine. SYN: tunica s. intestini tenuis [TA] .
s. of the spleen [TA] visceral peritoneum covering the spleen. SYN: tunica s. splenis [TA] .
s. of stomach [TA] serous coat of the stomach; the visceral peritoneum covering the outer surface of the stomach. SYN: tunica s. gastricae [TA] , tunica s. ventriculi.
s. of (urinary) bladder [TA] serous coat of the urinary bladder; the visceral peritoneum covering the roof and lateral walls of the urinary bladder. SYN: tunica s. vesicae (urinariae) [TA] .
s. of uterine tube [TA] serous coat of the uterine tube; the visceral peritoneum forming the outer surface of the uterine tubes. SYN: tunica s. tubae uterinae [TA] .
s. of uterus [TA] serous coat of uterus; the visceral peritoneum covering the fundus and posterior body of the uterus. SYN: tunica s. uteri [TA] .
s. of visceral pleura [TA] single layer of flat cells lining and thus forming the glistening outermost surface of the lungs. SYN: tunica s. pleurae visceralis [TA] .

serosamucin
serosamucin (se-ro-sa-mu′sin)

Mucoid material found in serous fluids, e.g., in ascitic or synovial fluid.

serosanguineous
serosanguineous (ser′o-sang-gwin′e-us)

Denoting an exudate or a discharge composed of or containing serum and also blood.

seroserous
seroserous (ser-o-ser′us)

1. Relating to two serous surfaces. 2. Denoting a suture, as of the intestine, in which the edges of the wound are infolded so as to bring the two serous surfaces in apposition.

serositis
serositis (ser-o-si′tis)

Inflammation of a serous membrane.
multiple s. SYN: polyserositis.

serosity
serosity (se-ros′i-te)

1. A serous fluid or a serum. 2. The condition of being serous. 3. The serous quality of a liquid.

serosynovial
serosynovial (ser′o-si-no′ve-al)

Relating to serum and also synovia.

serosynovitis
serosynovitis (ser′o-sin-o-vi′tis)

Synovitis attended with a copious serous effusion.

serotaxis
serotaxis (ser-o-tak′sis)

Edema of the skin induced by the application of a strong cutaneous irritant. [sero- + G. taxis, an arranging]

serotherapy
serotherapy (ser-o-thar′a-pe)

Treatment of an infectious disease by injection of an antitoxin or serum containing specific antibody. SYN: serum therapy.

serotina
serotina (ser′o-ti′na)

See decidua. [L. fem. of serotinus, late]

serotonergic
serotonergic (ser-o-to-ner′jik, ser-)

Related to the action of serotonin or its precursor l-tryptophan. [serotonin + G. ergon, work]

serotonin
serotonin (ser-o-to′nin)

A vasoconstrictor, liberated by blood platelets, that inhibits gastric secretion and stimulates smooth muscle; present in relatively high concentrations in some areas of the central nervous system (hypothalamus, basal ganglia), and occurring in many peripheral tissues and cells and in carcinoid tumors. SYN: 5-hydroxytryptamine, enteramine, thrombocytin, thrombotonin. [sero- + G. tonos, tone, tension, + -in]

serotype
serotype (ser′o-tip)

SYN: serovar.
heterologous s. an antibody that was induced by one antigen and reacts with another antigen.
homologous s. an antibody that was induced by a particular antigen and reacts with that antigen.

serous
serous (ser′us)

Relating to, containing, or producing serum or a substance having a watery consistency.

serovaccination
serovaccination (ser′o-vak-si-na′shun)

A process for producing mixed immunity by the injection of a serum to secure passive immunity, and by vaccination with a modified or killed culture to acquire active immunity later.

serovar
serovar (ser′o-var)

A subdivision of a species or subspecies distinguishable from other strains therein on the basis of antigenicity. SYN: serotype. [sero- + variant]

serozyme
serozyme (ser′o-zim)

SYN: prothrombin.

serpentaria
serpentaria (ser-pen-ta′re-a, -tar′e-a)

The dried rhizome and roots of Aristolochia s., Virginia snakeroot, or of A. reticulata, Texas snakeroot (family Aristolochiaceae); a stomachic. SYN: snakeroot. [L. snakeweed]

serpiginous
serpiginous (ser-pij′i-nus)

Creeping; denoting an ulcer or other cutaneous lesion that extends with an arciform border; the margin has a wavy or serpent-like border. [Mediev. L. serpigo- (-gin-), ringworm, fr. L. serpo, to creep]

serpigo
serpigo (ser-pi′go)

1. SYN: tinea. 2. SYN: herpes. 3. Any creeping or serpiginous eruption. [Mediev. L. s. (-gin-), ringworm, fr. L. serpo, to creep]

serpins
serpins

SYN: serine protease inhibitors, under inhibitor. [serine protease inhibitors]

serrate
serrate, serrated (ser′at, -a′ted)

Toothed. [L. serratus, fr. serra, a saw]

Serratia
Serratia (se-ra′she-a)

A genus of motile, peritrichous, aerobic to facultatively anaerobic bacteria (family Enterobacteriaceae) which contain small, Gram-negative rods. Some strains are encapsulated. Many strains produce a pink, red, or magenta pigment; their metabolism is fermentative and they are saprophytic on decaying plant and animal materials. The type species is S. marcescens. [Serafino Serrati, 18th century Italian physicist]
S. marcescens a species found in water, soil, milk, foods, and silkworms and other insects; a significant cause of hospital-acquired infection, especially in patients with impaired immunity; it is the type species of the genus S..

serration
serration (se-ra′shun)

1. The state of being serrated or notched. 2. Any one of the processes in a serrate or dentate formation. [L. serra, saw]

serrefine
serrefine (ser-e-fen′)

A small spring forceps used for approximating the edges of a wound or for temporarily closing an artery during an operation. [Fr.]

serrenoeud
serrenoeud (ser-e-no-ood′)

An instrument for tightening a ligature. [Fr. serrer, to press, + noeud, knot]

Serres
Serres

Antoine E.R.A., French anatomist, 1786–1868. See S. angle, S. glands, under gland, rests of S., under rest.

serrulate
serrulate, serrulated (ser′u-lat, -la′ted)

Finely serrate. [L. serrula, a small saw, dim. of serra]

Sertoli
Sertoli

Enrico, Italian histologist, 1842–1910. See S. cell tumor, S. cells, under cell, S. columns, under column, S.-cell-only syndrome, S.-Leydig cell tumor, S.-stromal cell tumor.

sertraline
sertraline (ser′tra-len)

An antidepressant which exhibits selectivity for the blockade of serotonin reuptake; similar to fluoxetine.

serum
serum, pl .serumssera (ser′um, -umz, -a)

1. A clear, watery fluid, especially that moistening the surface of serous membranes, or exuded in inflammation of any of those membranes. 2. The fluid portion of the blood obtained after removal of the fibrin clot and blood cells, distinguished from the plasma in circulating blood. Sometimes used as a synonym for antiserum or antitoxin. [L. whey]
anticomplementary s. s. that destroys or inactivates complement.
antiepithelial s. an antiserum (cytotoxin) for epithelial cells.
antilymphocyte s. (ALS) antiserum against lymphocytes, used to suppress rejection of grafts or organ transplants; when used in man, the globulin fraction of the heterologous s. (prepared in horse or other animals) is usually used in conjunction with other immunosuppressive agents (drugs or chemicals) and for a limited period of time. SYN: antilymphocyte globulin.
antirabies s. a sterile solution containing antibodies obtained from the blood s. or plasma of a healthy animal, or human, that has been immunized against rabies by means of vaccine; administered immediately after severe or multiple bites by domestic animals suspected to be rabid and in all wild animal bites, to be followed by a regimen of rabies vaccine.
antireticular cytotoxic s. an antiserum specific for cells of the reticuloendothelial system.
antitoxic s. an antitoxin.
bacteriolytic s. an antiserum (bacteriolysin) that sensitizes a bacterium to the lytic action of complement.
blood s. s. (2) .
convalescent s. s. from patients recently recovered from a disease; useful for diagnosis by demonstrating a fourfold increase in specific antibodies or in preventing or modifying by passive immunization the same disease in exposed susceptible individuals.
Coombs s. SYN: antihuman globulin.
dried human s. s. prepared by drying liquid human s. by freeze-drying or by any other method that will avoid denaturation of the proteins and will yield a product readily soluble in a quantity of water equal to the volume of liquid human s. from which it was prepared.
foreign s. a s. derived from an animal and injected into an animal of another species or into humans.
human s. dried human s., normal human s..
human measles immune s. obtained from the blood of a healthy person who has survived an attack of measles. SYN: measles convalescent s..
human pertussis immune s. the sterile s. prepared from the pooled blood of healthy adult human beings who have received repeated courses of phase I pertussis vaccine; administered intravenously or intramuscularly for the prophylaxis or treatment of whooping cough.
human scarlet fever immune s. scarlet fever convalescent s., obtained from healthy persons who have survived an attack of scarlet fever.
hyperimmune s. antisera with a high antibody titer produced by repeated injections of antigens.
immune s. SYN: antiserum.
inactivated s. s. that has been heated to 56°C for 30 min to destroy the lytic activity of complement.
s. lactis SYN: whey.
liquid human s. the pool of fluids separated from blood withdrawn from human subjects and allowed to clot in the absence of any anticoagulant; not more than 10 separate donations are pooled; the contributions from donors of A, O, and either B or AB groups are represented in approximately the ratio 9:9:2.
measles convalescent s. SYN: human measles immune s..
muscle s. the fluid remaining after the coagulation of muscle plasma and the separation of myosin.
nonimmune s. a s. from a subject that is not immune; a s. that is free of antibodies to a given antigen.
normal s. a nonimmune s., usually with reference to a s. obtained prior to immunization.
normal horse s. the sterile and filtered s. of a healthy, unvaccinated horse.
normal human s. sterile s. obtained by pooling approximately equal amounts of the liquid portion of coagulated whole blood from eight or more persons who are free from any disease transmissible by transfusion.
polyvalent s. an antiserum obtained by inoculating an animal with several different antigens or species or strains of bacteria.
pooled s., pooled blood s. the mixed s. from a number of individuals.
salted s. SYN: salted plasma.
specific s. a monovalent antiserum, i.e., one obtained by inoculating an animal with one antigen or species or strain of bacteria.
thyrotoxic s. an antiserum obtained by injecting into animals the nucleoproteins of the thyroid gland.
truth s. colloquialism for a drug, such as amobarbital sodium or thiopental sodium, intravenously injected with scopolamine for the purpose of eliciting information from the subject under its influence; a misnomer because the subject's revelations may or may not be factually true, and its legal status and use is questionable.

serumal
serumal (ser′um-al)

Relating to or derived from serum.

serum-fast
serum-fast (ser′um-fast)

1. Pertaining to a serum in which there is little or no change in the titer of antibody, even under conditions of treatment or immunologic stimulation. 2. Resistant to the destructive effect of sera. SYN: serofast.

serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase
serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)

SYN: aspartate aminotransferase.

serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase
serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT)

SYN: alanine aminotransferase.

servation
servation (ser-va′shun)

The use or function of an organ.

Servetus
Servetus, Servet, Servide

Miguel, Spanish anatomist and theologian, 1511–1553. See S. circulation.

servomechanism
servomechanism (ser′vo-mek′a-nizm)

1. A control system using negative feedback to operate another system. 2. A process that behaves as a self-regulatory device; e.g., the reaction of the pupil to light. [L. servus, servant, + G. mechane, contrivance]

seryl
seryl (ser′il)

A radical of serine.

sesame
sesame (ses′a-me)

Benne plant, an herb, Sesamum indicum (family Pedaliaceae), the seeds of which are used as a food, and which are the source of s. oil. [G. s., s., an Eastern leguminous plant]
s. oil the refined fixed oil obtained from the seed of one or more cultivated varieties of Sesamum indicum; a solvent for intramuscular injections. SYN: benne oil, gingili oil, teel oil.

sesamoid
sesamoid (ses′a-moyd)

1. Resembling in size or shape a grain of sesame. 2. Denoting a s. bone. [G. sesamoeides, like sesame]

sesqui- sesqui-

Prefix denoting 32; at one time used in chemistry to indicate a ratio of 3:2 between the two parts of a compound ( e.g., sesquisulfide, sesquibasic), but presently used only for sesquihydrates and sesquiterpenes. [L.]

sesquihydrates
sesquihydrates (ses-kwi-hi′drats)

Compounds crystallizing with (nominally) 1.5 molecules of water.

sesquiterpenes
sesquiterpenes (ses-kwi-ter′penz)

Compounds formed from three isoprene units; may be acyclic, mono-, di-, or tricyclic; synthesized from farnesylpyrophosphate ( E.G., trichothecin, nicin).

sessile
sessile (ses′il)

Having a broad base of attachment; not pedunculated. [L. sessilis, low-growing, fr. sedeo, pp. sessus, to sit]

sesterterpenes
sesterterpenes (ses′ter-ter-penz)

Compounds formed from five isoprene units; often have a tricyclic structure; formed from geranylfarnesylpyrophosphate ( E.G., cochliobolin B). [L. sestertius, two and one-half, fr. semis, half, + tertius, third, + terpene]

set
set

1. A readiness to perceive or to respond in some way; an attitude which facilitates or predetermines an outcome; e.g., prejudice or bigotry as a s. to respond negatively, independently of the merits of the stimulus. 2. To reduce a fracture; i.e., to bring the bones back into a normal position or alignment. 3. Defined group of events, objects, data, distinguishable from other groups. [M.E. sette, fr. O.Fr., fr. Med. L. secta, course, fr. sequor, to follow]
haploid s. the genetic content of a normal gamete in which every autosomal locus is represented by a single allele and either one full s. of X-linked genes or one full s. of Y-linked genes; the normal adult somatic cell contains two haploid sets.
learning s. a readiness or predisposition to learn developed from previous learning experiences, as when an organism learns to solve each successive problem (of equal or increasing difficulty) in fewer trials.
postural s. an overall motor readiness to respond, as in a runner instructed to get s. and on the mark.

seta
seta, pl .setae (se′ta, -te)

A bristle or a slender, stiff, bristle-like structure. SYN: chaeta. [L. saeta or s., a stiff hair or bristle]

setaceous
setaceous (se-ta′shus)

1. Having bristles. 2. Resembling a bristle. [L. seta, a bristle]

Setaria
Setaria (se-ta′re-a, -tar′e-a)

A nematode genus of the family Stephanofilariidae (superfamily Filarioidea). Adults are long and thin, typically occur in the peritoneal cavity, and produce sheathed microfilariae in the blood that are transmitted to other hosts after cyclical development in appropriate mosquito hosts. They are parasitic in cattle or equines (wild or domestic) and generally are nonpathogenic, although occasionally young worms may wander into the anterior chamber of the eye. [L. seta, a bristle]
S. cervi a species that occurs in the abdominal cavity of cattle, buffalo, bison, yak, and various deer, but rarely in sheep.
S. equina a species that is a common parasite of horses and other equids in all parts of the world; they are slender whitish filaments, several inches in length, usually found free in the peritoneal cavity, but occasionally reported in the pleural cavity, lungs, scrotum, eye, and intestine.

setback
setback (set′bak)

A surgical operation for treatment of a bilateral cleft of the palate in which the premaxilla is moved posteriorly; the procedure is often accompanied by bone grafting.

setiferous
setiferous (se-tif′er-us)

Bristly or having bristles. SYN: setigerous. [L. seta, bristle, + fero, to carry]

setigerous
setigerous (se-tij′er-us)

SYN: setiferous. [L. seta, bristle, + gero, to bear]

seton
seton (se′ton)

A wisp of threads, a strip of gauze, a length of wire, or other foreign material passed through the subcutaneous tissues or a cyst to form a sinus or fistula. [L. seta, bristle]

setting
setting

Hardening, as of amalgam.

set-up
set-up

1. The arrangement of teeth on a trial denture base. 2. A procedure in dental case analysis involving cutting off and repositioning of teeth in the desired positions on a plaster cast.

severe combined immunodeficient mice
severe combined immunodeficient mice (SCID mice)

Mice that lack both T and B lymphocytes and are used for transplantation and study of human lymphoid tissues resulting in a SCID-human mouse chimera. SEE ALSO: severe combined immunodeficiency.

Severinghaus
Severinghaus

John W., U.S. physiologist and anesthesiologist, *1922. See S. electrode.

sevoflurane
sevoflurane (sev-o-floor′an)

A halogenated ether for inhalation anesthesia.

sevum
sevum (se′vum)

Suet or tallow. [L.]

sex
sex (seks)

1. The biologic character or quality that distinguishes male and female from one another as expressed by analysis of the individual's gonadal, morphologic (internal and external), chromosomal, and hormonal characteristics. Cf.:gender. 2. The physiologic and psychological processes within an individual which prompt behavior related to procreation or erotic pleasure. [L. sexus]
s. assignment process whereby the s. of an intersex (hermaphroditic) newborn is initially assigned.
safe s. sexual practices that limit the risk of transmitting or acquiring an infectious disease via exchanges of semen, blood, and other bodily fluids, e.g., use of a condom, mutual masturbation, and avoidance of anal intercourse.

sexdigitate
sexdigitate (seks-dij′i-tat)

Having six digits on one or both hands or feet. SYN: sedigitate. [L. sex, six, + digitus, finger or toe]

sex-influenced
sex-influenced

Denoting a class of genetic disorders in which the same genotype has differing manifestations in the two sexes; the variation may be rational ( e.g., breast cancer occurs less frequently in males) or have only empirical support ( e.g., pattern baldness behaves as a dominant trait in the male and as a recessive trait in the female). SEE ALSO: sex-influenced inheritance.

sexivalent
sexivalent (sek-si-va′lent, sek-siv′a-lent)

Having a valence of six. [L. sex, six, + valencia, strength]

sex-limited
sex-limited

Occurring in one sex only. See sex-limited inheritance.

sex-linked
sex-linked

See sex linkage.

sexology
sexology (sek-sol′o-je)

The scientific study of all aspects of sex, including differentiation and dimorphism, and, particularly, sexual behavior. [L. sexus, sex, + G. logos, study]

sextan
sextan (seks′tan)

Denoting a malarial fever the paroxysms of which recur every sixth day, counting the day of the episode as the first; i.e., with a four-day asymptomatic interval. [L. sextus, sixth]

sexual
sexual (sek′shoo-al)

Relating to sex, including stimulation, responsiveness, and functioning of the sex organs. [L. sexualis, fr. sexus, sex]

sexuality
sexuality (sek-shoo-al′i-te)

1. The sum of a person's sexual behaviors and tendencies, and the strength of such tendencies. 2. One's degree of sexual attractiveness. 3. The quality of having sexual functions or implications.
infantile s. in psychoanalytic personality theory, the concept concerning psychosexual development in infants and children; encompasses the overlapping oral, anal, and phallic phases during the first five years of life.

sexualization
sexualization (sek′shoo-al-i-za′shun)

1. The state characterized by the presence of sexual energy or drive. 2. The act of acquiring sexual energy or drive. 3. The act of imputing a sexual meaning or quality to persons or behaviors.

sexual preference
sexual preference

The gender sought in one's sexual partners. 2. A particular mode of behavior leading to sexual satisfaction.

Sézary
Sézary

Albert, French dermatologist, 1880–1956. See S. cell, S. erythroderma, S. syndrome.

SFO
SFO

Abbreviation for subfornical organ.

S.G.O.
S.G.O.

Abbreviation for Surgeon General's Office.

SGOT
SGOT

Abbreviation for serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase.

SGPT
SGPT

Abbreviation for serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase.

SH
SH

1. Abbreviation for serum hepatitis. 2. Abbreviation for sulfhydryl.

shadow
shadow (shad′o)

1. A surface area defined by the interception of light or x-rays by a body. SEE ALSO: density (3) . 2. In jungian psychology, the archetype consisting of collective animal instincts. 3. SYN: achromocyte.
acoustic s. sonographic appearance of reduced echo amplitude from regions lying beyond an attenuating object. Cf.:acoustic enhancement.
Gumprecht shadows SYN: smudge cells, under cell.
hilar s. radiographic hilum of the lung; a composite radiographic s. of the central pulmonary arteries and veins, with associated bronchial walls and lymph nodes, within the right or left lung.
Ponfick s. SYN: achromocyte.
radiographic parallel line s. SYN: tram lines, under line.

shadow-casting
shadow-casting

Vacuum evaporation and deposition of a film of carbon or metals such as palladium, platinum, or chromium on a contoured microscopic object in order to allow the object to be seen in relief with the electron microscope or sometimes with the light microscope.

Shaffer
Shaffer

A., U.S. biochemist, 1881–1960. See S.-Hartmann method.

shaft
shaft [TA]

SYN: diaphysis. [A.S. sceaft]
s. of clavicle [TA] the elongated, rodlike body of the clavicle. SYN: corpus claviculae [TA] , body of clavicle&star.
s. of femur [TA] the cylindrical s. of the thigh bone. SYN: corpus ossis femoris [TA] , body of femur&star, body of thigh bone, corpus femoris.
s. of fibula [TA] the body of fibula; of the fibula elongated, rod-like portion which accounts for most of its length. SYN: corpus fibulae [TA] , body of fibula&star.
hair s. the non-growing portion of a hair which protrudes from the skin, i.e., from the follicle. SYN: scapus pili.
s. of humerus [TA] the elongated rodlike portion of the humerus between the surgical neck proximally and the emergence of the supracondylar ridges distally. SYN: corpus humeri [TA] , body of humerus&star.
s. of metacarpal [TA] the elongated, rodlike portion of the metacarpal bone. SYN: corpus metacarpale [TA] , body of metacarpal&star.
s. of metatarsal [TA] the elongated, rodlike portion of the metatarsal bone. SYN: corpus metatarsale [TA] , body of metatarsal&star.
s. of phalanx [TA] the s. of each phalanx of the hand or foot. SYN: corpus phalangis [TA] , body of phalanx&star.
s. of radius [TA] the triangular body of the radius located between the expanded proximal and distal extremities of the bone. SYN: corpus radii [TA] , body of radius&star.
s. of tibia [TA] the triangular body of tibia between its expanded proximal and distal ends. SYN: corpus tibiae [TA] , body of tibia&star.
s. of ulna [TA] the s. of the ulna between the proximal extremity and the head. SYN: corpus ulnae [TA] , body of ulna&star.

shakes
shakes

The vernacular term for a paroxysm associated with an intermittent fever.
smelter's s. SYN: smelter's fever.

shank
shank

1. The tibia; the shin; the leg. 2. The portion of an instrument that connects the cutting or functional portion to a handle; with rotary tools, such as burrs and drills, the end that fits into the chuck. [A.S. sceanca]

shaping
shaping (shap′ing)

In operant conditioning, when the operant response is not in the organism's repertoire, a procedure in which the experimenter breaks down the response into those parts which appear most frequently, begins reinforcing them, and then slowly and successively withholds the reinforcer until more and more of the operant is emitted.

shark liver oil
shark liver oil

Oil extracted from the livers of sharks, mainly of the species Hypoprion brevirostris; a rich source of vitamins A and D.

Sharpey
Sharpey

William, Scottish physiologist and histologist, 1802–1880. See S. fibers, under fiber.

Sharpey-Schäfer Sharpey-Schäfer

See Schäfer.

Shaver
Shaver

Cecil Gordon, Canadian physician, *1901. See S. disease.

SHBG
SHBG

Abbreviation for sex hormone-binding globulin.

shear
shear (sher)

The distortion of a body by two oppositely directed parallel forces. The distortion consists of a sliding over one another of imaginary planes (within the body) parallel to the planes of the forces. [A.S.]

shears
shears (sherz)

SYN: scissors.
Liston s. strong s. for cutting plaster of Paris bandages.

sheath
sheath (sheth)

1. Any enveloping structure, such as the membranous covering of a muscle, nerve, or blood vessel. Any sheathlike structure. SYN: vagina (1) . 2. The prepuce of male animals, especially of the horse. 3. A specially designed tubular instrument through which special obturators or cutting instruments can be passed, or through which blood clots, tissue fragments, calculi, etc. can be evacuated. 4. A tube used as an orthodontic appliance, usually on molars. [A.S. scaeth]
anterior tarsal tendinous sheaths [TA] synovial tendon sheaths that allow movement of tendons across the anterior aspect of the tarsal bones, deep to the extensor retinacula; included are the tendinous sheaths (vagina tendini musculi...) of: (1) the tibialis anterior (muscle) [TA] (...tibialis anterioris [TA]), (2) the extensor hallucis longus (muscle) [TA] (...extensoris hallucis longi [TA]), and (3) the extensor digitorum longus (muscle) [TA] (...extensoris digitorum longi [TA]). SYN: vaginae tendinum tarsales anteriores [TA] .
axillary s. fibrous neurovascular s., formed as an extension of the prevertebral layer of deep cervical fascia through the cervicoaxillary canal, which enclosed the first part of the axillary artery, the axillary vein, and the brachial plexus.
carotid s. [TA] the dense fibrous investment of the carotid artery, internal jugular vein, and vagus nerve on each side of the neck, deep to the sternocleidomastoid muscle; the layers of cervical fascia blend with it. SYN: vagina carotica [TA] .
carpal tendinous sheaths [TA] tendon sheaths occurring in relation to the wrist, allowing tendons to slide freely across the bones and bony formations of the wrist as they are held in place by the flexor and extensor retinacula. SYN: vaginae tendinum carpalium [TA] .
caudal s. a group of microtubules arranged cylindrically around the caudal pole of the nucleus in a developing spermatozoon.
common flexor s. (of hand) [TA] the synovial palmar carpal tendinous s. that surrounds the eight tendons of the superficial and deep flexors of the digits of the hand as they pass through the carpal canal; it is commonly continuous with the synovial digital s. of the little finger. SYN: vagina communis tendinum musculorum flexorum (manus) [TA] , ulnar bursa.
common peroneal tendon s. the s. that surrounds the tendons of the fibularis (peroneus) longus and brevis muscles in their passage across the ankle. SYN: vagina communis tendinum musculorum fibularium communis [TA] , vagina tendinum musculorum fibularium communis, vagina tendinum musculorum peroneorum communis.
crural s. SYN: femoral s..
dentinal s. a layer of tissue relatively resistant to the action of acids, which forms the walls of the dentinal tubules. SYN: Neumann s..
dorsal carpal tendinous sheaths [TA] synovial tendon sheaths enabling tendon movement across the posterior aspect of the wrist deep to the extensor retinaculum; they are the following six tendinous sheaths (vaginae tendinum... [TA]): (1) of abductor longus and extensor pollicis brevis (muscles) [TA] (...musculorum abductoris longi et extensoris pollicis brevis [TA]); (2) of extensors carpi radiales (muscles) [TA] (...musculi extensorum carpi radialium [TA]); (3) of extensor pollicis longus (muscle) [TA] (...musculi extensoris pollicis longi [TA]); (4) of extensor digitorum and extensor indicis (muscles) [TA] (...musculorum extensoris digitorum et extensoris indicis [TA]); (5) of extensor digiti minimi (muscle) (...musculi extensoris digiti minimi [TA]); and (6) of extensor carpi ulnaris (muscle) [TA] (...musculi extensoris carpi ulnaris [TA]). SYN: vaginae tendinum carpalium dorsalium [TA] .
dural s. an extension of the dura mater that ensheathes the roots of spinal nerves or, more particularly, the vagina externa nervi optici.
dural s. of optic nerve SYN: outer s. of optic nerve.
enamel rod s. organic covering of the individual enamel rod.
external s. of optic nerve SYN: outer s. of optic nerve.
external root s. root s..
s. of eyeball SYN: fascial s. of eyeball.
fascial sheaths of extraocular muscles SYN: muscular fascia of extraocular muscle.
fascial s. of eyeball [TA] a condensation of connective tissue on the outer aspect of the sclera from which it is separated by a narrow cleftlike episcleral space; the s. is attached to the sclera near the sclerocorneal junction and blends with the fascia of the extraocular muscles. SYN: vagina bulbi [TA] , capsula bulbi, eye capsule, fascia bulbi, s. of eyeball, Tenon capsule, vagina oculi.
femoral s. the fascia enclosing the femoral vessels, formed by the transversalis fascia anteriorly and the iliac fascia posteriorly; two septa divide the s. into three compartments, the lateral of which contains the femoral artery and the femoral branch of the genitofemoral nerve, the middle contains the femoral vein, and the medial is the femoral canal. SYN: crural s., infundibuliform s..
fenestrated s. a s. with a window cut in the tip or lateral convexity, through which special cutting instruments can be passed.
fibrous sheaths fibrous tendon s., fibrous sheaths of digits of hand, fibrous digital sheaths of toes.
fibrous digital sheaths of foot SYN: fibrous digital sheaths of toes.
fibrous digital sheaths of hand SYN: fibrous sheaths of digits of hand.
fibrous digital sheaths of toes [TA] fibrous sheaths of the toes, the tubular fibrous layer enclosing the synovial s. and the tendons of the long and short flexors of the toes and the flexor hallucis longus in the digits; they are composed of annular and cruciform parts. SYN: vaginae fibrosae digitorum pedis [TA] , fibrous digital sheaths of foot.
fibrous sheaths of digits of hand [TA] fibrous sheaths of the digits of the hand, the tubular fibrous layers that enclose the synovial sheaths and the superficial and deep flexor tendons and the tendon of the flexor pollicis longus in their passage along their respective digits; they are composed of annular and cruciform parts. SYN: vaginae fibrosae digitorum manus [TA] , fibrous digital sheaths of hand.
fibrous tendon s. [TA] fibrous s. of a tendon. SYN: stratum fibrosum vaginae tendinis&star, vagina fibrosa tendinis.
fibular tarsal tendinous sheaths [TA] synovial tendon sheaths of flexor tendons enabling movement of tendons posterior to the lateral malleolus and across tarsal bones, passing deep to the fibular retinacula; includes (1) the common tendinous s. of fibulares (peronei) muscles [TA] (vagina communis tendineum musculorum fibularum (peroneum) [TA]); and (2) the plantar tendinous s. of fibularis (peroneus) (muscle) [TA]) (vagina plantaris tendinis musculi fibularis (peronei) longi [TA]). SYN: vaginae tendinum tarsales fibulares [TA] .
Henle s. SYN: endoneurium.
Hertwig s. the merged outer and inner epithelial layers of the enamel organ which extends beyond the region of the anatomical crown and initiates formation of dentin in the root of a developing tooth; it atrophies as the root is formed, and any of the cells that persist are called Malassez epithelial rests.
Huxley s. SYN: Huxley layer.
infundibuliform s. SYN: femoral s..
inner s. of optic nerve [TA] the innermost s. around the optic nerve, continuous with the leptomeninges (pia-arachnoid) and including a cerebrospinal fluid-filled intervaginal space, continuous with the subarachnoid space. SYN: vagina interna nervi optici [TA] , internal s. of optic nerve.
internal s. of optic nerve SYN: inner s. of optic nerve.
internal root s. root s..
intertubercular tendon s. [TA] the extension of the synovial membrane of the shoulder joint downward in the intertubercular groove to surround the tendon of the long head of the biceps. SYN: vagina tendinis intertubercularis [TA] .
s. of Key and Retzius SYN: endoneurium.
Mauthner s. SYN: axolemma.
medullary s. SYN: myelin s..
microfilarial s. the membrane surrounding the embryos of certain blood-borne microfilariae, such as Wuchereria, Brugia, and Loa of humans; thought to be derived from the vitelline membrane.
mitochondrial s. the spirally arranged mitochondria in the middle piece of a spermatozoon; provides energy for the movement of the tail.
mucous s. of tendon SYN: synovial tendon s..
myelin s. the lipoproteinaceous envelope in vertebrates surrounding most axons of more than 0.5-μm diameter; it consists of a double plasma membrane wound tightly around the axon in a variable number of turns, and supplied by oligodendroglia cells (in the brain and spinal cord) or Schwann cells (in peripheral nerves); unwound, the double membrane would appear as a sheetlike cell expansion that is empty of cytoplasm but for a few narrow cytoplasmic strands corresponding to apparent interruptions of the regular myelin structure, the incisures of Schmidt-Lanterman; the myelin s. of each axon is composed of a fairly regular longitudinal sequence of segments, each corresponding to the length of s. supplied by a single oligodendroglia or Schwann cell; in the short interval between each two neighboring segments, the nodes of Ranvier, the axon is unmyelinated even though enclosed by complex finger-like plasmatic expansions of the neighboring oligodendroglia or Schwann cells. SYN: medullary s..
Neumann s. SYN: dentinal s..
neurovascular s. fibrous tissue enveloping and binding together arteries, their accompanying veins (venae comitantes) and nerves that run together; often it is merely the adventitious tissue of the neurovascular structures, but may be highly developed as a distinct fascial layer ( e.g., in the case of the carotid or axillary sheaths).
notochordal s. the fibrous outer covering of the notochord.
outer s. of optic nerve [TA] the outer s. around the optic nerve, continuous with the dura mater. SYN: vagina externa nervi optici [TA] , dural s. of optic nerve, external s. of optic nerve.
palmar carpal tendinous sheaths [TA] three synovial tendon sheaths that allow movement of tendons across the anterior aspect of the wrist, deep to or within the flexor retinaculum; they are the: (1) tendinous s. of flexor pollicis longus (muscle) [TA] (vagina tendinis musculi flexoris pollicis longi [TA]); (2) tendinous s. of flexor carpi radialis (muscle) [TA] (vagina tendinis musculi flexoris carpi radialis [TA]); and (3) common flexor s. [TA] (vagina communis tendineum musculorum flexorum [TA]). SYN: vaginae tendinum carpales palmares [TA] .
parotid s. SYN: parotid fascia.
periarterial lymphatic s. (PALS) the accumulation of lymphocytes investing the central arteries of the spleen and comprising the white pulp.
plantar tendon s. of fibularis longus muscle [TA] the synovial s. surrounding the tendon of the peroneus longus in its course across the sole of the foot. SYN: vagina tendinis musculi fibularis longi plantaris [TA] , plantar tendon s. of peroneus longus muscle&star, vagina tendinis musculi peronei longi plantaris&star.
plantar tendon s. of peroneus longus muscle plantar tendon s. of fibularis longus muscle.
prostatic s. loose fibrous, partly vascular enclosure of the prostate and its dense (true) fibrous capsule; it is continuous inferiorly with the superior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm and posteriorly becomes part of the rectovesical septum; it contains the prostatic venous plexus.
rectus s. [TA] s. of the rectus abdominis, formed by the aponeuroses of the three anterolateral muscles of the abdominal wall that split to enclose the rectus and fuse medially to form the linea alba; it consists of an anterior lamina and a posterior lamina, the latter being absent below the arcuate line. SEE ALSO: aponeurosis of external oblique muscle, aponeurosis of internal oblique muscle. SYN: vagina musculi recti abdominis [TA] .
resectoscope s. an operative s. through which transurethral electroresection of bladder tumors or prostate gland can be performed.
root s. one of the epidermic layers of the hair follicle: external root s. is continuous with the stratum basale and stratum spinosum of the epidermis; internal root s. comprises the cuticle of the internal roots, Huxley layer, and Henle layer.
Rouget-Neumann s. the amorphous ground substance between an osteocyte and the lacunar or canalicular wall.
Scarpa s. SYN: cremasteric fascia.
s. of Schwann SYN: neurilemma.
s. of Schweigger-Seidel SYN: ellipsoid.
s. of styloid process [TA] a crest of bone (edge of the tympanic portion of the temporal bone) running from the front and medial side of the mastoid process to the spine of the sphenoid; it splits to ensheath the base of the styloid process. SYN: vagina processus styloidei [TA] , vaginal process.
synovial s. [TA] See synovial tendon s., vagina synovialis trochleae, synovial sheaths of digits of hand, synovial sheaths of toes. SYN: vagina synovialis [TA] .
synovial sheaths of digits of foot SYN: synovial sheaths of toes.
synovial sheaths of digits of hand [TA] the synovial sheaths that enclose the flexor tendons of the fingers and line the inside of the fibrous tendon sheaths. SYN: vaginae synoviales digitorum manus [TA] .
synovial tendon s. [TA] a s. of synovial membrane enveloping certain of the tendons; it contains a small amount of synovial fluid. SYN: vagina synovialis tendinis [TA] , mucous s. of tendon, theca tendinis, vagina mucosa tendinis, vaginal synovial membrane.
synovial sheaths of toes [TA] similar in structure to the corresponding sheaths of the hand. SYN: vaginae tendinum digitorum pedis [TA] , synovial sheaths of digits of foot.
tail s. the fibrous envelope in the tail of a spermatozoon.
tendinous s. of abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis muscles [TA] the dorsal carpal synovial tendinous s. lining the compartment of the extensor retinaculum that contains the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis tendons. SYN: vagina tendinum musculorum abductoris longi et extensoris brevis pollicis [TA] .
tendinous s. of extensor carpi radialis muscles [TA] the dorsal carpal synovial tendon s. lining the compartment of the extensor retinaculum containing the tendons of the extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis muscles. SYN: vagina tendinum musculorum extensorum carpi radialium [TA] .
tendinous s. of extensor carpi ulnaris muscle [TA] the dorsal carpal synovial tendon s. surrounding the tendon of the extensor carpi ulnaris in its course deep to the extensor retinaculum. SYN: vagina tendinis musculi extensoris carpi ulnaris [TA] , peritenon.
tendinous s. of extensor digiti minimi muscle [TA] the dorsal carpal synovial tendon s. surrounding the tendon of the extensor digiti minimi in its passage deep to the extensor retinaculum. SYN: vagina tendinis musculi extensoris digiti minimi [TA] .
tendinous s. of extensor digitorum and extensor indicis muscles [TA] the dorsal carpal synovial tendon s. that surrounds the four tendons of the extensor digitorum muscle and the tendon of the extensor indicis deep to the extensor retinaculum. SYN: vagina tendinum musculorum extensoris digitorum et extensoris indicis [TA] .
tendinous s. of extensor digitorum longus muscle of foot [TA] the anterior tarsal synovial tendon s. that surrounds the tendons of the extensor digitorum longus muscle and the peroneus tertius in their passage across the ankle. SYN: vagina tendinum musculi extensoris digitorum pedis longi [TA] .
tendinous s. of extensor hallucis longus muscle [TA] the anterior tarsal synovial tendon s. that surrounds the tendon of the extensor hallucis longus in its passage across the ankle. SYN: vagina tendinis musculi extensoris hallucis longi [TA] .
tendinous s. of extensor pollicis longus muscle [TA] the dorsal carpal synovial tendon s. surrounding the extensor pollicis longus tendon in its passage deep to the extensor retinaculum. SYN: vagina tendinis musculi extensoris pollicis longi [TA] .
tendinous s. of flexor carpi radialis muscle [TA] the palmar carpal synovial tendon s. enclosing the tendon of the flexor carpi radialis as it crosses the wrist. SYN: vagina tendinis musculi flexoris carpi radialis [TA] .
tendinous s. of flexor digitorum longus muscle (of foot) [TA] the tibial tarsal synovial tendon s. that envelops the flexor digitorum longus tendons as they pass into the foot deep to the flexor retinaculum. SYN: vagina tendinum musculi flexoris digitorum pedis longi [TA] .
tendinous s. of flexor hallucis longus muscle [TA] the tibial tarsal synovial tendon s. that envelops the tendon of the flexor hallucis longus as it passes into the foot deep to the flexor retinaculum. SYN: vagina tendinis musculi flexoris hallucis longi [TA] .
tendinous s. of flexor pollicis longus muscle [TA] the palmar carpal synovial tendon s. that envelops the tendon of the flexor pollicis longus in its course through the carpal canal; it is continuous with the digital s. of the thumb, the two generally being considered as one s.. SYN: vagina tendinis musculi flexoris pollicis longi [TA] , radial bursa.
tendinous s. of superior oblique muscle [TA] the synovial s. enclosing the tendon of the superior oblique muscle as it passes through the trochlea. SYN: vagina tendinis musculi obliqui superioris [TA] , synovial trochlear bursa, trochlear synovial bursa, vagina synovialis trochleae.
tendinous s. of tibialis anterior muscle [TA] the anterior tarsal synovial tendon s., deep to the extensor retinaculum, that surrounds the tendon of the tibialis anterior as it crosses the ankle. SYN: vagina tendinis musculi tibialis anterioris [TA] .
tendinous s. of tibialis posterior muscle [TA] the tibial tarsal synovial tendon s. surrounding the tendon of the tibialis posterior as it passes into the foot deep to the flexor retinaculum. SYN: vagina tendinis musculi tibialis posterioris [TA] .
s. of thyroid gland covering of the thyroid gland external to its capsule formed by a splitting of the pretracheal layer of deep cervical fascia at the gland's posterior border; the anterior lamina covers the gland anterolaterally, attaching to the arch of the cricoid cartilage superior to the isthmus of the gland (causing it to move with the trachea during elevation/depression of the larynx); the posterior lamina passes posterior to the esophagus to blend with the buccopharyngeal fascia; inferiorly, the s. extends along the inferior thyroid veins to open into the superior mediastinum (hence, expansion of the thyroid, as by goiter, can take this direction).
tibial tarsal tendinous sheaths [TA] synovial tendon sheaths that allow movement of tendons across the medial side of the tarsal bones, deep to flexor retinaculum; included are (1) the tendinous s. (vagina tendinis/tendinum musculi...) of flexor digitorum longus (muscle) [TA] (...flexoris digitorum longi [TA]); (2) the tibialis posterior (muscle) [TA] (...tibialis posterioris [TA]); and (3) the flexor hallucis longus (muscle) [TA] (...flexoris hallucis longi [TA]). SYN: vaginae tendinum tarsales tibialis [TA] .
vascular sheaths fibrous envelopes ensheathing the arteries with their accompanying veins and sometimes nerves as well. SYN: sheaths of vessels, vaginae vasorum.
sheaths of vessels SYN: vascular sheaths.
Waldeyer s. the tubular space between the bladder wall and the intramural portion of the ureter as it courses obliquely through this structure; actually a space and not a true s.. SYN: Waldeyer space.

Sheehan
Sheehan

Harold L., British pathologist, *1900. See S. syndrome.

Sheldon
Sheldon

J.H., English pediatrician, 1920–1964. See Freeman-S. syndrome.

shelf
shelf

In anatomy, a structure resembling a s..
Blumer s. SYN: rectal s..
dental s. SYN: dental ledge.
palatal s. a medially directed outgrowth of the embryonic maxilla; when fused with its opposite number it forms the secondary palate.
rectal s. a s. palpable by rectal examination, due to metastatic tumor cells gravitating from an abdominal cancer and growing in the rectovesical or rectouterine pouch. SYN: Blumer s..
vocal s. SYN: vocal fold.

shell
shell

An outer covering.
cytotrophoblastic s. the external layer of fetally derived trophoblastic cells on the maternal surface of the placenta.
diffusion s. a small vessel made of a semipermeable membrane through which peptone, but not serum albumin, can pass; used in performing the Abderhalden test.
K s. the innermost electron orbit or s.; it can hold two electrons.
L s. the next lowest energy level of electrons in the atom, after the K s. (q.v.).
M s. the lowest energy level at which electron transitions give rise to x-rays.
O s. the outermost s. of electrons, so called because displacement of electrons causes an emission in the visible or optical range.

shellac
shellac (she-lak′)

A resinous excretion of an insect, Laccifer (Tachardia) lacca (family Coccidae). The insects suck the juice of various resiniferous Asiatic (chiefly Indian) trees and excrete and deposit “stick-lac.” S. softens at a low temperature. It has many nonmedicinal uses and is also used to coat confections and tablets and in dental materials, e.g., impression compound and denture base plates. SYN: lacca.

Shemin
Shemin

David, U.S. biochemist, *1911. See S. cycle.

Shenton
Shenton

Edward W.H., English radiologist, 1872–1955. See S. line.

Shepherd
Shepherd

Francis J., Canadian surgeon, 1851–1929. See S. fracture.

Sherman
Sherman

Henry C., U.S. biochemist, 1875–1955. See S. unit, S.-Bourquin unit of vitamin B₂, S.-Munsell unit.

Sherrington
Sherrington

Sir Charles S., English physiologist and Nobel laureate, 1857–1952. See S. phenomenon, S. law, Schiff-S. phenomenon, Liddell-S. reflex.

shield
shield (sheld)

A protecting screen; lead sheet for protecting the operator and patient from x-rays. [A.S. scild]
embryonic s. a thickened area of the embryonic blastoderm from which the embryo develops.
nipple s. a cap or dome placed over the nipple to protect it during nursing.
oral shields removable appliances used in orthodontic treatment, usually placed between the labial and buccal mucosa and the teeth.

shift
shift

SYN: change. SEE ALSO: deviation.
antigenic s. mutation, i.e., sudden change in molecular structure of RNA/DNA in microorganisms, especially viruses, which produces new strains; hosts previously exposed to other strains have little or no acquired immunity to the new strain; antigenic s. is believed to be the explanation for the occurrence of new strains of influenza virus, which occur by recombination or genetic reassortment of 2 different viral strains in a given host, and is associated with large-scale epidemics.
axis s. SYN: axis deviation.
chemical s. dependence of the resonance frequency of a nucleus on the chemical binding of the atom or molecule in which it is contained. See chemical s. artifact.
chloride s. when CO₂ enters the blood from the tissues, it passes into the red blood cell and is converted by carbonate dehydratase to bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻); HCO₃⁻ ion passes out into the plasma while Cl⁻ migrates into the red blood cell. Reverse changes occur in the lungs when CO₂ is eliminated from the blood. SYN: Hamburger phenomenon.
Doppler s. the magnitude of the frequency change in hertz when sound and observer are in relative motion away from or toward each other. SEE ALSO: Doppler effect.
s. to the left 1. a marked increase in the percentage of immature cells in the circulating blood, based on the premise in hematology that the bone marrow with its immature myeloid cells is on the left, while the circulating blood with its mature neutrophils is on the right; SYN: deviation to the left. 2. See maturation index.
luteoplacental s. the change in site of production of the estrogen and progesterone essential for human pregnancy from the corpus luteum to the placenta; ovariectomy always terminates pregnancy in most mammals because their placentas never produce enough estrogen and progesterone, but, after the sixth week of pregnancy, a human placenta can produce enough of these hormones to prevent abortion despite ovariectomy.
permanent threshold s. the irreversible hearing loss that results from exposure to intense impulse or continuous sound, as opposed to the reversible temporary threshold s. that also results from such exposure.
phase s. in nuclear magnetic resonance, the change in phase caused by movement of the spins, which can be used to show fluid flow.
Purkinje s. SYN: Purkinje phenomenon.
s. to the right 1. in a differential count of white blood cells in the peripheral blood, the absence of young and immature forms; SYN: deviation to the right. 2. See maturation index.
temporary threshold s. the reversible hearing loss that results from exposure to intense impulse or continuous sound, as opposed to the irreversible permanent threshold s. that may result from such exposure.
threshold s. the degree of hearing loss or impairment in terms of a decibel s. from an individual's previous audiogram. After exposure to intense sound, there may be temporary threshold s. with recovery in hours or days or permanent threshold s. (noise-induced hearing loss).

Shiga
Shiga

Kiyoshi, Japanese bacteriologist, 1870–1957. See Shigella, S. bacillus, S.-Kruse bacillus.

Shigella
Shigella (she-gel′la)

A genus of nonmotile, aerobic to facultatively anaerobic bacteria (family Enterobacteriaceae) containing Gram-negative nonencapsulated rods. These organisms cannot use citrate as a sole source of carbon; their growth is inhibited by potassium cyanide and their metabolism is fermentative; they ferment glucose and other carbohydrates with the production of acid but not gas; lactose is ordinarily not fermented, although it is sometimes slowly attacked; the normal habitat is the intestinal tract of humans and of higher apes; all of the species produce dysentery. The type species is S. dysenteriae. [Kiyoshi Shiga]
S. boydii a species found only in feces of symptomatic individuals; occurs in a low proportion of cases of bacillary dysentery.
S. dysenteriae a species causing severe necrotizing dysentery in humans induced by a virulent shiga toxin found only in feces of symptomatic individuals; the type species of the genus S.. SYN: Shiga bacillus, Shiga-Kruse bacillus.
S. flexneri a species found in the feces of symptomatic individuals and of convalescents or carriers; a common cause of dysentery epidemics, especially in Asia and the Middle East. Now known sometimes to be sexually transmitted through anal intercourse. SYN: Flexner bacillus, paradysentery bacillus.
S. sonnei a species causing dysentery, sometimes milder than that caused by other species. The most common S. species causing disease in the U.S.

shigellosis
shigellosis (shig-e-lo′sis)

Bacillary dysentery caused by bacteria of the genus Shigella, often occurring in epidemic patterns; an opportunistic infection of persons with AIDS.

shikimate dehydrogenase
shikimate dehydrogenase (shi-kim′at)

An oxidoreductase reversibly reacting 3-dehydroshikimic acid with NADPH acid to produce shikimic acid and NADP⁺ in l-phenylalanine and l-tyrosine biosynthesis.

Shiley
Shiley

D. B., 20th century U.S. engineer. See Björk-S. valve.

shim
shim (shim)

In magnetic resonance imaging, fine adjustment of the magnetic field to improve uniformity.

shin
shin

SYN: anterior border of tibia. [A.S. scina]
saber s. the sharp-edged, anteriorly convex tibia in congenital syphilis.
toasted shins SYN: erythema ab igne.

Shine
Shine

J., contemporary Australian molecular biologist.

shingles
shingles (shing′glz)

SYN: herpes zoster. [L. cingulum, girdle]

shin-splints
shin-splints

Tenderness and pain with induration and swelling of pretibial muscles, following athletic overexertion by the untrained; it may be a mild form of anterior tibial compartment syndrome.

ship
ship

A structure resembling the hull of a s..
Fabricius s. the outlines of the sphenoid, occipital, and frontal bones, from their fancied resemblance to the hull of a s..

Shipley
Shipley

Walter C., U.S. psychiatrist, *1903. See S.-Hartford scale.

Shirodkar
Shirodkar

N.V., Indian obstetrician and gynecologist, 1900–1971. See S. operation.

shiver
shiver

1. To shake or tremble, especially from cold. 2. A tremor; a slight chill.

shivering
shivering

Trembling from cold or fear.

shock
shock (shok)

1. The condition in which the cells of the body receive inadequate amounts of oxygen secondary to changes in perfusion; most commonly secondary to blood loss or sepsis. 2. A sudden physical or biochemical disturbance that results in inadequate blood flow and oxygenation of an animal's vital organs. 3. A state of profound mental and physical depression consequent upon severe physical injury or an emotional disturbance. 4. A state characterized by inadequacy of blood flow throughout the body to the extent that damage occurs to the cells of the tissues; if the s. is prolonged, the cardiovascular system itself becomes damaged and begins to deteriorate, resulting in a vicious cycle that leads to death. See diastolic s., systolic s.. [Fr. choc, fr. Germanic]
anaphylactic s. a severe, often fatal form of s. characterized by smooth muscle contraction and capillary dilation initiated by cytotropic (IgE class) antibodies; typically an antibody-associated phenomenon (type I allergic reaction). SEE ALSO: anaphylaxis, serum sickness.
anaphylactoid s. a reaction that is similar to anaphylactic s., but which does not require the incubation period characteristic of induced sensitivity (anaphylaxis); it is unrelated to antigen-antibody reactions. SYN: anaphylactoid crisis (1) , pseudoanaphylactic s..
anesthetic s. s. produced by the administration of anesthetic drug(s), usually in relative overdosage.
break s. the s. produced by breaking a constant current passing through the body.
cardiac s. SYN: cardiogenic s..
cardiogenic s. s. resulting from decline in cardiac output secondary to serious heart disease, usually myocardial infarction. SYN: cardiac s..
chronic s. the state of peripheral circulatory insufficiency developing in elderly patients with a debilitating disease, e.g., carcinoma; a subnormal blood volume makes the patient susceptible to hemorrhagic s. as a result of even a moderate blood loss such as may occur during an operation.
counter-s. countershock.
cultural s. a form of stress associated with the beginning of a person's assimilation into a new culture vastly different from that in which he or she was raised.
declamping s. SYN: declamping phenomenon.
deferred s., delayed s. a state of s. coming on at a considerable interval after the receipt of the injury.
diastolic s. the abnormally palpable impact, appreciated by a hand on the chest wall, of an accentuated third heart sound.
electric s. a sudden violent impression caused by the passage of a current of electricity through any portion of the body.
endotoxin s. s. induced by release of endotoxin from Gram-negative bacteria, especially by Escherichia coli.
hemorrhagic s. hypovolemic s. resulting from acute hemorrhage, characterized by hypotension, tachycardia, pale, cold, and clammy skin, and oliguria.
histamine s. the s. state produced in animals by the injection of histamine; characterized by bronchiolar spasm in the guinea pig and constriction of hepatic veins in the dog.
hypovolemic s. s. caused by a reduction in volume of blood, as from hemorrhage or dehydration.
insulin s. severe hypoglycemia produced by administration of insulin, manifested by sweating, tremor, anxiety, vertigo, and diplopia, followed by delirium, convulsions, and collapse. SYN: wet s..
irreversible s. s. that has progressed because of cell injury beyond the stage where resuscitation is possible.
nitroid s. a syndrome resembling that produced by the administration of a large dose of a nitrite, sometimes caused by a too rapid intravenous injection of arsphenamine or some other drug; See nitritoid reaction.
oligemic s. s. associated with pronounced fall in blood volume, sometimes resulting from increased permeability of blood vessels.
osmotic s. a sudden change in the osmotic pressure to which a cell is subjected, usually in order to cause it to lyse.
primary s. s. mainly nervous in nature, from pain, anxiety, etc., which ensues almost immediately upon the receipt of a severe injury.
protein s. the systemic reaction following the parenteral administration of a protein.
pseudoanaphylactic s. SYN: anaphylactoid s..
reversible s. s. that will respond to treatment and from which recovery is possible.
septic s. 1. s. associated with infection that has released large enough quantities of toxins or vasoactive substances including, cytokines, to be associated with hypotension; 2. s. associated with septicemia caused by Gram-negative bacteria.
serum s. anaphylactic or anaphylactoid s. caused by the injection of antitoxic or other foreign serum.
shell s. SYN: battle fatigue.
spinal s. transient depression or abolition of reflex activity below the level of an acute spinal cord injury or transection.
systolic s. the abnormally palpable impact, appreciated by a hand on the chest wall, of an accentuated first heart sound.
toxic s. toxic s. syndrome.
vasogenic s. s. resulting from depressed activity of the higher vasomotor centers in the brain stem and the medulla, producing vasodilation without loss of fluid so that the container is disproportionately large. In oligemic s., blood volume is reduced; in both, return of venous blood is inadequate.
wet s. SYN: insulin s..

Shone
Shone

John D., 20th century English cardiologist. See S. anomaly, S. complex, S. syndrome.

shook jong
shook jong (shuk-yong′)

SYN: koro.

Shope
Shope

Richard E., U.S. pathologist, 1902–1966. See S. fibroma, S. fibroma virus, S. papilloma, S. papilloma virus.

short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase

See acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADPH).

shortsightedness
shortsightedness (short′sit-ed-nes)

SYN: myopia.

shot-feel
shot-feel (shot′fel)

A peculiar sensation as of a nervous discharge or electric shock passing rapidly from the top of the head to the feet, sometimes described as a sensation of the rolling of shot down the body, occurring in acromegaly.

shoulder
shoulder (shol′der)

1. The lateral portion of the scapular region, where the scapula joins with the clavicle and humerus and is covered by the rounded mass of the deltoid muscle. 2. In dentistry, the ledge formed by the junction of the gingival and axial walls in extracoronal restorative preparations. [A.S. sculder]
frozen s. SYN: adhesive capsulitis.

shoulder blade
shoulder blade (shol′der blad)

SYN: scapula.

show
show (sho)

1. An appearance. 2. First appearance of blood in beginning menstruation. 3. Sign of impending labor, characterized by the discharge from the vagina of a small amount of blood-tinged mucus representing the extrusion of the mucous plug which has filled the cervical canal during pregnancy. [A.S. sceáwe]

Shprintzen
Shprintzen

R.J. See S. syndrome.

Shrapnell
Shrapnell

Henry J., English anatomist, 1761–1841. See S. membrane.

shudder
shudder (shud′er)

A convulsive or involuntary tremor. [M.E. shodderen]
carotid s. vibrations at the crest of the carotid pulse tracing, seen in aortic stenosis.

Shulman
Shulman

Lawrence E., U.S. rheumatologist, *1919. See S. syndrome.

Shumway
Shumway

Norman, U.S. surgeon, *1923, developed method for dealing with tissue rejection related to heart transplants.

shunt
shunt (shunt)

1. To bypass or divert. 2. A bypass or diversion of fluid to another fluid-containing system by fistulation or a prosthetic device. The nomenclature commonly includes origin and terminus, e.g., atriovenous, splenorenal, ventriculocisternal. SEE ALSO: bypass. [M.E. shunten, to flinch]
arteriovenous s. (A-V s.) the passage of blood directly from arteries to veins, without going through the capillary network.
Blalock s. subclavian artery to pulmonary artery s. to increase pulmonary circulation in cyanotic heart disease with decreased pulmonary flow.
Blalock-Taussig s. a palliative subclavian artery to pulmonary artery anastomosis.
cavopulmonary s. SYN: cavopulmonary anastomosis.
Denver s. a tube placed subcutaneously that connects the abdominal cavity in a patient with ascites to the low pressure superior vena cava. Not only does this s. have a one-way valve but also a manually compressible chamber to facilitate flow.
dialysis s. arteriovenous s. connecting the arterial and venous cannulas in arm or leg.
Dickens s. SYN: pentose phosphate pathway.
distal splenorenal s. anastomosis of the splenic vein to the left renal vein, usually end-to-side, for control of portal hypertension. SYN: renal-splenic venous s., Warren s..
Glenn s. SYN: cavopulmonary anastomosis.
H s. a side-to-side s. between adjacent vessels that uses a connecting conduit; this s. is most commonly placed between the superior mesentary vein and the inferior vena cava in patients with portal hypertension. SYN: H graft.
hexose monophosphate s. SYN: pentose phosphate pathway.
jejunoileal s. SYN: jejunoileal bypass.
left-to-right s. a diversion of blood from the left side of the heart to right (as through a septal defect), or from the systemic circulation to the pulmonary (as through a patent ductus arteriosus).
LeVeen s. a subcutaneously placed tube with an inline one-way valve used to transport ascitic fluid from the abdomen, via the jugular vein, to the superior vena cava.
mesocaval s. 1. anastomosis of the side of the superior mesenteric vein to the proximal end of the divided inferior vena cava, for control of portal hypertension; 2. H-s. anastomosis of the inferior vena cava to the superior mesenteric vein, using a synthetic conduit or autologous vein.
pentose monophosphate s. SYN: pentose phosphate pathway.
peritoneovenous s. a s., usually by a catheter, between the peritoneal cavity and the thoracic central venous system.
pleuroperitoneal s. a surgically implanted catheter for transport of fluid from a pleural space into the peritoneal cavity, where it is absorbed; used mainly for treatment of malignant pleural effusions.
pleurovenous s. a surgically implanted catheter for transport of fluid from a pleural space into the venous system; rarely used, mainly for treatment of malignant pleural effusions.
portacaval s. 1. surgical anastomosis between portal and systemic veins; 2. surgical anastomosis between the portal vein and the vena cava.
portasystemic s. a s. between any parts of the portal and systemic venous systems, including portacaval, mesocaval, splenorenal shunts or spontaneously occurring shunts.
proximal splenorenal s. anastomosis of the proximal end of the cut splenic vein to the side of the left renal vein for control of portal hypertension; this is considered a central or complete visceral venous s..
Rapoport-Luebering s. part of the glycolytic pathway characteristic of human erythrocytes in which 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-P₂Gri) is formed as an intermediate between 1,3-P₂Gri and 3-phosphoglycerate; 2,3-P₂Gri is an important regulator of the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.
renal-splenic venous s. SYN: distal splenorenal s..
reversed s. right-to-left s. that had previously been a left-to-right s.; rarely the opposite.
right-to-left s. the passage of blood from the right side of the heart into the left (as through a septal defect), or from the pulmonary artery into the aorta (as through a patent ductus arteriosus); such a s. can occur only when the pressure on the right side exceeds that in the left, as in advanced pulmonic stenosis, or when the pulmonary artery pressure exceeds aortic pressure, as in one form of Eisenmenger syndrome or in tricuspid atresia.
Scribner s. connection of an artery, customarily the radial, to the cephalic vein via a short extracorporeal catheter.
Torkildsen s. a ventriculocisternal s.. See s. (2) .
tracheoesophageal s. See tracheoesophageal puncture.
transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic s. (TIPS) an interventional radiology procedure to relieve portal hypertension.
Warburg-Dickens-Horecker s. SYN: pentose phosphate pathway.
Warburg-Lipmann-Dickens-Horecker s. SYN: pentose phosphate pathway.
Warren s. SYN: distal splenorenal s..
Waterston s. creation of a narrow (about 3 mm) opening between the ascending aorta and the subjacent right pulmonary artery to increase pulmonary circulation in cyanotic heart disease with decreased pulmonary flow.

shuttle
shuttle (shut′il)

A going back and forth regularly; used in respect to certain transport processes across a biomembrane.
glycerophosphate s. a mechanism for the transfer of reducing equivalents from the cytosol into the mitochondria; NADH is used to synthesize glycerol 3-phosphate in the cytosol; this compound is then transported into the mitochondria where it is converted to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) using FAD; DHAP then returns to the cytosol to complete the cycle; found in brain tissue, brown adipose tissue, and white muscle.
malate-aspartate s. a mechanism for the transfer of NADH, reducing equivalents from the cytosol into the mitochondria using two isozymes of malate dehydrogenase and aspartate transaminase.

Shwachman
Shwachman

Harry, U.S. pediatrician, 1910–1986. See S. syndrome, S.-Diamond syndrome.

Shwartzman
Shwartzman

Gregory, Russian bacteriologist in U.S., 1896–1965. See S. phenomenon, S. reaction, generalized S. phenomenon, Sanarelli-S. phenomenon.

Shy
Shy

George Milton, U.S. neurologist, 1919–1967. See S.-Drager syndrome.

Shy
Shy

Abbreviation for 6-mercaptopurine.

SI
SI

Abbreviation for International System of Units (Système International d'Unités).

Si
Si

Symbol for silicon.

sI
sI

Abbreviation for 6-mercaptopurine ribonucleoside (or 6-thioinosine).

Sia
Sia

Abbreviation for sialic acids.

SIADH
SIADH

Abbreviation for syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone.

sial- sial-

See sialo-.

sialaden
sialaden (si-al′a-den)

A salivary gland. [sial- + G. aden, gland]

sialadenitis
sialadenitis (si′al-ad-e-ni′tis)

Inflammation of a salivary gland. SYN: sialoadenitis. [sial- + G. aden, gland, + -itis, inflammation]

sialadenotropic
sialadenotropic (si′al-ad′e-no-trop′ik)

Having an influence on the salivary glands. [sial- + G. aden, gland, + trope, a turning]

sialagogue
sialagogue (si-al′a-gog)

1. Promoting the flow of saliva. 2. An agent having this action ( e.g., anticholinesterase agents). SYN: ptyalagogue, sialogogue. [sial- + G. agogos, drawing forth]

sialectasis
sialectasis (si′a-lek′ta-sis)

Dilation of a salivary duct. SYN: ptyalectasis. [sial- + G. ektasis, a stretching]

sialemesis
sialemesis, sialemesia (si′al-em′e-sis, -e-me′ze-a)

Vomiting of saliva, or vomiting caused by or accompanying an excessive secretion of saliva. [sial- + G. emesis, vomiting]

sialic
sialic (si-al′ik)

SYN: salivary.

sialic acids
sialic acids (Sia) (si-al′ik)

Esters and other N- and O-acyl derivatives of neuraminic acid; radicals of s. are sialoyl, if the OH of the COOH is removed, and sialosyl, if the OH comes from the anomeric carbon (C-2) of the cyclic structure; e.g., N-acetylneuraminic acid.

sialidase
sialidase (si-al′i-das)

An enzyme that cleaves terminal acetylneuraminic residues from oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, or glycolipids; present on the surface antigen in myxoviruses; used in histochemistry to selectively remove sialomucins, as from bronchial mucous glands and the small intestine; a deficiency of this enzyme will result in sialidosis. SYN: neuraminidase.

sialidosis
sialidosis (si-al-i-do′sis)

SYN: cherry-red spot myoclonus syndrome.

sialine
sialine (si′a-len)

SYN: salivary.

sialism
sialism, sialismus (si′a-lizm, si′a-liz′mus)

SYN: sialorrhea. [G. sialismos]

sialo- sialo-, sial-

Saliva, salivary glands. SEE ALSO: ptyal-. Cf.:ptyal-. [G. sialon]

sialoadenectomy
sialoadenectomy (si′a-lo-ad-e-nek′to-me)

Excision of a salivary gland. [sialo- + G. aden, gland, + ektome, excision]

sialoadenitis
sialoadenitis (si′a-lo-ad-e-ni′tis)

SYN: sialadenitis.

sialoadenotomy
sialoadenotomy (si′a-lo-ad-e-not′o-me)

Incision of a salivary gland. [sialo- + G. aden, gland, + tome, incision]

sialoaerophagy
sialoaerophagy (si′a-lo-ar-of′a-je)

A habit of frequent swallowing whereby quantities of saliva and air are taken into the stomach. SYN: aerosialophagy. [sialo- + G. aer, air, + phago, to eat]

sialoangiectasis
sialoangiectasis (si′a-lo-an-je-ek′ta-sis)

Dilation of salivary ducts. [sialo- + G. angeion, vessel, + ektasis, a stretching]

sialoangiitis
sialoangiitis (si′a-lo-an-je-i′tis)

Inflammation of a salivary duct. [sialo- + G. angeion, vessel, + -itis, inflammation]

sialocele
sialocele (si′a-lo-sel)

SYN: ranula (2) . [sialo- + G. kele, tumor]

sialodochitis
sialodochitis (si′a-lo-do-ki′tis)

Inflammation of the duct of a salivary gland. [sialo- + G. doche, receptacle, + -itis, inflammation]

sialodochoplasty
sialodochoplasty (si′a-lo-do′ko-plas′te)

Repair of a salivary duct. [sialo- + G. doche, receptacle, + plasso, to fashion]

sialogenous
sialogenous (si′a-loj′e-nus)

Producing saliva. SEE ALSO: sialagogue. [sialo- + G. -gen, producing]

sialoglycosphingolipid
sialoglycosphingolipid

SYN: ganglioside.

sialogogue
sialogogue (si-al′a-gog)

SYN: sialagogue.

sialogram
sialogram (si-al′o-gram)

A radiograph of sialography. [sialo- + G. gramma, a writing]

sialography
sialography (si-a-log′ra-fe)

Radiography of the salivary glands and ducts after the introduction of contrast medium into the ducts. SYN: ptyalography. [sialo- + G. grapho, to write]

sialolith
sialolith (si′a-lo-lith)

A salivary calculus. SYN: ptyalolith. [sialo- + G. lithos, stone]

sialolithiasis
sialolithiasis (si′a-lo-li-thi′a-sis)

The formation or presence of a salivary calculus. SYN: ptyalolithiasis, salivolithiasis. [sialolith + G. -iasis, condition]

sialolithotomy
sialolithotomy (si′a-lo-li-thot′o-me)

Incision of a salivary duct or gland to remove a calculus. SYN: ptyalolithotomy. [sialolith + G. tome, incision]

sialometaplasia
sialometaplasia (si′a-lo-met-a-pla′ze-a)

Squamous cell metaplasia in the salivary ducts. [sialo- + metaplasia]
necrotizing s. squamous cell metaplasia of the salivary gland ducts and lobules, with necrosis of the salivary gland lobules; seen most frequently in the hard palate.

sialometry
sialometry (si-a-lom′e-tre)

A measurement of salivary secretion, generally for a comparison of a denervated or diseased gland with its healthy counterpart. [sialo- + G. metron, measure]

sialorrhea
sialorrhea (si′a-lo-re′a)

Excessive flow of saliva. SYN: hygrostomia, ptyalism, salivation, sialism, sialismus, sialosis. [sialo- + G. rhoia, a flow]

sialoschesis
sialoschesis (si′a-los′ke-sis)

Suppression of the secretion of saliva. [sialo- + G. schesis, retention]

sialosemiology
sialosemiology, sialosemeiology (si-a-lo-se-me-ol′o-je)

The study and analysis of saliva as an aid to diagnosis. [sialo- + G. semeion, sign, + logos, study]

sialosis
sialosis (si′a-lo′sis)

SYN: sialorrhea.

sialostenosis
sialostenosis (si′a-lo-ste-no′sis)

Stricture of a salivary duct. [sialo- + G. stenosis, a narrowing]

sib
sib

A member of a sibship. SYN: sibling.

sibilant
sibilant (sib′i-lant)

Hissing or whistling in character; denoting a form of rhonchus. [L. sibilans (-ant-), pres. p. of sibilo, to hiss]

sibilus
sibilus (sib′i-lus)

A sibilant rale. [L. a hissing]

sibling
sibling

SYN: sib. [A. S. sib, relation, + -ling, diminutive]

sibship
sibship

1. The reciprocal state between individuals who have the same pair of parents. 2. All progeny of one pair of parents. [A.S. sib, relationship]

Sibson
Sibson

Francis, English anatomist, 1814–1876. See S. aponeurosis, S. fascia, S. groove, S. muscle, S. aortic vestibule.

Sicard
Sicard

Jean A., French physician, 1872-1929. See Collet-S. syndrome.

siccant
siccant (sik′ant)

1. Drying; removing moisture from surrounding substances. 2. A substance with such properties. SYN: siccative. [L. siccans (-ant-), pres. p. of sicco, pp. -atus, to dry]

siccative
siccative (sik′a-tiv)

SYN: siccant.

sicchasia
sicchasia (si-ka′ze-a)

1. SYN: nausea. 2. Loathing for food. [G. sikchasia, loathing, fr. sikchos, squeamish]

siccolabile
siccolabile (sik-o-la′bil, -bil)

Subject to alteration or destruction on drying. [L. siccus, dry, + labilis, perishable]

siccostabile
siccostabile, siccostable (sik-o-sta′bil; -bil, -bl)

Not subject to alteration or destruction on drying. [L. siccus, dry, + stabilis, stable]

sick
sick (sik)

1. Unwell; suffering from disease. 2. SYN: nauseated. [A.S. seóc]

sicklemia
sicklemia (sik-le′me-a)

Presence of sickle- or crescent-shaped erythrocytes in peripheral blood; seen in sickle cell anemia and sickle cell trait.

sickling
sickling (sik′ling)

Production of sickle-shaped erythrocytes in the circulation, as in sickle cell anemia.

sickness
sickness (sik′nes)

SYN: disease (1) .
acute African sleeping s. SYN: Rhodesian trypanosomiasis.
aerial s. SYN: altitude s..
African sleeping s. Gambian trypanosomiasis, Rhodesian trypanosomiasis.
air s. a form of motion s. caused by flying in an airplane.
altitude s. a syndrome caused by low inspired oxygen pressure (as at high altitude) and characterized by nausea, headache, dyspnea, malaise, and insomnia; in severe instances, pulmonary edema and adult respiratory distress syndrome can occur; SYN: Acosta disease, mountain s., puna, soroche. SYN: aerial s., altitude disease.
balloon s. a form of altitude s. occurring in someone as a result of ascent in a balloon.
black s. SYN: visceral leishmaniasis.
caisson s. disease caused by rapid decompression; so named since it appeared in workers building tunnels or supports for bridges working in enclosed units under high atmospheric pressure to keep out surrounding water, called caissons. See decompression s..
car s. a form of motion s. caused by riding on a train or in an automobile or bus.
cave s. histoplasmosis acquired by inhalation of organism Histoplasma capulatum in caves (while spelunking) or mine shafts containing bird roosts or bats, prime conditions for growth of the organisms.
chronic African sleeping s. SYN: Gambian trypanosomiasis.
chronic mountain s. loss of high altitude tolerance after prolonged exposure ( e.g., by residence), characterized by extreme polycythemia, exaggerated hypoxemia, and reduced mental and physical capacity; relieved by descent. SYN: altitude erythremia, chronic soroche, Monge disease.
decompression s. a symptom complex caused by the escape from solution in the body fluids of nitrogen bubbles absorbed originally at high atmospheric pressure, as a result of abrupt reduction in atmospheric pressure (either rapid ascent to high altitude or return from a compressed-air environment); it is characterized by headache, pain in the arms, legs, joints, and epigastrium, itching of the skin, vertigo, dyspnea, coughing, choking, vomiting, weakness and sometimes paralysis, and severe peripheral circulatory collapse; bone infarcts can occur from bubbles in nutrient vessels leading to long-term consequences. SEE ALSO: caisson s.. SYN: caisson disease, decompression disease, diver's palsy.
East African sleeping s. SYN: Rhodesian trypanosomiasis.
falling s. SYN: epilepsy.
green s. SYN: chlorosis.
green tobacco s. an illness of tobacco harvest workers characterized by headache, dizziness, and vomiting.
Indian s. SYN: epidemic gangrenous proctitis.
Jamaican vomiting s. SYN: ackee poisoning.
milk s. a disease of humans caused by ingesting contaminated milk from cows suffering from trembles; clinical manifestations include severe vomiting, labored breathing, delirium, convulsions, coma, and death; recovery from nonlethal illness is slow. SYN: lactimorbus.
morning s. the nausea and vomiting of early pregnancy. SYN: morning vomiting, nausea gravidarum.
motion s. the syndrome of pallor, nausea, weakness, and malaise, which may progress to vomiting and incapacitation, caused by stimulation of the semicircular canals during travel or motion as on a boat, plane, train, car, swing, or rotating amusement ride. SYN: kinesia.
mountain s. SYN: altitude s..
radiation s. a systemic condition caused by substantial whole-body irradiation, seen after nuclear explosions or accidents, rarely after radiotherapy. Manifestations depend on dose, ranging from anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and mild leukopenia, to thrombocytopenia with hemorrhage, severe leukopenia with infection, anemia, central nervous system damage, and death. SYN: radiation poisoning.
sea s. motion s. occurring in boat travelers.
serum s. an immune complex disease appearing some days (usually 1–2 weeks) after injection of a foreign serum or serum protein, with local and systemic reactions such as urticaria, fever, general lymphadenopathy, edema, arthritis, and occasionally albuminuria or severe nephritis; originally described in patients receiving serotherapy. The term is sometimes used for clinically similar allergic reactions to drugs. SYN: serum disease, serum reaction.
sleeping s. Gambian trypanosomiasis, Rhodesian trypanosomiasis.
space s. dizziness as result of changes in inner ear resulting from absence of gravity. SYN: physiologic vertigo.
West African sleeping s. SYN: Gambian trypanosomiasis.

side
side (sid)

One of the two lateral margins or surfaces of a body, midway between the front and back. [A.S. s.]
balancing s. in dentistry, the nonfunctioning s. from which the mandible moves during the working bite.
working s. in dentistry, the lateral segment of a dentition toward which the mandible is moved during occlusal function.

side effect
side effect

A result of drug or other therapy in addition to or in extension of the desired therapeutic effect; usually but not necessarily, connoting an undesirable effect. Although technically the therapeutic effect carried beyond the desired limit ( e.g., a hemorrhage from an anticoagulant) is a s., the term more often refers to pharmacologic results of therapy unrelated to the usual objective ( e.g., a development of signs of Cushing syndrome with steroid therapy).

sideration
sideration (sid-er-a′shun)

Any sudden attack, as of apoplexy. [L. sideror, pp. sideratus, to be blasted or palsied by a constellation, fr. sidus (sider-), a constellation, the heavens]

sidero- sidero-

Iron. [G. sideros]

sideroblast
sideroblast (sid′er-o-blast)

An erythroblast containing granules of ferritin stained by the Prussian blue reaction. [sidero- + G. blastos, germ]

siderocyte
siderocyte (sid′er-o-sit)

An erythrocyte containing granules of free iron, as detected by the Prussian blue reaction, in the blood of normal fetuses, where they constitute from 0.10–4.5% of the erythrocytes. [sidero- + G. kytos, cell]

siderofibrosis
siderofibrosis (sid′er-o-fi-bro′sis)

Fibrosis associated with small foci in which iron is deposited.

siderogenous
siderogenous (sid-er-oj′e-nus)

Iron forming. [sidero- + G. -gen, producing]

sideropenia
sideropenia (sid′er-o-pe′ne-a)

An abnormally low level of serum iron. [sidero- + G. penia, poverty]

sideropenic
sideropenic (sid′er-o-pe′nik)

Characterized by sideropenia.

siderophage
siderophage (sid′er-o-faj)

SYN: siderophore. [sidero- + G. phago, to eat]

siderophil
siderophil, siderophile (sid′er-o-fil, -fil)

1. Absorbing iron. SYN: siderophilous. 2. A cell or tissue that contains iron. [sidero- + G. philos, fond]

siderophilins
siderophilins (sid-er-o-fil′in, -of′i-lin)

Nonheme, iron-binding proteins; there are three central classes of s.: transferrin (1) (in vertebrate blood), lactoferrin (in mammalian milk and other secretions), and conalbumin or ovotransferrin (avian blood and avian egg white).

siderophilous
siderophilous (sid-er-of′i-lus)

SYN: siderophil (1) .

siderophore
siderophore (sid′er-o-for)

A large extravasated mononuclear phagocyte containing granules of hemosiderin, found in the sputum or in the lungs of individuals with longstanding pulmonary congestion from left ventricular failure. SEE ALSO: heart failure cell. SYN: siderophage. [sidero- + G. phoros, bearing]

siderosilicosis
siderosilicosis (sid′er-o-sil′i-ko′sis)

Silicosis due to inhalation of dust containing iron and silica. SYN: silicosiderosis. [sidero- + silicosis]

siderosis
siderosis (sid-er-o′sis)

1. A form of pneumoconiosis due to the presence of iron dust. 2. Discoloration of any part by disposition of a pigment containing iron; usually called hemosiderosis. 3. An excess of iron in the circulating blood. 4. Degeneration of the retina, lens, and uvea as a result of the deposition of intraocular iron. [sidero- + G. -osis, condition]
pulmonary s. SYN: pneumoconiosis siderotica.

siderotic
siderotic (sid-er-ot′ik)

Related to siderosis; pigmented by iron or containing an excess of iron.

SIDS
SIDS

Acronym for sudden infant death syndrome.

Siegert
Siegert

Ferdinand, German pediatrician, 1865–1946. See S. sign.

Siegle
Siegle

Emil, German otologist, 1833–1900. See S. otoscope.

siemens
siemens (S) (se′menz)

The SI unit of electrical conductance; the conductance of a body with an electrical resistance of 1 ohm, allowing 1 ampere of current to flow per volt applied; equal to 1 mho. SYN: mho. [Sir William S., Ger. born British engineer, 1823–1883]

Siemerling
Siemerling

Ernst, German physician, 1857–1931.

sieve
sieve (siv)

A meshed or perforated device for separating fine particles from coarser ones. [O.E. sive]
molecular s. a gel-like material with pore sizes of such ranges as to exclude molecules above certain sizes; used in fractionating or purifying macromolecules.

sievert
sievert (Sv) (se′vert)

The SI unit of ionizing radiation effective dose, equal to the absorbed dose in gray, weighted for both the quality of radiation in question and the tissue response to that radiation. The unit is the joule per kilogram and 1 Sv = 100 rem. See effective dose, equivalent dose.

SIF
SIF

Abbreviation for somatotropin release-inhibiting factor.

Sig.
Sig.

Abbreviation for L. signa, label, write, or signetur, let it be labeled.

Siggaard-Andersen
Siggaard-Andersen

Ole, Danish clinical biochemist, *1932. See Siggaard-Andersen nomogram.

sigh
sigh (si)

1. An audible inspiration and expiration under the influence of some emotion. 2. To perform such an act. [A.S. sican]

sight
sight (sit)

The ability or faculty of seeing. SEE ALSO: vision. [A.S. gesihth]
day s. SYN: nyctalopia.
far s. SYN: hyperopia.
long s. SYN: hyperopia.
near s. SYN: myopia.
night s. SYN: hemeralopia.
second s. improved near vision in the aged as a result of increased refractivity of the nucleus of the lens causing myopia. SYN: senile lenticular myopia.
short s. SYN: myopia.

sigma
sigma (sig′ma)

The 18th letter of the Greek alphabet, &s.;.

sigmatism
sigmatism (sig′ma-tizm)

SYN: lisping. [G. sigma, the letter S]

sigmoid
sigmoid (sig′moyd)

Resembling in outline the letter S or one of the forms of the Greek sigma. [G. sigma, the letter S, + eidos, resemblance]

sigmoid- sigmoid-

See sigmoido-.

sigmoidectomy
sigmoidectomy (sig-moy-dek′to-me)

Excision of the sigmoid colon. [sigmoid- + G. ektome, excision]

sigmoidicity
sigmoidicity (sig′moyd-i-sa-te)

Describing an S-shaped curve; E.G., shape of enzyme-kinetic curves for enzymes displaying positive homotropic cooperativity.

sigmoiditis
sigmoiditis (sig-moy-di′tis)

Inflammation of the sigmoid colon. [sigmoid- + G. -itis, inflammation]

sigmoido- sigmoido-, sigmoid-

Sigmoid, usually the sigmoid colon. [G. sigma, the letter σ, + eidos, resemblance]

sigmoidopexy
sigmoidopexy (sig-moy′do-pek-se)

Operative attachment of the sigmoid colon to a firm structure to correct rectal prolapse. [sigmoido- + G. pexis, fixation]

sigmoidoproctostomy
sigmoidoproctostomy (sig-moy′do-prok-tos′to-me)

Anastomosis between the sigmoid colon and the rectum. SYN: sigmoidorectostomy. [sigmoido- + G. proktos, anus, + stoma, mouth]

sigmoidorectostomy
sigmoidorectostomy (sig-moy′do-rek-tos′to-me)

SYN: sigmoidoproctostomy.

sigmoidoscope
sigmoidoscope (sig-moy′do-skop)

An endoscope for viewing the lumen of the sigmoid colon. SYN: sigmoscope. [sigmoido- + G. skopeo, to view]

sigmoidoscopy
sigmoidoscopy (sig′moy-dos′ko-pe)

Inspection, through an endoscope, of the interior of the sigmoid colon.

sigmoidostomy
sigmoidostomy (sig′moy-dos′to-me)

Establishment of an artificial anus by opening into the sigmoid colon. [sigmoido- + G. stoma, mouth]

sigmoidotomy
sigmoidotomy (sig′moy-dot′o-me)

Surgical opening of the sigmoid. [sigmoido- + G. tome, incision]

sigmoscope
sigmoscope (sig′mo-skop)

SYN: sigmoidoscope.

sign
sign (sin)

1. Any abnormality indicative of disease, discoverable on examination of the patient; an objective indication of disease, in contrast to a symptom, which is a subjective indication of disease. 2. An abbreviation or symbol. 3. In psychology, any object or artifact (stimulus) that represents a specific thing or conveys a specific idea to the person who perceives it. [L. signum, mark]
Aaron s. in acute appendicitis, a referred pain or feeling of distress in the epigastrium or precordial region on continuous firm pressure over the McBurney point.
Abadie s. of tabes dorsalis insensibility to pressure over the tendo achillis.
Abrahams s. an obsolete s.. 1. rales and other adventitious sounds, changes in the respiratory murmurs, and increase in the whispered sound can be heard on auscultation over the acromial end of the clavicle some time before they become audible at the apex; heard primarily in pulmonary tuberculosis affecting the apical portion of the lung; 2. a dull-flat note, i.e., one between the normal dullness at the right apex and absolute flatness, heard on percussion in that region, indicating progress from incipient to advanced tuberculosis.
accessory s. a finding frequently but not consistently present in a disease. SYN: assident s..
antecedent s. SYN: prodromic s..
assident s. SYN: accessory s..
Auenbrugger s. an epigastric prominence seen in cases of marked pericardial effusion.
Aufrecht s. diminished or noisy breath sounds in the trachea just above the jugular notch, in cases of stenosis.
Auspitz s. a finding typical of psoriasis in which removal of a scale leads to pinpoint bleeding.
Babinski s. 1. extension of the great toe and abduction of the other toes instead of the normal flexion reflex to plantar stimulation, considered indicative of pyramidal tract involvement (“positive” Babinski); SYN: Babinski phenomenon, Babinski reflex, great-toe reflex, paradoxical extensor reflex, toe phenomenon. 2. in hemiplegia, weakness of the platysma muscle on the affected side, as is evident in such actions as blowing or opening the mouth; 3. when the patient is lying supine, with arms crossed on the front of the chest, and attempts to assume the sitting posture, the thigh on the side of an organic paralysis is flexed and the heel raised, whereas the limb on the sound side remains flat; 4. in hemiplegia, the forearm on the affected side turns to a pronated position when placed in a position of supination.
Baccelli s. an obsolete s.: good conduction of the whisper in nonpurulent pleural effusions. SYN: aphonic pectoriloquy.
Ballance s. the presence of a dull percussion note in both flanks, constant on the left side but shifting with change of position on the right, said to indicate ruptured spleen; the dullness is due to the presence of fluid blood on the right side but coagulated blood on the left.
Bamberger s. 1. jugular pulse in tricuspid insufficiency; 2. SYN: allochiria. 3. dullness on percussion at the angle of the scapula, clearing up as the patient leans forward, indicating pericarditis with effusion. SYN: Bamberger-Pins-Ewart s..
Bamberger-Pins-Ewart s. SYN: Bamberger s..
banana s. the abnormal curvature of the cerebellum noted on ultrasound imaging in a fetus with Arnold-Chiari malformation.
Bárány s. in cases of ear disease, in which the vestibule is healthy, injection into the external auditory canal of water below the body temperature will cause rotatory nystagmus toward the opposite side; when the injected fluid is above the body temperature the nystagmus will be toward the injected side; if the labyrinth is diseased or nonfunctional there may be diminished or absent nystagmus.
Barré s. a hemiplegic placed in the prone position with the limbs flexed at the knees is unable to maintain the flexed position on the side of the lesion but extends the leg.
Bassler s. in chronic appendicitis, pinching the appendix between the thumb and the iliacus muscle causes sharp pain.
Bastedo s. an obsolete s.: in chronic appendicitis, pain and tenderness in the right iliac fossa on inflation of the colon with air.
Battle s. postauricular ecchymosis in cases of fracture of the base of the skull.
B6 bronchus s. in lung radiology, appearance of an air bronchogram of the superior segmental bronchus of the lower lobe because of segmental atelectasis or consolidation.
beak s. appearance of the distal esophagus, on a contrast esophagram, in achalasia; also used to describe the proximal pyloric canal on upper GI series in congenital pyloric stenosis.
Bechterew s. paralysis of automatic facial movements, the power of voluntary movement being retained.
Beevor s. with paralysis of the lower portions of the recti abdominis muscles the umbilicus moves upward.
Bergman s. a radiographic finding in which 1) the ureter is dilated distal to a ureteral obstruction and 2) a catheter, passed retrograde, coils in the dilated ureter. SYN: catheter coiling s..
Biederman s. a dusky redness of the lower portion of the anterior pillars of the fauces in certain cases of syphilis.
Bielschowsky s. in paralysis of a superior oblique muscle, tilting the head to the side of the involved eye causes that eye to rotate upward.
Biot s. abnormal breathing pattern characterized by periods of apnea and periods in which several breaths of similar volume are taken; seen with increased intracranial pressure.
Biot breathing s. irregular periods of apnea alternating with four or five deep breaths; seen with increased intracranial pressure.
Bird s. the presence of a zone of dullness on percussion with absence of respiratory signs in hydatid cyst of the lung.
Bjerrum s. SYN: Bjerrum scotoma.
blue dot s. a blue or black spot visible beneath the skin on the cranial aspect of testis or epididymis. This is a torsed testicular appendage and is usually quite tender.
Blumberg s. pain felt upon sudden release of steadily applied pressure on a suspected area of the abdomen, indicative of peritonitis.
Bonhoeffer s. loss of normal muscle tone in chorea.
Bozzolo s. pulsating vessels in the nasal mucous membrane, noted occasionally in thoracic aneurysm.
Branham s. bradycardia following compression or excision of an arteriovenous fistula.
Braxton Hicks s. irregular uterine contractions occurring after the third month of pregnancy.
Broadbent s. a retraction of the thoracic wall, synchronous with cardiac systole, visible anywhere, but particularly in the left posterior axillary line; a s. of adherent pericardium.
Brockenbrough s. absolute decrease in pulse pressure of the beat immediately following a premature beat; a s. of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.
Brudzinski s. 1. in meningitis, on passive flexion of the leg on one side, a similar movement occurs in the opposite leg. SYN: contralateral reflex, contralateral s.. 2. in meningitis, involuntary flexion of the knees and hips following flexion of the neck while supine. SYN: neck s..
burning drops s. in certain cases of perforated gastric ulcer, a sensation as of drops of hot liquid falling into the abdominal cavity or as of a stream of intensely hot liquid being poured into the cavity.
calcium s. in chest radiography, displacement of the line of the calcified intima of the aorta away from its outer wall, a finding in a small percentage of cases of dissection of blood in the aortic media; the expression “displaced intimal calcification” is preferred to the listed term. See aortic dissection.
Calkins s. the change of shape of the uterus from discoid to ovoid, indicating placental separation from the uterine wall.
Cantelli s. doll's eye s..
Carman s. in gastric radiology, the appearance of a contrast-filled malignant ulcer, which does not extend beyond the line of the gastric wall as a benign ulcer would; also has a thick overhanging rim of tumor tissue.
Carnett s. disappearance of abdominal tenderness to palpation when the anterior abdominal muscles are contracted, indicating pain of intra-abdominal origin; its persistence suggests a source in the abdominal wall, which is also indicated when tenderness is caused by gently pinching a fold of skin and fat between the thumb and forefinger.
Carvallo s. an increase in the intensity of the pansystolic murmur of tricuspid regurgitation during or at the end of inspiration that distinguishes tricuspid from mitral involvement.
catheter coiling s. SYN: Bergman s..
Chaddock s. when the external malleolar skin area is irritated, extension of the great toe occurs in cases of organic disease of the corticospinal reflex paths. SYN: Chaddock reflex.
Chadwick s. a bluish discoloration of the cervix and vagina, a s. of pregnancy.
chandelier s. colloquial term referring to severe pain elicited during pelvic examination of patients with pelvic inflammatory disease in which the patient responds by reaching upwards towards the ceiling for relief.
Chaussier s. severe pain in the epigastrium, a prodrome of eclampsia; may be of central origin or caused by distention of the capsule of liver by hemorrhage.
Chvostek s. facial irritability in tetany, unilateral spasm of the orbicularis oculi or oris muscle being excited by a slight tap over the facial nerve just anterior to the external auditory meatus. SYN: Weiss s..
Claybrook s. in rupture of abdominal viscus, transmission of breath and heart sounds through the abdominal wall.
clenched fist s. in angina pectoris, pressing of the clenched fist against the chest to indicate the constricting, pressing quality of the pain.
Collier s. unilateral or bilateral lid retraction due to midbrain lesion; occurring at any age. See setting sun s., Epstein s.. SYN: Collier tucked lid s..
Collier tucked lid s. SYN: Collier s..
colon cutoff s. radiographic s. of (usually) inflammatory disease preventing distention of the distal transverse colon.
Comby s. an early s. of measles, consisting of thin, whitish patches on the gums and buccal mucous membrane, formed of desquamating epithelial cells.
comet s. SYN: comet tail s..
comet tail s. in chest radiology, the curved appearance of pulmonary arteries and veins associated with rounded atelectasis, fibrosis associated with organizing pleurisy. SYN: comet s..
commemorative s. a phenomenon pointing to the previous existence of some disease other than the one present at the time.
contralateral s. SYN: Brudzinski s. (1) .
conventional signs signs that acquire their function through social (linguistic) custom; e.g., words, mathematical symbols. SEE ALSO: symbol (4) .
Corrigan s. a full, hard pulse followed by a sudden collapse easily palpated and occurring in aortic regurgitation. SYN: Corrigan pulse.
Courvoisier s. SYN: Courvoisier law.
crescent s. 1. in radiography of the lung, a crescent of gas near the top of a mass lesion, signifying cavitation with a space above the debris; seen in aspergilloma, hydatidoma; 2. in computed tomography, a high attenuating layer of new blood in an aneurysm; indicates a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm; 3. in diagnostic ultrasound, a sonolucent crescentic layer in a tumor mass, typically necrosis in stromal tumors of the small bowel; 4. in diagnostic ultrasound, a hyperechoic crescent, representing the entering limb of an intussusception; also known as crescent-in-a-doughnut; 5. in osteoradiology, a subcortical lucent crescent in the femoral head, signifying osteonecrosis. SYN: meniscus s..
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten s. a murmur over the umbilicus often in the presence of caput medusae, resulting from portal hypertension, usually with hepatic cirrhosis; recanalization of the umbilical vein with reverse blood flow from the liver into the abdominal wall veins creates the murmur.
Cullen s. periumbilical darkening of the skin from blood, a s. of intraperitoneal hemorrhage, especially in ruptured ectopic pregnancy.
Dalrymple s. retraction of the upper eyelid in Graves disease, causing abnormal wideness of the palpebral fissure.
Dance s. a slight retraction in the neighborhood of the right iliac fossa in some cases of intussusception.
Danforth s. shoulder pain on inspiration, due to irritation of the diaphragm by a hemoperitoneum in ruptured ectopic pregnancy.
Darier s. urtication on stroking of cutaneous lesions of urticaria pigmentosa (mastocytosis).
Dejerine s. aggravation of symptoms of root irritation by the acts of coughing, sneezing, or straining to defecate.
Delbet s. in a case of aneurysm of a main artery, efficient collateral circulation if the nutrition of the part below is well maintained, despite the fact that the pulse has disappeared.
de Musset s. SYN: Musset s..
D'Éspine s. an obsolete s. 1. bronchophony over the spinous processes heard, at a lower level than in health, in pulmonary tuberculosis; 2. an echoed whisper following a spoken word, heard in the stethoscope placed over the seventh cervical or first or second dorsal spine, in cases of tuberculosis of the mediastinal glands.
dimple s. in dermatofibroma, dimpling elicited when the lesion is squeezed.
doll's eye s. reflex movement of the eyes in the opposite direction to that which the head is moved, e.g., the eyes being lowered as the head is raised, and the reverse (Cantelli s.); an indication of functional integrity of the brainstem tegmental pathways and cranial nerves involved in eye movement.
Dorendorf s. fullness of one supraclavicular groove in aneurysm of the aortic arch.
double bubble s. in pediatric radiology, appearance of the dilated air-filled stomach and duodenal bulb, associated with duodenal atresia or web, less often midgut volvulus.
double ring s. two concentric rings around the optic nerve characteristic of optic nerve hypoplasia.
double track s. in pediatric radiology, a less common s. of congenital pyloric stenosis, when barium is caught between mucosal folds in the hypertrophied pylorus.
drawer s. in a knee examination, the forward or backward sliding of the tibia under applied stress, which indicates laxity or tear of the anterior (forward slide) or posterior (backward slide) cruciate ligaments of the knee. SYN: drawer test.
drooping lily s. in urography, a s. of a double renal collecting system with an obstruction of the upper system depressing the opacified calyces of the lower system so they appear to droop.
Drummond s. in certain cases of aortic aneurysm, a puffing sound, synchronous with cardiac systole, heard from the nostrils, when the mouth is closed.
Duchenne s. falling in of the epigastrium during inspiration in paralysis of the diaphragm.
Dupuytren s. 1. in congenital dislocation, free up and down movement of the head of the femur occurs upon intermittent traction; 2. a crackling sensation on pressure over the bone in certain cases of sarcoma.
Duroziez s. SYN: Duroziez murmur.
Ebstein s. in pericardial effusion, obtuseness of the cardiohepatic angle on percussion.
s. of edema of lower eyelid swelling of the lower lid found in congestive failure, myxedema, or nephrosis.
Epstein s. lid retraction in an infant giving it a frightened expression and a “wild glance.” See setting sun s., Collier s..
Ewart s. in large pericardial effusions, an area of dullness with bronchial breathing and bronchophony below the angle of the left scapula. SYN: Pins s..
Ewing s. tenderness at the upper inner angle of the orbit at the point of attachment of the pulley of the superior oblique muscle, denoting closure of the outlet of the frontal sinus.
Faget s. a slow pulse with an elevated temperature, often seen in yellow fever.
fan s. the spreading apart of the toes in the complete Babinski s..
Fischer s. an obsolete s.: in tuberculosis of the mediastinal or peribronchial glands, after bending the patient's head as far back as possible, auscultation over the manubrium sterni will sometimes reveal a continuous loud murmur caused by the pressure of the enlarged glands on the large mediastinal vessels. SYN: Fischer symptom.
fissure s. in perfusion scintigraphy of the lungs, decreased uptake of radionuclide in the periphery of each lobe, making the fissures visible; caused by a variety of diseases and artifacts.
flag s. bands of discoloration of hair (reddish, blond, or gray, depending on original color) resulting from fluctuations in nutrition characteristic of kwashiorkor and in diseases with protein depletion such as ulcerative colitis.
Forchheimer s. the presence, in German measles, of a reddish maculopapular eruption on the soft palate.
Fothergill s. in rectus sheath hematoma, the hematoma produces a mass that does not cross the midline and remains palpable when the rectus muscle is tense.
Friedreich s. in adherent pericardium, sudden collapse of the previously distended veins of the neck at each diastole of the heart.
Froment s. flexion of the distal phalanx of the thumb when a sheet of paper is held between the thumb and index finger in ulnar nerve palsy.
Gaenslen s. pain on hyperextension of the hip with pelvis fixed by flexion of opposite hip; causes a torsion stress at the sacroiliac and lumbosacral joints.
Gauss s. marked mobility of the uterus in the early weeks of pregnancy.
Glasgow s. a systolic murmur heard over the brachial artery in aneurysm of the aorta.
gloved-finger s. in chest radiology, the appearance of mucoid impaction of branching bronchi.
Goggia s. the fibrillation of the biceps muscle, when pinched and tapped, is confined to a limited area in cases of debilitating disease, whereas in health it is general.
Goldstein toe s. increased space between the great toe and its neighbor, seen in Down syndrome, occasionally in cretinism, and as a normal variant.
Goodell s. softening of the cervix and vagina as being usually indicative of pregnancy.
Gordon s. SYN: finger phenomenon.
Gorlin s. unusual ease in touching the tip of the nose with the tongue; seen in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.
Gower s. use of limb muscles to assume an upright sitting position, with the patient using the hands to “walk” up the legs; seen in conditions of weak pelvic girdle and proximal leg muscles.
Graefe s. in Graves disease, lag of the upper eyelid as it follows the rotation of the eyeball downward. SYN: von Graefe s..
Grasset s. normal contraction of the sternocleidomastoid muscle on the paralyzed side in cases of hemiplegia.
Grey Turner s. local areas of discoloration about the umbilicus and in the region of the loins, in acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis and other causes of retroperitoneal hemorrhage.
Griesinger s. erythema and edema over the posterior part of the mastoid process due to septic thrombosis of the mastoid emissary vein and indicating thrombophlebitis of the sigmoid sinus.
Grocco s. 1. acute dilation of the heart following a muscular effort, described in Graves disease; also occurring in various forms of myocardiopathy; 2. extension of the liver dullness several centimeters to the left of the midspinal line in cases of enlargement of that organ.
groove s. large, hard, fixed, and extremely tender lymph nodes in the groin above and below the inguinal ligament, with a groove along the ligament; characteristic of lymphogranuloma venereum.
Gunn s. 1. compression of the underlying vein at arteriovenous crossings seen ophthalmoscopically in arteriolar sclerosis; 2. on alternate stimulation with light, the pupil of an eye with optic nerve transmission defect constricts poorly or even dilates when stimulated (a relative afferent pupillary defect). SYN: Marcus Gunn s..
Gunn crossing s. retinal arteriovenous crossing with venous compression in hypertensive disease.
Guyon s. 1. ballottement of the kidney in cases of nephroptosis, especially when there is also a renal tumor; 2. the hypoglossal nerve lies directly upon the external carotid artery, whereby this vessel may be distinguished from the internal carotid when ligation is necessary.
halo s. elevation of the subcutaneous fat layer over the fetal skull in a dead or dying fetus; said to be the most common radiologic s. of fetal death.
halo s. of hydrops a discredited radiographic s. of fetal hydrops caused by scalp edema so that a definite corona surrounds the skull.
Hamman s. a crunching, rasping sound, synchronous with heart beat, heard over the precordium and sometimes at a distance from the chest in mediastinal emphysema.
Hawkins impingement s. pain produced by forced internal rotation of the humerus in 90° of abduction.
Hegar s. softening and compressibility of the lower segment of the uterus in early pregnancy (about the seventh week) which, on bimanual examination, is felt by the finger in the vagina as though the neck and body of the uterus were separated, or connected by only a thin band of tissue.
Heim-Kreysig s. in adherent pericardium, an indrawing of the intercostal spaces, synchronous with the cardiac systole. SYN: Kreysig s..
Hennebert s. nystagmus produced by pressure applied to a sealed external auditory canal; may be seen in labyrinthine fistula or with intact tympanic membrane in syphilitic involvement of the otic capsule.
Higoumenakia s. sternoclavicular swelling in late congenital syphilis.
Hill s. in aortic insufficiency, greater systolic blood pressure in the legs than in the arms; normal arterial systolic pressure in the leg is 10–20 mm of Hg above that in the arm, whereas in aortic insufficiency the difference may be 60–100 mm of Hg. SYN: Hill phenomenon.
Hoagland s. eyelid edema in infectious mononucleosis.
Hoffmann s. 1. in latent tetany mild mechanical stimulation of the trigeminal nerve causes severe pain; 2. flexion of the terminal phalanx of the thumb and of the second and third phalanges of one or more of the fingers when the volar surface of the terminal phalanx of the fingers is flicked. SYN: digital reflex, Hoffmann reflex, snapping reflex.
Homans s. pain in the calf when the ankle is slowly and gently dorsiflexed (with the knee bent), indicative of incipient or established thrombosis in the veins of the leg.
Hoover signs 1. when a subject lying supine is asked to raise one leg, he or she involuntarily creates counterpressure with the heel of the other leg; if this leg is paralyzed, whatever muscular power is preserved in it will be exerted in this way; or if the patient attempts to lift a paralyzed leg, counterpressure will be made with the other heel, whether any movement occurs in the paralyzed limb or not; not present in hysteria or malingering; 2. a modification in the movement of the costal margins during respiration, caused by a flattening of the diaphragm; suggestive of empyema or other intrathoracic condition causing a change in the contour of the diaphragm.
iconic signs signs that acquire their function through similarity to what they signify; e.g., a photograph as a s. of the person in the picture.
impingement s. pain in patients with rotator cuff tendinitis or tears within the subacromial space elicited by provocative physical examination maneuvers.
indexical signs signs that acquire their function through a causal connection with what they signify; e.g., smoke as a s. of fire.
inferior triangle s. in chest radiology, lateral displacement of the mediastinal pleura near the diaphragm, associated with collapse of the upper lobe, usually on the right side. Cf.:superior triangle s..
Jackson s. during quiet respiration the movement of the paralyzed side of the chest may be greater than that of the opposite side, while in forced respiration the paralyzed side moves less than the other.
Joffroy s. disorder of the arithmetical faculty (the person being unable to do simple sums in addition or multiplication) in the early stages of organic brain disease.
Kehr s. violent pain in the left shoulder in a case of rupture of the spleen.
Kerandel s. delayed sensation to pain indicative of African trypanosomiasis.
Kernig s. when a subject is supine and the thigh is flexed to a right angle with the axis of the trunk, complete extension of the leg on the thigh is impossible; present in various forms of meningitis.
Kestenbaum s. a decrease in the number of arterioles crossing optic disk margins as a s. of optic neuritis.
knuckle s. in chest radiography, an abrupt tapering of a large pulmonary artery caused by pulmonary embolism.
Kocher s. in Graves disease, on upward gaze, the globe lags behind the movement of the upper eyelid.
Kreysig s. SYN: Heim-Kreysig s..
Kussmaul s. in constrictive pericarditis, a paradoxical increase in venous distention and pressure or failure to collapse during inspiration; seen occasionally in effusive-constrictive pericarditis when tamponading pericardial fluid overlies a constricting epicarditis.
Lancisi s. a large systolic jugular venous wave caused by tricuspid regurgitation replacing the normal negative systolic trough (“x” descent).
Landolfi s. in aortic insufficiency, systolic contraction and diastolic dilation of the pupil.
Lasègue s. when a subject is supine with hip flexed and knee extended, dorsiflexion of the ankle causing pain or muscle spasm in the posterior thigh indicates lumbar root or sciatic nerve irritation.
Legendre s. in facial hemiplegia of central origin, when the examiner raises the lids of the actively closed eyes the resistance is less on the affected side.
lemon s. the ultrasound finding of frontal bone scalloping associated with Arnold-Chiari malformation.
Leri s. voluntary flexion of the elbow is impossible in a case of hemiplegia when the wrist on that side is passively flexed.
Leser-Trélat s. the sudden appearance and rapid increase in the number and size of seborrheic keratoses with pruritus; associated with internal malignancy.
Lhermitte s. sudden electric-like shocks extending down the spine on flexing the head.
local s. the characteristic of a sensation that permits distinguishing it from another sensation by locating its position in space.
Lorenz s. an obsolete s.: stiffness of the thoracic spine in early pulmonary tuberculosis.
Lovibond profile s. SYN: Lovibond angle.
Macewen s. percussion of the skull gives a cracked-pot sound in cases of hydrocephalus. SYN: Macewen symptom.
Magendie-Hertwig s. skew deviation of the eyes in acute cerebellar lesions. SYN: Magendie-Hertwig syndrome.
Magnan s. paresthesia in the psychosis of cocaine addicts, who imagine they have a foreign body, in the shape of a powder or fine sand, under the skin, and that it is constantly changing its position.
Magnus s. an obsolete s.: after death, constriction of a limb or one of its segments is followed by venous congestion of the distal part.
Mannkopf s. acceleration of the pulse when a painful point is pressed upon.
Marañón s. in Graves disease, a vasomotor reaction following stimulation of the skin over the throat.
Marcus Gunn s. SYN: Gunn s..
McBurney s. tenderness at site two-thirds of the distance between the umbilicus and the anterior-superior iliac spine; seen in appendicitis.
meniscus s. SYN: crescent s..
Metenier s. easy eversion of the upper eyelid in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.
Mirchamp s. a premonitory symptom of mumps; if a strongly flavored substance is placed on the tongue, a painful reflex secretion of saliva occurs in the gland that is the seat of the incipient infection.
Möbius s. impairment of ocular convergence in Graves disease.
Mosler s. tenderness over the sternum in a patient with acute myeloblastic anemia.
Muehrcke s. SYN: Muehrcke bands, under band.
Müller s. in aortic insufficiency, rhythmical pulsatory movements of the uvula, synchronous with the heart's action; accompanied by swelling and redness of the velum palati and tonsils.
Munson s. in keratoconus, the extra bowing of the lower eyelid caused by the misshapen cornea as the eye rotates downward.
Murphy s. pain on palpation of the right subcostal area during inspiration frequently associated with acute cholecystitis.
Musset s. in incompetence of the aortic valve, rhythmical nodding of the head, synchronous with the heart beat. SYN: de Musset s..
neck s. SYN: Brudzinski s. (2) .
Neer impingement s. pain produced by forceful maximum forward elevation of the upper extremity.
Néri s. in hemiplegia, the knee bends spontaneously when the leg is passively extended.
Nikolsky s. a peculiar vulnerability of the skin in pemphigus vulgaris; the apparently normal epidermis may be separated at the basal layer and rubbed off when pressed with a sliding motion.
objective s. a s. that is evident to the examiner.
s. of the orbicularis in hemiplegia, inability to voluntarily close the eye on the paralyzed side except in conjunction with closure of the other eye. SYN: Revilliod s..
Osler s. SYN: Osler node.
painful arc s. pain elicited during active abduction of the upper extremity between 60° and 120°.
Pastia s. the presence of pink or red transverse lines at the bend of the elbow in the preeruptive stage of scarlatina; they persist through the eruptive stage and remain as pigmented lines after desquamation. SYN: Thomson s..
patellar apprehension s. a physical finding in which forced lateral displacement of the patella produces anxiety and resistance in patients with a history of lateral patellar instability.
Payr s. pain on pressure over the sole of the foot; a s. of thrombophlebitis.
Perez s. rales audible over the upper part of the chest when the arms are alternately raised and lowered; common in cases of fibrous mediastinitis and also of aneurysm of the aortic arch.
Pfuhl s. the pressure of pus within a subphrenic abscess rises during inspiration and falls during expiration, the reverse of what happens in the case of a purulent collection above the diaphragm; when the diaphragm is paralyzed this distinction is lost.
physical s. a s. that is observed or elicited by inspection, palpation, percussion, or auscultation.
Piltz s. SYN: eye-closure pupil reaction.
Pins s. SYN: Ewart s..
Pitres s. 1. SYN: haphalgesia. 2. diminished sensation in the testes and scrotum in tabes dorsalis.
placental s. slight endometrial oozing of blood which occurs in certain animals and sometimes in women at the time of implantation of the fertilized ovum; in women, if the blood appears externally it may be mistaken for a scanty menstrual period.
Pool-Schlesinger s. SYN: Pool phenomenon (1) .
Potain s. in dilation of the aorta, dullness on percussion extending from the manubrium sterni toward the second intercostal space and the third costal cartilage on the right, the upper limit extending from the base of the sternum in the segment of a circle to the right.
prodromic s. a s. that appears during the prodrome of a disease. SYN: antecedent s..
pseudo-Graefe s. a lid retraction phenomenon similar to Graefe s., but due to aberrant regeneration of fibers of the oculomotor nerve into the levator of the upper lid.
puddle s. a s. of free abdominal fluid: the patient assumes a position on all fours; one flank is percussed by repeated light flicking of constant intensity while a Bowles-type stethoscope is placed over the most dependent portion of the abdomen and gradually moved toward the flank opposite the percussion; a sharp increase in the intensity of the sound picked up by the stethoscope indicates the level of fluid.
pyramid s. any symptoms or signs indicative of damage of the pyramidal tracts, such as the Babinski or Gordon s., spastic spinal paralysis, foot clonus, etc.
Quant s. a T-shaped depression in the occipital bone occurring in many cases of rickets, especially in infants lying constantly in bed with pressure on the occiput.
Quénu-Muret s. in aneurysm, well-maintained collateral circulation indicated by issue of blood when the main artery of the limb is compressed and a puncture is made at the periphery.
Quincke s. SYN: Quincke pulse.
Ransohoff s. yellow pigmentation in the umbilical region in rupture of the common bile duct.
Raynaud s. SYN: acrocyanosis.
red, white, and blue s. the contemporaneous occurrence of erythema, ischemia, and necrosis in a wound, as in loxoscelism.
Remak s. dissociation of the sensations of touch and of pain in tabes dorsalis and polyneuritis.
reversed-three s. on an esophagram of a patient with coarctation of the aorta, the shape of the contrast-filled esophagus caused by the aortic arch (upper convexity) and post-stenotic dilatation (lower convexity); the cusp of the backwards 3 is at the level of the coarctation itself.
Revilliod s. SYN: s. of the orbicularis.
Ripault s. a s. of death, consisting in a permanent change in the shape of the pupil produced by unilateral pressure on the eyeball.
Romaña s. marked edema of one or both eyelids, usually a unilateral palpebral edema, thought to be a sensitization response to the bite of a triatomine bug infected with Trypanosoma cruzi, and a strong suggestion of acute Chagas disease.
Romberg s. with feet approximated, the subject stands with eyes open and then closed; if closing the eyes increases the unsteadiness, a loss of proprioceptive control is indicated, and the s. is positive. SYN: Romberg test, rombergism, station test.
Rosenbach s. loss of the abdominal reflex in cases of acute inflammation of the viscera.
Rossolimo s. SYN: Rossolimo reflex.
Rotch s. in pericardial effusion, percussion dullness in the fifth intercostal space on the right.
Rovsing s. pain at McBurney point induced in cases of appendicitis, by pressure exerted over the descending colon.
Rumpel-Leede s. SYN: capillary fragility test.
Russell s. abrasions and scars on the back of the hands of individuals with bulimia, usually due to manual attempts at self-induced vomiting.
Sansom s. in mitral stenosis, apparent duplication of the second heart sound.
scarf s. s. used in Dubowitz scoring (q.v.) to assess developmental age and muscle tone in neonates. The infant's arm is pulled laterally across the chest; in the hypotonic infant, the elbow will cross the midline; in a term infant with normal tone, the elbow will not reach the midline.
Schapiro s. in myocardial weakness, no slowing of the pulse occurs when the patient lies down.
Schlesinger s. SYN: Pool phenomenon (1) .
Schultze s. in latent tetany, tapping the tongue causes its depression with a concave dorsum. SYN: tongue phenomenon.
scimitar s. a curvilinear structure seen radiographically in the lung and associated with anomalous pulmonary venous drainage, suggesting the sickle shape of a saber; also used to refer to the scalloped shape of the sacrum in spinal dysraphism with anterior meningocele.
Seeligmüller s. contraction of the pupil on the affected side in facial neuralgia.
Seidel s. a sickle-shaped scotoma appearing as an upward or downward extension of the blind spot.
sentinel loop s. in gastrointestinal radiology, dilation of a segment of large or small intestine, indicative of localized ileus from nearby inflammation.
setting sun s. retraction of the upper lid without upgaze so that the iris seems to “set” below the lower lid; suggestive of neurologic damage in the newborn, but usually clears up without sequelae. See Collier s., Epstein s..
S s. of Golden in pulmonary radiology, the combination of an atelectatic lobe and a central obstructing mass produces a concavity and a convexity, like the letter “S.”
Shibley s. on auscultation of the chest, the spoken sound “e” is heard as “ah” over an area of pulmonary consolidation or immediately above a pleural effusion.
shoulder apprehension s. a physical finding in which placement of the humerus in the position of abduction to 90° and maximum external rotation produces anxiety and resistance in patients with a history of anterior glenohumeral instability. SYN: anterior apprehension test (1) .
Siegert s. shortness and inward curvature of the terminal phalanges of the fifth fingers in Down syndrome.
silhouette s. of Felson in pulmonary radiology, the obliteration of a normal air-soft tissue interface, such as the cardiac silhouette, when fluid fills the adjacent part of the lung.
Skoda s. SYN: skodaic resonance.
Snellen s. bruit heard on auscultation over the eye in a patient with Graves disease, due to the hyperdynamic circulation.
spinal s. in pleurisy, the spinal muscles are in a state of tonic contraction on the affected side.
spine s. resistance to flexion of the spine in cases of meningitis.
Steinberg thumb s. in Marfan syndrome, when the thumb is held across the palm of the same hand, it projects well beyond the ulnar surface of the hand.
Stellwag s. infrequent and incomplete blinking in Graves disease.
Sternberg s. unilateral tenderness or discomfort on palpation of the shoulder girdle muscles in a patient with pleurisy on that side.
Stewart-Holmes s. in cerebellar disease, the inability to check a movement when passive resistance is suddenly released. SYN: rebound phenomenon (1) .
Stierlin s. repeated emptying of the cecum, seen radiographically, with barium remaining in the terminal part of the ileum and in the transverse colon; due to irritation of the cecum, sometimes caused by tuberculous cecitis (typhilitis).
Straus s. in facial paralysis, if an injection of pilocarpine is followed by sweating on the affected side later than on the other, the lesion is peripheral.
string s. in pediatric gastrointestinal radiology, the narrowed pyloric canal seen with congenital pyloric stenosis; also used to describe a narrowed segment in regional ileitis on small bowel series.
subjective s. a s. that is perceived only by the patient.
Sumner s. a slight increase in tonus of the abdominal muscles, an early indication of inflammation of the appendix, stone in the kidney or ureter, or a twisted pedicle of an ovarian cyst; it is detected by exceedingly gentle palpation of the right or left iliac fossa.
superior triangle s. in chest radiology, widening of the superior mediastinum, usually on the right, associated with collapse of the lower lobe producing traction on the mediastinal pleura. Cf.:inferior triangle s..
ten Horn s. pain caused by gentle traction on the right spermatic cord, indicative of appendicitis.
Thomson s. SYN: Pastia s..
Tinel s. a sensation of tingling, or of “pins and needles,” felt at the lesion site or more distally along the course of a nerve when the latter is percussed; indicates a partial lesion or early regeneration in the nerve. SYN: distal tingling on percussion.
Toma s. to distinguish between inflammatory and noninflammatory ascites: in inflammatory conditions of the peritoneum, the mesentery contracts, drawing the intestines over to the right side; consequently, with the patient supine, tympany is elicited on the right side, dullness on the left.
Topolanski s. congestion of the pericorneal region of the eye in Graves disease.
Tournay s. SYN: Tournay phenomenon.
Traube s. a double sound or murmur heard in auscultation over arteries (particularly the femoral arteries) in significant aortic regurgitation.
Trendelenburg s. a physical examination finding associated with various hip abnormalities ( e.g., congenital dislocation, hip abductor weakness, rheumatic arthritis, osteoarthritis) in which the pelvis sags on the side opposite the affected side during single leg stance on the affected side; during gait, compensation occurs by leaning the torso toward the involved side during stance phase on the affected extremity. SYN: Trendelenburg gait.
Tresilian s. a reddish prominence at the orifice of Stenson duct, noted in mumps.
trough s. an anteromedial glenoid defect resultant from posterior shoulder dislocation.
Trousseau s. in latent tetany, the occurrence of carpopedal spasm accompanied by paresthesia elicited when the upper arm is compressed, as by a tourniquet or a blood pressure cuff.
Trunecek s. palpable impulse of the subclavian artery near the point of origin of the sternomastoid muscle in cases of aortic sclerosis.
Uhthoff s. See Uhthoff symptom.
Vierra s. yellowing and canalization of the nail in fogo selvagem.
Vipond s. a generalized adenopathy occurring during the period of incubation of various of the exanthemas of childhood, affording an early diagnostic s. in a case of known exposure.
vital signs determination of temperature, rate of breathing, and level of blood pressure.
von Graefe s. SYN: Graefe s..
Weber s. SYN: Weber syndrome.
Weiss s. SYN: Chvostek s..
Wernicke s. SYN: Wernicke reaction.
Westermark s. in chest radiography, decreased lung markings from oligemia caused by pulmonary embolism.
Wilder s. a slight twitch of the eyeball when changing its movement from abduction to adduction or the reverse, noted in Graves disease.
Winterbottom s. swelling of the posterior cervical lymph nodes, characteristic of early stages of African trypanosomiasis; useful for surveys or control of migrations from endemic areas of persons with preclinical infections.
wrist s. in Marfan syndrome, when the wrist is gripped with the opposite hand, the thumb and fifth finger overlap appreciably.

signal
signal (sig′nal)

1. Something that causes an action. 2. A DNA template sequence that alters RNA polymerase transcription. 3. The end product observed when a specific sequence of DNA or RNA is deleted by some method.
arrest s. a DNA sequence that causes arrest of RNA polymerase transcription.
contralateral routing of signals a hearing aid configuration for greater hearing loss in one ear than the other in which sound is picked up by the microphone at the worse hearing ear and delivered to the better hearing ear.
pause s. a DNA sequence that causes pausing of RNA polymerase transcription.
termination s. SYN: termination codon.

signature
signature (sig′na-choor, -toor)

The part of a prescription containing the directions to the patient. [Mediev. L. signatura, fr. L. signum, a sign, mark]

Signed English
Signed English

A system of communication that is a semantic representation of English in which American Sign Language signs are used in English word order and additional signs are used for inflection; used principally in the education of children younger than 6 years.

significant
significant (sig-nif′i-kant)

In statistics, denoting the reliability of a finding or, conversely, the probability of the finding being the result of chance (generally less than 5%). [L. significo, to make known, signify, fr. signum, sign, + facio, to make]

siguatera
siguatera (seg-wa-ta′a)

See ciguatera.

SIH
SIH

Abbreviation for somatotropin release-inhibiting hormone.

Silber
Silber

Robert H., U.S. biochemist, *1915. See Porter-S. chromogens, under chromogen, Porter-S. reaction, Porter-S. chromogens test.

sildenafil
sildenafil (sil-den′a-fil)

A selective inhibitor of cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5); relaxes the muscle in the penis, resulting in greater blood flow and erection; used to treat male impotence; potentiates the hypotensive effects of nitrates.

silent
silent (si′lent)

Producing no detectable signs or symptoms, said of certain diseases or morbid processes.

silica
silica (sil′i-ka)

The chief constituent of sand, hence of glass. SYN: silicic anhydride, silicon dioxide. [Mod. L. fr. L. silex (silic-), flint]
s. gel a precipitated form of silicic acid, used for adsorption of various gases.

silicate
silicate (sil′i-kat)

1. A salt of silicic acid. 2. The term sometimes applied to dental restorations of synthetic porcelain.

silicatosis
silicatosis (sil′i-ka-to′sis)

SYN: silicosis.

siliceous
siliceous (si-lish′us)

Containing silica. SYN: silicious.

silicic
silicic (si-lis′ik)

Relating to silica or silicon.

silicic acid
silicic acid

Obtained in water as a colloid by treating silicates; precipitated s. is silica gel.

silicic anhydride
silicic anhydride

SYN: silica.

silicious
silicious (si-lish′us)

SYN: siliceous.

silicoanthracosis
silicoanthracosis (sil′i-ko-an′thra-ko- sis)

A pneumoconiosis consisting of a combination of silicosis and anthracosis, seen in hard coal miners.

silicofluoride
silicofluoride (sil′i-ko-flor′id)

A compound of silicon and fluorine with another element.

silicon
silicon (Si) (sil′i-kon)

A very abundant nonmetallic element, atomic no. 14, atomic wt. 28.0855, occurring in nature as silica and silicates; in pure form, used as a semiconductor and in solar batteries; also found in certain polysaccharide structures in mammary tissue. [L. silex, flint]
amorphous s. light-sensitive material used in digital radiography (q.v.) and fluoroscopy (q.v.).

silicon dioxide
silicon dioxide

SYN: silica.
colloidal s. a submicroscopic fumed silica prepared by the vapor-phase hydrolysis of a silicon compound; used as a tablet diluent and as a suspending and thickening agent.

silicone
silicone (sil′i-kon)

A polymer of organic silicon oxides, which may be a liquid, gel, or solid, depending on the extent of polymerization; formerly widely used in surgical implants, in intracorporeal tubes to conduct fluids, as dental impression material, as a grease or sealing substance, as a coating on the inside of glass vessels for blood collection, and in various ophthalmological procedures.
s.-related disease problems disease allegedly resulting from release of s. into the body.

silicoproteinosis
silicoproteinosis (sil′i-ko-pro′te-i-no′sis)

An acute pulmonary disorder, radiographically and histologically similar to pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, resulting from relatively short exposure to high concentrations of silica dust; pulmonary symptoms are of rapid onset and the condition is invariably fatal.

silicosiderosis
silicosiderosis (sil′i-ko-sid′er-o′sis)

SYN: siderosilicosis.

silicosis
silicosis (sil-i-ko′sis)

A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from occupational exposure to and inhalation of silica dust over a period of years; characterized by a slowly progressive fibrosis of the lungs, which may result in impairment of lung function; s. predisposes to pulmonary tuberculosis. SYN: pneumosilicosis, silicatosis, stone-mason's disease. [L. silex, flint, + -osis, condition]

silicotuberculosis
silicotuberculosis (sil′i-ko-too-ber-ku-lo′sis)

Silicosis associated with tuberculous pulmonary lesions.

siliqua olivae
siliqua olivae (sil′i-kwa o-li′ve)

The arcuate fibers, which appear to encircle the inferior olive in the medulla oblongata. [L. the husk of the olive]

silk
silk

The fibers or filaments obtained from the cocoon of the silkworm.
floss s. SYN: dental floss.
surgical s. thread prepared from the cocoon filaments of glutinous gum that are spun by the mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori; can be obtained in various sizes and used as suture material.
virgin s. an extremely fine ophthalmic suture material consisting of two to seven natural s. filaments bonded together by sericin, a natural adhesive.

Silver
Silver

Henry K., U.S. pediatrician, *1918. See S.-Russell dwarfism, S.-Russell syndrome.

silver
silver (Ag)

L. argentum;a metallic element, atomic no. 47, atomic wt. 107.8682. Many salts have clinical applications. SYN: argentum. [A.S. seolfor]
s. chloride used in the preparation of antiseptic s. preparations.
colloidal s. iodide an antiseptic used for treatment of inflammation of the mucous membranes.
s. fluoride AgF₂&chmpnt;H₂O;an antiseptic.
fused s. nitrate SYN: toughened s. nitrate.
s. iodate a reagent for the determination of chloride.
s. lactate has been used as an astringent and antiseptic.
mild s. protein a complex prepared by the reaction of s. oxide with either gelatin or serum albumin. Black shiny crystals liberate s. and it was formerly widely used as a topical anti-infective on mucous membranes. Contains 19–25% s., only a small fraction of which is ionizable. Can produce black or brown pigmentation due to deposition of reduced s. in the tissues. SYN: argyrol, silvol.
s. nitrate an antiseptic and astringent; used externally, in solution, in the prevention of ophthalmia neonatorum (currently penicillin is often used); also used in the special staining of the nervous system, spirochetes, reticular fibers, Golgi apparatus, nucleolar organizer region, and calcium.
s. oxide has been used in epilepsy and chorea; it is explosive when mixed with readily combustible substances.
s. picrate an ionizable salt of s.; has been used in the treatment of trichomoniasis and moniliasis of the vagina.
strong s. protein a compound of s. and protein containing not less than 7.5 and not more than 8.5% of s.; used externally as an antiseptic, devoid of astringent and nearly so of irritant properties.
s. sulfadiazine the s. derivative of sulfadiazine, used externally as a topical antibacterial agent in preventing and treating infections in burns.
toughened s. nitrate s. nitrate mixed with s. chloride and allowed to dry. Usually applied to the ends of small wooden applicator sticks or made available as pencils. These are used after wetting as a caustic chemical for the removal of warts. SYN: fused s. nitrate, lunar caustic.

silver impregnation
silver impregnation

Silver complexes employed to demonstrate reticulin in normal and diseased tissues, as well as neuroglia, neurofibrillae, argentaffin cells, and Golgi apparatus.

Silverman
Silverman

Leslie, U.S. engineer, 1914–1966. See S.-Lilly pneumotachograph.

Silverman
Silverman

William A., 20th century U.S. pediatrician. See Caffey-S. syndrome.

Silverskiöld
Silverskiöld

Nils G., Swedish orthopedist, 1888–1957. See S. syndrome.

silvol
silvol (sil′vol)

SYN: mild silver protein.

simethicone
simethicone (si-meth′i-kon)

A mixture of dimethyl polysiloxanes and silica gel; an antiflatulent.

similia similibus curantur
similia similibus curantur (si-mil′e-a si-mil′i-bus ker-an′ter)

The homeopathic concept expressing the law of similars (literally, “likes are cured by likes”), the doctrine that any drug capable of producing morbid symptoms in the healthy will remove similar symptoms occurring as an expression of disease. Another reading of the concept, employed by Hahnemann, the founder of homeopathy, is similia similibus curentur, “let likes be cured by likes.” [L. likes are cured by likes]

similimum
similimum, simillimum (si-mil′i-mum)

In homeopathy, the remedy indicated in a certain case because the same drug, when given to a healthy person, will produce the symptom complex most nearly approaching that of the disease in question. [L. simillimus, most like, superl. of similis, like]

Simmonds
Simmonds

Morris, German physician, 1855–1925. See S. disease.

Simmons
Simmons

James S., U.S. bacteriologist, 1890–1954. See S. citrate medium.

Simon
Simon

Gustav, German surgeon, 1824–1876. See S. position.

Simon
Simon

Richard, 20th century U.S. oncologist. See Norton-S. hypothesis.

Simon
Simon

Théodore, French physician, 1873–1961. See Binet-S. scale.

Simonart
Simonart

Pierre J.C., Belgian obstetrician, 1816–1846. See S. bands, under band, S. ligaments, under ligament.

Simons
Simons

Arthur, German physician, *1877. See S. disease.

Simonsiella
Simonsiella (si′mon-se-el′ah)

Genus of nonphotosynthetic, nonfruiting, Gram-negative, chemoorganotrophic, gliding bacteria that exist as multicellular filaments with the long axis of individual cells perpendicular to the long axis of the filament. The cells are flattened and curved to yield a convex-concave, crescent shaped symmetry. Isolated from the oral cavity of mammals. Type species is S. muelleri.

simple
simple (sim′pl)

1. Not complex or compound. 2. In anatomy, composed of a minimum number of parts. 3. A medicinal herb. [L. simplex]

Simplexvirus
Simplexvirus (sim′pleks-vi′rus)

SYN: herpes simplex.

Simplified Oral Hygiene Index
Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S)

An index that measures the current oral hygiene status based upon the amount of debris and calculus occurring on six representative tooth surfaces in the mouth; often used in field surveys of periodontal disease.

Simpson
Simpson

Sir James Y., Scottish obstetrician, 1811–1870. See S. uterine sound, S. forceps.

Simpson
Simpson

William, British civil engineer, &dag;1917.

Sims
Sims

James Marion, U.S. gynecologist, 1813–1883. See S. position, S. uterine sound.

simulation
simulation (sim-u-la′shun)

1. Imitation; said of a disease or symptom that resembles another, or of the feigning of illness as in factitious illness or malingering. 2. In radiation therapy, use of a geometrically similar radiographic system or computer to plan the location of therapy ports. [L. simulatio, fr. simulo, pp. -atus, to imitate, fr. similis, like]
computer s. SYN: computer model.

simulator
simulator (sim′u-la-ter, tor)

An apparatus designed to produce effects simulating those of specific environmental conditions; used in experimentation and training.

Simulium
Simulium (si-mu′le-um)

A genus of biting gnats or midges, the black flies, humpbacked flies, or buffalo gnats in the dipteran family Simuliidae. The aquatic larvae require swift-flowing streams or highly oxygenated waters for their development, a critical epidemiologic factor in the role of these flies as disease vectors. In Central and South America, Mexico, and across central Africa, various species transmit Onchocerca volvulus, agent of human onchocerciasis. SYN: Eusimulium. [L. simulo, to simulate]
S. damnosum species that is an important vector of onchocerciasis in central Africa.
S. neavei species that is an important vector of onchocerciasis in eastern Africa where its larvae and pupae are attached to the shells of crabs of the genus Potamonantes.
S. ochraceum species that is a vector of human onchocerciasis in Central America.
S. rugglesi species that is a vector of Leucocytozoon simondi in Canada and the northern U.S.

simultagnosia
simultagnosia (si-mul-tag-no′se-a)

SYN: simultanagnosia.

simultanagnosia
simultanagnosia (si-mul-tan-ag-no′se-a)

Inability to recognize multiple elements in a visual presentation, i.e., one object or some elements of a scene can be appreciated but not the display as a whole. SYN: simultagnosia. [simultaneous + agnosia]

SIMV
SIMV

Abbreviation for synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation.

simvastatin
simvastatin (sim′va-sta-tin)

A potent HMG-CoA reductase (the rate-limiting enzyme for cholesterol biosynthesis) inhibitor. Used for the treatment of hyperlipidemia; similar to lovastatin.

sincalide
sincalide (sin′ka-lid)

The C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin; it causes smooth muscle contraction of the gallbladder and small intestine, relaxation of the choledoduodenal junction, and stimulates pancreatic and gastric secretions; also used as a diagnostic aid to retrieve bile for analysis.

sincipital
sincipital (sin-sip′i-tal)

Relating to the sinciput.

sinciput
sinciput, pl .sincipitasinciputs (sin′si-put, sin-sip′i-ta)

forehead. [L. half of the head]

SINES
SINES

Abbreviation for short interspersed elements, under element.

sinew
sinew (sin′oo)

SYN: tendon. [A.S. sinu]

Singer
Singer

Mark I., U.S. laryngologist, *1945. See Blom-S. valve.

singleton
singleton (sing′gel-tun)

1. A fetus that develops alone. 2. SYN: sport. [unknown]

singultation
singultation (sing′gul-ta′shun)

Hiccupping. See hiccup. [L. singulto, pp. -atus, to hiccup]

singultous
singultous (sing-gul′tus)

Relating to hiccups.

singultus
singultus (sing-gul′tus)

SYN: hiccup. [L.]

sinigrase
sinigrase, sinigrinase (sin′i-gras, -gri-nas)

SYN: thioglucosidase.

sinister
sinister (si-nis′ter) [TA]

Left. [L.]

sinistrad
sinistrad (sin′is-trad, si-nis′trad)

Toward the left side. [L. sinister, left, + ad, to]

sinistral
sinistral (sin′is-tral, si-nis′tral)

1. Relating to the left side. SYN: sinistrous. 2. Denoting a left-handed person.

sinistrality
sinistrality (sin-is-tral′i-te)

The condition of being left-handed.

sinistro- sinistro-

Left, toward the left. [L. sinister]

sinistrocardia
sinistrocardia (sin′is-tro-kar′de-a)

Displacement of the heart beyond the normal position on the left side. [sinistro- + G. kardia, heart]

sinistrocerebral
sinistrocerebral (sin′is-tro-ser′e-bral)

Relating to the left cerebral hemisphere. [sinistro- + L. cerebrum, brain]

sinistrocular
sinistrocular (sin-is-trok′u-lar)

Seldom-used term denoting one who prefers the left eye in monocular work, such as in the use of a microscope. Cf.:dominant eye. [sinistro- + L. oculus, eye]

sinistrogyration
sinistrogyration (sin′is-tro-ji-ra′shun)

SYN: sinistrotorsion. [sinistro- + L. gyratio, a turning around (gyration)]

sinistromanual
sinistromanual (sin′is-tro-man′u-al)

SYN: left-handed. [sinistro- + L. manus, hand]

sinistropedal
sinistropedal (sin-is-trop′e-dal)

Denoting one who uses the left leg by preference. SYN: left-footed. [sinistro- + L. pes (ped-), foot]

sinistrorotation
sinistrorotation (sin′is-tro-ro-ta′shun)

SYN: sinistrotorsion.

sinistrorse
sinistrorse (sin′is-trors)

Turned or twisted to the left. [L. sinistrorsus, on the left side, fr. sinister, left, + verto, pp. versus, to turn]

sinistrotorsion
sinistrotorsion (sin′is-tro-tor′shun)

A turning or twisting to the left. SYN: levocycleduction, levorotation (2) , levotorsion (1) , sinistrogyration, sinistrorotation. [sinistro- + L. torsio, a twisting (torsion)]

sinistrous
sinistrous (sin′is-trus, si-nis′trus)

SYN: sinistral (1) .

sinoatrial
sinoatrial (si′no-a′tre-al)

SYN: sinuatrial.

sinography
sinography (si-nog′ra-fe)

Radiologic use of a contrast medium to opacify a sinus tract. [sinus + G. grapho, to write]

sinopulmonary
sinopulmonary (si′no-pul′mo-nar-e)

Relating to the paranasal sinuses and the pulmonary airway.

sinovaginal
sinovaginal (si-no-vaj′i-nal)

Relating to that part of the vagina derived from the urogenital sinus.

sinter
sinter (sin′ter)

To heat a powdered substance without thoroughly melting it, causing it to fuse into a solid but porous mass. [Ger. dross, slag]

sinuatrial
sinuatrial (S-A) (sin′u-a′tre-al, si′noo-)

Relating to the sinus venosus and the right atrium of the heart. SYN: sinoatrial.

sinus
sinus, pl .sinussinuses (si′nus, -ez)

1. [TA] A channel for the passage of blood or lymph, without the coats of an ordinary vessel; e.g., blood passages in the gravid uterus or those in the cerebral meninges. 2. [TA] A cavity or hollow space in bone or other tissue. 3. [TA] A dilation in a blood vessel. 4. A fistula or tract leading to a suppurating cavity. [L. s., cavity, channel, hollow]
s. alae parvae SYN: sphenoparietal s..
anal sinuses [TA] 1. the grooves between the anal columns; SYN: Morgagni s. (1) . 2. pockets or crypts in the columnar zone of the anal canal between the anocutaneous line and the anorectal line; the sinuses give the mucosa a scalloped appearance. SYN: s. anales [TA] , anal crypts, Morgagni crypts, rectal sinuses.
s. anales [TA] SYN: anal sinuses.
anterior sinuses SYN: anterior ethmoidal cells, under cell.
s. aortae [TA] SYN: aortic s..
aortic s. [TA] the space between the superior aspect of each cusp of the aortic valve and the dilated portion of the wall of the ascending aorta, immediately above each cusp. SYN: s. aortae [TA] , Petit s., Valsalva s..
Arlt s. an inconstant depression on the lower portion of the internal surface of the lacrimal sac.
barber pilonidal s. pilonidal s. occurring in barbers, usually in the web between the fingers, due to the burying of exogenous hairs by the alternate loosening and tightening of tissues of the hand by the manipulation of scissors.
basilar s. SYN: basilar venous plexus.
Breschet s. SYN: sphenoparietal s..
s. caroticus [TA] SYN: carotid s..
carotid s. [TA] a slight dilation of the common carotid artery at its bifurcation into external and internal carotids; it contains baroreceptors that, when stimulated, cause slowing of the heart, vasodilation, and a fall in blood pressure and is innervated primarily by the glossopharyngeal nerve. SYN: s. caroticus [TA] , carotid bulb.
s. cavernosus [TA] SYN: cavernous s..
cavernous s. [TA] a paired dural venous s. on either side of the sella turcica, the two being connected by anastomoses, the anterior intercavernosus s. (s. intercavernosus anterior [TA]) and posterior intercavernosus s. [TA] (s. intercavernosus posterior [TA]), in front of and behind the hypophysis, respectively, making thus the circular s.; the cavernous s. is unique among dural venous sinuses in being trabeculated; coursing within the s. are the internal carotid artery and the abducent nerve. SYN: s. cavernosus [TA] .
cerebral sinuses SYN: dural venous sinuses.
cervical s. in young mammalian embryos a depression in the nuchal region caudal to the hyoid arch, with the third and fourth branchial arches and ectodermal grooves in its floor; normally it is obliterated after the second month, but occasionally cervical fistulae persist as vestiges of it. SYN: precervical s..
circular s. 1. dural venous formation that surrounds the hypophysis, composed of right and left cavernous sinuses and the intercavernous sinuses; SYN: circulus venosus ridleyi, Ridley circle. 2. a venous s. at the periphery of the placenta; 3. SYN: scleral venous s..
s. circularis SYN: scleral venous s..
coccygeal s. a fistula opening in the region of the coccyx. SEE ALSO: pilonidal s..
s. coronarius [TA] SYN: coronary s..
coronary s. [TA] a short trunk receiving most of the cardiac veins, beginning at the junction of the great cardiac vein and the oblique vein of the left atrium, running in the posterior part of the coronary sulcus and emptying into the right atrium between the inferior vena cava and the atrioventricular orifice. SYN: s. coronarius [TA] .
costomediastinal s. SYN: costomediastinal recess.
cranial sinuses SYN: dural venous sinuses.
dermal s. a s. lined with epidermis and skin appendages extending from the skin to some deeper-lying structure, most frequently the spinal cord.
s. durae matris [TA] SYN: dural venous sinuses.
dural venous sinuses [TA] endothelium-lined venous channels in the dura mater. SYN: s. durae matris [TA] , cerebral sinuses, cranial sinuses, sinuses of dura mater, venous sinuses.
sinuses of dura mater SYN: dural venous sinuses.
Englisch s. SYN: inferior petrosal s..
s. epididymidis [TA] SYN: s. of epididymis.
s. of epididymis [TA] a narrow space between the body of the epididymis and the testis. SYN: s. epididymidis [TA] .
ethmoidal sinuses SYN: ethmoid cells, under cell.
s. ethmoidales SYN: ethmoid cells, under cell.
s. ethmoidales anteriores SYN: anterior ethmoidal cells, under cell.
s. ethmoidales mediae SYN: middle ethmoidal cells, under cell.
s. ethmoidales posteriores SYN: posterior ethmoidal cells, under cell.
frontal s. [TA] a hollow paranasal s. formed on either side in the lower part of the squama of the frontal bone; it communicates by the ethmoidal infundibulum with the middle meatus of the nasal cavity of the same side. SYN: s. frontalis [TA] .
s. frontalis [TA] SYN: frontal s..
Guérin s. a cul-de-sac or diverticulum behind the valve of the navicular fossa.
Huguier s. SYN: fossa of oval window.
inferior longitudinal s. SYN: inferior sagittal s..
inferior petrosal s. [TA] a paired dural venous s. running in the groove on the petrooccipital fissure connecting the cavernous s. with the superior bulb of the internal jugular vein. SYN: s. petrosus inferior [TA] , Englisch s..
inferior sagittal s. [TA] an unpaired dural venous s. in the lower margin of the falx cerebri, running parallel to the superior sagittal s. and merging with the great cerebral vein to form the straight s.. SYN: s. sagittalis inferior [TA] , inferior longitudinal s..
s. intercavernosi anterior et posterior [TA] SYN: intercavernous sinuses.
intercavernous sinuses the anterior and posterior anastomoses between the cavernous sinuses, passing anterior and posterior to the hypophysis and forming, with the cavernous sinuses, the circular s.. SEE ALSO: cavernous s.. SYN: s. intercavernosi anterior et posterior [TA] , Ridley s..
jugular s., s. jugularis one of three enlargements of the jugular veins; the external jugular s. is between the two sets of valves; the internal jugular sinuses are at the origin (superior bulb) and near the termination (inferior bulb).
s. lactiferi [TA] SYN: lactiferous s..
lactiferous s. [TA] a circumscribed spindle-shaped dilation of the lactiferous duct just before it enters the nipple. In nursing mothers, this dilation stores a droplet of milk that is expressed by compression as the infant begins to suckle; this is thought to encourage continual suckling while the let-down reflex ensues. SYN: s. lactiferi [TA] , ampulla lactifera, ampulla of lactiferous duct, ampulla of milk duct, lactiferous ampulla.
laryngeal s. SYN: laryngeal ventricle.
s. laryngeus SYN: laryngeal ventricle.
lateral s. SYN: transverse s..
s. lienis SYN: splenic s..
longitudinal s. inferior sagittal s., superior sagittal s..
longitudinal vertebral venous s. large, plexiform veins forming portions of the anterior internal vertebral venous plexus lying on the posterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies on either side of the posterior longitudinal ligament. SYN: s. vertebrales longitudinales.
Luschka s. venous s. in the petrosquamous suture.
lymph s. SYN: lymphatic s..
lymphatic s. the channels in a lymph node crossed by a reticulum of cells and fibers and bounded by littoral cells; there are subcapsular, trabecular, and medullary sinuses. SYN: lymph s..
Maier s. an infundibuliform depression on the internal surface of the lacrimal sac which receives the lacrimal canaliculi.
marginal sinuses of placenta discontinuous venous lakes at the margin of the placenta.
mastoid sinuses SYN: mastoid cells, under cell.
s. maxillaris [TA] SYN: maxillary s..
maxillary s. [TA] the largest of the paranasal sinuses occupying the body of the maxilla, communicating with the middle meatus of the nose. SYN: s. maxillaris [TA] , antrum of Highmore, genyantrum, maxillary antrum.
Meyer s. a small concavity in the floor of the external auditory canal near the membrana tympani.
middle ethmoidal sinuses SYN: middle ethmoidal cells, under cell.
Morgagni s. 1. SYN: anal sinuses (1) . 2. SYN: prostatic utricle. 3. SYN: laryngeal ventricle.
s. of nail SYN: s. unguis.
oblique pericardial s. [TA] the recess in the pericardial cavity posterior to the base of the heart bounded laterally by the pericardial reflections on the pulmonary veins and inferior vena cava, and posteriorly by the pericardium overlying the anterior aspect of the esophagus. SYN: s. obliquus pericardii [TA] , oblique s. of pericardium.
oblique s. of pericardium SYN: oblique pericardial s..
s. obliquus pericardii [TA] SYN: oblique pericardial s..
occipital s. [TA] an unpaired dural venous s. commencing at the confluence of the sinuses and passing downward in the base of the falx cerebelli to the foramen magnum. SYN: s. occipitalis [TA] .
s. occipitalis [TA] SYN: occipital s..
Palfyn s. a space within the crista galli of the ethmoid described as communicating with the ethmoidal and frontal sinuses.
paranasal sinuses [TA] the paired air-filled cavities in the bones of the face lined by mucous membrane continuous with that of the nasal cavity; these sinuses are the frontal, sphenoidal, maxillary, and ethmoidal. SYN: s. paranasales [TA] .
s. paranasales [TA] SYN: paranasal sinuses.
parasinoidal sinuses SYN: lateral lacunae of superior sagittal s., under lacuna.
Petit s. SYN: aortic s..
petrosal s. inferior petrosal s., superior petrosal s..
s. petrosus inferior [TA] SYN: inferior petrosal s..
s. petrosus superior [TA] SYN: superior petrosal s..
phrenicocostal s. SYN: costodiaphragmatic recess.
pilonidal s. a fistula or pit in the sacral region, communicating with the exterior, containing hair which may act as a foreign body producing chronic inflammation. SYN: pilonidal fistula.
piriform s. SYN: piriform fossa.
pleural sinuses SYN: pleural recesses, under recess.
s. pocularis SYN: prostatic utricle.
s. posterior cavi tympani [TA] SYN: posterior s. of tympanic cavity.
posterior s. of tympanic cavity [TA] a deep groove above the pyramidal eminence extending to the incudal fossa in the posterior wall of the tympanic cavity. SYN: s. posterior cavi tympani [TA] .
preauricular s. s. tract or pit in preauricular skin, resulting from developmental defect of the first and second branchial arches. SYN: preauricular pit.
precervical s. SYN: cervical s..
prostatic s. [TA] the groove on either side of the urethral crest in the prostatic part of the urethra into which the prostatic ducts open. SYN: s. prostaticus [TA] .
s. prostaticus [TA] SYN: prostatic s..
pulmonary sinuses SYN: s. of pulmonary trunk.
s. of pulmonary trunk [TA] the space at the origin of the pulmonary trunk between the dilated wall of the vessel and each cusp of the pulmonic valve. SYN: s. trunci pulmonalis [TA] , pulmonary sinuses.
rectal sinuses SYN: anal sinuses.
s. rectus [TA] SYN: straight s..
renal s. [TA] the cavity of the kidney, containing the calices and pelvis of the ureter and the segmental vesels embedded within a fatty matrix. The renal sinuses cause the kidneys to appear hollow or C-shaped on cross section or medical imaging. SYN: s. renalis [TA] .
s. renalis [TA] SYN: renal s..
s. reuniens obsolete term for s. venosus.
rhomboidal s., s. rhomboidalis a dilation of the central canal of the spinal cord in the lumbar region. SYN: rhombocele.
Ridley s. SYN: intercavernous sinuses.
Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses small outpocketings of the mucosa of the gallbladder which extend through the muscular layer; they may be congenital.
s. sagittalis inferior [TA] SYN: inferior sagittal s..
s. sagittalis superior [TA] SYN: superior sagittal s..
scleral venous s. [TA] the vascular structure encircling the anterior chamber of the eye and through which the aqueous is returned to the blood circulation. SYN: s. venosus sclerae [TA] , circular s. (3) , Fontana canal, Lauth canal, Schlemm canal, s. circularis, venous s. of sclera.
sigmoid s. [TA] the S-shaped dural venous s. lying deep to the mastoid process of the temporal bone and immediately posterior to the petrous temporal bone; it is continuous with the transverse s. and empties into the internal jugular vein as it passes through the jugular foramen. SYN: s. sigmoideus [TA] .
s. sigmoideus [TA] SYN: sigmoid s..
sphenoidal s. [TA] one of a pair of paranasal sinuses in the body of the sphenoid bone communicating with the upper posterior nasal cavity or sphenoethmoidal recess. SYN: s. sphenoidalis [TA] .
s. sphenoidalis [TA] SYN: sphenoidal s..
sphenoparietal s. [TA] a paired dural venous s. beginning on the parietal bone, running along the sphenoidal ridges and emptying into the cavernous s.. SYN: s. sphenoparietalis [TA] , Breschet s., s. alae parvae.
s. sphenoparietalis [TA] SYN: sphenoparietal s..
splenic s. an elongated venous channel, 12–40 μm wide, lined by rod-shaped cells. SYN: s. lienis.
straight s. [TA] an unpaired dural venous s. in the posterior part of the falx cerebri where it is attached to the tentorium cerebelli; it is formed anteriorly by the merging of the great cerebral vein with the inferior sagittal s., and passes horizontally and posteriorly to the confluence of sinuses. SYN: s. rectus [TA] , tentorial s..
superior longitudinal s. SYN: superior sagittal s..
superior petrosal s. [TA] a paired dural venous s. in the groove along the crest of the petrous temporal bone, connecting the cavernous s. with the termination of the transverse s. or beginning of the sigmoid s.. SYN: s. petrosus superior [TA] .
superior sagittal s. [TA] an unpaired dural venous s. in the sagittal groove, beginning at the foramen caecum and terminating at the confluence of sinuses where it merges with the straight s.; receives the superior cerebral veins and has lateral extensions, the lateral venous lacunae. SYN: s. sagittalis superior [TA] , superior longitudinal s..
tarsal s. [TA] a hollow or canal formed by the groove of the talus and the interosseous groove of the calcaneus that is occupied by the interosseous talocalcaneal ligament. SYN: s. tarsi [TA] , tarsal canal.
s. tarsi [TA] SYN: tarsal s..
tentorial s. SYN: straight s..
terminal s., s. terminalis the vein bounding the area vasculosa in the blastoderm.
s. tonsillaris SYN: tonsillar fossa.
Tourtual s. SYN: supratonsillar fossa.
transverse s. [TA] a paired dural venous s. that drains the confluence of sinuses, running along the occipital attachment of the tentorium cerebelli and terminating in the sigmoid s.. SYN: s. transversus [TA] , lateral s..
transverse pericardial s. [TA] a passage in the pericardial sac between the origins of the great vessels, i.e., posterior to the intrapericardial portions of the pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta and anterior to the superior vena cava and superior to the atria; it is formed as a result of the flexure of the heart tube, partially approximating the great venous and arterial vessels. SYN: s. transversus pericardii [TA] , Theile canal, transverse s. of pericardium.
transverse s. of pericardium SYN: transverse pericardial s..
s. transversus [TA] SYN: transverse s..
s. transversus pericardii [TA] SYN: transverse pericardial s..
s. trunci pulmonalis [TA] SYN: s. of pulmonary trunk.
s. tympani [TA] SYN: tympanic s..
tympanic s. [TA] a depression in the tympanic cavity posterior to the tympanic promontory. SYN: s. tympani [TA] .
s. unguis the deep cleft housing the root of the nail. SYN: s. of nail.
urogenital s. 1. the ventral part of the cloaca after its separation from the rectum by the growth of the urorectal septum; from it develops the lower part of the bladder in both sexes, the prostatic portion of the male urethra, and the urethra and vestibule in the female; 2. SYN: persistent cloaca.
s. urogenitalis SYN: persistent cloaca.
uterine s. a small irregular vascular channel in the endometrium, of a type that forms during pregnancy. SYN: uterine sinusoid.
uteroplacental sinuses irregular vascular spaces in the zone of the chorionic attachment to the decidua basalis.
Valsalva s. SYN: aortic s..
s. of the vena cava [TA] the portion of the cavity of the right atrium of the heart that receives the blood from the venae cavae; it is separated from the rest of the atrium by the crista terminalis. SYN: s. venarum cavarum [TA] .
s. venarum cavarum [TA] SYN: s. of the vena cava.
s. venosus [TA] a cavity at the caudal end of the embryonic cardiac tube in which the veins from the intra- and extraembryonic circulatory arcs unite; in the course of development it forms the portion of the right atrium known in adult anatomy as the s. of the vena cava. SYN: saccus reuniens.
s. venosus sclerae [TA] SYN: scleral venous s..
venous sinuses SYN: dural venous sinuses.
venous s. of sclera SYN: scleral venous s..
s. vertebrales longitudinales SYN: longitudinal vertebral venous s..

sinusitis
sinusitis (si-nu-si′tis)

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of any sinus, especially of one of the paranasal sinuses. [sinus + G. -itis, inflammation]

sinusoid
sinusoid (si′nu-soyd)

1. Resembling a sinus. 2. Sinusoidal capillary; a thin-walled terminal blood vessel having an irregular and larger caliber than an ordinary capillary; its endothelial cells have large gaps and the basal lamina is either discontinuous or absent. SYN: sinusoidal capillary. [sinus + G. eidos, resemblance]
uterine s. SYN: uterine sinus.

sinusoidal
sinusoidal (si-nu-soy′dal)

Relating to a sinusoid.

sinusotomy
sinusotomy (sin-u-sot′o-me)

Incision into a sinus. [sinus + G. tome, incision]

si op. sit
si op. sit

Abbreviation for L. si opus sit, if needed.

siphon
siphon (si′fon)

A tube bent into two unequal lengths, used to remove fluid from a cavity or vessel by atmospheric pressure. [G. s., tube]

siphonage
siphonage (si′fon-ij)

Emptying of the stomach or other cavity by means of a siphon.

Siphona irritans
Siphona irritans (si-fo′na ir′i-tanz)

The horn fly, a bloodsucking muscoid fly that causes great irritation and annoyance to cattle, and transmits Stephanofilaria stilesi. [G. siphon, tube]

Siphonaptera
Siphonaptera (si-fo-nap′te-ra)

The fleas, an order of wingless insect ectoparasites highly adapted for survival in mammalian fur; they are flattened laterally, spined, and equipped with well-developed metathoracic legs for jumping. [G. siphon, tube, + G. a- priv. + pteron, wing]

Siphoviridae
Siphoviridae (sif′o-vi′ra-da)

A family of bacterial viruses with long, noncontractile tails and isometric or elongated heads, containing double-stranded DNA (MW 25–79 × 10⁶); includes the λ temperate phage group and probably other genera. [L. sipho, little tube, pipe, fr. G. siphon, + virus]

Sipple
Sipple

John H., U.S. physician, *1930. See S. syndrome.

Sippy
Sippy

Bertram W., U.S. physician, 1866–1924. See S. diet.

sireniform
sireniform (si-ren′i-form)

Denoting a malformation with the appearance of sirenomelia.

sirenomelia
sirenomelia (si′re-no-me′le-a)

Union of the legs with partial or complete union of the feet. SEE ALSO: sympus. SYN: mermaid malformation, symmelia. [L. siren, G. seiren, a siren]

siriasis
siriasis (si-ri′a-sis)

SYN: sunstroke. [G. seiriasis, from seiriao, to be hot]

Siris
Siris

Evelyn, U.S. radiologist, *1914. See Coffin-S. syndrome.

sirup
sirup (sir′up)

SYN: syrup.

sismotherapy
sismotherapy (sis-mo-thar′a-pe)

SYN: vibratory massage. [G. seismos, a shaking, fr. seio, fut. seiso, to shake]

sisomicin sulfate
sisomicin sulfate (sis-o-mi′sin)

An antibiotic produced by Micromonospora inyoensis that has a spectrum of activity and application similar to that of gentamicin.

sister
sister

In Great Britain and its Commonwealth countries: 1. The title of a head nurse in a public hospital or in a ward or the operating room of a hospital. 2. Any registered nurse in private practice.

Sistrunk
Sistrunk

Walter Ellis, U.S. surgeon, 1880–1933. See S. operation.

site
site (sit)

A place or location or locus. SYN: situs. [L. situs]
acceptor s. the ribosomal binding s. for the aminoacyl-tRNA during protein synthesis.
acceptor splicing s. SYN: right splicing junction.
active s. that portion of an enzyme molecule at which the actual reaction proceeds; considered to consist of one or more residues or atoms in a spatial arrangement that permits interaction with the substrate to effect the reaction of the latter.
allosteric s. postulated as the place on an enzyme, other than the active s., where a compound, which may be the ultimate product of the biosynthetic pathway involving the enzyme, may bind and influence the activity of the enzyme by changing the enzyme's conformation; the influence of CTP on aspartate carbamoyltransferase activity exemplifies the concept of an allosteric s. on an allosteric protein.
antibody-combining s. SYN: paratope.
antigen-binding s. SYN: paratope.
cleavage s. SYN: restriction s..
fragile s. [MIM*136540, MIM*136670] a nonstaining gap at a specific point on a chromosome, usually involving both chromatids, always at the same point on chromosomes of different cells from an individual or kindred; it results in in vitro production of acentric fragments, deleted chromosomes, or other chromosome anomalies; inherited as a dominant chromosome marker.
immunologically privileged sites sites where allografts are not readily rejected or tumors escape immune surveillance probably because these particular areas have poor lymphatic drainage and are not readily accessible to effector cells of the immune system.
ligand-binding s. the s. on a protein's surface that binds a ligand; equivalent to the active s. if the ligand is the substrate of an enzyme.
privileged s. an anatomic area lacking lymphatic drainage, such as the brain, cornea, and hamster cheek pouch, in which heterologous tumors may grow because the host does not become sensitized.
receptor s. point of attachment for viruses, hormones, or other activators to cell membranes.
replication s. the in vivo s. on DNA of DNA replication.
restriction s. a s. in nucleic acid in which the bordering bases are of such a type as to leave them vulnerable to the cleaving action of an endonuclease. SYN: cleavage s..
sequence-tagged sites (STSs) short stretches of DNA sequences that can be detected by use of the polymerase chain reaction.
switching s. the break point in a DNA sequence at which a gene segment unites with another gene segment, as in the production of the immunoglobulins.

sito- sito-

Food, grain. [G. sitos, sition]

sitostane
sitostane (si′to-stan)

SYN: stigmastane.

sitosterolemia
sitosterolemia (si-to-ster-o-le-me-a)

SYN: phytosterolemia.

sitotaxis
sitotaxis (si-to-tak′sis)

SYN: sitotropism. [sito- + G. taxis, orderly arrangement]

sitotoxin
sitotoxin (si-to-tok′sin)

Any food poison, especially one developing in grain. [sito- + G. toxikon, poison]

sitotoxism
sitotoxism (si-to-tok′sizm)

1. Poisoning by spoiled or fungous grain. 2. Food poisoning in general. [sito- + G. toxikon, poison]

sitotropism
sitotropism (si-tot′ro-pizm)

Turning of living cells to or away from food. SYN: sitotaxis. [sito- + G. trope, a turning]

situation
situation (sich-u-a′shun)

The aggregate of biological, psychological, and sociological factors that affect an individual's behavioral pattern.
psychoanalytic s. the relationship, characteristically restricted to the therapist's office, between patient and therapist.

situs
situs (si′tus)

SYN: site. [L.]
s. inversus reversal of position or location. SYN: s. transversus.
s. inversus viscerum a transposition of the viscera, e.g., the liver developing on the left side or the heart on the right. SYN: visceral inversion.
s. perversus malposition of any viscus.
s. solitus the normal visceral arrangement.
s. transversus SYN: s. inversus.

Siwe
Siwe

Sture A., Swedish pediatrician, 1897–1966. See Letterer-S. disease.

sizer
sizer (si′zer)

A cylinder of variable diameter, with rounded ends, used to measure the internal diameter of the bowel in preparation for stapling.

Sjögren
Sjögren

Henrik C., Swedish ophthalmologist, 1899–1986. See S. disease, S. syndrome, Gougerot-S. disease.

Sjögren
Sjögren

Torsten, Swedish physician, 1859–1939. See S.-Larsson syndrome, Torsten S. syndrome, Marinesco-S. syndrome.

Sjöqvist
Sjöqvist

O., Swedish neurosurgeon, 1901–1954. See S. tractotomy.

SK
SK

Abbreviation for streptokinase.

skato- skato-

Obsolete spelling of scato-.

skatole
skatole (skat′ol)

3-Methyl-1H-indole, formed in the intestine by the bacterial decomposition of l-tryptophan and found in fecal matter, to which it imparts its characteristic odor.

skatoxyl
skatoxyl (ska-tok′sil)

3-Hydroxymethylindole, formed in the intestine by the oxidation of skatole; some undergoes conjugation in the body with sulfuric or gluronic acids and is excreted in the urine in conjugated form.

skein
skein (skan)

The coiled threads of chromatin seen in the prophase of mitosis. [Gael. sgeinnidh, hempen thread]
choroid s. SYN: choroid enlargement.

skeletal
skeletal (skel′e-tal)

Relating to the skeleton.

skeletology
skeletology (skel-e-tol′o-je)

The branch of anatomy and of mechanics dealing with the skeleton.

skeleton
skeleton (skel′e-ton)

1. The bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton). 2. All the dry parts remaining after the destruction and removal of the soft parts; this includes ligaments and cartilages as well as bones. 3. All the bones of the body taken collectively. 4. A rigid or semirigid nonosseous structure which functions as the supporting framework of a particular structure. [G. skeletos, dried, ntr. s., a mummy, a s.]
appendicular s. [TA] the bones of the limbs including the shoulder and pelvic girdles. SYN: s. appendiculare [TA] .
s. appendiculare [TA] SYN: appendicular s..
articulated s. mounted s., one with the various parts connected in such a way as to demonstrate normal relationships and allow motion between components as in the living body.
axial s. [TA] articulated bones of head and vertebral column, i.e., head and trunk, as opposed to the appendicular s., the articulated bones of the upper and lower limbs. SYN: s. axiale [TA] .
s. axiale [TA] SYN: axial s..
cardiac s. SYN: fibrous s. of heart.
cardiac fibrous s. SYN: fibrous s. of heart.
s. of eyelid SYN: tarsus (2) .
facial s. viscerocranium.
fibrous s. of heart a complex framework of dense collagen forming four fibrous rings (annuli fibrosi), which surround the ostia of the valves, a right and left fibrous trigone, formed by connecting the rings, and the membranous portions of the interatrial and interventricular septa; it is found in association with the base of the ventricles, i.e., at the level of the coronary sulcus; its functions include: 1) contributing reinforcement of the valvular ostia while providing attachment for the leaflets and cusps of the valves; 2) providing origin and insertion for the myocardium; and 3) serving as a sort of electrical “insulator,” separating the electrically conducted impulses of the atria and ventricles and providing passage for the common atrioventricular bundle of conductive tissue through the right fibrous trigone and membranous interventricular septum. SYN: cardiac fibrous s., cardiac s., s. of heart.
s. of free inferior limb the bones of the lower limb except the hip bones, i.e., all lower limb bones including and distal to the femur.
s. of free superior limb the bones of the upper limb except the scapula and clavicle, i.e., all upper limb bones including and distal to the humerus.
gill arch s. cartilages associated with the visceral portion of the embryonic mammalian chondrocranium, representing the gill arch (branchial) skeletons as seen in shark-type fishes; they are the primordia of Meckel cartilage, the styloid, hyoid, cricoid, thyroid, and arytenoid cartilages, and the auditory ossicles. SEE ALSO: branchial arches, under arch.
s. of heart SYN: fibrous s. of heart.
jaw s. SYN: viscerocranium.
thoracic s. [TA] the bones and cartilage that comprise the thoracic cage. SYN: s. thoracis [TA] , s. thoracicus.
s. thoracicus SYN: thoracic s..
s. thoracis [TA] SYN: thoracic s..
visceral s. SYN: visceroskeleton (2) .

Skene
Skene

Alexander J.C., U.S. gynecologist, 1837–1900. See S. glands, under gland, S. tubules, under tubule, ducts of S. glands, under duct.

skeneitis
skeneitis, skenitis (ske-ni′tis)

Inflammation of Skene glands.

skeneoscope
skeneoscope (sken′o-skop)

A form of endoscope for inspecting Skene glands.

skew
skew (sku)

In statistics, departure from symmetry of a frequency distribution.

skia- skia-

Shadow; superseded by radio-. [G. skia]

skiascopy
skiascopy (ski-as′ko-pe)

SYN: retinoscopy.

Skillern
Skillern

Penn Gaskell Jr., U.S. surgeon, *1882. See S. fracture.

skin
skin [TA]

The membranous protective covering of the body, consisting of the epidermis and corium (dermis). SYN: cutis [TA] . [A.S. scinn]
alligator s. SYN: ichthyosis.
bronzed s. the dark s. in Addison disease.
deciduous s. SYN: keratolysis (2) .
elastic s. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.
farmer's s. dry, wrinkled s. with presence of dry premalignant keratoses; observed most commonly in fair-skinned, blue-eyed persons who are exposed by occupation or sport to sunshine for prolonged periods and over many years. SYN: golfer's s., sailor's s..
fish s. SYN: ichthyosis.
glabrous s. s. that is normally devoid of hair.
glossy s. shiny atrophy of the s., usually of the hands, following nerve injury; a type of neurotrophic atrophy. SYN: atrophoderma neuriticum.
golfer's s. SYN: farmer's s..
hidden nail s. SYN: eponychium (2) .
loose s. SYN: dermatochalasis.
parchment s. parchmentlike appearance of the s. caused by loss of underlying connective and elastic tissue, or by the relatively rapid and persistent loss of water from the horny layer.
piebald s. SYN: piebaldism.
pig s. soft s. in which follicles are widely dilated; seen in pretibial myxedema.
porcupine s. SYN: epidermolytic hyperkeratosis.
sailor's s. SYN: farmer's s..
shagreen s. an oval-shaped, elevated nevoid plaque, s.-colored or occasionally pigmented, smooth or crinkled, appearing on the trunk or lower back in early childhood; sometimes seen with other signs of tuberous sclerosis. SYN: shagreen patch.
s. of teeth SYN: enamel cuticle.
thick s. s. from the palms and soles, so named because of its relatively thick epidermis.
thin s. s. from areas of the body other than the palms and soles, so named because of its relatively thin epidermis.
toad s. SYN: phrynoderma.
yellow s. 1. SYN: xanthochromia. 2. SYN: xanthoderma (2) .

Skinner
Skinner

Burrhus F., U.S. psychologist, 1904–1990. See skinnerian conditioning, S. box.

skin writing
skin writing

SYN: dermatographism.

Sklowsky
Sklowsky

E.L., 20th century German physician. See S. symptom.

Skoda
Skoda

Joseph, Bohemian clinician in Vienna, 1805–1881. See skodaic resonance, S. rale, S. sign, S. tympany.

skodaic skodaic (sko-da′ik)

Relating to Skoda.

skull
skull (skul)

SYN: cranium. [Early Eng. skulle, a bowl]
cloverleaf s. cloverleaf s. syndrome.
maplike s. various defects in the s., especially in the temporal bone, the anterior fossa, and orbits, forming irregular outlines resembling the national boundaries in an atlas.
natiform s. palpable bony nodules on the surface of the s. in infants with congenital syphilis.
steeple s., tower s. SYN: oxycephaly.

skullcap
skullcap (skul′kap)

SYN: calvaria.

sky blue
sky blue (ski′ bloo′)

A pigment mixture of cobaltous stannate and calcium sulfate; used biologically as an injection mass.

SL
SL

Abbreviation for spinal length.

sl
sl

Symbol for slyke.

slab-off
slab-off

A process by which prism base-up is produced in the reading field of a spectacle lens through bicentric grinding.

SLE
SLE

Abbreviation for systemic lupus erythematosus.

sleep
sleep (slep)

A physiologic state of relative unconsciousness and inaction of the voluntary muscles, the need for which recurs periodically. The stages of s. have been variously defined in terms of depth (light, deep), EEG characteristics (delta waves, synchronization), physiologic characteristics (REM, NREM), and presumed anatomic level (pontine, mesencephalic, rhombencephalic, Rolandic, etc.). [A.S. slaep]
electric s. a condition of convulsions and unconsciousness induced by the passage of an electric current through the brain.
electrotherapeutic s. electrotherapeutic s. therapy.
hypnotic s. SYN: hypnosis.
light s. SYN: dysnystaxis.
paroxysmal s. SYN: narcolepsy.
rapid eye movement s., REM s. that state of deep s. in which rapid eye movements, alert EEG pattern, and dreaming occur; several central and autonomic functions are distinctive during this state.
s. terror SYN: night terrors.
winter s. SYN: hibernation.

sleepiness
sleepiness (slep′i-nes)

SYN: somnolence (1) .

sleeplessness
sleeplessness (slep′les-nes)

SYN: insomnia.

sleeptalking
sleeptalking

1. SYN: somniloquence (1) . 2. SYN: somniloquy.

sleepwalker
sleepwalker

SYN: somnambulist.

sleepwalking
sleepwalking

SYN: somnambulism (1) .

slide
slide (slid)

A rectangular glass plate on which is placed an object to be examined under the microscope.

sling
sling

A supporting bandage or suspensory device; especially a loop suspended from the neck and supporting the flexed forearm.

slit
slit

A long, narrow opening, incision, or aperture.
Cheatle s. a longitudinal incision into the antimesenteric border of the small intestine, which when closed transversely creates a larger lumen than would be possible by simple end-to-end anastomosis; currently modified to include longitudinal incisions into the cut ends of the transected small intestine or other tubular structures, allowing a wide caliber elliptical anastomosis to be performed.
filtration slits SYN: s. pores, under pore.
pudendal s. SYN: pudendal cleft.
vulvar s. SYN: pudendal cleft.

slitlamp
slitlamp

In ophthalmology, an instrument consisting of a microscope combined with a rectangular light source that can be narrowed into a slit. SYN: biomicroscope, Gullstrand s..
Gullstrand s. SYN: s..

slope
slope (slop)

An inclination or slant.
lower ridge s. the s. of the mandibular residual ridge in the second and third molar as seen from the buccal side.

slough
slough (sluf)

1. Necrosed tissue separated from the living structure. 2. To separate from the living tissue, said of a dead or necrosed part. [M.E. slughe]

Sluder
Sluder

Greenfield, U.S. laryngologist, 1865–1928.

Sluder neuralgia
Sluder neuralgia

See under neuralgia.

sludge
sludge (sludj)

A muddy sediment. SEE ALSO: sludged blood.
activated s. activated s. method.

sluice
sluice (sloos)

SYN: waterfall.

sluiceway
sluiceway (sloos′wa)

SYN: spillway.

slurry
slurry (sler′e)

A thin semifluid suspension of a solid in a liquid.

slyke
slyke (sl) (slik)

A unit of buffer value, the slope of the acid-base titration curve of a solution; the millimoles of strong acid or base that must be added per unit of change in pH. [D.D. Van S., U.S. physician and chemist, 1883–1971]

Sm
Sm

Symbol for samarium.

SMA
SMA

Abbreviation for sequential multichannel autoanalyzer; spinal muscular atrophy.

smallpox smallpox (smawl′poks)

An acute eruptive contagious disease caused by a poxvirus (Orthopoxvirus, a member of the family Poxviridae) and marked at the onset by chills, high fever, backache, and headache; in 2–5 days the constitutional symptoms subside and an eruption appears as papules, which become umbilicated vesicles, develop into pustules, dry, and form scabs that, on falling off, leave a permanent marking of the skin (pock marks); average incubation period is 8–14 days. As a result of increasingly aggressive vaccination programs carried out over a period of about 200 years, s. is now extinct. SYN: variola major, variola. [E. small pocks, or pustules] S. was a universally dreaded scourge for more than 3 millennia, with case fatality rates sometimes exceeding 20%. In many ways a unique disease, it had no nonhuman reservoir species and no human carriers. First subjected to some control by variolation in the 10th century in India and China, it was gradually suppressed in the industrialized world after Edward Jenner's 1776 landmark discovery that infection with the harmless cowpox (vaccinia) virus renders humans immune to the s. virus. A global eradication program was initiated by the World Health Organization in 1966, and the last naturally occurring case of the disease was reported in Somalia in 1977. The disease is now of mainly historical interest.
confluent s. a severe form in which the lesions run into each other, forming large suppurating areas.
discrete s. the usual form in which the lesions are separate and distinct from each other.
fulminating s. SYN: hemorrhagic s..
hemorrhagic s. a severe and frequently fatal form of s. accompanied by extravasation of blood into the skin in the early stage, or into the pustules at a later stage, accompanied often by nosebleed and hemorrhage from other orifices of the body. SYN: fulminating s., variola hemorrhagica.
malignant s. SYN: variola maligna.
modified s., varicelloid s. SYN: varioloid (2) .
West Indian s. SYN: alastrim.

smear
smear (smer)

A thin specimen for examination; it is usually prepared by spreading material uniformly onto a glass slide, fixing it, and staining it before examination.
alimentary tract s. a group of cytologic specimens containing material from the mouth (oral s.), esophagus and stomach (gastric s.), duodenum (paraduodenal s.), and colon, obtained by specialized lavage techniques; used principally for the diagnosis of cancer of those areas.
bronchoscopic s. SYN: lower respiratory tract s..
buccal s. a cytologic s. containing material obtained by scraping the lateral buccal mucosa above the dentate line, smearing, and fixing immediately; used principally for determining somatic sex as indicated by the presence of the sex chromocenter (Barr body).
cervical s. a generic name for different types of smears of the cervix uteri, e.g., ectocervical, endocervical, pancervical; used principally for cervical screening.
colonic s. alimentary tract s..
cul-de-sac s. a cytologic specimen of material obtained by aspirating the pouch of Douglas from the posterior vaginal fornix and prepared by smearing, centrifuging, or filtering; used principally for ovarian cancer.
cytologic s. a type of cytologic specimen made by smearing a sample (obtained by a variety of methods from a number of sites), then fixing it and staining it, usually with 95% ethyl alcohol and Papanicolaou stain. SYN: cytosmear.
duodenal s. alimentary tract s..
ectocervical s. a cytologic s. of material obtained from the ectocervix, usually by scraping; used principally for the diagnosis of late cervical cancers involving the ectocervix.
endocervical s. a cytologic s. of material obtained from the endocervical canal by swab, aspiration, or scraping; used principally for the detection of early cervical cancer.
endometrial s. a group of cytologic smears containing material obtained directly from the endometrium by aspiration, lavage, or brushing of the uterine cavity.
esophageal s. alimentary tract s..
fast s. a cytologic s. containing material from the vaginal pool and pancervical scrapings, mixed and prepared on one microscopic slide, smeared, and fixed immediately; used principally for routine screening of ovaries, endometrium, cervix, vagina, and hormonal states.
gastric s. alimentary tract s..
lateral vaginal wall s. a cytologic s. containing material obtained by scraping the lateral wall of the vagina near the junction of its upper and middle third; used for cytohormonal evaluation.
lower respiratory tract s. a group of cytologic specimens containing material from the lower respiratory tract and consisting mainly of sputum (spontaneous, induced) and material obtained at bronchoscopy (aspirated, lavaged, brushed); used for cytologic study of cancer and other diseases of the lungs. SYN: bronchoscopic s., sputum s..
oral s. alimentary tract s..
pancervical s. a cytologic s. of material obtained from the endocervical canal, external os, and ectocervix by scraping these areas with a properly designed cervical spatula; used principally for early cervical cancer detection.
Pap s. a s. of vaginal or cervical cells obtained for cytological study. SYN: Papanicolaou s..
Papanicolaou s. SYN: Pap s..
sputum s. SYN: lower respiratory tract s..
urinary s. a group of cytologic specimens containing processed urine obtained from bladder, ureters, or renal pelvis; used for cytologic study of cancer and other diseases of the urinary tract.
vaginal s. a s. of debris from the vaginal lumen of mammals, used to determine the stage of their reproductive cycle. It is most useful in subprimate mammals having short estrous cycles; nucleated epithelial cells and leukocytes prevail in the s. during diestrus and proestrus, and cornified cells during estrus.
VCE s. a cytologic s. of material obtained from the vagina, ectocervix, and endocervix, smeared separately (in that order) on one slide, and fixed immediately; used principally for the detection of cervical cancer and identification of the sites of diseases of those areas, and for hormonal evaluation.

smegma
smegma (smeg′ma)

A foul-smelling, pasty accumulation of desquamated epidermal cells and sebum that has collected in moist areas of the genitalia. [G. unguent]
s. clitoridis the secretion of the apocrine glands of the clitoris, in combination with desquamating epithelial cells.
s. preputii whitish secretion that collects under the prepuce of the foreskin of the penis or of the clitoris; it is comprised chiefly of desquamating epithelial cells.

smegmalith
smegmalith (smeg′ma-lith)

A calcareous concretion in the smegma. [smegma + G. lithos, stone]

smell
smell

1. To scent; to perceive an odor by means of the olfactory apparatus. 2. SYN: olfaction (1) . 3. SYN: odor.

smell-brain
smell-brain (smel′bran)

SYN: rhinencephalon.

Smellie
Smellie

William, English obstetrician, 1698–1763. See S. scissors.

Smith
Smith

David W., U.S. pediatrician, 1926–1981. See S.-Lemli-Opitz syndrome.

Smith
Smith

Henry, Irish-born British military surgeon in India, 1862–1948. See S. operation, S.-Indian operation.

Smith
Smith

M.J.V., 20th century U.S. urologist.

Smith
Smith

Robert W., Irish surgeon, 1807–1873. See S. fracture.

Smith
Smith

Theobald, U.S. pathologist, 1859–1934. See Theobald S. phenomenon.

Smith
Smith

William R., 20th century U.S. physician. See S.-Riley syndrome.

Smith-Petersen
Smith-Petersen

Marius N., U.S. surgeon, 1886–1953. See Smith-Petersen nail.

smog
smog

Air pollution characterized by a hazy and often highly irritating atmosphere resulting from a mixture of fog with smoke and other air pollutants. [smoke + fog]

smut
smut (smut)

A fungal disease of cereal grains caused by species of Ustilago and characterized by dark brown or black masses of spores on the plants; e.g., corn s. (U. maydis); loose s. of wheat (U. nuda)

Sn
Sn

Symbol for tin.

113Sn
¹¹³Sn

Symbol for tin-113.

sn- sn-

Prefix meaning stereospecifically numbered; a system of numbering the glycerol carbon atoms in lipids, so that the locant numbers remain constant regardless of chemical substitutions, as opposed to systematic numbering.

snail
snail (snal)

Common name for members of the class Gastropoda (phylum Mollusca). The freshwater pulmonate (nonoperculated, air-breathing) snails (subclass Pulmonata, order Basommatophora) include the majority of intermediate hosts of trematodes parasitic in humans and domestic birds and mammals, chiefly in the families Lymnaeidae and Planorbidae. The subclass Prosobranchiata, the operculate snails, includes the order Neogastropoda, which includes the venomous stinging cone snails (genus Conus), and the order Mesogastropoda, of which the family Hydrobiidae includes most of the medically important host snails. [M.E. snaile]

snake
snake (snak)

An elongated, limbless, scaly reptile of the suborder Ophidia.

snakeroot
snakeroot (snak′root)

SYN: serpentaria.
Canada s. SYN: Asarum canadense.
European s. SYN: Asarum europaeum.
Seneca s. SYN: senega.
Texas s. botanical source of serpentaria.
Virginia s. Aristolochia serpentaria; botanical source of serpentaria.

snap
snap

A click; a short sharp sound; said especially of cardiac sounds.
closing s. the accentuated first heart sound of mitral stenosis, related to closure of the abnormal valve.
opening s. a sharp, high-pitched click in early diastole, usually best heard between the cardiac apex and the lower left sternal border, related to opening of the abnormal valve in cases of mitral stenosis.

snare
snare (snar)

An instrument for removing polyps and other projections from a surface, especially within a cavity; it consists of a wire loop passed around the base of the tumor and gradually tightened. [A.S. snear, a cord]
cold s. an unheated s..
galvanocaustic s., hot s. a s. the wire of which is heated to a high temperature by an electric current.

SNE
SNE

Abbreviation for subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy.

Sneddon
Sneddon

Ian B., 20th century English dermatologist. See S. syndrome, S.-Wilkinson disease.

sneeze
sneeze (snez)

1. To expel air from the nose and mouth by an involuntary spasmodic contraction of the muscles of expiration. 2. An act of sneezing; a reflex excited by an irritation of the mucous membrane of the nose or, sometimes, by a bright light striking the eye. [A.S. fneosan]

Snell
Snell

Simeon, English ophthalmologist, 1851–1909. See S. law.

Snellen
Snellen

Hermann, Dutch ophthalmologist, 1834–1908. See S. sign, S. test types.

snore
snore (snor)

1. A rough, rattling, inspiratory noise produced by vibration of the pendulous palate, or sometimes of the vocal cords, during sleep or coma. SEE ALSO: stertor, rhonchus. 2. To breathe noisily, or with a s.. [A.S. snora]

snow
snow (sno)

See carbon dioxide s..

snRNA
snRNA

Abbreviation for small nuclear RNA.

snuff
snuff (snuf)

1. To inhale forcibly through the nose. 2. Finely powdered tobacco used by inhalation through the nose or applied to the gums. 3. Any medicated powder applied by insufflation to the nasal mucous membrane. [echoic]

snuffbox
snuffbox (snuf′boks)

See anatomic s..

snuffles
snuffles (snuf′lz)

Obstructed nasal respiration, especially in the newborn infant, sometimes due to congenital syphilis.

Snyder
Snyder

Marshall L., U.S. microbiologist, 1907–1969. See S. test.

SOAP
SOAP

Acronym for subjective, objective, assessment, and plan; used in problem-oriented records for organizing follow-up data, evaluation, and planning.

soap
soap (sop)

The sodium or potassium salts of long-chain fatty acids ( e.g., sodium stearate); used as an emulsifier for cleansing purposes and as an excipient in the making of pills and suppositories. [A.S. sape, L. sapo, G. sapon]
animal s. s. made with sodium hydroxide and a purified animal fat consisting chiefly of stearin; used in pharmacy in the preparation of certain liniments. SYN: curd s., domestic s., tallow s..
Castile s. SYN: hard s..
curd s., domestic s. SYN: animal s..
green s. SYN: medicinal soft s..
hard s. a s. made with olive oil, or some other suitable oil or fat, and sodium hydroxide; used as a detergent, and in the form of a suppository or soapsuds enema for constipation; used also as an excipient in pills. SYN: Castile s..
insoluble s. s. made with a fatty acid and an earthy or metallic base (iron or calcium salts of fatty acids).
marine s. a s. made of palm or coconut oil for use with sea water in which it is soluble. SYN: salt water s..
medicinal soft s. a s. made with vegetable oils, potassium hydroxide, oleic acid, glycerin, and purified water; used as a cleansing agent and stimulant in chronic skin diseases. SYN: green s., soft s..
salt water s. SYN: marine s..
soft s. SYN: medicinal soft s..
soluble s. any s. made with potassium, sodium, or ammonium hydroxide: ordinary animal s., Castile s., green s., etc.
superfatted s. a s. containing an excess (3–5%) of fat above that necessary to completely neutralize all the alkali; used in the manufacture of medicated s., and in the treatment of skin diseases.
tallow s. SYN: animal s..

soapstone
soapstone (sop′ston)

SYN: talc.

Soave
Soave

F., 20th century Italian pediatric surgeon. See S. operation.

socaloin
socaloin (so-kal′o-in)

An aloin obtained from aloes of the island of Socotra.

socia
socia (so′she-a)

An ectopic, supernumerary, or accessory portion of an organ.
s. parotidis (so′she-a pa-rot′i-dis) SYN: accessory parotid gland. [L. companion of the parotid]

socialization
socialization (so′shal-i-za′shun)

1. The process of learning attitudes and interpersonal and interactional skills which are in conformity with the values of one's society. 2. In a group therapy setting, a way of learning to participate effectively in the group. [L. socius, partner, companion]

socio- socio-

Social, society. [L. socius, companion]

socioacusis
socioacusis (so-se-o-ak-u′sis)

The hearing loss produced by exposure to nonoccupational noise such as small arms fire in hunting and target practice. [socio- + G. akousis, hearing]

sociocentric
sociocentric (so′se-o-sen′trik)

Outgoing; reactive to the social or cultural milieu. [socio- + L. centrum, center]

sociocentrism
sociocentrism (so′se-o-sen′trizm)

Taking one's own social group as the standard by which others are measured.

sociocosm
sociocosm (so′se-o-kozm)

The totality that includes human society, human thought, and the relationship of humans to nature. [socio- + G. kosmos, universe]

sociogenesis
sociogenesis (so′se-o-jen′e-sis)

The origin of social behavior from past interpersonal experiences. [socio- + G. genesis, origin]

sociogram
sociogram (so′se-o-gram)

A diagrammatic representation of the valences and degrees of attractiveness and acceptance of each individual rated according to the interpersonal interactions between and among members of a group; a diagram in which group interactions are analyzed on the basis of mutual attractions or antipathies between group members. [socio- + G. gramma, something written]

sociomedical
sociomedical (so′se-o-med′i-kal)

Pertaining to the relation of the practice of medicine to society.

sociometry
sociometry (so-se-om′e-tre)

The study of interpersonal relationships in a group. [socio- + G. metron, measure]

sociopath
sociopath (so′se-o-path)

A designation for a person with an antisocial personality disorder. SEE ALSO: antisocial personality, psychopath.

sociopathy
sociopathy (so-se-op′a-the)

A term for the behavioral pattern exhibited by persons with an antisocial personality disorder. SEE ALSO: personality disorder. [socio- + G. pathos, suffering]

socket
socket (sok′et)

SYN: gomphosis. 1. The hollow part of a joint; the excavation in one bone of a joint which receives the articular end of the other bone. 2. Any hollow or concavity into which another part fits, as the eye s.. [thr. O. Fr. fr. L. soccus, a shoe, a sock]
dry s. SYN: alveoalgia.
eye s. generally the orbit, although the true “s.” for the eyeball, into which a prosthetic eye would be inserted, is formed by the fascial sheath of the eyeball. SYN: orbit.
tooth s. [TA] a s. in the alveolar process of the maxilla or mandible, into which each tooth fits and is attached by means of the periodontal ligament. SYN: alveolus dentalis [TA] , alveolus (4) [NA] .

SOD
SOD

Abbreviation for superoxide dismutase.

soda
soda (so′da)

SYN: sodium carbonate. [It., possibly fr. Mediev. L. barilla plant]
baking s. SYN: sodium bicarbonate.
caustic s. SYN: sodium hydroxide.
s. lime a mixture of calcium and sodium hydroxides used to absorb carbon dioxide in situations in which rebreathing occurs; e.g., in basal determinations or in certain types of anesthesia circuits.
washing s. SYN: sodium carbonate.

sodic
sodic (so′dik)

Relating to or containing soda or sodium.

sodio- sodio-

A compound containing sodium; as sodiocitrate, sodiotartrate, a citrate or tartrate of some element containing sodium in addition.

sodium
sodium (Na) (so′de-um)

A metallic element, atomic no. 11, atomic wt. 22.989768; an alkali metal oxidizing readily in air or water; its salts are found in natural biologic systems and are extensively used in medicine and industry. The s. ion is the most plentiful extracellular ion in the body. For organic s. salts not listed below, see under the name of the organic acid portion. SYN: natrium. [Mod. L. fr. soda]
s. acetate a systemic and urinary alkalizer, expectorant, and diuretic.
s. acid carbonate SYN: s. bicarbonate.
s. acid citrate SYN: s. citrate.
s. acid phosphate SYN: s. biphosphate.
s. alginate SYN: algin.
s. p-aminohippurate used intravenously in renal function tests, to determine the renal plasma flow and the tubular excretion.
s. p-aminophenylarsonate a compound that was one of the first modern pentavalent arsenicals. SYN: s. arsanilate.
s. aminosalicylate used for the same purposes as aminosalicylic acid.
s. antimonylgluconate SYN: stibogluconate s. (2) .
s. antimonyl tartrate SYN: antimony s. tartrate.
s. arsanilate SYN: s. p-aminophenylarsonate.
s. ascorbate same actions and uses as ascorbic acid; it is preferred for intramuscular administration.
s. aurothiomalate SYN: gold s. thiomalate.
s. aurothiosulfate SYN: gold s. thiosulfate.
s. benzoate used in chronic and acute rheumatism, as a liver function test, and as a preservative.
s. bicarbonate NaHCO₃;used as a gastric and systemic antacid, to alkalize urine, and for washes of body cavities. SYN: baking soda, s. acid carbonate, s. hydrogen carbonate.
s. biphosphate used to increase urinary acidity. SYN: primary s. phosphate, s. acid phosphate, s. dihydrogen phosphate.
s. bisulfite NaHSO₃;acid s. sulfite, used in gastric and intestinal fermentation, externally in the treatment of parasitic diseases, and as an antioxidant in certain injections (s. metabisulfite). SYN: s. hydrogen sulfite, s. pyrosulfite.
s. borate used in lotions, gargles, mouthwashes, and as a detergent. SYN: borax, s. pyroborate, s. tetraborate.
s. bromide NaBr;an obsolete hypnotic and sedative; occasionally used in epilepsy and other functional disorders of the nervous system.
s. cacodylate used in anemia, leukemia, and malaria. SYN: s. dimethylarsenate.
s. carbonate used in the treatment of scaly skin diseases; otherwise rarely used in medicine because of its irritant action. SYN: sal soda, soda, washing soda.
s. carboxymethyl cellulose the s. salt of a polycarboxymethyl ether of cellulose; used as a laxative due to its indigestibility and binding of water within the gastrointestinal tract.
s. chloride NaCl;the chief component of blood and other body fluids, and urine; used to make isotonic and physiological saline solutions, in the treatment of salt depletion, and topically for inflammatory lesions. SYN: common salt, table salt.
s. citrate used as diuretic, antilithic, systemic and urinary alkalizer, expectorant, and anticoagulant (in vitro). SYN: s. acid citrate.
s. citrate, acid same actions and uses as s. citrate; in addition, it may be used in solutions of glucose without producing caramelization of the latter during autoclaving.
s. cromoglycate SYN: cromolyn s..
s. dehydrocholate a cholagogue; also used to determine circulation time.
s. diatrizoate a water-soluble organic iodine compound formerly used for intravenous excretory urography and angiography.
dibasic s. phosphate SYN: s. phosphate.
s. dihydrogen phosphate SYN: s. biphosphate.
s. dimethylarsenate SYN: s. cacodylate.
s. dodecyl sulfate (SDS) SYN: s. lauryl sulfate.
effervescent s. phosphate exsiccated s. phosphate 200, s. bicarbonate 477, tartaric acid 252, and citric acid 162, mixed and passed through a sieve to make a granular salt.
exsiccated s. sulfite anhydrous s. sulfite, used as a preservative in pharmaceutical preparations.
s. fluoride used as a dental prophylactic against caries in drinking water, and topically as a 2% solution applied on the teeth.
s. fluosilicate SYN: s. hexafluorosilicate.
s. folate the s. salt of folic acid; action and uses are the same as those of folic acid, but it is preferred for parenteral administration. SYN: s. pteroylglutamate.
s. fusidate SYN: fusidate s..
s. glycerophosphate has been used as a tonic.
s. hexafluorosilicate Na₂SiF₆;used (in dilute solutions) as an antiseptic and deodorant, and for fluoridation of drinking water. SYN: s. fluosilicate, s. silicofluoride.
s. hydrogen carbonate SYN: s. bicarbonate.
s. hydrogen sulfite SYN: s. bisulfite.
s. hydroxide NaOH;used externally as a caustic. SYN: caustic soda.
s. hypochlorite strong oxidizer; explosive when anhydrous. Decomposes by absorbing carbon dioxide from the air. Liberates chlorine and oxygen; used in aqueous solution as a bleach and disinfectant. The active constituent of many household bleaches, e.g., Clorox.
s. hypophosphite formerly used as a nerve tonic.
s. hyposulfite SYN: s. thiosulfate.
s. ichthyolsulfonate an alterative and antiseptic.
s. indigotin disulfonate SYN: indigo carmine.
s. iodide NaI;used as a source of iodine.
s. lactate a systemic and urinary alkalizer.
s. lauryl sulfate a surface-active agent of the anionic type used in toothpastes. SYN: s. dodecyl sulfate.
s. levothyroxine S. salt of the natural isomer of thyroxine, a thyroid hormone. It is twice as effective as the racemic form. Used in the treatment of hypothyroidism in humans and animals, to treat lowered fertility in bulls, and to stimulate lactation in animals.
s. liothyronine s. l-triiodothyronine, the physiologically active isomer of triiodothyronine, twice as active as the racemic form; used in the treatment of thyroid deficiency syndromes. A metabolite of thyroxine.
s. metabisulfite used as an antioxidant in injectable solutions.
s. methicillin SYN: methicillin s..
s. methylarsonate formerly used in tuberculosis, chorea, and other affections in which the cacodylates were used.
s. nitrate NaNO₃;formerly used for dysentery and as a diuretic. SYN: Chilean saltpeter, cubic niter.
s. nitrite NaNO₂;used to lower systemic blood pressure, to relieve local vasomotor spasms, especially in angina pectoris and Raynaud disease, to relax bronchial and intestinal spasms, and as an antidote for cyanide poisoning.
s. nitroferricyanide SYN: s. nitroprusside.
s. nitroprusside a rapidly acting and potent arterial and venous vasodilator used in hypertensive emergencies and administered intravenously. Acts in a manner similar to vasodilator nitrates and nitrites by donating nitric oxide which produces vasodilation; also used as a reagent for detection of organic compounds in the urine. SYN: s. nitroferricyanide.
s. orthophosphate SYN: s. phosphate.
s. perborate used in the extemporaneous preparation of hydrogen peroxide; a 2% solution is equivalent in germicidal action to 0.4% of hydrogen peroxide.
s. peroxide Na₂O₂;used externally as a paste or soap in the treatment of comedones and acne.
s. pertechnetate Na^99mTcO₄;a radiopharmaceutical used for brain, thyroid, and salivary gland scanning.
s. phosphate a laxative. SYN: dibasic s. phosphate, s. orthophosphate.
s. phosphate ³²P anionic radioactive phosphorus in the form of a solution of s. acid phosphate and s. basic phosphate; a beta emitter with a half-life of 14.3 days; after administration, highest concentrations are found in rapidly proliferating tissues; it is used in the treatment of polycythemia vera, chronic myelogenous leukemia, and osseous metastases. SEE ALSO: chromic phosphate ³²P colloidal suspension.
s. polyanhydromannuronic acid sulfate an anticoagulant drug prepared from alginic acid and having an action similar to that of heparin.
s. polystyrene sulfonate a cationic exchange resin used in hyperpotassemia.
s. potassium tartrate SYN: potassium s. tartrate.
pravastatin s. antihyperlipoproteinemic. An HMG-Co reductase inhibitor resembling lovastatin and simvastatin, which inhibits cholesterol formation.
primary s. phosphate SYN: s. biphosphate.
s. propionate the s. salt of propionic acid; used for fungus infections of the skin, usually in combination with calcium propionate; used as a preservative.
s. psylliate the s. salt of the liquid fatty acids of psyllium oil, prepared by dissolving the fatty acid in dilute s. hydroxide solution; used like morrhuate s. as a sclerosing agent in the treatment of varicose veins.
s. pteroylglutamate SYN: s. folate.
s. pyroborate SYN: s. borate.
s. pyrosulfite SYN: s. bisulfite.
s. rhodanate SYN: s. thiocyanate.
s. ricinoleate, s. ricinate the s. salt of ricinoleic acid; a sclerosing agent similar in action to morrhuate s..
s. salicylate an analgesic, antipyretic, and antirheumatic.
s. silicofluoride SYN: s. hexafluorosilicate.
s. stearate stearic acid s. salt, used as a pharmaceutical adjuvant in ointments, creams, and suppositories.
s. sulfate an ingredient of many of the natural laxative waters, and also used as a hydragogue cathartic primarily in large animals. SYN: Glauber salt.
s. sulfite has been used for the relief of intestinal fermentation, and externally for aphthous stomatitis.
s. sulfocyanate SYN: s. thiocyanate.
s. sulforicinate, s. sulforicinoleate made by combining castor oil, sulfuric acid, and s. hydroxide and chloride; used as a solvent for iodine, iodoform, resorcinol, pyrogallol, and a number of other substances for external use.
s. tartrate a laxative.
s. taurocholate the s. salt of taurocholic acid, extracted from the bile of carnivora; a cholagogue.
s. tetraborate SYN: s. borate.
s. tetradecyl sulfate an anionic surface-active agent used for its wetting properties to enhance the surface action of certain antiseptic solutions; also used as a sclerosing agent similar to morrhuate s. in the treatment of varicose veins.
s. thiocyanate formerly used in the management of essential hypertension. SYN: s. rhodanate, s. sulfocyanate.
s. thiosulfate an antidote in cyanide poisoning in conjunction with s. nitrite; used as a prophylactic agent against ringworm infections in swimming pools and baths, and to measure the extracellular fluid volume of the body. SYN: s. hyposulfite.
s. tungstoborate used in electron microscopy as a negative stain.

sodium-24
sodium-24 (²⁴Na)

The isotope of sodium with an atomic weight of 24, and a half-life of 14.96 hr; it emits beta and gamma rays, and is more easily prepared than the longer-lived, positron-emitting ²²Na (half-life, 2.605 yr). It is used to measure extracellular fluid by indicator dilution.

sodium group
sodium group

The alkali metals: cesium, lithium, potassium, rubidium, and sodium.

sodoku
sodoku (so-do′koo)

SYN: rat-bite fever. [Jap. rat poison]

sodomist
sodomist, sodomite (sod′o-mist, -mit)

One who practices sodomy. [G. sodomites, an inhabitant city of Sodom, said in the Bible to have been destroyed by fire because of the wickedness of its people]

sodomy
sodomy (sod′om-e)

A term denoting a number of sexual practices variously proscribed by law, especially bestiality, oral-genital contact, and anal intercourse. SYN: buggery. [see sodomist]

Soemmerring
Soemmerring

Samuel Thomas von, German anatomist, 1755–1830. See S. ganglion, S. ligament, S. muscle, S. spot, ring of S..

Soffer
Soffer

Louis J., U.S. internist, *1904. See Sohval-S. syndrome.

software
software

The program or instructions for a computer.

Sohval
Sohval

Arthur R., U.S. internist, *1904. See S.-Soffer syndrome.

soil
soil (soyl)

Dirt.
night s. human feces used for fertilizer.

soja
soja (so′yah)

SYN: soybean.

sokosho
sokosho (so-ko′sho)

SYN: rat-bite fever. [Jap. so, rat, + ko, bite, + sho, malady]

sol.
sol.

1. A colloidal dispersion of a solid in a liquid. Cf.:gel. 2. Abbreviation for solution.

Solanaceae
Solanaceae (so-la-na′se-e)

A family of plants that includes the genus Solanum (nightshade) and some 84 other genera comprising 1,800 species, including belladonna, the tomato, and potato plants.

solanaceous
solanaceous (so-la-na′shus, sol′a-)

Pertaining to plants of the family Solanaceae, or to drugs derived from them.

solanochromene
solanochromene (sol′a-no-kro′men)

SYN: plastochromenol-8.

solapsone
solapsone (so-lap′son)

SYN: solasulfone.

solasulfone
solasulfone (sol-a-sulf′on)

A leprostatic agent. SYN: solapsone.

solation
solation (sol-a′shun)

In colloidal chemistry, the transformation of a gel into a sol, as by melting gelatin.

solder
solder (sod′er)

1. A fusible alloy used to unite edges or surfaces of two pieces of metal of higher melting point; hard solders, usually containing gold or silver as their main constituent, are usually used in dentistry to connect noble metal alloys. 2. To join two pieces of metal with such an alloy. [L. solido, to make solid, through Fr., various forms]

soldering
soldering (sod′er-ing)

A laser technique to make one tissue adhere to another.

sole
sole (sol) [TA]

The plantar surface or under part of the foot. SYN: planta [TA] , pelma. [A.S.]
s. of foot [TA] the inferior aspect or bottom of the foot, much of which is in contact with the ground when standing; it is covered with hairless, usually nonpigmented skin that is especially thickened and provided with epidermal ridges over the weightbearing areas. SYN: planta pedis [TA] , plantar region&star, regio plantaris&star, plantar surface of foot.

Solenoglypha
Solenoglypha (so-le-nog′li-fa)

A major category of snakes that includes the viper and rattlesnake families. [L., fr. G. solen, pipe channel, + glypho, to carve]

solenoid
solenoid (sol′e-noyd)

A helical coil of wire energized electrically to produce a magnetic field, which induces a current in any conductor placed within or near the coil.

Solenopotes capillatus
Solenopotes capillatus (so-le-nop′o-tez kap-i-la′tus)

A sucking louse of cattle, called the little blue cattle louse in the U.S. and the tubercle-bearing louse in Australia. [G. solen, pipe, + potos, a drinking]

solenopsin A
solenopsin A (so-le-nop′sin)

One of several, probably five, alkaloidal constituents present in the venom of the imported fire ant, Solenopsis saevissima; the venom has necrotoxic, hemolytic, insecticidal, and antibiotic properties.

Solenopsis
Solenopsis (sol-e-nop′sis)

A genus of ants known as fire ants, which can inflict painful burning stings that cause local and occasionally systemic reactions.
S. invicta the red imported fire ant, a species imported from South America which has spread extensively within the southeastern United States where it has become a major pest of humans and animals; it readily stings humans, producing local swelling and pruritus with development of a pustule at the site of the sting and, in rare cases, it can cause anaphylactic shock with death from respiratory or cardiac arrest. SEE ALSO: S. richteri. SYN: red imported fire ant.
S. richteri the black imported fire ant, a species imported from South America but less extensively established in the United States than S. invicta. SEE ALSO: S. invicta. SYN: black imported fire ant.

soleus
soleus (so-le′us)

See s. (muscle). [Mod. L. fr. L. solea, a sandal, sole of the foot (of animals), fr. solum, bottom, floor, ground]

solid
solid

1. Firm; compact; not fluid; without interstices or cavities; not cancellous. 2. A body that retains its form when not confined; one that is not fluid, neither liquid nor gaseous. [L. solidus]

solidism solidism (sol′i-dizm)

The theory propounded by Asclepiades and his followers that disease was due to an imbalance between solid particles (atoms) of the body and the spaces (pores) between them, a doctrine that opposed the humoral conception of Hippocrates. SYN: methodism.

solidist solidist (sol′i-dist)

An adherent of the doctrine of solidism.

solidistic solidistic (sol-i-dis′tik)

Relating to solidism.

solidus
solidus (sol′i-dus)

That line on a constitution diagram indicating the temperature below which all metal is solid.

soliped
soliped (sol′i-ped)

A solid-hoofed animal such as the horse. [L. solidus, solid, + pes, foot]

solipsism
solipsism (so′lip-sizm, sol′ip-)

A philosophical concept that whatever exists is a product of will and the ideas of the perceiving individual. [L. solus, alone, + ipse, self]

soln.
soln.

Abbreviation for solution.

solubility
solubility (sol-u-bil′i-te)

The property of being soluble.

soluble
soluble (sol′u-bl)

Capable of being dissolved. [L. solubilis, fr. solvo, to dissolve]

solum
solum (so′lum)

Bottom; the lowest part. [L.]

solute
solute (sol′ut, so′loot)

The dissolved substance in a solution. [L. solutus, dissolved, pp. of solvo, to dissolve]

solutio
solutio (so-loo′she-o)

SYN: solution. [L.]

solution
solution (sol., soln.) (so-loo′shun)

1. The incorporation of a solid, a liquid, or a gas in a liquid or noncrystalline solid resulting in a homogeneous single phase. See dispersion, suspension. 2. Generally, an aqueous s. of a nonvolatile substance. 3. In the language of the Pharmacopeia, an aqueous s. of a nonvolatile substance is called a s. or liquor; an aqueous s. of a volatile substance is a water (aqua); an alcoholic s. of a nonvolatile substance is a tincture (tinctura); an alcoholic s. of a volatile substance is a spirit (spiritus); a s. in vinegar is a vinegar (acetum); a s. in glycerin is a glycerol (glyceritum); a s. in wine is a wine (vinum); a s. of sugar in water is a syrup (syrupus); a s. of a mucilaginous substance is a mucilage (mucilago); a s. of an alkaloid or metallic oxide in oleic acid is an oleate (oleatum). 4. The termination of a disease by crisis. 5. A break, cut, or laceration of the solid tissues. See s. of contiguity, s. of continuity. SYN: solutio. [L. solutio]
acetic s. a vinegar.
amaranth s. a 1% s. of amaranth (trisodium naphthol sulfonic acid), a synthetic vivid red dye, stable in acid and intensified in sodium hydroxide s.; used as a red or pink colorant in liquid pharmaceuticals.
aqueous s. a s. containing water as the solvent; examples include lime water, rose water, saline s., and a large number of solutions intended for intravenous administration.
Benedict s. an aqueous s. of sodium citrate, sodium carbonate, and copper sulfate which changes from its normal blue color to orange, red, or yellow in the presence of a reducing sugar such as glucose. SEE ALSO: Benedict test for glucose.
Burow s. a preparation of aluminium subacetate and glacial acetic acid, used for its antiseptic and astringent action on the skin.
chemical s. s. (1) .
colloidal s. a dispersoid, emulsoid, or suspensoid. SYN: colloidal dispersion.
s. of contiguity the breaking of contiguity; a dislocation or displacement of two normally contiguous parts.
s. of continuity division of bones or soft parts that are normally continuous, as by a fracture, a laceration, or an incision. SYN: dieresis.
Dakin s. a bactericidal wound irrigant. SYN: Dakin fluid.
disclosing s. a s. that selectively stains all soft debris, pellicle, and bacterial plaque on teeth; used as an aid in identifying bacterial plaque after rinsing with water.
Earle s. a tissue culture medium containing CaCl₂, MgSO₄, KCl, NaHCO₃, NaCl, NaH₂PO₄&chmpnt;H₂O, and glucose.
ethereal s. a s. of any substance in ether.
Fehling s. an alkaline copper tartrate s. formerly used for detection of reducing sugars. SYN: Fehling reagent.
ferric and ammonium acetate s. a clear, aromatic, reddish-brown liquid which has been used in iron-deficiency anemia in animals and man; a source of iron. SYN: Basham mixture.
Fonio s. a diluent with magnesium sulfate, used for stained smears of blood platelets.
Gallego differentiating s. a dilute s. of formaldehyde and acetic acid used in a modified Gram stain to differentiate and enhance the basic fuchsin binding to Gram-negative microorganisms.
Gey s. a salt s. usually used in combination with naturally occurring body substances ( e.g., blood serum, tissue extracts) and/or more complex chemically defined nutritive solutions for culturing animal cells.
Hanks s. a salt s. usually used in combination with naturally occurring body substances ( e.g., blood serum, tissue extracts) and/or more complex chemically defined nutritive solutions for culturing animal cells; two variations contain CaCl₂, MgSO₄&chmpnt;7H₂O, KCl, KH₂PO₄, NaHCO₃, NaCl, Na₂HPO₄&chmpnt;2H₂O, and d-glucose.
Hartman s. a s. used to desensitize dentin in dental operations; contains thymol, ethyl alcohol, and sulfuric ether.
Hartmann s. SYN: lactated Ringer s..
Hayem s. a blood diluent used prior to counting red blood cells.
Krebs-Ringer s. a modification of Ringer s., prepared by mixing NaCl, KCl, CaCl₂, MgSO₄, and phosphate buffer, pH 7.4.
lactated Ringer s. a s. containing NaCl, sodium lactate, CaCl₂(dihydrate), and KCl in distilled water; used for the same purposes as Ringer s.. SYN: Hartmann s..
Lange s. a colloidal gold s. used to demonstrate protein abnormalities in spinal fluid. See Lange test.
Locke solutions solutions containing, in varying amounts, NaCl, CaCl₂, KCl, NaHCO₃, and d-glucose; used for irrigating mammalian heart and other tissues, in laboratory experiments; also used in combination with naturally occurring body substances ( e.g., blood serum, tissue extracts) and/or more complex chemically defined nutritive solutions for culturing animal cells.
Locke-Ringer s. a s. containing NaCl, CaCl₂, KCl, MgCl₂, NaHCO₃, d-glucose, and water; used in the laboratory for physiological and pharmacological experiments.
Lugol iodine s. an iodine-potassium iodide s. used as an oxidizing agent, for removal of mercurial fixation artifacts, and also in histochemistry and to stain amebas.
molecular dispersed s. SYN: dispersoid.
Monsel s. ferric subsulfate s. used to coagulate superficial bleeding such as that following skin biopsy.
normal s. normal (3) .
ophthalmic solutions sterile solutions, free from foreign particles and suitably compounded and dispensed for instillation into the eye.
Ringer s. 1. a s. resembling the blood serum in its salt constituents; it contains 8.6 g of NaCl, 0.3 g of KCl, and 0.33 g of CaCl₂ in each 1000 mL of distilled water; used as a fluid and electrolyte replenisher by intravenous infusion. 2. a salt s. usually used in combination with naturally occurring body substances ( e.g., blood serum, tissue extracts) and/or more complex chemically defined nutritive solutions for culturing animal cells. SYN: Ringer lactate. See Ringer injection.
saline s. 1. a s. of any salt; SYN: salt s.. 2. specifically, an isotonic sodium chloride s..; 0.85–0.9 per 100 mL of water.
salt s. SYN: saline s. (1) .
saturated s. (sat. sol., sat. soln.) a s. that contains all of a substance capable of dissolving; a s. of a substance in equilibrium with an excess undissolved substance.
standard s., standardized s. a s. of known concentration, used as a standard of comparison or analysis.
supersaturated s. a s. containing more of the solid than the liquid would ordinarily dissolve; it is made by heating the solvent when the substance is added, and on cooling the latter is retained without precipitation; addition of a crystal or solid of any kind usually results in precipitation of the excess solute, leaving a saturated s..
test s. a s. of some reagent, in definite strength, used in chemical analysis or testing.
Tyrode s. a modified Locke s.; it contains 8 g of NaCl, 0.2 g of KCl, 0.2 g of CaCl₂, 0.1 g of MgCl₂, 0.05 g of NaH₂PO₄, 1 g of NaHCO₃, 1 g of d-glucose, and water to make 1000 mL; used to irrigate the peritoneal cavity, and in laboratory work.
volumetric s. (VS) a s. made by mixing measured volumes of the components.
Weigert iodine s. an iodine-potassium iodide mixture used as a reagent to alter crystal and methyl violet so that they are retained by certain bacteria and fungi.

solvate
solvate (sol′vat)

A nonaqueous solution or dispersoid in which there is a noncovalent or easily reversible combination between solvent and solute, or dispersion means and disperse phase; when water is the solvent or dispersion medium, it is called a hydrate.

solvation
solvation (sol-va′shun)

Noncovalent or easily reversible combination of a solvent with solute, or of a dispersion means with the disperse phase; if the solvent is water, s. is called hydration. S. affects the size of ions in solution, thus Na⁺ is much larger in H₂O than in solid NaCl.

solvent
solvent

A liquid that holds another substance in solution, i.e., dissolves it. [L. solvens, pres. p. of solvo, to dissolve]
amphiprotic s. a s. capable of acting as an acid or a base; e.g., H₂O. See solvolysis.
fat solvents organic liquids notable for their ability to dissolve lipids; usually, but not always, immiscible in water; e.g., diethyl ether, carbon tetrachloride. SYN: nonpolar solvents.
nonpolar solvents SYN: fat solvents.
polar solvents solvents that exhibit polar forces on solutes, due to high dipole moment, wide separation of charges, or tight association; e.g., water, alcohols, acids.
universal s. a substance sought by the alchemists, and claimed by some to have been found, supposedly capable of dissolving all substances; sometimes, in a physiological sense, applied to water.

solvolysis
solvolysis (sol-vol′i-sis)

The reaction of a dissolved salt with the solvent to form an acid and a base; the (partial) reverse of neutralization. If the solvent is water, an amphiprotic solvent, s. is called hydrolysis.

soma
soma (so′ma)

1. The axial part of the body, i.e., head, neck, trunk, and tail, excluding the limbs. 2. All of an organism with the exception of the germ cells. SEE ALSO: body. 3. The body of a nerve cell, from which axons, dendrites, etc. project. [G. s., body]

soman
soman (so′man)

An extremely potent cholinesterase inhibitor. SEE ALSO: sarin, tabun.

somasthenia
somasthenia (so-mas-the′ne-a)

SYN: somatasthenia.

somat- somat-

See somato-.

somatagnosia
somatagnosia (so′ma-tag-no′se-a)

SYN: somatotopagnosis. [somat- + G. a- priv. + gnosis, recognition]

somatalgia
somatalgia (so-ma-tal′je-a)

1. Pain in the body. 2. Pain due to organic causes, as opposed to psychogenic pain. [somat- + G. algos, pain]

somatasthenia
somatasthenia (so′ma-tas-the′ne-a)

A condition of chronic physical weakness and fatigability. SYN: somasthenia. [somat- + G. astheneia, weakness]

somatesthesia
somatesthesia (so′ma-tes-the′ze-a)

Bodily sensation, the conscious awareness of the body. SYN: somesthesia. [somat- + G. aisthesis, sensation]

somatesthetic
somatesthetic (so′mat-es-thet′ik)

Relating to somatesthesia.

somatic
somatic (so-mat′ik)

1. Relating to the soma or trunk, the wall of the body cavity, or the body in general. SYN: parietal (2) . 2. Relating to or involving the skeleton or skeletal (voluntary) muscle and the innervation of the latter, as distinct from the viscera or visceral (involuntary) muscle and its (autonomic) innervation. SYN: parietal (3) . 3. Relating to the vegetative, as distinguished from the generative, functions. [G. somatikos, bodily]

somaticosplanchnic
somaticosplanchnic (so-mat-i-ko-splangk′nik)

Relating to the body and the viscera. SYN: somaticovisceral. [G. somatikos, relating to the body, + splanchnikos, relating to the viscera]

somaticovisceral
somaticovisceral (so-mat-i-ko-vis′er-al)

SYN: somaticosplanchnic.

somatist
somatist (so′ma-tist)

An older term for one who considers that neuroses and psychoses are manifestations of organic disease.

somatization
somatization (so′mat-i-za′shun)

The process by which psychological needs are expressed in physical symptoms; e.g., the expression or conversion into physical symptoms of anxiety, or a wish for material gain associated with a legal action following an injury, or a related psychological need. SEE ALSO: s. disorder.

somato- somato-, somat-, somatico-

The body, bodily. [G. soma, body]

somatochrome
somatochrome (so-mat′o-krom)

Denoting the group of neurons or nerve cells in which there is an abundance of cytoplasm completely surrounding the nucleus. [somato- + G. chroma, color]

somatocrinin
somatocrinin (so′ma-to-crin′in)

Hypothalamic growth releasing hormone, GHRH. [somato- + G. krino, to secrete, + -in]

somatogenic
somatogenic (so′ma-to-jen′ik)

1. Originating in the soma or body under the influence of external forces. 2. Having origin in body cells. [somato- + G. genesis, origin]

somatoliberin
somatoliberin (so′ma-to-lib′er-in)

A decapeptide released by the hypothalamus, which induces the release of human growth hormone (somatotropin). SYN: growth hormone-releasing factor, growth hormone-releasing hormone, somatotropin-releasing factor, somatotropin-releasing hormone. [somatotropin + L. libero, to free, + -in]

somatology
somatology (so-ma-tol′o-je)

The science concerned with the study of the body; includes both anatomy and physiology. [somato- + G. logos, study]

somatomammotropin
somatomammotropin (so′ma-to-mam′o-tro-pin)

A peptide hormone, closely related to somatotropin in its biologic properties, produced by the normal placenta and by certain neoplasms. [somato- + L. mamma, breast, + G. trope, a turning, + -in]
human chorionic s. (HCS) SYN: human placental lactogen.

somatomedin
somatomedin (so′ma-to-me′din)

S. A is a peptide (MW about 4,000), synthesized in the liver and probably in the kidney, that is capable of stimulating certain anabolic processes in bone and cartilage, such as synthesis of DNA, RNA, and protein (including chondromucoprotein), and the sulfation of mucopolysaccharides; secretion and/or biological activity of s. is known to be dependent on somatotropin. SEE ALSO: insulinlike growth factor. [somato, tropin + mediator + -in]

somatomedins
somatomedins

SYN: insulinlike growth factor.

somatometry
somatometry (so-ma-tom′e-tre)

Classification of persons according to body form, and relation of the types to physiologic and psychologic characteristics. [somato- + G. metron, measure]

somatopagus
somatopagus (so-ma-top′a-gus)

Conjoined twins united in their body regions. See conjoined twins, under twin. [somato- + G. pagos, something fixed]

somatopathic
somatopathic (so′ma-to-path′ik)

Relating to bodily or organic illness, as distinguished from mental (psychologic) disorder. [somato- + G. pathos, suffering]

somatopathy
somatopathy (so-ma-top′a-the)

Obsolete term for any disease of the body. [somato- + G. pathos, suffering]

somatopause
somatopause

Decrease in growth hormone–insulinlike growth factor axis activities associated with aging.

somatophrenia
somatophrenia (so′ma-to-fre′ne-a)

An older term for a tendency to imagine or exaggerate body ills. [somato- + G. phren, mind]

somatoplasm
somatoplasm (so-mat′o-plazm)

Aggregate of all the forms of specialized protoplasm entering into the composition of the body, other than germ plasm. [somato- + G. plasma, something formed]

somatopleure
somatopleure (so′ma-to-ploor)

Embryonic layer formed by association of the parietal layer of the lateral plate mesoderm with the ectoderm. [somato- + G. pleura, side]

somatoprosthetics
somatoprosthetics (so′ma-to-pros-thet′iks)

The art and science of prosthetically replacing external parts of the body that are missing or deformed. [somato- + G. prosthesis, an addition]

somatopsychic
somatopsychic (so′ma-to-si′kik)

Relating to the body-mind relationship; the study of the effects of the body upon the mind, as opposed to psychosomatic, which is mind on body. [somato- + G. psyche, soul]

somatopsychosis
somatopsychosis (so′ma-to-si-ko′sis)

An emotional disorder associated with an organic disease. [somato- + G. psychosis, an animating]

somatoscopy
somatoscopy (so-ma-tos′ko-pe)

Examination of the body. [somato- + G. skopeo, to view]

somatosensory
somatosensory (so-ma-to-sen′so-re)

Sensation relating to the body's superficial and deep parts as contrasted to specialized senses such as sight.

somatosexual
somatosexual (so′ma-to-sek′shoo-al)

Denoting the somatic aspects of sexuality as distinguished from its psychosexual aspects.

somatostatin
somatostatin (so′ma-to-stat′in)

A tetradecapeptide capable of inhibiting the release of somatotropin by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; s. has a short half-life; it also inhibits the release of insulin and gastrin. SYN: growth hormone-inhibiting hormone, somatotropin release-inhibiting factor, somatotropin release-inhibiting hormone. [somatotropin + G. stasis, a standing still, + -in]

somatostatinoma
somatostatinoma (so′ma-to-stat-i-no′ma)

A somatostatin-secreting tumor of the pancreatic islets.

somatotherapy
somatotherapy (so′ma-to-thar′a-pe)

1. Therapy directed at physical disorders. 2. In psychiatry, a variety of therapeutic interventions employing chemical or physical, as opposed to psychological, methods.

somatotopagnosis
somatotopagnosis (so′ma-to-top′ag-no′sis)

The inability to identify any part of the body, either one's own or another's body. Cf.:autotopagnosia. SYN: somatagnosia. [somato- + top- + G. a- priv. + G. gnosis, knowledge]

somatotopic
somatotopic (so-ma-to-top′ik)

Relating to somatotopy.

somatotopy
somatotopy (so-ma-tot′o-pe)

The topographic association of positional relationships of receptors in the body via respective nerve fibers to their terminal distribution in specific functional areas of the cerebral cortex; the continuation of these positional relationships in all stages of the ascent of nerve fibers through the central nervous system enables the brain and spinal cord to function on a basis of spatially designated units. [somato- + G. topos, place]

somatotropes
somatotropes (so-ma′to-trops)

A subclass of pituitary acidophilic cells; site of synthesis of growth hormone.

somatotroph
somatotroph (so′mat′o-trof)

A cell of the adenohypophysis that produces somatotropin.

somatotrophic
somatotrophic (so′ma-to-trof′ik)

SYN: somatotropic. [somato- + G. trophe, nourishment]

somatotropic
somatotropic (so′ma-to-trop′ik)

Having a stimulating effect on body growth. SYN: somatotrophic. [somato- + G. trope, a turning]

somatotropin
somatotropin (so′ma-to-tro′pin)

A protein hormone of the anterior lobe of the pituitary, produced by the acidophil cells, that promotes body growth, fat mobilization, and inhibition of glucose utilization; diabetogenic when present in excess; a deficiency of s. is associated with a number of types of dwarfism (type III is an X-linked disorder). SYN: growth hormone, pituitary growth hormone, somatotropic hormone. [for somatotrophin, fr. somato- + G. trophe nourishment; corrupted to -tropin and reanalyzed as fr. G. trope, a turning]

somatotype
somatotype (so′ma-to-tip)

1. The constitutional or body type of an individual. 2. The particular constitutional or body type associated with a particular personality type.

somatotypology
somatotypology (so′ma-to-ti-pol′o-je)

The study of somatotypes. [somato- + G. typos, form, + logos, study]

somatrem
somatrem (so′ma-trem)

N-l-Methionyl growth hormone (human); a purified polypeptide hormone, made by recombinant DNA techniques, that contains the identical sequence of 191 amino acids constituting naturally occurring somatotropin, plus an additional amino acid, methionine; used in long-term treatment of children deficient in somatotropin.

somatropin
somatropin (so-ma-tro′pin)

A drug identical with human growth hormone; used in the treatment of growth disturbances due to insufficient secretion of growth hormone in children or adults or associated with gonadal dysgenesis (Turner syndrome) and of growth disturbance in prepubertal children with chronic renal insufficiency.

somesthesia
somesthesia (so-mes-the′ze-a)

SYN: somatesthesia.

somite
somite (so′mit)

One of the paired, metamerically arranged cell masses formed in the early embryonic paraxial mesoderm; commencing in the third or early fourth week in the region of the hindbrain, they develop in a caudal direction typically until 42 pairs are formed. SYN: mesoblastic segment. [G. soma, body, + -ite]
occipital s. one of the four most rostral somites; these become incorporated into the occipital region of the embryonic skull.

somnambulance
somnambulance (som-nam′bu-lans)

SYN: somnambulism (1) .

somnambulism
somnambulism (som-nam′bu-lizm)

1. A disorder of sleep involving complex motor acts which occurs primarily during the first third of the night but not during rapid eye movement sleep. SYN: oneirodynia activa, sleepwalking, somnambulance. 2. A form of hysteria in which purposeful behavior is forgotten. [L. somnus, sleep, + ambulo, to walk]

somnambulist
somnambulist (som-nam′bu-list)

One who is subject to somnambulism (1). SYN: sleepwalker.

somnifacient
somnifacient (som-ni-fa′shent)

SYN: soporific (1) . [L. somnus, sleep, + facio, to make]

somniferous
somniferous (som-nif′er-us)

SYN: soporific (1) . [L. somnus, sleep, + fero, to bring]

somnific
somnific (som-nif′ik)

SYN: soporific (1) .

somniloquence
somniloquence, somniloquism (som-nil′o-kwens, -kwizm)

1. Talking or muttering in one's sleep. SYN: sleeptalking (1) . 2. SYN: somniloquy. [L. somnus, sleep, + loquor, to talk]

somniloquist
somniloquist (som-nil′o-kwist)

A habitual sleep-talker.

somniloquy
somniloquy (som-nil′o-kwe)

Talking under the influence of hypnotic suggestion. SYN: sleeptalking (2) , somniloquence (2) , somniloquism. [L. somnus, sleep, + loquor, to speak]

somnolence
somnolence, somnolency (som′no-lens, -len-se)

1. An inclination to sleep. SYN: sleepiness. 2. A condition of obtusion. SYN: somnolentia (1) . [L. somnolentia]

somnolent
somnolent (som′no-lent)

1. Drowsy; sleepy; having an inclination to sleep. 2. In a condition of incomplete sleep; semicomatose. [L. somnus, sleep]

somnolentia
somnolentia (som-no-len′she-a)

1. SYN: somnolence. 2. SYN: sleep drunkenness. [L.]

somnolescent
somnolescent (som-no-les′ent)

Inclined to sleep; drowsy.

somnolism
somnolism (som′no-lizm)

SYN: hypnotism (1) .

Somogyi
Somogyi

Michael, U.S. biochemist, 1883–1971. See S. effect, S. method, S. unit.

Sondermann
Sondermann

R., 20th century German ophthalmologist. See S. canal.

sone
sone (son)

A unit of loudness; a pure tone of 1000 Hz at 40 dB above the normal threshold of audibility has a loudness of 1 s.. [L. sonus, sound]

sonic
sonic (son′ik)

Of, pertaining to, or determined by sound; e.g., s. vibration. [L. sonus, sound]

sonicate
sonicate (son′i-kat)

To expose a suspension of cells or microbes to the disruptive effect of the energy of high frequency sound waves.

sonication
sonication (son-i-ka′shun)

The process of disrupting biologic materials by use of sound wave energy.

sonification
sonification (son′i-fi-ka′shun)

The production of sound, or of sound waves.

sonifier
sonifier (son′i-fi-er)

An instrument which produces sound waves, especially those of the frequencies used in sonification procedures.

sonify
sonify (son′i-fi)

To produce sound.

Sonne
Sonne

Carl, Danish bacteriologist, 1882–1948.

sonochemistry
sonochemistry (son-o-kem′is-tre)

The branch of chemistry concerned with chemical changes caused by, or involving, sound, particularly ultrasound.

sonogram
sonogram (son′o-gram)

SYN: ultrasonogram. [L. sonus, sound, + G. gramma, a drawing]

sonograph
sonograph (son′o-graf)

SYN: ultrasonograph. [L. sonus, sound, + G. grapho, to write]

sonographer
sonographer (so-nog′ra-fer)

SYN: ultrasonographer.

sonography
sonography (so-nog′ra-fi)

SYN: ultrasonography. [L. sonus, sound. + G. grapho, to write]

sonolucent
sonolucent (son-o-lu′sent)

In ultrasonography, containing few or no echoes; a misnomer for transonic or anechoic. See anechoic. [L. sonus, sound + L. luceo, to shine]

sonomicrometer
sonomicrometer (son′o-mi-krom′e-ter)

An operatively implanted ultrasonic dimension gauge to measure the wall thickening and motion of the heart.

sonomotor
sonomotor (son-o-mo′ter)

Related to movements caused by sound. See s. response.

sophisticate
sophisticate (so-fis′ti-kat)

To adulterate. [Mod. L. sophisticare, pp. sophisticatus, to alter deceptively, fr. G. sophistikos, deceitful]

sophoretin
sophoretin (sof-o-re′tin)

SYN: quercetin.

sopor
sopor (so′por)

An unnaturally deep sleep. [L.]

soporiferous
soporiferous (so-por-if′er-us, sop′or-)

SYN: soporific (1) . [L. soporifer, fr. sopor, deep sleep, + fero, to bring]

soporific
soporific (so-por-if′ik, sop′or-)

1. Causing sleep. SYN: somnifacient, somniferous, somnific, soporiferous. 2. SYN: hypnotic (2) . [L. sopor, deep sleep, + facio, to make]

soporose
soporose, soporous (so′po-ros, -rus)

Relating to or causing an unnaturally deep sleep. [L. sopor, deep sleep]

sorbefacient
sorbefacient (sor-be-fa′shent)

1. Causing absorption. 2. An agent that causes or facilitates absorption. [L. sorbeo, to suck up, + facio, to make]

sorbic acid
sorbic acid (sor′bik)

Obtained from berries of the mountain ash, Sorbus aucuparia (family Rosaceae), or prepared synthetically; it inhibits growth of yeast and mold and is nearly nontoxic to humans; used as a preservative.

sorbin
sorbin (sor′bin)

SYN: l-sorbose.

sorbinose
sorbinose (sor-bin-os)

SYN: l-sorbose.

sorbitan
sorbitan (sor′bi-tan)

Sorbitol or sorbose and related compounds in ester combination with fatty acids and with short oligo (ethylene oxide) side chains and an oleate terminus to form detergents such as polysorbate 80.

sorbite
sorbite (sor′bit)

SYN: sorbitol.

sorbitol
sorbitol (sor′bi-tol)

A reduction product of glucose and sorbose found in the berries of the mountain ash, Sorbus aucuparia (family Rosaceae), and in many fruits and seaweeds. It has many industrial and pharmaceutical uses; medicinally, it is used as a laxative and as a sweetening agent, and is almost completely metabolized (to CO₂ and H₂O); accumulates in type I diabetes mellitus; elevated levels can cause osmotic damage. SYN: sorbite.

sorbitose
sorbitose (sor′bi-tos)

SYN: l-sorbose.

sordes
sordes (sor′dez)

A dark brown or blackish crustlike collection on the lips, teeth, and gums of a person with dehydration associated with a chronic debilitating disease. [L. filth, fr. sordeo, to be foul]

sore
sore (sor)

1. A wound, ulcer, or any open skin lesion. 2. Painful; aching; tender. [A.S. sar]
bed s. bedsore.
canker sores SYN: aphtha (2) .
cold s. colloquialism for herpes simplex.
Delhi s. SYN: Oriental s..
desert s. any of a variety of chronic nonspecific cutaneous ulcers, most commonly on the shins, knees, hands, and forearms, and probably a variant of ecthyma, that occur in tropical and desert areas. SYN: veldt s..
hard s. SYN: chancre.
Lahore s. SYN: Oriental s..
Natal s. lesion of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
Oriental s. See cutaneous leishmaniasis. SYN: Delhi s., Lahore s..
pressure s. SYN: decubitus ulcer.
soft s. SYN: chancroid.
tropical s. SYN: tropical ulcer (1) . See cutaneous leishmaniasis.
veldt s. SYN: desert s..
venereal s. SYN: chancroid.

soremouth
soremouth (sor′mowth)

SYN: orf.

Sörensen
Sörensen

Sören P.L., Danish chemist, 1868–1939. See S. scale.

Soret
Soret

C., French radiologist, &dag;1931. See S. band, S. phenomenon.

soroche
soroche (so-ro′che)

SYN: altitude sickness. [Sp. (orig. ore, formerly attributed to toxic emanations of ores in mountains)]
chronic s. SYN: chronic mountain sickness.

sorption
sorption (sorp′shun)

Adsorption or absorption.

Sorsby
Sorsby

Arnold, British ophthalmologist, 1900–1980. See S. macular degeneration, S. syndrome.

s.o.s.
s.o.s.

Abbreviation for L. si opus sit, if needed.

sotalol hydrochloride
sotalol hydrochloride (so′ta-lol)

A β-receptor blocking agent with uses similar to those of propranolol; also possesses potassium channel blocking properties.

Sotos
Sotos

J.F., U.S. pediatrician, *1927. See S. syndrome.

Sottas
Sottas

Jules, French neurologist, 1866–1943. See Dejerine-S. disease.

souffle
souffle (soo′fl)

A soft blowing sound heard on auscultation. [Fr. souffler, to blow]
cardiac s. a soft puffing heart murmur.
fetal s. a blowing murmur, synchronous with the fetal heart beat, sometimes only systolic and sometimes continuous, heard on auscultation over the pregnant uterus. SYN: funic s., funicular s., umbilical s..
funic s., funicular s. SYN: fetal s..
mammary s. a blowing murmur heard late in pregnancy and during lactation at the medial border of the breast, sometimes only systolic and sometimes continuous.
placental s. SYN: uterine s..
umbilical s. SYN: fetal s..
uterine s. a blowing sound, synchronous with the cardiac systole of the mother, heard on auscultation of the pregnant uterus. SYN: placental s..

Soulier
Soulier

Jean Pierre, French hematologist, 1915–1985. See Bernard-S. disease, Bernard-S. syndrome.

sound
sound (sownd)

1. The vibrations produced by a sounding body, transmitted by the air or other medium, and perceived by the internal ear. 2. An elongated cylindrical, usually curved, instrument of metal, used for exploring the bladder or other cavities of the body, for dilating strictures of the urethra, esophagus, or other canal, for calibrating the lumen of a body cavity, or for detecting the presence of a foreign body in a body cavity. 3. To explore or calibrate a cavity with a s.. 4. Whole; healthy; not diseased or injured.
adventitious breath sounds sounds heard by auscultation of abnormal lungs. SEE ALSO: rale, rhonchus, crackle, crepitation, wheeze, rub, crunch.
after-s. aftersound.
amphoric voice s. amphoric voice.
anvil s. SYN: bellmetal resonance.
atrial s. SYN: fourth heart s..
auscultatory s. a rale, murmur, bruit, fremitus, or other s. heard on auscultation of the chest or abdomen.
bell s. SYN: bellmetal resonance.
bowel sounds relatively high-pitched abdominal sounds caused by propulsion of intestinal contents through the lower alimentary tract.
breath sounds a murmur, bruit, fremitus, rhonchus, or rale heard on auscultation over the lungs or any part of the respiratory tract. SYN: respiratory sounds.
bronchial breath sounds loud, high-pitched, hollow-toned breath sounds heard by auscultation mainly over the sternum; when heard elsewhere in the chest they may indicate consolidated lung or another pathologic condition.
bronchovesicular breath sounds sounds intermediate between bronchial and vesicular breath sounds; they can be abnormal, but are normal when heard between the 1st and 2nd intercostal spaces anteriorly and posteriorly between scapulae.
Campbell s. a miniature s. with a short round-tipped beak, especially curved for the deep urethra of the young male.
cannon s. SYN: bruit de canon.
cardiac s. SYN: heart sounds.
cavernous voice s. cavernous voice.
coconut s. a s. like that produced when a cracked coconut is tapped; it is elicited by percussing the skull of a patient with osteitis deformans.
complex s. a s. composed of a number of sounds of different frequencies.
cracked-pot s. SYN: cracked-pot resonance.
Davis interlocking s. a s. comprised of two instruments with curved male and female tips, used to introduce a catheter into the bladder in the treatment of ruptured urethra; the male s. is introduced into the distal urethra via the meatus and the female s. is passed downward through the bladder neck into the proximal urethra via an open cystotomy; the ends of the two instruments are engaged, with the female s. guiding the male s. upward into the bladder; a catheter is then sutured to the tip of the male s. and withdrawn through the urethra to restore continuity of its lumen.
double-shock s. SYN: bruit de rappel.
eddy sounds sounds that punctuate the continuous murmur of patent ductus arteriosus, imparting to it a characteristically “uneven” quality.
ejection sounds click-like sounds during ejection from a hypertensive aorta or pulmonary artery or associated with stenosis (particularly congenital) of the aortic or pulmonic valve.
first heart s. (S₁) occurs with ventricular systole and is mainly produced by closure of the atrioventricular valves.
fourth heart s. (S₄) the s. produced in late diastole in association with ventricular filling due to atrial systole and related to reduced ventricular compliance. It is a low frequency oscillation that may be normal at older ages owing to a physiologic decline in ventricular compliance but is nearly always abnormal at younger ages if it is of high intensity or palpable. It is common in ventricular hypertrophy, particularly with hypertension, and is almost invariable during acute myocardial infarction. Fourth heart sounds may arise from the right or left ventricle or both. SYN: atrial s..
friction s. the s., heard on auscultation, made by the rubbing of two opposed serous surfaces roughened by an inflammatory exudate, or, if chronic, by nonadhesive fibrosis. SYN: friction murmur, friction rub.
gallop s. the abnormal third or fourth heart s. which, when added to the first and second sounds, produces the triple cadence of gallop rhythm. SEE ALSO: gallop.
heart sounds the noise made by muscle contraction and the closure of the heart valves during the cardiac cycle. See first heart s., second heart s., third heart s., fourth heart s.. SYN: cardiac s., heart tones.
hippocratic succussion s. a splashing s. elicited by shaking a patient with hydro- or pyopneumothorax, the physician's ear being applied to the chest.
Jewett s. a short straight s. for dilating the anterior urethra.
Korotkoff sounds sounds heard over an artery when pressure over it is reduced below systolic arterial pressure, as when blood pressure is determined by the auscultatory method.
Le Fort s. a curved s. threaded for a filiform bougie, used for dilation of urethral strictures in the male when small caliber or presence of false passages prevents safe passage of a standard s. or catheter.
McCrea s. a gently curved s. used to dilate the urethra in infants or children.
Mercier s. a catheter the beak of which is short and bent almost at a right angle.
muscle s. a noise heard on auscultation over the belly of a contracting muscle.
percussion s. any s. elicited on percussing over one of the cavities of the body.
pericardial friction s. a to-and-fro grating, rasping, or, rarely, creaking s. heard over the heart in some cases of pericarditis, due to rubbing of the inflamed pericardial surfaces as the heart contracts and relaxes; during normal sinus rhythm it is usually triphasic; during any rhythm it may be biphasic or uniphasic. SYN: pericardial rub, pericardial friction rub.
pistol-shot s. s. created by lightly compressing an artery during aortic regurgitation; sometimes is audible without compression.
pistol-shot femoral s. a shotlike systolic s. heard over the femoral artery in high output states, especially aortic insufficiency; presumably due to sudden stretching of the elastic wall of the artery; pistol-shot sounds may also be heard over other relatively large arteries, e.g., brachial, radial.
posttussis suction s. a s. produced by the falling back of a drop of mucus or pus into a pulmonary cavity after the latter has been emptied by coughing.
respiratory sounds SYN: breath sounds.
sail s. a s., likened to the snapping of a sail; the abnormal first heart s. in some patients with Ebstein anomaly.
Santini booming s. a sonorous booming s. heard on auscultatory percussion of a hydatid cyst.
second s. SYN: second heart s..
second heart s. (S₂) the second s. heard on auscultation of the heart; signifies the beginning of diastole and is due to closure of the semilunar valves. SYN: second s..
Simpson uterine s. a slender flexible metal rod used to calibrate or dilate the cervical canal, or to hold the uterus in various positions during gynecologic surgery.
Sims uterine s. a slender flexible s. with a small projection about 7 cm from its tip, used to estimate the size and caliber of the uterine cavity.
splitting of heart sounds the production of major components of the first and second heart sounds (rarely the third and fourth) due to contribution by the left-sided and right-sided valves; thus, the first heart s. would have a mitral and a tricuspid component and the second heart s. an aortic and pulmonic component. The latter are best appreciated during respiration, with inspiration delaying the pulmonic component and producing an earlier aortic component.
succussion s. the noise made by fluid with overlying air when shaken, such as occurs with gastric dilation or with fluid and air in a pleural cavity (hydropneumothorax).
tambour s. SYN: bruit de tambour.
third s. SYN: third heart s..
third heart s. (S₃) occurs in early diastole and corresponds with the end of the first phase of rapid ventricular filling; normal in children and younger people but abnormal in others. SYN: third s..
tic-tac sounds SYN: embryocardia.
to-and-fro s. doubling of an abnormal murmur usually in systole and diastole and formerly applied to pericardial rubs.
tracheal breath sounds loud, harsh, hollow breath sounds usually heard only over the neck.
van Buren s. a standard s., available in several calibers, with a gently curved tip designed to follow the contour of the bulbous urethra in the male; used for urethral calibration or dilation.
vesicular breath sounds the gentle rustling sounds of normal breathing heard by auscultation over most of the lung fields; the inspiratory phase is usually longer than the expiratory.
waterwheel s. s. made by cardiac motion inducing splashes in the presence of fluid and air within the pericardial sac.
water-whistle s. a bubbling whistle heard on auscultation over a bronchial or pulmonary fistula.
Winternitz s. a double-current catheter in which water at any desired temperature circulates.
xiphisternal crunching s. Hamman sign.

Southern
Southern

M.E., 20th century British biologist. See S. blot analysis.

Southey
Southey

Reginald, English physician, 1835–1899. See S. tubes, under tube.

soya
soya (soy′a)

SYN: soybean. [Hind. s., fennel]

soybean
soybean (soy′ben)

The bean of the climbing herb Glycine soja or G. hispida (family Leguminosae); a bean rich in protein and containing little starch; it is the source of s. oil; s. flour is used in preparing a bread for diabetics, in feeding formulas for infants who are unable to tolerate cow's milk, and for adults allergic to cow's milk. SYN: soja, soya. [Hind. soya, fennel]
s. oil obtained from soybeans by expression or solvent extraction; contains triglycerides of linoleic acid, oleic acid, linolenic acid, and saturated fatty acids; used as a food and in the manufacture of margarine and other food products.

SP
SP

Abbreviation for sacroposterior position.

SP1
SP1

Abbreviation for stimulatory protein 1.

sp.
sp.

Abbreviation for species; pl. form is s.. [L. spiritus, spirit.]

spa
spa (spah)

A health resort, especially one where there are one or more mineral springs whose waters possess therapeutic properties. [S., a mineral spring health resort in Belgium]

space
space (spas) [TA]

Any demarcated portion of the body, either an area of the surface, a segment of the tissues, or a cavity. SEE ALSO: area, region, zone. SYN: spatium [TA] . [L. spatium, room, s.]
alveolar dead s. the difference between physiologic dead s. and anatomic dead s.; it represents that part of the physiologic dead s. resulting from ventilation of relatively underperfused or nonperfused alveoli; it differs specifically in being placed so as to fill and empty in parallel with functional alveoli, rather than being interposed in the conducting tubes between functional alveoli and the external environment.
anatomic dead s. the volume of the conducting airways from the external environment (at the nose and mouth) down to the level at which inspired gas exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with pulmonary capillary blood; formerly presumed to extend down to the beginning of alveolar epithelium in the respiratory bronchioles, but more recent evidence indicates that effective gas exchange extends some distance up the thicker-walled conducting airways because of rapid longitudinal mixing. Cf.:alveolar dead s., physiologic dead s.. SYN: anatomic airway.
antecubital s. SYN: cubital fossa.
anterior clear s. SYN: retrosternal s..
apical s. the s. between the alveolar wall and the apex of the root of a tooth where an alveolar abscess usually has its origin.
axillary s. SYN: axilla.
Berger s. the s. between the patellar fossa of the vitreous and the lens.
Bogros s. SYN: retroinguinal s..
Böttcher s. SYN: endolymphatic sac.
Bowman s. SYN: capsular s..
Burns s. SYN: suprasternal s..
capsular s. the slitlike s. between the visceral and parietal layers of the capsule of the renal corpuscle; it opens into the proximal tubule of the nephron at the neck of the tubule. SYN: Bowman s., filtration s..
cartilage s. SYN: cartilage lacuna.
cavernous s. [TA] an anatomic cavity with many interconnecting chambers. SYN: cavern, caverna.
cavernous spaces of corpora cavernosa [TA] the vascular spaces of the corpora cavernosa that, together with the intervening fibrous trabeculae, form the erectile tissue of the penis or clitoris. SYN: cavernae corporum cavernosorum [TA] , caverns of corpora cavernosa, cavities of corpora cavernosa.
cavernous spaces of corporus spongiosum [TA] the vascular spaces forming the erectile tissue of the corpus spongiosum penis in the male and the bulb of the vestibule in the female. SYN: cavernae corporis spongiosi [TA] , caverns of corpus spongiosum, cavities of corpus spongiosum.
central palmar s. the more medial of the central palmar spaces, bounded medially by the hypothenar compartment; related distally to the synovial tendon sheaths of digits 3 and 4 and proximally to the common flexor sheath. SYN: medial midpalmar s., middle palmar s..
Chassaignac s. potential s. between the pectoralis major and the mammary gland.
Cloquet s. a s. between the ciliary zonule and the vitreous body.
Colles s. SYN: superficial perineal s..
corneal s. one of the stellate spaces between the lamellae of the cornea, each of which contains a cell or corneal corpuscle. SYN: lacuna (4) .
Cotunnius s. SYN: endolymphatic sac.
(cranial) extradural s. [TA] s. between the cranial bones and the external periosteal layer of the dura; it becomes an actual s. only pathologically, as when as extra- or epidural hemorrhage occurs forming a hematoma.
dead s. 1. a cavity, potential or real, remaining after the closure of a wound that is not obliterated by the operative technique; 2. See anatomic dead s., physiologic dead s..
deep perineal s. the region immediately superior to the perineal membrane, occupied by the membranous part of the urethra, the bulbourethral gland (in the male), the deep transverse perineal and sphincter urethrae muscles, and the dorsal nerve and artery of the penis or clitoris. SYN: deep perineal pouch, spatium perinei profundum.
denture s. 1. that portion of the oral cavity which is, or may be, occupied by maxillary and/or mandibular denture(s); 2. the s. between the residual ridges which is available for dentures. SEE ALSO: interarch distance.
disk s. on radiographs of the spine, the radiolucent region between each pair of vertebral bodies.
Disse s. SYN: perisinusoidal s..
s. of Donders the s. between the dorsum of the tongue and the hard palate when the mandible is in rest position following the expiratory cycle of respiration.
endolymphatic s. [TA] endolymph-filled s. contained by the membranous labyrinth. SYN: spatium endolympha′ticum [TA] .
epidural s. the s. between the walls of the vertebral canal and the dura mater of the spinal cord. SYN: extradural s. [TA] , spatium extradurale [TA] , spatium extradura′le&star, cavum epidurale, epidural cavity.
episcleral s. [TA] the s. between the fascial sheath of the eyeball and the sclera. SYN: spatium episclerale [TA] , interfascial s., spatium interfasciale, spatium intervaginale bulbi oculi, Tenon s..
epitympanic s. SYN: epitympanic recess.
extradural s. [TA] SYN: epidural s..
extraperitoneal s. [TA] loose areolar s. (potential only in many places) or plane immediately external to the peritoneum; in surgery, this plane enables dissection within the body wall but external to the peritoneum. SEE ALSO: retroperitoneal s.. SYN: spatium extraperitonea′le [TA] .
filtration s. SYN: capsular s..
Fontana spaces SYN: spaces of iridocorneal angle.
freeway s. the s. between the occluding surfaces of the maxillary and mandibular teeth when the mandible is in physiologic resting position. SYN: interocclusal clearance, interocclusal distance (2) , interocclusal gap, interocclusal rest s. (2) .
gingival s. SYN: gingival sulcus.
haversian spaces spaces in bone formed by the enlargement of haversian canals.
Henke s. SYN: retropharyngeal s..
His perivascular s. SYN: Virchow-Robin s..
infraglottic s. SYN: infraglottic cavity.
interalveolar s. SYN: interarch distance.
intercostal s. [TA] an interval between the ribs, occupied by intercostal muscles, veins, arteries, and nerves. SYN: spatium intercostale [TA] .
interfascial s. SYN: episcleral s..
interglobular s. one of a number of irregularly branched spaces near the periphery of the dentin of the crown of a tooth, through which pass the ramifications of the tubules; they are caused by failure of calcification of the dentin. SYN: interglobular s. of Owen, spatium interglobulare.
interglobular s. of Owen SYN: interglobular s..
intermembrane s. the s. between the two membranes in a cell or organelle enclosed by a double biomembrane; E.G., the s. between the inner and outer membranes of the mitochondria; sometimes referred to as the external matrix.
interocclusal rest s. 1. SYN: interocclusal distance (1) . 2. SYN: freeway s..
interosseous metacarpal spaces [TA] the spaces between the metacarpal bones in the hand. SYN: spatia interossea metacarpi [TA] .
interosseous metatarsal spaces [TA] the spaces between the metatarsal bones in the foot. SYN: spatia interossea metatarsi [TA] .
interpleural s. SYN: mediastinum (2) .
interproximal s. the s. between adjacent teeth in a dental arch; it is divided into the embrasure occlusal to the contact area, and the septal s. gingival to the contact area.
interradicular s. the s. between the roots of multirooted teeth.
interseptovalvular s. the interval in the developing embryonic heart between the septum primum and the left valve of the sinus venosus.
intersheath spaces of optic nerve SYN: intervaginal subarachnoid s. of optic nerve.
intervaginal subarachnoid s. of optic nerve [TA] the spaces within the internal sheath of the optic nerve, between the arachnoidal and pial layers, filled with cerebrospinal fluid and continuous with the subarachnoid s.. SYN: spatium intervaginale subarachnoidale nervi optici [TA] , intersheath spaces of optic nerve, Schwalbe spaces.
intervillous spaces the s.'s containing maternal blood, located between placental villi; they are lined with syncytiotrophoblast.
intraretinal s. the potential cleft between the pigmented and neural layers of the retina; it represents the cavity of the embryonic optic vesicle; retinal detachment occurs by the opening of this s..
spaces of iridocorneal angle [TA] irregularly shaped endothelium-lined spaces within the trabecular reticulum, through which the aqueous filters to reach the sinus venosus sclerae. SYN: spatia anguli iridocornealis [TA] , ciliary canals, Fontana spaces.
Kiernan s. interlobular s. in the liver.
Kretschmann s. a slight depression in the epitympanic recess below the superior recess of the tympanic membrane.
Kuhnt spaces shallow diverticula or recesses between the ciliary body and ciliary zonule that open into the posterior chamber of the eye.
lateral central palmar s. the more lateral (radial) of the central palmar spaces, bounded laterally by the thenar compartment; related distally to the synovial tendon sheath of the index finger and proximally to the common flexor sheath. SYN: lateral midpalmar s., thenar s..
lateral midpalmar s. SYN: lateral central palmar s..
lateral pharyngeal s. [TA] that part of the peripharyngeal s. located at the sides of the pharynx. SYN: spatium lateropharyngeum [TA] , spatium pharyngeum laterale [TA] .
leeway s. the difference between the combined mesiodistal widths of the deciduous cuspids and molars and their successors.
leptomeningeal s. SYN: subarachnoid s.. SYN: spatium leptomeningeum [TA] .
lymph s. a s., in tissue or a vessel, filled with lymph.
Magendie spaces spaces between the pia and arachnoid at the level of the fissures of the brain.
Malacarne s. SYN: posterior perforated substance.
masticator s. a s. subtended by the superficial layer of the deep cervical fascia that splits into lateral and medial slings at the inferior border of the mandible to enclose the masseter muscle, part of the temporalis muscle, and the medial and pterygoid muscles before attaching to the zygomatic arch and base of the skull.
Meckel s. SYN: trigeminal cave.
medial midpalmar s. SYN: central palmar s..
mediastinal s. SYN: mediastinum (2) .
medullary s. the central cavity and the cellular intervals between the trabeculae of bone, filled with marrow.
middle palmar s. SYN: central palmar s..
midpalmar s. either of the two central palmar spaces (medial or lateral).
Mohrenheim s. SYN: infraclavicular fossa.
muscular s. of retroinguinal compartment [TA] the lateral compartment beneath the inguinal (Poupart) ligament, for the passage of the iliopsoas muscle and femoral nerve; it is separated by the iliopectineal arch from the vascular lacuna. SYN: lacuna musculorum retroinguinalis, lacuna musculorum, muscular lacuna.
Nuel s. an interval in the spiral organ (of Corti) between the outer pillar cells on one side and the phalangeal cells and hair cells on the other.
paraglottic s. the s. on each side of the glottis bounded laterally by the perichondrium of the thyroid cartilage and the cricothyroid membrane and posteriorly by the mucous membrane of the pyriform sinus; anterosuperiorly it extends into the preepiglottic s.. It is an important route of transglottic and extralaryngeal spread of carcinoma of the larynx.
parapharyngeal s. [TA] SYN: pharyngomaxillary s.. SYN: spatium parapharyngeum.
Parona s. a s. between the pronator quadratus deep and the overlying flexor tendons of the forearm which is continuous through the carpal tunnel with the medial central palmar s..
parotid s. a deep hollow on the side of the face flanking the posterior aspect of the ramus of the mandible with its attached muscles that is occupied by the parotid gland; it is lined with fascial laminae (the parotid sheath) derived from the investing layer of deep cervical fascia; the structures bounding the s. collectively constitute the parotid bed. Surgeons operating in the area take advantage of the fact that the anteroposterior dimensions of the parotid s. increase with protrusion of the mandible. SYN: bed of parotid gland, parotid recess, recessus parotideus.
perforated s. anterior perforated substance, posterior perforated substance.
perichoroid s. SYN: perichoroidal s..
perichoroidal s. [TA] the interval between the choroid and the sclera filled by the loose meshes of the lamina fusca of sclera and the suprachoroid lamina. SYN: spatium perichoroideum [TA] , perichoroid s..
perilymphatic s. [TA] s. between the bony and membranous portions of the labyrinth. SYN: spatium perilymphaticum [TA] , cisterna perilymphatica.
perineal spaces deep perineal s., superficial perineal s..
perinuclear s. SYN: cisterna caryothecae.
peripharyngeal s. [TA] the s., filled with loose areolar tissue, around the pharynx; it is divided into two portions, parapharyngeal (lateral pharyngeal) spatium and retropharyngeal spatium. SYN: spatium peripharyngeum [TA] .
periportal s. of Mall a tissue s. between the limiting lamina and the portal canal in the liver.
perisinusoidal s. the potential extravascular s. between the liver sinusoids and liver parenchymal cells. SYN: Disse s..
perivitelline s. the s. between the vitelline membrane and the zona pellucida, appearing in an ovum immediately following fertilization.
personal s. a term used in the behavioral sciences to denote the physical area immediately surrounding an individual who is in proximity to one or more others, whether known or unknown, and which serves as a body buffer zone in such interpersonal transactions.
pharyngeal s. the area occupied by the pharynx (naso-, oro-, and laryngopharnynx). Not to be confused with the retropharyngeal s..
pharyngomaxillary s. the s. limited by the lateral wall of the pharynx, the cervical vertebrae, and the medial pterygoid muscle. SYN: parapharyngeal s. [TA] .
physiologic dead s. (V_D) unthe sum of anatomic and alveolar dead s.; the dead s. calculated when the carbon dioxide pressure in systemic arterial blood is used instead of that of alveolar gas in the Bohr equation; it is a virtual or apparent volume that takes into account the impairment of gas exchange because of uneven distributions of lung ventilation and perfusion.
plantar s. one of four areas between fascial layers in the foot, where pus may be confined when the foot is infected.
pleural s. SYN: pleural cavity.
pneumatic s. any one of the paranasal sinuses.
Poiseuille s. SYN: still layer.
popliteal s. SYN: popliteal fossa.
postpharyngeal s. SYN: retropharyngeal s..
preepiglottic s. the s. anterior to the epiglottis that is bounded anteriorly by the thyrohyoid membrane and the superior parts of the lamina of the thyroid cartilage, superiorly by the hyoepiglottic ligament and inferiorly by the thyroepiglottic ligament; laterally it extends into the paraglottic spaces. Carcinoma of the infrahyoid portion of the epiglottis often extends into the preepiglottic s..
Proust s. SYN: rectovesical pouch.
Prussak s. SYN: superior recess of tympanic membrane.
pterygomandibular s. the area between the mandibular ramus and the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone.
quadrangular s. musculotendinous formation providing passageway for the axillary nerve, posterior humeral circumflex artery, and accompanying veins as they run from the axilla to the superior posterior arm; as the neurovascular structures enter the formation anteriorly, it is bounded superiorly by the shoulder joint, medially by the lateral border of subscapularis, laterally by the surgical neck of the humerus, and inferiorly by the tendon of latissimus dorsi; where the vessels exit the formation posteriorly, it is bounded superiorly by the teres minor, medially by the long head of the triceps, laterally by the lateral head of the triceps and inferiorly by the teres major muscle or tendon; as they emerge, most of the neurovascular structures run on the deep surface of the deltoid muscle, which they supply. SYN: quadrilateral s..
quadrilateral s. SYN: quadrangular s..
Reinke s. a potential s. between the lamina propria and the external elastic lamina of the vocal fold. Edema in this s. produces hoarseness in chronic inflammation.
respiratory dead s. that part of the respiratory tract or of a single breath which fails to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with pulmonary capillary blood; a nonspecific term which fails to distinguish between anatomical dead s. and physiologic dead s..
retroadductor s. potential s. between the adductor pollicis and first dorsal interosseous muscles.
retroinguinal s. [TA] a triangular s. between the peritoneum and the transversalis fascia, at the lower angle of which is the inguinal ligament; it contains the lower portion of the external iliac artery. SYN: spatium retroinguinale [TA] , Bogros s..
retromylohyoid s. the sulcus at the posterior end of the mylohyoid line.
retroperitoneal s. [TA] the s. between the parietal peritoneum and the muscles and bones of the posterior abdominal wall. SYN: spatium retroperitoneale [TA] , retroperitoneum.
retropharyngeal s. [TA] that part of the peripharyngeal spatium located posterior to the pharynx. SYN: spatium retropharyngeum [TA] , Henke s., postpharyngeal s..
retropubic s. [TA] the area of loose connective tissue between the bladder with its related fascia and the pubis and anterior abdominal wall. SYN: spatium retropubicum [TA] , cavum retzii, Retzius cavity, Retzius s..
retrosternal s. on lateral chest radiographs, the region dorsal to the sternum and ventral to the ascending aorta. SYN: anterior clear s..
retrozonular s. [TA] potential s. of the chamber of the eyeball immediately posterior to the zonule and anterior to the vitreous body. SYN: spatium retrozonulare [TA] .
Retzius s. SYN: retropubic s..
Schwalbe spaces SYN: intervaginal subarachnoid s. of optic nerve.
(spinal) epidural s. [TA] fat-filled s. immediately external to the dura mater ensheathing the spinal cord; contains the internal vertebral (epidural) venous plexus, and is the target site for epidural anesthesia. SYN: spatium peridurale&star.
subarachnoid s. [TA] the s. between the arachnoidea and pia mater, traversed by delicate fibrous trabeculae and filled with cerebrospinal fluid. Since the pia mater immediately adheres to the surface of the brain and spinal cord, the s. is greatly widened wherever the brain surface exhibits a deep depression ( e.g., between the cerebellum and medulla); such widenings are called cisternae. The large blood vessels supplying the brain and spinal cord lie in the subarachnoid s.. SYN: spatium subarachnoideum [TA] , cavum subarachnoideum, leptomeningeal s., subarachnoid cavity.
subchorial s. the part of the placenta adjacently beneath the chorionic plate; it joins with irregular channels to form the marginal lakes. SYN: subchorial lake.
subdural s. [TA] originally thought to be a narrow fluid-filled interval between the dural and arachnoid; now known to be an artificial s. created by the separation of the arachnoid from the dura as the result of trauma or some ongoing pathologic process; in the healthy state, the arachnoid is lightly attached to the dura (maintained in that position by the pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid) and a naturally occurring subdural s. is not present. SYN: spatium subdurale [TA] , cavum subdurale, subdural cavity, subdural cleavage, subdural cleft.
subgingival s. SYN: gingival sulcus.
subhepatic s. [TA] the part of the peritoneal cavity between the visceral surface of the liver and the transverse colon. SYN: recessus subhepaticus [TA] , subhepatic recess.
subphrenic s. [TA] the recesses in the peritoneal cavity between the anterior part of the liver and the diaphragm, separated into right and left by the falciform ligament. SYN: recessus subphrenicus [TA] , subphrenic recesses, suprahepatic spaces.
superficial perineal s. [TA] the superficial compartment of the perineum; the s. bounded superiorly by the perineal membrane (formerly the now obsolete inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm) and inferiorly by the superficial perineal (Colles) fascia; it contains the root structure of the penis or clitoris and associated musculature, plus the superficial transverse perineal muscle and, in the female only, the greater vestibular glands. SYN: spatium perinei superficiale [TA] , Colles s., superficial perineal pouch.
suprahepatic spaces SYN: subphrenic s..
suprasternal s. [TA] a narrow interval between the deep and superficial layers of the cervical fascia above the manubrium of the sternum through which pass the anterior jugular veins. SYN: spatium supraspinale [TA] , Burns s..
Tarin s. SYN: interpeduncular cistern.
Tenon s. SYN: episcleral s..
thenar s. SYN: lateral central palmar s..
Traube semilunar s. a crescentic s. about 12 cm wide, bounded medially by the left border of the sternum, above by an oblique line from the sixth costal cartilage to the lower border of the eighth or ninth rib in the midaxillary line and below by the costal margin; the percussion tone here is normally tympanitic, because of the underlying stomach, but is modified by pulmonary emphysema, a pleural effusion, or an enlarged spleen.
Trautmann triangular s. the area of the temporal bone bounded by the sigmoid sinus, the superior petrosal sinus, and a tangent to the posterior semicircular canal.
vascular s. of retroinguinal compartment [TA] the medial compartment beneath the inguinal ligament, for the passage to the femoral vessels; it is separated from the muscular lacuna by the iliopectineal arch. SYN: lacuna vasorum retroinguinalis [TA] , lacuna vasorum, vascular lacuna.
vertebral epidural s. spinal dura mater.
Virchow-Robin s. a tunnel-like extension of the subarachnoid s. surrounding blood vessels that pass into the brain or spinal cord from the subarachnoid s.; the lining of the channel is composed of pia and glial feet of astrocytes; a continuation of the s. around capillaries and nerve cells probably does not occur. SYN: His perivascular s..
Waldeyer s. SYN: Waldeyer sheath.
Westberg s. the s. surrounding the origin of the aorta which is invested with the pericardium.
zonular spaces [TA] the spaces between the fibers of the ciliary zonule at the equator of the lens of the eye. SYN: spatia zonularia [TA] , Petit canals.

spacing
spacing (spa′sing)

Making or arranging spaces, especially at intervals.
third s. loss of extracellular fluid from the vascular to other body compartments.

spagyric spagyric (spa-jir′ik)

Relating to the paracelsian or alchemical system of medicine, which stressed the treatment of disease by various types of chemical substances. [G. spao, to tear open, + ageiro, to collect]

spagyrist spagyrist (spaj′i-rist)

A physician of the 16th century, a follower of the teachings of Paracelsus who believed in the essential importance of chemical or alchemical knowledge in the understanding and treatment of disease.

spall
spall (spawl)

1. A fragment. 2. To break up into fragments.

Spallanzani
Spallanzani

Lazaro, Italian priest and scientist, 1729–1799. See S. law.

spallation
spallation (spaw-la′shun)

1. SYN: fragmentation. 2. Nuclear reaction in which nuclei, on being bombarded by high energy particles, liberate a number of protons and alpha particles. [M.E. spalle, fragment]

span
span

The amount, distance, or length between two points; the full extent or reach of anything.
attention s. the length of time a person can concentrate on a subject.
memory s. the maximum number of items recalled after a single presentation (auditory or visual).

sparganoma
sparganoma (spar-ga-no′ma)

A localized mass resulting from sparganosis.

sparganosis
sparganosis (spar-ga-no′sis)

Infection with the plerocercoid or sparganum of a pseudophyllidean tapeworm, usually in a dermal sore resulting from application of infected flesh as a poultice; infection may also occur from ingestion of uncooked frog, snake, mammal, or bird intermediate or transport host bearing the spargana, but not from fish with Diphyllobothrium larvae, since s. is an infection with nonhuman pseudophyllidean tapeworms, usually species of Spirometra. S. may also develop from ingestion of water containing procercoid-infected Cyclops.
ocular s. infestation of the orbits with the sparganum of Spirometra mansoni; characterized by redness and edema of the eyelids, lacrimation, and blepharoptosis; acquired by application of infected raw frog flesh against the eye as a poultice.

sparganum
sparganum (spar′ga-num)

Originally described as a genus, but now restricted to the plerocercoid stage of certain tapeworms. [G. sparganon, a swathing band, fr. spargo, to swathe]

sparteine
sparteine (spar′te-en, -te-in)

An alkaloid obtained from scoparius, Cytisus scoparius and Lupinus luteus; s. sulfate was used as an oxytocic drug. SYN: lupinidine.

spasm
spasm (spazm)

A sudden involuntary contraction of one or more muscles; includes cramps, contractures. SYN: muscle s., spasmus. [G. spasmos]
s. of accommodation excessive contraction of the ciliary muscle.
affect spasms rarely used term for spasmodic attacks of laughing, weeping, and screaming, accompanied by marked tachypnea.
anorectal s. SYN: proctalgia fugax.
Bell s. SYN: facial tic.
cadaveric s. rigor mortis occurring irregularly in the different muscles, causing movements of the limbs.
canine s. SYN: risus caninus.
carpopedal s. s. of the feet and hands observed in hyperventilation, calcium deprivation, and tetany: flexion of the hands at the wrists and of the fingers at the metacarpophalangeal joints and extension of the fingers at the phalangeal joints; the feet are dorsiflexed at the ankles and the toes plantar flexed.
diffuse esophageal s. abnormal contraction of the muscular wall of the esophagus causing pain and dysphagia, often in response to regurgitation of acid gastric contents.
epidemic transient diaphragmatic s. SYN: epidemic pleurodynia.
epileptic s. s. characterized by a sudden flexion-extension, or mixed extension-flexion, predominantly proximal (including truncal muscles), which is usually more sustained than a myoclonic movement but not as sustained as a tonic seizure. Occurs frequently in clusters, with the individual events ranging in duration from myoclonic to tonic seizure components.
esophageal s. a disorder of the motility of the esophagus characterized by pain or forceful eructations after swallowing food. Esophageal muscle contractions are of excessive force and duration. Chest pain can be confused with symptoms of cardiac or other origin.
facial s. SYN: facial tic.
habit s. SYN: tic.
hemifacial s. a facial nerve disorder, with onset in late adult life, characterized by episodes of irregular, sometimes painful, myoclonic contractions of various facial muscles; triggered by voluntary or reflex movements of the face, s. typically begins in the orbicularis oculi muscle and then spreads; occasionally a sequela of Bell palsy, but more often the result of proximal compression of the facial nerve by an aberrant blood vessel or neoplasm.
infantile s. brief (1–3 seconds) muscular spasms in infants with West syndrome, which often appear as nodding or salaam spasms. SYN: salaam convulsions.
intention s. a spasmodic contraction of the muscles occurring when a voluntary movement is attempted.
masticatory s. involuntary convulsive muscular contraction affecting the muscles of mastication.
mobile s. a tonic s. occurring in spastic infantile hemiplegia on attempted movement.
muscle s. SYN: s..
nictitating s. involuntary spasmodic winking. SYN: spasmus nictitans, winking s..
nodding s. 1. in infants, a drop of the head on the chest due to loss of tone in the neck muscles as in epilepsia nutans, or to tonic s. of anterior neck muscles as in West syndrome; 2. in adults, a nodding of the head from clonic spasms of the sternomastoid muscles. SYN: salaam attack, salaam s., spasmus nutans (1) .
salaam s. SYN: nodding s..
saltatory s. a spasmodic affection of the muscles of the lower extremities. SYN: Bamberger disease (1) , Gowers disease (1) .
winking s. SYN: nictitating s..

spasmo- spasmo-

Spasm. [G. spasmos]

spasmodic
spasmodic (spaz-mod′ik)

Relating to or marked by spasm. [G. spasmodes, convulsive, fr. spasmos, + eidos, form]

spasmogen
spasmogen (spaz′mo-jen)

A substance causing contraction of smooth muscle; e.g., histamine.

spasmogenic
spasmogenic (spaz-mo-jen′ik)

Causing spasms. [spasmo- + G. -gen, producing]

spasmolysis
spasmolysis (spaz-mol′i-sis)

The arrest of a spasm or convulsion. [spasmo- + G. lysis, dissolution]

spasmolytic
spasmolytic (spaz′mo-lit′ik)

1. Relating to spasmolysis. 2. Denoting a chemical agent that relieves smooth muscle spasms.

spasmophilic
spasmophilic (spaz-mo-fil′ik)

Relating to spasmophilia.

spasmus
spasmus (spaz′mus)

SYN: spasm. [L. fr. G. spasmos, spasm]
s. coordinatus compulsive movements, such as imitative or mimic tics, festinatio.
s. glottidis SYN: laryngismus stridulus.
s. nictitans SYN: nictitating spasm.
s. nutans 1. SYN: nodding spasm. 2. a fine nystagmus, sometimes rotary, sometimes monocular, associated with head-nodding movements.

spastic
spastic (spas′tik)

1. SYN: hypertonic (1) . 2. Relating to spasm or to spasticity. [L. spasticus, fr. G. spastikos, drawing in]

spasticity
spasticity (spas-tis′i-te)

One type of increase in muscle tone at rest; characterized by increased resistance to passive stretch, velocity dependent and asymmetric about joints ( i.e., greater in the flexor muscles at the elbow and the extensor muscles at the knee). Exaggerated deep tendon reflexes and clonus are additional manifestations. SEE ALSO: clasp-knife s..
clasp-knife s. initial increased resistance to stretch of the extensor muscles of a joint that give way rather suddenly allowing the joint then to be easily flexed; the rigidity is due to an exaggeration of the stretch reflex. SEE ALSO: lengthening reaction. SYN: clasp-knife effect, clasp-knife rigidity.

spatia
spatia (spa′she-a)

Plural of spatium. [L.]

spatial
spatial (spa′shal)

Relating to space or a space.

spatium
spatium, pl .spatia (spa′she-um, -she-a) [TA]

SYN: space. [L.]
spatia anguli iridocornealis [TA] SYN: spaces of iridocorneal angle, under space.
s. endolympha′ticum [TA] SYN: endolymphatic space.
s. episclerale [TA] SYN: episcleral space.
s. extradura′le epidural space.
s. extradurale [TA] SYN: epidural space.
s. extraperitonea′le [TA] SYN: extraperitoneal space.
s. intercostale [TA] SYN: intercostal space.
s. interfasciale SYN: episcleral space.
s. interglobulare, pl .spatia interglobularia SYN: interglobular space.
spatia interossea metacarpi [TA] SYN: interosseous metacarpal spaces, under space.
spatia interossea metatarsi [TA] SYN: interosseous metatarsal spaces, under space.
s. intervaginale bulbi oculi SYN: episcleral space.
s. intervaginale subarachnoidale nervi optici [TA] SYN: intervaginal subarachnoid space of optic nerve.
s. lateropharyngeum [TA] SYN: lateral pharyngeal space. SEE ALSO: retropharyngeal space.
s. leptomeningeum [TA] SYN: leptomeningeal space.
s. parapharyngeum SYN: parapharyngeal space.
s. perichoroideum [TA] SYN: perichoroidal space.
s. peridurale (spinal) epidural space.
s. perilymphaticum [TA] SYN: perilymphatic space.
s. perinei profundum SYN: deep perineal space.
s. perinei superficiale [TA] SYN: superficial perineal space.
s. peripharyngeum [TA] SYN: peripharyngeal space.
s. pharyngeum laterale [TA] SYN: lateral pharyngeal space.
s. retroinguinale [TA] SYN: retroinguinal space.
s. retroperitoneale [TA] SYN: retroperitoneal space.
s. retropharyngeum [TA] SYN: retropharyngeal space. SEE ALSO: lateral pharyngeal space.
s. retropubicum [TA] SYN: retropubic space.
s. retrozonulare [TA] SYN: retrozonular space.
s. subarachnoideum [TA] SYN: subarachnoid space.
s. subdurale [TA] SYN: subdural space.
s. supraspinale [TA] SYN: suprasternal space.
spatia zonularia [TA] SYN: zonular spaces, under space.

spatula
spatula (spach′u-la)

A flat blade, like a knife blade but without a sharp edge, used in pharmacy for spreading plasters and ointments and as an aid to mixing ingredients with a mortar and pestle. [L. dim. of spatha, a broad, flat wooden instrument, fr. G. spathe]
iris s. a flat surgical instrument used for repositioning an iris that has prolapsed through a wound.
Ro s. a very small nickeled steel s. used to transfer bits of infected material, such as diphtheritic membrane, to culture tubes.

spatulate
spatulate (spach′u-lat)

1. Shaped like a spatula. 2. To manipulate or mix with a spatula. 3. To incise the cut end of a tubular structure longitudinally and splay it open, to allow creation of an elliptical anastomosis of greater circumference than would be possible with conventional transverse or oblique (bevelled) end-to-end anastomoses. SYN: spatulated.

spatulated
spatulated (spach′u-lat-ed)

SYN: spatulate.

spatulation
spatulation (spach′u-la′shun)

Manipulation of material with a spatula.

Spatz
Spatz

Hugo, German neurologist and psychiatrist, 1888–1969. See Hallervorden-S. disease, Hallervorden-S. syndrome.

spay
spay (spa)

To remove the ovaries of an animal. [Gael. spoth, castrate, or G. spadon, eunuch]

SPCA
SPCA

Abbreviation for serum prothrombin conversion accelerator.

spearmint
spearmint (sper′mint)

The leaves and flowering tops of Mentha viridis (green garden or lamb mint) or M. cardiaca (family Labiatae); a carminative and flavoring agent.
s. oil the volatile oil, distilled with steam from the fresh overground parts of the flowering plant of Mentha viridis or M. cardiaca, a flavoring agent.

specialist
specialist (spesh′a-list)

One who has developed professional expertise in a particular specialty or subject area.

specialization
specialization (spesh′a-li-za′shun)

1. Professional attention limited to a particular specialty or subject area for study, research, and/or treatment. 2. SYN: differentiation (1) .

specialize
specialize (spesh′a-liz)

To engage in specialization (1).

specialty
specialty (spesh′al-te)

The particular subject area or branch of medical science to which one devotes professional attention. [L. specialitas fr. specialis, special]

speciation
speciation (spe-she-a′shun)

The evolutionary process by which diverse species of animals or plants are formed from a common ancestral stock.

species
species, pl .species (spe′shez)

1. A biologic division between the genus and a variety or the individual; a group of organisms that generally bear a close resemblance to one another in the more essential features of their organization, and breed effectively producing fertile progeny. 2. A class of pharmaceutical preparations consisting of a mixture of dried plants, not pulverized, but in sufficiently fine division to be conveniently used in the making of extemporaneous decoctions or infusions, as a tea. [L. appearance, form, kind, fr. specio, to look at]
type s. the name of the single s. or of one of the s. of a genus or subgenus when the name of the genus or subgenus was originally validly published.

species-specific
species-specific

Characteristic of a given species; serum that is produced by the injection of immunogens into an animal, and that acts only upon the cells, protein, etc., of a member of the same species as that from which the original antigen was obtained.

specific
specific (spe-sif′ik)

1. Relating to a species. SEE ALSO: s. epithet. 2. Relating to an individual infectious disease, one caused by a special microorganism. 3. A remedy having a definite therapeutic action in relation to a particular disease or symptom, as quinine in relation to malaria. [L. specificus fr. species + facio, to make]

specificity
specificity (spes-i-fis′i-te)

1. The condition or state of being specific, of having a fixed relation to a single cause or to a definite result; manifested in the relation of a disease to its pathogenic microorganism, of a reaction to a certain chemical union, or of an antibody to its antigen or the reverse. 2. In clinical pathology and medical screening, the proportion of individuals with negative test results for the disease that the test is intended to reveal, i.e., true negative results as a proportion of the total of true negative and false-positive results. Cf.:sensitivity (2) .
analytical s. freedom from interference by any element or compound other than the analyte.
diagnostic s. the probability (P) that, given the absence of disease (D), a normal test result (T) excludes disease; i.e., P(T/D).
relative s. the s. of a medical screening test as determined by comparison with the same type of test ( e.g., s. of a new serological test relative to s. of an established serological test).
substrate s. the ability of an enzyme to recognize and bind its substrates, typically measured by the V_max/K_m or k_cat/K_m ratios.

specillum
specillum, pl .specilla (spe-sil′um, -la)

A probe or small sound. [L. a probe, fr. specio, to look at]

specimen
specimen (spes′i-men)

A small part, or sample, of any substance or material obtained for testing. [L. fr. specio, to look at]
cytologic s. a s. obtainable by a variety of methods from many areas of the body, including the female genital tract, respiratory tract, urinary tract, alimentary tract, and body cavities; used for cytologic examination and diagnosis ( e.g., cytologic smears, filter preparations, centrifuged buttons).

SPECT
SPECT

Abbreviation for single photon emission computed tomography.

spectacles
spectacles (spek′ti-klz)

Lenses set in a frame that holds them in front of the eyes, used to correct errors of refraction or to protect the eyes. The parts of the s. are the lenses; the bridge between the lenses, resting on the nose; the rims or frames, encircling the lenses; the sides or temples that pass on either side of the head to the ears; the bows, the curved extremities of the temples; the shoulders, short bars attached to the rims or the lenses and jointed with the sides. SYN: eyeglasses, glasses (1) . [L. specto, pp. -atus, to watch, observe]
bifocal s. s. with bifocal lenses. See lens.
clerical s. SYN: half-glass s..
divers' s. strongly convex lenses for clear vision underwater.
divided s. SYN: Franklin s..
Franklin s. an early form of bifocal s. in which the lower half of the lens is for near vision, the upper half for distant vision. SYN: divided s..
half-glass s. s., used for reading, in which the upper portion of the lenses are removed. SYN: clerical s., pantoscopic s., pulpit s..
hemianopic s. s. with a prism or mirror to allow the person with homonymous hemianopia to see objects in the blind half field.
lid crutch s. s. with little offsets of metal with smooth edges which engage above the upper eyelid and keep it raised above the pupil in cases of paralytic blepharoptosis. SYN: Masselon s..
Masselon s. SYN: lid crutch s..
orthoscopic s. convex lenses with base-in prisms for close work.
pantoscopic s. SYN: half-glass s..
photochromic s. s. with lenses that darken on exposure to ultraviolet light.
protective s. s. which protect against ultraviolet or infrared rays or against mechanical injuries. SYN: safety s..
pulpit s. SYN: half-glass s..
safety s. SYN: protective s..
stenopeic s., stenopaic s. 1. opaque disks with narrow slits in the center allowing only a minimum amount of light to enter; used as a protection against snow blindness; 2. s. having opaque disks with multiple perforations used to aid vision in incipient cataract and in discrete opacities of the cornea; occasionally used as a substitute for corrective lenses or sunglasses.
telescopic s. magnifying s. obtained by using a convex objective lens and a concave eyepiece separated by the difference in their focal lengths.

spectinomycin hydrochloride
spectinomycin hydrochloride (spek′ti-no-mi′sin)

An antibiotic antibacterial agent.

spectra
spectra (spek′tra)

Plural of spectrum. [L.]

spectral
spectral (spek′tral)

Relating to a spectrum.

spectrin
spectrin (spek′trin)

A filamentous contractile protein that together with actin and other cytoskeleton proteins forms a network that gives the red blood cell membrane its shape and flexibility; a defect or deficiency of s. is associated with hereditary spherocytosis and hereditary elliptocytosis; the principal component of the membrane skeleton of red cells. It comprises two units, an alpha unit of MW 240,000 [MIM*182860] and a beta unit of MW 225,000 [MIM*182870].

spectro- spectro-

A spectrum. [L. spectrum, an image]

spectrochemistry
spectrochemistry (spek′tro-kem′is-tre)

The study of chemical substances and their identification by means of spectroscopy, i.e., by light emitted or absorbed.

spectrocolorimeter
spectrocolorimeter (spek′tro-kol-er-im′e-ter)

A colorimeter using a source of light from a selected portion of the spectrum, i.e., of a selected wavelength.

spectrofluorometer
spectrofluorometer (spek-tro-flor-om′e-ter)

An instrument for measuring the intensity and quality of fluorescence.

spectrogram
spectrogram (spek′tro-gram)

A graphic representation of a spectrum. [spectro- + G. gramma, something written]

spectrograph
spectrograph (spek′tro-graf)

An instrument used in spectography.
mass s. an instrument that subjects charged and accelerated ions (atomic or molecular) to a magnetic field that imparts a curved path that differs for each mass-to-charge ratio, thus separating individual species; used in detecting and assaying isotopic ratios and in molecular structure determinations.

spectrography
spectrography (spek-trog′ra-fe)

The procedure of photographing or tracing a spectrum. [spectro- + G. grapho, to write]

spectrometer
spectrometer (spek-trom′e-ter)

An instrument for determining the wavelength or energy of light or other electromagnetic emission. [spectro- + G. metron, measure]

spectrometry
spectrometry (spek-trom′e-tre)

The procedure of observing and measuring the wavelengths of light or other electromagnetic emissions.
clinical s. SYN: biospectrometry.

spectrophobia
spectrophobia (spek-tro-fo′be-a)

Morbid fear of mirrors or of one's mirrored image. [spectro- + G. phobos, fear]

spectrophotofluorimetry
spectrophotofluorimetry (spek′tro-fo′to-flor-im′e- tre)

Measurement of the intensity and quality of fluorescence by means of a spectrophotometer.

spectrophotometer
spectrophotometer (spek′tro-fo-tom′e-ter)

An instrument for measuring the intensity of light of a definite wavelength transmitted by a substance or a solution, giving a quantitative measure of the amount of material in the solution absorbing the light; a colorimeter with a choice of wavelength and photometric measurement. [spectro- + photometer]

spectrophotometry
spectrophotometry (spek′tro-fo-tom′e-tre)

Analysis by means of a spectrophotometer.
atomic absorption s. determination of concentration by the ability of atoms to absorb radiant energy of specific wavelengths.
flame emission s. determination of the concentration of an element by measurement of light emitted when the element is excited by energy in the form of heat.

spectropolarimeter
spectropolarimeter (spek′tro-po-lar-im′e-ter)

An instrument for measuring the rotation of the plane of polarized light of specific wavelength upon passage through a solution or translucent solid. [spectro- + polarimeter]

spectroscope
spectroscope (spek′tro-skop)

An instrument for resolving light from any luminous body into its spectrum, and for the analysis of the spectrum so formed. It consists of a prism that refracts the light or a grating for diffraction of the light, an arrangement for rendering the rays parallel, and a telescope that magnifies the spectrum. [spectro- + G. skopeo, to view]
direct vision s. a s. consisting of a single tube containing a series of prisms; one end of the tube is placed in as close contact as possible with the substance to be examined while the observer's eye is at the opposite end; it can be used to make a spectroscopic examination of the blood in vivo, as in the ear lobe or web of the thumb.

spectroscopic
spectroscopic (spek-tro-skop′ik)

Relating to or performed by means of a spectroscope.

spectroscopy
spectroscopy (spek-tros′ko-pe)

Observation and study of spectra of absorbed or emitted light by means of a spectroscope.
clinical s. SYN: biospectroscopy.
infrared s. the study of the specific absorption in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum; used in the study of the chemical bonds within molecules.
magnetic resonance s. detection and measurement of the resonant spectra of molecular species in a tissue or sample.

spectrum
spectrum, pl .spectraspectrums (spek′trum, -a, -umz)

1. The range of colors presented when white light is resolved into its constituent colors by being passed through a prism or through a diffraction grating: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet, arranged in increasing frequency of vibration or decreasing wavelength. 2. Figuratively, the range of pathogenic microorganisms against which an antibiotic or other antibacterial agent is active. 3. The plot of intensity vs. wavelength of light emitted or absorbed by a substance, usually characteristic of the substance and used in qualitative and quantitative analysis. 4. The range of wavelengths presented when a beam of radiant energy is subjected to dispersion and focused. [L. an image, fr. specio, to look at]
absorption s. the s. observed after light has passed through, and been partially absorbed by, a solution or translucent substance; many molecular groupings have characteristic light absorption patterns, which can be used for detection and quantitative assay.
antimicrobial s. s. (2) .
broad s. a term indicating a broad range of activity of an antibiotic against a wide variety of microorganisms.
chromatic s. the continuum of colors that white light forms on passing through a prism or diffraction grating. SYN: color s..
color s. SYN: chromatic s..
continuous s. a s. in which there are no absorption bands or lines.
excitation s. fluorescence produced over a range of wavelengths of the exciting light.
fluorescence s. fluorescence evoked over a range of wavelengths when the excitation wavelength is at a maximum.
fortification s. the zigzag banding of light, resembling the walls of fortified medieval towns, that marks the margin of the scintillating scotoma of migraine. SYN: fortification figures, telehopsias.
frequency s. the range of frequencies in a signal, used to describe the resolving power of an imaging system in radiology.
infrared s. the part of the invisible s. of wavelengths just longer than that of visible red light. SYN: thermal s..
invisible s. the radiation lying on either side of visible light, i.e., infrared and ultraviolet light.
Raman s. the characteristic array of light produced by the Raman effect.
thermal s. SYN: infrared s..
ultraviolet s. the electromagnetic s. at wavelengths shorter than the violet end of the visible s..
visible s. that part of electromagnetic radiation that is visible to the human eye; it extends from extreme red, 7606 Å (760.6 nm), to extreme violet, 3934 Å (393.4 nm).
vocal s. the frequency and intensity ranges of the voice.
wide s. s. (3) .

speculum
speculum, pl .specula (spek′u-lum, -la)

An instrument for exposing the opening of any canal or cavity in order to facilitate inspection of its interior. [L. a mirror, fr. specio, to look at]
bivalve s. a s. with two adjustable blades.
Cooke s. a three-pronged s. for rectal examinations and operations.
duckbill s. a bivalve s., the blades of which are broad and flattened, resembling a duck's bill, used in inspection of the vagina and cervix.
eye s. an instrument for keeping the eyelids apart during inspection of or operation on the eye. SYN: blepharostat.
Kelly rectal s. a tubular s. with obturator for rectal examination.
Pedersen s. a narrow flat s. used in vaginas with a narrow introitus.
stop-s. a dilating s., as a s. of the eyelids, which is provided with a catch to prevent its being opened too wide.

Spee
Spee

Ferdinand Graf von, German embryologist, 1855–1937. See curve of S..

SPEECH1
SPEECH1

Gene that when mutated is responsible for motor dyspraxia.

speech
speech

Talk; the use of the voice in conveying ideas. [A.S. spaec]
alaryngeal s. a form of s. achieved after laryngectomy by using either an external vibratory source or the pharyngoesophageal segment as an internal vibratory source. see also esophageal s.. Tracheoesophageal s. may be produced after laryngectomy by surgically diverting exhaled air to the pharynx by a permanently constructed tracheoesophageal fistula.
cerebellar s. an explosive type of utterance, with slurring of words.
clipped s. SYN: scamping s..
cued s. a system of communication with a person with profound hearing impairment in which handshapes are used to cue sounds to supplement spoken language.
echo s. SYN: echolalia.
esophageal s. a technique for speaking following total laryngectomy; consists of drawing air into the esophagus and regurgitating it, producing a vibration in the hypopharynx.
explosive s. loud, sudden s. related to injury of the nervous system. SYN: logospasm (2) .
helium s. the peculiar high-pitched, often unintelligible s. sounds produced when one breathes a mixture of up to 80° per cent helium and 20° per cent oxygen.
mirror s. a reversal of the order of syllables in a word, analogous to mirror writing.
scamping s. a form of lalling in which consonants or syllables that are difficult to pronounce are omitted. SYN: clipped s..
scanning s. measured or metered, often slow s. with interruptions.
slurring s. slovenly articulation of the more difficult letter sounds.
spastic s. labored s. related to increased tone of muscles.
staccato s. an abrupt utterance, each syllable being enunciated separately; noted especially in multiple sclerosis. SYN: syllabic s..
subvocal s. slight movements of the muscles of s. related to thinking but producing no sound.
syllabic s. SYN: staccato s..
tracheoesophageal s. a form of alaryngeal s. obtained by a surgical technique which creates a shunt between trachea and esophagus, allowing pulmonary air to generate upper esophageal and pharyngeal mucosal vibrations as a substitute for vocal cord vibrations when the larynx is surgically removed.

speed
speed (sped)

The magnitude of velocity without regard to direction. Cf.:velocity.

spelencephaly
spelencephaly (spe-len-sef′a-le)

SYN: porencephaly. [spelaion, cave, + enkephalos, brain]

Spens
Spens

Thomas, Scottish physician, 1769–1842. See S. syndrome.

sperm
sperm

SYN: spermatozoon. [G. sperma, seed]

sperma- sperma-, spermato-, spermo-

Semen, spermatozoa. [G. sperma, seed]

spermaceti
spermaceti (sper-ma-set′e)

A peculiar fatty, waxy substance, chiefly cetin (cetyl palmitate), obtained from the head of the sperm whale, Physeter macrocephalus; used to impart firmness to ointment bases. SYN: cetaceum. [sperma- + G. ketos, whale]

spermagglutination
spermagglutination (sperm′a-gloo-ti-na′shun)

Agglutination of spermatozoa.

sperm-aster
sperm-aster (sperm′-as-ter)

Cytocentrum with astral rays in the cytoplasm of an inseminated ovum; it is brought in by the penetrating spermatozoon and evolves into the mitotic spindle of the first cleavage division. [sperm + G. aster, a star (aster)]

spermatic
spermatic (sper-mat′ik)

Relating to the sperm or semen.

spermatid
spermatid (sper′ma-tid)

A cell in a late stage of the development of the spermatozoon; it is a haploid cell derived from the secondary spermatocyte and evolves by spermiogenesis into a spermatozoon. SYN: nematoblast. [spermat- + -id (2)]

spermatin
spermatin (sper′ma-tin)

Name proposed for an albuminoid in the seminal fluid.

spermato- spermato-

See sperma-.

spermatoblast
spermatoblast (sper′ma-to-blast)

SYN: spermatogonium. [spermato- + G. blastos, germ]

spermatocele
spermatocele (sper′ma-to-sel)

Cyst of the epididymis containing spermatozoa. SYN: spermatocyst. [spermato- + G. kele, tumor]

spermatocidal
spermatocidal (sper′ma-to-si′dal)

Destructive to spermatozoa. SYN: spermicidal.

spermatocide
spermatocide (sper′ma-to-sid)

An agent destructive to spermatozoa. SYN: spermicide. [spermato- + L. caedo, to kill]

spermatocyst
spermatocyst

SYN: spermatocele.

spermatocytal
spermatocytal (sper-ma-to-si′tal)

Relating to spermatocytes.

spermatocyte
spermatocyte (sper′ma-to-sit)

Parent cell of a spermatid, derived by mitotic division from a spermatogonium. [spermato- + G. kytos, cell]
primary s. the s. derived by a growth phase from a spermatogonium, and that undergoes the first division of meiosis.
secondary s. the s. derived from a primary s. by the first meiotic division; each secondary s. produces two spermatids by the second meiotic division.

spermatocytogenesis
spermatocytogenesis (sper′ma-to-si′to-jen′e-sis)

SYN: spermatogenesis.

spermatogenesis
spermatogenesis (sper′ma-to-jen′e-sis)

The entire process by which spermatogonial stem cells divide and differentiate into spermatozoa. SEE ALSO: spermiogenesis. SYN: spermatocytogenesis, spermatogeny. [spermato- + G. genesis, origin]

spermatogenetic
spermatogenetic (sper′ma-to-je-net′ik)

SYN: spermatogenic.

spermatogenic
spermatogenic (sper′ma-to-jen′ik)

Relating to spermatogenesis; sperm-producing. SYN: spermatogenetic, spermatogenous, spermatopoietic (1) .

spermatogenous
spermatogenous (sper-ma-toj′e-nus)

SYN: spermatogenic.

spermatogeny
spermatogeny (sper-ma-toj′e-ne)

SYN: spermatogenesis.

spermatogone
spermatogone (sper′ma-to-gon)

SYN: spermatogonium.

spermatogonium
spermatogonium (sper′ma-to-go′ne-um)

The primitive sperm cell derived by mitotic division from the germ cell; increasing several times in size, it becomes a primary spermatocyte. SEE ALSO: spermatid. SYN: spermatoblast, spermatogone. [spermato- + G. gone, generation]

spermatoid
spermatoid (sper′ma-toid)

1. Resembling a sperm, a sperm tail, or semen. 2. A male or flagellated form of the malarial microparasite. [spermato + G. eidos, form]

spermatology
spermatology (sper-ma-tol′o-je)

The branch of histology, physiology, and embryology concerned with sperm and/or seminal secretion. [spermato- + G. logos, study]

spermatolysin
spermatolysin (sper-ma-tol′i-sin)

A specific lysin (antibody) formed in response to the repeated injection of spermatozoa.

spermatolysis
spermatolysis (sper-ma-tol′i-sis)

Destruction, with dissolution, of the spermatozoa. SYN: spermolysis. [spermato- + G. lysis, dissolution]

spermatolytic
spermatolytic (sper′ma-to-lit′ik)

Relating to spermatolysis.

spermatophobia
spermatophobia (sper′ma-to-fo′be-a)

Morbid fear of spermatorrhea or loss of semen. [spermato- + G. phobos, fear]

spermatophore
spermatophore (sper′ma-to-for)

A capsule containing spermatozoa; found in a number of invertebrates. [spermato- + G. phoros, bearing]

spermatopoietic
spermatopoietic (sper′ma-to-poy-et′ik)

1. SYN: spermatogenic. 2. Secreting semen. [spermato- + G. poieo, to make]

spermatorrhea
spermatorrhea (sper′ma-to-re′a)

An involuntary discharge of semen, without orgasm. [spermato- + G. rhoia, a flow]

spermatoxin
spermatoxin (sper-ma-tok′sin)

A cytotoxic antibody specific for spermatozoa. SYN: spermotoxin.

spermatozoa
spermatozoa (sper′ma-to-zo′a)

Plural of spermatozoon.

spermatozoal
spermatozoal, spermatozoan (sper′ma-to-zo′al, -zo′an)

Relating to spermatozoa.

spermatozoon
spermatozoon, pl .spermatozoa (sper′ma-to-zo′on, -zo′a)

The male gamete or sex cell that contains the genetic information to be transmitted by the male, exhibits autokinesia, and is able to effect zygosis with an ovum. The human s. is composed of a head and a tail, the tail being divisible into a neck, a middle piece, a principal piece, and an end piece; the head, 4–6 μm in length, is a broadly oval, flattened body containing the nucleus; the tail is about 55 μm in length. SYN: sperm cell, sperm. [G. sperma, seed, + zoon, animal]

spermaturia
spermaturia (sper-ma-too′re-a)

SYN: semenuria.

spermia
spermia (sper′me-a)

Plural of spermium.

spermicidal
spermicidal (sper-mi-si′dal)

SYN: spermatocidal.

spermicide
spermicide (sper′mi-sid)

SYN: spermatocide.

spermidine
spermidine (sper′mi-den)

A polyamine found with spermine in a wide variety of organisms and tissues; found in human sperm; important in cell and tissue growth.

spermiduct
spermiduct (sper′mi-dukt)

1. SYN: ductus deferens. 2. SYN: ejaculatory duct.

spermine
spermine (sper′men)

A polyamine found in some bacteria; associated with nucleic acids in some viruses; found in human sperm; important in cell and tissue growth. SYN: gerontine, musculamine, neuridine.

spermiogenesis
spermiogenesis (sper′me-o-jen′e-sis)

That segment of spermatogenesis during which immature spermatids become spermatozoa. [sperm- + G. genesis, origin]

spermism spermism (sper′mizm)

The belief by preformationists that the male sex cell (sperm) contains a miniature preformed body called the homunculus.

spermist spermist

A preformationist who believed in the concept of spermism. Cf.:ovist.

spermium
spermium, pl .spermia (sper′me-um, -a)

H.W.G. Waldeyer term for the mature male germ cell or spermatozoon.

spermo- spermo-

See sperma-.

spermolith
spermolith (sper′mo-lith)

A concretion in the ductus deferens. [spermo- + G. lithos, stone]

spermolysis
spermolysis (sper-mol′i-sis)

SYN: spermatolysis.

Spermophilus
Spermophilus (sper-mot′il-us)

A genus of ground squirrel. S. beecheyi, S. grammurus, S. pygmaeus, S. townsendi, and several other species act as an important reservoir of Yersinia pestis.

spermotoxin
spermotoxin (sper-mo-tok′sin)

SYN: spermatoxin.

SPF
SPF

Abbreviation for sun protection factor.

sp. gr.
sp. gr.

Abbreviation for specific gravity.

sph.
sph.

Abbreviation for spherical, or spherical lens.

sphacelate
sphacelate (sfas′e-lat)

To become gangrenous or necrotic. [G. sphakelos, gangrene]

sphacelation
sphacelation (sfas-e-la′shun)

1. The process of becoming gangrenous or necrotic. 2. Gangrene or necrosis. [G. sphakelos, gangrene]

sphacelism
sphacelism (sfas′e-lizm)

The condition manifested by a sphacelus.

sphacelous
sphacelous (sfas′e-lus)

Sloughing, gangrenous, or necrotic.

sphacelus
sphacelus (sfas′e-lus)

A mass of sloughing, gangrenous, or necrotic matter. [G. sphakelos, gangrene]

Sphaeroltilus
Sphaeroltilus (sfer-ol′til-us)

A genus of bacteria closely related to Leptothrix found in fresh water; S. natans grows a thick biofilm mat in sulfite-containing water, especially as drained from paper mills.

sphenethmoid
sphenethmoid (sfe-neth′moyd)

SYN: sphenoethmoid.

sphenion
sphenion (sfe′ne-on)

The tip of the sphenoidal angle of the parietal bone; a craniometric point. [Mod. L. fr. G. sphen, wedge, + dim. -ion]

spheno- spheno-

Wedge, wedge-shaped; the sphenoid bone. [G. sphen, wedge]

sphenobasilar
sphenobasilar (sfe′no-bas′i-lar)

Relating to the sphenoid bone and the basilar process of the occipital bone. SYN: sphenoccipital, sphenooccipital.

sphenoccipital
sphenoccipital (sfe′nok-sip′i-tal)

SYN: sphenobasilar.

sphenocephaly
sphenocephaly (sfe′no-sef′a-le)

Condition characterized by a deformation of the skull giving it a wedge-shaped appearance. [spheno- + G. kephale, head]

sphenoethmoid
sphenoethmoid (sfe-no-eth′moyd)

Relating to the sphenoid and ethmoid bones. SYN: sphenethmoid.

sphenoethmoidectomy
sphenoethmoidectomy (sfe′no-eth-moy-dek′to-my)

An operation to remove diseased tissue from the sphenoid and ethmoid sinuses.

sphenofrontal
sphenofrontal (sfe′no-fron′tal)

Relating to the sphenoid and frontal bones.

sphenoid
sphenoid (sfe′noyd) [TA]

1. SYN: sphenoidal. 2. SYN: s. (bone). [G. sphenoeides, fr. sphen, wedge, + eidos, resemblance]

sphenoidal
sphenoidal (sfe-noy′dal)

1. Relating to the sphenoid bone. 2. Wedge-shaped. SYN: sphenoid (1) [TA] .

sphenoidale
sphenoidale (sfe-noy-da′le)

The point of greatest convexity between the anterior contour of the sella turcica and the jugum s..

sphenoiditis
sphenoiditis (sfe-noy-di′tis)

1. Inflammation of the sphenoid sinus. 2. Necrosis of the sphenoid bone. [sphenoid + G. -itis, inflammation]

sphenoidostomy
sphenoidostomy (sfe-noy-dos′to-me)

An operative opening made in the anterior wall of the sphenoid sinus. [sphenoid + G. stoma, mouth]

sphenoidotomy
sphenoidotomy (sfe′noy-dot′o-me)

Any operation on the sphenoid bone or sinus. [sphenoid + G. tome, a cutting]

sphenomalar
sphenomalar (sfe′no-ma′lar)

SYN: sphenozygomatic.

sphenomaxillary
sphenomaxillary (sfe′no-mak′si-lar-e)

Relating to the sphenoid bone and the maxilla.

sphenooccipital
sphenooccipital (sfe′no-ok-sip′i-tal)

SYN: sphenobasilar.

sphenopalatine
sphenopalatine (sfe-no-pal′a-tin)

Relating to the sphenoid and the palatine bones.

sphenoparietal
sphenoparietal (sfe′no-pa-ri′a-tal)

Relating to the sphenoid and the parietal bones.

sphenopetrosal
sphenopetrosal (sfe′no-pe-tro′sal)

Relating to the sphenoid bone and the petrous portion of the temporal bone.

sphenorbital
sphenorbital (sfe-nor′bi-tal)

Denoting the portions of the sphenoid bone contributing to the orbits.

sphenosalpingostaphylinus
sphenosalpingostaphylinus (sfe′no-sal-ping′go-staf-i-li′nus)

See tensor veli palati (muscle). [L.]

sphenosquamosal
sphenosquamosal (sfe′no-skwa-mo′sal)

SYN: squamosphenoid.

sphenotemporal
sphenotemporal (sfe′no-tem′po-ral)

Relating to the sphenoid and the temporal bones.

sphenotic
sphenotic (sfe-no′tik)

Relating to the sphenoid bone and the bony case of the ear. [spheno- + G. ous, ear]

sphenoturbinal
sphenoturbinal (sfe′no-ter′bi-nal)

Denoting the concha sphenoidalis.

sphenovomerine
sphenovomerine (sfe′no-vo′mer-en, -in)

Relating to the sphenoid bone and the vomer.

sphenozygomatic
sphenozygomatic (sfe′no-zi-go-mat′ik)

Relating to the sphenoid and the zygomatic bones. SYN: sphenomalar.

sphere
sphere (sfer)

A ball or globular body. [G. sphaira]
attraction s. SYN: astrosphere.
Morgagni spheres SYN: Morgagni globules, under globule.

spherical
spherical (sph.) (sfer′i-kal)

Pertaining to, or shaped like, a sphere.

sphero- sphero-

Spherical, a sphere. [G. sphaira, globe]

spherocylinder
spherocylinder (sfer′o-sil′in-der)

SYN: spherocylindrical lens.

spherocyte
spherocyte (sfer′o-sit)

A small, spherical red blood cell. [sphero- + G. kytos, cell]

spherocytosis
spherocytosis (sfer′o-si-to′sis)

Presence of sphere-shaped red blood cells in the blood. SYN: microspherocytosis. [spherocyte + G. -osis, condition]
hereditary s. [MIM*182900] a congenital defect of spectrin [MIM*182860], the main component of the erythrocyte cell membrane, which becomes abnormally permeable to sodium, resulting in thickened and almost spherical erythrocytes that are fragile and susceptible to spontaneous hemolysis, with decreased survival in the circulation; results in chronic anemia with reticulocytosis, episodes of mild jaundice due to hemolysis, and acute crises with gallstones, fever, and abdominal pain; symptomatology is highly variable; autosomal dominant inheritance, caused by mutation in the ankyrin gene (ANK1) on 8p. However, as with elliptocytosis, there is an autosomal recessive form [MIM*270970], caused by mutation in the alpha-spectrin 1 gene (SPTA1) on chromosome 1q. SYN: chronic acholuric jaundice, chronic familial icterus, chronic familial jaundice, congenital hemolytic icterus, congenital hemolytic jaundice, spherocytic anemia.

spheroid
spheroid, spheroidal (sfer′oyd, sfir-; sfe-royd′al)

Shaped like a sphere. [L. spheroideus]

spherometer
spherometer (sfer-om′e-ter)

An instrument to determine the curvature of a sphere or a spherical lens. See Geneva lens measure. [sphero- + G. metron, measure]

spherophakia
spherophakia (sfer-o-fa′ke-a)

A congenital bilateral aberration in which the lenses are small, spherical, and subject to subluxation; may occur as an independent anomaly or may be associated with the Weill-Marchesani syndrome. [sphero- + G. phakos, lens]

spheroplast
spheroplast (sfer′o-plast)

A bacterial cell from which the rigid cell wall has been incompletely removed. The bacterium loses its characteristic shape and becomes round. [sphero- + G. plastos, formed]

spheroprism
spheroprism (sfer′o-prizm)

A spherical lens decentered to produce a prismatic effect, or a combined spherical lens and prism.

spherospermia
spherospermia (sfer′o-sper′me-a)

Spheroid spermatozoa lacking an elongated tail, in contrast to the threadlike, tailed sperm of humans and other mammals (nematospermia). [sphero- + G. sperma, seed]

spherule
spherule (sfer′ool)

1. A small spherical structure. 2. A sporangiallike structure filled with endospores at maturity, produced within tissue and in vitro by Coccidioides immitis. [LL. sphaerula, dim. of L. sphaera, sphere, ball]

sphincter
sphincter (sfingk′ter) [TA]

A muscle that encircles a duct, tube, or orifice in such a way that its contraction constricts the lumen or orifice. SYN: musculus s. [TA] , s. muscle [TA] . [G. sphinkter, a band or lace]
s. of ampulla s. of hepatopancreatic ampulla.
anatomic s. an accumulation of muscular circular fibers or specially arranged oblique fibers the function of which is to reduce partially or totally the lumen of a tube, the orifice of an organ, or the cavity of a viscus; the closing component of a pylorus.
s. angularis, angular s. thickening of the circular muscular layer forming a proposed intermediate s. at the level of the angular notch of the stomach. While the thickening of the circular muscle may indicate the commencement of the pyloric antrum, true functional sphincteric activity distinct from the other peristaltic contractions of the stomach is not observed although some of these may in fact temporarily close off the antrum from the remainder of the stomach lumen. SYN: antral s., midgastric transverse s., s. antri, s. intermedius, s. of antrum, s. of gastric antrum.
s. ani, anal s. external anal s., internal anal s..
s. ani tertius the third s. of the anorectum, a physiological s. at the sigmoidorectal junction.
antral s. SYN: s. angularis.
s. antri SYN: s. angularis.
s. of antrum SYN: s. angularis.
anular s. a short thickening of circular muscular fibers, similar to a ring; a ring-shaped s. as opposed to a segmental s..
artificial s. a s. produced by surgical procedures to reduce speed of flow in the digestive system or to maintain continence of the intestine.
basal s. the thickening of the circular muscular coat at the base of the ileal papilla at the terminal ileum. SYN: sphincteroid tract of ileum.
bicanalicular s. a s. encircling two canals, such as the terminal portions of the common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct.
s. of biliaropancreatic ampulla s. of hepatopancreatic ampulla.
Boyden s. SYN: s. of (common) bile duct.
canalicular s. a s. located somewhere along the course of an organ, a tube, or a duct, as opposed to ostial s..
choledochal s. SYN: s. of (common) bile duct.
colic s. one of the physiological sphincters of the colon.
s. of (common) bile duct [TA] smooth muscle s. of the common bile duct immediately proximal to the hepatopancreatic ampulla and organized into a superior and inferior s.; it is this s. that controls the flow of bile in the duodenum. SYN: musculus s. ductus choledochi [TA] , musculus s. ductus biliaris&star, Boyden s., choledochal s., s. muscle of common bile duct.
s. constrictor cardiae SYN: inferior esophageal s..
duodenal s. one of the physiologic sphincters described in the duodenum.
duodenojejunal s. the s. supposedly present at the duodenojejunal flexure.
external anal s. [TA] a fusiform ring of striated muscular fibers surrounding the anus, attached posteriorly to the coccyx and anteriorly to the central tendon of the perineum; it is subdivided, often indistinctly, into a subcutaneous part, a superficial part, and a deep part for descriptive purposes. SYN: musculus s. ani externus [TA] , external s. muscle of anus.
external urethral s. [TA] muscle that constricts membranous urethra to retain urine in bladder; nerve supply, pudendal. SYN: s. urethrae externus [TA] , Guthrie muscle, musculus constrictor urethrae, musculus s. urethrae externus, s. muscle of urethra, Wilson muscle (1) .
external urethral s. of female [TA] composed of striated (voluntary) muscle and more properly a urogenital s., part forms a true anular s. around the urethra, part extends superiorly to the neck of the bladder, part passing anterior to the urethra that attaches to the ischial rami (compressor urethrae muscle) and a bandlike part that encircles both the urethra and the vagina (urethrovaginal s.). SYN: musculus s. urethrae externus femininae [TA] .
external urethral s. of male [TA] composed of striated (voluntary) muscle, includes a tubelike portion that encircles the membranous urethra, but also has a large, troughlike portion that ascends the anterior aspect of the prostatic urethra to the neck of the bladder and a part that passes anteriorly to the membranous urethra and attaches to the ischial rami on each side (compressor urethrae muscle). SYN: musculus s. urethrae externus masculinae [TA] .
extrinsic s. a s. provided by circular muscular fibers extraneous to the organ.
first duodenal s. the s. supposedly located at the level of the aboral extremity of the duodenal bulb.
functional s. SYN: physiologic s..
s. of gastric antrum SYN: s. angularis.
Glisson s. SYN: s. of hepatopancreatic ampulla.
s. of hepatic flexure of colon physiological s. at the level of the right colic flexure.
hepatopancreatic s. SYN: s. of hepatopancreatic ampulla.
s. of hepatopancreatic ampulla [TA] the smooth muscle s. of the hepatopancreatic ampulla within the duodenal papilla. SYN: musculus s. ampullae hepatopancreaticae [TA] , musculus s. ampullae biliaropancreaticae&star, musculus s. ampullae&star, s. of ampulla&star, s. of biliaropancreatic ampulla&star, Glisson s., hepatopancreatic s., Oddi s..
hypertensive upper esophageal s. SYN: cricopharyngeal achalasia.
Hyrtl s. a band, generally incomplete, of circular muscular fibers in the rectum about 10 cm above the anus (upper rectal ampulla).
ileal s. a thickening of circular musculature at the free margin of the ileal papilla. SYN: ileocecocolic s., marginal s., operculum ilei, Varolius s..
ileocecocolic s. SYN: ileal s..
iliopelvic s. SYN: midsigmoid s..
inferior esophageal s. a physiologic s. at the level of the esophagogastric junction; this is in fact an extrinsic s. formed by the surrounding musculature of the esophageal hiagus of the right crus of the diaphragm; causes a normally occurring constriction at the esophagogastric junction observable with a barium swallow. SYN: s. constrictor cardiae.
s. intermedius SYN: s. angularis.
internal anal s. [TA] a smooth muscle ring, formed by an increase of the circular fibers of the rectum, situated at the upper end of the anal canal, internal to the outer voluntary external anal s.. This s. is maximally contracted when the rectal ampulla is “at rest”—empty or relaxed to accommodate a distending fecal mass. It is inhibited with filling of the ampulla, increased distension, and peristalsis. SYN: musculus s. ani internus [TA] , internal s. muscle of anus.
internal urethral s. [TA] the complete collar of smooth muscle cells of the neck of the urinary bladder that extends distally to surround the preprostatic portion of the male urethra. There is not comparable structure in the neck of the female bladder; the internal urethral s. may exist to prevent reflux of semen into the bladder. SYN: musculus s. urethrae internus&star, preprostatic s.&star, supracollicular s.&star, anulus urethralis, muscular s. supracollicularis, musculus s. vesicae, preprostate urethral s., proximal urethral s., s. muscle of urinary bladder, s. vesicae.
intrinsic s. a thickening of the circular fibers of the muscular coat of an organ.
lower esophageal s. (LES) musculature of the gastroesophageal junction that is tonically active except during swallowing.
macroscopic s. a s. visible to the naked eye.
marginal s. SYN: ileal s..
mediocolic s. a physiological s. located midway in the ascending colon.
microscopic s. a s. visible only under the microscope.
midgastric transverse s. SYN: s. angularis.
midsigmoid s. the physiologic s. midway in the sigmoid colon. SYN: iliopelvic s..
muscular s. supracollicularis SYN: internal urethral s..
myovascular s. a s. having a muscular and a vascular (usually venous) component. See myovenous s..
myovenous s. a s. having a muscular and a venous component, e.g., at the pharyngoesophageal junction and anal canal.
Nélaton s. See transverse folds of rectum, under fold. SYN: Nélaton fibers.
O'Beirne s. SYN: rectosigmoid s..
s. oculi SYN: orbicularis oculi (muscle).
Oddi s. SYN: s. of hepatopancreatic ampulla.
s. oris SYN: orbicularis oris (muscle).
ostial s. a thickening of circular muscular fibers at the level of an orifice.
palatopharyngeal s. posterior fascicle of palatopharyngeus muscle.
pancreatic s. SYN: s. of pancreatic duct.
s. of pancreatic duct [TA] smooth muscle s. of the main pancreatic duct immediately proximal to the hepatoduodenal ampulla. SYN: musculus s. ductus pancreatici, pancreatic s., s. muscle of pancreatic duct.
pathologic s. a thickening of circular musculature caused by disease.
pelvirectal s. SYN: rectosigmoid s..
s. of the pharyngeal isthmus SYN: posterior fascicle of palatopharyngeus muscle.
physiologic s. a section of a tubular structure that acts as if it has a band of circular muscle to constrict it, although no such specialized structure can be found on morphologic examination. SYN: functional s., radiologic s..
postpyloric s. the duodenal portion of the s. or closing mechanism of the gastroduodenal pylorus.
prepapillary s. a s. of duodenum described in the location oral to the major duodenal papilla.
preprostate urethral s. SYN: internal urethral s..
preprostatic s. internal urethral s..
prepyloric s. a band of circular muscular fibers in the wall of the stomach near the gastroduodenal pylorus.
proximal urethral s. SYN: internal urethral s..
s. pupillae [TA] a ring of smooth muscle fibers surrounding the pupillary border of the iris. SYN: musculus s. pupillae [TA] , s. muscle of pupil.
pyloric s. [TA] a thickening of the circular layer of the gastric musculature encircling the gastroduodenal junction. SYN: musculus s. pylori [TA] , s. muscle of pylorus.
radiologic s. SYN: physiologic s..
rectosigmoid s. a circular band of muscular fibers at the rectosigmoid junction. SYN: O'Beirne s., O'Beirne valve, pelvirectal s..
segmental s. a s. of a segment of an organ, a tube, or a canal, and longer than an annular s..
smooth muscular s. SYN: lissosphincter.
striated muscular s. SYN: rhabdosphincter.
superior esophageal s. SYN: inferior constrictor (muscle) of pharynx. See inferior constrictor (muscle) of pharynx.
supracollicular s. internal urethral s..
s. of third portion of duodenum a physiologic s. supposedly located at the horizontal (inferior) portion of the duodenum.
unicanalicular s. a s. limited to one visceral canal or tube.
s. urethrae externus [TA] SYN: external urethral s..
urethrovaginal s. [TA] voluntary, bandlike part of external urethral s. of female that encircles both urethra and vagina superior to the perineal membrane. SYN: musculus s. urethrovaginalis [TA] .
s. vaginae SYN: bulbospongiosus (muscle).
Varolius s. SYN: ileal s..
velopharyngeal s. SYN: posterior fascicle of palatopharyngeus muscle.
s. vesicae SYN: internal urethral s..
s. vesicae biliaris the s. of the gallbladder, at the transition between the neck of the gallbladder and the cystic duct.

sphincteral
sphincteral (sfingk′ter-al)

Relating to a sphincter. SYN: sphincterial, sphincteric.

sphincteralgia
sphincteralgia (sfingk-ter-al′je-a)

Pain in the sphincter ani muscles. [sphincter + G. algos, pain]

sphincterectomy
sphincterectomy (sfingk-ter-ek′to-me)

1. Excision of a portion of the pupillary border of the iris. 2. Dissecting away any sphincter muscle. [sphincter + G. ektome, excision]

sphincterial
sphincterial, sphincteric (sfingk-ter′e-al, -ter-ik)

SYN: sphincteral.

sphincterismus
sphincterismus (sfingk-ter-iz′mus)

Spasmodic contraction of the sphincter ani muscles.

sphincteritis
sphincteritis (sfingk′ter-i′tis)

Inflammation of any sphincter.

sphincteroid
sphincteroid (sfingk′ter-oyd)

Denoting similarity to a musculus sphincter. [sphincter + G. eidos, resemblance]

sphincterolysis
sphincterolysis (sfingk-ter-ol′i-sis)

An operation for freeing the iris from the cornea in anterior synechia involving only the pupillary border. [sphincter, + G. lysis, loosening]

sphincteroplasty
sphincteroplasty (sfingk′ter-o-plas-te)

Operation on any sphincteric muscle. [sphincter + G. plastos, formed]

sphincteroscope
sphincteroscope (sfingk′ter-o-skop)

A speculum to facilitate inspection of the internal sphincter ani muscle. [sphincter + G. skopeo, to view]

sphincteroscopy
sphincteroscopy (sfingk′ter-os′ko-pe)

Visual examination of a sphincter.

sphincterotome
sphincterotome (sfingk′ter-o-tom)

An instrument for incising a sphincter.

sphincterotomy
sphincterotomy (sfingk-te-rot′o-me)

Incision or division of a sphincter muscle. [sphincter + G. tome, incision]
external s. transurethral incision of external urethral sphincter.
transduodenal s. division of Oddi sphincter; an operation to open the lower end of the common duct to remove impacted stones or to relieve spasm or stricture of the terminal bile and pancreatic ducts.

sphinganine
sphinganine (sfing′ga-nen)

Dihydrosphingosine;a constituent of the sphingolipids.

sphingol
sphingol (sfing′gol)

SYN: sphingosine.

sphingolipid
sphingolipid (sfing′go-lip-id)

Any lipid containing a long-chain base like that of sphingosine ( e.g., ceramides, cerebrosides, gangliosides, sphingomyelins); a constituent of nerve tissue.

sphingolipidosis
sphingolipidosis (sfing′go-lip-i-do′sis)

Collective designation for a variety of diseases characterized by abnormal sphingolipid metabolism, e.g., gangliosidosis, Gaucher disease, Niemann-Pick disease. SYN: sphingolipodystrophy.
cerebral s. any one of a group of inherited diseases characterized by failure to thrive, hypertonicity, progressive spastic paralysis, loss of vision and occurrence of blindness, usually with macular degeneration and optic atrophy, convulsions, and mental deterioration; associated with abnormal storage of sphingomyelin and related lipids in the brain. Four types are recognized as clinically and enzymatically distinct: 1) infantile type (Tay-Sachs disease, G_M2 gangliosidosis) due to a deficiency of hexosaminidase A; 2) early juvenile type (Jansky-Bielschowsky or Bielschowsky disease); 3) late juvenile type (Spielmeyer-Vogt disease; Spielmeyer-Sjögren disease; Batten-Mayou disease; ceroid lipofuscinosis); and 4) adult type (Kufs disease). SYN: cerebral lipidosis.

sphingolipodystrophy
sphingolipodystrophy (sfing′go-lip-o-dis′tro-fe)

SYN: sphingolipidosis.

sphingomyelinase
sphingomyelinase (sfing′go-mi′e-li-nas)

SYN: sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase.

sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase
sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase (sfing′go-mi′e-lin)

An enzyme catalyzing hydrolysis of sphingomyelin to N-acylsphingosine (a ceramide) and phosphocholine; a deficiency of this enzyme is associated with type I Niemann-Pick disease. SYN: sphingomyelinase.

sphingomyelins
sphingomyelins (sfing′go-mi′e-linz)

A group of phospholipids, found in brain, spinal cord, kidney, and egg yolk, containing 1-phosphocholine (choline O-phosphate) combined with a ceramide (a long-chain fatty acid linked to the nitrogen of a long-chain base, such as sphingosine). SYN: ceramide 1-phosphorylcholine, phosphosphingosides.

sphingosine
sphingosine (sfing′go-sen)

The principal long-chain base found in sphingolipids. SYN: (4E)-sphingenine, sphingol.

sphygm- sphygm-

See sphygmo-.

sphygmic
sphygmic (sfig′mik)

Relating to the pulse.

sphygmo- sphygmo-, sphygm-

Pulse. [G. sphygmos]

sphygmocardiograph
sphygmocardiograph (sfig′mo-kar′de-o-graf)

A polygraph recording both the heartbeat and the radial pulse. SYN: sphygmocardioscope. [sphygmo- + G. kardia, heart, + grapho, to write]

sphygmocardioscope
sphygmocardioscope (sfig′mo-kar′de-o-skop)

SYN: sphygmocardiograph. [sphygmo- + G. skopeo, to view]

sphygmochronograph
sphygmochronograph (sfig′mo-kron′o-graf)

A modified sphygmograph that represents graphically the time relations between the beat of the heart and the pulse; one recording the character of the pulse as well as its rapidity. [sphygmo- + G. chronos, time, + grapho, to write]

sphygmogram
sphygmogram (sfig′mo-gram)

The graphic curve made by a sphygmograph. SYN: pulse curve. [sphygmo- + G. gramma, something written]

sphygmograph
sphygmograph (sfig′mo-graf)

An instrument consisting of a lever, the short end of which rests on the radial artery at the wrist, its long end being provided with a stylet which records on a moving ribbon of smoked paper the excursions of the pulse. [sphygmo- + G. grapho, to write]

sphygmographic
sphygmographic (sfig-mo-graf′ik)

Relating to or made by a sphygmograph; denoting the s. tracing, or sphygmogram.

sphygmography
sphygmography (sfig-mog′ra-fe)

Use of the sphygmograph in recording the character of the pulse.

sphygmoid
sphygmoid (sfig′moyd)

Pulselike; resembling the pulse. [sphygmo- + G. eidos, resemblance]

sphygmomanometer
sphygmomanometer (sfig′mo-ma-nom′e-ter)

An instrument for measuring arterial blood pressure consisting of an inflatable cuff, inflating bulb, and a gauge showing the blood pressure. SYN: sphygmometer. [sphygmo- + G. manos, thin, scanty, + metron, measure]
Mosso s. an apparatus for measuring the blood pressure in the digital arteries.
Riva-Rocci s. the original blood pressure apparatus first used to noninvasively measure arterial pressure.
Rogers s. an s. with an aneroid barometer gauge.

sphygmomanometry
sphygmomanometry (sfig′mo-ma-nom′e-tre)

Determination of the blood pressure by means of a sphygmomanometer.

sphygmometer
sphygmometer (sfig-mom′e-ter)

SYN: sphygmomanometer.

sphygmometroscope
sphygmometroscope (sfig-mo-met′ro-skop)

An instrument for auscultating the pulse, used especially in the auscultatory method of reading the blood pressure, particularly the diastolic pressure. [sphygmo- + G. metron, measure, + skopeo, to view]

sphygmo-oscillometer
sphygmo-oscillometer (sfig′mo-os′i-lom′e-ter)

An instrument resembling an aneroid sphygmomanometer used in the measurement of the systolic and diastolic blood pressure. [sphygmo- + L. oscillo, to swing, + G. metron, measure]

sphygmopalpation
sphygmopalpation (sfig′mo-pal-pa′shun)

Feeling the pulse. [sphygmo- + L. palpatio, palpation]

sphygmophone
sphygmophone (sfig′mo-fon)

An instrument by which a sound is produced with each beat of the pulse. [sphygmo- + G. phone, sound]

sphygmoscope
sphygmoscope (sfig′mo-skop)

An instrument by which the pulse beats are made visible by causing fluid to rise in a glass tube, by means of a mirror projecting a beam of light, or simply by a moving lever as in the sphygmograph. [sphygmo- + G. skopeo, to view]
Bishop s. an instrument for measuring the blood pressure, with special reference to diastolic pressure; the tube is filled with a solution of cadmium borotungstate, and the scale is the reverse of that of a mercurial manometer, the pressure being made directly by the weight of the liquid and not by compressed air.

sphygmoscopy
sphygmoscopy (sfig-mos′ko-pe)

Examination of the pulse. [sphygmo- + G. skopeo, to view]

sphygmosystole
sphygmosystole (sfig-mo-sis′to-le)

Obsolete term for that segment of the pulse wave corresponding to the cardiac systole. [sphygmo- + G. systole, a contracting]

sphygmotonograph
sphygmotonograph (sfig-mo-to′no-graf)

An instrument for recording graphically both the pulse and the blood pressure. [sphygmo- + G. tonos, tension, + grapho, to write]

sphygmotonometer
sphygmotonometer (sfig-mo-to-nom′e-ter)

An instrument, like the sphygmotonograph, for determining the degree of blood pressure. [sphygmo- + G. tonos, tension, + metron, measure]

sphygmoviscosimetry
sphygmoviscosimetry (sfig-mo-vis-ko-sim′e-tre)

Measurement of the pressure and the viscosity of the blood.

spica
spica, pl .spicae (spi′ka, spi′ke)

See bandage. [L. a point, an ear of grain]

spicula
spicula (spik′u-la)

Plural of spiculum. [L.]

spicular
spicular (spik′u-lar)

Relating to or having spicules.

spicule
spicule (spik′ul)

1. A small needle-shaped body. 2. Accessory reproductive structure in male nematodes; useful in identification of species. [L. spiculum, dim. of spica, or spicum, a point]

spiculum
spiculum, pl .spicula (spik′u-lum, -la)

A spicule or small spike. [L.]

spider
spider (spi′der)

1. An arthropod of the order Araneida (subclass Arachnida) characterized by four pairs of legs; a cephalothorax; a globose, smooth abdomen; and a complex of web-spinning spinnerets. Among the venomous spiders found in the New World are the black widow s., Latrodectus mactans; red-legged widow s., Latrodectus bishopi; pruning s., or Peruvian tarantula, Glyptocranium gasteracanthoides; Chilean brown s., Loxosceles laeta; Peruvian brown s., Loxosceles rufiper; brown recluse s. of North America, Loxosceles reclusus. 2. An obstructive growth in the teat of a cow. [O. E. spinnan, to spin]
arterial s. SYN: s. angioma.
vascular s. SYN: s. angioma.

spider-burst
spider-burst (spi′der-berst)

Radiating dull red capillary lines on the skin of the leg, usually without any visible or palpable varicose veins, but nevertheless due to deep-seated venous dilation. [spiderweb + sunburst]

Spiegelberg
Spiegelberg

Otto, German gynecologist, 1830–1881. See S. criteria, under criterion.

Spieghel
Spieghel

Adrian van der. See Spigelius.

Spiegler
Spiegler

Eduard, Austrian dermatologist, 1860–1908. See cutaneous pseudolymphoma, S.-Fendt sarcoid.

Spielmeyer
Spielmeyer

Walter, Munich neurologist, 1879–1935. See S. acute swelling, S.-Stock disease, S.-Vogt disease.

spigelian spigelian (spi-je′le-an)

Relating to or described by Spigelius.

Spigelius
Spigelius

Adrian (van der Spieghel), Flemish anatomist in Padua, 1578–1625. See spigelian hernia, S. line, S. lobe.

spike
spike

1. A brief electrical event of 3–25 ms that gives the appearance in the electroencephalogram of a rising and falling vertical line. 2. In electrophoresis, a sharply angled upward deflection on a densitometric tracing.
ponto-geniculo-occipital s. EEG spikes during REM sleep that arise in the pons and pass to the lateral geniculate body and occipital cortex.

spill
spill

An overflow; a scattering of fluid or finely divided matter.
cellular s. a dissemination of cells through the lymph or blood, thereby resulting in metastases or implantation of foreign tissue in any part or organ.

Spiller
Spiller

William G., U. S. neurologist, 1863–1940. See Frazier-S. operation.

spillway
spillway

A groove or channel through which food may pass from the occlusal surfaces of teeth during the masticatory process. SYN: sluiceway.

spilus
spilus (spi′lus)

SYN: nevus s.. [Mod. L. fr. G. spilos, a spot]

spin- spin-

See spino-.

spina
spina, gen. and pl. spinae (spi′na, -ne) [TA]

SYN: spine (1) . [L. a thorn, the backbone, spine]
s. angularis SYN: spine of sphenoid bone.
s. bifida embryologic failure of fusion of one or more vertebral arches; subtypes of s. bifida are based on degree and pattern of malformation associated with neuroectoderm involvement. SYN: hydrocele spinalis, schistorrhachis.
s. bifida aperta SYN: s. bifida cystica.
s. bifida cystica s. bifida associated with a meningeal cyst (meningocele) or a cyst containing both meninges and spinal cord (meningomyelocele) or only spinal cord (myelocele). SYN: s. bifida aperta, s. bifida manifesta.
s. bifida manifesta SYN: s. bifida cystica.
s. bifida occulta s. bifida in which there is a spinal defect, but no protrusion of the cord or its membrane, although there is often some abnormality in their development.
s. dorsalis SYN: vertebral column.
s. frontalis s, nasalis ossis frontalis.
spinae geniorum inferior et superior SYN: mental spine.
s. helicis [TA] SYN: spine of helix.
s. iliaca anterior inferior [TA] SYN: anterior inferior iliac spine.
s. iliaca anterior superior [TA] SYN: anterior superior iliac spine.
s. iliaca posterior inferior [TA] SYN: posterior inferior iliac spine.
s. iliaca posterior superior [TA] SYN: posterior superior iliac spine.
s. ischiadica [TA] SYN: ischial spine.
s. meatus SYN: suprameatal spine.
s. mentalis (inferior et superior) [TA] SYN: mental spine.
s. nasalis anterior corporis maxillae [TA] SYN: anterior nasal spine of maxilla.
s. nasalis ossis frontalis [TA] SYN: nasal spine of frontal bone.
s. nasalis posterior laminae horizontalis ossis palatini [TA] SYN: posterior nasal spine of horizontal plate of palatine bone.
s. ossis sphenoidalis [TA] SYN: spine of sphenoid bone.
spinae palatinae [TA] SYN: palatine spines, under spine.
s. peronealis SYN: fibular trochlea of calcaneus.
s. pubis SYN: pubic tubercle.
s. scapulae [TA] SYN: spine of scapula.
s. suprameatalis suprameatal spine.
s. suprameatica SYN: suprameatal spine.
s. trochlearis [TA] SYN: trochlear spine.
s. tympanica major [TA] SYN: greater tympanic spine.
s. tympanica minor [TA] SYN: lesser tympanic spine.

spinal
spinal (spi′nal)

1. Relating to any spine or spinous process. 2. Relating to the vertebral column. SYN: rachial, rachidial, rachidian, spinalis. [L. spinalis]

spinalis
spinalis (spi-na′lis)

SYN: spinal. [L.]

spinate
spinate (spi′nat)

Spined; having spines.

spindle
spindle (spin′dl)

In anatomy and pathology, any fusiform cell or structure. [A.S.]
aortic s. a fusiform dilation of the aorta immediately beyond the isthmus. SYN: His s..
central s. a central group of microtubules (continuous fibers) that course uninterrupted, between the asters, in contrast to the microtubules attached to the individual chromosomes (s. fibers).
cleavage s. the s. formed during the cleavage of a zygote or its blastomeres.
His s. SYN: aortic s..
Krukenberg s. a vertical fusiform area of melanin pigmentation on the posterior surface of the central cornea.
Kühne s. SYN: neuromuscular s..
mitotic s. the fusiform figure characteristic of a dividing cell; it consists of microtubules (s. fibers), some of which become attached to each chromosome at its centromere and are involved in chromosomal movement; other microtubules (continuous fibers) pass from pole to pole. SYN: nuclear s..
muscle s. SYN: neuromuscular s..
neuromuscular s. a fusiform end organ in skeletal muscle in which afferent and a few efferent nerve fibers terminate; it contains from 3–10 striated muscle fibers (intrafusal fibers) that are much smaller than the ordinary muscle fibers, are separated from them by a capsule that encloses the organ, and are innervated by the thin axon of a gamma motoneuron (gamma motor fiber); the sensory endings that occur on the intrafusal fibers are either annulospiral or flower spray endings; this sensory end organ is particularly sensitive to passive stretch of the muscle in which it is enclosed. SYN: Kühne s., muscle s..
neurotendinous s. SYN: Golgi tendon organ.
nuclear s. SYN: mitotic s..
sleep s. the electroencephalographic record of 14-per-second bursts of wave frequency seen on EEG examination.

spine
spine (spin) [TA]

1. A short, sharp, thornlike process of bone; a spinous process. SYN: spina [TA] . 2. SYN: vertebral column. [L. spina]
alar s. SYN: s. of sphenoid bone.
angular s. SYN: s. of sphenoid bone.
anterior inferior iliac s. [TA] s. on the anterior border of the ilium between the anterior superior iliac s. and the acetabulum; site of origin for the direct head of the rectus femoris muscle. SYN: spina iliaca anterior inferior [TA] .
anterior nasal s. (ANS) SYN: anterior nasal s. of maxilla.
anterior nasal s. of maxilla [TA] a pointed projection at the anterior extremity of the intermaxillary suture; the tip, as seen on a lateral cephalometric radiograph, is used as a cephalometric landmark. SYN: spina nasalis anterior corporis maxillae [TA] , anterior nasal s..
anterior superior iliac s. [TA] the anterior extremity of the iliac crest, which provides attachment for the inguinal ligament and the sartorius muscle. SYN: spina iliaca anterior superior [TA] .
bamboo s. in radiology, the appearance of the thoracic or lumbar s. with ankylosing spondylitis.
cleft s. See spina bifida.
dendritic spines variably long excrescences of nerve cell dendrites, varying in shape from small knobs to thornlike or filamentous processes, usually more numerous on distal dendrite arborizations than on the proximal part of dendritic trunks; they are a preferential site of synaptic axodendritic contact; sparse or absent in some types of nerve cells (motor neurons, the large cells of the globus pallidus, stellate cells of the cerebral cortex), exceedingly numerous in others such as the pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex and the Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex. SYN: dendritic thorns, gemmule (2) .
dorsal s. SYN: vertebral column.
greater tympanic s. [TA] the anterior edge of the tympanic notch (of Rivinus). SYN: spina tympanica major [TA] .
s. of helix [TA] an anteriorly directed s. at the extremity of the crus of the helix of the auricle. SYN: spina helicis [TA] , apophysis helicis.
hemal s. the middle point on the underside of the hemal arch of a vertebra in lower vertebrates; considered by some to be represented by the sternum in humans.
Henle s. SYN: suprameatal s..
iliac s. anterior inferior iliac s., anterior superior iliac s., posterior inferior iliac s., posterior superior iliac s..
ischiadic s. SYN: ischial s..
ischial s. [TA] a pointed process from the posterior border of the ischium on a level with the lower border of the acetabulum; gives attachment to the coccygeus muscle and sacrospinous ligament; the pudendal nerve passes dorsal to the ischial s., which is palpable per vagina or rectum, and thus is used as a target for the needle tip in administering a pudendal nerve block. SYN: spina ischiadica [TA] , ischiadic s., sciatic s..
lesser tympanic s. [TA] the posterior edge of the tympanic notch (of Rivinus). SYN: spina tympanica minor [TA] .
meatal s. SYN: suprameatal s..
mental s. [TA] a slight projection, sometimes two (superior and inferior), in the middle line of the posterior surface of the body of the mandible, giving attachment to the geniohyoid muscle (below) and the genioglossus (above). SYN: spina mentalis (inferior et superior) [TA] , genial tubercle, spinae geniorum inferior et superior.
nasal s. of frontal bone [TA] a projection from the center of the nasal part of the frontal bone, which lies between and articulates with the nasal bones and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid. SYN: spina nasalis ossis frontalis [TA] .
neural s. the middle point of the neural arch of the typical vertebra, represented by the spinous process.
palatine spines [TA] the longitudinal ridges along the palatine grooves on the inferior surface of the palatine process of the maxilla. SYN: spinae palatinae [TA] .
poker s. stiff s. resulting from widespread joint immobility or overwhelming muscle spasm as might be evoked by an osteomyelitis of a vertebra or a rheumatoid spondylitis.
posterior inferior iliac s. [TA] s. at the inferior end of the posterior border of the ilium between the posterior superior iliac s. and the greater sciatic notch; it forms the upper margin of the latter. SYN: spina iliaca posterior inferior [TA] .
posterior nasal s. of horizontal plate of palatine bone [TA] the sharp posterior extremity of the nasal crest of the hard palate. SYN: spina nasalis posterior laminae horizontalis ossis palatini [TA] , posterior palatine s..
posterior palatine s. SYN: posterior nasal s. of horizontal plate of palatine bone.
posterior superior iliac s. [TA] the posterior extremity of the iliac crest, the uppermost point of attachment of the sacrotuberous and posterior sacroiliac ligaments; a readily apparent dimple occurs in the skin overlying the posterior superior iliac s. which is clinically useful as an indication of the level of the S2 vertebra, the level of the inferior limit of the subarachnoid space. SYN: spina iliaca posterior superior [TA] .
pubic s. SYN: pubic tubercle.
s. of scapula [TA] the prominent triangular ridge on the dorsal aspect of the scapula, providing attachment for the trapezius and deltoid muscles and separating the supra- and infraspinous fossae; the acromion is a lateral extension from the s.. SYN: spina scapulae [TA] .
sciatic s. SYN: ischial s..
sphenoidal s. SYN: s. of sphenoid bone.
s. of sphenoid bone [TA] a posterior and downward projection from the greater wing of the sphenoid bone on either side, located posterolateral to the foramen spinosum, so named for its proximity to the sphenoidal s.; gives attachment to the sphenomandibular ligament. SYN: processus spinosus [TA] , spina ossis sphenoidalis [TA] , alar s., angular s., sphenoidal s., spina angularis, spinous process of sphenoid.
Spix s. SYN: lingula of mandible.
suprameatal s. [TA] small bony prominence anterior to the supramastoid pit at the posterosuperior margin of the bony external acoustic meatus. SYN: spina suprameatalis&star, Henle s., meatal s., spina meatus, spina suprameatica.
thoracic s. the thoracic region of the vertebral column; the thoracic vertebrae [T1–T12] as a whole; that part of the vertebral column which enters into the formation of the thorax.
trochlear s. [TA] a spicule of bone arising from the edge of the trochlear fovea, giving attachment to the pulley of the superior oblique muscle of the eyeball. SYN: spina trochlearis [TA] .

Spinelli
Spinelli

Pier G., Italian gynecologist, 1862–1929. See S. operation.

spinnbarkeit
spinnbarkeit (spin′bahr-kit)

The stringy, elastic character of cervical mucus during the ovulatory period; in contrast to other times in the menstrual cycle, cervical secretions at midcycle are clear, abundant, and of low viscosity. [Ger. S., viscosity, ability to form a thread]

spino- spino-, spin-

1. The spine. 2. Spinous. [L. spina]

spinobulbar
spinobulbar (spi′no-bul′bar)

SYN: bulbospinal.

spinocerebellum
spinocerebellum (spi′no-sar-e-bel′um) [TA]

SYN: paleocerebellum.

spinocollicular
spinocollicular (spi′no-col-ik′u-lar)

SYN: spinotectal.

spinocostalis
spinocostalis (spi′no-kos-ta′lis)

The superior and inferior serratus posterior muscles regarded as one. [L.]

spinoglenoid
spinoglenoid (spi′no-gle′noyd)

Relating to the spine and the glenoid cavity of the scapula.

spinomuscular
spinomuscular (spi′no-mus′ku-lar)

Relating to the spinal cord and the muscles supplied by the spinal nerves.

spinoneural
spinoneural (spi-no-noo′ral)

Relating to the spinal cord and the nerves given off from it.

spinose
spinose (spi′nos)

SYN: spinous.

spinotectal
spinotectal (spi-no-tek′tal)

Passing upward from the spinal cord to the tectum. SYN: spinocollicular.

spinotransversarius
spinotransversarius (spi′no-trans-ver-sar′e-us)

The splenius and obliquus capitis major muscles regarded as one.

spinous
spinous (spi′nus)

Relating to, shaped like, or having a spine or spines. SYN: spinose.

spintharicon
spintharicon (spin-thar′i-kon)

A spark chamber device used to record the distribution of low energy emissions from radiopharmaceuticals administered internally, especially for thyroid scans using iodine-125. [G. spinther, spark]

spinthariscope
spinthariscope (spin-thar′i-skop)

SYN: scintillation counter. [G. spinther, spark, + skopeo, to view]

spiperone
spiperone (spip′e-ron)

An antipsychotic.

spir- spir-

See spiro-.

spiracle
spiracle (spi′ra-kl, spir-)

An aperture for breathing in arthropods and in sharks and related fishes. [L. spiraculum, fr. spiro, to breathe]

spiradenoma
spiradenoma (spi-rad-e-no′ma)

A benign tumor of sweat glands. [G. speira, coil, + adenoma]
eccrine s. a typically painful benign skin tumor composed of two cell types derived from the secretory part of eccrine sweat glands.

spiral
spiral (spi′ral)

1. Coiled; winding around a center like a watch spring; winding and ascending like a wire spring. 2. A structure in the shape of a coil. [Mediev. L. spiralis, fr. G. speira, a coil]
Curschmann spirals spirally twisted masses of mucus occurring in the sputum in bronchial asthma.
s. of Tillaux an imaginary line connecting the insertions of the recti muscles of the eye.

spiramycin
spiramycin (spir-a-mi′sin)

An antibiotic substance (almost identical to leucomycin) produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens; an antimicrobial agent.

spirem
spirem, spireme (spi′rem, spi′rem)

Term formerly applied to the first stage of mitosis or meiosis (prophase) when extended chromosome filaments have the appearance of a loose ball of yarn, on the incorrect supposition that the filaments were continuous and later broke apart to form individual chromosomes. [G. speirema, a coil 1]

spirilla
spirilla (spi-ril′a)

Plural of spirillum.

Spirillaceae
Spirillaceae (spi-ri-la′se-e)

A family of usually motile, aerobic to facultatively anaerobic bacteria (order Pseudomonadales) containing Gram-negative, rod-shaped cells which are curved or spirally twisted. Motile cells contain a single polar flagellum or a tuft of polar flagella. These organisms are primarily water forms, although some are parasitic or pathogenic on humans and other higher animals. The type genus is Spirillum. See Spirillum.

spirillar
spirillar (spi-ril′ar)

S-shaped; referring to a bacterial cell with an S shape.

spirillicidal
spirillicidal (spi-ril-i-si′dal)

Destructive to spirilla or spirochetes. [spirilla + L. caedo, to kill]

spirillosis
spirillosis (spi′ri-lo′sis)

Any disease caused by the presence of spirilla in the blood or tissues.

Spirillum
Spirillum (spi-ril′um)

A genus of large (1.4–1.7 μm in diameter), rigid, helical, Gram-negative bacteria (family Spirillaceae) that are motile by means of bipolar fascicles of flagella. These freshwater organisms are obligately microaerophilic and chemoorganotrophic, possessing a strictly respiratory metabolism; they neither oxidize nor ferment carbohydrates. The type species is S. volutans. [Mod. L. dim. of L. spira, coil, fr. G. speira]
S. minus a species of uncertain taxonomic classification that causes a form of rat-bite fever (sodoku). This species has never been cultured.
S. volutans a species found in fresh water; it is the type species of S..

spirillum
spirillum, pl .spirilla (spi-ril′um, -a)

A member of the genus S..
Obermeier s. SYN: Borrelia recurrentis.
Vincent s. the s. or spirochete found in association with Vincent bacillus. Fusobacterium nucleatum is frequently the only bacillus isolated.

spirit
spirit (spir′it)

1. An alcoholic liquor stronger than wine, obtained by distillation. 2. Any distilled liquid. 3. An alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solution of volatile substances; some spirits are used as flavoring agents, others have medicinal value. SYN: spiritus. [L. spiritus, a breathing, life soul, fr. spiro, to breathe]
ardent spirits brandy, whiskey, and other forms of distilled alcoholic liquors.
aromatic ammonia s. a hydroalcoholic solution containing approximately 2% ammonia and 4% ammonium carbonate and the aromatics: lemon oil, lavender oil, and myristica oil. Used mainly by inhalation to produce reflex stimulation in persons who have fainted or are at risk of syncope. SYN: sal volatile, smelling salts.
industrial methylated s., methylated s. SYN: denatured alcohol.
neutral spirits spirits distilled from suitable raw materials, are 95% ethanol (v/v), that is, at least 190 proof when distilled. Used for blending with straight whiskey and for making gin, cordials, liqueurs, and vodka. SEE ALSO: alcohol.
proof s. dilute alcohol, specific gravity 0.920, containing 49.5% by weight (57.27% by volume) of C₂H₅OH at 15.56°C. Originally in Great Britain it was the weakest alcohol that would permit ignition of gunpowder moistened with it. British proof s. has a specific gravity of 0.9198 and contains 49.2% C₂H₅OH by weight, or 57.1% by volume at the temperature of 10.56°C.
pyroligneous s., pyroxylic s. SYN: methyl alcohol.
rectified s. SYN: alcohol (2) .
wine s. SYN: alcohol (2) .
wood s. SYN: methyl alcohol.

spirituous
spirituous (spir′i-choo-us)

Containing alcohol in large amount, denoting liquors.

spiritus
spiritus, gen. and pl. spiritus (spir′i-tus)

SYN: spirit. [L.]

spiro- spiro-, spir-

1. Coil, coil-shaped. [G. speira] 2. Breathing. [L. spiro, to breathe]

Spirocerca lupi
Spirocerca lupi (spi-ro-ser′ka loo′pi)

The esophageal worm of dogs and other carnivores, a red spiruroid nematode that occurs in nodules in the wall of the esophagus, stomach, and aorta of dogs, foxes, and wolves; intermediate hosts are various coprophagic beetles. Clinical symptoms occur only in very heavy infections, which are associated with esophageal carcinomata in dogs and with hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy. [L., fr. G. speira, coil, + G. kerkos, tail; L. lupus, wolf]

Spirochaeta
Spirochaeta (spi′ro-ke′ta)

A genus of motile bacteria (order Spirochaetales) containing presumably Gram-negative, flexible, undulating, spiral-shaped rods that may or may not possess flagelliform, tapering ends. The protoplast is spirally wound around an axial filament. No obvious periplast membrane or cross-striations occur. These organisms are motile by means of a creeping motion over the surfaces of supporting objects. They are not parasitic but are found free-living in fresh or sea water slime; they are commonly found in sewage and foul waters. At present the genus contains five species. The type species is S. plicatilis. [Mod. L. fr. G. speira, a coil, + chaite, hair]
S. obermeieri SYN: Borrelia recurrentis.
S. plicatilis a very large species (sometimes as long as 200 μm) of bacteria; it is nonparasitic, so far as known; it is the type species of the genus S..

Spirochaetaceae
Spirochaetaceae (spi-ro-ke-ta′se-e)

A family of bacteria (order Spirochaetales) consisting of coarse, spiral cells, 30–50 μm in length and possessing definite protoplasmic structures. These organisms occur in stagnant, fresh, or salt water and in the intestinal tracts of bivalve molluscs. The type genus is Spirochaeta. See Spirochaeta.

Spirochaetales
Spirochaetales (spi-ro-ke-ta′lez)

An order of bacteria containing slender, flexuous cells, 6–500 μm in length, in the form of spirals with at least one complete turn. Some species may have an axial filament, a lateral crista, or ridge, or transverse striations. All of these organisms are motile, whirling or spinning about the long axis, thus driving the organism forward or backward. Free-living, saprophytic, and parasitic forms occur. The type family is Spirochaetaceae.

spirochetal
spirochetal (spi-ro-ke′tal)

Relating to spirochetes, especially to infection with such organisms.

spirochete
spirochete (spi′ro-ket)

A vernacular term used to refer to any organism resembling a Leptospira, Spirochaeta, or Treponema cell.

spirochetemia
spirochetemia (spi′ro-ke-te′me-a)

Presence of spirochetes in the blood. [spirochete + G. haima, blood]

spirocheticide
spirocheticide (spi-ro-ke′ti-sid)

An agent destructive to spirochetes. [spirochete + L. caedo, to kill]

spirochetolysis
spirochetolysis (spi′ro-ke-tol′i-sis)

Destruction of spirochetes, as by chemotherapy or by specific antibodies. [spirochete + G. lysis, a loosening]

spirochetosis
spirochetosis (spi′ro-ke-to′sis)

Any disease caused by a spirochete.
bronchopulmonary s. SYN: hemorrhagic bronchitis.

spirochetotic
spirochetotic (spi′ro-ke-tot′ik)

Relating to or marked by spirochetosis.

spirogram
spirogram (spi′ro-gram)

The tracing made by the spirograph.

spirograph
spirograph (spi′ro-graf)

A device for representing graphically the depth and rapidity of respiratory movements. [L. spiro, to breathe, + G. grapho, to write]

spiro-index
spiro-index (spi′ro-in-deks)

Vital capacity divided by the height of the individual.

spirometer
spirometer (spi-rom′e-ter)

In clinical practice and research, any device used for measuring flows and volumes, inspired and expired by the lungs, thus assessing pulmonary function. Considered the most basic measurement device of pulmonary function. [L. spiro, to breathe, + G. metron, measure]
chain-compensated s. a Tissot s. in which compensation for change in bell buoyancy is accomplished automatically by a suspending chain of correct mass per unit length.
Krogh s. a water-sealed s. in which the bell is a large, shallow, rectangular box rotating slightly around a horizontal axis extending along one edge, with an arm extending beyond that axis to a counterbalancing weight; comparable with a wedge s..
Tissot s. a very large water-sealed s. designed for accumulating expired gas over a long period of time; the counterbalancing of the bell (almost frictionless) is compensated for by the bell's change in buoyancy as it emerges from the water, keeping the contained gas precisely at ambient atmospheric pressure.
wedge s. a waterless s. constructed of two large rectangular plates with edges connected by accordion-pleated rubber so that large changes in volume are accommodated by small changes in the acute angle of the wedge-shaped interior, sensed by an electrical transducer; designed for rapid response by reducing the acceleration of the moving parts.

Spirometra
Spirometra (spi-ro-me′tra)

A genus of pseudophyllid tapeworms. [G. speira, coil, + metra, womb (uterus)]
S. mansoni a species of pseudophyllid tapeworms of wild and feral cats, the larval form of which (sparganum) may survive in human tissues; it has been commonly found in humans in the Orient, but is also reported from widely scattered areas elsewhere; infection of humans with the sparganum occurs from active migration of the larva from freshly split infected frogs used as a poultice for wounds, sore eyes (as in ocular sparganosis), bruises, or ulcerations; it is also likely that humans may be infected with sparganum larvae from eating any vertebrate harboring these plerocercoids. SYN: Diphyllobothrium linguloides, Diphyllobothrium mansoni.
S. mansonoides a species of pseudophyllid tapeworms from North America, whose larva (sparganum) may be a cause of sparganosis of humans in Florida and the Gulf of Mexico states. SYN: Diphyllobothrium mansonoides.

spirometry
spirometry (spi-rom′e-tre)

Making pulmonary measurements with a spirometer.
forced s. inspiration and more particularly expiration in which volume is plotted against time, giving a measure of pulmonary function. The amount of air expelled in one second (FEV) is often considered the single most important measurement in clinical respiratory physiology.

spironolactone
spironolactone (spi′ro-no-lak′ton)

A diuretic agent that blocks the renal tubular actions of aldosterone. It increases the urinary excretion of sodium and chloride, decreases the excretion of potassium and ammonium, and reduces the titratable acidity of the urine; most effectively used to potentiate the natriuretic action and reduce the potassium excretion produced by other diuretics.

spiroscope
spiroscope (spi′ro-skop)

A device for measuring the air capacity of the lungs. [L. spiro, to breathe, + G. skopeo, to view]

spirostan
spirostan (spi′ro-stan)

A 16,22:22,26-diepoxycholestane.

spiruroid
spiruroid (spi′roo-royd)

Common name for a member of the superfamily Spiruroidea.

Spiruroidea
Spiruroidea (spi-roo-roy′de-a)

A superfamily of arthropod-borne nematode parasites of the alimentary tract, respiratory system, or orbital, nasal, or oral cavities of vertebrates. They are common and frequently pathogenic parasites of domestic mammals and birds, producing ulcerations from penetration of the anterior end of these spiny worms through the alimentary lining; includes the families Acuariidae, Gnathostomatidae, Rictulariidae, Seuratidae, Physalopteridae, Spiruridae, and Thelaziidae. [G. speiroeides, spiral]

spissitude
spissitude (spis′i-tood)

The state of being inspissated; the condition of a fluid thickened almost to a solid by evaporation or inspissation. [L. spissitudo, fr. spissus, thick]

spitting
spitting

SYN: expectoration (2) .

spittle
spittle (spit′l)

SYN: saliva. [A.S. spatl]

Spitz
Spitz

Sophie, 20th century U.S. pathologist. See S. nevus.

Spitzer
Spitzer

Alexander, Austrian anatomist, 1868–1943. See S. theory.

Spitzka
Spitzka

Edward C., U.S. neurologist, 1852–1914. See S. nucleus, S. marginal tract, S. marginal zone, column of S.-Lissauer.

Spix
Spix

Johann B., German anatomist, 1781–1826. See S. spine.

SPL
SPL

Abbreviation for sound pressure level.

splanchn- splanchn-

See splanchno-.

splanchnapophysial
splanchnapophysial, splanchnapophyseal (splangk′na-po-fiz′e-al)

Relating to a splanchnapophysis.

splanchnapophysis
splanchnapophysis (splangk′na-pof′i-sis)

An apophysis of the typical vertebra, on the side opposite to the neural apophysis, or any bony process, giving attachment to a viscus or part of the alimentary tract. [splanchn- + G. apophysis, offshoot]

splanchnectopia
splanchnectopia (splangk-nek-to′pe-a)

Displacement of any of the viscera. [splanchn- + G. ektopos, out of place]

splanchnesthesia
splanchnesthesia (splangk-nes-the′ze-a)

SYN: visceral sense. [splanch- + G. aisthesis, sensation]

splanchnic
splanchnic (splangk′nik)

SYN: visceral.

splanchnicectomy
splanchnicectomy (splangk-ni-sek′to-me)

Resection of the splanchnic nerves and usually of the celiac ganglion as well. [splanchni- + G. ektome, excision]

splanchnicotomy
splanchnicotomy (splangk-ni-kot′o-me)

Section of a splanchnic nerve or nerves, a surgical procedure formerly used in the treatment of hypertension. [splanchni- + G. tome, incision]

splanchno- splanchno-, splanchn-, splanchni-

The viscera. SEE ALSO: viscero-. [G. splanchnon, viscus]

splanchnocele
splanchnocele (splangk′no-sel)

1. The primitive body cavity or celom in the embryo. [G. koilos, hollow] 2. Hernia of any of the abdominal viscera. [G. kele, hernia]

splanchnocranium
splanchnocranium (splangk-no-kra′ne-um)

SYN: viscerocranium.

splanchnography
splanchnography (splangk-nog′ra-fe)

A treatise on or description of the viscera. [splanchno- + G. grapho, to write]

splanchnolith
splanchnolith (splangk′no-lith)

An intestinal calculus. [splanchno- + G. lithos, stone]

splanchnologia
splanchnologia (splangk′no-lo′je-a)

SYN: splanchnology, splanchnology.

splanchnology
splanchnology (splangk-nol′o-je)

The branch of medical science dealing with the viscera. SYN: splanchnologia. [splanchno- + G. logos, study]

splanchnomegaly
splanchnomegaly (splangk-no-meg′a-le)

SYN: visceromegaly. [splanchno- + G. megas, large]

splanchnomicria
splanchnomicria (splangk-no-mik′re-a)

Condition in which the splanchnic organs are of smaller than normal size. [splanchno- + G. mikros, small]

splanchnopathy
splanchnopathy (splangk-nop′a-the)

Any disease of the abdominal viscera. [splanchno- + G. pathos, disease]

splanchnopleural
splanchnopleural (splangk-no-ploor′al)

SYN: splanchnopleuric.

splanchnopleure
splanchnopleure (splangk′no-ploor)

The embryonic layer formed by association of the visceral layer of the lateral plate mesoderm with the endoderm. [splanchno- + G. pleura, side]

splanchnopleuric
splanchnopleuric (splangk-no-ploor′ik)

Relating to the splanchnopleure. SYN: splanchnopleural.

splanchnoptosis
splanchnoptosis, splanchnoptosia (splangk′no-to′sis, -to′se-a)

SYN: visceroptosis. [splanchno- + G. ptosis a falling]

splanchnosclerosis
splanchnosclerosis (splangk′no-skle-ro′sis)

Hardening, through connective tissue overgrowth, of any of the viscera. [splanchno- + G. sklerosis, hardening]

splanchnoskeletal
splanchnoskeletal (splangk-no-skel′e-tal)

SYN: visceroskeletal.

splanchnoskeleton
splanchnoskeleton (splangk-no-skel′e-ton)

SYN: visceroskeleton (2) .

splanchnosomatic
splanchnosomatic (splangk′no-so-mat′ik)

SYN: viscerosomatic. [splanchno- + G. soma, body]

splanchnotomy
splanchnotomy (splangk-not′o-me)

Dissection of the viscera by incision. [splanchno- + G. tome, incision]

splanchnotribe
splanchnotribe (splangk′no-trib)

An instrument resembling a large angiotribe used for occluding the intestine temporarily, prior to resection. [splanchno- + G. tribo, to rub, bruise]

splay
splay (spla)

1. To lay open the end of a tubular structure by making a longitudinal incision to increase its potential diameter. SEE ALSO: spatulate. 2. The rounding of the corner on the graph relating rate of renal tubular secretion or reabsorption of a substance to its arterial plasma concentration, due primarily to the fact that some nephrons reach their tubular maximum before others do.

spleen
spleen (splen) [TA]

A large vascular lymphatic organ lying in the upper part of the abdominal cavity on the left side, between the stomach and diaphragm, composed of white and red pulp; the white consists of lymphatic nodules and diffuse lymphatic tissue; the red consists of venous sinusoids between which are splenic cords; the stroma of both red and white pulp is reticular fibers and cells. A framework of fibroelastic trabeculae extending from the capsule subdivides the structure into poorly defined lobules. It is a blood-forming organ in early life and later a storage organ for red corpuscles and platelets; because of the large number of macrophages, it also acts as a blood filter, both identifying and destroying effete erythrocytes. SYN: splen [TA] , lien&star. [G. splen]
accessory s. [TA] one of the small globular masses of splenic tissue occasionally found in the region of the s., in one of the peritoneal folds or elsewhere. SYN: splen accessorius [TA] , lien accessorius&star, lien succenturiatus, lienculus, lienunculus, spleneolus, spleniculus, splenule, splenulus, splenunculus.
diffuse waxy s. a condition of amyloid degeneration of the s., affecting chiefly the extrasinusoidal tissue spaces of the pulp.
floating s. a s. that is palpable because of excessive mobility from a relaxed or lengthened pedicle rather than because of enlargement. SYN: lien mobilis, movable s..
lardaceous s. SYN: waxy s..
movable s. SYN: floating s..
sago s. amyloidosis in the s. affecting chiefly the malpighian bodies.
sugar-coated s. hyaloserositis involving the s..
waxy s. amyloidosis of the s.. SYN: lardaceous s..

splen
splen [TA]

SYN: spleen. [G. s., spleen]
s. accessorius [TA] SYN: accessory spleen.

splen- splen-

See spleno-.

splenalgia
splenalgia (sple-nal′je-a)

A rarely used term for a painful condition of the spleen. SYN: splenodynia. [splen- + G. algos, pain]

Splendore
Splendore

Alfonso, 20th century Italian physician. See S.-Hoeppli phenomenon, Lutz-S.-Almeida disease.

splenectomy
splenectomy (sple-nek′to-me)

Removal of the spleen. [splen- + G. ektome, excision]

splenectopia
splenectopia, splenectopy (splen′ek-to′pe-a, sple-nek′to-pe)

1. Displacement of the spleen, as in a floating spleen. 2. The presence of rests of splenic tissue, usually in the region of the spleen. [splen- + G. ektopos, out of place]

splenelcosis
splenelcosis (splen-el-ko′sis)

Abscess of the spleen. [splen- + G. helkosis, ulceration]

spleneolus
spleneolus (sple-ne′o-lus)

SYN: accessory spleen. [Mod. L. dim. of G. splen]

splenetic
splenetic (sple-net′ik)

1. SYN: splenic. 2. Fretfully surly.

splenial
splenial (sple′ne-al)

1. Relating to the splenium. 2. Relating to a splenius muscle. [G. splenion, bandage]

splenic
splenic (splen′ik)

Relating to the spleen. SYN: lienal, splenetic (1) .

spleniculus
spleniculus (splen-ik′u-lus)

SYN: accessory spleen. [Mod. L.]

spleniform
spleniform (splen′i-form, sple′ni-)

SYN: splenoid.

spleniserrate
spleniserrate (splen′i-ser′at)

Relating to the splenius and serratus muscles.

splenitis
splenitis (sple-ni′tis)

Inflammation of the spleen. [splen- + G. -itis, inflammation]

splenium
splenium, pl .splenia (sple′ne-um, -a)

1. A compress or bandage. 2. [TA] A structure resembling a bandaged part. [Mod. L. fr. G. splenion, bandage]
s. corporis callosi [TA] SYN: s. of corpus callosum.
s. of corpus callosum [TA] the thickened posterior extremity of the corpus callosum. SYN: s. corporis callosi [TA] , tuber corporis callosi.

splenius
splenius (sple′ne-us)

See s. muscle of head, s. muscle of neck. [Mod. L. fr. G. splenion, a bandage]

spleno- spleno-, splen-

The spleen. [G. splen]

splenocele
splenocele (sple′no-sel)

A splenic hernia. [spleno- + G. kele, tumor, hernia]

splenocleisis
splenocleisis (sple-no-kli′sis)

Inducing the formation of new fibrous tissue on the surface of the spleen by friction or wrapping with gauze. [spleno- + G. kleisis, closure]

splenocolic
splenocolic (sple′no-kol′ik)

Relating to the spleen and the colon; denoting a ligament or fold of peritoneum passing between the two viscera.

splenodynia
splenodynia (sple′no-din′e-a)

SYN: splenalgia. [spleno- + G. odyne, pain]

splenohepatomegaly
splenohepatomegaly, splenohepatomegalia (sple′no-hep′a-to-meg′a-le, -me-ga′e-a)

Enlargement of both spleen and liver. [spleno- + G. hepar, liver, + megas, large]

splenoid
splenoid (sple′noyd)

Resembling the spleen. SYN: spleniform. [spleno- + G. eidos, resemblance]

splenolymphatic
splenolymphatic (sple′no-lim-fat′ik)

Relating to the spleen and the lymph nodes.

splenoma
splenoma (sple-no′ma)

General nonspecific term for an enlarged spleen. [spleno- + G. -oma, tumor]

splenomalacia
splenomalacia (sple′no-ma-la′she-a)

Softening of the spleen. [spleno- + G. malakia, softness]

splenomedullary
splenomedullary (sple-no-med′u-lar-e)

SYN: splenomyelogenous. [spleno- + L. medulla, marrow]

splenomegaly
splenomegaly, splenomegalia (sple-no-meg′a-le, -me-ga′le-a)

Enlargement of the spleen. SYN: megalosplenia. [spleno- + G. megas (megal-), large]
congestive s. enlargement of the spleen due to passive congestion; sometimes used as a synonym for Banti syndrome.
Egyptian s. term sometimes used as a synonym for schistosomiasis mansoni, although hepatomegaly and fibrosis are more consistently found than is an enlarged spleen.
hemolytic s. s. associated with hemolytic jaundice.
hyperreactive malarious s. a syndrome characterized by persistent s., exceptionally high serum IgM and malaria antibody levels, and hepatic sinusoidal lymphocytosis; believed to be a disturbance in the T-lymphocyte control of the humoral response to recurrent malaria. SYN: tropical s. syndrome.
Niemann s. enlargement of spleen occurring in Niemann-Pick disease.
tropical s. SYN: visceral leishmaniasis.

splenomyelogenous
splenomyelogenous (sple′no-mi-e-loj′e-nus)

Originating in the spleen and bone marrow, denoting a form of leukemia. SYN: lienomedullary, lienomyelogenous, splenomedullary. [spleno- + G. myelos, marrow, + -gen, producing]

splenomyelomalacia
splenomyelomalacia (sple′no-mi′e-lo-ma-la′she-a)

Pathologic softening of the spleen and bone marrow. [spleno- + G. myelos, marrow, + malakia, softness]

splenonephric
splenonephric (sple′no-nef′rik)

SYN: splenorenal. [spleno- + G. nephros, kidney]

splenopancreatic
splenopancreatic (sple′no-pan-kre-at′ik)

Relating to the spleen and the pancreas. SYN: lienopancreatic.

splenopathy
splenopathy (sple-nop′a-the)

Any disease of the spleen. [spleno- + G. pathos, suffering]

splenopexy
splenopexy, splenopexia (sple′no-pek-se, sple-no-pek′se-a)

Suturing in place an ectopic or floating spleen. SYN: splenorrhaphy (2) . [spleno- + G. pexis, fixation]

splenophrenic
splenophrenic (sple′no-fren′ik)

Relating to the spleen and the diaphragm; denoting a ligament or fold of peritoneum extending between the two structures. [spleno- + G. phren, diaphragm]

splenoportogram
splenoportogram (sple-no-por′to-gram)

Radiographic record of the splenic and portal veins and their collaterals following direct injection of water-soluble contrast material into the spleen.

splenoportography
splenoportography (sple′no-por-tog′ra-fe)

Introduction of radiopaque material into the spleen to obtain radiographic visualization of the splenic and main portal veins of the portal circulation. SYN: splenic portal venography. [spleno- + portography]

splenoptosis
splenoptosis, splenoptosia (sple-nop-to′sis, -to′se-a)

Downward displacement of the spleen, as in a floating spleen. [spleno- + G. ptosis, falling]

splenorenal
splenorenal (sple′no-re′nal)

Relating to the spleen and the kidney; denoting a ligament or fold of peritoneum extending between the two structures. SYN: lienorenal, splenonephric.

splenorrhagia
splenorrhagia (sple′no-ra′je-a)

Hemorrhage from a ruptured spleen. [spleno- + G. rhegnymi, to burst forth]

splenorrhaphy
splenorrhaphy (sple-nor′a-fe)

1. Suturing a ruptured spleen. 2. SYN: splenopexy. [spleno- + G. rhaphe, suture]

splenosis
splenosis (sple-no′sis)

Implantation and subsequent growth of splenic tissue within the abdomen as a result of disruption of the spleen.
thoracic s. presense of splenic tissue in the thorax, resultant from combined thoracic and abdominal trauma followed by splenectomy.

splenotomy
splenotomy (sple-not′o-me)

1. Anatomy or dissection of the spleen. 2. Surgical incision of the spleen. [spleno- + G. tome, incision]

splenotoxin
splenotoxin (sple-no-tok′sin)

A cytotoxin specific for cells of the spleen. [spleno- + G. toxikon, poison]

splenule
splenule (splen′ul)

SYN: accessory spleen. [Mod. L. splenulus]

splenulus
splenulus, pl .splenuli (splen′u-loos, -li)

SYN: accessory spleen. [Mod. L. dim. of L. splen, spleen]

splenunculus
splenunculus, pl .splenunculi (sple-nung′ku-lus, -li)

SYN: accessory spleen. [Mod. L. dim. of L. splen, spleen]

spliceosome
spliceosome (spli′se-o-som)

A specialized structure that participates in the removal of introns and resplicing of remaining exons of mRNA; in addition to the mRNA primary transcript, at least four small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) and some proteins are involved. [splice + -some]

splicing
splicing (splis′ing)

1. Attachment of one DNA molecule to another. SYN: gene s.. 2. Removal of introns from mRNA precursors and the reattachment or annealing of exons. SYN: RNA s..
alternative s. different ways of assembling exons to produce different mature mRNAs.

splint
splint

1. An appliance for preventing movement of a joint or for the fixation of displaced or movable parts. 2. The s. bone, or fibula. [Middle Dutch splinte]
acid etch cemented s. a s. of heavy wire which is cemented to the labial surfaces of teeth with any of the acid etch cement techniques; used to stabilize traumatically displaced or periodontally diseased teeth.
active s. SYN: dynamic s..
air s. a plastic s. inflated by air used to immobilize part or all of an extremity. SYN: inflatable s..
airplane s. a complicated s. that holds the arm in abduction at about shoulder level with the forearm midway in flexion, generally with an axillary strut for support.
anchor s. a s. used for fracture of the jaw, with wires around the teeth and a rod to hold it in place.
Anderson s. a contained skeletal traction s. with pins inserted into proximal and distal ends of a fracture; reduction is obtained by an external rod attached to the pins; also referred to as external fixation.
backboard s. a board s. with slots for fixation of the body by straps; shorter ones are used for neck injuries, longer ones for back injuries.
Balkan s. SYN: Balkan frame.
cap s. a plastic or metallic fracture appliance designed to cover the crowns of the teeth and usually cemented to them.
coaptation s. a short s. designed to prevent overriding of the ends of a fractured bone, usually supplemented by a longer s. to fix the entire limb. Most commonly used for repair of fractures of the humeral shaft.
Cramer wire s. SYN: ladder s..
Denis Browne s. a light aluminum s. applied to the lateral aspect of the leg and foot; used for torsional deformities of the leg, ankle, or foot in children.
dynamic s. a s. utilizing springs or elastic bands that aids in movements initiated by the patient by controlling the plane and range of motion. SYN: active s., functional s. (1) .
Essig s. a stainless steel wire passed labially and lingually around a segment of the dental arch and held in position by individual ligature wires around the contact areas of the teeth; used to stabilize fractured or repositioned teeth and the involved alveolar bone.
Frejka pillow s. a pillow s. used for abduction and flexion of the femurs in treatment of congenital hip dysplasia or dislocation in infants.
functional s. 1. SYN: dynamic s.. 2. the joining of two or more teeth into a rigid unit by means of fixed restorations that cover all or part of the abutment teeth.
Gunning s. a prosthesis fabricated from models of endentulous maxillary and mandibular arches in order to aid in reduction and fixation of a fracture.
inflatable s. SYN: air s..
interdental s. a s. for a fractured jaw, consisting of two metal or acrylic resin bands wired to the teeth of the upper and lower jaws, respectively, and then fastened together to keep the jaws immovable.
Kingsley s. a winged maxillary s. used to apply traction to reduce maxillary fractures as well as immobilize them by having the wings attached to a head appliance by elastics. SYN: reverse Kingsley s..
labial s. an appliance of plastic, metal, or in combination, made to conform to the outer aspect of the dental arch and used in the management of jaw and facial injuries.
ladder s. a flexible s. consisting of two stout parallel wires with finer cross wires. SYN: Cramer wire s..
lingual s. one similar to the labial s., but conforming to the inner aspect of the dental arch.
plaster s. a s. constructed of bandages impregnated with plaster of Paris.
reverse Kingsley s. SYN: Kingsley s..
Stader s. a s. used primarily in veterinary medicine; with metal pins through the proximal and distal segments of a long bone fracture, the fixation of the pins is maintained by the apparatus, which is external to the limb.
surgical s. general term for a device used to maintain tissues in a new position following surgery.
Taylor s. SYN: Taylor back brace.
Thomas s. a long leg s. extending from a ring at the hip to beyond the foot, allowing traction to a fractured leg, for emergencies and transportation.
Tobruk s. a Thomas s., applied and held in plaster with plaster of Paris dressings; a s. first used during World War II to immobilize the limb during hazardous conditions such as transport from small to large boats. [port of Tobruk, Libya]
wire s. a device to stabilize teeth loosened by accident or by a periodontal condition in the maxilla or mandible; a device to reduce and stabilize maxillary or mandibular fractures by applying it to both jaws and connecting it by intermaxillary wires or rubber bands.

splinting
splinting

1. Application of a splint or treatment using a splint. 2. In dentistry, the joining of two or more teeth into a rigid unit by means of fixed or removable restorations or appliances. 3. Stiffening of a body part to avoid pain caused by movement of the part, as from a fracture or other injury. 4. In psychiatry, the exercise by family, friends, or coworkers of the various strategies designed to minimize the impairment and increase the function of a person with diminished higher cortical function.

splints
splints

Exostoses occurring along the course of the small metacarpal and metatarsal bones of the horse. See splint.

splitting
splitting

In chemistry, the cleavage of a covalent bond, fragmenting the molecule involved.

spm
spm

Abbreviation for a gene that leads to suppression and mutation of alleles that are unstable.

spodogenous
spodogenous (spo-doj′e-nus)

Caused by waste material. [G. spodos, ashes, + -gen, producing]

spodogram
spodogram (spo′do-gram)

The pattern of ash residue formed by microincineration of a minute tissue specimen, usually a thin section. [G. spodos, ashes, + gramma, a drawing]

spodography
spodography (spo-dog′-ra-fe)

SYN: microincineration. [G. spodos, ashes, + grapho, to write]

spodophorous
spodophorous (spo-dof′o-rus)

Removing or carrying off waste materials from the body. [G. spodos, ashes, + phoros, bearing]

spoke-shave
spoke-shave (spok′-shav)

SYN: ring-knife.

spondaic
spondaic (spon-da′ik)

Relating to spondee.

spondee
spondee (spon′de)

A bisyllabic word with generally equivalent stress on each of the two syllables; used in the testing of speech hearing. [Fr.]

spondyl- spondyl-

See spondylo-.

spondylalgia
spondylalgia (spon-di-lal′je-a)

Pain in the spine. [spondyl- + G. algos, pain]

spondylarthritis
spondylarthritis (spon′dil-ar-thri′tis)

Inflammation of the intervertebral articulations. [spondyl- + G. arthron, joint, + -itis, inflammation]

spondylitic
spondylitic (spon-di-lit′ik)

Relating to spondylitis.

spondylitis
spondylitis (spon-di-li′tis)

Inflammation of one or more of the vertebrae. [spondyl- + G. -itis, inflammation]
ankylosing s. arthritis of the spine, resembling rheumatoid arthritis, that may progress to bony ankylosis with lipping of vertebral margins; the disease is more common in the male, often with the rheumatoid factor absent and the HLA antigen present. There is a striking association with the B27 tissue type and the strong familial aggregation suggest an important genetic factor, perhaps inherited as an autosomal dominant [MIM*106300]; the mechanism, however, remains obscure. SYN: Marie-Strümpell disease, rheumatoid s., Strümpell-Marie disease.
s. deformans arthritis and osteitis deformans involving the spinal column; marked by nodular deposits at the edges of the intervertebral disks with ossification of the ligaments and bony ankylosis of the intervertebral articulations, it results in a rounded kyphosis with rigidity. SYN: Bechterew disease, poker back, Strümpell disease (1) .
rheumatoid s. SYN: ankylosing s..
tuberculous s. tuberculous infection of the spine associated with a sharp angulation of the spine at the point of disease. SYN: Pott disease.

spondylo- spondylo-, spondyl-

The vertebrae. [G. spondylos, vertebra]

spondylolisthesis
spondylolisthesis (spon′di-lo-lis-the′sis)

Forward movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra below it, or upon the sacrum. SYN: spondyloptosis. [spondylo- + G. olisthesis, a slipping and falling]

spondylolisthetic
spondylolisthetic (spon′di-lo-lis-thet′ik)

Relating to or marked by spondylolisthesis.

spondylolysis
spondylolysis (spon-di-lol′i-sis)

Degeneration or deficient development of a portion of the vertebra; commonly involves the pars interarticularis, which can result in a spondylolithesis. [spondylo- + G. lysis, loosening]

spondylomalacia
spondylomalacia (spon′di-lo-ma-la′she-a)

Softening of vertebrae with multiple collapsed vertebral bodies. [spondylo- + G. malakia, softness]

spondylopathy
spondylopathy (spon-di-lop′a-the)

Any disease of the vertebrae or spinal column. [spondylo- + G. pathos, suffering]

spondyloptosis
spondyloptosis (spon′di-lo-to′sis)

SYN: spondylolisthesis. [spondylo- + G. ptosis, a falling]

spondylopyosis
spondylopyosis (spon′di-lo-pi-o′sis)

Suppurative inflammation of one or more of the vertebral bodies. [spondylo- + G. pyosis, suppuration]

spondyloschisis
spondyloschisis (spon-di-los′ki-sis)

Embryologic failure of fusion of the vertebral arch. See spina bifida. [spondylo- + G. schisis, fissure]

spondylosis
spondylosis (spon-di-lo′sis)

Ankylosis of the vertebra; often applied nonspecifically to any lesion of the spine of a degenerative nature. [G. spondylos, vertebra]
cervical s. s. affecting the cervical vertebrae, intervertebral discs, and surrounding soft tissue.
hyperostotic s. SYN: diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis.

spondylosyndesis
spondylosyndesis (spon′di-lo-sin-de′sis)

SYN: spinal fusion. [spondylo- + G. syndesis, binding together]

spondylothoracic
spondylothoracic (spon′di-lo-tho-ras′ik)

Relating to the vertebra and the thorax.

spondylous
spondylous (spon′di-lus)

Relating to a vertebra.

sponge
sponge (spunj)

1. Absorbent material, such as gauze or prepared cotton, used to absorb fluids. 2. A member of the phylum Porifera, the cellular endoskeleton of which is a source of commercial sponges. SYN: spongia. [G. spongia]
absorbable gelatin s. a sterile, absorbable, water-insoluble gelatin base s., used to control capillary bleeding in surgical operations; it is left in situ and is absorbed in from 4 to 6 weeks.
Bernays s. a compressed disk of aseptic cotton that swells when moistened; used in packing cavities.
compressed s. a s. that is impregnated with a thin mucilage of acacia, wrapped with twine to the desired shape, and then dried; used to dilate sinuses, the os uteri, etc. by absorbing moisture after insertion. SYN: s. tent.
contraceptive s. a resilient, hydrophilic s. of polyurethane foam impregnated with a spermicide; contraception is achieved by action of the spermicide; no longer manufactured in the U.S.

spongia
spongia (spun′je-a)

SYN: sponge. [G.]

spongiform
spongiform (spun′ji-form)

SYN: spongy.

spongio- spongio-

Sponge, spongelike, spongy. [G. spongia]

spongioblast
spongioblast (spun′je-o-blast)

A neuroepithelial, filiform ependymal cell extending across the entire thickness of the wall of the brain or spinal cord, i.e., from the internal to the external limiting membrane; spongioblasts become neuroglial and ependymal cells. SEE ALSO: glioblast. [spongio- + G. blastos, germ]

spongioblastoma
spongioblastoma (spun′je-o-blas-to′ma)

1. A glioma consisting of cells (elongated, spindle-shaped, and sometimes pleomorphic, with one or two fibrillary processes) that resemble the embryonic spongioblasts, occurring normally around the neural canal of the human embryo; it grows relatively slowly, usually originating in the brainstem, optic chiasm, or infundibulum, and infiltrates adjacent structures or causes compression of the third and fourth ventricles. Spongioblastomas were formerly subclassified as s. polare and s. unipolare. 2. Obsolete term for glioblastoma multiforme. [spongioblast + G. -oma tumor]

spongiocyte
spongiocyte (spun′je-o-sit)

1. A neuroglial cell. 2. A cell in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal containing many droplets of lipid material which, after staining with hematoxylin and eosin, show pronounced vacuolization. [spongio- + G. kytos, cell]

spongioid
spongioid (spun′je-oyd)

SYN: spongy. [spongio- + G. eidos, resemblance]

spongiose
spongiose (spun′je-os)

Resembling or characteristic of a sponge. [L. spongiosus]

spongiosis
spongiosis (spun-je-o′sis)

Inflammatory intercellular edema of the epidermis.

spongiositis
spongiositis (spun-je-o-si′tis)

Inflammation of the corpus spongiosum, or corpus cavernosum urethrae.

spongy
spongy (spun′je)

Of spongelike texture or appearance. SYN: spongiform, spongioid.

spontaneous
spontaneous (spon-ta′ne-us)

Without apparent cause; said of disease processes or remissions. [L. spontaneus, voluntary, capricious]

spoon
spoon (spoon)

An instrument with a handle and a small bowl- or cup-shaped extremity. [A.S. spon, chip]
cataract s. a small concave instrument for removing a cataractous lens.
Daviel s. a small ovoid instrument for removing the remains of a cataract after discission.
sharp s. an instrument with a small cup-shaped extremity having sharpened edges, used for scraping skin lesions.
Volkmann s. a sharp s. for scraping away carious bone or other diseased tissue.

spor- spor-

See sporo-.

sporadic
sporadic (spo-rad′ik)

1. Denoting a temporal pattern of disease occurrence in an animal or human population in which the disease occurs only rarely and without regularity. See endemic, epidemic, enzootic, epizootic. 2. In the genetic context denotes a singleton or sport. Several quite different and disparate phenomena are covered by this term, including a new mutation; occult nonpaternity; the chance outcome for a recessive trait in two carrier parents with a small family; extreme variability in the expression of a gene; an environmental phenocopy; a multilocal genocopy, etc. No useful properties can be predicated of all members of this class; and the term is notionally useless. 3. Occurring irregularly, haphazardly. [G. sporadikos, scattered]

sporadin
sporadin (spor′a-din)

Gamont stage of a gregarine parasite after it has lost its epimerite or mucron.

sporangiophore
sporangiophore (spo-ran′je-o-for)

In fungi, a specialized hypha that bears a sporangium at its tip. [sporangium + G. phoros, bearing]

sporangium
sporangium (spo-ran′je-um)

A saclike structure (a cell) within a fungus, in which asexual spores are borne by progressive cleavage. [L. fr. G. sporos, seed, + angeion, vessel]

spore
spore (spor)

1. The asexual or sexual reproductive body of fungi or sporozoan protozoa. 2. A cell of a plant lower in organization than the seed-bearing spermatophytic plants. 3. A resistant form of certain species of bacteria. 4. The highly modified reproductive body of certain protozoa, as in the phyla Microspora and Myxozoa. [G. sporos, seed]
black s. a degenerating malarial or other blood parasite in the body of the mosquito.

sporicidal
sporicidal (spor-i-si′dal)

Lethal to spores. [spori- + L. caedo, to kill]

sporicide
sporicide (spor′i-sid)

An agent that kills spores.

sporidium
sporidium, pl .sporidia (spo-rid′e-um, -a)

A protozoan spore; an embryonic protozoan organism. [Mod. L. dim., fr. G. sporos, seed]

sporo- sporo-, spori-, spor-

Seed, spore. [G. sporos]

sporoagglutination
sporoagglutination (spor′o-a-gloo-ti-na′shun)

A diagnostic method in relation to the mycoses, based upon the fact that the blood of patients with diseases caused by fungi contains specific agglutinins that cause clumping of the spores of these organisms.

sporoblast
sporoblast (spor′o-blast)

An early stage in the development of a sporocyst prior to differentiation of the sporozoites. SEE ALSO: oocyst, sporocyst (2) , pansporoblast. SYN: zygotomere. [sporo- + G. blastos, germ]

sporocyst
sporocyst (spor′o-sist)

1. A larval form of digenetic trematode (fluke) that develops in the body of its molluscan intermediate host, usually a snail; the s. forms a simple saclike structure with germinal cells that bud off internally and develop into other larval types that continue this process of larval multiplication (considered to be a form of polyembryony). SEE ALSO: miracidium, redia, cercaria. 2. A secondary cyst that develops within the oocyst of Coccidia, a group of sporozoans that includes many of the most important disease agents of domestic animals and fowl; the s. develops from a sporoblast and produces within itself one or several sporozoites, the infective agents for infection and multiplication in the next host. [sporo- + G. kystis, bladder]

Sporocystinea
Sporocystinea (spor′o-sis-tin′e-a)

In older classification schemes, a suborder of Coccidia in which the sporoblasts develop sporocysts. [sporo + G. kystis, bladder]

sporodochium
sporodochium (spo-ro-do′ke-um)

In fungi, a cushion-shaped stroma covered with conidiophores.

sporogenesis
sporogenesis (spor-o-jen′e-sis)

SYN: sporogony. [sporo- + G. genesis, production]

sporogenous
sporogenous (spo-roj′e-nus)

Relating to or involved in sporogony.

sporogeny
sporogeny (spo-roj′e-ne)

SYN: sporogony.

sporogony
sporogony (spo-rog′o-ne)

The formation of sporozoites in sporozoan protozoa, a process of asexual division within the sporoblast, which becomes the sporocyst within an oocyst; follows fusion of gametes (gametogony) and zygote (sporont) formation. SYN: sporogenesis, sporogeny. [sporo- + G. goneia, generation]

sporont
sporont (spor′ont)

The zygote stage within the oocyst wall in the life cycle of coccidia; gives rise to sporoblasts, which form sporocysts, within which the infective sporozoites are produced. [sporo- + G. on (ont-), being]

sporophore
sporophore (spor′o-for)

Any specialized hyphas in fungi that give rise to spores. [sporo- + G. phoros, bearing]

sporoplasm
sporoplasm (spor′o-plazm)

The protoplasm of a spore. [sporo- + G. plasma, thing formed]

sporotheca
sporotheca (spor′o-the′ka)

The envelope enclosing the minute needle-like spores of certain Sporozoea. [sporo- + G. theke, case]

Sporothrix
Sporothrix (spor′o-thriks)

A genus of dimorphic imperfect fungi, including the species S. schenckii, an organism of worldwide distribution and the causative agent of sporotrichosis in humans and animals, which grows in soil or vegetation, especially in thorny bushes, and is acquired by humans when infected thorns are introduced into subcutaneous tissues; at 37°C it grows as a yeast and parasitizes tissues as a yeast. [Mod. L., fr. G. sporos, seed, + thrix, hair]

sporotrichosis
sporotrichosis (spor′o-tri-ko′sis)

A chronic cutaneous mycosis spread by way of the lymphatics and caused by inoculation of Sporothrix schenckii, typically rare in tissue sections but rapidly growing in cultures. Extracutaneous s. probably originates in the lung but disseminates to cause osteoarticular or other visceral disease. Chronic cavitary lung disease is another manifestation. SYN: Schenck disease.

Sporotrichum
Sporotrichum (spo-rot′ri-kum)

A genus of imperfect fungi (Hyphomycetes) that are usually common contaminants. [Mod. L. fr. G. sporos, seed, + thrix, hair]

sporozoan
sporozoan (spor-o-zo′an)

1. An individual organism of the class Sporozoea. SYN: sporozoon. 2. Relating to the Sporozoea.

Sporozoasida
Sporozoasida (spor′o-zo-as′i-da)

SYN: Sporozoea.

Sporozoea
Sporozoea (spor-o-zo′e-a)

A large class of protozoans (phylum Apicomplexa, subkingdom Protozoa) consisting of obligatory parasites with simple spores lacking polar filaments; cilia and flagella are absent (except for microgametes, found in some groups), and locomotion is by undulation, gliding, or body flexion; sexuality, when present, is by syngamy, forming oocysts with infective sporozoites from sporogony. The class includes the gregarines and coccidia, the latter including many agents of human and animal disease, such as the plasmodia of malaria. SYN: Sporozoasida, Telosporea. [Mod. L., fr. G. sporos, seed, + zoon, animal]

sporozoite
sporozoite (spor-o-zo′it)

One of the minute elongated bodies resulting from the repeated division of the oocyst during sporogony. In the case of the malarial parasite, it is the form that is concentrated in the salivary glands and introduced into the blood by the bite of a mosquito; it enters the liver cells (exoerythrocytic cycle), whose progeny, the merozoites, infect the red blood cells to initiate clinical malaria. SYN: germinal rod, zoite, zygotoblast. [sporo- + G. zoon, animal]

sporozoon
sporozoon (spor-o-zo′on)

SYN: sporozoan (1) .

sport
sport (sport)

An organism varying in whole or in part, without apparent reason, from others of its type; this variation may be transmitted to the descendants or the latter may revert to the original type. SYN: singleton (2) . [M.E. disporte, fr. O.Fr. desport, diversion]

sporular
sporular (spor′u-lar)

Relating to a spore or sporule.

sporulation
sporulation (spor′oo-la′shun)

The process by which yeasts undergo meiosis, and the meiotic products are encased in spore coats.

sporule
sporule (spor′ool)

A spore;a small spore. [Mod. L. sporula; dim. of G. sporos, seed]

spot
spot

1. SYN: macula. 2. To lose a slight amount of blood through the vagina.
acoustic spots macula of utricle, macula of saccule.
Bitot spots small, circumscribed, lusterless, grayish white, foamy, greasy, triangular deposits on the bulbar conjunctiva adjacent to the cornea in the area of the palpebral fissure of both eyes; occurs in vitamin A deficiency.
blind s. 1. SYN: physiologic scotoma. 2. SYN: mental scotoma. 3. SYN: optic disk.
blood spots hemorrhagic graafian follicles seen in ovaries of mice, caused by injection of urine of pregnant women; a positive result in the now obsolete Aschheim-Zondek test for pregnancy.
blue s. 1. SYN: macula cerulea. 2. SYN: mongolian s..
Brushfield spots light-colored condensations of the surface of the mid-iris; seen in Down syndrome.
café au lait spots pigmented cutaneous lesions, ranging from light to dark brown, and due to an excess of melanosomes in the malpighian cells, rather than to an excess of melanocytes; café au lait spots are one of the major cutaneous manifestations of neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen disease), with type 1 (peripheral) neurofibromatosis, almost always 6 or more café-au-lait spots can be found with at least some exceeding 1.5 cm in diameter. These are often accompanied by frecklelike spots in the axilla.
cherry-red s. the ophthalmoscopic appearance of the normal choroid beneath the fovea centralis, appearing as a red s. surrounded by white retinal edema in central artery closure or lipid infiltration in sphingolipidosis. SYN: Tay cherry-red s..
corneal s. SYN: macula corneae.
cotton-wool spots SYN: cotton-wool patches, under patch.
De Morgan spots SYN: senile hemangioma.
Elschnig spots isolated choroidal bright yellow or red spots with black pigment flecks at their borders, seen ophthalmoscopically in advanced hypertensive retinopathy.
flame spots hemorrhagic areas occurring in the nerve fiber layer of the retina.
focal s. the site of bombardment by electrons and emission of x-rays from the anode of an x-ray tube. SEE ALSO: focal s. size.
Fordyce spots a condition marked by the presence of numerous small, yellowish-white bodies or granules on the inner surface and vermilion border of the lips; histologically the lesions are ectopic sebaceous glands. SYN: Fordyce disease, Fordyce granules.
Fuchs black s. an area of pigment proliferation in the macular region in degenerative myopia.
hot s. a region in a gene in which there is a putatively high rate of mutation or recombination.
hypnogenic s. a pressure-sensitive point on the body of certain susceptible persons, which, when pressed, causes the induction of sleep.
Koplik spots small red spots on the buccal mucous membrane, in the center of each of which may be seen, in a strong light, a minute bluish white speck; they occur early in measles (morbilli), before the skin eruption, and are regarded as a pathognomonic sign of the disease.
liver s. SYN: senile lentigo.
Mariotte blind s. SYN: optic disk.
milk spots 1. white plaques of hyalinized fibrous tissue situated in the epicardium overlying the right ventricle of the heart where it is not covered by lung; SYN: soldier's patches. 2. white macroscopic areas in the omentum, due to accumulation of macrophages and lymphocytes. SYN: tache laiteuse (1) .
mongolian s. any of a number of dark-bluish or mulberry-colored rounded or oval spots on the sacral region due to the ectopic presence of scattered melanocytes in the dermis. These congenital lesions are frequent in black, native American, and Asian children from 2 to 12 years, after which time they gradually recede; they do not disappear on pressure and are sometimes mistaken for bruises from child abuse. SYN: blue s. (2) .
mulberry spots the abdominal eruption in typhus fever.
rose spots characteristic exanthema of typhoid fever; 10–20 small pink papules on the lower trunk lasting a few days and leaving hyperpigmentation.
Roth spots a round white retina s. surrounded by hemorrhage in bacterial endocarditis, and in other retinal hemorrhagic conditions.
saccular s. SYN: macula of saccule.
Soemmerring s. SYN: macula of retina.
spongy s. SYN: vascular zone.
Tardieu spots SYN: Tardieu ecchymoses, under ecchymosis.
Tay cherry-red s. SYN: cherry-red s..
temperature s. one of a number of definitely arranged spots on the skin sensitive to heat and cold, but not to ordinary pressure or pain stimuli.
tendinous s. SYN: macula albida.
Trousseau s. SYN: meningitic streak.
utricular s. SYN: macula of utricle.
white s. SYN: macula albida.
yellow s. SYN: macula of retina.

spp.
spp.

Abbreviation for plural of species.

sprain
sprain (spran)

1. An injury to a ligament as a result of abnormal or excessive forces applied to a joint, but without dislocation or fracture. 2. To cause a s. of a joint.

spray
spray (spra)

A jet of liquid in fine drops, coarser than a vapor; it is produced by forcing the liquid from the minute opening of an atomizer, mixing it with air.

spreader
spreader (spred′er)

1. An instrument used to distribute a substance over a surface or area. 2. A device for spacing or parting structures.
gutta-percha s. an instrument used in dentistry for condensing gutta-percha laterally in a root canal.
rib s. a retractor for widening the space between ribs in intrathoracic operations.
root canal s. a tapered instrument utilized for condensing root filling materials laterally.

Sprengel
Sprengel

Otto G.K., German surgeon, 1852–1915. See S. deformity.

sprout
sprout (sprowt)

A structure resembling the s. of a plant.
syncytial s. SYN: syncytial knot.

sprue
sprue (sproo)

1. Primary intestinal malabsorption with steatorrhea. SYN: cachexia aphthosa. 2. In dentistry, wax or metal used to form the aperture(s) for molten metal to flow into a mold to make a casting; also, the metal that later fills the s. hole(s). [D. spruw]
celiac s. SYN: celiac disease.
nontropical s. s. occurring in persons away from the tropics; usually called celiac disease; due to gluten-induced enteropathy.
tropical s. s. occurring in the tropics, often associated with enteric infection and nutritional deficiency, and frequently complicated by folate deficiency with macrocytic anemia. SYN: tropical diarrhea.

sprue-former
sprue-former (sproo-for′mer)

The base to which the sprue (2) is attached while the wax pattern is being invested in a refractory investment in a casting flask; it is sometimes referred to as a crucible-former.

spud
spud (spud)

A triangular knife used for removing foreign bodies from the cornea.

Spumavirinae
Spumavirinae (spoo′ma-vir′i-ne)

Formerly a subfamily of viruses (family Retroviridae) that includes the foamy viruses (agents) of primates and other mammals; they are now placed in the genus Spumavirus. In common with other retroviruses, they possess RNA-dependent DNA polymerases (reverse transcriptase). [L. spuma, foam]

Spumavirus
Spumavirus (spoo′ma-vi-rus)

A virus genus encompassing a poorly characterized group of retroviruses that cause vacuolation (foaming) of cultured cells; usually cause persistent but silent infections in their natural hosts and no diseases caused by these agents have been identified.

spur
spur (sper) [TA]

SYN: calcar. [A.S. spora]
calcarine s. [TA] the lower of two elevations on the medial wall of the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain, caused by the depth of the calcarine sulcus. SYN: calcar avis [TA] , Haller unguis, hippocampus minor, minor hippocampus, Morand s., unguis avis.
Fuchs s. epithelial outgrowth of the dilator muscle of the pupil about midway in the breadth of the sphincter; part of the insertion of the dilator muscle onto the iris sphincter.
Grunert s. epithelial outgrowth of the dilator muscle of the pupil at the junction of the iris and the ciliary body; part of the origin of the iris dilator muscle.
heel s. bony thickening of the flexor surface of the calcaneus associated with severe pain on standing.
Michel s. epithelial outgrowth of the dilator muscle of the pupil at the peripheral border of the sphincter; part of the insertion of the dilator muscle onto the iris sphincter.
Morand s. SYN: calcarine s..
scleral s. [TA] circular ridge of sclera on the internal aspect of the corneoscleral junction; on cross-section, it appears as a hook-like process deep to the scleral venous sinus; relatively rigid, it provides attachment (origin) of the meridional fibers of the ciliary body. SYN: calcar sclerae [TA] , scleral roll.
vascular s. partial septum between vessels (arteries and veins) at the level of fusion or branching at acute angle. SEE ALSO: calcar (1) .

spurious
spurious (spoo′re-us)

False; not genuine. [L. spurius]

sputum
sputum, pl .sputa (spu′tum, -ta)

1. Expectorated matter, especially mucus or mucopurulent matter expectorated in diseases of the air passages. SEE ALSO: expectoration (1) . 2. An individual mass of such matter. [L. s., fr. spuo, pp. sputus, to spit]
s. aerogenosum a green expectoration seen occasionally in jaundice, due to staining of the s. by bile pigments. SYN: green s..
globular s. SYN: nummular s..
green s. SYN: s. aerogenosum.
nummular s. a thick, coherent mass expectorated in globular shape which does not run at the bottom of the cup but forms a discoid mass resembling a coin. SYN: globular s..
prune-juice s. a thin reddish expectoration, characteristic of necrosis of lung tissue, usually by infection; due to hemorrhage caused by destruction of the lung parenchyma; sometimes seen with lung tumors. SYN: prune-juice expectoration.
rusty s. a reddish brown, blood-stained expectoration characteristic of lobar pneumonococcal pneumonia.

SQ
SQ

Abbreviation for subcutaneous.

squalamine lactate
squalamine lactate (skwal′a-men lak′tat)

An antiangiogenic, noncytotoxic drug used to treat solid tumors.

squalene
squalene (skwa′len)

A hexaisoprenoid (triterpenoid) hydrocarbon found in shark oil and in some plants; intermediate in the biosynthesis of cholesterol and other sterols and triterpenes.
s. epoxidase an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of s. to s. 2,3-oxide in the endoplasmic reticulum; a required step in order for cyclization to occur, resulting in the synthesis of the first sterol, lanosterol, in steroidogenesis; uses NADPH.
s. synthase an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of s. from two molecules of farnesylpyrophosphate using NADPH and concomitant production of two molecules of pyrophosphate.

squama
squama, pl .squamae (skwa′ma, skwa′me)

1. A thin plate of bone. 2. An epidermal scale. SYN: squame. SYN: scale (2) . [L. a scale]
frontal s. SYN: squamous part of occipital bone.
s. frontalis [TA] SYN: squamous part of frontal bone.
s. occipitalis, occipital s. [TA] SYN: squamous part of occipital bone.
temporal s. SYN: squamous part of temporal bone.
s. temporalis SYN: squamous part of temporal bone.

squamatization
squamatization (skwa′ma-ti-za′shun)

Transformation of other types of cells into squamous cells.

squame
squame (skwam)

SYN: squama (2) .

squamo- squamo-

Squama, squamous. [L. squama, a scale]

squamocellular
squamocellular (skwa-mo-sel′u-lar)

Relating to or having squamous epithelium.

squamocolumnar
squamocolumnar (skwa-mo-kol′um-nar)

Pertaining to the junction between a stratified squamous epithelial surface and one lined by columnar epithelium; e.g., the cardia of the stomach or anus.

squamofrontal
squamofrontal (skwa′mo-fron′tal)

Relating to the squamous part of the frontal bone.

squamomastoid
squamomastoid (skwa′mo-mas′toyd)

Relating to the squamous and petrous portions of the temporal bone.

squamo-occipital
squamo-occipital (skwa′mo-ok-sip′i-tal)

Relating to the squamous portion of the occipital bone, developing partly in membrane and partly in cartilage.

squamoparietal
squamoparietal (skwa′mo-pa-ri′e-tal)

Relating to the parietal bone and the squamous portion of the temporal bone.

squamopetrosal
squamopetrosal (skwa′mo-pe-tro′sal)

SYN: petrosquamosal.

squamosa
squamosa, pl .squamosae (skwa-mo′sa, -se)

The squamous parts of the frontal, occipital, or temporal bone, especially the latter. [L. squamosus, scaly, fr. squama, scale]

squamosal
squamosal (skwa-mo′sal)

Relating especially to the squamous part of the temporal bone.

squamosphenoid
squamosphenoid (skwa′mo-sfe′noyd)

Relating to the sphenoid bone and the squamous part of the temporal bone. SYN: sphenosquamosal.

squamotemporal
squamotemporal (skwa′mo-tem′po-ral)

Relating to the squamous part of the temporal bone.

squamotympanic
squamotympanic (skwa′mo-tim-man′ik)

SYN: tympanosquamosal.

squamous
squamous (skwa′mus)

Relating to or covered with scales. SYN: scaly. [L. squamosus]

squamozygomatic
squamozygomatic (skwa′mo-zi-go-mat′ik)

Relating to the squamous part of the temporal bone and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone.

squill
squill (skwil)

The cut and dried fleshy inner scales of the bulb of the white variety of Urginea maritima (Mediterranean s.), or of U. indica (Indian s.) (family Liliaceae); the central portion of the bulb is excluded during its processing; s. contains cardiac glycosides (scillaren-A and scillaren-B) and scillaricide, a rodenticide. SYN: scilla. [L. squilla or scilla]

squint
squint (skwint)

1. SYN: strabismus. 2. To suffer from strabismus.
convergent s. SYN: esotropia.
divergent s. SYN: exotropia.
external s. SYN: exotropia.
internal s. SYN: esotropia.

Sr
Sr

Symbol for strontium.

sr
sr

Abbreviation for steradian.

85Sr
⁸⁵Sr

Abbreviation for strontium-85.

89Sr
⁸⁹Sr

Symbol for strontium-89.

90Sr
⁹⁰Sr

Symbol for strontium-90.

SRF
SRF

Abbreviation for somatotropin-releasing factor.

SRF-A
SRF-A

Abbreviation for slow-reacting factor of anaphylaxis.

SRH
SRH

Abbreviation for somatotropin-releasing hormone.

SRIF
SRIF

Abbreviation for somatotropin release-inhibiting factor.

sRNA
sRNA

Abbreviation for soluble RNA. See entries under ribonucleic acid.

S romanum
S romanum (ro-ma′num)

Archaic term for sigmoid colon.

SRP
SRP

Abbreviation for signal recognition particle.

SRS
SRS

Abbreviation for slow-reacting substance.

SRS-A
SRS-A

Abbreviation for slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis.

ss
ss

Abbreviation for single-stranded, steady state.

SSPE
SSPE

Abbreviation for subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.

SSPL
SSPL

Abbreviation for saturation sound pressure level.

SSS
SSS

Abbreviation for soluble specific substance.

stab
stab

To pierce with a pointed instrument, as a knife or dagger. [Gael. stob]

stabilate
stabilate (sta′bi-lat)

A sample of organisms preserved alive on a single occasion, i.e., by freezing.

stabile
stabile (sta′bil, -bil)

Steady; fixed; denoting: 1) certain constituents of serum unaffected by ordinary degrees of heat; 2) an electrode held steadily on a part during the passage of an electric current. Cf.:labile. [L. stabilis]

stabilimeter
stabilimeter (sta-bi-lim′e-ter)

An instrument to measure the sway of the body when standing with feet together and usually with eyes closed. [L. stabilitas, firmness, + G. metron, measure]

stability
stability (sta-bil′i-te)

The condition of being stable or resistant to change.
denture s. the quality of a denture to be firm, steady, constant, and resistant to change of position when functional forces are applied. SYN: stabilization (2) .
detrusor s. the property of a detrusor to accommodate increasing bladder volume without significant increase in detrusor pressure and without involuntary detrusor contraction.
dimensional s. the property of a material to retain its size and form.
endemic s. a situation in which all factors influencing disease occurrence are relatively stable, resulting in little fluctuation in disease incidence over time; changes in one or more of these factors ( e.g., reduction in proportion of individuals with immunity from exposure to infectious agent) can lead to an unstable situation in which major disease outbreaks occur. SYN: enzootic s..
enzootic s. SYN: endemic s..
suspension s. a very slow sedimentation rate.

stabilization
stabilization (sta′bi-li-za′shun)

1. The accomplishment of a stable state. 2. SYN: denture stability.

stabilizer
stabilizer (sta′bi-li-zer)

1. That which renders something else more stable. 2. An agent that retards the effect of an accelerator, thus preserving a chemical equilibrium. 3. A part possessing the quality of rigidity or creating rigidity when added to another part.
endodontic s. a pin implant passing through the apex of a tooth from its root canal and extending well into the underlying bone to provide immobilization of periodontally involved teeth.

stable
stable (sta′bl)

Steady; not varying; resistant to change. SEE ALSO: stabile.

stachybotryotoxicosis
stachybotryotoxicosis (stak-e-bot′re-o-tok-si-ko′sis)

A type of mycotoxicosis seen in horses and cattle following ingestion of hay and fodder overgrown by the fungus Stachybotrys atra; may also occur in humans exposed to hay either by inhalation or by absorbing the toxin through the skin, and is manifested by skin rash, pharyngitis, and mild leukopenia.

stachydrine
stachydrine (stak′i-dren)

The betaine of l-proline found in alfalfa, chrysanthemum, and citrus plants.

stachyose
stachyose (stak′e-os)

A raffinosegalactopyranoside; a tetrasaccharide that yields d-glucose, d-fructose, and 2 mol of d-galactose upon hydrolysis; present in certain tubers and other plant tissues.

stactometer
stactometer (stak-tom′e-ter)

SYN: stalagmometer. [G. staktos, dropping, fr. stazo, to let fall by drops, + metron, measure]

Stader
Stader

Otto, U.S. veterinary surgeon, *1894. See S. splint.

Staderini
Staderini

Rutilio, 19th century Italian neuroanatomist. See S. nucleus.

stadiometer
stadiometer (sta-de-om′e-ter)

An instrument for measuring standing or sitting height. [L. stadium, fr. G. stadion, a fixed length, + G. metron, measure]

stadium
stadium, pl .stadia (sta′de-um, -de-a)

Obsolete term for a stage in the course of a disease, especially of an acute pyretic disease. [L. fr. G. stadion, a fixed standard length]

staff
staff

1. A specific group of workers. 2. SYN: director (1) . [A.S. staef]
attending s. physicians and surgeons who are members of a hospital s. and regularly attend their patients at the hospital; may also supervise and teach house s., fellows, and medical students.
consulting s. specialists affiliated with a hospital who serve in an advisory capacity to the attending s..
house s. physicians and surgeons in specialty training at a hospital who care for the patients under the direction and supervision of the attending s..

staff of Aesculapius
staff of Aesculapius

A rod encircled by a serpent; symbol of medicine and emblem of the American Medical Association, Royal Army Medical Corps (Britain), and Royal Canadian Medical Corps. SEE ALSO: caduceus. [L. Aesculapius, G. Asklepios, god of medicine]

Stafne
Stafne

Edward C., U.S. oral pathologist, 1894–1981. See S. bone cyst.

stage
stage (staj)

1. A period in the course of a disease; a description of the extent of involvement of a disease process or the status of a patient with a specific disease, as of the distribution and extent of dissemination of a malignant neoplastic disease; also, the act of determining the s. of a disease, especially cancer. SEE ALSO: period. 2. The part of a microscope on which the microslide bears the object to be examined. 3. A particular step, phase, or position in a developmental process.For psychosexual stages, see entries under phase. [M.E. thr. O. Fr. estage, standing-place, fr. L. sto, pp. status, to stand]
algid s. the s. of collapse in cholera.
Arneth stages a differential grouping of polymorphonuclear neutrophils in accordance with the number of lobes in their nuclei, i.e., cells with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 (or more) lobes are designated, respectively, as class I, II, and so on. SEE ALSO: Arneth formula.
bell s. third s. of tooth development, wherein the cells form the inner enamel epithelium, the stratum intermedium, the stellate reticulum, and the outer enamel epithelium; the enamel organ assumes a bell shape.
bud s. first s. of tooth development; development of the primordia of the enamel organs, the tooth buds.
cap s. second s. of tooth development wherein there is development of the inner and outer enamel epithelium.
cold s. the s. of chill in a malarial paroxysm.
defervescent s. defervescence.
end s. the late, fully developed phase of a disease; e.g., in end-s. renal disease, a shrunken and scarred kidney that may result from a variety of chronic diseases that have become indistinguishable in their effect on the kidney.
eruptive s. the s. of an exanthematous illness in which the rash appears.
exoerythrocytic s. developmental s. of the malaria parasite (Plasmodium) in liver parenchyma cells of the vertebrate host before erythrocytes are invaded. The initial generation produces cryptozoites, the next generation metacryptozoites; reinfection of liver cells from blood cells apparently does not occur. Delayed development of the sporozoite (hypnozoite) of Plasmodium vivax and P. ovale appears to be responsible for malarial relapse that may occur with these disease agents.
genital s. referring to the psychic organization derived from, and which is characteristic of, the Freudian genital period of the infant's psychosocial organization. See genitality. SEE ALSO: anality, orality.
imperfect s. a mycologic term used to describe the asexual life cycle phase of a fungus. See anamorph.
incubative s. SYN: incubation period (1) .
intuitive s. in psychology, a s. of development, usually occurring between 4 and 7 years of age, in which a child's thought processes are determined by the most prominent aspects of the stimuli to which the child is exposed, rather than by some form of logical thought.
s. of invasion SYN: incubation period (1) .
stages of labor labor.
latent s. SYN: incubation period (1) .
perfect s. a mycologic term used to describe the sexual life cycle phase of a fungus in which spores are formed after nuclear fusion. SYN: teleomorph.
preconceptual s. in psychology, the s. of development in an infant's life, prior to actual conceptual thinking, in which sensorimotor activity predominates.
prodromal s. early s./symptoms of disease prior to the appearance of characteristic symptoms.
resting s. the quiescent s. of a cell or its nucleus in which no karyokinetic changes are taking place. SYN: vegetative s..
Tanner s. a s. of puberty in the Tanner growth chart, based on pubic hair growth, development of genitalia in boys, and breast development in girls.
trypanosome s. trypomastigote.
tumor s. the extent of the spread of a malignant neoplasm from its site of origin. SEE ALSO: TNM staging.
vegetative s. SYN: resting s..

stagger
stagger (stag′er)

To walk unsteadily; to reel.

staggers
staggers (stag′erz)

A form of decompression sickness in which vertigo, mental confusion, and muscular weakness are the chief symptoms.

staging
staging (staj′ing)

1. The determination or classification of distinct phases or periods in the course of a disease or pathological process. 2. The determination of the specific extent of a disease process in an individual patient.
Jewett and Strong s. obsolete term for s. of bladder carcinoma: O, noninvasive; A, with submucosal invasion; B, with muscle invasion; C, with invasion of perivascular fat; D, with lymph node metastasis.
TNM s. a system of clinicopathologic evaluation of tumors based on the extent of tumor involvement at the primary site (T, followed by a number indicating size and depth of invasion), and lymph node involvement (N) and metastasis (M) each followed by a number starting at 0 for no evident metastasis; numbers used depend on the organ involved and influence the prognosis and choice of treatment.

stagnation
stagnation (stag-na′shun)

Retardation or cessation of flow of blood in the vessels, as in passive congestion; marked slowing or accumulation in any part of a normally circulating fluid. [L. stagnum, a pool]

Stahl
Stahl

George E., German physician and chemist, 1660–1734. He promulgated the phlogiston theory. See phlogiston.

Stahl
Stahl

Friedrich K., German physician, 1811–1873. See S. ear.

Stähli
Stähli

Jean, Swiss ophthalmologist, *1890. See Hudson-S. line.

stain
stain (stan)

1. To discolor. 2. To color; to dye. 3. A discoloration. 4. A dye used in histologic and bacteriologic technique. 5. A procedure in which a dye or combination of dyes and reagents is used to color the constituents of cells and tissues. For individual dyes or staining substances, see the specific names. [M.E. steinen]
Abbott s. for spores spores are stained blue with alkaline methylene blue; bodies of the bacilli become pink with eosin counterstain.
aceto-orcein s. a s. used for chromosomes in air-dried or squashed cytologic material.
acid s. a dye in which the anion is the colored component of the dye molecule, e.g., sodium eosinate (eosin).
Ag-AS s. SYN: silver-ammoniac silver s..
Albert s. a s. for diphtheria bacilli and their metachromatic granules; contains toluidine blue, methyl green, glacial acetic acid, alcohol, and distilled water.
Altmann anilin-acid fuchsin s. a mixture of picric acid, anilin, and acid fuchsin which stains mitochondria crimson against a yellow background.
auramine O fluorescent s. a rapid and accurate technique for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, using auramine O-phenol and a methylene blue counterstain.
basic s. a dye in which the cation is the colored component of the dye molecule that binds to anionic groups of nucleic acids (PO₄^&tbond;) or acidic mucopolysaccharides ( e.g., chondroitin sulfate).
basic fuchsin-methylene blue s. a s. for intact epoxy sections; semithick sections of plastic-embedded tissues have nuclei stained purple; collagen, elastic lamina, and connective tissue are stained blue; mitochondria, myelin, and lipid droplets are stained red; cytoplasm, smooth muscle cells, axoplasm, and chrondroblasts are stained pink.
Bauer chromic acid leucofuchsin s. a s. for glycogen and fungi utilizing chromic acid as an oxidizing agent of polysaccharides, followed by Schiff reagent; glycogen and fungi cell walls appear deep red.
Becker s. for spirochetes a s. applied to thin films fixed in formaldehyde-acetic acid; preparations are treated successively with tannin, carbolic acid, and carbol fuchsin.
Bennhold Congo red s. an amyloid s. useful for amyloid detection in pathologic tissue; gives red staining of amyloid; also induces green birefringence to amyloid under polarized light.
Berg s. a method for staining spermatozoa, utilizing a carbol-fuchsin solution followed by dilute acetic acid and methylene blue; spermatozoa are stained a brilliant red and most other structures appear blue to purple.
Best carmine s. a method for the demonstration of glycogen in tissues.
Bielschowsky s. a method of treating tissues with silver nitrate to demonstrate reticular fibers, neurofibrils, axons, and dendrites.
Biondi-Heidenhain s. an obsolete s. for spirochetes, using acid fuchsin and orange G.
Birch-Hirschfeld s. an obsolete s. for demonstrating amyloid, using Bismarck brown and crystal violet; amyloid is usually stained a bright ruby red, whereas the cytoplasm of cells is not stained and nuclei are brown.
Bodian copper-protargol s. a s. employing a silver proteinate complex (protargol) to demonstrate axis cylinders and neurofibrils.
Borrel blue s. a s. for demonstrating spirochetes, treponemes, and Borrelia organisms, using silver oxide (prepared by means of mixing solutions of silver nitrate and sodium bicarbonate) and methylene blue.
Bowie s. a s. for juxtaglomerular granules in which the kidney sections are stained in a mixture of Biebrich scarlet red and ethyl violet; juxtaglomerular granules and elastic fibers are stained a deep purple, erythrocytes are amber, and background tissue appears in shades of red.
Brown-Brenn s. a method for differential staining of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in tissue sections; it utilizes a modified Gram s. of crystal violet, Gram iodine, and basic fuchsin.
Cajal astrocyte s. a method for demonstrating astrocytes by impregnation in a solution containing gold chloride and mercuric chloride.
carbol-thionin s. a s. useful for demonstrating typhoid bacilli in films and sections, and for Nissl substance.
C-banding s. a selective chromosome banding s. used in human cytogenetics, employing Giemsa s. after most of the DNA is denatured or extracted by treatment with alkali, acid, salt, or heat; only heterochromatic regions close to the centromeres and rich in satellite DNA s., with the exception of the Y chromosome, whose long arm usually stains throughout. SYN: centromere banding s..
centromere banding s. SYN: C-banding s..
chromate s. for lead a method in which tissues preserved in chromate-containing fixatives, such as Regaud or Orth fixatives, precipitate lead as yellow lead chromate crystals; formalin-fixed sections are treated with potassium chromate acidified with acetic acid.
chrome alum hematoxylin-phloxine s. a s. used to demonstrate pancreatic islet cells; alpha cells appear red, beta cells blue or unstained.
Ciaccio s. a method for demonstrating complex insoluble intra-cellular lipids using fixation in a formalin-dichromate solution, embedding in paraffin, staining with Sudan III or IV, and examination in aqueous mountant.
contrast s. a dye used to color one portion of a tissue or cell which remained unaffected when the other part was stained by a dye of different color. SYN: differential s..
Cresylecht violet s. a s. used for identification of Pneumocystis carinii.
Da Fano s. a silver s. that produces a blackening of Golgi elements after tissues are fixed in a mixture of nitrate and formalin.
Dane s. a s. for prekeratin, keratin, and mucin that employs hemalum, phloxine, Alcian blue, and orange G; nuclei appear orange to brown, acid mucopolysaccharides pale blue, and keratins orange to red-orange.
DAPI s. a sensitive fluorescent probe for DNA, 4′6-diamidino-2-phenylindole&chmpnt;2HCl, used in fluorescence microscopy to detect DNA in yeast mitochondria, chloroplasts, viruses, mycoplasma, and chromosomes; DNA is visualized in vitally stained living cells and after cells are fixed in formaldehyde.
diazo s. for argentaffin granules in enterochromaffin cells, a variety of diazonium salts are used to blacken the cells.
Dieterle s. s. used to demonstrate spirochetes and Leishman-Donovan bodies; employs silver nitrate and uranium nitrate.
differential s. SYN: contrast s..
double s. a mixture of two dyes, each of which stains different portions of a tissue or cell.
Ehrlich acid hematoxylin s. an alum type of hematoxylin s. used as a regressive staining method for nuclei, followed by differentiation to required staining intensity; the solution may be allowed to ripen naturally in sunlight or partially oxidized with sodium iodate.
Ehrlich aniline crystal violet s. a s. for Gram-positive bacteria.
Ehrlich triacid s. a differential leukocytic s. comprised of saturated solutions of orange G, acid fuchsin, and methyl green.
Ehrlich triple s. a mixture of indulin, eosin Y, and aurantia.
Einarson gallocyanin-chrome alum s. a method for staining both RNA and DNA a deep blue; with proper controls, nucleic acid content of stained cells and nuclei may be estimated by cytophotometry; also useful for Nissl substance.
Eranko fluorescence s. exposure of frozen sections to formaldehyde that produces a strong yellow-green fluorescence from cells containing norepinephrine.
Feulgen s. a selective cytochemical reaction for DNA in which sections or cells are first hydrolyzed with hydrochloric acid to produce apurinic acid and then are stained with Schiff reagent to produce magenta-stained nuclei; generally the concentration of DNA in nucleoli and mitochondria is too low to permit detection by this s. SEE ALSO: Kasten fluorescent Feulgen s..
Field rapid s. a s. to permit rapid positive diagnosis of malaria in endemic areas by using thick films; it employs methylene blue and azure B in a phosphate buffer, with the preparation counterstained by eosin in a phosphate buffer.
Fink-Heimer s. a method used for histologic demonstration of degenerating nerve fibers and terminals of the central nervous system (black on a yellow background).
Flemming triple s. a s. composed of safranin, methyl violet, and orange G.
fluorescence plus Giemsa s. a s. used to demonstrate sister chromatid exchange; cells are grown in 5-bromodeoxyuridine, followed by chromosome preparation, staining in Hoechst 33258, exposure to light, and staining in Giemsa; chromosomes exhibit a “harlequin” appearance.
fluorescent s. a s. or staining procedure using a fluorescent dye or substance that will combine selectively with certain tissue components and that will then fluoresce upon irradiation with ultraviolet or violet-blue light.
Fontana s. a traditional method for silver impregnation of treponemes and other spirochetal forms.
Fontana-Masson silver s. SYN: Masson-Fontana ammoniac silver s..
Foot reticulin impregnation s. a silver s. in which reticulin stains black and collagen stains golden brown; sections are floated on the surface of solutions to avoid contamination with silver debris.
Fouchet s. Fouchet reagent employed to demonstrate bile pigments; paraffin sections are used for conjugated bile pigments, frozen sections for unconjugated ones.
Fraser-Lendrum s. for fibrin a multistaining procedure after Zenker fixative in which fibrin, keratin, and some cytoplasmic granules appear red, erythrocytes appear orange, and collagen appears green.
Friedländer s. for capsules an obsolete s. employing gentian violet.
G-banding s. a chromosome-staining technique used in human cytogenetics to identify individual chromosomes which produces characteristic bands; it utilizes acetic acid fixation, air drying, denaturing chromosomes mildly with proteolytic enzymes, salts, heat, detergents, or urea, and finally Giemsa s.; chromosome bands appear similar to those fluorochromed by Q-banding s.. SYN: Giemsa chromosome banding s..
Giemsa s. compound of methylene blue-eosin and methylene blue used for demonstrating Negri bodies, Tunga species, spirochetes and protozoans, and differential staining of blood smears; also used for chromosomes, sometimes after hydrolyzing the cytologic preparation in hot hydrochloric acid, and for showing chromosome G bands; often used in glycerol-methanol buffer solution.
Giemsa chromosome banding s. SYN: G-banding s..
Glenner-Lillie s. for pituitary a modification of Mann methyl blue-eosin s. that changes the dye proportions, buffering the dye mixture, and staining at 60°C; basophils are stained blue to black, acidophils are dark red, chromophobe granules are gray to pink, and erythrocytes are orange; with modification, the method is also useful for enterochromaffin cells, goblet cells, Paneth cells, and pancreatic islet cells.
Golgi s. any of several methods for staining nerve cells, nerve fibers, and neuroglia using fixation and hardening in formalin-osmic-dichromate combinations for various times, followed by impregnation in silver nitrate.
Gomori aldehyde fuchsin s. a s. used to demonstrate beta cells of the pancreas, storage form of thyrotrophic hormone in beta cells of the anterior pituitary, hypophyseal neurosecretory substance, mast cells, granules, elastic fibers, sulfated mucins, and gastric chief cells.
Gomori chrome alum hematoxylin-phloxine s. a technique used to demonstrate cytoplasmic granules, after Bouin or formalin-Zenker fixatives, using oxidized hematoxylin plus phloxine; in the pancreas, beta cells are blue, alpha and delta cells are red, and zymogen granules are red to unstained; in the pituitary, alpha cells are pink, beta cells and chromophobes are gray-blue, and nuclei are purple to blue.
Gomori-Jones periodic acid-methenamine-silver s. a staining method using methenamine silver, periodic acid, gold chloride, hematoxylin, and eosin to delineate basement membrane, reticulin, collagen, and nuclei; used in renal histopathology. SEE ALSO: Rambourg periodic acid-chromic methenamine-silver s..
Gomori methenamine-silver s. (GMS) techniques for 1) argentaffin cells: a method using a methenamine-silver solution in combination with gold chloride, sodium thiosulfate, and safranin O; argentaffin granules appear brown-black against a green background; 2) urates: warm sections are treated directly with a hot methenamine-silver solution to produce a blackening of urates; 3) fungi: see Grocott-Gomori methenamine-silver s.; 4) melanin, which reduces silver nitrate.
Gomori nonspecific acid phosphatase s. a method in which formalin-fixed frozen sections are incubated in a substrate containing sodium β-glycerophosphate and lead nitrate at pH 5.0; the insoluble lead phosphate produced is treated with ammonium sulfide to give a black lead sulfide.
Gomori nonspecific alkaline phosphatase s. a calcium-cobalt sulfide method using frozen sections or cold acetone- or formalin-fixed paraffin sections, plus sodium β-glycerophosphate as a substrate at pH 9.0–9.5 with Mg²⁺ as activator; calcium ions precipitate the liberated phosphate, cobalt salt replaces the calcium phosphate, and ammonium sulfide converts the product to a black cobalt sulfide.
Gomori one-step trichrome s. a connective tissue s. that uses hematoxylin and a dye mixture containing chromotrope 2R and light green or aniline blue; muscle fibers appear red, collagen is green (or blue if aniline blue is used), and nuclei are blue to black.
Gomori silver impregnation s. a reliable method for reticulin, as an aid in the diagnosis of neoplasm and early cirrhosis of the liver; the staining solution employs silver nitrate, potassium hydroxide, and ammonia water carefully prepared to avoid having silver precipitate.
Goodpasture s. a s. for Gram-negative bacteria, using aniline fuchsin.
Gordon and Sweet s. a s. for reticulin, using acidified potassium permanganate, oxalic acid, iron alum, silver nitrate, formaldehyde, gold chloride, and sodium thiosulfate.
Gram s. a method for differential staining of bacteria; smears are fixed by flaming, stained in a solution of crystal violet, treated with iodine solution, rinsed, decolorized, and then counterstained with safranin O; Gram-positive organisms s. purple-black and Gram-negative organisms s. pink; useful in bacterial taxonomy and identification, and also in indicating fundamental differences in cell wall structure.
Gram-chromotrope s. a modified trichrome s. for microsporidian spores that combines Gram-s. reagents in the procedure.
green s. a deposit, produced by chromogenic bacteria, found on the cervicolabial portions of the teeth, usually in children. SEE ALSO: acquired pellicle.
Gridley s. a silver staining method for reticulum.
Gridley s. for fungi a method for fixed tissue sections based on Bauer chromic acid leucofuchsin s. with the addition of Gomori aldehyde fuchsin s. and metanil yellow as counterstains; against a yellow background, hyphae, conidia, yeast capsules, elastin, and mucin appear in different shades of blue to purple.
Grocott-Gomori methenamine-silver s. a modification of Gomori methenamine-silver s. for fungi in which sections are pretreated with chromic acid before addition of the methenamine-silver solution and then counterstained with light green to demonstrate black-brown fungi against a pale green background.
Hale colloidal iron s. a s. used to distinguish acid mucopolysaccharides such as hyaluronic acid; may be combined with PAS to also visualize carbohydrate-containing proteins and glycoproteins.
Heidenhain azan s. a technique using azocarmine B or G followed by aniline blue to s. nuclei and erythrocytes red, muscle orange, glia fibrils reddish, mucin blue, and collagen and reticulum dark blue. [azocarmine + aniline blue]
Heidenhain iron hematoxylin s. an iron alum hematoxylin s. used for staining muscle striations and mitotic structures blue-black.
hematoxylin and eosin s. probably the most generally useful of all staining methods for tissues; nuclei are stained a deep blue with hematoxylin, and cytoplasm is stained pink after counterstaining with eosin, usually in water.
hematoxylin-malachite green-basic fuchsin s. a s. for epoxy resin-extracted sections; semithick sections have their plastic dissolved out and the residual tissue is stained sequentially with the various dyes; nuclei and astrocytes are purplish-pink and myelin, lipid droplets, nucleoli, and oligodendrocytes are bright blue-green.
hematoxylin-phloxine B s. a s. for intact epoxy sections; semi-thick sections of plastic-embedded tissues have the following structures stained blue to black: chromatin, nucleoli, basophilic cytoplasm, mitochondria, plasma and nuclear membranes, anisotropic myofibrils, mast cell granules, and elastic membranes of blood vessels; appearing pink to red are collagen fibrils, reticulum, goblet cell mucins, hyalin cartilage matrix, stereocilia, cytoplasm, and erythrocytes; fat droplets and perichondrocyte matrix are green.
Hirsch-Peiffer s. a s. used for cytologic demonstration staining of metachromatic leukodystrophy; excess sulfatides s. metachromatically (golden brown) with cresyl violet in acetic acid.
Hiss s. a s. for demonstrating the capsules of microorganisms, using gentian violet or basic fuchsin followed by a copper sulfate wash.
Holmes s. a silver nitrate staining method for nerve fibers.
Hortega neuroglia s. one of several silver carbonate methods to demonstrate astrocytes, oligodendroglia, and microglia.
Hucker-Conn s. a crystal violet-ammonium oxalate mixture used in Gram s..
immunofluorescent s. s. resulting from combination of fluorescent antibody with antigen specific for that antibody.
India ink capsule s. a negative s. for crystal bacteria in which cells appear purple (Gram crystal violet) and the capsules appear clear against a dark background.
intravital s. a s. which is taken up by living cells after parenteral administration, e.g., intravenously or subcutaneously.
iodine s. a s. to detect amyloid, cellulose, chitin, starch, carotenes, and glycogen, and to s. amebas by virtue of their glycogen; feces and other wet preparations are stained directly with Lugol iodine solution; smears are treated with Schaudinn fixative and then stained with alcoholic iodine, followed by Heidenhain iron hematoxylin.
Jenner s. a methylene blue eosinate similar to Wright s. but differing in not using polychromed methylene blue; used for staining of blood smears.
Kasten fluorescent Feulgen s. a fluorescent modification of the Feulgen s., utilizing any one of a variety of fluorescent basic dyes to which SO₂ is added; the brilliant fluorescence makes this method unusually sensitive and adaptable to cytofluorometric quantification of DNA.
Kasten fluorescent PAS s. a fluorescent modification of the periodic acid-Schiff s. for polysaccharides which uses one of Kasten fluorescent Schiff reagents.
Kinyoun s. a method for demonstrating acid-fast microorganisms, using carbol fuchsin, acid alcohol, and methylene blue; acid-fast microorganisms appear red against a blue background.
Kleihauer s. a combination of aniline blue and Biebrich scarlet red used for detection of fetal cells in the maternal blood.
Klinger-Ludwig acid-thionin s. for sex chromatin a method using a preliminary acid treatment on buccal smears, prior to staining with buffered thionin, to differentiate Barr body.
Klüver-Barrera Luxol fast blue s. in combination with cresyl violet, a s. useful for demonstrating myelin and Nissl substance.
Kokoskin s. a modified trichrome s. for microsporidian spores in which heat is used to shorten the staining times.
Kossa s. SYN: von Kossa s..
Kronecker s. a 5% sodium chloride s. rendered faintly alkaline with sodium carbonate, used in the examination of fresh tissues under the microscope.
lactophenol cotton blue s. a solution consisting of phenol crystals, glycerol, lactic acid, and distilled water to which cotton blue or crystal violet is added; used as a s. in mycology.
Laquer s. for alcoholic hyalin a combination of Altmann aniline-acid fuchsin s. with a Masson trichrome s. which, on a gray-brown background, stains alcoholic hyalin red, collagen green, and nuclei brown.
lead hydroxide s. a s. for electron microscopy; after aldehyde fixation, alkaline lead hydroxide preferentially stains RNA, but after OsO₄ fixation, it reacts largely with osmium in tissues to give a general s.; in addition to binding to cytomembranes, it also stains carbohydrates ( e.g., glycogen).
Leishman s. a polychromed eosin-methylene blue s. used in the examination of blood films.
Lendrum phloxine-tartrazine s. a s. for demonstrating acidophilic inclusion bodies, which appear red on a yellow background; nuclei s. blue, but Negri bodies do not s..
Lepehne-Pickworth s. a staining technique for hemoglobin and other heme-containing substances in cryostat or frozen sections, which utilizes the presence of tissue peroxidase to oxidize benzidine to a blue quinhydrone.
Levaditi s. a silver nitrate s. for blackening spirochetes in tissue sections.
Lillie allochrome connective tissue s. a procedure using PAS, hematoxylin, picric acid, and methyl blue; used for distinction between basement membrane and reticulin, and for demonstration of arteriosclerotic lesions.
Lillie azure-eosin s. a s. in which an azure eosinate solution is used to s. bacteria and rickettsiae in tissues.
Lillie ferrous iron s. a method using potassium ferrocyanide in acetic acid that demonstrates melanins as a deep green color; lipofuscins and heme pigments are unreactive.
Lillie sulfuric acid Nile blue s. a technique for showing fatty acids when present in high concentrations.
Lison-Dunn s. a technique using leuco patent blue V and hydrogen peroxidase to demonstrate hemoglobin peroxidase on time sections and smears.
Loeffler s. a s. for flagella; the specimen is treated with a mixture of ferrous sulfate, tannic acid, and alcoholic fuchsin, then stained with aniline-water fuchsin or gentian violet made alkaline with sodium hydroxide solution.
Loeffler caustic s. a s. for flagella, utilizing an aqueous solution of tannin and ferrous sulfate with the addition of an alcoholic fuchsin s..
Luna-Ishak s. a staining method using celestine blue and acid fuchsin in which bile canaliculi s. pink to red.
Macchiavello s. a basic fuchsin-citric acid-methylene blue sequence in smears which produces red staining of rickettsiae and inclusion bodies, with nuclei staining blue.
MacNeal tetrachrome blood s. a s. for blood smears composed of a mixture of methylene blue, azure A, methylene violet, and eosin Y.
malarial pigment s. a s. using phloxine-toluidine blue O sequence; malarial pigment and nuclei are bluish, erythrocytes and cytoplasm are red to orange; found in phagocytic cells of the reticuloendothelial system.
Maldonado-San Jose s. a staining method for staining pancreatic islet cells, using a phloxine-azure B-hematoxylin sequence; alpha cells are purple, beta cells are violet-blue, delta cells are light blue, and exocrine cells are grayish blue with red secretion granules.
Mallory s. for actinomyces a s. using alum hematoxylin, followed by eosin; immersion in Ehrlich aniline crystal violet s., and Weigert iodine solution; mycelia s. blue and clubs s. red.
Mallory aniline blue s. SYN: Mallory trichrome s..
Mallory collagen s. one of a number of staining methods using phosphomolybdic or phosphotungstic acid with an acid s., such as aniline blue, or with hematoxylin for connective tissue staining.
Mallory s. for hemofuchsin sections are stained sequentially in alum hematoxylin and basic fuchsin; the lipofuchsin-like pigment and ceroid s. bright red, nuclei s. blue, while melanin and hemosiderin appear unstained in their natural browns.
Mallory iodine s. amyloid appears red-brown after Gram iodine, then violet and blue after flooding with dilute sulfuric acid.
Mallory phloxine s. a technique based on retention of phloxine by hyaline after overstaining and then decolorizing with lithium carbonate, used in combination with alum hematoxylin to give nuclear staining; hyaline appears red, older hyaline is pink to colorless, amyloid is pale pink, and nuclei are blue-black.
Mallory phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin s. SYN: phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin.
Mallory trichrome s. a method especially suitable for studying connective tissue; sections are stained in acid fuchsin, aniline blue-orange G solution, and phosphotungstic acid; fibrils of collagen are blue, fibroglia, neuroglia, and muscle fibers are red, and fibrils of elastin are pink or yellow. SYN: Mallory aniline blue s., Mallory triple s..
Mallory triple s. SYN: Mallory trichrome s..
Mann methyl blue-eosin s. a s. useful for anterior pituitary and viral inclusion bodies; a mixture of the two dyes stains alpha cell granules red, beta cell granules dark blue, chromophobes gray to pink, colloid red, erythrocytes orange-red, and collagen fibers blue; this method is also useful for enterochromaffin, goblet, Paneth, and pancreatic islet cells; Negri bodies appear red while their nuclei and central granules are blue.
Marchi s. a staining method in which the specimen is hardened for 8–10 days in a modified Müller fixative, followed by immersion for 1–3 weeks in the same with the addition of osmic acid; fat and degenerating nerve fibers s. black.
Masson argentaffin s. a s. used to s. enterochromaffin granules brown-black.
Masson-Fontana ammoniac silver s. a s. used to demonstrate melanin and argentaffin granules. SYN: Fontana-Masson silver s..
Masson trichrome s. original composition for multicolored tissue preparations including ponceau de xylidine, acid fuchsin, iron alum hematoxylin, and either aniline blue or fast green FCF; chromatin stains black, cytoplasm is in shades of red, granules of eosinophils and mast cells are deep red, erythrocytes are black, elastic fibers are red, and collagen fibers and mucus are dark blue (aniline blue) or green (fast green FCF); modifications substitute other dyes, such as Biebrich scarlet red and wool green s..
Maximow s. for bone marrow an alum-hematoxylin and azure II-eosin s. used to distinguish granulated leukocytes, mast cells, and cartilage.
Mayer hemalum s. a progressive nuclear s. also used as a counterstain.
Mayer mucicarmine s. mucicarmine.
Mayer mucihematein s. mucihematein.
May-Grünwald s. a German equivalent of Jenner s., used for blood staining and in cytology; often used in combination with Giemsa s.; valuable in demonstrating parasitic flagellates.
metachromatic s. a s., such as methylene blue, thionin, or azure A, that has the ability to produce different colors with various histologic or cytologic structures.
methenamine silver s. a s. used for cysts of Pneumocystis carinii.
methyl green-pyronin s. a staining method useful for identification of plasma cells which are intensely pyroninophilic; a mixture of a green and a red dye that has the property of staining highly polymerized nucleic acid (DNA) green and low molecular weight nucleic acids (RNA) red. See Unna-Pappenheim s..
modified acid-fast s. a s. for coccidia (Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Isospora) in which the decolorizer is a very dilute acid (1–3% sulfuric acid); less likely to remove too much dye.
modified trichrome s. a s. developed from the Wheatley modification of the Gomori trichrome s. using 10 times the amount of chromotrope 2R dye for microsporidian spores, which s. pink to red.
Mowry colloidal iron s. a s. used for demonstrating acid mucopolysaccharides.
MSB trichrome s. a s. for fibrin using martius yellow, brilliant crystal scarlet 6R, and soluble blue; fibrin is selectively stained red and connective tissue appears blue.
multiple s. a mixture of several dyes each having an independent selective action on one or more portions of the tissue.
Nair buffered methylene blue s. s. used to show nuclear detail of protozoan trophozoites when used at low pH (3.6–4.8).
Nakanishi s. a method for vital staining of bacteria in which a slide is treated with hot methylene blue solution until it acquires a sky-blue color, after which a drop of an emulsion of the bacteria is put on the cover glass and the latter laid on the slide; the bacteria are stained differentially, some parts more intensely than others.
Nauta s. a s. for degenerating axons in which they s. with silver and appear as fragmented and swollen fibers.
negative s. s. forming an opaque or colored background against which the object to be demonstrated appears as a translucent or colorless area; in electron microscopy, an electron opaque material, such as phosphotungstic acid or sodium phosphotungstate, is used to give detail as to surface structure.
Neisser s. a s. for the polar nuclei of the diphtheria bacillus which uses a mixture of methylene blue and crystal violet.
neutral s. a compound of an acid s. and a basic s., such as the eosinate of methylene blue, in which the anion and cation each contains a chromophore group. SYN: salt dye.
Nicolle s. for capsules s. in a mixture of a saturated solution of gentian violet in alcohol-phenol.
ninhydrin-Schiff s. for proteins proteins are revealed by using ninhydrin or alloxan to produce aldehydes from primary aliphatic amines by oxidative deamination; the aldehydes are shown by reaction with Schiff reagent.
Nissl s. 1. a method for staining nerve cells with basic fuchsin; 2. a method for staining aggregates of rough endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes in neuronal cell bodies and dendrites with basic dyes such as cresyl violet (or cresyl echt violet), thionine, toluidin blue O, or methylene blue.
Noble s. a basic fuchsin-orange G staining technique for detection of viral inclusion bodies in fixed tissues.
nuclear s. a s. for cell nuclei, usually based on the binding of a basic dye to DNA or nucleohistone.
Orth s. a lithium carmine s. for nerve cells and their processes.
Padykula-Herman s. for myosin ATPase a technique similar to that of Gomori nonspecific alkaline phosphatase s., except that incubation is carried out with ATP as the substrate at pH 9.4 in the absence of Mg²⁺; enzyme activity is demonstrated as blackened deposits in the A band of striated muscle sarcomeres; control tissue sections lacking substrate and containing sulfhydryl inhibitors are necessary.
Paget-Eccleston s. an aldehyde-thionin-PAS-orange G staining technique modified to identify seven different cell types in the anterior pituitary gland.
panoptic s. a s. in which a Romanowsky-type s. is combined with another s.; such a combination improves the staining of cytoplasmic granules and other bodies.
Papanicolaou s. a multichromatic s. used principally on exfoliated cytologic specimens and based on aqueous hematoxylin with multiple counterstaining dyes in 95% ethyl alcohol, giving great transparency and delicacy of detail; important in cancer screening, especially of gynecologic smears.
Pappenheim s. a methyl green-pyronin s., originally used as a s. for lymphocytes.
paracarmine s. a staining fluid consisting of a solution of calcium chloride and carminic acid in 75% alcohol.
PAS s. SYN: periodic acid-Schiff s..
periodic acid-Schiff s. (PAS) a tissue-staining procedure in which 1,2-glycol groupings are first oxidized with periodic acid to aldehydes, which then react with the sulfite leucofuchsin reagent of Schiff, and become colored red-violet; strong staining occurs with polysaccharides, such as glycogen, and mucopolysaccharides of epithelial mucins, basement membranes, and connective tissue. SYN: PAS s..
Perls Prussian blue s. a s. for ferric iron as in hemosiderins, using potassium ferrocyanide in acetic acid or dilute hydrochloric acid followed by a red counterstain such as safranin O or neutral red; various hemosiderins and most mineral irons give a blue-green reaction, while nuclei s. red.
peroxidase s. a method for demonstrating peroxidase granules in some neutrophils and in eosinophils; the enzyme promotes the oxidation of benzidine by hydrogen peroxide; tissues treated with horseradish peroxidase can also have the enzyme detected in the electron microscope.
phosphotungstic acid s. the first general s. used for electron microscopy; a selective s. for extracellular components such as elastin, collagen, and basement membrane mucopolysaccharides; it can be followed by uranyl acetate or lead. SYN: PTA s..
picrocarmine s. a red crystalline powder derived from a solution of carmine, ammonia, and picric acid, which is evaporated, leaving the powder (soluble in water); it produces excellent staining of keratohyaline granules.
picro-Mallory trichrome s. a modification of Mallory trichrome s. that involves the addition of picric acid.
picronigrosin s. a solution of nigrosin in picric acid, used for staining connective tissue.
plasma s., plasmatic s., plasmic s. a s. whose principal affinity is for the cytoplasm of cells.
plastic section s. 1. for electron microscopy, a s. ( e.g., osmic acid, PTA, potassium permanganate) used on thin sections of plastic-embedded tissues, utilizing differential attachment of heavy atoms to various cellular and tissue structures so that electrons will be absorbed and scattered by these structures to produce an image; to achieve differential staining, the s. must penetrate nonwettable plastic embedments; 2. for light microscopy, a s. ( e.g., alkaline toluidine blue, silver methenamine) used on plastic-embedded tissues to attain higher resolution and more detail than normally possible; semi-thick (0.5-1.5 μm) sections are particularly useful in renal pathology, especially in combination with the phase microscope.
port-wine s. SYN: nevus flammeus.
positive s. direct binding of a dye with a tissue component to produce contrast; in electron microscopy, heavy metals like uranyl and lead salts are used to bind to selective cell constituents to produce increased density to the electron beam, i.e., contrast.
Prussian blue s. a s. employing acid potassium ferrocyanide to demonstrate iron, as in siderocytes.
PTA s. SYN: phosphotungstic acid s..
Puchtler-Sweat s. for basement membranes a staining method using resorcin-fuchsin and nuclear fast red solutions after Carnoy fixative; basement membranes are gray to black and nuclei pink to red.
Puchtler-Sweat s. for hemoglobin and hemosiderin a complex staining method in which, on a yellow background, hemoglobin is stained red, hemosiderin blue to green, and elastic fibers pink.
Q-banding s. a fluorescent s. for chromosomes which produces specific banding patterns for each pair of homologous chromosomes; the acridine dye derivative, quinacrine hydrochloride, or other derivatives like quinacrine mustard dihydrochloride produces a green-yellow fluorescence at pH 4.5 in chromosome segments rich in constitutive heterochromatin with deoxyadenylate-deoxythymidilate (A-T) bases of DNA; centromeric regions of human chromosomes 3, 4, and 13 are specifically stained, as are satellites of some acrocentric chromosomes and the end of the long arm of the Y chromosome; banding patterns are similar to those obtained with G-banding s.; similar fluorescent s. results are seen with the antibiotics adriamycin and daunomycin, as well as the tertiary dyes butyl proflavine and dapi, and the bisbenzimidazole dye hoechst 33258. SYN: quinacrine chromosome banding s..
quinacrine chromosome banding s. SYN: Q-banding s..
Rambourg chromic acid-phosphotungstic acid s. a s. for glycoproteins, used with an electron microscope, with which ultrathin tissue sections reveal complex carbohydrates in the same locations as shown by Rambourg periodic acid-chromic methenamine-silver s..
Rambourg periodic acid-chromic methenamine-silver s. a s. for glycoproteins, used with an electron microscope, adapted from the Gomori-Jones periodic acid-methenamine-silver s.; it produces silver deposits in mature saccules of the Golgi apparatus, lysosomal vesicles, cell coat, and basement membranes.
R-banding s. a reverse Giemsa chromosome banding method that produces bands complementary to G-bands; induced by treatment with high temperature, low pH, or acridine orange staining; often used together with G-banding on human karyotype to determine whether there are deletions.
Romanowsky blood s. prototype of the eosin-methylene blue stains for blood smears, using aqueous solutions made of a mixture of methylene blue (saturated) and eosin. Romanowsky-type stains depend for their action on compounds formed by interaction of methylene blue and eosin; most are of no value if water is present in the alcohol because neutral dyes become precipitated.
Roux s. a double s. for diphtheria bacilli which employs crystal violet or dahlia and methyl green.
Ryan s. a modified trichrome s. for microsporidian spores in which the chromotrope 2R is 10 times the normal concentration used in trichrome stains for stool specimens and the counterstain is aniline blue.
Schaeffer-Fulton s. a s. for bacterial spores using malachite green and safranin so that bacterial bodies are red to pink and spores are green.
Schmorl ferric-ferricyanide reduction s. a s. to test for reducing substances in tissues, including melanin, argentaffin granules, thyroid colloid, keratin, keratohyalin, and lipofuscin pigments; ferricyanide is converted into ferrocyanide which is converted to insoluble Prussian blue in the presence of ferric ions.
Schmorl picrothionin s. a s. for compact bone which employs thionin and picric acid solutions to produce blue to blue-black staining of bone canaliculi and cells; bone matrix is yellowish and cartilage ground substance is purple.
Schultz s. a s. for cholesterol; a relatively specific but insensitive histochemical test for cholesterol and cholesterol esters in which frozen sections of formalin-fixed tissues are oxidized in iron alum, hydrogen peroxide, or sodium iodate, then treated with sulfuric acid to give a blue-green to red color in a positive reaction; the presence of glycerol inhibits the reaction.
selective s. a s. that colors one portion of a tissue or cell exclusively or more deeply than the remaining portions.
Semichon acid carmine s. s. for adult trematodes.
silver s. any of a variety of stains ( e.g., Bielschowsky, Gomori silver, impregnation stains) which employ alkaline silver nitrate solutions to s. connective tissue fibers (reticulin, collagen), calcium salt deposits, spirochaetes, neurological tissue, and nucleolar organizer regions.
silver-ammoniac silver s. a s. for the acid protein component of nucleolar regions that are active or that were transcriptionally active in the preceding interphase; uses silver nitrate, ammoniacal silver, and formalin. SYN: Ag-AS s..
silver protein s. a silver proteinate complex used in staining nerve fibers, nerve endings, and flagellate protozoa; also used to demonstrate phagocytosis in living animals by the cells of the reticuloendothelial system.
Stirling modification of Gram s. a stable aniline-crystal violet s..
supravital s. a procedure in which living tissue is removed from the body and cells are placed in a nontoxic dye solution so that their vital processes may be studied.
Taenzer s. an orcein solution used for staining elastic tissue. SYN: Unna-Taenzer s..
Takayama s. a s. containing pyridine, sodium hydrate, and dextrose; used for identification of blood stains; a drop added to a suspected blood s. results in the formation of hemochromogen crystals.
telomeric R-banding s. a modified R-banding s. in which the telomeres become strongly stained and faint R-banding still occurs over the rest of the chromosomes; uses air-dried slides, aging for several days, and staining in hot phosphate-buffered Giemsa s..
thioflavine T s. a s. employed to detect amyloid, which induces specific yellow fluorescence; tissue sections are first put in alum-hematoxylin to quench nuclear fluorescence and then stained in thioflavine T.
Tizzoni s. a s. used as a test for iron in tissue; the tissue is treated with a solution of potassium ferrocyanide and then with dilute hydrochloric acid; a blue coloration indicates the presence of iron.
Toison s. a blood diluent and leukocyte s. containing methyl violet, sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, and glycerin; also used for erythrocyte counts.
toluidine blue s. a s. used for Pneumocystis carinii trophozoites.
trichrome s. staining combinations that usually contain three dyes of contrasting colors selected to s. connective tissue, muscle, cytoplasm, and nuclei in bright colors; generally, tissue sections are first dyed in iron hematoxylin before being treated with the other dyes.
trypsin G-banding s. G-banding s..
ultrafast Pap s. a modified Papanicolaou s. suitable for use in situations in which rapid decisions are essential and frozen sections may not be sufficiently reliable or practical. SEE ALSO: Papanicolaou s..
Unna s. 1. an alkaline methylene blue s. for plasma cells; 2. a polychrome methylene blue s. with which mast cells are stained red (metachromatic).
Unna-Pappenheim s. a contrast s. consisting of a methyl green-pyronin solution; originally used for gonococci, but later used to detect RNA and DNA in tissue sections; RNA is stained red and DNA appears green; used to demonstrate plasma cells during chronic inflammation. See methyl green-pyronin s..
Unna-Taenzer s. SYN: Taenzer s..
uranyl acetate s. a s. used in electron microscopy; uranyl acetate binds specifically to nucleic acids but selectively tends to be abolished by osmium fixation; proteins are well-stained, but cytomembranes are poorly stained.
urate crystals s. a s. using silver methenamine to detect crystals, which polarize light in contrast with calcium crystals; useful in diagnosing gout and kidney infarcts resulting from uric acid build-up.
van Ermengen s. a method for staining flagella that uses glacial acetic acid, osmic acid, tannic acid, silver nitrate, gallic acid, and potassium acetate.
van Gieson s. a mixture of acid fuchsin in saturated picric acid solution, used in collagen staining.
Verhoeff elastic tissue s. a s. for tissue sections in which a mixture of hematoxylin, ferric chloride, and Lugol iodine solution is used; tissue may be counterstained, if desired, with eosin or van Gieson s.; elastic fibers and nuclei appear blue-black to black while collagen and other components are shades of pink to red.
vital s. a s. applied to cells or parts of cells while they are still living.
von Kossa s. a s. for calcium in mineralized tissue, utilizing a silver nitrate solution followed by sodium thiosulfate; calcified bone but not osteoid is stained brown to black. SYN: Kossa s..
Wachstein-Meissel s. for calcium-magnesium-ATPase a method similar to that of Gomori nonspecific acid phosphatase s., except that incubation is carried out with ATP as substrate at neutral pH; enzyme activity is generally demonstrated at cell membranes.
Warthin-Starry silver s. a s. for spirochetes in which preparations are incubated in 1% silver nitrate solution followed by a developer.
Weber s. a modified trichrome s. for microsporidian spores in which the chromotrope 2R is 10 times the normal concentration used in trichrome stains for stool specimens and the counterstain is fast green.
Weigert s. for actinomyces a staining method using immersion in a dark red orsellin solution in alcohol, then staining in crystal-violet solution. SEE ALSO: iron hematoxylin.
Weigert s. for elastin a staining solution of fuchsin, resorcin, and ferric chloride; elastic fibers s. blue-black.
Weigert s. for fibrin a staining method using solutions of aniline-crystal violet and iodine-potassium iodide, then decolorizing in aniline oil and xylol; the fibrin is stained dark blue.
Weigert-Gram s. a s. for bacteria in tissues in which sections are stained in alum-hematoxylin, then in eosin, aniline methyl violet, and Lugol solution.
Weigert iron hematoxylin s. a nuclear staining solution containing hematoxylin, ferric chloride, and hydrochloric acid; useful in combination with van Gieson s., especially for demonstrating connective tissue elements or Entamoeba histolytica in sections.
Weigert s. for myelin a staining method using ferric chloride and hematoxylin; myelin stains deep blue, degenerated portions a light yellowish color.
Weigert s. for neuroglia a complicated process in which the final treatment is like that for staining fibrin; neuroglia and nuclei s. blue.
Wilder s. for reticulum a silver impregnation technique in which reticulum appears as black, well-defined fibers without beading and with a relatively clear background.
Williams s. a s. for Negri bodies that uses picric acid, fuchsin, and methylene blue; Negri bodies are magenta, granules and nerve cells blue, and erythrocytes yellowish.
Wright s. a staining mixture of eosinates of polychromed methylene blue used in staining of blood smears.
Ziehl s. a carbol-fuchsin solution of phenol and basic fuchsin used to demonstrate bacteria and cell nuclei.
Ziehl-Neelsen s. a method for staining acid-fast bacteria using Ziehl s., decolorizing in acid alcohol, and counterstaining with methylene blue; acid-fast organisms appear red, other tissue elements light blue; a modification of this s. is also used for Actinomycetes and Brucella.

staining
staining (stan′ing)

1. The act of applying a stain. SEE ALSO: stain. 2. In dentistry, modification of the color of the tooth or denture base.
progressive s. a procedure in which s. is continued until the desired intensity of coloring of tissue elements is attained.
regressive s. a type of s. in which tissues are overstained and the excess dye is then removed selectively until the desired intensity is obtained.

stains-all
stains-all (stainz′awl)

A dye that stains phosphoproteins blue, proteins red, nucleic acids purple, and mucoproteins and mucopolysaccharides various colors on acrylamide gels; also used on tissue sections.

staircase
staircase (star′kas)

A series of reactions that follow one another in progressively increasing or decreasing intensity, so that a chart shows a continuous rise or fall. See treppe.

stalagmometer
stalagmometer (stal-a-gom′e-ter)

An instrument for determining exactly the number of drops in a given quantity of liquid; used as a measure of the surface tension of a fluid (the lower the tension, the smaller the drops and, consequently, the more numerous in a given quantity of the fluid). SYN: stactometer. [G. stalagma, a drop, + metron, measure]

stalk
stalk (stawk)

A narrowed connection with a structure or organ.
allantoic s. the narrow connection between the intraembryonic portion of the allantois and the extraembryonic allantoic vesicle.
body s. the extraembryonic precursor of the connecting s. or umbilical cord by which the embryo is attached to its trophoblastic chorion. SYN: connecting s..
connecting s. SYN: body s..
s. of epiglottis the lower end or pedicle of the cartilage of the epiglottis, attached to the superior notch of the thyroid cartilage. SYN: petiolus epiglottidis.
infundibular s. SYN: infundibular stem.
optic s. the constricted proximal portion of the optic vesicle in the embryo; it contributes to the optic nerve.
pineal s. the attachment of the pineal body to the roof of the third ventricle; it contains the pineal recess of the third ventricle.
pituitary s. a process comprising the tuberal part investing the infundibular stem that attaches the hypophysis to the tuber cinereum at the base of the brain.
yolk s. the narrowed connection between the intraembryonic gut and the yolk sac; its walls are splanchnopleure. SYN: umbilical duct, vitelline duct, vitellointestinal duct.

stammer
stammer (stam′er)

1. To hesitate in speech, halt, repeat, and mispronounce, by reason of embarrassment, agitation, unfamiliarity with the subject, or as yet unidentified physiologic causes. Cf.:stutter. 2. To mispronounce or transpose certain consonants in speech. [A.S. stamur]

stammering
stammering (stam′er-ing)

1. A speech disorder characterized by hesitation and repetition of words, or by mispronunciation or transposition of certain consonants, especially l, r, and s. 2. Sounds other than speech, that are similar to s.. SYN: paralalia literalis, psellism.
s. of the bladder SYN: urinary stuttering.

Stamnosoma
Stamnosoma (stam-no-so′ma)

A genus of flukes of the family Heterophyidae, identical with Centrocestus. Two species, S. armatum and S. formosanum, have been described as sometimes infecting humans. [G. stamnos, a jar, + soma, body]

standard
standard (stan′dard)

1. Something that serves as a basis for comparison; a technical specification or written report by experts. 2. See s. substance. [M.E., fr. O.Fr. estandard, rallying place, fr. Frankish standan, to stand, + hard, hard, fast]

standardization
standardization (stan′dard-i-za′shun)

1. The making of a solution of definite strength so that it may be used for comparison and in tests. 2. Making any drug or other preparation conform to the type or standard. 3. A set of techniques used to remove as far as possible the effects of differences in the age or other confounding variables when comparing two or more populations.
s. of a test in psychology, the following of definite procedures for administering, scoring, evaluating, and reporting the results of a new test which is under development.

standstill
standstill

Cessation of activity.
atrial s. cessation of atrial contractions, marked by absence of atrial waves in the electrocardiogram. SYN: auricular s..
auricular s. SYN: atrial s..
cardiac s. SYN: asystole.
sinus s. cessation of sinus node activity, marked by absence of normal P waves in the electrocardiogram.
ventricular s. cessation of ventricular contractions, marked by absence of ventricular complexes in the electrocardiogram.

Stanley
Stanley

Edward, English surgeon, 1793–1862. See S. cervical ligaments, under ligament.

stannic
stannic (stan′ik)

Relating to tin, especially when in combination in its higher valency. [L. stannum, tin]

stannic chloride
stannic chloride

SnCl₄;a fuming liquid (fuming spirit of Libavius), specific gravity 2.23, boiling point 115°C, that forms several hydrates; the pentahydrate (butter of tin) is used for mordanting and “loading” or “weighting” silk.

stannic oxide
stannic oxide

SnO₂;used in industry; it is a cause of pneumoconiosis. SYN: tin oxide.

Stannius
Stannius

Herman F., German biologist, 1808–1883. See S. ligature.

stannous
stannous (stan′us)

Relating to tin, especially when in combination in its lower valency. [L. stannum, tin]

stannous fluoride
stannous fluoride

A preparation containing not less than 71.2% of stannous tin and not less than 22.3% nor more than 25.5% of fluoride; used as a prophylactic against caries in dentistry.

stannum
stannum (stan′um)

SYN: tin. [L.]

stanolone
stanolone (stan′o-lon)

An androgen with the same actions and uses as testosterone; used for its anabolic and tumor-suppressing effects, specifically, in carcinoma of the breast. SYN: dihydrotestosterone.

stanozolol
stanozolol (stan-o′zo-lol, -lol)

Stanozol, 17α-methyl-5α-androstan-17β-ol carrying a pyrazole ring (&dbond;CH–NH–N&dbond;) attached to C-2 and C-3 (see steroids for androstane structure). A semisynthetic, orally effective anabolic agent.

stapedectomy
stapedectomy (sta-pe-dek′to-me)

Operation to remove the stapes in whole or part with replacement of the stapes by a metal or plastic prosthesis; used for otosclerosis with stapes fixation to overcome a conductive hearing loss. [stapes + G. ektome, excision]

stapedial
stapedial (sta-pe′de-al)

Relating to the stapes.

stapediotenotomy
stapediotenotomy (sta-pe′de-o-te-not′o-me)

Division of the tendon of the stapedius muscle. [stapedius + G. tenon, tendon, + tome, incision]

stapediovestibular
stapediovestibular (sta-pe′de-o-ves-tib′u-lar)

Relating to the stapes and the vestibule of the ear.

stapedius
stapedius, pl .stapedii (sta-pe′de-us, sta-pe′de-i)

SYN: s. (muscle). [Mod. L.]

stapedotomy
stapedotomy (sta-pe-dot′o-my)

A surgical technique for the improvement of hearing in otosclerosis: a hole is made in the footplate of the stapes bone through which is placed the piston-shaped end of a prosthesis, the other end of which is attached to the long process of the incus bone.

stapes
stapes, pl .stapesstapedes (sta′pez, sta′pe-dez) [TA]

The smallest of the three auditory ossicles; its base, or footpiece, fits into the vestibular (oval) window, while its head is articulated with the lenticular process of the long limb of the incus. SYN: stirrup. [Mod. L. stirrup]

staphyl- staphyl-

See staphylo-.

staphylectomy
staphylectomy (staf-i-lek′to-me)

SYN: uvulectomy. [staphyl- + G. ektome, excision]

staphyledema
staphyledema (staf′il-e-de′ma)

Edema of the uvula. [staphyl- + G. oidema, swelling (edema)]

staphyline
staphyline (staf′i-lin, -len)

SYN: botryoid.

staphylion
staphylion (sta-fil′e-on)

The midpoint of the posterior edge of the hard palate; a craniometric point. SEE ALSO: posterior nasal spine of horizontal plate of palatine bone. [G. dim. of staphyle, a bunch of grapes]

staphylo- staphylo-, staphyl-

Resemblance to a grape or a bunch of grapes, hence relating usually to staphylococci or, in obsolescent image, to the uvula palatina. SEE ALSO: uvulo-. [G. staphyle, a bunch of grapes]

staphylococcal
staphylococcal (staf′i-lo-kok′al)

Relating to or caused by any organism of the genus Staphylococcus.

staphylococcemia
staphylococcemia (staf′i-lo-kok-se′me-a)

The presence of staphylococci in the circulating blood. [staphylo- + G. haima, blood]

staphylococci
staphylococci (staf′i-lo-kok′si)

Plural of staphylococcus.

staphylococcic
staphylococcic (staf′i-lo-kok′sik)

Relating to or caused by any species of Staphylococcus.

staphylococcolysin
staphylococcolysin (staf′i-lo-ko-kol′i-sin)

SYN: staphylolysin.

staphylococcolysis
staphylococcolysis (staf′i-lo-ko-kol′i-sis)

Lysis or destruction of staphylococci. [staphylo- + G. lysis, dissolution]

staphylococcosis
staphylococcosis, pl .staphylococcoses (staf′i-lo-kok-o′sis, -sez)

Infection by species of the bacterium Staphylococcus.

Staphylococcus
Staphylococcus (staf′i-lo-kok′us)

A genus of nonmotile, nonspore-forming, aerobic to facultatively anaerobic bacteria (family Micrococcaceae) containing Gram-positive, spherical cells, 0.5–1.5 μm in diameter, which divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. These organisms are chemoorganotrophic, and their metabolism is respiratory and fermentative. Under anaerobic conditions, lactic acid is produced from glucose; under aerobic conditions, acetic acid and small amounts of CO₂ are produced. Coagulase-positive strains produce a variety of toxins and are therefore potentially pathogenic and may cause food poisoning. These organisms are usually susceptible to antibiotics such as the β-lactam and macrolide antibiotics, tetracyclines, novobiocin, and chloramphenicol but are resistant to polymyxin and polyenes. They are susceptible to antibacterials such as phenols and their derivatives, surface-active compounds, salicylanilides, carbanilides, and halogens (chlorine and iodine) and their derivatives, such as chloramines and iodophors. They are found on the skin, in skin glands, on the nasal and other mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals, and in various food products. The type species is S. aureus. [staphylo- + G. kokkos, a berry]
S. aureus a common species found especially on nasal mucous membrane and skin (hair follicles); bacterial species that produces exotoxins including those that cause toxic shock syndrome, with resulting skin rash, and renal, hepatic, and central nervous system disease, and an enterotoxin associated with food poisoning; it causes furunculosis, cellulitis, pyemia, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, suppuration of wounds, other infections; also a cause of infection in burn patients; humans are the chief reservoir. The type species of the genus S.. SYN: S. pyogenes aureus.
S. epidermidis a species of bacteria, the most common of the coagulase-negative S. group.
S. haemolyticus coagulase-negative s. indigenous to human and mammalian hosts.
S. hominis coagulase-negative s. indigenous to human and mammalian hosts.
S. pyogenes albus a name formerly applied to the organisms that are now regarded as the mutants of S. aureus that form white colonies.
S. pyogenes aureus SYN: S. aureus.
S. saprophyticus a coagulase negative species that causes urinary tract infections.
S. simulans coagulase-negative s. indigenous to human and mammalian hosts.
S. species, coagulase-negative includes a group of species present as normal flora of human skin, respiratory, and mucous membrane surfaces. Although a normal commensal, strains are prominent causes of nosocomial infections, especially in patients with implanted intravenous access devices; some strains are abscess forming and cause diverse infections including sinusitis, wound infections, and osteomyelitis.

staphylococcus
staphylococcus, pl .staphylococci (staf′i-lo-kok′us, kok′si)

A vernacular term used to refer to any member of the genus S..

staphylodialysis
staphylodialysis (staf′i-lo-di-al′i-sis)

SYN: uvuloptosis. [staphylo- + G. dialysis, a separation]

staphylohemia
staphylohemia (staf′i-lo-he′me-a)

Obsolete term for staphylococcemia.

staphylohemolysin
staphylohemolysin (staf′i-lo-he-mol′i-sin)

A mixture of hemolysins (alpha, beta, gamma, and delta), included in staphylococcal exotoxin; the α hemolysin has a marked effect on vascular muscle.

staphylokinase
staphylokinase (staf′i-lo-ki′nas)

A microbial metalloenzyme from Staphylococcus aureus, with action similar to that of urokinase and streptokinase, that can convert plasminogen to plasmin but requires Ca²⁺; separated in forms A, B, and C.

staphylolysin
staphylolysin (staf-i-lol′i-sin)

1. A hemolysin elaborated by a staphylococcus. 2. An antibody causing lysis of staphylococci. SYN: staphylococcolysin.

staphyloma
staphyloma (staf-i-lo′ma)

A bulging of the cornea or sclera containing uveal tissue. [staphylo- + G. -oma, tumor]
anterior s. a bulging near the anterior pole of the eyeball. SYN: corneal s..
anular s. a s. extending around the periphery of the cornea.
ciliary s. scleral s. occurring in the region of the ciliary body.
corneal s. SYN: anterior s..
equatorial s. a s. occurring in the area of exit of the vortex veins. SYN: scleral s..
intercalary s. a scleral s. occurring between the insertion of the ciliary body and the root of the iris.
posterior s. a bulging near the posterior pole of the eyeball due to degenerative changes in severe myopia. SYN: Scarpa s., sclerochoroiditis posterior.
Scarpa s. SYN: posterior s..
scleral s. SYN: equatorial s..
uveal s. seldom-used term for protrusion of the iris through a rupture of the sclera.

staphylomatous
staphylomatous (staf-i-lo′ma-tus)

Relating to or marked by staphyloma.

staphylopharyngorrhaphy
staphylopharyngorrhaphy (staf′i-lo-far-in-gor′a-fe)

Surgical repair of defects in the uvula or soft palate and the pharynx. SYN: palatopharyngorrhaphy. [staphylo- + pharynx + G. rhaphe, suture]

staphyloplasty
staphyloplasty (staf′i-lo-plas-te)

SYN: palatoplasty. [staphylo- + G. plasso, to form]

staphyloptosis
staphyloptosis (staf′i-lop-to′sis)

SYN: uvuloptosis. [staphylo- + G. ptosis, a falling]

staphylorrhaphy
staphylorrhaphy (staf-i-lor′a-fe)

SYN: palatorrhaphy. [staphylo- + G. rhaphe, suture]

staphylotoxin
staphylotoxin (staf′i-lo-tok′sin)

The toxin elaborated by any species of Staphylococcus. SEE ALSO: staphylohemolysin. [staphylo- + G. toxikon, poison]

stapling
stapling (stap′ling)

Use of a s. device that unites two tissues, such as the two ends of bowel, by applying a row or circle of staples.
gastric s. partitioning of the stomach by rows of staples; used to treat severe obesity.

star
star (star)

Any s.-shaped structure. SEE ALSO: aster, astrosphere, stella, stellula. [A.S. steorra]
daughter s. one of the figures forming the diaster. SYN: polar s..
lens stars 1. SYN: radii of lens, under radius. 2. congenital cataracts with opacities along the suture lines of the lens; may be anterior or posterior, or both.
mother s. SYN: monaster.
polar s. SYN: daughter s..
venous s. a small, red nodule formed by a dilated vein in the skin; caused by increased venous pressure.
Verheyen stars SYN: venulae stellatae, under venula.
Winslow stars SYN: stellulae winslowii, under stellula.

starch
starch

A high molecular weight polysaccharide built up of d-glucose residues in α-1,4 linkage, differing from cellulose in the presence of α- rather than β-glucoside linkages, that exists in most plant tissues; converted into dextrin when subjected to the action of dry heat, and into dextrin and d-glucose by amylases and glucoamylases in saliva and pancreatic juice; used as a dusting powder, an emollient, and an ingredient in medicinal tablets, and is an important raw material for the manufacture of alcohol, acetone, n-butanol, lactic acid, citric acid, glycerine, and gluconic acid by fermentation; chief storage carbohydrate in most higher plants. SYN: amylum. [A.S. stearc, strong]
animal s. SYN: glycogen.
liver s. SYN: glycogen.
moss s. SYN: lichenin.
rice s. rice product used as a supplement in many media formulations used for the culture of intestinal protozoa ( e.g., Entamoeba histolytica).
soluble s. a high molecular weight, water-soluble dextrin produced by the partial acid hydrolysis of s.; useful in iodimetry, as it gives an easily visible purple-black end point in the presence of free iodine.

starch-eating
starch-eating

SYN: amylophagia.

stare
stare (star)

1. To look intently or fixedly. 2. An intent gaze. [A.S. starian]

Stargardt
Stargardt

Karl, German ophthalmologist, 1875–1927. See S. disease.

Starling
Starling

Ernest H., English physiologist, 1866–1927. See S. curve, S. hypothesis, S. law, S. reflex, Frank-S. curve.

Starr
Starr

Albert, U.S. physician, *1926. See S.-Edwards valve.

Starry Starry

See Warthin-S. silver stain.

starter
starter (start′er)

SYN: primer (1) .

starvation
starvation (star-va′shun)

Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food.

starve
starve

1. To suffer from lack of food. 2. To deprive of food so as to cause suffering or death. 3. Formerly, to die of cold. [A.S. steorfan, to die]

Stas
Stas

Jean-Servais, Belgian chemist, 1813–1891. See S.-Otto method.

stasimorphia
stasimorphia (stas-i-mor′fe-a)

Dysmorphogenesis due to arrested development. [G. stasis, a standing still, + morphe, shape]

stasis
stasis, pl .stases (sta′sis, stas′is; -ez)

Stagnation of the blood or other fluids. [G. a standing still]
intestinal s. SYN: enterostasis.
papillary s. obsolete term for papilledema.
pressure s. SYN: traumatic asphyxia.
venous s. congestion and slowing of circulation in veins due to blockage by either obstruction or high pressure in the venous system, usually best seen in the feet and legs.

stat.
stat.

Abbreviation for L. statim, at once, immediately.

stat- stat-

Prefix applied to electrical units in the CGS-electrostatic system to distinguish them from units in the CGS-electromagnetic system (prefix ab-) and those in the metric system or SI (no prefix).

-stat -stat

An agent intended to keep something from changing, flowing, or moving. [G. states, stationary]

statampere
statampere (stat-am′per)

The electrostatic unit of current; the flow of 1 electrostatic unit of charge (1 statcoulomb) per second; equal to 3.335641 × 10⁻¹⁰ ampere. [G. statos, standing (stationary), + ampere]

statcoulomb
statcoulomb (stat-koo′lom)

The electrostatic unit of charge, such that two objects, each carrying such a charge and separated (center to center) by 1 cm in a vacuum, will repel each other with a force of 1 dyne (or 10⁻⁵ newton); equal to 3.335641 × 10⁻¹⁰ coulomb. [G. statos, standing (stationary), + coulomb]

state
state (stat)

A condition, situation, or status. [L. status, condition, s.]
absent s. SYN: dreamy s..
activated s. SYN: excited s..
anxiety tension s. a milder form of an anxiety disorder. See anxiety disorders, under disorder.
apallic s. 1. diffuse, bilateral cerebral cortical degeneration caused by head injury, anoxia, or encephalitis; 2. a s. of persistent unresponsiveness, such as akinetic mutism, caused by brain damage. SEE ALSO: vegetative. SYN: apallic syndrome, apallic.
carrier s. the s. of being a carrier of pathogenic organisms; i.e., one who is infected but free of disease.
central excitatory s. the building up of excitatory influences produced by individual impulses finally causes firing of the next neuron.
convulsive s. SYN: epilepsy.
decerebrate s. SYN: decerebrate rigidity.
decorticate s. SYN: decorticate rigidity.
dreamy s. the semiconscious s. associated with an epileptic attack. SYN: absent s..
eunuchoid s. an imprecisely delineated condition of a male manifesting signs of inadequate androgen secretion during adolescent growth, regardless of the cause; usually referring to long legs, short trunk, and boyish beardless faces.
excited s. the condition of an atom or molecule after absorbing energy, which may be the result of exposure to light, electricity, elevated temperature, or a chemical reaction; such activation may be a necessary prelude to a chemical reaction or to the emission of light. SYN: activated s..
ground s. the normal, inactivated s. of an atom from which, on activation, the singlet, triplet, and other excited states are derived.
hypnoid s. a drowsy or sleeplike s. artificially induced by a hypnotist in individuals of higher than average levels of suggestibility. See hypnosis.
hypnotic s. SYN: hypnosis.
hypometabolic s. a rare s. of reduced metabolism with symptoms resembling hypothyroidism but with some tests for thyroid gland function normal; also used to describe the reduced metabolic activity seen in true hypothyroidism.
imperfect s. in fungi, the s. or stage at which only asexual spores such as conidia are formed; most such species are classified as Deuteromycetes (Fungi Imperfecti).
lacunar s. the presence of lacunes in the brain. One of the major factors underlying cerebrovascular disease; high correlation with hypertension and atherosclerosis. Symptomatic forms include pure motor hemiplegia and pure hemisensory syndrome; multiple lacunar infarcts are the most common cause of pseudobulbar palsy.
local excitatory s. increased irritability of a nerve fiber or muscle fiber which is produced by a subthreshold electrical stimulus; summation of the stimuli may occur, resulting in a propagated impulse if two or more subliminal stimuli are applied in rapid succession.
multiple ego states various psychological organizational states reflecting different personas or life experiences.
perfect s. in fungi, that portion of the life cycle in which spores are formed after nuclear fusion.
persistent vegetative s. (PVS) vegetative s. (q.v.) of prolonged duration (defined in different sources as duration of greater than 1 month, 1 year, or 2 years); usually permanent. SEE ALSO: vegetative.
post–steady s. any period of time, particularly in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, after the steady-s. interval; e.g., when the rate of product formation is declining in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.
pre–steady s. those conditions and the time interval prior to establishment of steady s..
refractory s. subnormal excitability immediately following a response to previous excitation; the s. is divided into absolute and relative phases.
singlet s. a transient, excited s. of a molecule ( e.g., of chlorophyll, upon absorbing light) that can release energy as heat or light (fluorescence) and thus return to the initial (ground) s.; it may alternatively assume a slightly more stable, but still excited s. (triplet s.), with an electron still dislocated as before but with reversed spin.
steady s. (ss, s) 1. a s. obtained in moderate muscular exercise, when the removal of lactic acid by oxidation keeps pace with its production, the oxygen supply being adequate, and the muscles do not go into debt for oxygen; 2. any condition in which the formation or introduction of substances just keeps pace with their destruction or removal so that all volumes, concentrations, pressures, and flows remain constant; 3. in enzyme kinetics, conditions such that the rate of change in the concentration of any enzyme species ( e.g., free enzyme or the enzyme-substrate binary complex) is zero or much less than the rate of formation of product. [often subscript s or ss]
triplet s. a second excited s. of a molecule ( e.g., chlorophyll) produced by absorption of light to produce the singlet s., then loss of some energy (fluorescence) to arrive at the longer-lived triplet s. The molecule may remain sufficiently long in the triplet s. for a second activating light quantum to be effective in producing a “second triplet” s., obviously at still a higher level of excitation, hence reactivity. Alternatively, it may lose the triplet s. energy directly and return to the ground s..
twilight s. a condition of disordered consciousness during which actions may be performed without the conscious volition of the individual and with no memory of such actions. Cf.:somnambulic epilepsy.
vegetative s. a clinical condition in which there is complete absence of awareness of the self and the environment, accompanied by sleep-wake cycles, but with either partial or complete preservation of hypothalamic and brainstem autonomic functions; may be transient or permanent. There are multiple causes, all involving the brain, including traumatic and nontraumatic injuries, metabolic and degenerative disorders, and congenital malformations.

statfarad
statfarad (stat-fa′rad)

An electrostatic unit of capacitance, equal to 1.112650 × 10⁻¹² farad.

stathenry
stathenry (stat-hen′re)

An electrostatic unit of inductance, equal to 8.987552 × 10¹¹ henry.

stathmokinesis
stathmokinesis (stath′mo-ki-ne′sis)

Condition of arrested mitosis after treatment with an agent, such as colchicine, which effectively alters the mitotic spindle to prevent typical rearrangement of the chromosomes preceding cell division. [G. stathmos, standing place, + kinesis, motion]

statim
statim (sta′tim)

At once; immediately. [L.]

statins
statins (stat′ins)

SYN: releasing factors.

station
station

The degree of descent of the presenting part of the fetus through the maternal pelvis, as measured in relation to the ischial spines of the maternal pelvis.

statistical significance
statistical significance

Statistical methods allow an estimate to be made of the probability of the observed degree of association between variables, and from this the s. can be expressed, commonly in terms of the P value.

statistics
statistics (sta-tis′tiks)

1. A collection of numerical values, items of information, or other facts which are numerically grouped into definite classes and subject to analysis, particularly analysis of the probability that the resulting empirical findings are due to chance. 2. The science and art of collecting, summarizing, and analyzing data that are subject to random variation.
descriptive s. numerical values such as mean, median, and mode which describe the chief features of a group of scores, without regard to a larger population.
inferential s. s. from which an inference is made about the nature of a population; the purpose is to generalize about the population, based upon data from the sample selected from the population.
vital s. systematically tabulated information concerning births, marriages, divorces, separations, and deaths, based on the numbers of official registrations of these vital events; the branch of s. concerned with such data.

statoacoustic
statoacoustic (stat′o-a-koo′stik)

Relating to equilibrium and hearing. SYN: vestibulocochlear (2) . [G. statos, standing, + akoustikos, acoustic]

statoconia
statoconia, gen. statoconium (stat′o-ko′ne-a, -ne-um) [TA]

SYN: otoliths. [L. fr. G. statos, standing, konis, dust]

statokinetic
statokinetic (stat′o-ki-net′ik)

Pertaining to statokinetics.

statokinetics
statokinetics (stat′o-ki-net′iks)

The adjustment made by the body in motion to maintain stable equilibrium. [G. statos, standing, + kinesis, movement]

statoliths
statoliths (stat′o-liths)

SYN: otoliths. [G. statos, standing, + lithos, stone]

statometer
statometer (sta-tom′e-ter)

SYN: exophthalmometer. [G. statos, standing, + metron, measure]

statosphere
statosphere (stat′o-sfer)

SYN: centrosphere.

stature
stature (statch′er)

The height of a person. [L. statura, fr. statuo, pp. statutus, to cause to stand]

status
status (sta′tus, stat′us)

A state or condition. [L. a way of standing]
s. anginosus prolonged angina pectoris refractory to treatment.
s. arthriticus obsolete term for gouty diathesis or predisposition.
s. asthmaticus a condition of severe, prolonged asthma.
s. choleraicus the cold stage of shock and depression in cholera, due to fluid and electrolyte loss and resulting hypovolemia; characterized by weak pulse, cold clammy skin, confusion, and depression.
s. choreicus a very severe form of chorea in which the persistence of the movements prevents sleep and the patient may die of exhaustion.
s. cribrosus a condition marked by dilations of the perivascular spaces in the brain.
s. criticus a very severe and persistent form of crisis in tabes dorsalis.
s. dysmyelinisatus SYN: Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome.
s. dysraphicus a condition in which there is failure of fusion of midline structures, especially failure of neural tube closure. SYN: arrhaphia.
s. epilepticus repeated seizure or a seizure prolonged for at least 30 min; may be convulsive (tonic-clonic), nonconvulsive (absence or complex partial), partial (epilepsia partialis continuans), or subclinical (electrographic s. epilepticus).
s. hemicranicus a condition in which attacks of migraine succeed each other with such short intervals as to be almost continuous.
s. hypnoticus rarely used term for hypnosis.
s. lacunaris a condition, occurring in cerebral arteriosclerosis, in which there are numerous small areas of degeneration in the brain.
s. lymphaticus SYN: s. thymicolymphaticus.
s. marmoratus a congenital condition due to maldevelopment of the corpus striatum associated with choreoathetosis, in which the striate nuclei have a marblelike appearance caused by altered myelination.
nonreassuring fetal s. abnormal fetal heart rate or rhythm on electronic monitoring, suggesting fetal ischemia. SYN: fetal distress.
performance s. a measure of a patient's well-being defined as the amount of normal activity the patient can maintain.
s. praesens obsolete term for the part of the history of a case describing the condition of the patient at initial observation.
s. spongiosus multiple fluid-filled spaces of microscopic size in the cerebral white matter; seen in certain hypoxic, toxic, and metabolic diseases.
s. sternuens a state of continual sneezing.
s. thymicolymphaticus obsolete term for a syndrome of supposed enlargement of the thymus and lymph nodes in infants and young children, formerly believed to be associated with unexplained sudden death; it was also erroneously believed that pressure of the thymus on the trachea might cause death during anesthesia. Prominence of these structures is now considered normal in young children, including those who have died suddenly without preceding illnesses that might lead to atrophy of lymphoid tissue. SEE ALSO: sudden infant death syndrome. SYN: s. lymphaticus, s. thymicus.
s. thymicus SYN: s. thymicolymphaticus.
s. vertiginosus a condition in which attacks of vertigo occur in rapid succession. SYN: chronic vertigo.

statvolt
statvolt (stat′volt)

An electrostatic unit of potential or electromotive force, equal to 299.7925 V. [G. statos, standing (stationary), + volt]

Staub
Staub

Hans, Swiss internist, 1890–1967. See S.-Traugott effect, S.-Traugott phenomenon.

staurion
staurion (staw′re-on)

A craniometric point at the intersection of the median and transverse palatine sutures. [G. dim. of stauros, cross]

STD
STD

Abbreviation for sexually transmitted disease.

steal
steal (stel)

Diversion of blood via alternate routes or reversed flow, from one vascular bed to another, often causing symptoms in the organ from which blood flow has been diverted. [M.E. stelen, fr. A.S. stelan]
coronary s. a s. caused by anomalous origin of the coronary artery from the pulmonary artery.
iliac s. the decrease in flow in one common iliac artery when an occlusion of the other common iliac artery is released.
renal-splanchnic s. diversion of blood from the right renal artery via the inferior adrenal branch into splanchnic collaterals distal to a stenosis of the celiac axis.
subclavian s. obstruction of the subclavian artery proximal to the origin of the vertebral artery; blood flow through the vertebral artery is reversed and the subclavian artery thus “steals” cerebral blood, causing symptoms of vertebrobasilar insufficiency (subclavian s. syndrome); manifest during vigorous use of an upper extremity.

steapsin
steapsin (ste-ap′sin)

SYN: triacylglycerol lipase.

stear- stear-

See stearo-.

stearal
stearal (ste′a-ral)

Octadecanal(dehyde);the aldehyde of stearic acid. SYN: stearaldehyde.

stearaldehyde
stearaldehyde (ste-a-ral′de-hid)

SYN: stearal.

stearate
stearate (ste′a-rat)

A salt of stearic acid.

stearic acid
stearic acid (ste′a-rik)

n-Octadecanoic acid;one of the most abundant fatty acids found in animal lipids; used in pharmaceutical preparations, ointments, soaps, and suppositories.

stearin
stearin (ste′a-rin)

Tristearoylglycerol;the “triglyceride” of stearic acid present in solid animal fats and in some vegetable fats; source of stearic acid; commercial s. also contains some palmitic acid. SYN: tristearin.

Stearns
Stearns

A. Warren, U.S. physician, 1885–1959.

stearo- stearo-, stear-

Combining form denoting fat. SEE ALSO: steato-. [G. stear, tallow]

stearrhea
stearrhea (ste-a-re′a)

SYN: steatorrhea.

stearyl alcohol
stearyl alcohol (ste′a-ril)

An ingredient of hydrophilic ointment and hydrophilic petrolatum; also used in the preparation of creams.

stearyl-CoA
stearyl-CoA, stearyl-coenzyme A

The coenzyme A thioester of stearic acid; precursor to oleic acid and, in the brain, the C₂₂ and C₂₄ fatty acids present in sphingomyelins; in the brain, use of stearyl-CoA increases during myelination.
stearyl-CoA desaturase a protein complex that is key in the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids; it introduces a double bond at &Udelta;⁹; high dietary levels of unsaturated fatty acids decrease this enzyme's activity in the liver; a number of agents will induce this enzyme ( E.G., insulin, hydrocortisone, and triiodothyronine).

steatite
steatite (ste′a-tit)

Talc in the form of a mass.

steatitis
steatitis (ste-a-ti′tis)

Inflammation of adipose tissue. [G. stear (steat-), tallow, + -itis, inflammation]

steato- steato-

Combining form denoting fat. See stearo-. [G. stear (steat-), tallow]

steatocystoma
steatocystoma (ste′a-to-sis-to′ma)

A cyst with sebaceous gland cells in its wall.
s. multiplex widespread, multiple, thin-walled cysts of the skin that are lined by squamous epithelium, including lobules of sebaceous cells.

steatogenesis
steatogenesis (ste′a-to-jen′e-sis)

Biosynthesis of lipids. The term is used specifically to designate lipid accumulation in the testes of nonmammalian vertebrates on completion of spermatogenesis in the breeding period. [steato- + G. genesis, production]

steatolysis
steatolysis (ste-a-tol′i-sis)

The hydrolysis or emulsion of fat in the process of digestion. [steato- + G. lysis, dissolution]

steatolytic
steatolytic (ste-a-to-lit′ik)

Relating to steatolysis.

steatonecrosis
steatonecrosis (ste′a-to-ne-kro′sis)

SYN: fat necrosis. [steato- + G. nekrosis, death]

steatopyga
steatopyga, steatopygia (ste′a-to-pi′ga, -pij′e-a)

Excessive accumulation of fat on the buttocks. [steato- + G. pyge, buttocks]

steatopygous
steatopygous (ste-a-top′a-gus)

Having excessively fat buttocks.

steatorrhea
steatorrhea (ste′a-to-re′a)

Passage of fat in large amounts in the feces, due to failure to digest and absorb it; occurs in pancreatic disease and the malabsorption syndromes. SYN: fat indigestion. SYN: stearrhea. [steato- + G. rhoia, a flow]
biliary s. s. due to the absence of bile from the intestine; usually accompanied by jaundice.
intestinal s. s. due to malabsorption resulting from intestinal disease. SEE ALSO: sprue, celiac disease.
pancreatic s. s. due to the absence of pancreatic juice from the intestine.

steatosis
steatosis (ste-a-to′sis)

1. SYN: adiposis. 2. SYN: fatty degeneration. [steato- + G. -osis, condition]
s. cardiaca excessive fat on the pericardium and invading the cardiac muscle.
s. cordis fatty degeneration of the heart.
hepatic s. SYN: fatty liver.

steatozoon
steatozoon (ste′a-to-zo′on)

Common name for Demodex folliculorum. [steato- + G. zoon, animal]

Steele
Steele

John C., Canadian neurologist, fl. 1951–1968. See S.-Richardson-Olszewski disease, S.-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome.

Steell
Steell

Graham, British physician, 1851–1942. See Graham S. murmur.

Steenbock
Steenbock

Harry, U.S. physiologist and chemist, 1886–1967. See S. unit.

stege
stege (ste′ge)

The internal pillar of Corti organ. [G. stegos, roof, a house]

stegnosis
stegnosis (steg-no′sis)

1. A stoppage of any of the secretions or excretions. 2. A constriction or stenosis. [G. stoppage]

stegnotic
stegnotic (steg-not′ik)

1. Astringent or constipating. 2. An astringent or constipating agent.

Stein
Stein

Stanislav A.F. von, Russian otologist, *1855. See S. test.

Stein
Stein

Irving F., U.S. gynecologist, *1887. See S.-Leventhal syndrome.

Steinberg
Steinberg

I. See S. thumb sign.

Steinbrinck
Steinbrinck

W., 20th century Germany physician. See Chédiak-S.-Higashi anomaly, Chédiak-S.-Higashi syndrome.

Steinert
Steinert

Hans, German physician, *1875. See S. disease.

Steinmann
Steinmann

Fritz, Swiss surgeon, 1872–1932. See S. pin.

steinstrasse
steinstrasse (stin′stra-se)

A complication of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for urinary tract calculi in which stone fragments block the ureter to form a “stone street.” [Ger. Stein, stone, + Strasse, street]

STEL
STEL

Abbreviation for short-term exposure limit.

stella
stella, pl .stellae (stel′a, -e)

A star or star-shaped figure. [Mod. L.]
s. lentis hyaloidea the posterior pole of the lens. See radii lentis, under radius.
s. lentis iridica the anterior pole of the lens. See radii lentis, under radius.

stellate
stellate (stel′at)

Star-shaped. [L. stella, a star]

stellectomy
stellectomy (stel-ek′to-me)

Stellate ganglionectomy.

stellula
stellula, pl .stellulae (stel′u-la, -le)

A small star or star-shaped figure. [L. dim. of stella, star]
stellulae vasculosae SYN: stellulae winslowii.
stellulae verheyenii SYN: venulae stellatae, under venula.
stellulae winslowii capillary whorls in the lamina choroidocapillaris from which arise the venae vorticosae. SYN: stellulae vasculosae, Winslow stars.

Stellwag
Stellwag

Carl von C., Austrian ophthalmologist, 1823–1904. See S. sign.

stem
stem

A supporting structure similar to the stalk of a plant.
brain s. brainstem.
infundibular s. the neural component of the pituitary stalk that contains nerve tracts passing from the hypothalamus to the pars nervosa. SYN: infundibular stalk.

sten.
sten.

A statistical term which uses the standard deviation to convert data into standardized scores which define 10 steps along a normal distribution, with five steps on either side of the mean.

Stender
Stender

Wilhelm P., 19th century Leipzig manufacturer of scientific apparatus. See S. dish.

Stenger test
Stenger test

See under test.

stenion
stenion (sten′e-on)

The termination in either temporal fossa of the shortest transverse diameter of the skull; a craniometric point. [G. stenos, narrow, + dim. -ion]

Steno Steno

See Stensen.

steno- steno-

Narrowness, constriction; opposite of eury-. [G. stenos, narrow]

stenobregmatic
stenobregmatic (sten′o-breg-mat′ik)

Denoting a skull narrow anteriorly, at the part where the bregma is. [steno- + G. bregma]

stenocardia
stenocardia (sten-o-kar′de-a)

SYN: angina pectoris. [steno- + G. kardia, heart]

stenocephalia
stenocephalia (sten-o-se-fa′le-a)

SYN: stenocephaly.

stenocephalous
stenocephalous, stenocephalic (sten-o-sef′a-lus, -se-fal′ik)

Pertaining to, or characterized by, stenocephaly.

stenocephaly
stenocephaly (sten-o-sef′a-le)

Marked narrowness of the head. SYN: stenocephalia. [steno- + G. kephale, head]

stenochoria
stenochoria (sten-o-ko′re-a)

Abnormal contraction of any canal or orifice, especially of the lacrimal ducts. [G. s., narrowness, fr. steno- + chora, place, room]

stenocompressor
stenocompressor (sten′o-kom-pres′er, or)

An instrument for compressing the ducts of the parotid glands (Stensen duct) in order to keep back the saliva during dental operations.

stenocrotaphy
stenocrotaphy, stenocrotaphia (sten′o-krot′a-fe, -kro-ta′fe-a)

Narrowness of the skull in the temporal region; the condition of a stenobregmate skull. [steno- + G. krotaphos, temple]

Stenon Stenon

See Stensen. [Stenonius, Latin form of Stensen]

stenopeic
stenopeic, stenopaic (sten-o-pe′ik, sten-o-pa′ik)

Provided with a narrow opening or slit, as in s. spectacles. [steno- + G. ope, opening]

stenosal
stenosal (ste-no′sal)

SYN: stenotic.

stenosed
stenosed (sten′ozd)

Narrowed; contracted; strictured.

stenosis
stenosis, pl .stenoses (ste-no′sis, -sez)

A stricture of any canal or orifice. [G. s., a narrowing]
aortic s. pathologic narrowing of the aortic valve orifice.
bronchial s. narrowing of the lumen of a bronchial tube. SYN: bronchiostenosis.
buttonhole s. extreme narrowing, usually of the mitral valve.
calcific nodular aortic s. most common type of aortic s., occurring usually in elderly men, in which the cusps contain calcified fibrous nodules on both surfaces; the causes include rheumatic fever, atherosclerosis, age-related degeneration, and congenitally bicuspid aortic valve.
congenital pyloric s. SYN: hypertrophic pyloric s..
coronary ostial s. narrowing of the mouths of the coronary arteries as a result of syphilitic aortitis or atherosclerosis.
Dittrich s. SYN: infundibular s..
double aortic s. subaortic s. associated with s. of the valve itself, both lesions being congenital.
fish-mouth mitral s. extreme mitral s..
hypertrophic pyloric s. muscular hypertrophy of the pyloric sphincter, associated with projectile vomiting appearing in the first few weeks of life, more commonly seen in males. SYN: congenital pyloric s..
idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic s. left ventricular outflow obstruction due to hypertrophy, usually congenital, of the ventricular septum. SYN: muscular subaortic s..
idiopathic subglottic s. narrowing of the infraglottic lumen, of unknown cause; apparently occurring only in women.
infundibular s. narrowing of the outflow tract of the right ventricle below the pulmonic valve; may be due to a localized fibrous diaphragm just below the valve or, more commonly, to a long narrow fibromuscular channel. SYN: Dittrich s..
laryngeal s. narrowing or stricture of any or all areas of the larynx; may be congenital or acquired.
mitral s. (MS) pathologic narrowing of the orifice of the mitral valve.
muscular subaortic s. SYN: idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic s..
pulmonary s. narrowing of the opening into the pulmonary artery from the right ventricle.
pyloric s. narrowing of the gastric pylorus, especially by congenital muscular hypertrophy or scarring resulting from a peptic ulcer. SEE ALSO: hypertrophic pyloric s..
subaortic s. congenital narrowing of the outflow tract of the left ventricle by a ring of fibrous tissue or by hypertrophy of the muscular septum below the aortic valve. SYN: subvalvar s..
subvalvar s. SYN: subaortic s..
subvalvular aortic s. congenital narrowing below the aortic valves due to a membrane or to a muscular hypertrophy frequently confused with valvular aortic s..
supravalvar s. narrowing of the aorta above the aortic valve by a constricting ring or shelf, or by coarctation or hypoplasia of the ascending aorta.
supravalvular s. s. distal to the aortic valve due usually to a congenital membrane. Patients usually have a kind of elfin facies and resemble each other more than they do members of their family.
tricuspid s. pathologic narrowing of the orifice of the tricuspid valve.

stenostenosis
stenostenosis (sten′o-ste-no′sis)

Stricture of the parotid duct (Steno or Stensen duct).

stenostomia
stenostomia (sten-o-sto′me-a)

Narrowness of the oral cavity. [steno- + G. stoma, mouth]

stenothermal
stenothermal (sten-o-ther′mal)

Thermostable through a narrow temperature range; able to withstand only slight changes in temperature. [steno- + G. therme, heat]

stenothorax
stenothorax (sten′o-thor′aks)

A narrow contracted chest. [steno- + thorax]

stenotic
stenotic (ste-not′ik)

Narrowed; affected with stenosis. SYN: stenosal.

Stenotrophomonas
Stenotrophomonas (sten′o-tro-fo-mon′as)

A genus of Gram-negative bacilli that typically reside in soil and water and are not a part of normal human flora.
S. maltophilia an opportunistic ocular bacterial pathogen producing keratitis, keratopathy, and conjuntivitis; a Gram-negative nonsporebearing rod, a major emerging nosocomial pathogen, it is of especial importance in intensive care units in part because of its resistance to most penicillins and to cephalosporins and aminoglycosides. Formerly called Xanthomonas maltophilia and Pseudomonas maltophilia.

stenoxenous
stenoxenous (sten-ok′se-nus)

Denoting a parasite with a narrow host range; e.g., Eimeria (among the Coccidia), hookworm, biting and sucking lice. [steno- + G. xenos, a stranger, foreigner]

Stensen Stensen (Steno, Stenon, Stenonius)

Niels (Nicholaus), Danish anatomist, 1638–1686. See S. duct, S. foramen, S. plexus, S. veins, under vein.

Stent
Stent

Charles R., English dentist, &dag;1901. See s., S. graft.

stent
stent

1. A thread, rod, or catheter, lying within the lumen of tubular structures, used to provide support during or after their anastomosis, or to assure patency of an intact but contracted lumen. 2. The process of placing a s.. 3. Device used to maintain a bodily orifice or cavity during skin grafting. 4. To immobilize a skin graft after placement. [Charles R. S.]
expandable s. s. placed within the lumen of a structure, often percutaneously, that then shortens in its longitudinal dimension and increases its diameter, thereby increasing the inside dimension of the structure.

step
step (step)

1. In dentistry, a dove-tailed or similarly shaped projection of a cavity prepared in a tooth into a surface perpendicular to the main part of the cavity for the purpose of preventing displacement of the restoration (filling) by the force of mastication. 2. A change in direction resembling a stair-s. in a line, a surface, or the construction of a solid body.
Krönig steps extension of the lower part of the right border of absolute cardiac dullness in hypertrophy of the right heart.
R&slash;onne nasal s. a nasal visual field defect with one margin corresponding to the retinal horizontal medium; seen in glaucoma.

stephanial
stephanial (ste-fa′ne-al)

Pertaining to the stephanion.

stephanion
stephanion (ste-fa′ne-on)

A craniometric point where the coronal suture intersects the inferior temporal line. [G. dim. of stephanos, crown]

Stephanofilaria
Stephanofilaria (stef′a-fi-lar′e-a)

A genus of Filaroid nematodes in the family Stephanofilariidae, subcutaneous parasites of large mammals, especially cattle.
S. stilesi a skin-infecting species of filaria parasitic in cattle and transmitted by the horn fly, Haematobia irritans; the only species known to occur in the U.S.; characterized by a row of spines behind the mouth of the adult worm, which is 6–8 mm in the female, 2–3 mm in the male. Both adults and larvae are found in granulomatous skin lesions in cattle, usually on the underside of the abdomen. [G. stephanos, crown, + filaria]

Stephanurus dentatus
Stephanurus dentatus (stef-a-noo′rus)

The kidney worm or lard worm of swine, a strongyle nematode parasite species that also occurs, though rarely, in the liver of cattle. Adult worms in swine live in the perirenal fat, the kidney pelvis, or as erratic forms in many other locations. Eggs are passed through the urine and infection is direct, by ingestion of infective larvae or by skin infection, or indirect, by ingestion of earthworms in which the larvae can survive. [G. stephanos, crown, + oura, tail]

steppage
steppage (step′aj)

SYN: s. gait. [Fr.]

steradian
steradian (sr) (ste-ra′de-an)

The unit of solid angle; the solid angle that encloses an area on the surface of a sphere equivalent to the square of the radius of the sphere. [G. stereos, solid, + radion, radius]

sterane
sterane (ster′an, ster′an)

The hypothetical parent molecule for any steroid hormone; a saturated hydrocarbon compound that contains no oxygen. The name was originally conceived to achieve forms of systematic nomenclature, but is now supplanted by the fundamental variants: gonane, estrane, androstane, norandrostane (etiane), cholane, cholestane, ergostane, and stigmastane. SEE ALSO: steroids.

sterco- sterco-

Feces. SEE ALSO: copro-, scato-. [L. stercus, excrement]

stercobilin
stercobilin (ster′ko-bi′lin, -bil′in)

A brown degradation product of hemoglobin, present in the feces. SEE ALSO: bilirubinoids.

stercolith
stercolith (ster′ko-lith)

SYN: fecalith. [sterco- + G. lithos, stone]

stercoraceous
stercoraceous (ster-ko-ra′shus)

Relating to or containing feces. SYN: stercoral, stercorous.

stercoral
stercoral (ster′ko-ral)

SYN: stercoraceous.

stercorin
stercorin (ster′ko-rin)

SYN: coprosterol.

stercoroma
stercoroma (ster-ko-ro′ma)

SYN: fecaloma. [sterco- + G. -oma, tumor]

stercorous
stercorous (ster′ko-rus)

SYN: stercoraceous.

stercus
stercus (ster′kus)

SYN: feces. [L. feces, excrement]

stere
stere (ster, star)

A measure of capacity; equivalent to a cubic meter or a kiloliter; equal to 1.307951 cubic yards. [Fr. fr. G. stereos, solid]

stereo- stereo-

1. A solid; a solid condition or state. 2. Spatial qualities, three-dimensionality. [G. stereos, solid]

stereoagnosis
stereoagnosis (ster′e-o-ag-no′sis)

SYN: tactile agnosia.

stereoanesthesia
stereoanesthesia (ster′e-o-an-es-the′ze-a)

SYN: tactile agnosia. [stereo- + G. an- priv. + aisthesis, sensation]

stereoarthrolysis
stereoarthrolysis (ster′e-o-ar-throl′i-sis)

Production of a new joint with mobility in cases of bony ankylosis. [stereo- + G. arthron, joint, + lysis, loosening]

stereocampimeter
stereocampimeter (ster′e-o-kam-pim′e-ter)

An apparatus for studying the central visual fields while the fellow eye holds fixation. [stereo- + L. campus, field, + G. metron, measure]

stereochemical
stereochemical (ster′e-o-kem′i-kal)

Relating to stereochemistry.

stereochemistry
stereochemistry (ster-e-o-kem′is-tre)

The branch of chemistry concerned with the spatial three-dimensional relations of atoms in molecules, i.e., the positions the atoms in a compound bear in relation to one another in space.

stereocilium
stereocilium, pl .stereocilia (ster′e-o-sil′e-um, -a)

A nonmotile long microvillus. [stereo- + L. cilium, eyelid]

stereocinefluorography
stereocinefluorography (ster′e-o-sin′e-flor-og′ra-fe)

Obsolete practice of recording on motion picture film the images obtained by stereoscopic fluoroscopy; three-dimensional views are obtained.

stereocolpogram
stereocolpogram (ster′e-o-kol′po-gram)

Picture taken with the stereocolposcope.

stereocolposcope
stereocolposcope (ster′e-o-kol′po-skop)

Instrument that provides the observer with a magnified three-dimensional gross inspection of the vagina and cervix. [stereo- + G. kolpos, a hollow (vagina), skopeo, to view]

stereoelectroencephalography
stereoelectroencephalography (ster-e-o-e-lek′tro-en-sef-a-log′ra-fe)

Recording of electrical activity in three planes of the brain, i.e., with surface and depth electrodes.

stereoencephalometry
stereoencephalometry (ster′e-o-en-sef′a-lom′e-tre)

The localization of brain structures by use of three-dimensional coordinates.

stereognosis
stereognosis (ster′e-og′no′sis)

The appreciation of the form of an object by means of touch. [stereo- + G. gnosis, knowledge]

stereognostic
stereognostic (ster′e-og-nos′tik)

Relating to stereognosis.

stereogram
stereogram (ster′e-o-gram)

A stereoscopic radiographic image of a pair.

stereograph
stereograph (ster′e-o-graf)

A stereoscopic x-ray apparatus.

stereography
stereography (ster-e-og′ra-fe)

SYN: stereoradiography.

stereoisomer
stereoisomer (ster′e-o-i′so-mer)

A molecule containing the same number and kind of atom groupings as another but in a different arrangement in space; the stereoisomers are not interconvertible unless bonds are broken and reformed, by virtue of which it exhibits different optic properties, e.g., as between d- and l-amino acids, 5α- and 5β-steroids. Cf.:isomer. [stereo- + G. isos, equal, + meros, part]

stereoisomeric
stereoisomeric (ster′e-o-i-so-mer′ik)

Relating to stereoisomerism.

stereoisomerism
stereoisomerism (ster′e-o-i-som′er-izm)

Molecular asymmetry, isomerism involving different spatial arrangements of the same groups ( e.g., androsterone and isoandrosterone, differing only in that one has a 3α-OH, the other a 3β-OH). SEE ALSO: stereoisomer, Le Bel-van't Hoff rule. SYN: stereochemical isomerism.

stereology
stereology (ster′e-ol′o-je)

A study of the three-dimensional aspects of a cell or microscopic structure. [stereo- + G. logos, study]

stereometer
stereometer (ster-e-om′e-ter)

An instrument used in stereometry. [stereo- + G. metron, measure]

stereometry
stereometry (ster-e-om′e-tre)

1. Measurement of a solid object or the cubic capacity of a vessel. 2. Determination of the specific gravity of a liquid.

stereo-orthopter
stereo-orthopter (ster′e-o-or-thop′ter)

A type of stereoscope used in visual training. [stereo- + G. orthos, straight, + optikos, optical]

stereopathy
stereopathy (ster-e-op′a-the)

Persistent stereotyped thinking.

stereophorometer
stereophorometer (ster′e-o-fo-rom′e-ter)

A phorometer with a stereoscopic attachment.

stereophotomicrograph
stereophotomicrograph (ster′e-o-fo′to-mi′kro-graf)

A stereoscopic photomicrograph that, when viewed with a stereoscope, appears three dimensional.

stereopsis
stereopsis (ster-e-op′sis)

SYN: stereoscopic vision. [stereo- + G. opsis, vision]

stereoradiography
stereoradiography (ster′e-o-ra-de-og′ra-fe)

Preparation of a pair of radiographs with appropriate shift of the x-ray tube or film so that the images can be viewed stereoscopically to give a three-dimensional appearance. SYN: stereography, stereoroentgenography.

stereoroentgenography
stereoroentgenography (ster′e-o-rent′gen-og′ra-fe)

SYN: stereoradiography.

stereoscope
stereoscope (ster′e-o-skop)

An instrument producing two horizontally separated images of the same object, providing a single image with an appearance of depth. [stereo- + G. skopeo, to view]

stereoscopic
stereoscopic (ster′e-o-skop′ik)

Relating to a stereoscope, or giving the appearance of three dimensions.

stereoscopy
stereoscopy (ster-e-os′ko-pe)

1. An optic technique by which two images of the same object are blended into one, giving a three-dimensional appearance to the single image. 2. See radiostereoscopy.

stereoselective
stereoselective (ster′e-o-se-lek′tiv)

As applied to a reaction, denoting a process in which of two or more possible stereoisomeric products only one predominates; a s. process is not necessarily stereospecific.

stereospecific
stereospecific (ster′e-o-spe-sif′ik)

As applied to a reaction, denoting a process in which stereoisomerically different starting materials give rise to stereoisomerically different products; a s. process is thus necessarily stereoselective, but not all stereoselective processes are s..

stereotactic
stereotactic, stereotaxic (ster′e-o-tak′tik, -tak′sik)

Relating to stereotaxis or stereotaxy.

stereotaxis
stereotaxis (ster′e-o-tak′sis)

1. Three-dimensional arrangement. 2. Stereotropism, but applied more exactly where the organism as a whole, rather than a part only, reacts. 3. SYN: stereotaxy. [stereo- + G. taxis, orderly arrangement]

stereotaxy
stereotaxy (ster′e-o-tak′se)

A precise method of identifying nonvisualized anatomic structures by use of three-dimensional coordinates; more frequently used for brain and spinal surgery. SYN: stereotactic surgery, stereotaxic surgery, stereotaxis (3) .

stereotropic
stereotropic (ster′e-o-trop′ik)

Relating to or exhibiting stereotropism.

stereotropism
stereotropism (ster′e-ot′ro-pizm)

Growth or movement of a plant or animal toward (positive s.) or away from (negative s.) a solid body, usually applied where a part of the organism rather than the whole reacts. [stereo- + G. tropos, a turning]

stereotypy
stereotypy (ster′e-o-ti-pe)

1. Maintenance of one attitude for a long period. 2. Constant repetition of certain meaningless gestures or movements, as in certain forms of schizophrenia. [stereo- + G. typos, impression, type]
oral s. SYN: verbigeration.

steric
steric (ster′ik, ster-)

Pertaining to stereochemistry.
s. hindrance interference with or inhibition of a seemingly feasible reaction (usually synthetic) because the size of one or another reactant prevents approach to the required interatomic distance.

sterid
sterid (ster′id, ster-)

SYN: steroid (2) .

sterigma
sterigma, pl .sterigmata (ste-rig′ma, -ma-ta)

A slender, pointed structure arising from a basidium upon which a basidiospore will develop. [G. s., a support]

sterile
sterile (ster′il)

Relating to or characterized by sterility. [L. sterilis, barren]

sterility
sterility (ste-ril′i-te)

1. In general, the incapability of fertilization or reproduction. See female s., male s.. 2. Condition of being aseptic, or free from all living microorganisms. [L. sterilitas]
aspermatogenic s. s. due to a failure to produce living spermatozoa.
dysspermatogenic s. male s. due to some abnormality in production of spermatozoa.
female s. the inability of the female to conceive, due to inadequacy in structure or function of the genital organs. SYN: infecundity.
male s. the inability of the male to fertilize the ovum; it may or may not be associated with impotence.
normospermatogenic s. male s. due to some cause other than failure to produce live, normal spermatozoa, e.g., blockage of the seminiferous passages.

sterilization
sterilization (ster′i-li-za′shun)

1. The act or process by which an individual is rendered incapable of fertilization or reproduction, as by vasectomy, partial salpingectomy, or castration. 2. The destruction of all microorganisms in or about an object, as by steam (flowing or pressurized), chemical agents (alcohol, phenol, heavy metals, ethylene oxide gas), high-velocity electron bombardment, heat, or ultraviolet light radiation.
discontinuous s. SYN: fractional s..
fractional s. exposure to a temperature of 100°C (flowing steam) for a definite period, usually an hour, on each of several days; at each heating the developed bacteria are destroyed; spores, which are unaffected, germinate during the intervening periods and are subsequently destroyed. SYN: discontinuous s., intermittent s., tyndallization.
intermittent s. SYN: fractional s..

sterilize
sterilize (ster′i-liz)

To produce sterility.

sterilizer
sterilizer (ster′i-li-zer)

An apparatus for rendering objects sterile.
glass bead s. a s. for endodontic equipment; the heat is transmitted to the instruments, absorbent points, or cotton pellets by means of glass beads.
hot salt s. a s. for endodontic equipment in which table salt is heated in a container at 218–246°C; the dry heat is transmitted to root canal instruments, absorbent points, or cotton pellets for their rapid (5–10 seconds) sterilization.

Stern
Stern

Heinrich, U.S. physician, 1868–1918. See S. posture.

stern- stern-

See sterno-.

sterna
sterna (ster′na)

Plural of sternum.

sternad
sternad (ster′nad)

In a direction toward the sternum.

sternal
sternal (ster′nal)

Relating to the sternum.

sternalgia
sternalgia (ster-nal′je-a)

Pain in the sternum or the sternal region. SYN: sternodynia. [stern- + G. algos, pain]

sternalis
sternalis (ster-na′lis)

See s. (muscle).

Sternberg
Sternberg

George M., U.S. bacteriologist, 1838–1915. See S. cell, S.-Reed cell, Reed-S. cell.

sternebra
sternebra, pl .sternebrae (ster′ne-bra, -bre)

One of the four segments of the primordial sternum of the embryo by the fusion of which the body of the adult sternum is formed. [Mod. L. fr. stern(um) + (vert)ebra]

sternen
sternen

Relating to the sternum independent of any other structures. [stern- + G. en, in]

sterno- sterno-, stern-

The sternum, sternal. [G. sternon, chest]

sternochondroscapularis
sternochondroscapularis (ster′no-kon′dro-skap-u-la′ris)

See sternochondroscapular muscle. [Mod. L.]

sternoclavicular
sternoclavicular (ster′no-kla-vik′u-lar)

Relating to the sternum and the clavicle.

sternoclavicularis
sternoclavicularis (ster′no-kla-vik′u-la′ris)

See sternoclavicular muscle.

sternocleidal
sternocleidal (ster′no-kli′dal)

Relating to the sternum and the clavicle. [sterno- + G. kleis, key (clavicle)]

sternocleidomastoid
sternocleidomastoid (ster′no-kli′do-mas′toyd)

Relating to sternum, clavicle, and mastoid process.

sternocleidomastoideus
sternocleidomastoideus (ster′no-kli′do-mas-to-id′-e-us)

See sternocleidomastoid (muscle). [Mod. L.]

sternocostal
sternocostal (ster′no-kos′tal)

Relating to the sternum and the ribs. [L. costa, rib]

sternodynia
sternodynia (ster-no-din′e-a)

SYN: sternalgia. [sterno- + G. odyne, pain]

sternofascialis
sternofascialis (ster′no-fash-e-a′lis)

See musculus s..

sternoglossal
sternoglossal (ster-no-glos′al)

Denoting muscular fibers that occasionally pass from the sternohyoid muscle to join the hyoglossal muscle.

sternohyoideus
sternohyoideus (ster′no-hi-oyd′e-us)

See sternohyoid (muscle). [Mod. L.]

sternoid
sternoid (ster′noyd)

Resembling the sternum. [sterno- + G. eidos, resemblance]

sternomastoid
sternomastoid (ster′no-mas′toyd)

Relating to the sternum and the mastoid process of the temporal bone; applied to the sternocleidomastoid muscle.

sternopagia
sternopagia (ster-no-pa′je-a)

Condition shown by conjoined twins united at the sterna or more extensively at the ventral walls of the chest. See conjoined twins, under twin. [sterno- + G. pagos, something fixed]

sternopericardial
sternopericardial (ster′no-per′i-kar′de-al)

Relating to the sternum and the pericardium.

sternoschisis
sternoschisis (ster-nos′ki-sis)

Congenital cleft of the sternum. [sterno- + G. schisis, a cleaving]

sternothyroideus
sternothyroideus (ster′no-thi-royd′e-us)

See sternothyroid (muscle). [Mod. L.]

sternotomy
sternotomy (ster-not′o-me)

Incision into or through the sternum. [sterno- + G. tome, incision]
median s. incision through the midline of the sternum usually used to gain access to the heart, mediastinal structures, and great vessels.

sternotracheal
sternotracheal (ster′no-tra′ke-al)

Relating to the sternum and the trachea.

sternotrypesis
sternotrypesis (ster′no-tri-pe′sis)

Trephining of the sternum. [sterno- + G. trypesis, a boring]

sternovertebral
sternovertebral (ster′no-ver′te-bral)

Relating to the sternum and the vertebrae; denoting the true ribs, or the seven upper ribs on either side, which articulate with the vertebrae and with the sternum. SYN: vertebrosternal.

sternum
sternum, gen. sterni, pl .sterna (ster′num, -ni, -na) [TA]

A long flat bone, articulating with the cartilages of the first seven ribs and with the clavicle, forming the middle part of the anterior wall of the thorax; it consists of three portions: the corpus or body, the manubrium, and the xiphoid process. SYN: breast bone. [Mod. L. fr. G. sternon, the chest]

sternutation
sternutation (ster′noo-ta′shun)

The act of sneezing. [L. sternutatio, fr. sternuo (sternuto), pp. sternutatus, to sneeze]

sternutator
sternutator (ster′noo-ta-ter, -tor)

A substance, such as a gas, that induces sneezing. SYN: sneezing gas.

sternutatory
sternutatory (ster-noo′ta-tor-e)

1. Causing sneezing. 2. An agent that provokes sneezing. SYN: ptarmic.

steroid
steroid (ster′oyd, ster′oyd)

1. Pertaining to the steroids. SYN: steroidal. Cf.:steroids. 2. One of the steroids. SYN: sterid. 3. Generic designation for compounds closely related in structure to the steroids, such as sterols, bile acids, cardiac glycosides, androgens, estrogens, corticosteroids, and precursors of the D vitamins.
anabolic s. a s. compound with the capacity to increase muscle mass; compounds with androgenic properties which increase muscle mass and are used in the treatment of emaciation. Sometimes used by athletes in an effort to increase muscle size, strength, and endurance. Examples include methyltestosterone, nandrolone, methandrostenolone, and stanozolol.
s. hydroxylases SYN: s. monooxygenases.
s. 21-monooxygenase an enzyme catalyzing the reaction of a s., O₂, and some reduced compound to produce water, the oxidized compound, and a 21-hydroxysteroid; a deficiency of this enzyme results in decreased cortisol synthesis, of which there are three types (salt-wasting, simple virilizing, and nonclassical).
s. monooxygenases enzymes catalyzing addition of hydroxyl groups to the s. rings utilizing O₂; differentiated into, for example, s. 11β-monooxygenase, s. 17α-monooxygenase, and s. 21-monooxygenase, in accordance with the position of the catalytically introduced hydroxyl group. SYN: s. hydroxylases.
s. 5α-reductase an enzyme that uses NADPH to reduce certain steroids ( e.g., the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone); a deficiency of this enzyme is associated with a form of male pseudohermaphroditism in which genetic males have male genitals as well as female external genitalia.
s. sulfatase deficiency SYN: X-linked ichthyosis.

steroidal
steroidal (ster′oy-dal, ster′)

SYN: steroid (1) .

steroidogenesis
steroidogenesis (ster′oy-do-jen′e-sis, ster′)

The formation of steroids; commonly referring to the biological synthesis of steroid hormones, but not to the production of such compounds in a chemical laboratory. [steroid + G. genesis, production]

steroids
steroids (ster′oydz, ster-)

A large family of chemical substances, comprising many hormones, body constituents, and drugs, each containing the tetracyclic cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene skeleton. Stereoisomerism among s. is not only common but of critical biologic significance. The nomenclature conventions are that the nucleus is presented as if projected onto the plane of the paper, with groups then lying above that plane being denoted by thickened bonds and called β and those then lying below that plane being denoted by broken bonds and called α; the letter ξ indicates unknown or unspecified orientation. The principal classes of s., with the names for the unsubstituted, saturated hydrocarbon forms that are clearly related to physiologic functions or sources are: 1) gonanes (in which the methyl groups C-18 and C-19, have been replaced by H), 2) estranes (in which the C-19 methyl groups have been replaced by H), 3) androstanes (equivalent to Formula II), 4) norandrostanes (in which one of the methyl groups, typically C-18, has been replaced by H), 5) cholanes (with &cbond;CH(CH₃)(CH₂)₂CH₃ bonded to C-17), 6) cholestanes (with &cbond;CH(CH₃)(CH₂)₃CH(CH₃)₂ at C-17, 7) ergostanes (with &cbond;CH(CH₃)(CH₂)₂CH(CH₃)CH(CH₃)₂ at C-17), and 8) stigmastanes (with &cbond;CH(CH₃)(CH₂)₂CH(CH₂CHCH₃)CH(CH₃)₂ at C-17). In addition, each of the classes can be in a 5α or 5β series. The steroid derivatives known as cardanolides are androstanes with a 5-membered lactone linked to C-17. The squill-toad poisons known as the bufanolides are androstanes with a 6-membered lactone linked to C-17. Spirostans and furostans (the basic structures of many “genins,” including the sapogenins) are androstanes having certain cyclic ether moieties. The natural and synthetic derivatives are named by adding conventional chemical prefixes and suffixes for substituents; e.g., -ol for a hydroxyl group, -on(e) for a keto group, -al for an aldehyde group. “Nor” indicates loss of a –CH₂&cbond; group; “homo,” the addition of a –CH₂&cbond; group; each is preceded by the letter indicating which ring is contracted or expanded, respectively, or, in the case where the –CH₂&cbond; is lost from a methyl group, the number of the carbon atom lost. “Seco” indicates fission of a ring with the addition of hydrogen atoms at the positions indicated by numerals preceding the term. Unsaturation is denoted, as usual, by substituting appropriate terms, e.g., -en(e), -yn(e), -adien(e), for the -ane or -an parts of the hydrocarbon or parent class names, with numerals indicating locations of the unsaturated bonds. The locations of double bonds are specified by the lower of the two (consecutive) numbers of the carbon atoms involved. When a double bond is formed between two nonconsecutive carbon atoms, the second is indicated in parentheses after the first; e.g., estriol and the estradiols possess three double bonds, between C-1 and C-2, between C-3 and C-4, and between C-5 and C-10, respectively. Steroid alkaloids may be named from the steroid parent, as above, or from trivial family names usually ending in -anine if the steroid is saturated or in -enine, -adienine, etc., if it is not saturated ( e.g., conanine, tomatanine).

sterol
sterol (ster′ol)

A steroid with one OH (alcohol) group; the systematic names contain either the prefix hydroxy- or the suffix -ol, e.g., cholesterol, ergosterol.

stertor
stertor (ster′tor)

A noisy inspiration occurring in coma or deep sleep, sometimes due to obstruction of the larynx or upper airways. [L. sterto, to snore]
hen-cluck s. a breath sound like the clucking of a hen, sometimes heard in cases of retropharyngeal abscess.

stertorous
stertorous (ster′tor-us)

Relating to or characterized by stertor or snoring.

steth- steth-

See stetho-.

stethalgia
stethalgia (ste-thal′je-a)

Pain in the chest. [steth- + G. algos, pain]

stetharteritis
stetharteritis (steth′ar-ter-i′tis)

Inflammation of the aorta or other arteries in the chest. [steth- + L. arteria, artery, + G. -itis, inflammation]

stetho- stetho-, steth-

Combining forms denoting the chest. [G. stethos]

stethograph
stethograph (steth′o-graf)

An apparatus for recording the respiratory movements of the chest. [stetho- + G. grapho, to write]

stethomyitis
stethomyitis (steth′o-mi-i′tis)

Inflammation of the muscles of the chest wall. SYN: stethomyositis. [stetho- + G. mys, muscle, + -itis, inflammation]

stethomyositis
stethomyositis (steth′o-mi-o-si′tis)

SYN: stethomyitis.

stethoparalysis
stethoparalysis (steth′o-pa-ral′i-sis)

Paralysis of the respiratory muscles.

stethoscope
stethoscope (steth′o-skop)

An instrument originally devised by Laennec for aid in hearing the respiratory and cardiac sounds in the chest, but now modified in various ways and used in auscultation of any of vascular or other sounds anywhere in the body. [stetho- + G. skopeo, to view]
binaural s. a s. in which the two ear pieces connect with a single bell.
Bowles type s. a s. in which the chest piece is a shallow metal cup about 4.5 cm in diameter, the mouth of which is covered by a hard rubber or celluloid diaphragm.
differential s. a s. having two chest pieces so that two sounds in different parts of the chest may be heard simultaneously and compared.

stethoscopic
stethoscopic (steth-o-skop′ik)

1. Relating to or effected by means of a stethoscope. 2. Relating to an examination of the chest.

stethoscopy
stethoscopy (ste-thos′ko-pe)

1. Examination of the chest by means of auscultation, either mediate or immediate, and percussion. 2. Mediate auscultation with the stethoscope.

Stevens
Stevens

Albert M., U.S. pediatrician, 1884–1945. See S.-Johnson syndrome.

Stewart
Stewart

Fred Waldorf, U.S. physician, 1894–1991. See S.-Treves syndrome.

Stewart
Stewart

George N., Canadian-U.S. scientist, 1860–1930. See S. test, S.-Hamilton method.

Stewart
Stewart

R.M., 20th century English neurologist. See S.-Morel syndrome.

Stewart
Stewart

Thomas Grainger, 20th century English neurologist, 1877–1957. See S.-Holmes sign.

STH
STH

Abbreviation for somatotropic hormone.

sthenia
sthenia (sthe′ne-a)

A condition of activity and apparent force, as in an acute sthenic fever. [G. sthenos, strength, + -ia, condition]

sthenic
sthenic (sthen′ik)

Active; marked by sthenia; said of a fever with strong bounding pulse, high temperature, and active delirium.

stheno- stheno-

Strength, force, power. [G. sthenos]

sthenometer
sthenometer (sthe-nom′e-ter)

An instrument for measuring muscular strength. [stheno- + G. metron, measure]

sthenometry
sthenometry (sthe-nom′e-tre)

The measurement of muscular strength. [stheno- + G. metrin, to measure]

stibamine glucoside
stibamine glucoside (stib′a-men)

A nitrogen glycoside of sodium p-aminobenzenestibonate; a pentavalent antimony compound; has been used in leishmaniasis (kala azar) and certain other tropical diseases, but is no longer marketed.

stibenyl
stibenyl (stib′e-nil)

The first pentavalent antimonial used in the treatment of leishmaniasis (kala azar).

stibialism
stibialism (stib′e-a-lizm)

Chronic antimonial poisoning. [L. stibium, antimony]

stibiated
stibiated (stib′e-a-ted)

Impregnated with or containing antimony.

stibiation
stibiation (stib-e-a′shun)

Impregnation with antimony.

stibium
stibium (stib′e-um)

SYN: antimony. [L. fr. G. stibi]

stibocaptate
stibocaptate (stib-o-kap′tat)

SYN: antimony dimercaptosuccinate.

stibogluconate sodium
stibogluconate sodium (stib-o-gloo′ko-nat)

1. Pentavalent sodium stibogluconate, used in the treatment of all types of leishmaniasis; toxic effects are frequent. SYN: antimony sodium gluconate. 2. Trivalent antimony sodium gluconate, used in the treatment of schistosomiasis; toxic effects are frequent. SYN: sodium antimonylgluconate.

stibonium
stibonium (sti-bo′ne-um)

The hypothetical radical, SbH₄⁺, analogous to ammonium.

stibophen
stibophen (stib′o-fen)

An organic trivalent antimony compound, used in the treatment of schistosomiasis, filariasis, leishmaniasis, and lymphogranuloma inguinale.

stichochrome
stichochrome (stik′o-krom)

Denoting a nerve cell in which the chromophil substance, or stainable material, is arranged in roughly parallel rows or lines. [G. stichos, a row, + chroma, color]

Stickler
Stickler

Gunnar B., U.S. physician, *1925. See S. syndrome.

Stieda
Stieda

Ludwig, German anatomist, 1837–1918. See S. process.

Stieda
Stieda

Alfred, German surgeon, 1869–1945. See Pellegrini-S. disease.

Stierlin
Stierlin

Eduard, German surgeon, 1878–1919. See S. sign.

stigma
stigma, pl .stigmasstigmata (stig′ma, -ma-ta)

1. Visible evidence of a disease. 2. SYN: follicular s.. 3. Any spot or blemish on the skin. 4. A bleeding spot on the skin, which is considered a manifestation of conversion hysteria. 5. The orange-pigmented eyespot of certain chlorophyll-bearing protozoa, such as Euglena viridis, which serves as a light filter by absorbing certain wavelengths. 6. A mark of shame or discredit. [G. a mark. fr. stizo, to prick]
follicular s. the point where the graafian follicle is about to rupture on the surface of the ovary. SYN: macula pellucida, s. (2) .
malpighian stigmas the points of entrance of the smaller veins into the larger veins of the spleen.
s. ventriculi one of a number of miliary ecchymoses of the gastric mucosa.

stigmastane
stigmastane (stig-mas′tan)

The parent substance of sitosterol. SYN: sitostane.

stigmata
stigmata (stig′ma-ta)

Alternative plural of stigma.

stigmatic
stigmatic (stig-mat′ik)

Relating to or marked by a stigma.

stigmatism
stigmatism (stig′ma-tizm)

The condition of having a stigma. SYN: stigmatization (1) .

stigmatization
stigmatization (stig′ma-ti-za′shun)

1. SYN: stigmatism. 2. Production of stigmas, especially of a hysterical nature. 3. Debasement of a person by attributing a negatively toned characteristic or other stigma to him or her.

stilbamidine
stilbamidine (stil-bam′i-den)

A compound used in the treatment of leishmaniasis (kala azar), in infections due to Blastomyces dermatitidis, and in actinomycosis; also used in multiple myeloma for the relief of bone pain.

stilbazium iodide
stilbazium iodide (stil-baz′e-um)

An anthelmintic.

stilbene
stilbene (stil′ben)

1. C₆H₅CH&dbond;CHC₆H₅; α,β-diphenylethylene;an unsaturated hydrocarbon, the nucleus of stilbestrol and other synthetic estrogenic compounds. 2. A class of compounds based on s. (1).

stilbestrol
stilbestrol (stil-bes′trol)

SYN: diethylstilbestrol.

Stiles
Stiles

Walter S., English physicist, 1901–1985. See S.-Crawford effect.

stilet
stilet, stilette (sti′let, sti-let′)

See stylet.

Still
Still

Sir George F., English physician, 1868–1941. See S. disease, S. murmur, S.-Chauffard syndrome.

stillbirth
stillbirth (stil′berth)

The birth of an infant who has died prior to delivery.

stillborn
stillborn (stil′born)

Born dead; denoting an infant dead at birth.

Stilling
Stilling

Benedict, German anatomist, 1810–1879. See S. canal, S. column, S. nucleus, S. raphe, S. gelatinous substance.

stilus
stilus (sti′lus)

See stylus.

stimulant
stimulant (stim′u-lant)

1. Stimulating; exciting to action. 2. An agent that arouses organic activity, strengthens the action of the heart, increases vitality, and promotes a sense of well-being; classified according to the parts upon which they chiefly act: cardiac, respiratory, gastric, hepatic, cerebral, spinal, vascular, genital. SYN: excitor, stimulator. SEE ALSO: stimulus. SYN: excitant. [L. stimulans, pres. p. of stimulo, pp. -atus, to goad, incite, fr. stimulus, a goad]
diffusible s. a s. that produces a rapid but temporary effect.
general s. a s. that affects the entire body.
local s. a s. whose action is confined to the part to which it is applied.

stimulation
stimulation (stim-u-la′shun)

1. Arousal of the body or any of its parts or organs to increased functional activity. 2. The condition of being stimulated. 3. In neurophysiology, the application of a stimulus to a responsive structure, such as a nerve or muscle, regardless of whether the strength of the stimulus is sufficient to produce excitation. [see stimulant]
dorsal column s. electrical s., either percutaneously or by direct application of electrodes to the dorsal columns of the spinal cord.
fetal scalp s. intrapartum test for fetal well-being; acceleration of the fetal heart rate in response to digital or forceps s. of scalp is associated with a normal scalp blood pH.
Ganzfeld s. illumination of the entire retina in the electroretinogram. [Ger. Ganzfeld, whole field]
percutaneous s. electrical s. of the peripheral nerves or spinal cord by the application of electrodes to the skin.
photic s. the use of a flickering light at various frequencies to influence the pattern of the occipital electroencephalogram and also to activate latent abnormalities.
vagal nerve s. an adjunctive treatment for patients with intractable epilepsy, particularly complex partial or secondarily generalized seizures; s. is delivered to the left vagus nerve in the neck, usually in 30-s bursts every 512 min by a stimulator implanted in the anterior chest wall.

stimulator
stimulator (stim′u-la-ter, -tor)

SYN: stimulant (2) .
long-acting thyroid s. (LATS) a substance, found in the blood of some hyperthyroid patients, that exerts a prolonged stimulatory effect on the thyroid gland; associated in plasma with the IgG (7 S γ-globulin) fraction and seems to be an antibody or, perhaps, an immune complex.

stimulus
stimulus, pl .stimuli (stim′u-lus, -li)

1. A stimulant. 2. That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable tissue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [L. a goad]
adequate s. a s. to which a particular receptor responds effectively and that gives rise to a characteristic sensation; e.g., light and sound waves that stimulate, respectively, visual and auditory receptors.
aversive s. a noxious s. such as an electric shock used in aversive training or conditioning. SEE ALSO: aversive training.
conditioned s. 1. a s. applied to one of the sense organs ( e.g., receptors of vision, hearing, touch) which are an essential and integral part of the neural mechanism underlying a conditioned reflex; See classical conditioning, higher order conditioning. 2. a neutral s., when paired with the unconditioned s. in simultaneous presentation to an organism, capable of eliciting a given response.
discriminant s. a s. which can be differentiated from all other stimuli in the environment because it has been, and continues to serve as, an indicator of a potential reinforcer.
heterologous s. a s. that acts upon any part of the sensory apparatus or nerve tract.
heterotopic s. any electrical activation from an abnormal locus.
homologous s. a s. that acts only on the nerve terminations in a special sense organ.
inadequate s. SYN: subthreshold s..
liminal s. SYN: threshold s..
maximal s. a s. strong enough to evoke a maximal response.
square wave stimuli electrical stimulation in which the intensity of the current is brought suddenly to a given level and maintained at that level until it suddenly is cut off; this type of s. is particularly useful in obtaining a strength-duration curve.
subliminal s. SYN: subthreshold s..
subthreshold s. a s. too weak to evoke a response. SYN: inadequate s., subliminal s..
supramaximal s. a s. having strength significantly above that required to activate all of the nerve or muscle fibers in contact with the electrode; used when response of all the fibers is desired.
threshold s. a s. of threshold strength, i.e., one just strong enough to excite. SEE ALSO: adequate s.. SYN: liminal s..
train-of-four s. a method for measuring magnitude and type of neuromuscular blockade, based upon the ratio of the amplitude of the fourth evoked mechanical response to the first one, when four supramaximal 2-Hz electrical currents are applied for 2 s to a peripheral motor nerve.
unconditioned s. a s. that elicits an unconditioned response; e.g., food is an unconditioned s. for salivation, which in turn is an unconditioned response in a hungry animal. See classical conditioning.

stimulus word
stimulus word

The word used in association tests to evoke a response.

sting
sting

1. Sharp momentary pain, most commonly produced by the puncture of the skin by many species of arthropods, including hexapods, myriapods, and arachnids; can also be produced by jellyfish, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, and several species of venomous fish, such as the stingray, toadfish, rabbitfish, and catfish. 2. The venom apparatus of a stinging animal, consisting of a chitinous spicule or bony spine and a venom gland or sac. 3. To introduce (or the process of introducing) a venom by stinging. [O.E. stingan]

stingers
stingers (sting′erz)

SYN: burners.

stink weed
stink weed

SYN: Datura stramonium.

stippling
stippling (stip′ling)

1. A speckling of a blood cell or other structure with fine dots when exposed to the action of a basic stain, due to the presence of free basophil granules in the cell protoplasm. SYN: punctate basophilia. 2. An orange peel appearance of the attached gingiva. 3. A roughening of the surfaces of a denture base to stimulate natural gingival s..
geographic s. of nails regularly arranged longitudinal s. found commonly in psoriasis and occasionally in alopecia areata. SEE ALSO: nail pits, under pit.
Ziemann s. SYN: Ziemann dots, under dot.

STIR
STIR

Acronym for short TI inversion recovery.

Stirling
Stirling

William, British histologist and physiologist, 1851–1932. See S. modification of Gram stain.

stirrup
stirrup (ster′up, stir′up)

SYN: stapes. [A.S. stirap]

stitch
stitch

1. A sharp sticking pain of momentary duration. 2. A single suture. 3. SYN: suture (2) . [A.S. stice, a pricking]
lock s. SYN: locking suture.

STM
STM

Abbreviation for short-term memory.

Stock
Stock

Wolfgang, German ophthalmologist, 1874–1956. See Spielmeyer-S. disease.

stock
stock (stok)

All the populations of organisms derived from an isolate without any implication of homogeneity or characterization. [A.S. stoc]

Stocker
Stocker

Frederick William, U.S. ophthalmologist, 1893–1974. See S. line.

Stoffel
Stoffel

Adolf, German orthopedic surgeon, 1880–1937. See S. operation.

stoichiology
stoichiology (stoy-ke-ol′-o-je)

The science concerned with the elements or principles in any branch of knowledge, especially in chemistry, cytology, or histology. [G. stoicheion, element (lit. one of a row), fr. stoichos, a row, + logos, study]

stoichiometric
stoichiometric (stoy′ke-o-met′rik)

Pertaining to stoichiometry.

stoichiometry
stoichiometry (stoy-ke-om′e-tre)

Determination of the relative quantities of the substances concerned in any chemical reaction; e.g., with the laws of definite proportions in chemistry, as in the molar proportions in a reaction. [G. stoicheion, element, + metron, measure]

stoke
stoke (stok)

A unit of kinematic viscosity, that of a fluid with a viscosity of 1 poise and a density of 1 g/ml; equal to 10⁻⁴ m²/s. [Sir George Gabriel Stokes]

Stokes
Stokes

Sir George Gabriel, British physicist and mathematician, 1819–1903. See stoke, S. law (2) , S. law (3) .

Stokes
Stokes

William, Irish physician, 1804–1878. See S. law (1) , Cheyne-S. psychosis, Cheyne-S. respiration, S.-Adams disease, Adams-S. disease, Morgagni-Adams-S. syndrome.

Stokes
Stokes

Sir William, Irish surgeon, 1839–1900. See S. amputation, Gritti-S. amputation.

stolon
stolon (sto′lon)

A runner or connective aerial hypha that forms a cluster of rhizoids when it touches the substrate, and then sends out other runners to produce the aerial mycelium and sporangiosphores typical of Rhizopus. [L. stolo, branch, shoot, twig]

stom- stom-

See stomato-.

stoma
stoma, pl .stomasstomata (sto′ma, sto′maz, sto′ma-ta)

1. A minute opening or pore. 2. An artificial opening between two cavities or canals, or between such and the surface of the body. [G. a mouth]
Fuchs stomas small depression on the surface of the iris near the margin of the pupil.
loop s. a specialized s. of intestine or ureter by which a loop of the hollow viscus is brought through an opening in the abdominal wall, with an opening created in the apex of the viscus to allow egress of its contents.

stomach
stomach (stum′uk) [TA]

A large irregularly piriform sac between the esophagus and the small intestine, lying just beneath the diaphragm; when distended it is 25–28 cm in length and 10–10.5 cm in its greatest diameter, and has a capacity of about 1 L. Its wall has four coats or tunics: mucous, submucous, muscular, and peritoneal; the muscular coat is composed of three layers, the fibers running longitudinally in the outer, circularly in the middle, and obliquely in the inner layer. SYN: gaster (1) [TA] , ventriculus (1) [TA] . [G. stomachos, L. stomachus]
bilocular s. SYN: hourglass s..
s. bubble the gas in the fundus of the s. seen on an upright radiograph.
cascade s. a radiographic description: when contrast material is swallowed while the patient is in the upright position, the gastric fundus acts as a reservoir until contrast overflows (cascades) into the antrum; a normal variant in a horizontal s..
drain-trap s. SYN: water-trap s..
hourglass s. a condition in which there is a central constriction of the wall of the s. dividing it into two cavities, cardiac and pyloric. SYN: bilocular s., ectasia ventriculi paradoxa.
leather-bottle s. marked thickening and rigidity of the s. wall, with reduced capacity of the lumen although often without obstruction; nearly always due to scirrhous carcinoma, as in linitis plastica. SYN: sclerotic s..
miniature s. SYN: Pavlov pouch.
Pavlov s. SYN: Pavlov pouch.
powdered s. the dried and powdered defatted wall of the s. of the hog, Sus scrofa; it contains thermolabile factors including native vitamin B₁₂ and intrinsic factor; has been used in the treatment of pernicious anemia.
sclerotic s. SYN: leather-bottle s..
thoracic s. a condition in which part or all of the s. is contained within the thorax because of a paraesophageal hiatus hernia.
trifid s. a condition in which the s. is divided by two constrictions into three pouches.
wallet s. a form of dilated s. in which there is a general baglike distention, the antrum and fundus being indistinguishable.
water-trap s. a ptotic and dilated s., having a relatively high (though normally placed) pyloric outlet which is held up by the gastrohepatic ligament. SYN: drain-trap s..

stomachal
stomachal (stum′a-kal)

Relating to the stomach. SYN: stomachic (1) .

stomachalgia
stomachalgia (stum-a-kal′je-a)

Obsolete term for stomach ache. [stomach + G. algos, pain]

stomachic
stomachic (sto′mak′ik)

1. SYN: stomachal. 2. An agent that improves appetite and digestion.

stomachodynia
stomachodynia (stum′a-ko-din′e-a)

Obsolete term for stomach ache. [stomach + G. odyne, pain]

stomal
stomal (sto′mal)

Relating to a stoma.

stomat- stomat-

See stomato-.

stomata
stomata (sto′ma-ta)

Alternate plural of stoma.

stomatal
stomatal (sto′ma-tal)

Relating to a stoma.

stomatalgia
stomatalgia (sto-ma-tal′je-a)

Pain in the mouth. SYN: stomatodynia. [stomat- + G. algos, pain]

stomatic
stomatic (sto-mat′ik)

Relating to the mouth; oral.

stomatitis
stomatitis (sto-ma-ti′tis)

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth. [stomat- + G. -itis, inflammation]
angular s. SYN: angular cheilitis.
aphthous s. SYN: aphtha (2) .
epidemic s. contagious mouth infection, usually due to Group A coxsackievirus. SEE ALSO: herpangina.
fusospirochetal s. infection of the mouth with spirochetal organisms, usually in association with other anaerobes. SEE ALSO: Vincent angina.
gangrenous s. s. characterized by necrosis of oral tissue. See noma.
gonococcal s. inflammatory and ulcerative oral lesions resulting from infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae; usually primary as a result of oral-genital contact, but occasionally is the result of gonococcemia.
lead s. oral manifestation of lead poisoning consisting of a bluish-black line following the contours of the marginal gingiva where lead sulfide has precipitated due to the inflamed environment.
s. medicamentosa inflammatory alterations of the oral mucosa associated with a systemic drug allergy; lesions may consist of erythema, vesicles, bullae, ulcerations, or angioneurotic edema.
mercurial s. alterations of the oral mucosa arising from chronic mercury poisoning; may consist of mucosal erythema and edema, ulceration, and deposition of mercurial sulfide in inflamed tissues, resulting in oral pigmentation resembling that of lead s..
nicotine s. heat-stimulated lesions, usually on the palate, that begin with erythema and progress to multiple white papules with a red dot in the center. The red dot represents a dilated, inflamed salivary duct orifice.
primary herpetic s. first infection of oral tissues with herpes simplex virus; characterized by gingival inflammation, vesicles, and ulcers. SYN: primary herpetic gingivostomatitis.
recurrent aphthous s. SYN: aphtha (2) .
recurrent herpetic s. reactivation of herpes simplex virus infection, characterized by vesicles and ulceration limited to the hard palate and attached gingiva.
recurrent ulcerative s. SYN: aphtha (2) .
ulcerative s. SYN: aphtha (2) .
vesicular s. a vesicular disease of horses, cattle, swine, and occasionally humans caused by a Vesiculovirus (vesicular s. virus) in the family Rhabdoviridae; in horses and cattle the disease usually causes mouth vesicles which, in cattle, cannot be differentiated clinically from those of foot-and-mouth disease.

stomato- stomato-, stom-, stomat-

Mouth. [G. stoma]

stomatocyte
stomatocyte (sto′ma-to-sit)

A red blood cell that exhibits a slit or mouth-shaped pallor rather than a central one on air-dried smears; e.g., Rh null cells. [stomato- + G. kytos, cell]

stomatocytosis
stomatocytosis (sto′ma-to-si-to′sis)

A hereditary deformation of red blood cells, which are swollen and cup-shaped, causing congenital hemolytic anemia. SEE ALSO: Rh null syndrome.

stomatodeum
stomatodeum (sto′ma-to-de′um)

SYN: stomodeum (1) .

stomatodynia
stomatodynia (sto′ma-to-din′e-a)

SYN: stomatalgia. [stomato- + G. odyne, pain]

stomatodysodia
stomatodysodia (sto′ma-to-di-so′de-a)

SYN: halitosis. [stomato- + G. dysodia, bad odor]

stomatognathic
stomatognathic (sto′ma-tog-nath′ik)

Pertaining to the mouth and jaw. [stomato- + G. gnathos, jaw]

stomatologic
stomatologic (sto′ma-to-loj′ik)

Relating to stomatology.

stomatologist
stomatologist (sto-ma-tol′o-jist)

A specialist in diseases of the oral cavity.

stomatology
stomatology (sto-ma-tol′o-je)

The study of the structure, function, and diseases of the mouth. [stomato- + G. logos, study]

stomatomalacia
stomatomalacia (sto′ma-to-ma-la′she-a)

Pathologic softening of any of the structures of the mouth. [stomato- + G. malakia, softness]

stomatomycosis
stomatomycosis (sto′ma-to-mi-ko′sis)

Disease of the mouth due to a fungus. [stomato- + G. mykes, fungus, + -osis, condition]

stomatonecrosis
stomatonecrosis (sto′ma-to-ne-kro′sis)

SYN: noma. [stomato- + G. nekrosis, death]

stomatopathy
stomatopathy (sto-ma-top′a-the)

Any disease of the oral cavity. SYN: stomatosis. [stomato- + G. pathos, suffering]

stomatoplasty
stomatoplasty (sto′ma-to-plas-te)

Old term for corrective operation of the mouth. [stomato- + G. plastos, formed]

stomatorrhagia
stomatorrhagia (sto′ma-to-ra′je-a)

Bleeding from the gums or other part of the oral cavity. [stomato- + G. rhegnymi, to burst forth]

stomatoscope
stomatoscope (sto′ma-to-skop)

An apparatus for illuminating the interior of the mouth to facilitate examination. [stomato- + G. skopeo, to view]

stomatosis
stomatosis (sto-ma-to′sis)

SYN: stomatopathy. [stomato- + G. -osis, condition]

stomion
stomion (sto′me-on)

The median point of the oral slit when the lips are closed.

stomocephalus
stomocephalus (sto′mo-sef′a-lus)

Malformed individual with an undeveloped jaw and a snoutlike mouth; likely to be combined with an ethmocephalic type of cyclopia. [G. stoma, mouth, + kephale, head]

stomodeal
stomodeal (sto′mo-de′al)

Relating to a stomodeum.

stomodeum
stomodeum (sto-mo-de′um)

1. A midline ectodermal depression ventral to the embryonic brain and surrounded by the mandibular arch; when the buccopharyngeal membrane disappears, it becomes continuous with the foregut and forms the mouth. SYN: stomatodeum. 2. The anterior portion of the insect alimentary canal, consisting of mouth, buccal cavity, pharynx, esophagus, crop (frequently a diverticulum), and the proventriculus. [Mod. L. fr. G. stoma, mouth, + hodaios, on the way, fr. hodos, a way]

Stomoxys calcitrans
Stomoxys calcitrans (sto-mok′sis kal′si-tranz)

The stable fly, a species of biting fly, resembling in size and general appearance the common housefly, which is an annoying pest of humans and domestic animals worldwide and is implicated in the mechanical transmission of diseases. [Mod. L., fr. C. stoma, mouth, + oxys, sharp; L. pres. p. of calcitro, to kick, fr. calx, the heel]

-stomy -stomy

Artificial or surgical opening. See stomato-. [G. stoma, mouth]

stone
stone (ston)

1. SYN: calculus. 2. An English unit of weight of the human body, equal to 14 pounds. [A.S. stan]
artificial s. a specially calcined gypsum derivative similar to plaster of Paris, but stronger, because the grains are nonporous.
bladder s. urinary tract calculi in the bladder. Throughout most of the history of humans, this was the predominant form of urinary tract s. disease, mentioned in the Hippocratic oath, and giving rise to the common ancient surgical procedure, lithotomy. In much of the world, bladder s. disease has become uncommon and renal and ureteral stones (which are usually of different origins) have become more common. Bladder stones are now typically seen in patients with neurogenic bladders, urinary tract reconstruction, or infravesical obstruction. SYN: bladder calculus.
pulp s. SYN: endolith.
tear s. SYN: dacryolith.
vein s. SYN: phlebolith.

Stookey
Stookey

Byron P., U.S. neurosurgeon, 1887–1966. See S.-Scarff operation, Queckenstedt-S. test.

stool
stool (stool)

1. A discharging of the bowels. 2. The matter discharged at one movement of the bowels. SYN: evacuation (2) . SYN: motion (3) , movement (2) . [A.S. stol, seat]
butter stools fatty stools, occurring especially in steatorrhea.
currant jelly s. feces that contain blood and products of inflammation, which cause it to resemble currant jelly in appearance; considered a sign of intussusception.
fatty s. a s. containing excessive amounts of fat.
rice-water s. a watery fluid containing whitish flocculi, discharged from the bowel in cholera and occasionally in other cases of serous diarrhea.
spinach stools dark greenish porridge-like stools, resembling chopped spinach.
Trélat stools glairy stools streaked with blood, occurring in proctitis.

stops
stops

Bends in, or wires soldered to, an archwire to limit passage through a bracket or tube.

storage
storage (stor′ij)

The second stage in the memory process, following encoding and preceding retrieval, involving mental processes associated with retention of stimuli that have been registered and modified by encoding. See memory.

storax
storax (stor′aks)

A liquid balsam obtained from the wood and inner bark of Liquidamber orientalis, a tree of Asia Minor, or L. styraciflua (family Hamamelidaceae); has been used in the treatment of chronic inflammation of the mucous membranes, and externally for scabies. SYN: styrax. [G. styrax, a sweet-smelling gum]

STORCH
STORCH

A revision of the TORCH acronym (q.v.) to include syphilis as a cause of congenital infections.

storiform
storiform (stor′i-form)

Having a cartwheel pattern, as of spindle cells with elongated nuclei radiating from a center. [L. storea, woven mat, + -formis, form]

storm
storm (storm)

An exacerbation of symptoms or a crisis in the course of a disease.
thyroid s. SYN: thyrotoxic crisis.

Stout wiring
Stout wiring

See under wiring.

STPD
STPD

Abbreviation indicating that a gas volume has been expressed as if it were at standard temperature (0°C), standard pressure (760 mm Hg absolute), and dry; under these conditions a mole of gas occupies 22.4 L.

strabismal
strabismal (stra-biz′mal)

Relating to or affected with strabismus. SYN: strabismic.

strabismic
strabismic (stra-biz′-mik)

SYN: strabismal.

strabismologist
strabismologist (stra-biz-mol′ah-jist)

A physician subspecializing in pediatric ophthalmology with an emphasis on the management of strabismus and amblyopia.

strabismus
strabismus (stra-biz′mus)

A manifest lack of parallelism of the visual axes of the eyes. SYN: crossed eyes, heterotropia, heterotropy, squint (1) . [Mod. L., fr. G. strabismos, a squinting]
A-s. 1. s. in which esotropia is more marked in looking upward than downward; 2. s. in which exotropia is more marked on looking downward than upward. SYN: A-pattern s..
accommodative s. s. in which the severity of deviation varies with accommodation.
alternate day s. SYN: cyclic esotropia.
alternating s. a form of s. in which either eye fixes.
A-pattern s. SYN: A-s..
comitant s. a condition in which the degree of s. is the same in all directions of gaze. SYN: concomitant s..
concomitant s. SYN: comitant s..
convergent s. SYN: esotropia.
cyclic s. a s. that appears and disappears in rhythym, most frequently at 48-hour intervals.
divergent s. SYN: exotropia.
incomitant s. SYN: paralytic s..
kinetic s. s. due to spasm of an extraocular muscle.
manifest s. evident deviation of one eye or the other; may be alternating or monocular.
mechanical s. s. due to restriction of action of the ocular muscle within the orbit.
paralytic s. s. due to weakness of an ocular muscle or muscles. SYN: incomitant s..
vertical s. a form of s. in which the visual axis of one eye deviates upward (s. sursum vergens) or downward (s. deorsum vergens).
X-s. s. in which exotropia is more marked when looking upward or downward than when looking straight ahead.

strain
strain (stran)

1. A population of homogeneous organisms possessing a set of defined characteristics; in bacteriology, the set of descendants that retains the characteristics of the ancestor; members of a s. that subsequently differ from the original isolate are regarded as belonging either to a substrain of the original s., or to a new s. 2. Specific host cell(s) designed or selected to optimize production of recombinant products. [A.S. streon, progeny] 3. To make an effort to the limit of one's strength. 4. To injure by overuse or improper use (usually refers to a muscle tear). 5. An act of straining. 6. Injury resulting from s. or overuse. [L. stringere, to draw tight] 7. The change in shape that a body undergoes when acted upon by an external force. 8. To filter; to percolate.
auxotrophic strains strains which are derived from the prototrophic s. but which require extra growth factors.
carrier s. a bacterial s. that is contaminated with a bacteriophage of low infectivity. SYN: pseudolysogenic s..
cell s. in tissue culture, cells derived from a primary culture or a single cell (clone) and possessing a specific feature such as a marker chromosome, antigen, or resistance to a virus.
congenic s. an inbred s. of animals produced by continued crossing of a gene of one line onto another inbred (isogenic) line.
HFR s., Hfr s. a s., or clone, in which a conjugative plasmid (such as an F′), integrated in the bacterial genome, is instrumental in the transfer (along with plasmid DNA) of integrated bacterial DNA in a sequential manner to a suitable recipient. [high freguency of recombination]
hypothetical mean s. (HMS) a hypothetical s. that possesses the characteristics of a calculated mean organism.
isogenic s. a s. of animals inbred for many generations and with high probability homozygous for certain specified genes.
lysogenic s. a s. of bacterium that is infected with a temporate bacteriophage. See lysogeny.
neotype s. a s. accepted by international agreement to replace a type s. which is no longer in existence or to serve as the type s. if a type s. was not designated and if no s. exists which can be designated as the type. SYN: neotype culture.
prototrophic strains strains that have the same nutritional requirements as the wild-type s..
pseudolysogenic s. SYN: carrier s..
recombinant s. recombinant (1) .
stock s. a bacterial or other microbial s. that has been maintained under laboratory conditions as representative of its type.
type s. the nomenclatural type of a species or subspecies.
wild-type s. a s. found in nature or a standard s.. SEE ALSO: auxotrophic strains, prototrophic strains.

strait
strait (strat)

A narrow passageway. inferior s., apertura pelvis inferior; superior s., apertura pelvis superior. [M.E. streit thr. O. Fr. fr. L. strictus, drawn together, tight]

straitjacket
straitjacket (strat′jak-et)

A garmentlike device with long sleeves that can be secured to restrain a violently disturbed person. SYN: camisole.

stramonium
stramonium (stra-mo′ne-um)

The dried leaves and flowering or fruiting tops with branches of Datura s. or D. tatula (family Solanaceae), a herb abounding in temperate and subtropical countries; it contains an alkaloid, daturine, identical with hyoscyamine. It is an antispasmodic and has been used in the treatment of asthma and parkinsonism; when abused or taken inadvertently, it may cause an atropine-like toxic psychosis. [Mod. L.]

strand
strand

In microbiology, a filamentous or threadlike structure.
anticoding s. the s. of duplex DNA which is used as a template for the synthesis of mRNA. SYN: antisense s..
antiparallel s. a macromolecular s. that is oriented in the opposite direction of a neighboring s..
antisense s. SYN: anticoding s..
coding s. the s. of duplex DNA that has the same sequence as the mRNA (except that mRNA contains ribonucleotides instead of deoxyribonucleotides). SYN: sense s..
complementary s. replicative form.
minus s. replicative form.
plus s. replicative form.
sense s. SYN: coding s..
viral s. replicative form.

Strandberg
Strandberg

James Victor., Swedish dermatologist, *1883. See Grönblad-S. syndrome.

strangalesthesia
strangalesthesia (strang′gal-es-the′ze-a)

SYN: zonesthesia. [G. strangale, halter, + aisthesis, sensation]

strangle
strangle (strang′gl)

To suffocate; to choke; to compress the trachea so as to prevent sufficient passage of air. [G. strangaloo, to choke, fr. strangale, a halter]

strangulated
strangulated (strang′gu-la-ted)

Constricted so as to prevent sufficient passage of air, as through the trachea, or to cut off venous return and/or arterial flow so as to compromise viability, as in the case of a hernia. [L. strangulo, pp. -atus, to choke, fr. G. strangaloo, to choke (strangle)]

strangulation
strangulation (strang′gu-la′shun)

The act of strangulating or the condition of being strangulated, in any sense: compression, constriction, herniation.

strangury
strangury (strang′gu-re)

Difficulty in micturition, with straining to void; urine may be passed intermittently with pain and tenesmus. [G. stranx (strang-), something squeezed out, a drop, + ouron, urine]

strap
strap

1. A strip of adhesive plaster. 2. To apply overlapping strips of adhesive plaster. [A.S. stropp]

Strassburg
Strassburg

Gustav A., German physiologist, *1848. See S. test.

stratification
stratification (strat′i-fi-ka′shun)

The process or result of separating a sample into subsamples according to specified criteria such as age or occupational groups. [L. stratum, layer, + facio, to make]

stratified
stratified (strat′i-fid)

Arranged in the form of layers or strata.

stratigraphy
stratigraphy (stra-tig′ra-fe)

SYN: tomography. [L. stratum, layer, + G. graphe, a writing]

stratum
stratum, gen. strati, pl .strata (strat′um, ta; stra′tum; ti)

One of the layers of differentiated tissue, the aggregate of which forms any given structure, such as the retina or the skin. SEE ALSO: lamina, layer. [L. sterno, pp. stratus, to spread out, strew, ntr. of pp. as noun, s., a bed cover, layer]
s. aculeatum obsolete term for s. spinosum.
s. basale 1. the outermost layer of the endometrium which undergoes only minimal changes during the menstrual cycle; SYN: basal layer. 2. SYN: s. basale epidermidis.
s. basale epidermidis the deepest layer of the epidermis, composed of dividing stem cells and anchoring cells. SYN: basal cell layer, columnar layer, germinative layer, palisade layer, s. basale (2) , s. cylindricum, s. germinativum.
s. cerebrale retinae SYN: cerebral layer of retina.
s. cinereum colliculi superioris SYN: gray layers of superior colliculus, under layer.
s. circulare membranae tympani circular fibers deep to the radiate layer of the membrane that are more abundant near the periphery; not present in the pars flaccida. SYN: circular layer of tympanic membrane.
s. circulare musculi detrusoris vesicae [TA] SYN: circular layer of detrusor (muscle) of urinary bladder.
s. circulare tunicae muscularis [TA] SYN: circular layer of muscular coat.
s. circulare tunicae muscularis coli circular layer of muscular coat of colon.
s. circulare tunicae muscularis intestini tenuis [TA] SYN: circular layer of muscle coat of small intestine.
s. circulare tunicae muscularis recti circular layer of muscular coat of rectum.
s. circulare tunicae muscularis ventriculi circular layer of muscular coat of stomach.
s. compactum the superficial layer of decidual tissue in the pregnant uterus, in which the interglandular tissue preponderates. SYN: compacta.
s. corneum epidermidis the outer layer of the epidermis, consisting of several layers of flat keratinized non-nucleated cells. SYN: corneal layer of epidermis, horny layer of epidermis.
s. corneum unguis the outer, horny layer of the nail. SYN: cornified layer of nail, horny layer of nail.
s. cutaneum membranae tympani the thin layer of skin on the external surface of the tympanic membrane. SYN: cutaneous layer of tympanic membrane.
s. cylindricum SYN: s. basale epidermidis.
s. disjunctum the layer of partly detached cells on the free surface of the s. corneum, as seen in sections under the microscope; likely an artifact of fixation.
s. fibrosum vaginae tendinis fibrous tendon sheath.
s. fibrosum [TA] SYN: fibrous capsule.
s. fibrosum capsulae articularis SYN: fibrous layer of joint capsule, fibrous capsule.
s. fibrosum panniculi adiposi telae subcutaneae [TA] SYN: fibrous layer in or on deep aspect of fatty layer of subcutaneous tissue.
s. functionale the endometrium except for the s. basale; formerly believed to be lost during menstruation but now considered to be only partially disrupted.
s. ganglionare nervi optici SYN: ganglionic layer of optic nerve.
s. ganglionicum [TA] SYN: ganglionic layer.
s. germinativum SYN: s. basale epidermidis.
s. germinativum unguis the deeper layer of the nail that is continuous with the s. germinativum of the surrounding skin and from which the nail plate is continuously formed. SYN: germinative layer of nail.
s. granulare [TA] SYN: granular layer. See layers of dentate gyrus, under layer.
s. granulosum corticis cerebelli [TA] SYN: granular layer of cerebellum.
s. granulosum epidermidis SYN: granular layer of epidermis.
s. granulosum folliculi ovarici vesiculosi the layer of small cells that forms the wall of an ovarian follicle. SYN: granular layer of a vesicular ovarian follicle, granulosa, membrana granulosa, s. granulosum ovarii.
s. granulosum ovarii SYN: s. granulosum folliculi ovarici vesiculosi.
s. griseum colliculi superioris SYN: gray layers of superior colliculus, under layer.
s. griseum intermedium [TA] gray layers of superior colliculus, under layer.
s. griseum profundum [TA] See gray layers of superior colliculus, under layer.
s. griseum profundum colliculis superioris [TA] SYN: deep gray layer of superior colliculus.
s. griseum superficiale [TA] gray layers of superior colliculus, under layer.
strata gyri dentati [TA] SYN: layers of dentate gyrus, under layer.
s. helicoidale brevis gradus circular layer of muscle coat of small intestine.
s. helicoidale longi gradus longitudinal layer of muscle coat of small intestine.
strata hippocampi [TA] SYN: layers of hippocampus, under layer.
s. interolivare lemnisci the medial region of the medulla oblongata between the left and right olivary nucleus, traversed longitudinally by the left and right medial lemniscus, and transversely by the decussating olivocerebellar fibers.
s. lemnisci a largely fibrous (hence whitish) layer of the superior colliculus separating the middle gray layer of superior colliculus from the deep gray layer of superior colliculus and containing, among others, fibers from the spinal and trigeminal lemnisci. SYN: fillet layer.
s. limitans externum [TA] SYN: outer limiting layer.
s. limitans internum [TA] SYN: inner limiting layer.
s. longitudinale tunicae muscularis [TA] SYN: longitudinal layer of muscular coat.
s. longitudinale tunicae muscularis coli longitudinal layer of the muscular tunic of the colon.
s. longitudinale tunicae muscularis intestini tenuis [TA] SYN: longitudinal layer of muscle coat of small intestine.
s. longitudinale tunicae muscularis recti longitudinal layer of muscular coat of rectum.
s. longitudinale tunicae muscularis ventriculi longitudinal layer of muscular coat of stomach.
s. lucidum a layer of lightly staining corneocytes in the deepest level of the s. corneum; found primarily in the thick epidermis of the palmar and plantar skin. SYN: clear layer of epidermis.
strata magnocellularia [TA] See lateral geniculate body.
malpighian s. the living layer of the epidermis comprising the s. basale, s. spinosum, and s. granulosum. SYN: malpighian layer, malpighian rete.
s. medullare intermedium [TA] SYN: intermediate white layer [TA] of superior colliculus.
s. medullare profundum [TA] SYN: deep white layer of superior colliculus.
s. moleculare SYN: molecular layer.
s. moleculare corticis cerebelli [TA] SYN: molecular layer of cerebellar cortex.
s. moleculare et substratum lacunosum [TA] SYN: lacunar-molecular layer. See layers of hippocampus, under layer.
s. moleculare retinae SYN: molecular layer of retina.
s. multiforme [TA] SYN: multiform layer. See layers of dentate gyrus, under layer.
s. musculosum panniculi adiposi telae subcutaneae [TA] SYN: muscle layer in fatty layer of subcutaneous tissue.
s. neuroepitheliale retinae SYN: neuroepithelial layer of retina.
s. neurofibrarum [TA] SYN: layer of nerve fibers.
s. neuronorum piriformium obsolete term for Purkinje cell layer.
s. nucleare externum [TA] SYN: outer nuclear layer.
s. nucleare internum [TA] SYN: inner nuclear layer.
strata nuclearia externa et interna retinae SYN: nuclear layers of retina, under layer.
s. opticum [TA] SYN: optic layer.
s. oriens [TA] SYN: oriens layer. See layers of hippocampus, under layer.
s. papillare corii the more superficial layer of the corium whose papillae interdigitate with the epidermis. SYN: corpus papillare, papillary layer.
strata parvocellularia [TA] See lateral geniculate body.
s. pigmenti bulbi SYN: pigmented layer of retina.
s. pigmenti corporis ciliaris the continuation of the pigment layer of the retina onto the posterior aspect of the ciliary body. SYN: pigmented layer of ciliary body.
s. pigmenti iridis the double layer of pigmented epithelium on the posterior surface of the iris. SYN: pigmented layer of iris.
s. pigmenti retinae SYN: pigmented layer of retina.
s. plexiforme externum SYN: plexiform layers of retina, under layer.
s. plexiforme externum [TA] SYN: outer plexiform layer.
s. plexiforme internum [TA] SYN: plexiform layers of retina, under layer.
s. plexiforme internum [TA] SYN: inner plexiform layer.
s. purkinjense corticis cerebelli [TA] SYN: Purkinje cell layer.
s. pyramidale [TA] SYN: pyramidal layer. See layers of hippocampus, under layer.
s. radiatum [TA] SYN: radiant layer. See layers of hippocampus, under layer.
s. radiatum membranae tympani the connective tissue layer of the tympanic membrane beneath the s. cutaneum, the fibers of which radiate from the manubrium of the malleus to the peripheral fibrocartilaginous ring of the membrane; absent from the pars flaccida. SYN: radiate layer of tympanic membrane.
s. reticulare corii the thicker deep layer of the corium consisting of dense irregularly arranged connective tissue. SYN: reticular layer of corium, s. reticulare cutis, tunica propria corii.
s. reticulare cutis SYN: s. reticulare corii.
s. segmentorum externorum et internorum [TA] SYN: layer of inner and outer segments.
s. spinosum epidermidis the layer of polyhedral cells in the epidermis; shrinkage artifacts and adhesion of these cells at their desmosomal junctions gives a spiny or prickly appearance. SYN: prickle cell layer, spinous layer.
s. spongiosum the middle layer of the endometrium formed chiefly of dilated glandular structures; it is flanked by the compacta on the luminal side and the basalis on the myometrial side.
s. subcutaneum SYN: subcutaneous tissue.
s. synoviale SYN: synovial membrane, synovial membrane.
s. zonale [TA] SYN: zonular layer.

Straus
Straus

Isidore, French physician, 1845–1896. See S. reaction, S. sign.

Strauss
Strauss

Lotte, U.S. pathologist, *1913. See Churg-S. syndrome.

Straüssler Straüssler

See Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome.

streak
streak (strek)

A line, stria, or stripe, especially one that is indistinct or evanescent. [A.S. strica]
angioid streaks calcification of lamina basalis choroideae visible in the peripapillary fundus oculi; associated with pseudoexanthoma elasticum, sickle cell disease, and Paget disease; predisposing to choroidal neovascularization. SYN: elastosis dystrophica, Knapp streaks, Knapp striae.
germinal s. SYN: primitive s..
gonadal s. a form of aplasia in which the ovary is replaced by a functionless tissue, as found in Turner syndrome. SYN: s. gonad.
Knapp streaks SYN: angioid streaks.
meningitic s. a line of redness resulting from drawing a point across the skin, especially notable in cases of meningitis. SYN: Trousseau spot.
Moore lightning streaks photopsia manifested by vertical flashes of light, seen usually on the temporal side of the affected eye, caused by the involutional shrinkage of vitreous humor.
primitive s. ridge of epiblast in the midline at the caudal end of the embryonic disk from which arises the intraembryonic mesoderm and definitive endoderm; achieved by inward and then lateral migration of cells; in human embryos, it appears on day 15 and provides visual evidence of the cephalocaudal axis. SYN: germinal s..

stream
stream (strem)

SYN: flumen.
hair streams the curved lines along which the hairs are arranged on the head and various parts of the body, especially noticeable in the fetus. SYN: flumina pilorum.

streaming
streaming (strem′ing)

See ameboid movement.

streblodactyly
streblodactyly (streb-lo-dak′ti-le)

SYN: camptodactyly. [G. streblos, twisted, + daktylos, finger]

Streeter
Streeter

George L., U.S. embryologist, 1873–1948. See S. developmental horizon(s).

Streeter developmental horizon(s)
Streeter developmental horizon(s)

A term borrowed from geology and archeology by Streeter to define 23 developmental stages in young human embryos, from fertilization through the first 2 months; each horizon spanned 2–3 days and emphasized specific anatomic characteristics, to avoid discrepancies in the determination of age and body dimensions. [G.L. Streeter]

Streiff
Streiff

Enrico Bernard, Swiss ophthalmologist, *1908. See Hallermann-S. syndrome, Hallermann-S.-François syndrome.

strength
strength

1. The quality of being strong or powerful. 2. The degree of intensity. 3. The property of materials by which they endure the application of force without yielding or breaking.
associative s. in psychology, the s. of a stimulus response linkage as measured by the frequency with which a stimulus elicits a particular response. See conditioning.
biting s. SYN: force of mastication.
compressive s. tensile s., except that the stress is in compression.
fatigue s. the stress level below which a particular component will survive an indefinite number of load cycles (typically about 50% of the ultimate s. of the component).
ionic s. (I) symbolized as Γ/2 or I and set equal to 0.5Σm_iz_i², where m_i equals the molar concentration and z_i the charge of each ion present in solution; if molar concentrations (c_i) are used instead of molality (and the solution is dilute), then I = 0.5(1/ρ_o)Σc_iz_i² where ρ_o is the density of the solvent; a number of biochemically important events ( e.g., protein solubility and rates of enzyme action) vary with the ionic s. of a solution.
tensile s. the maximum tensile stress or load that a material is capable of sustaining; usually expressed in pounds per square inch.
ultimate s. the maximum stress achieved prior to failure of a component on a single application of the load.
yield s. the amount of stress at which a permanent (plastic) deformation in a component becomes measurable (usually taken as 0.2% permanent strain).

strephosymbolia
strephosymbolia (stref′o-sim-bo′le-a)

1. Generally, the perception of objects reversed as if in a mirror. 2. Specifically, difficulty in distinguishing written or printed letters that extend in opposite directions but are otherwise similar, such as p and d, or related kinds of mirror reversal. [G. strepho, to turn, + symbolon, a mark or sign]

strepitus
strepitus (strep′i-tus)

Rarely used term for a noise, usually an auscultatory sound. [L.]

streptavidin
streptavidin (strep-ta-vi′din)

A bacterial protein used as a probe in immunologic assays because of its strong affinity and specificity for biotin; s. is used as a bridge to link a chromogen to a biotinylated substrate specific for the substance of interest. [streptococcus + avidin]

strepticemia
strepticemia (strep-ti-se′me-a)

Obsolete term for streptococcemia.

streptidine
streptidine (strep′ti-den)

An aglycone component of streptomycin.

strepto- strepto-

Curved or twisted (usually relating to organisms thus described). [G. streptos, twisted, fr. strepho, to twist]

Streptobacillus
Streptobacillus (strep-to-ba-sil′us)

A genus of nonmotile, non–spore-forming, aerobic to facultatively anaerobic bacteria (family Bacteroidaceae) containing Gram-negative, pleomorphic cells that vary from short rods to long, interwoven filaments that have a tendency to fragment into chains of bacillary and coccobacillary elements. These organisms can be pathogenic for rats, mice, and other mammals. The type species is S. moniliformis. [strepto- + bacillus]
S. moniliformis a bacterial species commonly found as an inhabitant of the nasopharynx of rats; it occurs as the etiologic agent of an epizootic septic polyarthritis in mice and of one type of rat-bite fever; it is the type species of the genus S..

streptobiosamine
streptobiosamine (strep′to-bi-o′sa-men)

A methylamino disaccharide (streptose + N-methyl-l-glucosamine), with the oxygen link between C-2 of streptose and C-1 of the glucosamine; with streptidine, it forms streptomycin.

streptobiose
streptobiose (strep-to-bi′os)

Old term for streptose.

streptocerciasis
streptocerciasis (strep′to-ser-ki′a-sis)

Infection of humans and higher primates with the nematode Mansonella streptocerca.

streptococcal
streptococcal (strep′to-kok′al)

Relating to or caused by any organism of the genus Streptococcus.

streptococcemia
streptococcemia (strep′to-kok-se′-me-a)

The presence of streptococci in the blood. SYN: streptosepticemia. [streptococcus + G. haima, blood]

streptococci
streptococci (strep′to-kok′si)

Plural of streptococcus.

streptococcic
streptococcic (strep′to-kok′sik)

Relating to or caused by any organism of the genus Streptococcus.

streptococcosis
streptococcosis (strep′to-ko-ko′sis)

Any streptococcal infection.

Streptococcus
Streptococcus (strep-to-kok′us)

A genus of nonmotile (with few exceptions), nonsporeforming, aerobic to facultatively anaerobic bacteria (family Lactobacillaceae) containing Gram-positive, spherical or ovoid cells that occur in pairs or short or long chains. Dextrorotatory lactic acid is the main product of carbohydrate fermentation. These organisms occur regularly in the mouth and intestines of humans and other animals, in dairy and other food products, and in fermenting plant juices. Some species are pathogenic. The type species is S. pyogenes. [strepto- + G. kokkos, berry (coccus)]
S. agalactiae a species found in the milk and tissues from udders of cows with mastitis; also reported to be associated with a variety of human infections, especially those of the urogenital tract.
S. anginosus an α-hemolytic species of bacteria found in the human throat, sinuses, abscesses, vagina, skin, and feces; this organism is a common cause of isolated liver abscesses.
S. bovis a bacterial species found in the bovine alimentary tract; this organism may also be found in blood and heart lesions in cases of subacute endocarditis.
S. constellatus an α-hemolytic species of bacteria found in tonsils, purulent pleurisy, appendix, the nose, throat, and gums, and infrequently on the skin and in the vagina.
S. durans a bacterial species found in dried milk powder and in the intestines of humans and other animals.
S. faecalis SYN: Enterococcus faecalis.
S. intermedius one of a heterogenous collection of streptococci, generally found in the mouth or upper respiratory tract; classification is generally established by fermentation patterns, analysis of the sugar composition of the cell wall, and use of sugar production patterns. SYN: Peptostreptococcus intermedius.
S. lactis a bacterial species found commonly as a contaminant in milk and dairy products; a common cause of the souring and coagulation of milk; some strains produce nisin, a powerful antibiotic that inhibits the growth of many other Gram-positive organisms.
S. milleri a term used to refer to the S. intermedius group, which contains three distinct streptococcal species including S. intermedius, S. constellatus, and S. anginosus. These bacteria are found in the human oral cavity and have been associated with a variety of infections including bacteremia; endocarditis; and CNS, oral, and thoracic infections.
S. mitis a bacterial species found in the human mouth, throat, and nasopharynx; ordinarily, it is not considered to be pathogenic, but this organism may be recovered from ulcerated teeth and sinuses and from blood and heart lesions in cases of subacute endocarditis.
S. morbillorum SYN: Peptostreptococcus morbillorum.
S. mutans a bacterial species associated with the production of dental caries in humans and in some other animals and with subacute endocarditis.
S. pneumoniae a species of Gram-positive, lancet-shaped cocci and diplococci frequently occurring in chains; cells are readily lysed by bile salts. Virulent forms are enclosed in type-specific polysaccharide capsules, the basis for an effective vaccine. Normal inhabitants of the respiratory tract, and the most common cause of lobar pneumonia, they are the most common causative agents of meningitis, and pneumonia worldwide, and also cause sinusitis, and other infections. It is the type species of the former genus Diplococcus. SYN: Fraenkel pneumococcus, pneumococcus, pneumonococcus.
S. pyogenes a bacterial species found in the human mouth, throat, and respiratory tract and in inflammatory exudates, the bloodstream, and cellulitic lesions in human diseases; it is sometimes found in the udders of cows and in dust from sickrooms, hospital wards, schools, theaters, and other public places; it causes the formation of pus, fatal septicemia, and necrotizing fascitis and myositis. There is also a specific somatic antigen (M protein) for each of the approximately 85 types. It is the type species of the genus S..
S. salivarius a bacterial species found in the human mouth, throat, and nasopharynx, and associated with dental disease.
S. sanguis a bacterial species originally found in the so-called vegetation on heart valves from cases of subacute bacterial endocarditis; occasionally found in infected sinuses and teeth and in house dust.
S. viridans a name applied not to a distinct species but rather to the group of α-hemolytic streptococci as a whole; viridans streptococci have been isolated from the mouth and intestines of humans, the intestines of horses, the milk and feces of cows, and milk products. SYN: viridans streptococci.

streptococcus
streptococcus, pl .streptococci (strep′to-kok′us, -kok′si)

A term used to refer to any member of the genus S..
group A streptococci (GAS) a common bacteria that is the cause of strep throat, scarlet fever, impetigo, cellulitis-erysipelas, rheumatic fever, acute glomerular nephritis, endocarditis, and group A streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis. The prototype is S. pyogenes.
group B streptococci a leading cause of a form of neonatal sepsis that has a 10–20% mortality rate and leaves a large number of survivors with brain damage; also a leading cause of meningitis.
hemolytic streptococci SYN: β-hemolytic streptococci.
α-hemolytic streptococci streptococci that form a green variety of reduced hemoglobin in the area of the colony on a blood agar medium. SEE ALSO: S. viridans.
β-hemolytic streptococci those that produce active hemolysins (O and S) which cause a zone of clear hemolysis on the blood agar medium in the area of the colony; β-hemolytic streptococci are divided into groups (A to O) on the basis of cell wall C carbohydrate (see Lancefield classification); Group A (in the strains pathogenic for man) comprises more than 50 types (designated by Arabic numerals) determined by cell wall M protein, which seems to be associated closely with virulence and is produced chiefly by strains with matt or mucoid colonies, in contrast to nonvirulent, glossy colony-producing strains; other surface protein antigens such as R and T (T substance), and the nucleoprotein fraction (P substance) seem to be of less importance. The more than 20 extracellular substances elaborated by strains of β-hemolytic streptococci include erythrogenic toxin (elaborated only by lysogenic strains), deoxyribonuclease (streptodornase), hemolysins (streptolysins O and S), hyaluronidase, and streptokinase. SYN: hemolytic streptococci.
viridans streptococci SYN: S. viridans.

streptodornase
streptodornase (SD) (strep-to-dor′nas)

A “dornase” (deoxyribonuclease) obtained from streptococci; used with streptokinase to facilitate drainage in septic surgical conditions.

streptofuranose
streptofuranose (strep-to-foor′a-nos)

SYN: streptose.

streptokinase
streptokinase (SK) (strep-to-ki′nas)

An extracellular metalloenzyme from hemolytic streptococci that cleaves plasminogen, producing plasmin, which causes the liquefaction of fibrin (same activity as staphylokinase and urokinase); thus, used in the removal of clots. SYN: plasminokinase, streptococcal fibrinolysin.

streptokinase-streptodornase
streptokinase-streptodornase

A purified mixture containing streptokinase, streptodornase, and other proteolytic enzymes; used by topical application or by injection into body cavities to remove clotted blood and fibrinous and purulent accumulations of exudate; thus, used in the removal of clots.

streptolysin
streptolysin (strep-tol′i-sin)

A hemolysin produced by streptococci.
s. O a hemolysin that is produced by β-hemolytic streptococci and is hemolytically active only in the reduced state; anti-s. O produced during infection is of diagnostic significance.

Streptomyces
Streptomyces (strep-to-mi′sez)

A genus of nonmotile, aerobic, Gram-positive bacteria (family Streptomycetaceae) that grow in the form of a many-branched mycelium; conidia are produced in chains on aerial hyphae. These organisms (several hundred species in the genus) are predominantly saprophytic soil forms; some are parasitic on plants or animals; many produce antibiotics. The type species is S. albus. [strepto- + G. mykes, fungus]
S. albus a bacterial species found in dust, soil, grains, and straw; some strains produce actinomycetin; others produce thiolutin or endomycin; it is the type species of the genus S..
S. gibsonii a bacterial species found in human infections. SYN: Nocardia gibsonii.
S. somaliensis a bacterial species that causes Bouffardi white mycetoma.

Streptomycetaceae
Streptomycetaceae (strep′to-mi-se-ta′se-e)

A family of aerobic Gram-positive bacteria (order Actinomycetales) that produce a vegetative mycelium which does not fragment into bacillary or coccoid forms; they produce conidia which are borne on sporophores. These organisms occur primarily in the soil; some are thermophiles found in rotting manure, a few are parasitic, and many produce antibiotics. The type genus is Streptomyces.

streptomycete
streptomycete (strep′to-mi′set)

A term used to refer to a member of the genus Streptomyces; it is sometimes improperly used to refer to any member of the family Streptomycetaceae.

streptomycin
streptomycin (strep-to-mi′sin)

An antibiotic agent obtained from Streptomyces griseus that is active against the tubercle bacillus and a large number of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria; also used in the form of dihydrostreptomycin (aldehyde of s. reduced to CH₂OH). It is a glucoside and contains streptidine and streptobiosamine linked by an oxygen bridge between C-4 of the inositol residue and C-1 of the streptose residue; s. B has a mannose residue attached to the glucosamine and is a natural product, with less activity than s. A. It is used virtually exclusively in the treatment of tuberculosis; toxicity includes eighth cranial nerve damage leading to deafness and/or vestibular dysfunction. SYN: s. A.

streptomycin A
streptomycin A

SYN: streptomycin.

streptomycosis
streptomycosis (strep′to-mi-ko′sis)

Old term for streptococcemia. [strepto- + G. mykes, fungus, + -osis, condition]

streptonivicin
streptonivicin (strep′to-ni-vi′sin)

SYN: novobiocin.

streptose
streptose (strep′tos)

An unusual l-pentose that is a component of streptobiosamine, hence of streptomycin. SYN: streptofuranose.

streptosepticemia
streptosepticemia (strep′to-sep-ti-se′me-a)

SYN: streptococcemia.

streptothrichosis
streptothrichosis (strep′to-thri-ko′sis)

SYN: dermatophilosis.

streptotrichiasis
streptotrichiasis (strep′to-tri-ki′a-sis)

SYN: dermatophilosis.

streptotrichosis
streptotrichosis (strep′to-tri-ko′sis)

SYN: dermatophilosis.

streptozocin
streptozocin (strep-to-zo′sin)

An antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of metastatic islet-cell carcinoma of the pancreas. SYN: streptozotocin.

streptozotocin
streptozotocin (strep′to-zo-toks′in)

SYN: streptozocin.

stress
stress (stres)

1. Reactions of the body to forces of a deleterious nature, infections, and various abnormal states that tend to disturb its normal physiologic equilibrium (homeostasis). 2. In dentistry, the forces set up in teeth, their supporting structures, and structures restoring or replacing teeth as a result of the force of mastication. 3. The force or pressure applied or exerted between portions of a body or bodies, generally expressed in pounds per square inch. 4. In rheology, the force in a material transmitted per unit area to adjacent layers. 5. In psychology, a physical or psychological stimulus such as very high heat, public criticism, or another noxious agent or experience which, when impinging upon certain individuals, produces psychological strain or disequilibrium. [L. strictus, tight, fr. stringo, to draw together]
life s. events or experiences that produce severe strain, e.g., failure on the job, marital separation, loss of a love object.
shear s. the force acting in shear flow expressed per unit area; units in the CGS system: dynes/cm².
tensile s. a s. acting on a body per unit cross-sectional area so as to elongate the body.
yield s. the critical s. that must be applied to a material before it begins to flow, as in a Bingham plastic.

stress breaker
stress breaker

A device that relieves the abutment teeth, to which a fixed or removable partial denture is attached, of all or part of the forces generated by occlusal function.

stress riser
stress riser

A mechanical defect, such as a hole, in bone or other materials, that concentrates stress in the area and increases the risk of failure of the bone or material at that site.

stress shielding
stress shielding

Osteopenia occurring in bone as the result of removal of normal stress from the bone by an implant.

stretcher
stretcher (stre′cher)

1. A litter, usually a sheet of canvas stretched to a frame with four handles, used for transporting the sick or injured. 2. A cart with four wheels and a flat top for the transportation of patients, usually within hospitals. [A.S. streccan, to stretch]

stria
stria, gen. and pl. striae (stri′a, stri′e)

1. A stripe, band, streak, or line, distinguished by color, texture, depression, or elevation from the tissue in which it is found. SYN: striation (1) . 2. SYN: striae cutis distensae. [L. channel, furrow]
acoustic striae SYN: medullary striae of fourth ventricle.
anterior acoustic s. [TA] these axons originate in the ventral cochlear nucleus, cross the midline as part of the trapezoid body, join the lateral lemniscus, and terminate largely in the superior olivary complex. SYN: s. cochlearis anterior [TA] , ventral acoustic s. [TA] .
striae atrophicae SYN: striae cutis distensae.
auditory striae SYN: medullary striae of fourth ventricle.
brown striae SYN: Retzius striae.
striae ciliares shallow radial grooves on the surface of the orbiculus ciliaris extending from the teeth of the ora serrata and leading into the valleys between the ciliary processes.
s. cochlearis anterior [TA] SYN: anterior acoustic s..
s. cochlearis intermedia [TA] SYN: intermediate acoustic s..
s. cochlearis posterior [TA] SYN: posterior acoustic s..
striae cutis distensae bands of thin wrinkled skin, initially red but becoming purple and white, which occur commonly on the abdomen, buttocks, and thighs at puberty and/or during and following pregnancy, and result from atrophy of the dermis and overextension of the skin; also associated with ascites and Cushing syndrome. SYN: atrophoderma striatum, lineae atrophicae, linear atrophy, stretch marks, s. (2) , striae atrophicae, striate atrophy of skin, traction atrophy.
diagonalis s. See Broca diagonal band.
s. diagonalis [TA] SYN: Broca diagonal band.
s. externa medullae renalis [TA] SYN: outer stripes of renal medulla, under stripe.
s. fornicis SYN: medullary s. of thalamus.
Gennari s. SYN: line of Gennari.
striae gravidarum striae cutis distensae related to pregnancy.
intermediate acoustic s. [TA] these axons arise in the cochlear nuclei; some fibers cross adjacent to the trapezoid body, others ascend on the ipsilateral side; they terminate in periolivary nuclei and nuclei of the lateral lemniscus; may function to modulate activity in the olivocochlear tract. SYN: s. cochlearis intermedia [TA] .
s. of internal granular layer [TA] See Baillarger lines, under line.
s. of internal pyramidal layer [TA] See Baillarger lines, under line.
s. interna medullae renalis [TA] SYN: inner stripes of renal medulla, under stripe.
Knapp striae SYN: angioid streaks, under streak.
s. laminae granularis internae [TA] SYN: Baillarger lines, under line.
s. laminae molecularis [TA] SYN: band of Kaes-Bechterew.
s. laminae pyramidalis internae [TA] SYN: Baillarger lines, under line.
striae lancisi the lateral longitudinal s. and the medial longitudinal s..
Langhans s. fibrinoid that accumulates on the chorionic plate between the bases of placental villi during the first half of pregnancy.
lateral longitudinal s. [TA] a thin longitudinal band of nerve fibers accompanied by gray matter, near each outer edge of the upper surface of the corpus callosum under cover of the cingulate gyrus. SYN: s. longitudinalis lateralis [TA] , s. tecta, tectal s..
s. longitudinalis lateralis [TA] SYN: lateral longitudinal s..
s. longitudinalis medialis [TA] SYN: medial longitudinal s..
s. mallearis [TA] SYN: malleolar s..
malleolar s. [TA] a bright line seen through the membrana tympani, produced by the attachment of the manubrium of the malleus. SYN: s. mallearis [TA] , mallear stripe.
medial longitudinal s. a thin longitudinal band of nerve fibers accompanied by gray matter, running along the surface of the corpus callosum on either side of the median line. Together with the lateral longitudinal s. it forms part of a thin layer of gray matter on the dorsal surface of the corpus callosum, the indusium griseum, a rudimentary component of the hippocampus. SYN: s. longitudinalis medialis [TA] .
striae medullares ventriculi quarti [TA] SYN: medullary striae of fourth ventricle.
s. medullaris thalami [TA] SYN: medullary s. of thalamus.
medullary striae of fourth ventricle [TA] slender fascicles of fibers extending transversely below the ependymal floor of the ventricle from the median sulcus to enter the inferior cerebellar peduncle. They arise from the arcuate nuclei on the ventral surface of the medullary pyramid. SYN: striae medullares ventriculi quarti [TA] , acoustic striae, auditory striae, Bergmann cords, medullary teniae, taeniae acusticae.
medullary s. of thalamus [TA] a narrow, compact fiber bundle that extends along the line of attachment of the roof of the third ventricle to the thalamus on each side and terminates posteriorly in the habenular nucleus. It is composed of fibers originating in the septal area, the anterior perforated substance, the lateral preoptic nucleus, and the medial segment of the globus pallidus. SYN: s. medullaris thalami [TA] , s. fornicis, s. ventriculi tertii.
s. of molecular layer [TA] SYN: band of Kaes-Bechterew.
s. nasi transversa a single deep horizontal groove at the level of the alae, with no associated defects. SYN: transverse nasal groove.
Nitabuch s. SYN: Nitabuch membrane.
s. occipitalis [TA] SYN: line of Gennari.
striae olfactoriae [TA] SYN: olfactory striae.
olfactory striae [TA] three distinct fiber bands (s. medialis, s. intermedia, s. lateralis) that caudally extend the olfactory tract beyond its attachment to the olfactory trigone. The medial olfactory s. [TA] (s. olfactoria medialis [TA]) curves dorsally into the tenia tecta; the intermediate, often barely visible, extends straight back and terminates in the olfactory tubercle; the lateral olfactory s. [TA] (s. olfactoria lateralis [TA], the largest of the three, passes along the lateral side of the olfactory tubercle, curving laterally as far as the limen insulae, then sharply medially to reach the uncus of the parahippocampal gyrus where it terminates in the plexiform layer of the olfactory cortex. SEE ALSO: medial longitudinal s.. SYN: striae olfactoriae [TA] , olfactory roots.
striae parallelae SYN: Retzius striae.
posterior acoustic s. [TA] these axons originate from the dorsal cochlear nucleus, cross the midline dorsal to the trapezoid body, and join the lateral lemniscus; some fibers may terminate in the superior olivary nucleus but most pass directly to the inferior colliculus or synapse in the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus enroute. SYN: s. cochlearis posterior [TA] .
striae retinae concentric lines on the surface of an abnormal retina. SYN: Paton lines.
Retzius striae dark concentric lines crossing the enamel prisms of the teeth, seen in axial cross sections of the enamel. SYN: brown striae, striae parallelae.
Rohr s. layer of fibrinoid in the intervillous spaces of the placenta.
s. spinosa a faint groove occasionally caused by the chorda tympani nerve on the spine of the sphenoid. SYN: Lucas groove, sulcus spinosus.
s. tecta SYN: lateral longitudinal s..
tectal s. SYN: lateral longitudinal s..
terminal s. [TA] a slender, compact fiber bundle that connects the amygdala (amygdaloid body) with the hypothalamus and other basal forebrain regions. Originating from the amygdala, the bundle passes first caudalward in the roof of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle; it follows the medial side of the caudate nucleus forward in the floor of the ventricle's central part (or body) until it reaches the interventricular foramen, in the posterior wall of which it curves steeply down to enter the hypothalamus, with fibers passing both rostral and caudal to the anterior commissure. Coursing caudalward in the medial part of the hypothalamus, the bundle terminates in the anterior and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei. SYN: s. terminalis [TA] , Foville fasciculus, Tarin tenia, tenia semicircularis.
s. terminalis [TA] SYN: terminal s..
s. vascularis of cochlear duct [TA] the stratified epithelium lining the upper part of the ligamentum spirale cochleae; it is penetrated by capillaries and is believed to be the site of production of endolymph. SYN: s. vascularis ductus cochlearis [TA] , psalterial cord, vascular stripe.
s. vascularis ductus cochlearis [TA] SYN: s. vascularis of cochlear duct.
ventral acoustic s. [TA] SYN: anterior acoustic s..
s. ventriculi tertii SYN: medullary s. of thalamus.
Wickham striae fine whitish lines, having a network arrangement, on the surface of lichen planus papules.
striae of Zahn SYN: lines of Zahn, under line.

striatal
striatal (stri′a-tal)

Relating to the corpus striatum.

striate
striate (stri′at)

Striped; marked by striae. [L. striatus, furrowed]

striation
striation (stri-a′shun)

1. SYN: stria (1) . 2. A striate appearance. 3. The act of streaking or making striae.
basal striations the vertical infranuclear striations due to the infolded plasma membrane and mitochondria; they are seen in kidney tubules and certain intralobular salivary ducts.
tabby cat s. SYN: tigroid s..
tigroid s. linear whitish or yellowish markings on the fatty degenerated heart muscle. SYN: tabby cat s..

striatonigral
striatonigral (stri-a-to-ni′gral)

Referring to the efferent connection of the striatum with the substantia nigra.

striatum
striatum (stri-a′tum) [TA]

Collective name for the caudate nucleus and putamen which together with the globus pallidus or pallidum form the striate body. SYN: neostriatum&star. [L. neut. of striatus, furrowed]
dorsal s. [TA] those portions of the caudate nucleus and especially the putamen located generally dorsal to a plane representing the anterior commissure; also called the dorsal basal ganglia; may function in motor activities with cognitive origins. SYN: s. dorsale [TA] .
s. dorsale [TA] SYN: dorsal s..
ventral s. [TA] those portions of the s. located generally ventral to a plane representing the anterior commissure; includes the nucleus accumbens and some nuclei of the olfactory tubercle; may function in motor activities with emotional or motivational origins. SYN: s. ventrale [TA] .
s. ventrale [TA] SYN: ventral s..

stricture
stricture (strik′choor)

A circumscribed narrowing or stenosis of a hollow structure, usually consisting of cicatricial contracture or deposition of abnormal tissue. [L. strictura, fr. stringo, pp. strictus, to draw tight, bind]
anastomotic s. narrowing, usually by scarring, of an anastomotic suture line.
anular s. a ringlike constriction encircling the wall of a canal.
bridle s. narrowing of a canal by a band of tissue stretching across part of its lumen.
contractile s. SYN: recurrent s..
functional s. SYN: spasmodic s..
organic s. a s. due to the presence of cicatricial or other new tissue, not spasmodic. SYN: permanent s..
permanent s. SYN: organic s..
recurrent s. a s. due to the presence of contractile tissue which may be dilated but soon returns. SYN: contractile s..
spasmodic s. a s. due to localized spasm of muscular fibers in the wall of the canal. SYN: functional s., temporary s..
temporary s. SYN: spasmodic s..
urethral s. a stenosing lesion of the urethra, due usually to inflammation or to iatrogenic instrumentation and resulting in reduction of urethral caliber which may be focal or may involve virtually the entire length of the urethra.

stricturoplasty
stricturoplasty (strik′chur-plas′te)

Surgical procedure for widening a structured segment of intestine that involves incision and closure in opposing directions. [stricture + G. plastos, formed]

stricturotome
stricturotome (strik′choor-o-tom)

An instrument for use in dividing a stricture.

stricturotomy
stricturotomy (strik-choor-ot′o-me)

Surgical opening or division of a stricture. [stricture + G. tome, incision]

strident
strident (stri′dent)

Creaking; grating; harsh-sounding; denoting an auscultatory sound or rale. [L. stridens, pres. p. of strideo, to creak]

stridor
stridor (stri′dor)

A high-pitched, noisy respiration, like the blowing of the wind; a sign of respiratory obstruction, especially in the trachea or larynx. [L. a harsh, creaking sound]
congenital s. crowing inspiration occurring at birth or within the first few months of life; sometimes without apparent cause and sometimes due to abnormal flaccidity of epiglottis or arytenoids. SYN: laryngeal s..
s. dentium grinding of the teeth.
expiratory s. a singing sound due to the semiapproximated vocal folds offering resistance to the escape of air or to tracheal or bronchial obstruction.
inspiratory s. a crowing sound during the inspiratory phase of respiration due to pathology involving the upper respiratory tract especially at the epiglottis or larynx.
laryngeal s. SYN: congenital s..
s. serraticus a rough grating like the sound of a saw.

stridulous
stridulous (strid′u-lus)

Having a shrill or creaking sound. [L. stridulus, fr. strideo, to creak, to hiss]

string
string

A slender cord or cordlike structure.
auditory strings bundles of parallel filaments in the zona pectinata of the lamina basilaris of the cochlea; the length of the strings varies from 64 μm in the basal coil to 480 μm in the apex.

striola
striola (stri′o-la)

The narrow central area of the utricular macula where the orientations of the tallest stereocilia and kinocilia change. [L. stria, stripe, + -ola, dim. suffix]

strip
strip

1. To express the contents from a collapsible tube or canal, such as the urethra, by running the finger along it. SYN: milk (4) . 2. Subcutaneous excision of a vein in its longitudinal axis, performed with a stripper. 3. Any narrow piece, relatively long and of uniform width. [A.S. strypan, to rob]
abrasive s. a ribbon-like piece of linen on one side of which is bonded abrasive particles; used in dentistry for contouring and polishing proximal surfaces of restorations.
amalgam s. a linen s. without abrasive used to smooth proximal contours of newly placed amalgam restorations.
celluloid s. a clear plastic s. used as a matrix when inserting a cement or resin in proximal cavity preparations of anterior teeth.
lightning s. a s. of metal with abrasive on one side, used to open rough or improper contacts of proximal restorations.

stripe
stripe (strip)

1. In anatomy, a streak, line, band, or stria. 2. In radiography, a linear opacity differing in density from the adjacent parts of the image; usually represents the tangential image of a planar structure such as the pleura or peritoneum. SEE ALSO: psoas margin. [M.E.]
s. of Gennari SYN: line of Gennari.
Hensen s. a band on the undersurface of the membrana tectoria of the cochlear duct.
inner stripes of renal medulla [TA] the deeper or more central portion of the outer medulla of the kidney, recognizable on sagittal section through the pyramid of a fresh specimen; it is structurally distinct from the outer s. in that it is traversed by thin as well as thick portions (limbs) of nephron tubules. SYN: stria interna medullae renalis [TA] .
mallear s. SYN: malleolar stria.
Mees stripes SYN: Mees lines, under line.
occipital s. [TA] SYN: line of Gennari.
outer stripes of renal medulla [TA] the more superficial or more peripheral portion of the outer medulla of the kidney, recognizable on sagittal section through the pyramid of a fresh specimen; it is structurally distinct from the outer s. in that it is traversed by only thick portions (limbs) of nephron tubules. SYN: stria externa medullae renalis [TA] .
pleural s. SYN: pleural lines, under line.
tracheal wall s. on a chest radiograph, the linear opacity between air in the trachea and in the right upper lobe.
vascular s. SYN: stria vascularis of cochlear duct.

stripper
stripper

vein s. an instrument used to remove a vein by tying the vein at one end and pulling it, tearing its branches, and thus, stripping it out of the body.

stripping
stripping

Removal, often of a covering.
membrane s. separation of gestational membranes from the lower uterine segment by insertion of a finger through the cervical os, to initiate the Ferguson reflex or prostaglandin release from the decidua and hasten labor.

Strisower Strisower

See Schellong-S. phenomenon.

strobila
strobila, pl .strobilae (stro′bi-la, -le)

A chain of segments, less the scolex and unsegmented neck portion, of a tapeworm; in the monozoic tapeworms (subclass Cestodaria and some members of the subclass Cestoda), it may consist of a single proglottid. [G. stobile, a twist of lint]

strobilocercus
strobilocercus (stro′bi-lo-ser′kus)

A taenioid tapeworm larva of the cysticercus type, but with a conspicuous segmented neck, small terminal bladder, and everted scolex; the larval form of Taenia taeniaeformis, called Cysticercus fasciolaris. [G. strobile, a twist of lint, + kerkos, tail]

strobiloid
strobiloid (stro′bi-loyd)

Resembling a chain of segments of a tapeworm. [G. strobile, strobile, + eidos, resemblance]

stroboscope
stroboscope (stro′bo-skop)

An electronic instrument that produces intermittent light flashes of controlled frequency; used to influence electrical activity of the cerebral cortex.

stroboscopic
stroboscopic (stro-bo-skop′ik)

Pertaining to the illusion of motion, retarded or accelerated, produced by visual images observed intermittently in rapid succession. [G. strobos, a twisting around, fr. strepho, to twist, + skopeo, to view]

stroboscopy
stroboscopy (stro-bos′ko-py)

Endoscopy performed with an intermittent light at a frequency that approximates the frequency of movement of the object visualized so that it appears to be motionless; useful in analyzing vocal cord structure and motion.

stroke stroke (strok)

1. Any acute clinical event, related to impairment of cerebral circulation, that lasts more than 24 hours. SYN: apoplexy, brain attack. 2. A harmful discharge of lightning, particularly one that affects a human being. 3. A pulsation. 4. To pass the hand or any instrument gently over a surface. SEE ALSO: stroking. 5. A gliding movement over a surface. [A.S. strac] Acute neurologic deficits resulting from circulatory impairment that resolve within 24 hours are called transient ischemic attacks (TIAs); most TIAs last only 15–20 minutes. In contrast, a s. involves irreversible brain damage, the type and severity of symptoms depending on the location and extent of brain tissue whose circulation has been compromised. The outcome of a s. varies from minimal impairment to rapid onset of coma followed quickly by death. S. ranks third as a cause of death in adults in the U.S., after ischemic heart disease and cancer. About 700,000 people a year experience strokes in this country, and at any given time the population includes about 3 million s. survivors. The incidence of s. has gradually declined during the past generation. Risk factors for s. include hypertension, valvular heart disease, atrial fibrillation, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking, and a family history of s.. In addition, recent studies have shown that elevation of plasma homocysteine, low circulating levels of folic acid and pyridoxine (vitamin B₆), periodontal disease, and chronic bronchitis are all independent risk factors. Ischemic s., which accounts for about 85% of all strokes, is generally caused by atherothrombosis or embolism of a major cerebral artery. Less common causes of ischemic s. include nonatheromatous vascular disease and coagulation disorders. Severe, acute ischemia in nerve tissue triggers cellular changes (calcium influx, protease activation) that can swiftly cause irreversible damage (infarction). Around the infarct zone lies a so-called penumbra of ischemic, electrically silent tissue that may be salvageable by prompt reperfusion. The mortality of ischemic s. is 15–30% within the first 30 days. Hemorrhagic s., which makes up the other 15%, has a graver prognosis, with a 30-day mortality rate of 40–80%. The diagnostic evaluation of the patient with s. includes history, physical examination, blood count, blood chemistries, coagulation profile, electrocardiogram, and imaging studies. While cranial CT is the procedure of choice to identify subarachnoid hemorrhage, MRI is a more sensitive indicator of parenchyal hemorrhage as well as of ischemia and infarction. About 20% of persons initially thought to have had a s. prove to have some other disorder, and as many as 20% of strokes are missed on initial evaluation by emergency department physicians. Early and aggressive treatment is crucial in limiting damage to brain tissue and achieving an optimal outcome. In ischemic s., intravenous administration of tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) within the first 3 hours, with the purpose of dissolving an obstructing thrombus, has been shown to improve overall outcome at 90 days. Limiting factors in the use of thrombolytic therapy are the need to rule out hemorrhagic s. (sometimes difficult with available imaging methods) and the fact that the therapy itself may induce hemorrhage. Intravenous thrombolytic agents other than TPA are not only less effective but also more likely to cause hemorrhage. In limited studies, intraarterial injection of prourokinase up to 6 hours after stoke onset has favorably influenced outcome. During the acute phase of a s., respiratory and circulatory support and attention to fluid and electrolyte balance and nutrition are vitally important. Hypothermia and intravenous administration of heparin and magnesium also improve outcome in selected cases. Long-term consequences may depend on the aggressiveness and persistence of physical therapy and rehabilitation. Effective measures for the prevention of s. include aggressive management of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus, cessation of smoking, and chemoprophylaxis in persons at high risk. Administration of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) prophylactically inhibits platelet aggregation by suppressing thromboxane A₂. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials involving a total of more than 50,000 people indicated that low-dosage aspirin (80–325 mg/day) reduces the risk of ischemic s. by 39 events per 10,000 persons but increases the risk of hemorrhagic s. by 12 events per 10,000 persons. Other studies suggest that aspirin at higher dosage (1.3 g/day in divided doses) protects men but not women from ischemic s. because in women aspirin also suppresses prostacyclin, a natural inhibitor of platelet aggregation. Prophylaxis with other antiplatelet agents (clopidogrel, ticlopidine) is equally effective in men and women and at least as protective as aspirin. In nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, warfarin prophylaxis reduces s. risk by two-thirds. Most studies show that, in persons with carotid artery stenosis of at least 60%, carotid endarterectomy reduces the risk of s.. The National S. Association has recommended adoption of the term brain attack for s., by analogy with the familiar heart attack, to emphasize to the public both the location of the lesion and the urgency of the need for assessment and treatment. See Also tissue plasminogen activator.
effective s. the rapid forward movement of cilia.
heart s. impact of the apex of the heart against the wall of the chest.
heat s. heatstroke.
recovery s. the slow return movement of cilia.
spinal s. abrupt onset of focal spinal cord dysfunction caused by a disturbance in its blood supply.
sun s. sunstroke.

stroking
stroking (strok′ing)

The nonverbal fondling and nurturance accorded infants or the nonverbal and verbal forms of acceptance, reassurance, and positive reinforcement accorded to children and adults either by an individual to himself or herself or to another person in order to satisfy a basic biopsychological need of all developing humans; various psychopathologic conditions are believed to result when such s. is absent or faulty.

stroma
stroma, pl .stromata (stro′ma, stro′ma-ta)

1. The framework, usually of connective tissue, of an organ, gland, or other structure, as distinguished from the parenchyma or specific substance of the part. 2. Aqueous phase of chloroplasts; i.e., chloroplast matrix. 3. Archaic term for mitochondrial matrix. [G. s., bed]
s. glandulae thyroideae SYN: s. of thyroid gland.
s. iridis SYN: s. of iris.
s. of iris the delicate vascular connective tissue that lies between the anterior surface of the iris and the pars iridica retinae. SYN: s. iridis.
lymphatic s. the network of reticular fibers and associated reticular cells of lymphatic tissue.
nerve s. the connective tissue supporting structures of peripheral nerve fibers, consisting of endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium.
s. ovarii SYN: s. of ovary.
s. of ovary the fibrous tissue of the medulla of the ovary. SYN: s. ovarii.
Rollet s. the colorless s. of the red blood cells.
s. of thyroid gland the connective tissue that supports the lobules and follicles of the thyroid gland. SYN: s. glandulae thyroideae.
s. of vitreous the delicate framework of the vitreous body embedded in or enclosing the vitrous humor. SYN: s. vitreum.
s. vitreum SYN: s. of vitreous.

stromal
stromal (stro′mal)

Stromatic; relating to the stroma of an organ or other structure. SYN: stromic.

stromatin
stromatin (stro′ma-tin)

An insoluble protein in the stroma of erythrocytes.

stromatolysis
stromatolysis (stro-ma-tol′i-sis)

Destruction of the enveloping membrane of a cell, such as a red blood cell. [stroma + G. lysis, dissolution]

stromic
stromic (stro′mik)

SYN: stromal.

stromuhr
stromuhr (strom′oor)

An instrument for measuring the quantity of blood that flows per unit of time through a blood vessel. [Ger. Strom, stream, + Uhr, clock]
Ludwig s. one of the first devices for measuring flow in blood vessels.
thermo-s. thermostromuhr.

Strong
Strong

Edward K., Jr., U.S. psychologist, *1884. See S. vocational interest test.

strongyle
strongyle (stron′jil)

Common name for members of the family Strongylidae. [G. strongylos, round]

Strongylidae
Strongylidae (stron-jil′i-de)

A family of parasitic nematode worms (order Strongyloidea) including the genera Strongylus and Oesophagostomum. [see Strongyloides]

Strongyloidea
Strongyloidea (stron-ji-loy′de-a)

A superfamily of strongyle nematode parasites including the genera Ancyclostoma, Necator, Ostertagia, Haemonchus, and Strongylus, as well as the tapeworms of fowl, the lungworms of carnivores, and some of the most important helminth pathogens of humans and domestic animals. [see Strongyloides]

Strongyloides
Strongyloides (stron-ji-loy′dez)

The threadworm, a genus of small nematode parasites (superfamily Rhabditoidea), commonly found in the small intestine of mammals (particularly ruminants), that are characterized by an unusual life cycle that involves one or several generations of free-living adult worms. Human infection is chiefly by S. stercoralis, the small roundworm of man, widespread in all tropical regions, or by S. fuelleborni, a parasite of non-human primates in African and Asian tropics and of humans in African tropics. The subspecies S. fuelleborni kellyi occurs in New Guinea where it causes widespread infection. Fatal infection in 2-month-old infants, possibly infected by transmammary transmission, produces the condition known locally as swollen belly disease or swollen belly syndrome, which causes grossly distended abdomens, invariably fatal in these infants. Other species include S. papillosus in cattle, sheep, and goats, and S. ransomi in swine. [G. strongylos, round, + eidos, resemblance]

strongyloidiasis
strongyloidiasis (stron′ji-loy-di′a-sis)

Infection with soil-borne nematodes of the genus Strongyloides, considered to be a parthenogenetic parasitic female. Larvae passed to the soil develop through four larval instars to form free-living adults or develop from first and second free-living stages into infective third-stage strongyliform or filariform larvae, which penetrate the skin or enter the buccal mucosa via drinking water. Infection can occur by larvae of a new generation developed in the soil (indirect cycle), by infective larvae developed without an intervening adult stage (direct cycle), or by larvae that develop directly in the feces within the intestine of the host, penetrate the mucosa, and pass by blood/lung sputum migration back to the intestine (autoreinfection); most serious human infections and nearly all fatalities result from autoreinfection and subsequent disseminated infection, which commonly follow immunosuppression by steroids, ACTH, or other immunosuppressive agents. Autoreinfection also may develop in patients with AIDS. SYN: strongyloidosis.

strongyloidosis
strongyloidosis (-do′sis)

SYN: strongyloidiasis.

strongylosis
strongylosis (stron-ji-lo′sis)

Disease caused by infection with a species of the nematode Strongylus; effects may be extreme from worm-caused lesions, nodules, and aneurysms.

Strongylus
Strongylus (stron′ji-loos)

The palisade worm, a genus of large strongyle nematodes (subfamily Strongylinae, family Strongylidae) parasitic in horses and other equids, and the cause of strongylosis. [G. strongylos, round]
S. asini a species that occurs in the large intestine of the ass and other wild equids.
S. edentatus a bloodsucking species occurring in the cecum and colon of the horse, ass, mule, and zebra.
S. equinus a cosmopolitan bloodsucking species found in the cecum and (rarely) colon of horses and other equids.
S. radiatus SYN: Cooperia oncophora.
S. ventricosus SYN: Cooperia oncophora.
S. vulgaris a bloodsucking species found chiefly in the cecum of horses and other equids; in the course of their migration, larvae commonly lodge in the wall of the posterior aorta, causing wall damage and the development of verminous aneurysms in this vessel, especially in the anterior mesenteric arteries.

strontium
strontium (Sr) (stron′she-um)

A metallic element, atomic no. 38, atomic wt. 87.62; one of the alkaline earth series and similar to calcium in chemical and biological properties. Various salts of s. are used therapeutically for their anions; e.g., s. bromide, iodide, lactate. [Strontian, a town in Scotland]

strontium-85
strontium-85 (⁸⁵Sr)

A radioactive strontium isotope with a half-life of 64.84 days; used in bone imaging.

strontium-87m
strontium-87m (^87mSr)

A radioactive strontium isotope with a half-life of 2.80 h; used in bone imaging.

strontium-89
strontium-89 (⁸⁹Sr)

A radioactive strontium isotope; a β emitter with a half-life of 50.52 days; used as a tracer in studies of strontium absorption by the body, strontium incorporation in bone, etc.

strontium-90
strontium-90 (⁹⁰Sr)

A radioactive strontium isotope; a β emitter with a half-life of 29.1 years; a major component (about 5%) of the uranium fission products; it is incorporated into bone tissue where turnover is slow; used in the therapy of certain eye conditions ( e.g., pterygia).

strophanthin
strophanthin (stro-fan′thin)

A glycoside or mixture of glycosides from Strophanthus kombé; a cardiac tonic, like ouabain (G-s.); extremely toxic.

Strophanthus
Strophanthus (stro-fan′thus)

A genus of vines of east Africa (family Apocynaceae); the dried ripe seeds of S. kombé or S. hispidus contain the cardiac glycoside strophanthin and were used as an arrow poison; the seeds of S. gratus are the botanical source of ouabain. [G. strophos, a twisted cord, + anthos, flower]

strophocephaly
strophocephaly (strof-o-sef′a-le)

Condition characterized by a congenitally distorted head and face, in which there is a tendency toward cyclopia and malformation of the oral region. [G. strophe, a twist, + kephale, head]

strophosomia
strophosomia (strof-o-so′me-a)

Severe form of a congenital ventral fissure, extremely rare in humans. [G. strophe, a twist, + soma, body]

structura
structura (strook-too′ra)

SYN: structure.
structurae oculi accessoriae [TA] SYN: accessory visual structures, under structure.

structural
structural (struk′choor-al)

Relating to the structure of a part; having a structure. SYN: anatomical (2) .

structuralism
structuralism (struk′choor-al-izm)

A branch of psychology interested in the basic structure and elements of consciousness.

structure
structure (struk′choor)

1. The arrangement of the details of a part; the manner of formation of a part. 2. A tissue or formation made up of different but related parts. 3. In chemistry, the specific connections of the atoms in a given molecule. SYN: structura. [L. structura, fr. struo, pp. structus, to build]
accessory structures [TA] parts accessory to the main organ or s.. SYN: accessory organs (1) , adnexa, annexa.
accessory visual structures [TA] the eyelids, with lashes and eyebrows, lacrimal apparatus, conjunctival sac, and extrinsic muscles of the eyeball. SYN: structurae oculi accessoriae [TA] , accessory organs of the eye, accessory visual apparatus, adnexa oculi, appendages of eye, organa oculi accessoria.
brush heap s. haphazard interlocking of fibrils in a gel or hydrocolloid impression material.
chi s. a joint between two DNA duplex molecules. SEE ALSO: chi sequence.
cointegrate s. a s. of DNA produced by the fusion of two replicons, one possessing a transposon.
complementary structures structures that define one another; E.G., the two strands of duplex DNA.
crystal s. the arrangement in space and the interatomic distances and angles of the atoms in crystals, usually determined by x-ray diffraction measurements.
denture-supporting structures the tissues, teeth, and/or residual ridges, which serve as the foundation for removable partial or complete dentures.
fine s. SYN: ultrastructure.
gel s. brush heap s. of fibrils giving firmness to hydrocolloids.
Holliday s. SYN: Holliday junction.
primary s. in a macromolecule, the sequence of subunits that make up that macromolecule; e.g., the amino acid sequence of a protein.
quaternary s. the three-dimensional arrangement and constitution of a multimeric ( I.E., a substance containing more than one biopolymer) macromolecule; E.G., the α₂β₂ tetramer of hemoglobin A.
secondary s. the localized arrangement in space of regions of a biopolymer; often these types of structures are regular and recurring along one dimension; E.G., the α-helix often found in proteins.
tertiary s. the three-dimensional configuration of a biopolymer.
tuboreticular s. tubules 20–30 nm in length that lie within cisterns of smooth endoplasmic reticulum; observed in connective tissue diseases such as SLE, and in various cancers and virus infections.

struma
struma, pl .strumae (stroo′ma, -me)

1. SYN: goiter. 2. Formerly, any enlargement of a tissue. [L. a scrofulous tumor, fr. struo, to pile up, build]
s. aberrata SYN: aberrant goiter.
s. colloides SYN: colloid goiter.
Hashimoto s. SYN: Hashimoto thyroiditis.
ligneous s. SYN: Riedel thyroiditis.
s. lymphomatosa SYN: Hashimoto thyroiditis.
s. maligna obsolete term for cancer of the thyroid gland.
s. medicamentosa goiter due to the use of some therapeutic agent.
s. ovarii a rare ovarian tumor, regarded as teratomatous, in which thyroid tissue has surpassed the other elements; occasionally associated with hyperthyroidism.
Riedel s. SYN: Riedel thyroiditis.

strumiform
strumiform (stroo′mi-form)

Resembling a goiter. [struma + L. forma, form]

strumitis
strumitis (stroo-mi′tis)

Inflammation, with swelling, of the thyroid gland. SEE ALSO: thyroiditis. [struma + G. -itis, inflammation]

strumous
strumous (stroo′mus)

Denoting or characteristic of a struma.

Strümpell
Strümpell

Ernst Adolf von, German physician, 1853–1925. See S. disease, S. phenomenon, S. reflex, Fleischer-S. ring, S.-Marie disease, Marie-S. disease.

Strutt
Strutt

See Rayleigh.

struvite
struvite (stroo′vit)

The hexahydrate of magnesium ammonium phosphate; found in some renal calculi. Cf.:bobierrite, newberyite. [H.C.G. von Struve, Russian diplomat + -ite]

strychnine
strychnine (strik′nin, -nen, -nin)

An alkaloid from Strychnos nux-vomica; colorless crystals of intensely bitter taste, nearly insoluble in water. It stimulates all parts of the central nervous system, and was used as a stomachic, an antidote for depressant poisons, and in the treatment of myocarditis. S. blocks the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine, and thus can cause convulsions. The formerly used salts of s. are s. hydrochloride, s. phosphate, and s. sulfate. It is a potent chemical capable of producing acute or chronic poisoning of humans or animals.

strychninism
strychninism (strik′nin-izm)

Chronic strychnine poisoning, the symptoms being those that arise from central nervous system stimulation; the first signs are tremors and twitching, progressing to severe convulsions and respiratory arrest.

Strychnos
Strychnos (strik′nos)

A genus of tropical shrubs or trees (family Loganiaceae); most South American species contain chiefly quaternary neuromuscular blocking alkaloids, e.g., curare; the African, Asiatic, and Australian species contain tertiary strychnine-like alkaloids ( e.g., strychnine, brucine, and yohimbine-type alkaloids). [G. nightshade]

Stryker
Stryker

Garold V., U.S. pathologist, *1896. See S.-Halbeisen syndrome.

Stryker
Stryker

Homer H., U.S. orthopedic surgeon. See S. frame, S. saw.

STSs
STSs

Abbreviation for sequence-tagged sites, under site.

Stuart Stuart

Surname of a patient in whom the S. or S.-Prower factor was first discovered.

Student Student

Pseudonym for William Sealy Gosset, British statistician, and chemist, 1876–1937. See S.'s t test.

study
study (stud′e)

Research, detailed examination, and/or analysis of an organism, object, or phenomena. [L. studium, s., inquiry]
analytic s. in epidemiology, a s. designed to examine associations, commonly putative or hypothesized causal relationships; usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or with the health effects of specific exposures.
blind s. a s. in which the experimenter is unaware of which group is subject to which procedure.
case control s. an epidemiologic method that begins by identifying persons with the disease or condition of interest (the cases) and compares their past history of exposure to identified or suspected risk factors with the past history of similar exposures among persons who resemble the cases but do not have the disease or condition of interest (the controls).
cohort s. a s. using epidemiologic methods, such as a clinical trial, in which a cohort with a particular attribute ( e.g., smokers, recipients of a drug) is followed prospectively and compared for some outcome ( e.g., disease, cure) with another cohort not possessing the attribute. SYN: follow-up s. (1) .
cross-over s. a s. in which the subject is switched from the experimental to the control procedure (or vice versa).
cross-sectional s. a s. in which groups of individuals of different types are composed into one large sample and studied at only a single point in time ( e.g., a survey in which all members of a given population, regardless of age, religion, gender, or geographic location, are sampled for a given characteristic or finding in one day). SYN: synchronic s..
diachronic s. SYN: longitudinal s..
double blind s. a s. in which neither the patients, the experimenter, nor any other assessor of the results, knows which individuals are subject to which procedure, thus helping to ensure that the biases or expectations of either will not influence the results.
ecologic s. epidemiologic s. in which the units of analysis are populations or groups of people rather than individuals.
flow-volume loop studies diagnostic methods in which inspiratory and expiratory flow-volume curves are used to determine the location of an obstruction in the tracheobronchial tree.
follow-up s. 1. SYN: cohort s.. 2. s. in which persons exposed to risk or given a designated preventive or therapeutic regimen are observed over a period or at intervals to determine the outcome of the exposure or regimen.
Framingham Heart S. the first major U.S. s. of the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease, begun in Framingham, Massachusetts, in 1948 under the auspices of the National Heart Institute (now the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute) and still in operation. Initially the Framingham researchers enrolled over 5000 people between the ages of 30 and 60 to s. the evolution of heart disease and identify risk factors for heart attack. In 1971, offspring of the original s. participants began to be enrolled for a second generation of observations.The Framingham s. has had a major impact on the modern understanding of cardiovascular disease and on the prevention and treatment not only of heart attack but also of stroke. During the 1960s, cigarette smoking, elevated cholesterol, hypertension, obesity, and lack of exercise were all statistically confirmed to be risk factors for heart attack. In the succeeding years, the s. has provided invaluable information on triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, mitral valve prolapse, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, stroke, diabetes, cardiovascular risk factors in ethnic minorities, and the role of estrogen in preventing heart attack in postmenopausal women. After a half-century, the s. continues to provide new clues to the causation and prevention of heart disease and other cardiovascular disorders.
longitudinal s. a s. of the natural course of life or disorder in which a cohort of subjects is serially observed over a period of time and no assumptions need be made about the stability of the system. SYN: diachronic s..
multivariate studies the use of statistical techniques for the simultaneous investigations of the influence of several variables.
synchronic s. SYN: cross-sectional s..

stump
stump (stump)

1. The extremity of a limb left after amputation. 2. The pedicle remaining after removal of the tumor attached to it. [M.e. stumpe]

stun
stun (stun)

To stupefy; to render unconscious by cerebral trauma. [A.S. stunian, to make a loud noise]

stupe
stupe (stoop)

A compress or cloth wrung out of hot water, usually impregnated with turpentine or other irritant, applied to the surface to produce counterirritation. [L. stupa, oakum, tow]

stupor
stupor (stoo′per)

A state of impaired consciousness in which the individual shows a marked diminution in reactivity to environmental stimuli and can be aroused only by continual stimulation. [L. fr. stupeo, to be stunned]
benign s. a stuporous syndrome from which recovery is the rule, as opposed to malignant s.. SYN: depressive s..
catatonic s. s. associated with catatonia.
depressive s. SYN: benign s..
malignant s. a stuporous condition from which recovery is infrequent, as opposed to benign s..

stuporous
stuporous (stoo′per-us)

Relating to or marked by stupor. SYN: carotic.

Sturge
Sturge

William A., English physician, 1850–1919. See S.-Weber syndrome, S.-Weber disease.

Sturm
Sturm

Johann C., 1635–1703. See S. conoid, S. interval.

Sturmdorf
Sturmdorf

Arnold, U.S. gynecologist, 1861–1934. See S. operation.

stutter
stutter (stut′er)

To speak dysfluently; to enunciate certain words with difficulty and with frequent halting and repetition of the initial consonant of a word or syllable. [frequentative of stut, from Goth. stautan, to strike]

stuttering
stuttering (stut′er-ing)

A phonatory or articulatory disorder, characteristically beginning in childhood, with intense anxiety about the efficiency of oral communications, and characterized by dysfluency: hesitations, repetitions, and prolongations of sounds and syllables, interjections, broken words, circumlocutions, and words produced with excess tension. SYN: logospasm (1) .
urinary s. frequent involuntary interruption occurring during the act of urination. SYN: stammering of the bladder.

sty
sty, stye, pl .stiesstyes (sti, stiz)

SYN: hordeolum externum.
meibomian s. SYN: hordeolum internum.
zeisian s. inflammation of one of Zeis glands.

style
style (stil)

SYN: stylet.

stylet
stylet, stylette (sti′let, sti-let′)

1. A flexible metallic rod inserted in the lumen of a flexible catheter to stiffen it and give it form during its passage. 2. A slender probe. SYN: style, stylus (3) , stilus. [It. stilletto, a dagger; dim. of L. stilus or stylus, a stake, a pen]
endotracheal s. a rod of malleable metal used to maintain the desired curve of a tube for its insertion into the trachea.

styliform
styliform (sti′li-form)

SYN: styloid. [L. stilus (stylus), a stake, + forma, form]

stylo- stylo-

Styloid (specifically the styloid process of the temporal bone). [G. stylos, pillar, post]

styloauricularis
styloauricularis (sti′lo-aw-rik-u-la′ris)

See styloauricular (muscle).

styloglossus
styloglossus (sti′lo-glos′us)

Relating to the styloid process and the tongue. See s. (muscle).

stylohyal
stylohyal (sti-lo-hi′al)

Relating to the styloid process of the temporal bone and to the hyoid bone. SYN: stylohyoid (1) .

stylohyoid
stylohyoid (sti-lo-hi′oyd)

1. SYN: stylohyal. 2. Relating to the s. muscle.

styloid
styloid (sti′loyd)

Peg-shaped; denoting one of several slender bony processes. See s. process of third metacarpal bone, s. process of temporal bone, s. process of radius, s. process of ulna. SYN: styliform. [stylo- + G. eidos, resemblance]

styloiditis
styloiditis (sti-loy-di′tis)

Inflammation of a styloid process.

stylolaryngeus
stylolaryngeus (sti′lo-lar-in-je′us)

See musculus s..

stylomandibular
stylomandibular (sti′lo-man-dib′u-lar)

Relating to the styloid process of the temporal bone and the mandible; denoting the s. ligament. SYN: stylomaxillary.

stylomastoid
stylomastoid (sti′lo-mas′toyd)

Relating to the styloid and the mastoid processes of the temporal bone; denoting especially a small artery and a foramen.

stylomaxillary
stylomaxillary (sti′lo-mak′si-lar-e)

SYN: stylomandibular.

stylopharyngeus
stylopharyngeus (sti′lo-far-in-je′us)

See s. (muscle).

stylopodium
stylopodium (sti-lo-po′de-um)

The proximal intermediate segment of the limb skeleton, the humerus and the femur, in the embryo. [stylo- + G. podion, small foot]

stylostaphyline
stylostaphyline (sti-lo-staf′i-lin)

Relating to the styloid process of the temporal bone and the uvula.

stylosteophyte
stylosteophyte (sti-los′te-o-fit)

A peg-shaped bony outgrowth. [G. stylos, post, + osteon, bone, + phyton, growth]

stylus
stylus, stilus (sti′lus, sti′lus)

1. Any pencil-shaped structure. 2. A pencil-shaped medicinal preparation for external application; e.g., a medicated bougie, or a pencil or stick of silver nitrate or other caustic. 3. SYN: stylet. [L. stilus or s., a stake or pen]

stype
stype (stip)

A tampon. [G. s., tow]

styptic
styptic (stip′tik)

1. Having an astringent or hemostatic effect. 2. An astringent agent used topically to stop bleeding. SYN: hemostyptic. [G. styptikos, astringent]

styramate
styramate (sti′ra-mat)

An orally effective skeletal muscle relaxant with a relatively long duration of action.

styrax
styrax (sti′raks)

SYN: storax.

styrene
styrene (sti′ren)

Phenylethylene;the monomer from which polystyrenes, plastics, and synthetic rubber are made; together with divinylbenzene (for cross-linking), it is the basis of many synthetic ion exchangers. SYN: cinnamene, ethenylbenzene, styrol, vinylbenzene.

styrol
styrol (sti′rol)

SYN: styrene.

styrone
styrone (sti′ron)

C₉H₁₀O;obtained from storax by distillation with potassium hydroxide; used as a deodorant in 12% glycerin solution, and as a decolorizing agent in histology. SYN: cinnamic alcohol.

sub- sub-

Beneath, less than the normal or typical, inferior. Cf.:hypo-. [L. sub, under]

subabdominal
subabdominal (sub-ab-dom′i-nal)

Below the abdomen.

subabdominoperitoneal
subabdominoperitoneal (sub-ab-dom′i-no-per-i-to-ne′-al)

Beneath the abdominal, as distinguished from the pelvic, peritoneum. SYN: subperitoneoabdominal.

subacetate
subacetate (sub-as′e-tat)

A mixture or complex of a base and its acetate.

subacromial
subacromial (sub-a-kro′me-al)

Beneath the acromion process.

subacute
subacute (sub-a-kut′)

Between acute and chronic; denoting the course of a disease of moderate duration or severity.

subalimentation
subalimentation (sub′al-i-men-ta′shun)

A condition of insufficient nourishment. SYN: hypoalimentation.

subanal
subanal (sub-a′nal)

Below the anus.

subaortic
subaortic (sub′a-or′tik)

Below the aorta.

subapical
subapical (sub-ap′i-kal)

Below the apex of any part.

subaponeurotic
subaponeurotic (sub-ap-o-noo-rot′ik)

Beneath an aponeurosis.

subarachnoid
subarachnoid (sub-a-rak′noyd)

Underneath the arachnoid membrane.

subarcuate
subarcuate (sub-ar′ku-at)

Slightly arcuate or bowed.

subareolar
subareolar (sub-a-re′o-lar)

Beneath an areola; especially the areola of the mamma.

subastragalar
subastragalar (sub-as-trag′a-lar)

Beneath the calcaneus (astragalus).

subatomic
subatomic (sub-a-tom′ik)

Pertaining to particles making up the intraatomic structure; e.g., protons, electrons, neutrons.

subaural
subaural (sub-aw′ral)

Below the ear.

subauricular
subauricular (sub-aw-rik′u-lar)

Below an auricle; especially the concha or pinna of the ear.

subaxial
subaxial (sub-ak′se-al)

Below the axis of the body or any part.

subaxillary
subaxillary (sub-ak′si-lar-e)

Below the axillary fossa. SYN: infraaxillary.

subbasal
subbasal (sub-ba′sal)

Beneath any base or basal membrane.

subbrachycephalic
subbrachycephalic (sub-brak-e-se-fal′ik)

Slightly brachycephalic; having a cephalic index of 80.01–83.33.

subcalcarine
subcalcarine (sub-kal′ka-rin)

Below the calcarine fissure; denoting the lingual gyrus.

subcallosal
subcallosal (sub-ka-lo′sal)

Below the corpus callosum; denoting either the s. gyrus or the fasciculus.

subcapsular
subcapsular (sub-kap′soo-lar)

Beneath any capsule.

subcarbonate
subcarbonate (sub-kar′bon-at)

A mixture or complex of a base and its carbonate.

subcardinal
subcardinal (sub-kar′di-nal)

Lying ventral to the anterior or posterior cardinal veins in the embryo.

subcartilaginous
subcartilaginous (sub′kar-ti-laj′i-nus)

1. Partly cartilaginous. 2. Beneath a cartilage.

subcecal
subcecal (sub-se′kal)

Below the cecum; denoting a fossa.

subcellular
subcellular (sub-sel′u-lar)

SYN: noncellular (1) .

subception
subception (sub-sep′shun)

Subliminal perception as in the reaction to a stimulus not fully perceived. See subliminal. [sub- + L. -ceptum, perceived]

subchloride
subchloride (sub-klor′id)

The chloride of a series that contains proportionally the greatest amount of the other element in the compound; e.g., s. of mercury is Hg₂Cl₂, whereas chloride or perchloride of mercury is HgCl₂.

subchondral
subchondral (sub-kon′dral)

Beneath or below the cartilages of the ribs.

subchorionic
subchorionic (sub′ko-re-on′ik)

Beneath the chorion.

subchoroidal
subchoroidal (sub-ko-roy′dal)

Beneath the choroid coat of the eye.

subclass
subclass (sub′klas)

In biologic classification, a division between class and order.

subclavian
subclavian (sub-kla′ve-an)

1. Beneath the clavicle. SYN: infraclavicular. 2. Pertaining to the s. artery or vein.

subclavicular
subclavicular (sub-kla-vik′u-lar)

Pertaining to the region beneath the clavicle.

subclavius
subclavius (sub-kla′ve-us)

See s. (muscle).

subclinical
subclinical (sub-klin′i-kal)

Denoting the presence of a disease without manifest symptoms; may be an early stage in the evolution of a disease.

subcloning
subcloning (sub′klon-ing)

The process by which a DNA clone is cleaved into smaller pieces and recloned; analysis of overlapping regions of these smaller DNA fragments can confirm the entire sequence of the original DNA clone.

subcollateral
subcollateral (sub-ko-lat′er-al)

Below the collateral fissure; denoting a cerebral convolution, or gyrus.

subconjunctival
subconjunctival (sub-kon-junk-ti′val)

Beneath the conjunctiva.

subconjunctivitis
subconjunctivitis (sub′kon-junk-ti-vi′tis)

SYN: episcleritis periodica fugax.

subconscious
subconscious (sub-kon′shus)

1. Not wholly conscious. 2. Denoting an idea or impression which is present in the mind, but of which there is at the time no conscious knowledge or realization. 3. That part of the mind that is outside conscious awareness.

subconsciousness
subconsciousness (sub-kon′shus-nes)

1. Partial unconsciousness. 2. The state in which mental processes take place without the conscious perception of the individual.

subcoracoid
subcoracoid (sub-kor′a-koyd)

Beneath the coracoid process.

subcortex
subcortex (sub-kor′teks)

Any part of the brain lying below the cerebral cortex, and not itself organized as cortex.

subcortical
subcortical (sub-kor′ti-kal)

Relating to the subcortex; beneath the cerebral cortex.

subcostal
subcostal (sub-kos′tal)

1. Beneath a rib or the ribs. SYN: infracostal. 2. Denoting certain arteries, veins, and nerves.

subcostalgia
subcostalgia (sub-kos-tal′je-a)

Pain in the subcostal region. [subcostal + G. algos, pain]

subcostosternal
subcostosternal (sub-kos′to-ster′nal)

Below or beneath the ribs and sternum.

subcranial
subcranial (sub-kra′ne-al)

Beneath or below the cranium.

subcrepitant
subcrepitant (sub-krep′i-tant)

Nearly, but not frankly, crepitant; denoting a rale.

subcrepitation
subcrepitation (sub′krep-i-ta′shun)

1. The presence of subcrepitant rales. 2. A sound approaching crepitation in character.

subcruralis
subcruralis (sub-kroo-ra′lis)

SYN: articularis genus (muscle).

subcrureus
subcrureus (sub-kroo-re-us)

SYN: articularis genus (muscle). [sub- + L. crus, leg]

subculture
subculture (sub-kul′choor)

1. A culture made by transferring to a fresh medium microorganisms from a previous culture; a method used to prolong the life of a particular strain where there is a tendency to degeneration in older cultures. 2. To make a fresh culture with material obtained from a previous one.

subcurative
subcurative (sub-kur′a-tiv)

Denoting a dose less than that necessary for a curative effect.

subcutaneous
subcutaneous (s.c., SQ) (sub-koo-ta′ne-us)

Beneath the skin. SYN: hypodermic (1) . [sub- + L. cutis, skin]

subcuticular
subcuticular (sub-koo-tik′u-lar)

Beneath the cuticle or epidermis. SYN: subepidermal, subepidermic.

subcutis
subcutis (sub-ku′tis)

SYN: subcutaneous tissue.

subdelirium
subdelirium (sub-de-lir′e-um)

A rarely used term for a slight or discontinuous delirium.

subdeltoid
subdeltoid (sub-del′toyd)

Beneath the deltoid muscle; denoting a bursa.

subdental
subdental (sub-den′tal)

Beneath the roots of the teeth.

subdiaphragmatic
subdiaphragmatic (sub′di-a-frag-mat′ik)

Beneath the diaphragm. SYN: infradiaphragmatic, subphrenic.

subdorsal
subdorsal (sub-dor′sal)

Below the dorsal region.

subduce
subduce, subduct (sub-doos′, sub-dukt′)

To pull or draw downward. [L. sub-duco, pp. -ductus, to lead away]

subdural
subdural (sub-doo′ral)

Beneath the dura mater or between it and the arachnoid. See spatium subdurale.

subendocardial
subendocardial (sub-en-do-kar′de-al)

Beneath the endocardium.

subendothelial
subendothelial (sub′en-do-the′le-al)

Beneath the endothelium.

subendothelium
subendothelium (sub′en-do-the′le-um)

The connective tissue between the endothelium and inner elastic membrane in the intima of arteries.

subendymal
subendymal (sub-en′di-mal)

Beneath the endyma, or ependyma. SYN: subependymal.

subependymal
subependymal (sub-ep-en′di-mal)

SYN: subendymal.

subependymoma
subependymoma (sub-ep-en-di-mo′ma)

Discrete lobulated ependymal nodules in the walls of the anterior third or posterior fourth ventricles commonly found at autopsy.

subepidermal
subepidermal, subepidermic (sub′ep-i-der′mal, -der′mik)

SYN: subcuticular.

subepithelial
subepithelial (sub′ep-i-the′le-al)

Beneath the epithelium.

subepithelium
subepithelium (sub′ep-i-the′le-um)

Any structure beneath the epithelium.

suberic acid
suberic acid (soo-ber′ik)

Used in plastics and in the cross-linking of biopolymers; found in the urine as a product of ω-oxidation of fatty acids. SYN: octandioic acid. [L. suber, cork oak, + -ic]

suberosis
suberosis (soo-ber-o′sis)

Extrinsic allergic alveolitis caused by inhalation of mold spores from contaminated cork. [L. suber, cork, + G. -osis, condition]

subfamily
subfamily (sub-fam′i-le)

In biologic classification, a division between family and tribe or between family and genus.

subfascial
subfascial (sub-fash′e-al)

Beneath a fascia.

subfertility
subfertility (sub-fer-til′i-te)

Less than normal capacity for reproduction.

subfissure
subfissure (sub-fish′er)

A cerebral fissure beneath the surface, concealed by overlapping convolutions.

subfolium
subfolium (sub-fo′le-um)

A secondary division of a cerebellar folium.

subgallate
subgallate (sub-gal′at)

Partially neutralized gallic acid; a basic gallate, such as bismuth s..

subgemmal
subgemmal (sub-jem′al)

Below a gemma or bud ( e.g., a taste bud).

subgenus
subgenus (sub-je′nus)

In biologic classification, a division between genus and species.

subgingival
subgingival (sub-jin′ji-val)

Below the gingival margin.

subglenoid
subglenoid (sub-gle′noyd)

SYN: infraglenoid.

subglossal
subglossal (sub-glos′al)

Below or beneath the tongue. SYN: sublingual.

subglottic
subglottic (sub-glot′ik)

SYN: infraglottic.

subgranular
subgranular (sub-gran′oo-lar)

Slightly granular.

subgrundation
subgrundation (sub-grun-da′shun)

The depression of one fragment of a broken cranial bone below the other. [sub- + A.S. grund, bottom, foundation]

subhepatic
subhepatic (sub-he-pat′ik)

Below the liver. SYN: infrahepatic.

subhyaloid
subhyaloid (sub-hi′a-loyd)

Beneath, on the vitreous side of, the hyaloid (vitreous) membrane.

subhyoid
subhyoid, subhyoidean (sub-hi′oyd, sub-hi-oyd′e-an)

SYN: infrahyoid.

subicteric
subicteric (sub-ik′ter-ik)

Slightly elevated serum bilirubin without clinical evidence of jaundice. [sub- + G. ikterikos, jaundiced]

subicular
subicular (soo-bik′u-lar, su-bik′)

Relating to the subiculum.

subiculum
subiculum, pl .subicula (soo-bik′u-lum, su-bik′; -la) [TA]

1. A support or prop. 2. [TA] The zone of transition between the parahippocampal gyrus and Ammon horn of the hippocampus. [L. dim. of subex, support]
s. promontorii [TA] support of the promontory; a bony ridge bounding the fossula fenestrae cochleae posteriorly. SYN: ponticulus promontorii.

subiliac
subiliac (sub-il′e-ak)

1. Below the ilium. 2. Relating to the subilium.

subilium
subilium (sub-il′e-um)

The portion of the ilium contributing to the acetabulum.

subinfection
subinfection (sub-in-fek′shun)

A secondary infection occurring in one exposed to and successfully resisting an epidemic of another infectious disease.

subinflammatory
subinflammatory (sub-in-flam′a-to-re)

Denoting a slightly inflammatory irritation of the tissues.

subintimal
subintimal (sub-in′ti-mal)

Beneath the intima.

subintrant
subintrant (sub-in′trant)

SYN: proleptic. [L. sub-intro, pres. p. -ans, to enter by stealth]

subinvolution
subinvolution (sub-in-vo-loo′shun)

Arrest of the normal involution of the uterus following childbirth with the organ remaining abnormally large.

subiodide
subiodide (sub-i′o-did)

That one of a series of iodine compounds with a given cation containing the least iodine; analogous to subchloride.

subjacent
subjacent (sub-ja′sent)

Below or beneath another part. [L. sub-jaceo, to lie under]

subject
subject (sub′jekt)

A person or organism that is the object of research, treatment, experimentation, or dissection. [L. subjectus, lying beneath]

subjective
subjective (sub-jek′tiv)

1. Perceived by the individual only and not evident to the examiner; said of certain symptoms, such as pain. 2. Colored by one's personal beliefs and attitudes. Cf.:objective (2) . [L. subjectivus, fr. subjicio, to throw under]

subjective assessment data
subjective assessment data

Those facts presented by the client that show his/her perception, understanding, and interpretation of what is happening.

subjugal
subjugal (sub-joo′gal)

Below the zygomatic (jugal) bone.

subkingdom
subkingdom (sub-king′dom)

In biologic classification, a division between kingdom and phylum.

sublation
sublation (sub-la′shun)

Detachment, elevation, or removal of a part. [L. sublatio, a lifting up]

sublethal
sublethal (sub-le′thal)

Not quite lethal.

subleukemia
subleukemia (sub-loo-ke′me-a)

SYN: subleukemic leukemia.

sublimate
sublimate (sub′lim-at)

1. To perform or accomplish sublimation. 2. Any substance that has been submitted to sublimation. [L. sublimo, pp. -atus, to raise on high, fr. sublimis, high]
corrosive s. SYN: mercuric chloride.

sublimation
sublimation (sub-lim-a′shun)

1. The process of converting a solid into a gas without passing through a liquid state; analogous to distillation. 2. In psychoanalysis, an unconscious defense mechanism in which unacceptable instinctual drives and wishes are modified into more personally and socially acceptable channels.

sublime
sublime (sub-lim′)

1. To sublimate. 2. To undergo a process of sublimation.

subliminal
subliminal (sub-lim′i-nal)

Below the threshold of perception or excitation; below the limit or threshold of consciousness. [sub- + L. limen (limin-), threshold]

sublimis
sublimis (sub-li′mis)

1. At the top. 2. SYN: superficialis. [L.]

sublingual
sublingual (sub-ling′gwal)

SYN: subglossal.

sublobular
sublobular (sub-lob′u-lar)

Beneath a lobule, as of the liver.

sublumbar
sublumbar (sub-lum′bar)

Below the lumbar region.

subluminal
subluminal (sub-loo′mi-nal)

Below or beneath the structure facing the lumen of an organ.

subluxation
subluxation (sub-luk-sa′shun)

An incomplete luxation or dislocation; though a relationship is altered, contact between joint surfaces remains. SYN: semiluxation. [sub- + L. locatio, luxation (dislocation)]
arytenoid s. SYN: arytenoid dislocation.

sublymphemia
sublymphemia (sub-lim-fe′me-a)

An obsolete term for a blood state in which there is a great increase in the proportion of lymphocytes although the total number of white cells is normal. [sub- + L. lympha, lymph, + G. haima, blood]

submammary
submammary (sub-mam′a-re)

1. Deep to the mammary gland. 2. SYN: inframammary.

submandibular
submandibular (sub-man-dib′u-lar)

Beneath the mandible or lower jaw. SYN: inframandibular, submaxillary (2) .

submarginal
submarginal (sub-mar′ji-nal)

Near the margin of any part.

submaxilla
submaxilla (sub-mak-sil′a)

SYN: mandible.

submaxillary
submaxillary (sub-mak′si-lar-e)

1. SYN: mandibular. 2. SYN: submandibular.

submedial
submedial, submedian (sub-me′de-al, sub-me′de-an)

Almost, but not exactly in the middle.

submembranous
submembranous (sub-mem′bra-nus)

Partly or nearly membranous.

submental
submental (sub-men′tal)

Beneath the chin.

submerged
submerged (sub-merjd′)

In dentistry, describing a field of operation covered by saliva.

submetacentric
submetacentric (sub′met-a-sen′trik)

See s. chromosome.

submicronic
submicronic (sub-mi-kron′ik)

Smaller than 1 micron in size.

submicroscopic
submicroscopic (sub′mi-kro-skop′ik)

Too minute to be visible with a light microscope. SYN: amicroscopic, ultramicroscopic.

submorphous
submorphous (sub-mor′fus)

Neither definitely amorphous nor definitely crystalline, denoting the structure of certain calculi.

submucosa
submucosa (sub-moo-ko′sa)

A layer of tissue beneath a mucous membrane; the layer of connective tissue beneath the tunica mucosa. SYN: tela s., tunica s..

submucous
submucous (sub-moo′kus)

Beneath a mucous membrane.

subnarcotic
subnarcotic (sub-nar-kot′ik)

Slightly narcotic.

subnasal
subnasal (sub-na′sal)

Under the nose.

subnasion
subnasion (sub-na′ze-on)

The point of the angle between the septum of the nose and the surface of the upper lip.

subneural
subneural (sub-noo′ral)

Below the neural axis.

subnitrate
subnitrate (sub-ni′trat)

A basic nitrate; a salt of nitric acid having one or more atoms of the base still capable of combining with the acid.

subnormal
subnormal (sub-nor′mal)

Below the normal standard of some quality.

subnormality
subnormality (sub-nor-mal′i-te)

A subnormal state or condition.

subnotochordal
subnotochordal

Lying beneath the notochord.

subnucleus
subnucleus (sub-noo′kle-us)

A secondary nucleus.

suboccipital
suboccipital (sub-ok-sip′i-tal)

Below the occiput or the occipital bone.

suboptimal
suboptimal (sub-op′ti-mal)

Below or less than the optimum.

suborbital
suborbital (sub-or′bi-tal)

SYN: infraorbital.

suborder
suborder (sub-or′der)

In biologic classification, a division between order and family.

suboxidation
suboxidation (sub′oks-i-da′shun)

Deficient oxidation.

suboxide
suboxide (sub-ok′sid)

That one of a series of oxides containing the least oxygen. SYN: protoxide.

subparietal
subparietal (sub-pa-ri′e-tal)

Below or beneath any structure called parietal: bone, lobe, layer of a serous membrane, etc.

subpatellar
subpatellar (sub-pa-tel′ar)

1. Deep to the patella. 2. SYN: infrapatellar.

subpectoral
subpectoral (sub-pek′to-ral)

Beneath the pectoralis muscle.

subpelviperitoneal
subpelviperitoneal (sub-pel′vi-per-i-to-ne′al)

Beneath the pelvic, as distinguished from the abdominal, peritoneum. SYN: subperitoneopelvic.

subpericardial
subpericardial (sub-per-i-kar′de-al)

Beneath the pericardium.

subperiosteal
subperiosteal (sub-per-e-os′te-al)

Beneath the periosteum.

subperitoneal
subperitoneal (sub-per-i-to-ne′al)

Beneath the peritoneum.

subperitoneoabdominal
subperitoneoabdominal (sub-per-i-to-ne′o-ab-dom′i-nal)

SYN: subabdominoperitoneal.

subperitoneopelvic
subperitoneopelvic (sub-per-i-to-ne′o-pel′vik)

SYN: subpelviperitoneal.

subpetrosal
subpetrosal (sub-pe-tro′sal)

1. Denoting the inferior petrosal. 2. Denoting a dural venous sinus.

subpharyngeal
subpharyngeal (sub-fa-rin′je-al)

Below the pharynx.

subphrenic
subphrenic (sub-fren′ik)

SYN: subdiaphragmatic.

subphylum
subphylum (sub-fi′lum)

In biologic classification, a division between phylum and class.

subpial
subpial (sub-pi′al)

Beneath the pia mater.

subplacental
subplacental (sub-pla-sen′tal)

Beneath the placenta; denoting the decidua basalis.

subpleural
subpleural (sub-plu′ral)

Beneath the pleura.

subplexal
subplexal (sub-plek′sal)

Below or beneath any plexus.

subpreputial
subpreputial (sub-pre-pu′she-al)

Beneath the prepuce.

subpubic
subpubic (sub-pu′bik)

Beneath the pubic arch; denoting a ligament, the arcuate pubic ligament, connecting the two pubic bones below the arch.

subpulmonary
subpulmonary (sub-pul′mo-nar-e)

Below the lungs.

subpyramidal
subpyramidal (sub-pi-ram′i-dal)

1. Below any pyramid; denoting especially the tympanic sinus. 2. Nearly pyramidal in shape.

subretinal
subretinal (sub-ret′i-nal)

1. Between the sensory retina and the retinal pigment epithelium. 2. Between the retinal pigment epithelium and the choroid.

subsalt
subsalt (sub′salt)

A basic salt; a salt in which the base has not been completely neutralized by the acid.

subsartorial
subsartorial (sub-sar-to′re-al)

Beneath the sartorius muscle; denoting a nerve plexus and a fascia.

subscapular
subscapular (sub-skap′u-lar)

1. Deep to the scapula. 2. SYN: infrascapular.

subscapularis
subscapularis (sub-skap-u-la′ris)

See s. (muscle).

subscleral
subscleral (sub-skle′ral)

Beneath the sclera of the eye, i.e., on the choroidal side of this layer. SYN: subsclerotic (1) .

subsclerotic
subsclerotic (sub-skle-rot′ik)

1. SYN: subscleral. 2. Partly or slightly sclerotic or sclerosed.

subscription
subscription (sub-skrip′shun)

The part of a prescription preceding the signature, in which are the directions for compounding. [L. subscriptio, fr. subscribo, pp. -scriptus, to write under, subscribe]

subserosa
subserosa [TA]

The layer of connective tissue beneath a serous membrane such as that of the periconeum or pericardium. SYN: tela s. [TA] , subserous layer&star.

subserous
subserous, subserosal (sub-se′rus, sub-se-ro′sal)

Beneath a serous membrane.

subsibilant
subsibilant (sub-sib′i-lant)

Rarely used term denoting a rale with a quality between blowing and whistling.

subsidence
subsidence (sub-si′dens)

Sinking or settling in bone, as of a prosthetic component of a total joint implant.

subspinale
subspinale (sub-spi-na′le)

In cephalometrics, the most posterior midline point on the premaxilla between the anterior nasal spine and the prosthion. SYN: point A.

subspinous
subspinous (sub-spi′nus)

1. SYN: infraspinous. 2. Tendency to spininess.

substage
substage (sub′staj)

An attachment to a microscope, below the stage, supporting the condenser or other accessory.

substance
substance (sub′stans)

Stuff; material. SYN: substantia [TA] , matter. [L. substantia, essence, material, fr. sub- sto, to stand under, be present]
alpha s. SYN: reticular s. (1) .
anterior perforated s. [TA] a region at the base of the brain through which numerous small branches of the anterior and middle cerebral arteries (lenticulostriate arteries) enter the depth of the cerebral hemisphere; it is bordered medially by the optic chasm and anterior half of the optic tract, rostrally and laterally by the lateral olfactory stria; its anteromedial part corresponds to the olfactory tubercle. SYN: substantia perforata anterior [TA] , locus perforatus anticus, olfactory area, substantia perforata rostralis.
autacoid s. SYN: autocoid.
bacteriotropic s. opsonin or other s. that alters bacterial cells in such a manner that they are more susceptible to phagocytic action.
basophil s. SYN: Nissl s..
basophilic s. SYN: Nissl s..
blood group s. SYN: blood group antigen.
blood group-specific substances A and B solution of complexes of polysaccharides and amino acids that reduces the titer of anti-A and anti-B isoagglutinins in serum from group O persons; used to render group O blood reasonably safe for transfusion into persons of group A, B, or AB, but does not affect any incompatibility that results from various other factors, such as Rh.
cementing s. a deposit of amorphous mineralized matrix surrounding the osteons of compact bone.
central gray s. 1. in general: the predominantly small-celled gray matter adjoining or surrounding the central canal of the spinal cord and the third and fourth ventricles of the brainstem; 2. in particular: the thick sleeve of gray matter surrounding the cerebral sylvian aqueduct in the midbrain, rostrally continuous with the posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus; in sections stained for myelin it stands out from the adjoining tectum and tegmentum by the poverty of its myelinated fibers. SYN: substantia grisea centralis [TA] , periaqueductal gray s..
central and lateral intermediate substances the central gray matter of the spinal cord surrounding the central canal. SYN: anterior gray column, Stilling gelatinous s., substantia gelatinosa centralis.
chromidial s. SYN: granular endoplasmic reticulum.
chromophil s. SYN: Nissl s..
compact s. SYN: compact bone.
controlled s. a s. subject to the Controlled Substances Act (1970), which regulates the prescribing and dispensing, as well as the manufacturing, storage, sale, or distribution of substances assigned to five schedules according to their 1) potential for or evidence of abuse, 2) potential for psychic or physiologic dependence, 3) contribution to a public health risk, 4) harmful pharmacologic effect, or 5) role as a precursor of other controlled substances.
cortical s. SYN: cortical bone.
exophthalmos-producing s. (EPS) a factor found in crude extract of pituitary tissue that produced exophthalmos in laboratory animals (especially fish). Its existence and role in producing exophthalmopathy in Graves disease is questioned.
filar s. SYN: reticular s. (1) .
gelatinous s. [TA] the apical part of the posterior horn (dorsal horn; posterior gray column) of the spinal cord's gray matter, composed largely of very small nerve cells; its gelatinous appearance is due to its very low content of myelinated nerve fibers; spinal lamina II (of Rexed). SYN: substantia gelatinosa [TA] , lamina spinalis II&star, spinal lamina II&star, Rolando gelatinous s., Rolando s..
glandular s. of prostate the glandular tissue of the prostate as distinct from the stroma and capsule. SYN: substantia glandularis prostatae.
gray s. [TA] SYN: gray matter.
ground s. the amorphous material in which structural elements occur; in connective tissue, it is composed of proteoglycans, plasma constituents, metabolites, water, and ions present between cells and fibers. SYN: substantia fundamentalis.
H s. designation given by Sir Thomas Lewis to a diffusible s. in skin, indistinguishable in action from histamine, that is liberated by injury and causes the triple response. SYN: released s..
innominate s. [TA] the region of the forebrain that lies ventral to the anterior half or so of the lentiform nucleus, extending in the frontal plane from the lateral preopticohypothalamic zone laterally over the optic tract to the amygdala (amygdaloid body); rostrally it tapers off over the dorsal border of the olfactory tubercle, caudally it ends where the internal capsule reaches the surface to form the cerebral peduncle or pes pedunculi. Notable among its polymorphic cell population is the large-celled basal nucleus of Meynert. These magnocellular elements within the i. substantia are present in the medial septum and the diagonal band of Broca, but occur in largest numbers ventral to the globus pallidus. Histochemical evidence indicates that magnocellular elements distribute cholinergic fibers widely in the cerebral cortex and that these cells undergo selective degeneration in Alzheimer disease. SYN: substantia innominata [TA] .
Kendall s. SYN: Kendall compounds, under compound.
s. of lens of eye [TA] that which constitutes the lens of the eye, composed of a nucleus and a cortex and covered by an epithelium. SYN: substantia lentis [TA] .
medullary s. 1. the lipid material present in the myelin sheath of nerve fibers; SYN: Schwann white s.. 2. medulla of bones and other organs. SYN: substantia medullaris (2) .
müllerian inhibiting s. (MIS) a 535-amino acid glycoprotein secreted by the Sertoli cells of the testis. It is related to inhibin. SYN: anti-müllerian hormone, müllerian inhibiting factor.
muscular s. of prostate the smooth muscle in the stroma of the prostate. SYN: musculus prostaticus, substantia muscularis prostatae.
neurosecretory s. the secretion of nerve cell bodies located in the hypothalamus; the s. is transported by way of hypothalamo-hypophysial tract fibers into the neurohypophysis where the terminals of the nerve fibers contain the secretion. As seen in the fibers and terminals with a light microscope, the s. appears as Herring bodies or hyaline bodies of the pituitary. See hyaline bodies of pituitary, under body.
Nissl s. the material consisting of granular endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes that occurs in nerve cell bodies and dendrites. SYN: basophil s., basophilic s., chromophil s., Nissl bodies, Nissl granules, substantia basophilia, tigroid bodies, tigroid s..
s. P a peptide neurotransmitter composed of 11 amino acid residues (with the carboxyl group amidated), normally present in minute quantities in the nervous system and intestines of humans and various animals and found in inflamed tissue, that is primarily involved in pain transmission and is one of the most potent compounds affecting smooth muscle (dilation of blood vessels and contraction of intestine) and thus presumed to play a role in inflammation.
periaqueductal gray s. SYN: central gray s..
P s. of Lewis SYN: factor P.
posterior perforated s. [TA] the bottom of the interpeduncular fossa at the base of the midbrain, extending from the anterior border of the pons forward to the mamillary bodies, and containing numerous openings for the passage of perforating branches of the posterior cerebral arteries. SYN: substantia perforata posterior [TA] , locus perforatus posticus, Malacarne space.
pressor s. SYN: pressor base.
proper s. substantia propria of cornea, substantia propria membranae tympani, substantia propria of sclera.
Reichstein s. one of several steroids; e.g., Reichstein s. F (cortisone), Reichstein s. H (corticosterone), Reichstein s. M (cortisol), Reichstein s. Q (cortexone), and Reichstein s. S (cortexolone). SYN: Reichstein compound.
released s. SYN: H s..
reticular s. 1. a filamentous plasmatic material, beaded with granules, demonstrable by means of vital staining in the immature red blood cells; SYN: alpha s., filar mass, filar s., substantia reticularis (1) , substantia reticulofilamentosa. 2. SYN: reticular formation.
Rolando gelatinous s., Rolando s. SYN: gelatinous s..
Schwann white s. SYN: medullary s. (1) .
slow-reacting s. (SRS) , slow-reacting s. of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) a liproprotein of low molecular weight composed of leucotrienes that is released in anaphylactic shock and produces slower and more prolonged contraction of muscle than does histamine; it is active in the presence of antihistamines (but not epinephrine) and seems not to occur preformed in mast cells, but as a result of an antigen-antibody reaction on the granules; it induces the effect observed in anaphylactic reactions. Cf.:peptidyl leukotrienes. SYN: slow-reacting factor of anaphylaxis.
soluble specific s. (SSS) SYN: specific capsular s..
specific capsular s. a soluble type-specific polysaccharide produced during active growth of virulent pneumococci comprising a large part of the capsule. SYN: pneumococcal polysaccharide, soluble specific s., specific soluble polysaccharide, specific soluble sugar.
spongy s. SYN: substantia spongiosa.
standard s. a pure, authentic s. used for identification purposes.
Stilling gelatinous s. SYN: central and lateral intermediate substances.
threshold s. any material ( e.g., glucose) that is excreted in the urine only when its plasma concentration exceeds a certain value, termed its threshold. SYN: threshold body.
tigroid s. SYN: Nissl s..
vasodepressor s. an incompletely characterized chemical, apparently produced during liver damage, that tends to decrease vascular pressures and relax arterial walls.
white s. SYN: white matter.
zymoplastic s. SYN: thromboplastin.

substantia
substantia, pl .substantiae (sub-stan′she-a, -she-e) [TA]

SYN: substance. [L.]
s. adamantina SYN: enamel.
s. alba SYN: white matter.
basal s. [TA] basal structures associated with the amygdaloid complex and its connections; includes the basal nucleus [TA] (nucleus basalis [TA]) also called the nucleus of Ganser, the sublenticular extended nucleus [TA] (pars sublenticularis amygdalae [TA]), and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis [TA] (nucleus stria terminalis [TA]). SYN: s. basalis [TA] .
s. basalis [TA] SYN: basal s..
s. basophilia SYN: Nissl substance.
s. cinerea SYN: gray matter.
s. compacta [TA] SYN: compact bone.
s. compacta ossium SYN: compact bone.
s. corticalis [TA] SYN: cortical bone.
s. eburnea SYN: dentine.
s. ferruginea SYN: locus caeruleus.
s. fundamentalis SYN: ground substance.
s. gelatinosa [TA] SYN: gelatinous substance.
s. gelatinosa centralis SYN: central and lateral intermediate substances, under substance.
s. glandularis prostatae SYN: glandular substance of prostate.
s. grisea [TA] SYN: gray matter.
s. grisea centralis [TA] SYN: central gray substance.
s. innominata [TA] SYN: innominate substance.
s. intermedia centralis [TA] See central and lateral intermediate substances, under substance.
s. intermedia lateralis [TA] SYN: lateral intermediate substance. See central and lateral intermediate substances, under substance.
s. lentis [TA] SYN: substance of lens of eye.
s. medullaris 1. SYN: medulla. 2. SYN: medullary substance.
s. muscularis prostatae SYN: muscular substance of prostate.
s. nigra [TA] a large cell mass, crescentic on transverse section, extending forward over the dorsal surface of the crus cerebri from the rostral border of the pons into the subthalamic region; it is composed of a dorsal stratum of closely spaced pigmented ( i.e., melanin-containing) cells, the pars compacta [TA], a larger ventral region of widely scattered cells, the pars reticulata [TA], and smaller less distinct regions, the pars lateralis [TA] and pars retrorubralis [TA], the pars compacta in particular includes numerous cells that project forward to the striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) and contain dopamine, which acts as the transmitter at their synaptic endings; other, apparently nondopaminergic cells of the s. nigra project to a rostral part of the ventral nucleus of thalamus, to the middle layers of the superior colliculus, and to restricted parts of the reticular formation of the midbrain; the nigrostriatal projection is reciprocated by a massive striatonigral fiber system with multiple neurotransmitters, chief among which is γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA); s. n. receives smaller afferent projections from the subthalamic nucleus, the lateral segment of the globus pallidus, the dorsal nucleus of the raphe, and the pedunculopontine nucleus of the midbrain. The pars reticulata forms part of the output system for the striate body. The s. n. is involved in the metabolic disturbances associated with Parkinson disease and Huntington disease. SYN: locus niger, nucleus niger, Soemmerring ganglion.
s. ossea dentis SYN: cement (1) .
s. perforata anterior [TA] SYN: anterior perforated substance.
s. perforata rostralis SYN: anterior perforated substance.
s. perforata posterior [TA] SYN: posterior perforated substance.
s. propria of cornea proper substance of cornea, modified transparent connective tissue, between the layers of which are open spaces or lacunae nearly filled with the corneal cells or corpuscles. SYN: s. propria corneae.
s. propria corneae SYN: s. propria of cornea.
s. propria membranae tympani proper substance of tympanic membrane, the layer of radial and circular collagenous fibers of the tympanic membrane.
s. propria of sclera [TA] proper substance of the sclera, the dense white fibrous tissue arranged in interlacing bundles that forms the main mass of the sclera, continuous anteriorly with the s. propria of the cornea. SYN: s. propria sclerae [TA] .
s. propria sclerae [TA] SYN: s. propria of sclera.
s. reticularis 1. SYN: reticular substance (1) . 2. SYN: reticular formation.
s. reticulofilamentosa SYN: reticular substance (1) .
s. spongiosa [TA] bone in which the spicules or trabeculae form a three-dimensional latticework (cancellus) with the interstices filled with embryonal connective tissue or bone marrow. SYN: spongy bone (1) [TA] , s. trabecularis&star, trabecular bone&star, cancellous bone, spongy substance.
s. trabecularis s. spongiosa.
s. vitrea SYN: enamel.

substernal
substernal (sub-ster′nal)

1. Deep to the sternum. 2. SYN: infrasternal.

substernomastoid
substernomastoid (sub-ster′no-mas′toyd)

Beneath the sternomastoid muscle; denoting a group of deep cervical lymph nodes.

substitute
substitute (sub′sti-toot)

1. Anything that takes the place of another. 2. In psychology, a surrogate.
blood s. any material ( e.g., human plasma, serum albumin, or a solution of such substances as dextran) used for transfusion in hemorrhage and shock.
plasma s. a solution of a substance ( e.g., dextran) used for transfusion in hemorrhage or shock as a s. for plasma. SYN: plasma expander.
volume s. infusion of cell-free or volume-expanding fluids such as dextran for replacement of fluid lost from the circulation as part of the prevention or treatment of circulatory shock.

substitution
substitution (sub-sti-too′shun)

1. In chemistry, the replacement of an atom or group in a compound by another atom or group ( e.g., s. of H by Cl in CH₄ to give CH₃Cl). 2. In psychoanalysis, an unconscious defense mechanism by which an unacceptable or unattainable goal, object, or emotion is replaced by one that is more acceptable or attainable; the process is more acute and direct, and less subtle, than sublimation. [L. substitutio, to put in place of another]
generic s. the dispensing of a chemically equivalent, less expensive drug in place of a brand-name product that has an expired patent.
stimulus s. SYN: classical conditioning.
symptom s. an unconscious psychological process by which a repressed impulse is indirectly manifested through a particular symptom, e.g., anxiety, compulsion, depression, hallucination, obsession. SYN: symptom formation.

substrate
substrate (S) (sub′strat)

1. The substance acted upon and changed by an enzyme; the reactant considered to be attacked in a chemical reaction. 2. The base on which an organism lives or grows; e.g., the s. on which microorganisms and cells grow in cell culture. [L. sub-sterno, pp. -stratus, to spread under]
insulin receptor s.-1 a cytoplasmic protein that is a direct s. of the activated insulin receptor kinase. Insulin exposure results in its rapid phosphorylation at multiple tyrosine residues. Its phosphorylated sites associate with high affinity to certain cellular proteins. IRS-1 thus acts as an adaptor molecule that links the receptor kinase to various cellular activities regulated by insulin. IRS-1 is also phosphorylated after stimulation by insulinlike growth factor-1 and several interleukins.
suicide s. a competitive inhibitor that is converted to an irreversible inhibitor at the active site of the enzyme. SYN: mechanism-based inhibitor, suicide inhibitor.

substratum
substratum (sub-stra′tum)

Any layer or stratum lying beneath another. [L. see substrate]

substructure
substructure (sub-struk′choor)

A tissue or structure wholly or partly beneath the surface.
implant denture s. the metal framework which is placed beneath the soft tissues in contact with, or embedded into, bone for the purpose of supporting an implant denture superstructure.

subsulfate
subsulfate (sub-sul′fat)

A basic sulfate; a sulfate that contains some base unneutralized and still capable of combining with the acid.

subtarsal
subtarsal (sub-tar′sal)

Below the tarsus.

subtentorial
subtentorial (sub-ten-to′re-al)

Beneath the tentorium cerebelli.

subterminal
subterminal (sub-ter′mi-nal)

Situated near the end or extremity of an oval or rod-shaped body.

subtetanic
subtetanic (sub-te-tan′ik)

Denoting tonic muscular spasms or convulsions that are not entirely sustained but have brief remissions.

subthalamic
subthalamic (sub-tha-lam′ik)

Related to the subthalamus region or to the s. nucleus.

subthalamus
subthalamus (sub-thal′a-mus) [TA]

That part of the diencephalon that lies wedged between the thalamus on the dorsal side and the cerebral peduncle ventrally, lateral to the dorsal half of the hypothalamus from which it cannot be sharply delineated. It is composed of the subthalamic nucleus (corpus luysi), the zona incerta, and the fields of Forel; laterally it expands in a winglike fashion into the reticular nucleus of the thalamus; caudally it is continuous with the midbrain tegmentum. SYN: ventral thalamus.

subthyroideus
subthyroideus (sub-thi-royd′e-us)

A muscular bundle formed of fibers derived from the thyroarytenoid and vocalis muscles.

subtilisin
subtilisin (sub-ti-li′sin)

A proteinase formed by Bacillus subtilis and other species, similar to the serine proteinases of other molds and bacteria; it catalyzes the hydrolysis of a few specific peptide bonds in certain proteins, converting chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin and ovalbumin to plakalbumin in this manner, and cleaves pancreatic ribonuclease into S-peptide and S-protein. SYN: subtilopeptidase.

subtilopeptidase
subtilopeptidase (sub′ti-lo-pep′ti-das)

SYN: subtilisin.

subtraction
subtraction (sub-trak′shun)

A technique used to enhance detectability of opacified anatomic structures on radiographic or scintigraphic images; a negative of an image made before introduction of contrast medium or radionuclide is photographically or electronically removed from a later image; commonly used in cerebral angiography. SEE ALSO: digital s. angiography, mask.
energy s. digital radiography using higher- and lower-energy exposures, either by double exposure at 2-kV levels or by interposing a copper filter that absorbs the lower-energy photons between two phosphor plates, with computer calculation of high-Z and low-Z images (bone and soft tissues, respectively); makes use of the fact that lower-energy x-rays are absorbed by more high-Z substances, such as calcium and copper, because of the photoelectric effect. SEE ALSO: Z, photoelectric effect, phosphor plate.

subtrapezial
subtrapezial (sub-tra-pe′ze-al)

Beneath the trapezius muscle; denoting a nerve plexus.

subtribe
subtribe (sub-trib)

In biologic classification, a division between tribe and genus.

subtrochanteric
subtrochanteric (sub-tro-kan-ter′ik)

Below any trochanter.

subtrochlear
subtrochlear (sub-trok′le-ar)

Below any trochlea.

subtuberal
subtuberal (sub-too′ber-al)

Lying below any tuber.

subtympanic
subtympanic (sub-tim-pan′ik)

Below the tympanic cavity.

subumbilical
subumbilical (sub-um-bil′i-kal)

SYN: infraumbilical.

subungual
subungual, subunguial (sub-ung′gwal, sub-ung′gwi-al)

Beneath the finger or toe nail. SYN: hyponychial (1) . [L. unguis, nail]

subunit
subunit (sub′oo-nit)

1. A unit that forms a distinct part of a larger structure. SEE ALSO: monomer. 2. The single protein or polypeptide chain that can be separated from an oligomer protein without cleaving covalent bonds other than disulfide bridges between cysteinyl residues. 3. A single biopolymer separated from a larger multimeric structure.

suburethral
suburethral (sub-u-re′thral)

Beneath the male or female urethra.

subvaginal
subvaginal (sub-vaj′i-nal)

1. Below the vagina. 2. On the inner side of any tubular membrane serving as a sheath.

subvalvar
subvalvar, subvalvular (sub-val′var, sub-val′vu-lar)

Below any valve.

subvertebral
subvertebral (sub-ver′te-bral)

Beneath, or on the ventral side, of a vertebra or the vertebral column.

subvirile
subvirile (sub-vir′il)

Deficient in virility.

subvirion
subvirion (sub-vir′e-on)

An incomplete viral particle. [sub- + virion]

subvitrinal
subvitrinal (sub-vit′ri-nal)

Beneath the vitreous body.

subwaking
subwaking (sub-wak′ing)

Denoting the mental state between sleeping and waking.

subzonal
subzonal (sub-zo′nal)

Below or beneath any zona or zone, such as the zona radiata or zona pellucida.

subzygomatic
subzygomatic (sub-zi-go-mat′ik)

Below or beneath the zygomatic bone or arch.

succagogue
succagogue (suk′a-gog)

1. Stimulating the flow of juice. 2. An agent having such an effect. [L. succus, juice, + G. agogos, leading]

succedaneous
succedaneous (suk-se-da′ne-us)

1. Relating to a succedaneum. 2. Relating to the permanent or second teeth that replace the deciduous or primary teeth. [see succedaneum]

succedaneum
succedaneum (suk-se-da′ne-um)

A substitute; a drug or any therapeutic agent that has the properties of and can be used in place of another. [L. succedaneus, following after, substituting, fr. suc-cedo, to follow, to take the place of, fr. sub, under, + cedo, to go]

succenturiate
succenturiate (suk-sen-tu′re-at)

In anatomy, substituting for, or accessory to, some organ. [L. suc-centurio, pp. -atus, to substitute]

succinate
succinate (suk′si-nat)

A salt of succinic acid.
active s. SYN: succinyl-coenzyme A.
s. dehydrogenase a flavoenzyme that catalyzes the removal of hydrogen from succinic acid and converts it into fumaric acid; e.g., s. + FAD ⇆ fumarate + FADH₂; this complex is a part of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. SYN: fumarate reductase (NADH), fumaric hydrogenase.

succinate semialdehyde
succinate semialdehyde (suk′sin-at sem-e-al-de -hid)

An intermediate in the catabolism of γ-aminobutyrate.
s. dehydrogenase an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of s. and either NAD⁺ or NADP⁺ to form succinate and NADH (or NADPH); a deficiency of this enzyme is associated with 4-hydroxybutyric aciduria.

succinic acid
succinic acid (suk-sin′ik)

An intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle; several of its salts have been variously used in medicine.

succinic thiokinase
succinic thiokinase

SYN: succinyl-CoA synthetase.

succinimide
succinimide (suk′sin-a-mid)

Chemical class of drugs from which the antiepileptic agents ethosuximide, methsuximide, and phensuximide are derived. Unsubstituted s. has been used as an antiurolithic.

succinylacetone
succinylacetone (suk′sin-il-as′e-ton)

A minor metabolite that is elevated in individuals with tyrosinemia IA.

succinylcholine
succinylcholine (suk′si-nil-ko′len)

A neuromuscular relaxant with short duration of action which characteristically first depolarizes the motor endplate (phase I block) but which is often later associated with a curare-like, nondepolarizing neuromuscular block (phase II block); used to produce relaxation for tracheal intubation and during surgical anesthesia. SYN: diacetylcholine, suxamethonium.

succinyl-CoA
succinyl-CoA (suk′sin-il)

SYN: succinyl-coenzyme A.
succinyl-CoA synthetase 1. a ligase reversibly reacting succinate and CoA with ATP to produce ADP, inorganic phosphate, and succinyl-CoA; 2. a similar synthetase, but one able to use itaconate as well as succinate and GTP (or ITP) in place of ATP; a part of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. SYN: succinic thiokinase, succinyl-CoA ligase.

succinyl-CoA ligase
succinyl-CoA ligase

SYN: succinyl-CoA synthetase.

succinyl-coenzyme A
succinyl-coenzyme A (suk′si-nil-ko-en′zim)

The condensation product of succinic acid and CoA; one of the intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and a precursor in the synthesis of heme. SYN: active succinate, succinyl-CoA.

succinyldicholine
succinyldicholine (suk′si-nil-di-ko′len)

Succinylcholine chloride.

succinylsulfathiazole
succinylsulfathiazole (suk′si-nil-sul′fa-thi′a-zol)

The most effective of the poorly absorbed bacteriostatic sulfonamides used for sterilization of the intestinal tract.

succisulfone iminodiethanol
succisulfone iminodiethanol (suk-si-sul′fon)

An antimicrobial agent.

succorrhea
succorrhea (suk-o-re′a)

An abnormal increase in the secretion of a digestive fluid. [L. succus, juice, + G. rhoia, a flow]

succubus
succubus (suk′u-bus)

A demon, in female form, believed to have sexual intercourse with a man during sleep. Cf.:incubus. [L. succubo, to lie under]

succuss
succuss (su-kus′)

To make succussion.

succussion
succussion (su-kush′un)

A diagnostic procedure that consists in shaking the body so as to elicit a splashing sound in a cavity containing both gas and fluid. [L. sucussio, fr. suc-cutio (subc-), pp. -cussus, to shake up, fr. quatio, to shake]
hippocratic s. a splashing noise produced by shaking the body when there is gas or air and fluid in the stomach or intestine, or free in the peritoneum, thorax, and, rarely, the pericardium.

suck
suck (suk)

1. To draw a fluid through a tube by exhausting the air in front. 2. To draw a fluid into the mouth; specifically, to draw milk from the breast. [A.S. sucan]

suckle
suckle (suk′l)

1. To nurse; to feed by milk from the breast. 2. To suck; to draw sustenance from the breast.

Sucquet
Sucquet

J.P., French anatomist, 1840–1870. See S. anastomoses, under anastomosis, S. canals, under canal, S.-Hoyer anastomoses, under anastomosis, S.-Hoyer canals, under canal.

sucralfate
sucralfate (soo-kral′fat)

Sucrose octakis (hydrogen sulfate) aluminum complex; a polysaccharide with antipeptic activity, used to treat duodenal ulcers by providing a protective coating to allow healing.

sucrase
sucrase (soo′kras)

SYN: sucrose α-d-glucohydrolase.

sucrate
sucrate (soo′krat)

A compound of sucrose.

sucrose
sucrose (soo′kros)

A nonreducing disaccharide made up of d-glucose and d-fructose obtained from sugar cane, Saccharum officinarum (family Gramineae), from several species of sorghum, and from the sugar beet, Beta vulgaris (family Chenopodiaceae); the common sweetener, used in pharmacy in the manufacture of syrup, confections, etc. SYN: saccharose, saccharum.
s. octaacetate an alcohol denaturant.

sucrose α-d-glucohydrolase
sucrose α-d-glucohydrolase

An enzyme hydrolyzing sucrose and maltose in a complex with isomaltase; hence, it hydrolyzes both sucrose and isomaltose; found in the intestinal mucosa; a deficiency of this enzyme results in defective digestion of sucrose and linear α1,4-glucans. SYN: sucrase.

sucrosemia
sucrosemia (soo-kro-se′me-a)

The presence of sucrose in the blood. [sucrose + G. haima, blood]

sucrosuria
sucrosuria (soo-kro-soo′re-a)

The excretion of sucrose in the urine. [sucrose + G. ouron, urine]

suction
suction (suk′shun)

The act or process of sucking. SEE ALSO: aspiration (1) , aspiration (2) . [L. sugo, pp. suctus, to suck]
posttussive s. a s. sound heard on auscultation over a pulmonary cavity at the end of a cough.
Wangensteen s. a modified siphon that maintains constant negative pressure, used with a duodenal tube for the relief of gastric and intestinal distention. SYN: Wangensteen tube.

suctorial
suctorial (suk-to′re-al)

Relating to suction, or the act of sucking; adapted for sucking.

sudamen
sudamen, pl .sudamina (soo-da′men, -dam′i-na)

A minute vesicle due to retention of fluid in a sweat follicle, or in the epidermis. [Mod. L., fr. L. sudo, to sweat]

sudamina
sudamina (soo-dam′i-na)

1. Plural of sudamen. 2. SYN: miliaria crystallina.

Sudan III
Sudan III [C.I. 26100]

A red stain, used for neutral fat in histologic technique; it also stains the fatty envelope of the tubercle bacillus. SYN: Sudan red III.

Sudan IV
Sudan IV [C.I. 26105]

SYN: scarlet red.

Sudan black B
Sudan black B [C.I. 26150]

A diazo dye, used as a stain for fats.

Sudan brown
Sudan brown [C.I. 12020]

A brown stain, derived from α-naphthylamine and used as a stain for fats.

sudanophilia
sudanophilia (soo-dan-o-fil′e-a)

1. Affinity for an oil-soluble or Sudan dye. 2. A condition in which leukocytes contain minute fat droplets that take a brilliant red stain when treated with 0.2% Sudan III and 0.1% cresyl blue in absolute alcohol.

sudanophilic
sudanophilic (soo-dan-o-fil′ik)

Staining easily with Sudan dyes, usually referring to lipids in tissues.

sudanophobic
sudanophobic (soo-dan-o-fo′bik)

Denoting tissue that fails to stain with a Sudan or fat-soluble dye.

Sudan red III
Sudan red III

SYN: Sudan III.

Sudan yellow
Sudan yellow

Metadioxyazobenzene;a yellow stain for fats.

sudation
sudation (soo-da′shun)

SYN: perspiration (1) . [L. sudatio, fr. sudo, pp. -atus, to sweat]

Sudeck
Sudeck

Paul H.M., German surgeon, 1866–1938. See S. atrophy, S. critical point, S. syndrome.

sudomotor
sudomotor (soo-do-mo′ter)

Denoting the autonomic (sympathetic) nerves that stimulate the sweat glands to activity. [L. sudor, sweat, + motor, mover]

sudor
sudor (soo′dor)

SYN: perspiration (3) . [L.]
s. anglicus SYN: English sweating disease.

sudor- sudor-

Sweat, perspiration. [L. sudor]

sudoresis
sudoresis (soo-do-re′sis)

Profuse sweating. [sudor- + G. -esis, condition]

sudoriferous
sudoriferous (soo-do-rif′er-us)

Carrying or producing sweat. [sudor- + L. fero, to bear]

sudorific
sudorific (soo-do-rif′ik)

Causing sweat. [sudor- + L. facio, to make]

sudorometer
sudorometer (soo-do-rom′e-ter)

An instrument for measuring the amount of perspiration. [sudor- + G. metron, measure]

sudorrhea
sudorrhea (soo-do-re′a)

SYN: hyperhidrosis. [sudor- + G. rhoia, a flow]

suet
suet (soo′et)

The hard fat around the kidneys of cattle and sheep; when rendered it yields tallow.
prepared s. the internal fat of the abdomen of the sheep, Ovis aries, purified by melting and straining; formerly used in pharmacy in making ointments. SYN: prepared mutton tallow.

sufentanil citrate
sufentanil citrate (soo-fen′ta-nil)

An injectable narcotic with short duration of effect resembling fentanil; used in “balanced anesthesia.”

suffocate
suffocate (suf′o-kat)

1. To impede respiration; to asphyxiate. 2. To be unable to breathe; to suffer from asphyxiation. [L. suffoco (subf-), pp. -atus, to choke, strangle]

suffocation
suffocation (suf-o-ka′shun)

The act or condition of suffocating or of asphyxiation.

suffusion
suffusion (su-fu′zhun)

1. The act of pouring a fluid over the body. 2. A reddening of the surface. 3. The condition of being wet with a fluid. 4. SYN: extravasate (2) . [L. suffusio, fr. suffundo (subf-), to pour out]

sugar
sugar (shu-ger)

One of the sugars, q.v., pharmaceutical forms are compressible s. and confectioner's s.. SEE ALSO: sugars. [G. sakcharon; L. saccharum]
amino sugars sugars in which a hydroxyl group has been replaced with an amino group; e.g., d-glucosamine.
beechwood s. d-xylose. See xylose.
beet s. d-sucrose. See sucrose.
blood s. See d-glucose.
brain s. d-galactose. See galactose.
cane s. d-sucrose. See sucrose.
corn s. See d-glucose.
deoxy s. a s. containing fewer oxygen atoms than carbon atoms and in which, consequently, one or more carbons in the molecule lack an attached hydroxyl group. SYN: desoxy s..
desoxy s. SYN: deoxy s..
fruit s. d-fructose. See fructose.
gelatin s. SYN: glycine.
grape s. See d-glucose.
invert s. a mixture of equal parts of d-glucose and d-fructose produced by hydrolysis of sucrose (inversion).
s. of lead SYN: lead acetate.
malt s. SYN: maltose.
manna s. SYN: mannitol.
maple s. sucrose extracted from the sap of the s. maple, Acer saccharinum. SYN: saccharum canadense.
milk s. SYN: lactose.
oil s. SYN: oleosaccharum.
pectin s. d-arabinose. See arabinose.
reducing s. a s., such as glucose in the urine, that has the property of reducing various inorganic ions, notably cupric ion to cuprous ion.
specific soluble s. SYN: specific capsular substance.
starch s. See d-glucose.
wood s. d-xylose. See xylose.

sugar acids
sugar acids

Acids, such as gluconic, glycuronic, and saccharic acid, produced by the oxidation of glucose.

sugar alcohol
sugar alcohol

The polyalcohol resulting from the reduction of the carbonyl group in a monosaccharide to a hydroxyl group.

sugar aldehyde
sugar aldehyde

A sugar that contains an internal acetal.

sugars
sugars (shug′erz)

Those carbohydrates (saccharides) having the general composition (CH₂O)_n and simple derivatives thereof. Although the simple monomeric s. (glycoses) are often written as polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones, e.g., HOCH₂–(CHOH)₄–CHO for aldohexoses ( e.g., glucose) or HOCH₂–(CHOH)₃–CO–CH₂OH for 2-ketoses ( e.g., fructose), cyclization can give rise to varied structures as described below. S. are generally identifiable by the ending -ose or, if in combination with a nonsugar (aglycon), -oside or -osyl. s. especially d-glucose, are the chief source of energy by oxidation in nature, and they and their derivatives ( e.g., d-glucosamine, d-glucuronic acid), in polymeric form, are major constituents of mucoproteins, bacterial cell walls, and plant structural material ( e.g., cellulose). s. are often found in combination with steroids (steroid glycosides) and other aglycons.
Fischer projection formulas of s. representations, by projection, of cyclic s., or derivatives thereof, in which the carbon chain is depicted vertically. The lowest-numbered asymmetric carbon atom (C-1 in aldoses; C-2 in 2-ketoses, e.g., fructose) is drawn at the top, and the rest of the carbon atoms of the chain are drawn in sequence below the top carbon atom. For each carbon atom, depicted in projection as lying in the plane of the paper, the carbon-to-carbon bond(s), which actually point away from the viewer, are drawn as vertical lines. The left-hand and right-hand bonds of each carbon atom, which actually point toward the viewer, are, in projection, depicted as horizontal lines. The conventions for the Fischer formulas of cyclic s. are as follows: 1) if the highest-numbered asymmetric carbon atom has its OH (or its replacement) lying to the right, as is the 2-OH of d-glyceraldehyde, the sugar has the d configuration; if the OH is to the left, the sugar has the l configuration; 2) on the anomeric carbon atom (C-1 in the aldoses; C-2 in the 2-ketoses), an OH or substituted OH that lies to the right, with the OH of the highest-numbered asymmetric carbon atom also to the right, is defined to be α; if it is to the left, with the OH of the highest-numbered carbon atom still to the right, it is β; the reverse applies if the latter OH is to the left; 3) the orientation of a terminal CH₂OH group in the aldoses carries no configurational significance, as it contains no asymmetric carbon atom.
Haworth conformational formulas of cyclic s. for the pyranoses, these depict those shapes (conformations) on which none, one, or two ring-atoms lie outside the plane of the ring. If there are two such atoms para to each other, they can lie 1) on opposite sides of the plane (trans), giving chair forms, or 2) on the same side of the plane (cis), giving boat forms. Similarly, there are six boat conformations. If the two (trans) exoplanar atoms are meta to each other, the conformation is a skew form; if the two atoms are ortho to each other, the conformation is a half-chair form. For the furanoses, the envelope conformations have one ring-atom exoplanar. If there are three adjacent, coplanar ring-atoms (the two exoplanar ring-atoms on opposite sides of the plane), the conformations are twist forms.
Haworth perspective formulas of cyclic s. perspective representations of furanose or pyranose structures as pentagons or hexagons, respectively, with the connecting bonds so shaded as to make them appear as though the plane of the ring is at an angle of 30° to the plane of the paper, and the bonds to H and OH at right angles to the plane of the ring. These formulas depict the planar conformation, a situation not usually met. Other conformational formulas, e.g., Haworth conformational formulas of cyclic s., attempt to depict the many deviations from planarity. The basic conventions in Haworth formulas of cyclic s. (cyclic glycoses) are as follows: 1) the lowest-numbered asymmetric ring-carbon atom is depicted at the right; 2) if the highest-numbered asymmetric carbon atom is d, the sugar is d; the formula of an l-glycose may be derived from that of its d-isomer by reversing the up or down direction of all groups attached to the ring-carbon atoms; 3) if the hydroxyl group attached to the anomeric carbon (C-1 in aldoses, C-2 in 2-ketoses) is below the plane of the ring of a d-glycose, it is α; if above, it is β; the reverse applies if the sugar is l. SEE ALSO: Fischer projection formulas of s..

suggestibility
suggestibility (sug-jes′ti-bil′i-te)

Responsiveness or susceptibility to a psychological process such as a hypnotic command whereby an idea is induced into, or adopted by, an individual without argument, command, or coercion. SYN: sympathism.

suggestible
suggestible (sug-jes′ti-bl)

Susceptible to suggestion.

suggestion
suggestion (sug-jes′chun)

The implanting of an idea in the mind of another by some word or act on one's part, the subject's conduct or physical condition being influenced to some degree by the implanted idea. SEE ALSO: autosuggestion. [L. sug-gero (subg-), pp. -gestus, to bring under, supply]
hypnotic s. a directive to a subject in trance, which is carried out either during or after the trance. SEE ALSO: minor hypnosis.
posthypnotic s. s. given to a subject under hypnosis for certain actions to be performed after the subject is “awakened” from the hypnotic trance.

suggestive
suggestive (sug-jes′tiv)

Relating to suggestion.

suggillation
suggillation (sug-ji-la′shun, suj-i-)

Obsolete term for a bruise or livedo. SEE ALSO: contusion. [L. sugillo, pp. -atus, to beat black and blue]
postmortem s. SYN: postmortem livedo.

Sugiura
Sugiura

M., 20th century Japanese surgeon. See S. procedure.

SUI
SUI

Abbreviation for stress urinary incontinence.

suicide
suicide (soo′i-sid)

1. The act of taking one's own life. 2. A person who commits such an act. [L. sui, self, + caedo, to kill]
physician-assisted s. voluntary termination of one's own life by administration of a lethal substance with the direct or indirect assistance of a physician. Physician-assisted s. is to be distinguished from the withholding or discontinuance of life-support measures in terminal or vegetative states so that the patient dies of the underlying illness, and from administration of narcotic analgesics in terminal cancer, which may indirectly hasten death. SEE ALSO: end-of-life care, advance directive.Questions and controversies about assisted s. have become widespread within the health care community and society at large. The U.S. Supreme Court, in a 9–0 decision, has ruled that citizens have no constitutional right to physician-assisted s., but has placed no obstacles to legalization of the practice by state legislatures. Under Oregon law any mentally competent resident of the state who has reached the age of 18, and who has a terminal illness that is expected to cause death within 6 months, may make a voluntary and informed decision to terminate life by taking a lethal overdose of oral medicine prescribed for that purpose by a physician. The physician is immune from civil or criminal prosecution. Despite the legalization of physician-assisted s. in at least one state, and the highly publicized activities of “death doctors” in other states, the American Medical Association and the American Nurses Association have issued official position statements opposing assisted s. in all circumstances. Among objections voiced by opponents of the legalization of physician-assisted s. and its integration into medical practice are the erosion of public trust in the health care professions; the radical change in the traditional physician-patient relationship; the concern that if physician-assisted s. were to become an accepted option for the “treatment” of certain illnesses, physicians might be required to present it to patients as an alternative, and managed-care or other third-party payers might favor it as least expensive; and the fear that, once legal, physician-assisted s. would be permitted for conditions not terminal, and that people other than the patient would eventually be empowered to make the decision. The debate over physician-assisted s. has drawn attention to shortcomings in the care of dying persons and to the preeminent obligation of health care professionals to provide responsible, respectful, appropriate, and ethically sound care.

suicidology
suicidology (soo′i-si-dol′o-je)

A branch of the behavioral sciences devoted to the study of the nature, causes, and prevention of suicide. [suicide + G. logos, study]

suint
suint (swint)

The natural grease in sheep's wool, from which the official wool fat (anhydrous lanolin) is extracted. [Fr. wool-grease]

suit
suit (soot)

An outer garment designed for protection against specific environmental conditions.
anti-G s. a garment with bladders that expand to apply external pressure to the abdomen and lower extremities during positive G maneuvers in flight or on a human centrifuge; the anti-G s. is worn to prevent the pooling of blood and serves to increase the wearer's ability to withstand exposure to higher G forces.

sulbactam
sulbactam (sul-bak′tam)

A β-lactamase inhibitor with weak antibacterial action; when used in conjunction with penicillins ( e.g., ampicillin) with little β-lactamase-inhibiting action, it greatly increases their effectiveness against organisms which would ordinarily not be susceptible.

sulbentine
sulbentine (sul-ben′ten)

SYN: dibenzthione.

sulcal
sulcal (sul′kal)

Relating to a sulcus.

sulcate
sulcate (sul′kat)

Grooved; furrowed; marked by a sulcus or sulci.

sulciform
sulciform (sul′si-fom)

Having the form of a groove or sulcus.

sulculus
sulculus, pl .sulculi (sul′ku-lus, -li)

A small sulcus. [Mod. L. dim. of L. sulcus, furrow]

sulcus
sulcus, gen. and pl. sulci (sool′kus, sul′si)

1. [TA] One of the grooves or furrows on the surface of the brain, bounding the several convolutions or gyri; a fissure. SEE ALSO: fissure. 2. [NA] Any long narrow groove, furrow, or slight depression. SEE ALSO: groove. 3. A groove or depression in the oral cavity or on the surface of a tooth. [L. a furrow or ditch]
alveolobuccal s. SYN: alveolobuccal groove.
alveololabial s. SYN: alveololabial groove.
alveololingual s. SYN: alveololingual groove.
s. ampullaris [TA] SYN: ampullary groove.
ampullary s. SYN: ampullary groove.
s. angularis SYN: angular incisure.
anterior intermediate s. a furrow occasionally seen in the adult between the anterior median fissure and the anterior lateral s. of the spinal cord but usually present only in the fetus. It indicates the lateral border of the anterior corticospinal fasciculus. SYN: anterior intermediate groove, s. intermedius anterior.
anterior interventricular s. [TA] a groove on the anterosuperior surface of the heart, marking the location of the septum between the two ventricles. SYN: s. interventricularis anterior [TA] , anterior interventricular groove, crena cordis (1) .
anterior parolfactory s. a fissure marking the anterior border of the parolfactory area. SYN: s. parolfactorius anterior.
anterolateral s. an indistinct furrow on the ventral surface of the spinal cord and medulla oblongata, on either side marking the line of exit of the anterior nerve roots. SYN: s. anterolateralis [TA] , ventrolateral s.&star, anterolateral groove.
s. anterolateralis [TA] SYN: anterolateral s..
s. anthelicis transversus SYN: transverse anthelicine groove.
aortic s. SYN: aortic impression of left lung.
s. aorticus SYN: aortic impression of left lung.
s. arteriae occipitalis [TA] SYN: occipital groove.
s. arteriae subclaviae costae primae [TA] SYN: groove of first rib for subclavian artery.
s. arteriae temporalis mediae [TA] SYN: groove for middle temporal artery.
s. arteriae vertebralis [TA] SYN: groove for vertebral artery.
sulci arteriosi [TA] SYN: arterial grooves, under groove.
atrioventricular s. SYN: coronary s..
s. for auditory tube SYN: s. for pharyngotympanic tube.
s. auriculae anterior SYN: anterior notch of auricle.
basilar s. [TA] SYN: basilar pontine s..
s. basilaris [TA] SYN: basilar pontine s..
basilar pontine s. a median groove on the ventral surface of the pons varolii in which lies the basilar artery. SYN: basilar s. [TA] , s. basilaris [TA] .
s. bicipitalis lateralis [TA] SYN: lateral bicipital groove.
s. bicipitalis medialis [TA] SYN: medial bicipital groove.
s. bicipitalis radialis lateral bicipital groove.
s. bicipitalis ulnaris medial bicipital groove.
s. bulbopontis [TA] SYN: medullopontine s..
calcaneal s. [TA] the groove on the upper part of the calcaneus, which with a corresponding groove on the talus forms the sinus tarsi. SYN: s. calcanei [TA] , interosseous groove of calcaneus, interosseous groove (1) .
s. calcanei [TA] SYN: calcaneal s..
calcarine s. [TA] a deep fissure on the medial aspect of the cerebral cortex, extending on an arched line from the isthmus of the fornicate gyrus back to the occipital pole, marking the border between the lingual gyrus below and the cuneus above it. The cortex in the depth of the s. corresponds to the horizontal meridian of the contralateral half of the visual field. SYN: s. calcarinus [TA] , calcarine fissure, fissura calcarina, posthippocampal fissure.
s. calcarinus [TA] SYN: calcarine s..
callosal s. SYN: s. of corpus callosum.
callosomarginal s. SYN: cingulate s..
s. callosomarginalis SYN: cingulate s..
s. caroticus [TA] SYN: cavernous groove.
carotid s. SYN: cavernous groove.
s. carpi [TA] SYN: carpal groove.
central s. [TA] a double-S-shaped fissure extending obliquely upward and backward on the lateral surface of each cerebral hemisphere at the boundary between frontal and parietal lobes. SYN: s. centralis [TA] , fissure of Rolando.
central s. of insula [TA] a s. traversing the insular cortex and dividing it into an anterior part, the gyri brevi and a posterior part, the gyri longi. SYN: s. centralis insulae [TA] .
s. centralis [TA] SYN: central s..
s. centralis insulae [TA] SYN: central s. of insula.
cerebellar sulci grooves between the folia cerebelli; commonly called fissures in cerebellum.
cerebral sulci [TA] the grooves between the cerebral gyri or convolutions. SYN: sulci cerebri [TA] .
sulci cerebri [TA] SYN: cerebral sulci.
chiasmatic s. SYN: prechiasmatic s..
cingulate s. [TA] a fissure on the mesial surface of the cerebral hemisphere, bounding the upper surface of the cingulate gyrus (callosal convolution); the anterior portion is called the pars subfrontalis; the posterior portion which curves up to the superomedial margin of the hemisphere and borders the paracentral lobule posteriorly is the ramus marginalis. SYN: s. cinguli [TA] , callosomarginal fissure, callosomarginal s., s. callosomarginalis, s. of cingulum.
s. cinguli [TA] SYN: cingulate s..
s. of cingulum SYN: cingulate s..
circular s. of insula [TA] a semicircular fissure demarcating the insula from the opercula above, below, and behind. SYN: s. circularis insulae [TA] , circular s. of Reil, limiting s. of Reil.
s. circularis insulae [TA] SYN: circular s. of insula.
circular s. of Reil SYN: circular s. of insula.
collateral s. [TA] a long, deep sagittal fissure on the undersurface of the temporal lobe, marking the border between the fusiform gyrus laterally and the hippocampal and lingual gyri medially; the great depth of the collateral s. results in a bulging of the floor of the occipital and temporal horn of the lateral ventricle, the collateral eminence. SYN: occipitotemporal s. [TA] , s. collateralis [TA] , s. occipitotemporalis [TA] , collateral fissure, fissura collateralis.
s. collateralis [TA] SYN: collateral s..
s. coronarius [TA] SYN: coronary s..
coronary s. [TA] a groove on the outer surface of the heart marking the division between the atria and the ventricles. SYN: s. coronarius [TA] , atrioventricular groove, atrioventricular s., auriculoventricular groove, coronary groove.
s. corporis callosi [TA] SYN: s. of corpus callosum.
s. of corpus callosum [TA] the fissure between the corpus callosum and the cingulate gyrus. SYN: s. corporis callosi [TA] , callosal s..
s. costae [TA] SYN: costal groove.
s. costae arteriae subclaviae SYN: groove of first rib for subclavian artery.
costophrenic s. the recess between the ribs and the lateral-most portion of the diaphragm, partially occupied by the most caudal part of the lung; seen on radiographs as the costophrenic angle.
s. cruris helicis [TA] SYN: groove of crus of helix.
sulci cutis [TA] SYN: skin sulci.
dorsal intermediate s. SYN: posterior intermediate s..
dorsal median s. posterior median s. of medulla oblongata.
dorsolateral s. posterolateral s..
s. ethmoidalis [TA] SYN: ethmoidal groove.
external spiral s. SYN: outer spiral s..
fimbriodentate s. [TA] a shallow groove between the fimbria and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. SYN: s. fimbriodentatus [TA] .
s. fimbriodentatus [TA] SYN: fimbriodentate s..
s. frontalis inferior [TA] SYN: inferior frontal s..
s. frontalis medius SYN: middle frontal s..
s. frontalis superior [TA] SYN: superior frontal s..
s. frontomarginalis middle frontal s..
gingival s. [TA] the space between the surface of the tooth and the free gingiva. SYN: s. gingivalis [TA] , gingival crevice, gingival groove, gingival space, subgingival space.
s. gingivalis [TA] SYN: gingival s..
gingivobuccal s. SYN: alveolobuccal groove.
gingivolabial s. SYN: alveololabial groove.
gingivolingual s. SYN: alveololingual groove.
s. gluteus [TA] SYN: gluteal fold.
s. for greater palatine nerve SYN: greater palatine groove.
habenular s. [TA] a small groove located between the habenular trigone and the adjacent dorsal thalamus. SYN: s. habenularis.
s. habenularis SYN: habenular s..
s. hamuli pterygoidei [TA] SYN: groove for pterygoid hamulus.
hippocampal s. [TA] a shallow groove between the dentate gyrus and the parahippocampal gyrus; the remains of a fissure extending deep into the hippocampus between the Ammon horn and the dentate gyrus which becomes obliterated during fetal development. SYN: s. hippocampalis [TA] , dentate fissure, fissura dentata, fissura hippocampi, hippocampal fissure.
s. hippocampalis [TA] SYN: hippocampal s..
hypothalamic s. [TA] a groove in the lateral wall of the third ventricle on either side leading from the interventricular foramen to the apertura aqueductus mesencephali; the s.-demarcated boundary between dorsal thalamus and hypothalamus. SYN: s. hypothalamicus [TA] , Monro s..
s. hypothalamicus [TA] SYN: hypothalamic s..
inferior frontal s. [TA] a sagittal fissure on the lateral convex surface of each frontal lobe of the cerebrum demarcating the middle from the inferior frontal gyrus. SYN: s. frontalis inferior [TA] .
inferior petrosal s. SYN: groove for inferior petrosal sinus.
inferior temporal s. [TA] the s. on the basal aspect of the temporal lobe that separates the fusiform gyrus from the inferior temporal gyrus on its lateral side. SYN: s. temporalis inferior [TA] , Clevenger fissure.
s. infraorbitalis [TA] SYN: infraorbital groove.
infrapalpebral s. the hollow or furrow below the lower eyelid. SYN: s. infrapalpebralis.
s. infrapalpebralis SYN: infrapalpebral s..
inner spiral s. [TA] a concavity in the floor of the cochlear duct formed by the overhanging vestibular lip. SYN: s. spiralis internus [TA] , internal spiral s..
s. intermedius anterior SYN: anterior intermediate s..
s. intermedius posterior [TA] SYN: posterior intermediate s..
internal spiral s. SYN: inner spiral s..
interparietal s. SYN: intraparietal s..
intertubercular s. [TA] a furrow running down the shaft of the humerus between the two tubercles, lodging the tendon of the long head of the biceps, and giving attachment in its floor to the latissimus dorsi muscle. SYN: intertubercular groove [TA] , s. intertubercularis [TA] , bicipital groove&star.
s. intertubercularis [TA] SYN: intertubercular s..
s. interventricularis anterior [TA] SYN: anterior interventricular s..
s. interventricularis cordis anterior interventricular s., posterior interventricular s..
s. interventricularis posterior [TA] SYN: posterior interventricular s..
intragracile s. a fissure between the gracilis minor and gracilis posterior lobuli of the cerebellum. SYN: s. intragracilis.
s. intragracilis SYN: intragracile s..
intraparietal s. [TA] a horizontal s. extending back from the postcentral s. over some distance, then dividing perpendicularly into two branches so as to form, with the postcentral s., a figure H. It divides the parietal lobe into superior and inferior parietal lobules. SYN: s. intraparietalis [TA] , interparietal s., intraparietal s. of Turner, Turner s..
s. intraparietalis [TA] SYN: intraparietal s..
intraparietal s. of Turner SYN: intraparietal s..
labial s. a furrow between the developing lip and gum. SYN: labiodental s., lip s., primary labial groove.
labiodental s. SYN: labial s..
s. lacrimalis [TA] SYN: lacrimal groove.
lateral s. the deepest and most prominent of the cortical sulci, extending from the anterior perforated substance first laterally at the deep incisure between the frontal and temporal lobes, then caudal and slightly dorsal over the lateral aspect of the cerebral hemisphere; the superior temporal gyrus forms its lower bank, the insula its greatly expanded floor, and the frontal and parietal opervula its upper bank. The s. is composed of three portions, a large posterior ramus [TA] (ramus posterior [TA]) that is commonly called the lateral s., a short anterior ramus [TA] (ramus posterior [TA]) located between the pars orbitalis and pars triangularis of the inferior frontal gyrus, and a short ascending ramus [TA] (ramus ascendens [TA]) located between the pars triangularis and pars opercularis. SYN: s. lateralis [TA] , fissura cerebri lateralis, lateral cerebral fissure, sylvian fissure, fissure of Sylvius.
s. lateralis [TA] SYN: lateral s..
lateral occipital s. one of several variable sulci on the lateral aspect of the occipital lobe of each cerebral hemisphere, bounding the lateral occipital convolutions. SYN: s. occipitalis lateralis.
s. limitans [TA] SYN: limiting s..
s. limitans ventriculi quarti [TA] SYN: limiting s. of fourth ventricle.
limiting s. the medial longitudinal groove on the inner surface of the neural tube separating the alar and basal plates. SYN: s. limitans [TA] .
limiting s. of fourth ventricle [TA] a lateral groove running the whole length of the floor of the rhomboid fossa on either side of the midline, representing the remains of the s. demarcating the alar (dorsal) from the basal (ventral) plate of the embryonic rhombencephalon; position of s. indicates the general separation of motor nuclei of cranial nerves (located medially) from sensory nuclei of cranial nerves (located laterally). SYN: s. limitans ventriculi quarti [TA] .
limiting s. of Reil SYN: circular s. of insula.
lip s. SYN: labial s..
longitudinal s. of heart anterior interventricular s., posterior interventricular s..
lunate s. a small, inconstant semilunar groove on the cortical convexity near the occipital pole, marking the anterior border of the striate cortex (area 17) and considered homologous with the major s. of the same name that is a more constant feature of the cerebral cortex in monkeys and apes. SYN: lunate fissure [TA] , s. lunatus [TA] , simian fissure.
s. lunatus [TA] SYN: lunate s..
malleolar s. SYN: malleolar groove.
s. malleolaris [TA] SYN: malleolar groove.
marginal s. [TA] the s. located immediately caudal to the posterior paracentral gyrus: the posterior ascending portion of the cingulate s.; may also be considered the marginal ramus of the cingulate s.. SYN: ramus marginalis [TA] , s. marginalis [TA] , marginal branch [TA] of cingulate s..
s. marginalis [TA] SYN: marginal s..
s. matricis unguis the cutaneous furrow in which the lateral border of the nail is situated. SYN: groove of nail matrix, vallecula unguis.
medial s. of crus cerebri SYN: oculomotor s. of mesencephalon.
s. medialis cruris cerebri SYN: oculomotor s. of mesencephalon.
median s. of fourth ventricle [TA] the shallow midline groove in the floor of the ventricle. SYN: s. medianus ventriculi quarti [TA] .
median s. of tongue [TA] a slight longitudinal depression running forward on the dorsal surface of the tongue from the foramen cecum dividing the dorsum into right and left halves. SYN: s. medianus linguae [TA] , median groove of tongue, median longitudinal raphe of tongue, raphe linguae.
s. medianus linguae [TA] SYN: median s. of tongue.
s. medianus posterior medullae oblongatae [TA] SYN: posterior median s. of medulla oblongata.
s. medianus posterior medullae spinalis [TA] SYN: posterior median s. of spinal cord.
s. medianus ventriculi quarti [TA] SYN: median s. of fourth ventricle.
medullopontine s. [TA] the transverse groove on the ventral aspect of the brainstem that demarcates the medulla from the pons and contains the emerging roots of the 6th, 7th, and 8th cranial nerves. SYN: s. bulbopontis [TA] .
mentolabial s. the indistinct line separating the lower lip from the chin. SYN: mentolabial furrow, s. mentolabialis.
s. mentolabialis SYN: mentolabial s..
middle frontal s. a relatively shallow sagittal fissure of the brain dividing the middle frontal convolution into an upper and lower part; this s. is found only in humans and anthropoid apes; at its anterior extremity it bifurcates, the two branches spreading out laterally and constituting the frontomarginal s.. SYN: s. frontalis medius.
middle temporal s. the s. between the middle temporal gyrus and inferior temporal gyrus. SYN: s. temporalis medius.
s. for middle temporal artery SYN: groove for middle temporal artery.
Monro s. SYN: hypothalamic s..
s. musculi subclavii [TA] SYN: subclavian groove.
s. mylohyoideus [TA] SYN: mylohyoid groove.
nasolabial s. [TA] a furrow between the wing of the nose and the lip. SYN: s. nasolabialis [TA] , nasolabial groove.
s. nasolabialis [TA] SYN: nasolabial s..
s. nervi oculomotorii [TA] SYN: oculomotor s. of mesencephalon.
s. nervi petrosi majoris [TA] SYN: groove for greater petrosal nerve.
s. nervi petrosi minoris [TA] SYN: groove of lesser petrosal nerve.
s. nervi radialis [TA] SYN: radial groove.
s. nervi spinalis [TA] SYN: groove for spinal nerve.
s. nervi ulnaris [TA] SYN: groove for ulnar nerve.
nymphocaruncular s. a groove between the labium minor and the border of the remains of the hymen, in which is the opening of the duct of the greater vestibular gland on either side. SYN: nymphohymenal s., s. nymphocaruncularis.
s. nymphocaruncularis SYN: nymphocaruncular s..
nymphohymenal s. SYN: nymphocaruncular s..
s. obturatorius [TA] SYN: obturator groove.
s. of occipital artery SYN: occipital groove.
s. occipitalis lateralis SYN: lateral occipital s..
s. occipitalis superior SYN: superior occipital s..
s. occipitalis transversus [TA] SYN: transverse occipital s..
occipitotemporal s. [TA] SYN: collateral s..
s. occipitotemporalis [TA] SYN: collateral s..
oculomotor s. of mesencephalon [TA] a groove in the lateral wall of the interpeduncular fossa of the midbrain from which the rootlets of the oculomotor nerve emerge. SYN: s. nervi oculomotorii [TA] , medial s. of crus cerebri, s. medialis cruris cerebri, s. of the oculomotor nerve.
s. of the oculomotor nerve SYN: oculomotor s. of mesencephalon.
s. olfactorius [TA] SYN: olfactory s..
s. olfactorius cavi nasi [TA] SYN: olfactory groove of nasal cavity.
olfactory s. [TA] the sagittal s. on the inferior or orbital surface of each frontal lobe of the cerebrum, demarcating the straight gyrus from the orbital gyri, and covered on the orbital surface by the olfactory bulb and tract. SYN: s. olfactorius [TA] , olfactory groove.
olfactory s. of nasal cavity SYN: olfactory groove of nasal cavity.
orbital sulci [TA] a number of irregularly disposed, variable sulci dividing the inferior or orbital surface of each frontal lobe of the cerebrum into the orbital gyri. SYN: sulci orbitales [TA] .
sulci orbitales [TA] SYN: orbital sulci.
outer spiral s. [TA] a concavity in the outer wall of the cochlear duct between the spiral prominence and the spiral organ. SYN: s. spiralis externus [TA] , external spiral s..
sulci palatini [TA] SYN: palatine grooves, under groove.
s. palatinus major [TA] SYN: greater palatine groove.
s. palatovaginalis [TA] SYN: palatovaginal groove.
paracentral s. [TA] a s. on the medial surface of the hemisphere, sometimes regarded as a branch of the cingulate s., located between the anterior portions of the paracentral lobule and the medial portions of the superior frontal gyrus. SYN: s. paracentralis [TA] .
s. paracentralis [TA] SYN: paracentral s..
sulci paracolici [TA] SYN: paracolic gutters, under gutter.
paraglenoid s. SYN: preauricular groove.
s. paraglenoidalis SYN: preauricular groove.
sulci paraolfactorii [TA] SYN: parolfactory sulci.
parietooccipital s. [TA] a very deep, almost vertically oriented fissure on the medial surface of the cerebral cortex, marking the border between the precuneus portion of the parietal lobe and the cuneus of the occipital lobe; its lower part curves forward and fuses with the anterior extent of the calcarine fissure (s. calcarinus); the great depth of this combined fissure causes a bulge in the medial wall of the occipital horn of the lateral ventricle, the calcar avis. SYN: s. parieto-occipitalis [TA] , fissura parietooccipitalis, parietooccipital fissure.
s. parieto-occipitalis [TA] SYN: parietooccipital s..
s. parolfactorius anterior SYN: anterior parolfactory s..
s. parolfactorius posterior SYN: posterior parolfactory s..
parolfactory sulci [TA] small sulci found in the parolfactory area, which is located immediately rostral to the lamina terminalis; they frequently consist of anterior and posterior sulci. SEE ALSO: anterior parolfactory s.. SYN: sulci paraolfactorii [TA] .
periconchal s. SYN: fossa antihelica.
s. for pharyngotympanic tube [TA] a furrow on the inner surface of the posterior border of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone, for the cartilaginous auditory tube. SYN: s. tubae auditoriae [TA] , groove for auditory tube, pharyngotympanic groove, s. for auditory tube.
s. popliteus [TA] SYN: groove for popliteus.
postcentral s. [TA] the s. that demarcates the postcentral gyrus from the superior and inferior parietal lobules. SYN: s. postcentralis [TA] .
s. postcentralis [TA] SYN: postcentral s..
s. posterior auriculae [TA] SYN: posterior auricular groove.
posterior intermediate s. [TA] a longitudinal furrow between the posterior median and the posterolateral sulci of the spinal cord in the cervical region, marking the gracile fasciculus from the cuneate fasciculus. SYN: s. intermedius posterior [TA] , dorsal intermediate s., posterior intermediate groove.
posterior interventricular s. [TA] a groove on the diaphragmatic surface of the heart, marking the location of the septum between the two ventricles. SYN: s. interventricularis posterior [TA] , crena cordis (2) , posterior interventricular groove.
posterior median s. of medulla oblongata [TA] the longitudinal groove marking the posterior midline of the medulla oblongata; continuous below with the posterior median s. of the spinal cord. SYN: s. medianus posterior medullae oblongatae [TA] , dorsal median s.&star, posterior median fissure of the medulla oblongata.
posterior median s. of spinal cord [TA] a shallow furrow in the median line of the posterior surface of the spinal cord. SYN: s. medianus posterior medullae spinalis [TA] , posterior median fissure of spinal cord.
posterior parolfactory s. [TA] a shallow groove on the medial surface of the hemisphere demarcating the subcallosal gyrus or precommissural septum from the parolfactory area. SYN: s. parolfactorius posterior.
posterolateral s. [TA] a longitudinal furrow on either side of the posterior median s. of the spinal cord marking the line of entrance of the posterior nerve roots. SYN: s. posterolateralis [TA] , dorsolateral s.&star, posterolateral groove.
s. posterolateralis [TA] SYN: posterolateral s..
preauricular s. SYN: preauricular groove.
precentral s. [TA] an interrupted fissure anterior to and in general parallel with the central s., marking the anterior border of the precentral gyrus. SYN: s. precentralis [TA] , s. verticalis.
s. precentralis [TA] SYN: precentral s..
prechiasmatic s. [TA] the groove on the upper surface of the sphenoid bone running transversely between the optic canals bounded anteriorly by the sphenoidal limbus and posteriorly by the tuberculum sellae; forms in relationship to the optic chiasm. SYN: s. prechiasmaticus [TA] , chiasmatic groove, chiasmatic s., optic groove.
s. prechiasmaticus [TA] SYN: prechiasmatic s..
s. promontorii cavitatis tympanicae [TA] SYN: groove of promontory of labyrinthine wall of tympanic cavity.
s. of promontory of tympanic cavity SYN: groove of promontory of labyrinthine wall of tympanic cavity.
s. of pterygoid hamulus SYN: groove for pterygoid hamulus.
s. pterygopalatinus SYN: greater palatine groove.
s. pulmonalis [TA] SYN: pulmonary groove.
pulmonary s. SYN: pulmonary groove.
rhinal s. [TA] the shallow rostral continuation of the collateral s. that delimits the rostral part of the parahippocampal gyrus from the fusiform or lateral occipitotemporal gyrus. One of the oldest sulci of the pallium, it marks the border between the neocortex and the allocortical (olfactory). SYN: s. rhinalis [TA] , rhinal fissure.
s. rhinalis [TA] SYN: rhinal s..
sagittal s. SYN: groove for superior sagittal sinus.
s. of sclera SYN: s. sclerae.
s. sclerae [TA] a slight groove on the external surface of the eyeball indicating the line of union of the sclera and cornea (corneoscleral junction or limbus of cornea). SYN: scleral s., s. of sclera.
scleral s. SYN: s. sclerae.
sigmoid s. SYN: groove for sigmoid sinus.
s. sinus petrosi inferioris [TA] SYN: groove for inferior petrosal sinus.
s. sinus petrosi superioris [TA] SYN: groove for superior petrosal sinus.
s. sinus sagittalis superioris SYN: groove for superior sagittal sinus.
s. sinus sigmoidei [TA] SYN: groove for sigmoid sinus.
s. sinus transversi [TA] SYN: groove for transverse sinus.
skin sulci [TA] the numerous grooves of variable depth on the surface of the epidermis. SYN: sulci cutis [TA] , skin furrows, skin grooves.
s. spinosus SYN: stria spinosa.
s. spiralis externus [TA] SYN: outer spiral s..
s. spiralis internus [TA] SYN: inner spiral s..
subclavian s. SYN: subclavian groove.
s. subclavianus SYN: subclavian groove.
s. subclavius SYN: groove of lung for subclavian artery.
subparietal s. [TA] a s. continuing the direction of the cingulate s. from where the marginal part of that fissure bends upward; it forms the upper boundary of the posterior portion of the cingulate gyrus. SYN: s. subparietalis [TA] .
s. subparietalis [TA] SYN: subparietal s..
superior frontal s. [TA] a sagittal fissure on the superior surface of each frontal lobe of the cerebrum starting from the precentral s.; it forms the lateral boundary of the superior frontal convolution. SYN: s. frontalis superior [TA] .
superior longitudinal s. SYN: groove for superior sagittal sinus.
superior occipital s. one of several small and variable sulci bordering the superior occipital gyri on the upper aspect of the occipital lobe of the cerebrum. SYN: s. occipitalis superior.
superior petrosal s. SYN: groove for superior petrosal sinus.
superior temporal s. [TA] the longitudinal s. that separates the superior and middle temporal gyri. SYN: s. temporalis superior [TA] , superior temporal fissure.
supraacetabular s. SYN: supra-acetabular groove.
s. supraacetabularis [TA] SYN: supra-acetabular groove.
talar s. SYN: s. tali.
s. tali [TA] the groove on the inferior surface of the talus, which with a corresponding groove on the calcaneus forms the sinus tarsi. SYN: interosseous groove of talus, interosseous groove (2) , talar s..
sulci temporales transversi SYN: transverse temporal s..
s. temporalis inferior [TA] SYN: inferior temporal s..
s. temporalis medius SYN: middle temporal s..
s. temporalis superior [TA] SYN: superior temporal s..
s. temporalis transversus [TA] SYN: transverse temporal s..
s. tendinis musculi fibularis longi [TA] SYN: groove for tendon of fibularis longus.
s. tendinis musculi flexoris hallucis longi [TA] SYN: groove for tendon of flexor hallucis longus.
s. tendinis musculi peronei longi 1. groove for tendon of fibularis longus. 2. the groove distal to the tuberosity of the cuboid bone.
terminal s. [TA] SYN: s. terminalis.
s. terminalis cordis [TA] a groove on the surface of the right atrium of the heart, marking the junction of the primitive sinus venosus with the atrium. SYN: s. terminalis atrii dextri [TA] .
s. terminalis [TA] groove demarcating the end of a structure (and usually the beginning of another). SYN: terminal s. [TA] .
s. terminalis atrii dextri [TA] SYN: s. terminalis cordis.
s. terminalis linguae [TA] SYN: terminal s. of tongue.
terminal s. of tongue [TA] a V-shaped groove, with apex pointing backward, on the surface of the tongue, marking the separation between the anterior (oral or horizontal) and the posterior (pharyngeal or vertical) parts. SYN: s. terminalis linguae [TA] .
tonsillolingual s. the space between the palatine tonsil and the tongue.
transverse occipital s. the posterior, vertical limb of the intraparietal s.. SYN: s. occipitalis transversus [TA] .
s. for transverse sinus SYN: groove for transverse sinus.
transverse temporal s. [TA] the shallow s. that demarcates the transverse temporal gyri on the opercular surface of the superior temporal gyrus. This s. frequently consists of more than a single s., depending on the exact configuration of the transverse temporal gyrus (gyri). SYN: s. temporalis transversus [TA] , sulci temporales transversi.
s. tubae auditoriae [TA] SYN: s. for pharyngotympanic tube.
Turner s. SYN: intraparietal s..
tympanic s. [TA] the groove on the inner aspect of the tympanic part of the temporal bone in which the tympanic membrane is fixed. SYN: s. tympanicus [TA] , tympanic groove.
s. tympanicus [TA] SYN: tympanic s..
s. of umbilical vein the s. on the fetal liver occupied by the umbilical vein. SYN: s. venae umbilicalis.
s. for vena cava [TA] a groove on the posterior surface of the liver between the caudate lobe and the right lobe which gives passage to the inferior vena cava. SYN: s. venae cavae [TA] , fossa venae cavae, groove for inferior venae cava.
s. venae cavae [TA] SYN: s. for vena cava.
s. venae cavae cranialis SYN: groove for superior vena cava.
s. venae subclaviae [TA] SYN: groove for subclavian vein.
s. venae umbilicalis SYN: s. of umbilical vein.
sulci venosi [TA] SYN: venous grooves, under groove.
s. ventralis SYN: anterior median fissure of spinal cord.
ventrolateral s. anterolateral s..
s. for vertebral artery SYN: groove for vertebral artery.
s. verticalis SYN: precentral s..
vomeral s. SYN: vomerine groove.
s. vomeralis SYN: vomerine groove, vomerine groove.
s. vomeris [TA] SYN: vomerine groove.
s. vomerovaginalis [TA] SYN: vomerovaginal groove.

sulf- sulf-, sulfo-

1. Prefix denoting that the compound to the name of which it is attached contains a sulfur atom. This spelling (rather than sulph-, sulpho-) is preferred by the American Chemical Society and has been adopted by the USP and NF, but not by the BP. 2. Prefix form of sulfonic acid or sulfonate.

sulfa
sulfa (sul′fa)

Denoting the s. drugs, or sulfonamides.

sulfabenzamide
sulfabenzamide (sul-fa-ben′za-mid)

An antimicrobial of the sulfonamide group. SYN: N-sulfanilylbenzamide.

sulfacetamide
sulfacetamide (sul-fa-set′a-mid)

An antibacterial agent of the sulfonamide group, primarily used topically; s. sodium has the same uses as s. and also is used locally for eye infections and for prevention of gonorrheal ophthalmia in newborn infants. SYN: N-sulfanilylacetamide.

sulfacid
sulfacid (sulf-as′id)

SYN: thioacid.

sulfacytine
sulfacytine (sul-fa-si′ten)

A sulfonamide used as an oral antibiotic in the treatment of urinary tract infections.

sulfadiazine
sulfadiazine (sul-fa-di′a-zen)

One of a group of diazine derivatives of sulfanilamide, the pyrimidine analog of sulfapyridine and sulfathiazole; one of the components of the triple sulfonamide mixture. It is an inhibitor of bacterial folic acid synthesis, which has been highly effective against pneumococcal, staphylococcal, and streptococcal infections, against infections with Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and in acute gonococcal arthritis; s. sodium has the same uses.

sulfadimethoxine
sulfadimethoxine (sul′fa-di-me-thok′sen)

A long-acting sulfonamide that is rapidly absorbed after oral administration and is slowly excreted by the kidney; it accumulates in the tissue and requires lower doses to attain effective tissue concentrations than do the other sulfonamides.

sulfadimidine
sulfadimidine (sul-fa-dim′i-den)

SYN: sulfamethazine.

sulfadoxine
sulfadoxine (sul-fa-dok′sen)

A long-acting sulfonamide, used with quinine and pyrimethamine to reduce the relapse rate of malaria. SYN: sulformethoxine.

sulfaethidole
sulfaethidole (sul-fa-eth′i-dol)

A sulfonamide used in the treatment of systemic and urinary tract infections.

sulfafurazole
sulfafurazole (sul-fa-fur′a-zol)

SYN: sulfisoxazole.

sulfaguanidine
sulfaguanidine (sul-fa-gwahn′i-den)

The guanidine derivative of sulfanilamide. It is poorly absorbed from the gastroenteric tract; useful for bacterial infections of the lower intestinal tract and for preoperative sterilization of the intestinal tract; a goitrogen. SYN: sulfaguine.

sulfaguine
sulfaguine (sul′fa-guin)

SYN: sulfaguanidine.

sulfalene
sulfalene (sul′fa-len)

A very long-acting sulfonamide that enhances, as do other sulfonamides and sulfones, the effectiveness of antimalarial agents such as pyrimethamine, chloroguanide, or cycloguanil.

sulfamerazine
sulfamerazine (sul-fa-mer′a-zen)

One of the components of the triple sulfonamide mixtures.

sulfameter
sulfameter (sulf′a-me-ter)

A slowly excreted sulfonamide once used in the treatment of acute and chronic urinary tract infections. SYN: sulfamethoxydiazine.

sulfamethazine
sulfamethazine (sul-fa-meth′a-zen)

One of the components of the triple sulfonamide mixture. SYN: sulfadimidine.

sulfamethizole
sulfamethizole (sul-fa-meth′i-zol)

A sulfonamide useful for the treatment of urinary tract infection, because of its high solubility.

sulfamethoxazole
sulfamethoxazole (sul′fa-meth-ok′sa-zol)

A sulfonamide related chemically to sulfisoxazole, with a similar antibacterial spectrum, but a slower rate of absorption from the gastrointestinal tract and urinary excretion.

sulfamethoxydiazine
sulfamethoxydiazine (sul′fa-me-thok′si-di′a-zen)

SYN: sulfameter.

sulfamethoxypyridazine
sulfamethoxypyridazine (sul′fa-me-thok′si-pi-rid′a-zen)

A long-acting sulfonamide that requires a single daily dose for maintaining effective tissue concentrations. S. acetyl is a preparation well suited for pediatric use because it is tasteless; it is also used to enhance the actions of quinine and other suppressants in the chemoprophylaxis of malaria.

sulfamoxole
sulfamoxole (sul-fa-mok′sol)

An antimicrobial agent of the sulfonamide group.

sulfanilamide
sulfanilamide (sul-fa-nil′a-mid)

The first sulfonamide used for its chemotherapeutic effect in infections caused by some β-hemolytic streptococci, meningococci, gonococci, Clostridium welchii, and in certain infections of the urinary tract, especially those due to Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris; less effective than sulfapyridine in the treatment of pneumococcic, staphylococcic, and Klebsiella pneumoniae infections. Toxic manifestations include acidosis, cyanosis, hemolytic anemia, and agranulocytosis.

sulfaphenazole
sulfaphenazole (sul-fa-fen′a-zol)

A long-acting sulfonamide that is rapidly absorbed after oral administration; one dose is sufficient to maintain effective tissue concentration for 24 hours.

sulfapyrazine
sulfapyrazine (sul-fa-pir′a-zen)

An antibacterial agent of the sulfonamide group.

sulfapyridine
sulfapyridine (sul-fa-pir′i-den)

An antibacterial agent of the sulfonamide group.

sulfasalazine
sulfasalazine (sul-fa-sal′a-zen)

A sulfonamide (acid-azosulfa compound) with a marked affinity for connective tissues, especially for those rich in elastin, used in chronic ulcerative colitis; it is broken down in the body to aminosalicylic acid and sulfapyridine. SYN: salicylazosulfapyridine.

sulfatase
sulfatase (sul′fa-tas)

1. Trivial name for enzymes in EC group 3.1.6, the sulfuric ester hydrolases, which catalyze the hydrolysis of sulfuric esters (sulfates) to the corresponding alcohols plus inorganic sulfate; includes aryl-, sterol, glycol-, chondroitin, choline-, cellulose, cerebroside, and chondro- sulfatases. 2. SYN: arylsulfatase.
multiple s. deficiency an inherited disorder (autosomal recessive) in which there is a failure to hydrolyze sulfatides and sulfated mucopolysaccharides; this failure leads to their accumulation in neural and extraneural tissues, causing demyelination, sulfatiduria, facial and skeletal dysmorphism, etc.

sulfate
sulfate (sul′fat)

A salt or ester of sulfuric acid.
acid s. SYN: bisulfate.
active s. SYN: adenosine 3′-phosphate 5′-phosphosulfate.
s. adenylyltransferase an enzyme that catalyzes a step in the pathway for the synthesis of active s.; the enzyme reacts ATP with s. to produce pyrophosphate and adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate (APS). SYN: ATP sulfurylase.
codeine s. a water-soluble salt of codeine, often used in solid pharmaceutical dosage forms. Also used in cough preparations, where the drug suppresses the cough reflex.
dermatan s. an anticoagulant with properties similar to heparin and sharing with heparin a sulfated mucopolysaccharide structure; a repeating polymer of l-iduronic acid and N-acetyl-d-galactosamine. O-Sulfation of iduronic acid residues at the C-2 position and of galactosamine residues at the C-4 and C-6 positions occurs to a variable extent. SYN: chondroitin s. B.
iron s. a soluble iron salt frequently used as an iron supplement in tablets and liquid preparations as a hematinic. SYN: ferrous s..
polysaccharide s. esters s. esters of polysaccharides often found in cell walls.

sulfathiazole
sulfathiazole (sul-fa-thi′a-zol)

An antibacterial agent of the sulfonamide group.

sulfatidates
sulfatidates (sul′fa-ti-dats)

SYN: sulfatides.

sulfatides
sulfatides (sul′fa-tidz)

Cerebroside sulfuric esters containing one or more sulfate groups in the sugar portion of the molecule. SYN: sulfatidates.

sulfatidosis
sulfatidosis (sul′fa-ti-do′sis) [MIM*272200]

A combination of metachromatic leukodystrophy and mucopolysaccharidosis caused by deficiency of sulfatase enzymes such as arylsulfatases A, B, and C, and steroid sulfatases; characterized by coarse facial features, ichthyosis, hepatosplenomegaly, and skeletal abnormalities, with increased urinary excretion of dermatan and heparan sulfates; autosomal recessive inheritance. SEE ALSO: metachromatic leukodystrophy.

sulfation
sulfation (sul-fa′shun)

Addition of sulfate groups as esters to preexisting molecules.

sulfhemoglobin
sulfhemoglobin (sulf-he′mo-glo-bin)

SYN: sulfmethemoglobin.

sulfhemoglobinemia
sulfhemoglobinemia (sulf-he′mo-glo-bi-ne′me-a)

A morbid condition due to the presence of sulfhemoglobin in the blood; it is marked by a persistent cyanosis, but the blood count does not reveal any special abnormality in that fluid; it is thought to be caused by the action of hydrogen sulfide absorbed from the intestine.

sulfhydrate
sulfhydrate (sulf-hi′drat)

A compound (hydrosulfide) containing the ion HS⁻. SYN: sulfohydrate.

sulfhydryl
sulfhydryl (SH) (sulf-hi′dril)

The radical –SH; contained in glutathione, cysteine, coenzyme A, lipoamide (all in the reduced state), and in mercaptans (R–SH). SYN: thiel.

sulfide
sulfide (sul′fid)

A compound of sulfur in which the sulfur has a valence of −2; e.g., Na₂S, HgS; also, a thioether ( i.e., R&cbond;S&cbond;R′, such as lanthionine). SYN: sulfuret.

sulfikinase
sulfikinase (sul′fo-kin′as)

SYN: sulfotransferase.

sulfindigotic acid
sulfindigotic acid (sul′fin-di-got′ik)

Formed by the action of sulfuric acid on indigo, a reaction that also yields indigo carmine.

sulfinpyrazone
sulfinpyrazone (sul-fin-pir′a-zon)

An analgesic and uricosuric agent, useful in gout, that promotes the excretion of uric acid, probably by interfering with the tubular reabsorption of uric acid.

sulfisomidine
sulfisomidine (sul-fi-so′mi-den)

The structural isomer of sulfamethazine, used in the treatment of systemic and urinary tract infections.

sulfisoxazole
sulfisoxazole (sul-fi-sok′sa-zol)

A sulfonamide used chiefly in bacterial infections of the urinary tract. SYN: sulfafurazole.
s. diolamine the 2,2′-iminodiethanol salt of s.; used for intravenous, subcutaneous, or intramuscular administration.

sulfite
sulfite (sul′fit)

A salt of sulfurous acid; elevated in cases of molybdenum cofactor deficiency.
s. dehydrogenase an oxidoreductase catalyzing the reaction of s. with 2ferricytochrome c and water to sulfate and 2ferrocytochrome c.
s. oxidase a liver oxidoreductase (hemoprotein) catalyzing the reaction of inorganic s. ion with O₂ and water to produce sulfate ion and H₂O₂; a lower activity of this enzyme is observed in cases of molybdenum cofactor deficiency.
s. reductase oxidoreductase catalyzing reduction of s. to H₂S using some reduced acceptor.

sulfituria
sulfituria (sulf′it-oor-e-a)

Elevated levels of sulfites in the urine.

sulfmethemoglobin
sulfmethemoglobin (sulf-met-he′mo-glo-bin)

The complex formed by H₂S (or sulfides) and ferric ion in methemoglobin. SYN: sulfhemoglobin.

sulfo- sulfo-

See sulf-.

sulfoacid
sulfoacid (sul′fo-as-id)

1. SYN: thioacid. 2. SYN: sulfonic acid.

3-sulfoalanine
3-sulfoalanine (sul-fo-al′a-nen)

SYN: cysteic acid.

sulfobromophthalein sodium
sulfobromophthalein sodium (sul′fo-bro-mo-thal′e-in)

A triphenylmethane derivative excreted by the liver, used in testing hepatic function, particularly of the reticuloendothelial cells. SYN: bromosulfophthalein, bromsulfophthalein.

sulfocyanate
sulfocyanate (sul-fo-si′a-nat)

SYN: thiocyanate.

sulfocyanic acid
sulfocyanic acid (sul-fo-si-an′ik)

SYN: thiocyanic acid.

S-sulfocysteine
S-sulfocysteine (sul-fo-sis′te-en)

A sulfated derivative of cysteine that is elevated in individuals with a molybdenum cofactor deficiency.

3-sulfogalactosylceramide
3-sulfogalactosylceramide

A sulfatide that accumulates in individuals with metachromatic leukodystrophy.

sulfogel
sulfogel (sul′fo-jel)

A hydrogel with sulfuric acid instead of water as the dispersion means.

sulfohydrate
sulfohydrate (sul-fo-hi′drat)

SYN: sulfhydrate.

sulfokinase
sulfokinase (sul′fo-kin-as)

SYN: sulfotransferase.

sulfolysis
sulfolysis (sul-fol′i-sis)

Lysis brought on or accelerated by sulfuric acid.

sulfomucin
sulfomucin (sul-fo-mu′sin)

A mucin containing sulfuric esters in its mucopolysaccharides or glycoproteins.

sulfomyxin sodium
sulfomyxin sodium (sul-fo-mik′sin)

A mixture of sulfomethylated polymyxin B and sodium bisulfite; an antibacterial agent.

sulfonamides
sulfonamides (sul-fon′a-midz)

The sulfa drugs, a group of bacteriostatic drugs containing the sulfanilamide group (sulfanilamide, sulfapyridine, sulfathiazole, sulfadiazine, and other sulfanilamide derivatives).

sulfonate
sulfonate (sul′fo-nat)

A salt or ester of sulfonic acid.

sulfone
sulfone (sul-fon)

A compound of the general structure R′–SO₂–R&dprime;.

sulfonic acid
sulfonic acid (sul-fon′ik)

Any of the compounds in which a hydrogen atom of a CH group is replaced by the s. group, –SO₃H; general formula: R–SO₃H. SYN: sulfoacid (2) .

sulfonium salts
sulfonium salts (sul-fo′ne-um)

Compounds containing sulfur covalently linked to three moieties; E.G., RS⁺(R′)R′′′, such as S-adenosyl-l-methionine.

sulfonylureas
sulfonylureas (sul′fo-nil-u-re′az)

Derivatives of isopropylthiodiazylsulfanilamide, chemically related to the sulfonamides, which possess hypoglycemic action. Belonging to this series are acetohexamide, azepinamide, chlorpropamide, fluphenmepramide, glymidine, hydroxyhexamide, heptolamide, indylamide, thiohexamide, tolazamide, and tolbutamide.

sulfoprotein
sulfoprotein (sul-fo-pro′ten)

A protein molecule containing sulfate groups.

6-sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol
6-sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol (sul′fo-kwi′no-vo-sil, -kwin′o)

Quinovose containing an SO₃H on C-6 and a doubly substituted glycerol on C-1; the sulfolipid occurring in all photosynthetic tissues.

sulforhodamine B
sulforhodamine B (sul-fo-ro′da-men) [C.I. 45100]

A xanthene dye derivative, a fluorochrome used for tagging proteins by a sulfamido condensation; employed in immunofluorescence alone or in combination with fluorescein isothiocyanate for the simultaneous microscopic detection of two antigens in contrasting red and green colors. SYN: lissamine rhodamine B 200.

sulformethoxine
sulformethoxine (sul′for-me-thok′sen)

SYN: sulfadoxine.

sulfosalicylic acid
sulfosalicylic acid (sul′fo-sal-i-sil′ik)

Used as a test for albumin and ferric ion. SYN: salicylsulfonic acid.

sulfosol
sulfosol (sul′fo-sol)

A hydrosol with sulfuric acid instead of water as the dispersion means.

sulfotransferase
sulfotransferase (sul-fo-trans′fer-as)

Generic term for enzymes in EC sub-subclass 2.8.2 catalyzing the transfer of a sulfate group from 3′-phosphoadenylyl sulfate (active sulfate) to the hydroxyl group of an acceptor, producing the sulfated derivative and 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphate. SYN: sulfikinase, sulfokinase.

sulfoxide
sulfoxide (sul-fok′sid)

The sulfur analog of a ketone, R′–SO–R&dprime;.

sulfoxone sodium
sulfoxone sodium (sul-fok′son)

An antileprotic.

sulfur
sulfur (S) (sul′fer)

An element, atomic no. 16, atomic wt. 32.066, that combines with oxygen to form s. dioxide (SO₂) and s. trioxide (SO₃), and these with water to make strong acids, and with many metals and nonmetallic elements to form sulfides; mildly laxative; has been used to treat rheumatism, gout, and bronchitis, and externally in the treatment of skin diseases. SYN: brimstone. [L. s., brimstone, s.]
s. dioxide SO₂;a colorless, nonflammable gas with a strong, suffocating odor; a powerful reducing agent used to prevent oxidative deterioration of food and medicinal products. SEE ALSO: sulfurous acid. SYN: sulfurous oxide.
s. iodide has been used in the treatment of certain skin diseases.
liver of s. SYN: sulfurated potash.
precipitated s. sublimed s. boiled with lime water, the lime being removed from the precipitate by washing with diluted hydrochloric acid; used in preparing s. ointment and in the treatment of various skin disorders. SYN: lac sulfuris, milk of s..
roll s. sublimed s. melted and cast in cylindrical molds; sometimes called brimstone.
soft s. an allotropic form obtained by dropping very hot melted s. into water; it is then temporarily of a viscid or waxy consistency.
sublimed s. used in preparing s. ointment and in the treatment of various skin disorders. SYN: flowers of s..
s. trioxide SO₃;forms sulfuric acid, H₂SO₄, by its reaction with water. SYN: sulfuric oxide.
vegetable s. SYN: lycopodium.
washed s. sublimed s. macerated in diluted ammonia water to remove the free acid; same therapeutic uses as sublimed s..
wettable s. s. prepared from calcium polysulfide solution containing a protective colloid such as casein; it is easily dispersed and suspended in water.

sulfur-35
sulfur-35 (³⁵S)

A radioactive sulfur isotope; a beta emitter with a half-life of 87.2 days; used as a tracer in the study of metabolism of cysteine, cystine, methionine, etc.; also used to estimate, with labeled sulfate, extracellular fluid volumes.

sulfuret
sulfuret (sul′fer-et)

SYN: sulfide.

sulfur group
sulfur group

The elements sulfur, selenium, and tellurium; they form dibasic acids with hydrogen, and their oxyacids are also dibasic.

sulfuric
sulfuric (sul-fu′rik)

Related to s. acid.

sulfuric acid
sulfuric acid (sul-fur′ik)

H₂SO₄;a colorless, nearly odorless, heavy, oily, corrosive liquid containing 96% of the absolute acid; used occasionally as a caustic. SYN: oil of vitriol.
fuming s. SYN: Nordhausen s..
Nordhausen s. s. containing sulfurous acid gas in solution. SYN: fuming s.. [named for Nordhausen, a town in Saxony where it was first prepared]

sulfuric ether
sulfuric ether

SYN: diethyl ether.

sulfuric oxide
sulfuric oxide

SYN: sulfur trioxide.

sulfurous
sulfurous (sul′fur-us)

Designating a sulfur compound in which sulfur has a valence of +4 as contrasted to sulfuric compounds in which sulfur has a valence of +6, or sulfides (−2).

sulfurous acid
sulfurous acid

A solution of about 6% sulfur dioxide in water; used chiefly as a disinfectant and bleaching agent; it has been used externally for its parasiticidal effect in various skin diseases.

sulfurous oxide
sulfurous oxide

SYN: sulfur dioxide.

sulfuryl
sulfuryl (sul′fur-il)

The bivalent radical, –SO₂–.

sulfydrate
sulfydrate (sul-fi′drat)

A compound of SH⁻.

sulindac
sulindac (sul-in′dak)

A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic actions. S. is a prodrug which is reduced to an active drug.

sulisobenzone
sulisobenzone (soo-li′so-ben′zon)

A sunscreen agent.

Sulkowitch
Sulkowitch

Hirsh W., U.S. physician, *1906. See S. reagent.

sulph- sulph-, sulpho-

See sulf-.

sulpiride
sulpiride (sul′pir-id)

An antidepressant.

sulthiame
sulthiame (sul-thi′am)

Inhibits carbonic anhydrase; an anticonvulsant used in the treatment of temporal lobe epilepsy and grand mal with psychomotor seizures; may cause ataxia, paresthesias, and psychotic episodes.

Sulzberger
Sulzberger

Marion B., U.S. dermatologist, 1895–1983. See Bloch-S. disease, syndrome, S.-Garbe disease, S.-Garbe syndrome.

summation
summation (sum-a′shun)

The aggregation of a number of similar neural impulses or stimuli. [Mediev. L. summatio, fr. summo, pp. -atus, to sum up, fr. L. summa, sum]
s. of stimuli cumulative muscular or neural effects produced by the frequent repetition of stimuli.

Sumner
Sumner

F.W., 20th century British surgeon. See S. sign.

sunburn
sunburn (sun′bern)

Erythema with or without blistering caused by exposure to critical amounts of ultraviolet light, usually within the range of 260–320 nm in sunlight (UVB). SYN: erythema solare.

sundowning
sundowning (sun′down-ing)

The onset or exacerbation of delirium during the evening or night with improvement or disappearance during the day; most often seen in mid and later stages of dementing disorders, such as Alzheimer disease.

sunflower seed oil
sunflower seed oil (sun′flow-er)

Oil from the seeds of Helianthus annuus (family Compositae); the glycerides consist mainly of the mixed triglycerides, each containing one or two linoleic acid radicals; used as a food, and in dietary supplements.

sunscreen
sunscreen (sun′skren)

A topical product that protects the skin from ultraviolet-induced erythema and resists washing off; its use also reduces formation of solar keratoses and reduces ultraviolet-B-induced melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers and wrinkling.

sunstroke
sunstroke (sun′strok)

A form of heatstroke resulting from undue exposure to the sun's rays, probably caused by the action of actinic rays combined with high temperature; symptoms are those of heatstroke, but often without fever. SYN: heliosis, ictus solis, insolation (2) , siriasis, solar fever (2) .

super- super-

In excess, above, superior, or in the upper part of; often the same usage as L. supra-. Cf.:hyper-. [L. super, above, beyond]

superabduction
superabduction (soo-per-ab-duk′shun)

Abduction of a limb beyond the normal limit. SYN: hyperabduction.

superacidity
superacidity (soo′per-a-sid′i-te)

An excess of acid; excessive acidity.

superacromial
superacromial (soo-per-a-kro′me-al)

Above the acromion process. SYN: supra-acromial.

superactivity
superactivity (soo-per-ak-tiv′i-te)

Abnormally great activity. SYN: hyperactivity (1) .

superacute
superacute (soo′per-a-kut′)

Extremely acute; marked by extreme severity of symptoms and rapid progress, as of the course of a disease.

superalimentation
superalimentation (soo′per-al′i-men-ta′shun)

SYN: hyperalimentation.

superanal
superanal (soo-per-a′nal)

SYN: supra-anal.

superantigen
superantigen

An antigen that interacts with the T-cell receptor in a domain outside the antigen recognition site. This interaction induces the activation of larger numbers of T cells than are induced by antigens that are presented in the antigen recognition site leading to the release of numerous cytokines. SEE ALSO: antigen.

superciliary
superciliary (soo-per-sil′e-ar-e)

Relating to or in the region of the eyebrow. SYN: supraciliary.

supercilium
supercilium, pl .supercilia (soo′per-sil′e-um, -a)

SYN: eyebrow. [L. fr. super, above, + cilium, eyelid]

supercoiling
supercoiling

SYN: superhelicity.

superdicrotic
superdicrotic (soo-per-di-krot′ik)

SYN: hyperdicrotic.

superdistention
superdistention (soo′per-dis-ten′shun)

SYN: hyperdistention.

superduct
superduct (sooper-dukt)

To elevate or draw upward. [L. super-duco, pp. -ductus, to lead over]

superego
superego (soo-per-e′go)

In psychoanalysis, one of the three components of the psychic apparatus in the freudian structural framework, the other two being the ego and the id. It is an outgrowth of the ego that has identified itself unconsciously with important persons, such as parents, from early life, and which results from incorporating the values and wishes of these persons and subsequently societal norms as part of one's own standards to form the “conscience.”

supereruption
supereruption

Movement of a tooth beyond the normal plane of occlusion due to the loss of its antagonist(s).

superexcitation
superexcitation (soo′per-ek-si-ta′shun)

1. The act of exciting or stimulating unduly. 2. A condition of extreme excitement or stimulation.

superextension
superextension (soo-per-eks-ten′shun)

SYN: hyperextension.

superfatted
superfatted (soo′per-fat′ed)

With additional fat added, as in the case of soap.

superfetation
superfetation (soo′per-fe-ta′shun)

The presence of two fetuses of different ages, not twins, in the uterus, due to the impregnation of two ova liberated at successive periods of ovulation; an obsolete concept. SYN: hypercyesis, hypercyesia, multifetation, superimpregnation.

superficial
superficial (soo-per-fish′al) [TA]

1. Cursory; not thorough. 2. Pertaining to or situated near the surface. 3. SYN: superficialis. [L. superficialis, fr. superficies, surface]

superficialis
superficialis (soo′per-fish-e-a′lis) [TA]

Situated nearer the surface of the body in relation to a specific reference point. Cf.:profundus. SYN: superficial (3) [TA] , sublimis (2) . [L.]
s. volae SYN: superficial palmar branch of radial artery.

superficies
superficies (su-per-fish′i-ez)

Outer surface; facies. [L. the top surface, fr. super, above, + facies, figure, form]

superflexion
superflexion (soo-per-flek′shun)

SYN: hyperflexion.

superfuse
superfuse (soo-per-fus′)

To flush a fluid over the top of a tissue. Cf.:perfuse, perifuse.

superfusion
superfusion (soo-per-fu′zhun)

The act of superfusing.

supergenual
supergenual (soo-per-jen′u-al)

Above the knee or any genu.

superhelicity
superhelicity (soo′per-he-li′si-te)

Referring to native duplex DNA structure in which there is further twisting or coiling of the double helix. SYN: supercoiling.

superimpregnation
superimpregnation (soo′per-im-preg-na′shun)

SYN: superfetation.

superinduce
superinduce (soo′per-in-doos)

To induce or bring on in addition to something already existing.

superinfection
superinfection (soo′per-in-fek′shun)

A new infection in addition to one already present.

superinvolution
superinvolution (soo′per-in-vo-loo′shun)

An extreme reduction in size of the uterus, after childbirth, below the normal size of the nongravid organ. SYN: hyperinvolution.

superior
superior (soo-per′e-or)

1. Situated above or directed upward. 2. [NA] In human anatomy, situated nearer the vertex of the head in relation to a specific reference point; opposite of inferior. SYN: cranial (2) . [L. comparative of superus, above]

superlactation
superlactation (soo′per-lak-ta′shun)

The continuance of lactation beyond the normal period. SYN: hyperlactation.

superligamen
superligamen (soo-per-lig′a-men)

A retentive dressing; a bandage retaining a surgical dressing in place. [L. ligamen, bandage]

supermedial
supermedial (soo-per-me′de-al)

Above the middle of any part.

supermotility
supermotility (soo′per-mo-til′i-te)

SYN: hyperkinesis.

supernatant
supernatant (soo-per-na′tant)

See s. fluid. [super- + L. natare, to swim]

supernumerary
supernumerary (soo-per-noo′mer-ar-e)

Exceeding the normal number. SYN: epactal. [super- + L. numerus, number]

supernutrition
supernutrition (soo′per-noo-trish′un)

Overeating leading to obesity. SYN: hypernutrition.

superolateral
superolateral (soo-per-o-lat′er-al)

At the side and above.

superovulation
superovulation (soo′per-o-vu-la′shun)

Ovulation of a greater than normal number of ova; usually the result of the administration of exogenous gonadotropins.

superoxide
superoxide (soo-per-oks′id)

An oxygen free radical, O₂⁻, which is toxic to cells.
s. dismutase (SOD) an enzyme that catalyzes the dismutation reaction, 2O₂&chmpnt;⁻ + 2H⁺ → H₂O₂ + O₂; there are three isozymes of SOD: an extracellular form (ECSOD) that contains copper and zinc, a cytoplasmic form that also contains copper and zinc, and a mitochondrial form that contains manganese; a deficiency of SOD is associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

superparasite
superparasite (soo-per-par′a-sit)

A member of a large population of parasites living on a host, usually a parasitic hymenopteran larva in its insect host. SEE ALSO: parasitoid.

superparasitism
superparasitism (soo-per-par′a-si-tizm)

1. Association between parasitic Hymenoptera and their insect hosts. 2. An excess of parasites of the same species in a host, overtaxing the defense mechanism to the degree that disease or death results, in contrast to multiple parasitism.

superpetrosal
superpetrosal (soo-per-pe-tro′sal)

Above or at the upper part of the petrous portion of the temporal bone.

supersaturate
supersaturate (soo-per-sach′u-rat)

To make a solution hold more of a salt or other substance in solution than it will dissolve when in equilibrium with that salt in the solid phase; such solutions are usually unstable with respect to precipitating the excess salt or substance and becoming saturated.

superscription
superscription (soo′per-skrip′shun)

The beginning of a prescription, consisting of the injunction, recipe, take, usually denoted by the sign ℞. [L. super-scribo, pp. -scriptus, to write upon or over]

supersonic
supersonic (soo′per-son′ik)

1. Pertaining to or characterized by a speed greater than the speed of sound. SEE ALSO: hypersonic. 2. Pertaining to sound vibrations of high frequency, above the level of human audibility. SEE ALSO: ultrasonic. [super- + L. sonus, sound]

superstructure
superstructure (soo-per-struk′choor)

A structure above the surface.
implant denture s. the denture which is retained and stabilized by the implant denture substructure.

supertension
supertension (soo-per-ten′shun)

Extreme tension; incorrectly used as a synonym of high blood pressure, or hyperpiesis.

supervoltage
supervoltage (soo′per-vol′tij)

In radiation therapy, a descriptor for high-energy radiation above 1000 V.

supinate
supinate (soo′pi-nat)

1. To assume, or to be placed in, a supine (face upward) position. 2. To perform supination of the forearm or of the foot. [L. supino, pp. -atus, to bend backwards, place on back, fr. supinus, supine]

supination
supination (soo′pi-na′shun) [TA]

The condition of being supine; the act of assuming or of being placed in a supine position.
s. of the foot inversion and abduction of the foot, causing an elevation of the medial edge.
s. of the forearm rotation of the forearm in such a way that the palm of the hand faces foreward when the arm is in the anatomical position, or upward when the arm is extended at a right angle to the body.

supinator
supinator (soo′pi-na-ter, -tor) [TA]

SYN: s. (muscle). See s. (muscle), biceps brachii (muscle).

supine
supine (soo-pin′)

1. Denoting the body when lying face upward. 2. Supination of the forearm or of the foot. [L. supinus]

support
support (su-port′)

1. To add to in an attempt to give greater strength. 2. SYN: supporter. 3. In dentistry, a term used to denote resistance to vertical components of masticatory force. [L. supporto, to carry]

supporter
supporter (su-port′er)

An apparatus intended to hold in place a dependent or pendulous part, prolapsed organ, or joint. SYN: support (2) . [see support]

suppository
suppository (su-poz′i-tor-e)

A small solid body shaped for ready introduction into one of the orifices of the body other than the oral cavity ( e.g., rectum, urethra, vagina), made of a substance, usually medicated, which is solid at ordinary temperatures but melts at body temperature. S. bases usually used are theobroma oil, glycerinated gelatin, hydrogenated vegetable oils, mixtures of polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights, and fatty acid esters of polyethylene glycol. [L. suppositorium, fr. suppositorius, placed underneath]
glycerin s. a conical translucent dosage form for rectal administration intended for the relief of constipation; frequently used in young children. Contains glycerin and a stiffening agent such as sodium stearate (a soap). Action is produced by lubrication, water retention, and local irritation.

suppression
suppression (su-presh′un)

1. Deliberately excluding from conscious thought. Cf.:repression. 2. Arrest of the secretion of a fluid, such as urine or bile. Cf.:retention (2) . 3. Checking of an abnormal flow or discharge, as in s. of a hemorrhage. 4. The effect of a second mutation which overwrites a phenotypic change caused by a previous mutation at a different point on the chromosome. See epistasis. 5. Inhibition of vision in one eye when dissimilar images fall on corresponding retinal points. [L. subprimo (subp-), pp. -pressus, to press down]
fixation s. the reduction in induced or spontaneous nystagmus that occurs with visual fixation.
immune s. s. of the immune response by some compound or agent.
intergenic s. See suppressor mutation (2) .
intragenic s. See suppressor mutation (2) .

suppressor
suppressor (soo-pres′or)

A compound that suppresses the effects of mutation or suppresses what would be a normal course of events.
amber s. a mutant gene that codes for a tRNA whose anticodon has been altered so that the altered tRNA responds to UAG codons as well.

suppurant
suppurant (sup′ur-ant)

1. Causing or inducing suppuration. 2. An agent with this action. [L. suppurans, causing suppuration]

suppurate
suppurate (sup′yur-at)

To form pus. [L. sup-puro (subp-), pp. -atus, to form pus (pur), pus]

suppuration
suppuration (sup′yu-ra′shun)

The formation of pus. SYN: pyesis, pyogenesis, pyopoiesis, pyosis. [L. suppuratio (see suppurate)]

suppurative
suppurative (sup′yur-a-tiv)

Forming pus.

supra- supra-

A position above the part indicated by the word to which it is joined; in this sense, the same as super-; opposite of infra-. [L. supra, on the upper side]

supra-acromial
supra-acromial (soo-pra-a-kro′me-al)

SYN: superacromial.

supra-anal
supra-anal (soo-pra-a′nal)

Above the anus. SYN: superanal.

supra-auricular
supra-auricular (soo-pra-aw-rik′u-lar)

Above the auricle or pinna of the ear.

supra-axillary
supra-axillary (soo′pra-ak′si-lar′e)

Above the axilla.

suprabuccal
suprabuccal (soo-pra-buk′al)

Above the cheek.

suprabulge
suprabulge (soo′pra-bulj)

The portion of the crown of a tooth that converges toward the occlusal surface of the tooth.

supracardinal
supracardinal (soo-pra-kar′di-nal)

Lying dorsal to the anterior or posterior cardinal veins in the embryo.

supracerebellar
supracerebellar (soo-pra-ser-e-bel′ar)

On or above the surface of the cerebellum.

supracerebral
supracerebral (soo-pra-ser′e-bral, -se-re′bral)

On or above the surface of the cerebrum.

suprachoroid
suprachoroid (soo-pra-ko′royd)

On the outer side of the choroid of the eye.

suprachoroidea
suprachoroidea

SYN: suprachoroid lamina of sclera.

supraciliary
supraciliary (soo-pra-sil′e-ar-e)

SYN: superciliary.

supraclavicular
supraclavicular (soo-pra-kla-vik′u-lar)

Above the clavicle, denoting some cutaneous nerves.

supraclavicularis
supraclavicularis (soo′pra-kla-vik′u-lar′is)

See supraclavicular muscle.

supracondylar
supracondylar (soo-pra-kon′di-lar)

Above a condyle. SYN: supracondyloid.

supracondyloid
supracondyloid (soo′-pra-kon′di-loyd)

SYN: supracondylar.

supracostal
supracostal (soo-pra-kos′tal)

Above the ribs.

supracotyloid
supracotyloid (soo-pra-kot′i-loyd)

Above the cotyloid cavity, or acetabulum.

supracristal
supracristal (soo-pra-kris′tal)

Above a crest or ridge; specifically used to denote a line or plane across the summits of the iliac crests.

supradiaphragmatic
supradiaphragmatic (soo-pra-di-a-frag-mat′ik)

Above the diaphragm.

supraduction
supraduction (soo-pra-duk′shun)

The upward rotation of one eye. SYN: sursumduction.

supraepicondylar
supraepicondylar (soo-pra-ep′i-kon′di-lar)

Above an epicondyle.

supraglenoid
supraglenoid (soo-pra-gle′noyd)

Above the glenoid cavity or fossa.

supraglottic
supraglottic (soo-pra-glot′ik)

Above the glottis.

supraglottitis
supraglottitis (soop′ra-gla-ti′tis)

An infectious inflammation and swelling of the laryngeal tissue above the glottis, especially of the epiglottis, which becomes red and spherical leading to upper airway obstruction.

suprahepatic
suprahepatic (soo-pra-he-pat′ik)

Above the liver.

suprahyoid
suprahyoid (soo-pra-hi′oyd)

Above the hyoid bone, denoting, among other things, a group of muscles.

suprainguinal
suprainguinal (soo-pra-ing′gwin-al)

Above the inguinal region, or groin.

supraintestinal
supraintestinal (soo-pra-in-tes′ti-nal)

Above the intestine.

supraliminal
supraliminal (soo-pra-lim′i-nal)

More than just perceptible; above the threshhold for conscious awareness. Cf.:subliminal. [supra- + L. limen, threshold]

supralumbar
supralumbar (soo-pra-lum′bar)

Above the lumbar region.

supramalleolar
supramalleolar (soo-pra-mal-e-o-lar)

Above a malleolus.

supramammary
supramammary (soo-pra-mam′a-re)

Above the mammary gland.

supramandibular
supramandibular (soo-pra-man-dib′u-lar)

Above the mandible.

supramarginal
supramarginal (soo-pra-mar′jin-al)

Above any margin; denoting especially the s. gyrus.

supramastoid
supramastoid (soo-pra-mas′toyd)

Above the mastoid process of the temporal bone.

supramaxilla
supramaxilla (soo′pra-mak-sil′a)

Obsolete term for maxilla.

supramaxillary
supramaxillary (soo-pra-mak′si-lar-e)

Above the maxilla.

supramental
supramental (soo-pra-men′tal)

Above the chin.

supramentale
supramentale (soo′pra-men-ta′le)

In cephalometrics, the most posterior midline point, above the chin, on the mandibula between the infradentate and the pogonion. SYN: point B. [supra- + L. mentum, chin]

supranasal
supranasal (soo-pra-na′sal)

Above the nose.

supraneural
supraneural (soo-pra-noo′ral)

Above the neural axis.

supranuclear
supranuclear (soo-pra-noo′kle-er)

Above (cranial to) the level of the motor neurons of the spinal or cranial nerves; the pathways the suprasegmental nerve fibers follow to reach the motor cell bodies in the brainstem; as used in clinical neurology, s. indicates disorders of movement caused by destruction or functional impairment of brain structures other than the motor neurons, such as the motor cortex, pyramidal tract, or striate body; e.g., s. palsy, as distinguished from the nuclear (or flaccid, or “lower motor neuron”) paralysis that results from destruction or functional impairment of the motor neurons or their axons in a peripheral nerve.

supraocclusion
supraocclusion (soo′pra-o-kloo′zhun)

An occlusal relationship in which a tooth extends beyond the occlusal plane.

supraorbital
supraorbital (soo-pra-or′bi-tal)

Above the orbit, either on the face or within the cranium; denoting numerous structures. See canal, foramen, notch, nerve.

supraorbitomeatal
supraorbitomeatal (soo′pra-or-bit-o-me-at′al)

Above or at the top of both the orbit and the external acoustic meatus; denotes a line or plane.

suprapatellar
suprapatellar (soo-pra-pa-tel′ar)

Above the patella, denoting especially a bursa.

suprapelvic
suprapelvic (soo-pra-pel′vik)

Above the pelvis.

supraphysiologic
supraphysiologic, supraphysiological (soo′pra-fiz-e-o-loj′ik, -loj′i-kal)

Denoting any dose (of a chemical agent that either is or mimics a hormone, neurotransmitter, or other naturally occurring agent) that is larger or more potent than would occur naturally, or the effects of such a dose. Cf.:homeopathic (2) , pharmacologic (2) , physiologic (4) .

suprapubic
suprapubic (soo-pra-pu′bik)

Above the pubic bone.

suprarenal
suprarenal (soo′pra-re′nal)

1. Above the kidney. SYN: surrenal. 2. Pertaining to the s. glands. [supra- + L. ren, kidney]

suprascapular
suprascapular (soo-pra-skap′u-lar)

Above the scapula, denoting especially an artery, vein, and nerve.

suprascleral
suprascleral (soo-pra-skler′al)

On the outer side of the sclera, denoting the s. or perisclerotic space between the sclera and the fascia bulbi.

suprasellar
suprasellar (soo-pra-sel′ar)

Above or over the sella turcica.

supraspinal
supraspinal (soo-pra-spi′nal)

Above the vertebral column or any spine.

supraspinalis
supraspinalis (soo-pra-spi-na′lis)

See s. (muscle).

supraspinatus
supraspinatus (soo-pra-spi-na′tus)

See s. (muscle).

supraspinous
supraspinous (soo-pra-spi′nus)

Above any spine; especially above one or more of the vertebral spines ( e.g., s. ligament) or the spine of the scapula.

suprastapedial
suprastapedial (soo-pra-sta-ped′e-al)

Above the stapes.

suprasternal
suprasternal (soo-pra-ster′nal)

Above the sternum.

suprasylvian
suprasylvian (soop-ra-sil′ve-an)

Above the fissure of Sylvius or lateral sulcus.

suprasymphysary
suprasymphysary (soo-pra-sim-phiz′a-re)

Above the pubic symphysis.

supratemporal
supratemporal (soo-pra-tem′po-ral)

Above the temporal region.

supratentorial
supratentorial (soo′pra-ten-tor′e-al)

Denoting cranial contents located above the tentorium cerebelli; often used to describe functional symptoms.

suprathoracic
suprathoracic (soo-pra-tho-ras′ik)

Above or in the upper part of the thorax.

supratonsillar
supratonsillar (soo-pra-ton′si-lar)

Above the tonsil; denoting a recess above and slightly back of the tonsil.

supratrochlear
supratrochlear (soo-pra-trok′le-ar)

Above a trochlea, denoting a nerve.

supraturbinal
supraturbinal (soo-pra-ter′bi-nal)

SYN: supreme nasal concha.

supratympanic
supratympanic (soo-pra-tim-pan′ik)

Above the tympanic cavity.

supravaginal
supravaginal (soo-pra-vaj′i-nal)

Above the vagina, or above any sheath.

supravalvar
supravalvar (soo-pra-val′var)

Above the valves, either pulmonary or aortic. SYN: supravalvular.

supravalvular
supravalvular (soo-pra-val′vu-lar)

SYN: supravalvar.

supraventricular
supraventricular (soo-pra-ven-trik′u-lar)

Above the ventricles; especially applied to rhythms originating from centers proximal to the ventricles, namely in the atrium, AV node, or AV junction, in contrast to rhythms arising in the ventricles themselves.

supraversion
supraversion (soo-pra-ver′zhun)

1. A turning (version) upward. 2. In dentistry, the position of a tooth when it is out of the line of occlusion in an occlusal direction; a deep overbite. 3. In ophthalmology, binocular conjugate rotation upward. [supra- + L. verto, pp. versus, to turn]

suprofen
suprofen (soo-pro′fen)

A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and analgesic properties; similar to ibuprofen.

sural
sural (soo′ral)

Relating to the calf of the leg.

suralimentation
suralimentation (ser-al′i-men-ta′shun)

SYN: hyperalimentation. [Fr. sur, fr. L. super, above]

suramin sodium
suramin sodium (soo′ra-min)

A complex derivative of urea; used in the treatment of trypanosomiasis, onchocerciasis, and pemphigus.

surface
surface (ser′fas) [TA]

The outer part of any solid. SYN: face (2) [TA] , facies (2) [TA] . [F. fr. L. superficius, see superficial]
acromial articular s. of clavicle SYN: acromial facet of clavicle.
anterior s. [TA] the s. of a structure or part of the body that faces forward. TA recognizes an anterior s. (facies anterior ...) of the following structures: heart (... cordis [TA]); cornea (... corneae [TA]); body of maxilla (... corporis maxillae [TA]); lens (... lentis [TA]); eyelids (... palpebrae [TA]); petrous part of temporal bone (... pars petrosi ossis temporalis [TA]); kidney (... renis [TA]); iris (... iridis [TA]); patella (... patellae [TA]); prostate (... prostatae [TA]); radius (... radii [TA]); suprarenal gland (... glandulae suprarenalis [TA]); ulna (... ulnae [TA]); uterus (... uteri [TA]). SYN: facies anterior [TA] .
anterior s. of arm SYN: anterior region of arm.
anterior articular s. of dens [TA] the curved articular facet on the anterior aspect of the dens of the axis that articulates with the facet for the dens of the axis anterior arch of the atlas. SYN: facies articularis anterior dentis [TA] .
anterior s. of cornea [TA] the external s. of the cornea. SYN: facies anterior corneae [TA] .
anterior s. of elbow SYN: anterior region of elbow.
anterior s. of eyelids SYN: facies anterior palpebrarum.
anterior s. of forearm SYN: anterior region of forearm.
anterior s. of iris [TA] the aspect of the iris of the eyeball visible through the cornea. SYN: facies anterior iridis [TA] .
anterior s. of kidney [TA] the aspect of the kidney facing th abdominal cavity. SYN: facies anterior renis [TA] .
anterior s. of leg SYN: anterior region of leg.
anterior s. of lens [TA] the aspect of the lens of the eyeball that forms the posterior boundary of the aqueous-filled anterior segment. SYN: facies anterior lentis [TA] .
anterior s. of lower limb [TA] the ventral or flexor aspect of the inferior limb. SYN: facies anterior membri inferioris [TA] .
anterior s. of maxilla [TA] the s. of the maxilla below the orbit and lateral to the nasal aperture. SYN: facies anterior corporis maxillae [TA] .
anterior s. of patella [TA] the subcutaneous aspect of the patella. SYN: facies anterior patellae [TA] .
anterior s. of petrous part of temporal bone [TA] the s. of the petrous part of the temporal bone contributing to the floor of the middle cranial fossa. SYN: facies anterior partis petrosae ossis temporalis [TA] .
anterior s. of prostate [TA] the aspect of the prostate facing the pubic symphysis. SYN: facies anterior prostatae [TA] .
anterior s. of radius [TA] the ventral aspect of the radius, much of which provides attachment for the flexor pollicis longus muscle. SYN: facies anterior radii [TA] .
anterior s. of suprarenal gland [TA] the aspect of the suprarenal gland facing the abdominal cavity. SYN: facies anterior glandulae suprarenalis [TA] .
anterior talar articular s. of calcaneus [TA] underlies the head of the talus and contributes to the talocalcaneonavicular joint. SYN: facies articularis talaris anterior calcanei [TA] .
anterior s. of thigh SYN: anterior region of thigh.
anterior s. of ulna [TA] the anterior s. of the ulna. SYN: facies anterior ulnae [TA] .
anterior s. of uterus [TA] ventral s. of uterus; in its normal position (anteverted and anteflexed) this is actually a mostly inferior s.. SYN: facies anterior uteri [TA] .
anteroinferior s. of pancreas [TA] the s. of the body of the pancreas that faces forward and downward. SYN: facies anteroinferior corporis pancreatis [TA] .
anterolateral s. of arytenoid cartilage [TA] of the three nonarticular surfaces of the pyramidal arytenoid cartilage, the convex, rougher one that bears the oblong and triangular foveae, the former giving attachment to the vocalis and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles, the latter to the vestibular ligament. SYN: facies anterolateralis cartilaginis arytenoideae [TA] .
anterolateral s. of (shaft of) humerus [TA] the s. of the humerus lateral to the intertubercular groove. SYN: facies anterolateralis corporis humeri [TA] , facies anterior lateralis corporis humeri.
anteromedial s. of shaft of humerus [TA] the s. of the humerus between the anterior and medial borders of the bone. SYN: facies anteromedialis corporis humeri [TA] , facies anterior medialis corporis humeri.
anterosuperior s. of body of pancreas [TA] of the three surfaces of the prism-shaped body of the pancreas, the one which faces (contacts) the stomach, being separated from it by the potential space of the omental bursa. SYN: facies anterosuperioris corporis pancreatis [TA] .
approximal s. of tooth [TA] the s. of a tooth that faces an adjacent tooth in the dental arch; the contact s. that is closest to the anterior midline of the dental arch is the mesial s. of a tooth; that farthest is the distal s.. SYN: interproximal s. of tooth&star, contact s. of tooth, facies approximalis dentis, facies contactus dentis.
articular s. [TA] any articular s.. SYN: facies articularis [TA] .
articular s. of acromion SYN: clavicular articular facet of acromion.
articular s. of arytenoid cartilage [TA] the oval s. on the undersurface of the muscular process of the arytenoid for articulation with the cricoid cartilage. SYN: facies articularis cartilaginis arytenoideae [TA] .
articular s. of mandibular fossa of temporal bone [TA] the smooth portion of the mandibular articular fossa and eminence of the temporal bone that articulates with the disk of the temporomandibular joint. SYN: facies articularis fossae mandibularis ossis temporalis [TA] .
articular s. on calcaneus for cuboid bone [TA] the saddle-shaped s. on the anterior end of the calcaneus for articulation with the cuboid (bone). SYN: facies articularis cuboidea ossis calcanei [TA] , cuboidal articular s. of calcaneus.
articular s. of patella [TA] the posterior s. of the patella, covered with hyaline cartilage and subdivided by a vertical ridge into a larger lateral and a smaller medial s. for articulation with the corresponding condyles of the femur. SYN: facies articularis patellae [TA] .
arytenoidal articular s. of cricoid [TA] one of two oval facets on the superolateral margin of the cricoid lamina for articulation with the arytenoid cartilages. SYN: facies articularis arytenoidea cricoideae [TA] .
auricular s. of ilium [TA] the irregular, L-shaped articular s. on the medial aspect of the ilium that articulates with the sacrum. SYN: facies auricularis ossis ilii [TA] .
auricular s. of sacrum [TA] the rough articular s. on the lateral aspect of the sacrum that articulates with the ilium on each side. SYN: facies auricularis ossis sacri [TA] .
axial surfaces surfaces of a tooth parallel to its long axis; the axial surfaces are the vestibular (labial or buccal), lingual, and contact (mesial or distal).
balancing occlusal s. SYN: balancing contact.
basal s. the s. of the denture of which the detail is determined by the impression and which rests upon the basal seat.
buccal s. 1. cheek portion of vestibular s. of tooth. 2. the mucosa of the cheek; 3. in prosthodontics, the side of a denture adjacent to the cheek.
calcaneal articular s. of talus [TA] one of three articular facets on the talus for union with the calcaneus: anterior facet on talus for calcaneus (facies articularis calcanea anterior tali [TA]), middle facet on talus for calcaneus (facies articularis calcanea media tali [TA]), and posterior facet on talus for calcaneus (facies articularis calcanea posterior tali [TA]). SYN: facies articularis calcanea tali [TA] .
carpal articular s. of radius [TA] the biconcave distal s. of the radius for articulation with the scaphoid bone laterally and the lunate medially. SYN: facies articularis carpi radii [TA] .
cerebral s. the internal s. of certain cranial bones; they are (the greater wing of) the sphenoid (facies cerebralis alae majoris ossis sphenoidale [TA]) and (the squamous part of) the temporal bone (facies cerebralis partis squamosae ossis temporale [TA]). SYN: facies cerebralis.
colic s. of spleen SYN: colic impression of spleen.
contact s. of tooth SYN: approximal s. of tooth.
costal s. [TA] the s. of certain structures that face the ribs; they are the costal surfaces of the lungs (facies costalis pulmonis [TA]) and the scapula (facies costalis scapulae [TA]). SYN: facies costalis [TA] .
costal s. of lung [TA] the s. of each lung that lies in contact with the costal pleura. SYN: facies costalis pulmonis [TA] .
costal s. of scapula [TA] the concave aspect of the body of the scapula that faces the thorax and that principally lodges and gives origin to the subscapularis muscle. SYN: facies costalis scapulae [TA] .
cuboidal articular s. of calcaneus SYN: articular s. on calcaneus for cuboid bone.
denture basal s. SYN: denture foundation s..
denture foundation s. that portion of the s. of a denture which has its contour determined by the impression and bears the greater part of the occlusal load. SYN: denture basal s..
denture impression s. that portion of the s. of a denture which has its contour determined by the impression; it includes the borders of the denture and extends to the polished s..
denture occlusal s. that portion of the s. of a denture that makes contact or near contact with the corresponding s. of an opposing denture or tooth. SYN: facies occlusalis dentis [TA] , occlusal s. of tooth (2) [TA] , facies masticatoria, grinding s., masticating s., masticatory s..
denture polished s. that portion of the denture which extends in an occlusal direction from the border of the denture and includes the palatal s.; it is the part of the denture base which is usually polished and includes the buccal and lingual surfaces of the teeth.
diaphragmatic s. [TA] the s. of an organ in contact with the diaphragm (facies diaphragmatica...) as of the heart (... cordis [TA]); liver (... hepatis [TA]); lungs (... pulmonis [TA]); and spleen (... splenica [TA]). SYN: facies diaphragmatica [TA] .
distal s. of tooth [TA] the contact s. of a tooth that is directed away from the median plane of the dental arch; opposite to the mesial s. of a tooth. SYN: facies distalis dentis [TA] .
dorsal s. [TA] the dorsal s. of a structure such as the sacrum, the finges, or the toes. SYN: facies dorsalis [TA] .
dorsal s. of digit (of hand or foot) [TA] the dorsal s. of a finger or toe. SYN: facies digitalis dorsalis (manus et pedis) [TA] .
dorsal s. of sacrum [TA] the posterosuperior aspect of the sacrum marked by a median and two lateral sacral crests between which four dorsal sacral foramina are located on each side. SYN: facies dorsalis ossis sacri [TA] .
dorsal s. of scapula SYN: posterior s. of scapula.
external s. [TA] the outer convex s. of either the frontal or the parietal bone. SYN: facies externa [TA] .
external s. of cochlear duct [TA] the aspect of the duct that faces the outer (spiral ligament) side of the cochlea. SYN: paries externus ductus cochlearis [TA] , external wall of cochlear duct.
external s. of cranial base [TA] external aspect of the base of skull. SYN: basis cranii externa [TA] , external base of skull, norma basilaris, norma inferior, norma ventralis.
external s. of frontal bone [TA] the convex outer s. of the frontal bone. SYN: facies externa ossis frontalis [TA] .
external s. of parietal bone [TA] the convex outer s. of the parietal bone. SYN: facies externa ossis parietalis [TA] .
facial s. of tooth SYN: vestibular s. of tooth.
fibular articular s. of tibia SYN: fibular articular facet of tibia.
gastric s. of spleen SYN: gastric impression on spleen.
glenoid s. SYN: mandibular fossa.
gluteal s. of ilium [TA] the external s. of the wing of the ilium marked by the anterior, posterior, and inferior gluteal lines that separate the origins of the gluteal muscles. SYN: facies glutea ossis ilii [TA] .
grinding s. SYN: denture occlusal s..
incisal s. SYN: incisal margin.
inferior articular s. of atlas [TA] one of two concave surfaces on the lateral masses of the atlas that articulate with corresponding surfaces on the axis. SYN: facies articularis inferior atlantis [TA] , fovea articularis inferior atlantis, inferior articular facet of atlas, inferior articular pit of atlas.
inferior articular s. of tibia [TA] the quadrilateral s. on the distal end of the tibia for articulation with the talus; it is concave anteroposteriorly and broader anteriorly. SYN: facies articularis inferior tibiae [TA] .
inferior s. of cerebellar hemisphere it rests in the posterior cranial fossa and overlies the medulla; it includes the semilunaris inferior, biventer lobule, cerebellar tonsil, and flocculus. SYN: facies inferior hemispherii cerebri [TA] .
inferior cerebral s. SYN: base of brain.
inferior s. of petrous part of temporal bone [TA] the portion of the petrous part of the temporal bone that contributes to the external base of the skull. SYN: facies inferior partis petrosae ossis temporalis [TA] .
inferior s. of tongue [TA] the s. of the tongue that faces the floor of the oral cavity, its mucosa being thin, smooth, and devoid of papillae. SYN: facies inferior linguae [TA] .
inferolateral s. of prostate [TA] the s. of the prostate facing the body of the pubis and the pelvic diaphragm. SYN: facies inferolateralis prostatae [TA] .
infratemporal s. of (body of) maxilla [TA] the convex posterolateral s. of the body of the maxilla that form the anterior wall of the infratemporal fossa. SYN: facies infratemporalis corporis maxillae [TA] .
infratemporal s. of greater wing of sphenoid [TA] inferiorly directed s. of greater wing of sphenoid that forms a roof for the infratemporal fossa. SYN: facies infratemporalis alaris majoris ossis sphenoidalis [TA] .
interlobar surfaces of lung [TA] s. of a lobe of the lung that lies adjacent to (in contact with) the s. of another lobe; the two surfaces are separated by an interlobar fissure in the interlobar fissures of the lung. SYN: facies interlobares pulmonis.
internal s. [TA] the internal concave s. of either the frontal or the parietal bone. SYN: facies interna [TA] .
internal s. of cranial base [TA] the interior aspect of the skull base on which the brain rests; the floor of the cranial cavity. SYN: basis cranii interna [TA] , internal base of skull.
internal s. of frontal bone [TA] the s. of the frontal bone that contributes to the wall of the cranial cavity. SYN: facies interna ossis frontalis [TA] .
internal s. of parietal bone [TA] the concave s. of the parietal bone forming part of the wall of the cranial cavity. SYN: facies interna ossis parietalis [TA] .
interproximal s. of tooth approximal s. of tooth.
intestinal s. of uterus [TA] the posterosuperior s. of the uterus with which loops of intestine come in contact. SYN: facies intestinalis uteri [TA] .
lateral s. [TA] the s. of a part of the body that faces away from the midline; TA recognizes a lateral s. on the following structures: fibula, ovary, radius, testis, tibia, zygomatic bone. SYN: facies lateralis [TA] .
lateral s. of arm the lateral s. of the arm. SYN: facies lateralis brachii.
lateral s. of fibula [TA] the lateral s. of the fibula. SYN: facies lateralis fibulae [TA] .
lateral s. of finger the lateral s. of a finger. SYN: facies lateralis digiti manus.
lateral s. of leg the lateral s. of the part of the inferior limb between the knee and the ankle. SYN: facies lateralis cruris.
lateral s. of lower limb the lateral s. of the inferior limb. SYN: facies lateralis membri inferioris.
lateral malleolar s. of talus SYN: lateral malleolar facet of talus.
lateral s. of ovary [TA] the s. of the ovary facing the pelvic wall. SYN: facies lateralis ovarii [TA] .
lateral s. of testis [TA] the laterally directed s. of the testis. SYN: facies lateralis testis [TA] .
lateral s. of tibia [TA] the laterally directed s. of the tibia. SYN: facies lateralis tibiae [TA] .
lateral s. of toe the lateral s. of a toe. SYN: facies lateralis digiti pedis.
lateral s. of zygomatic bone [TA] the lateral s. of the zygomatic bone. SYN: facies lateralis ossis zygomatici [TA] .
lingual s. of tooth [TA] the s. of a tooth that faces the tongue; opposite to the s. vestibulum dentis. SYN: facies lingualis dentis [TA] .
lunate s. of acetabulum [TA] the curved articular s. that surrounds the acetabular fossa and articulates with the head of the femur. SYN: facies lunata acetabuli [TA] .
malleolar articular s. of fibula SYN: articular facet of lateral malleolus.
malleolar articular s. of tibia SYN: articular facet of medial malleolus.
masticating s. SYN: denture occlusal s..
masticatory s. SYN: denture occlusal s..
maxillary s. of greater wing of sphenoid bone [TA] the part of the anterior s. of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone that is perforated by the foramen rotundum and forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. SYN: facies maxillaris alaris majoris ossis sphenoidalis [TA] .
maxillary s. of palatine bone the lateral s. of the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone; SYN: facies maxillaris ossis palatini.
medial s. [TA] the s. of a part of the body that faces toward the midline. TA recognizes a medial s. on the following structures: arytenoid cartilage, cerebral hemisphere, fibula, ovary, testis, tibia, ulna. SYN: facies medialis [TA] .
medial s. of arytenoid cartilage [TA] the s. of the arytenoid cartilage that faces its contralateral partner. SYN: facies medialis cartilaginis arytenoideae [TA] .
medial cerebral s. SYN: medial s. of cerebral hemisphere.
medial s. of cerebral hemisphere [TA] it faces, above as well as anterior and posterior to the corpus callosum, the falx cerebri; below it are the mesencephalon and the dura-covered medial wall of the middle cranial fossa. SYN: facies medialis hemispherii cerebri [TA] , medial cerebral s..
medial s. of fibula [TA] the s. of the fibula directed toward the midline. SYN: facies medialis fibulae [TA] .
medial s. of lung SYN: mediastinal s. of lung.
medial s. of ovary [TA] the s. of the ovary that faces the pelvic cavity. SYN: facies medialis ovarii [TA] .
medial s. of testis SYN: facies medialis testis.
medial s. of tibia SYN: facies medialis tibiae.
medial s. of toes [TA] the medial s. of a toe. SYN: facies medialis digiti pedis [TA] .
medial s. of ulna SYN: facies medialis ulnae.
mediastinal s. of lung [TA] the part of the medial s. of a lung in contact with the mediastinum. SYN: facies mediastinalis pulmonis [TA] , facies medialis pulmonis, medial s. of lung, mediastinal part of lung, pars mediastinalis pulmonis.
mesial s. of tooth [TA] the contact s. of a tooth that is directed toward the median plane of the dental arch; opposite to the facies distalis dentis. SYN: facies mesialis dentis [TA] .
middle talar articular s. of calcaneus [TA] underlies the head of the talus and contributes to the talocalcaneonavicular joint. SYN: facies articularis talaris media calcanei [TA] .
nasal s. of maxilla [TA] the s. of the maxilla that forms part of the lateral nasal wall with a large defect (maxillary hiatus) posteriorly and the lacrimal sulcus in its midportion. SYN: facies nasalis maxillae [TA] .
nasal s. of palatine bone [TA] 1. the nasal s. of the perpendicular lamina of the palatine bone that forms part of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity (facies nasalis lamina perpendicularis ossis palatini [TA]); 2. the nasal s. of the horizontal lamina of the palatine bone that forms part of the floor of the nasal cavity (facies nasalis lamina horizontalis ossis palatini [TA]). SYN: facies nasalis ossis palatini [TA] .
navicular articular s. of talus [TA] the large convex s. on the head of the talus for articulation with the navicular bone. SYN: facies articularis navicularis tali [TA] .
occlusal s. of tooth [TA] 1. the s. of a tooth that occludes with or contacts an opposing s. of a tooth in the opposing jaw; 2. SYN: denture occlusal s..
orbital s. [TA] the s. of a bone that contributes to the walls of the orbit. TA recognizes an orbital s. (facies orbitalis... [TA]) on the following bones: greater wing of the sphenoid bone (... alaris majoris ossis sphenoidale [TA]); the body of the maxilla (... corporis maxillae [TA]); the frontal bone (... ossis frontalis [TA]); the zygomatic bone (... ossis zygomatici [TA]). SYN: facies orbitalis [TA] .
palatine s. of horizontal plate of palatine bone [TA] the inferior s. of the horizontal plate of the palatine bone. SYN: facies palatina laminae horizontalis ossis palatini [TA] .
palmar surfaces of fingers [TA] the flat of the fingers; the flexor or anterior s. of the fingers. SYN: facies palmares digitorum [TA] , facies digitalis palmaris, facies digitalis ventralis, ventral s. of digit.
patellar s. of femur [TA] the groove formed anteriorly between the anterosuperior portions of the femoral condyles that accommodates the patella. SYN: facies patellaris femoris [TA] , trochlea femoris.
pelvic s. of sacrum [TA] the s. of the sacrum that faces downward and forward forming the roof and part of the posterior wall of the pelvic cavity. SYN: facies pelvica ossis sacri [TA] .
Petzval s. the curved image plane upon which any extended linear object is focused by a lens; it is curved toward the edges of a convex lens and away from the edges of a concave lens. See barrel distortion, pincushion distortion.
plantar s. of foot SYN: sole of foot.
plantar s. of toe SYN: facies digitalis plantaris.
popliteal s. of femur [TA] the posterior s. of the lower end of the femur between the diverging lips of the linea aspera. SYN: facies poplitea femoris [TA] , planum popliteum, popliteal plane of femur.
posterior s. [TA] the s. of a part of the body that faces toward the posterior part of the body. TA recognizes a posterior s. of the following structures: arytenoid cartilage, cornea, eyelid, fibula, humerus, iris, kidney, lens, pancreas, petrous part of temporal bone, prostate, radius, scapula, suprarenal gland, tibia, ulna, uterus. SYN: facies posterior [TA] .
posterior s. of arm SYN: posterior region of arm.
posterior articular s. of dens SYN: posterior articular facet of dens.
posterior s. of arytenoid cartilage [TA] concave aspect of arytenoid cartilage that gives attachment to the arytenoid muscle and is directed toward the laryngopharynx. SYN: facies posterior cartilaginis arytenoideae [TA] .
posterior s. of cornea [TA] the deep or internal s. of the cornea in contact with the aqueous humor. SYN: facies posterior corneae [TA] .
posterior s. of elbow SYN: posterior region of elbow.
posterior s. of eyelids [TA] the internal s. of the eyelids, covered with conjunctiva. SYN: facies posterior palpebrarum [TA] .
posterior s. of fibula [TA] the aspect of the fibula that forms, with the tibia and interosseous membrane, the anterior boundary of the posterior compartment of the leg. SYN: facies posterior fibulae [TA] .
posterior s. of forearm SYN: posterior region of forearm.
posterior s. of iris [TA] the aspect of the iris covered with nonvisual retina, forming the anterior boundary of the posterior chamber of the eyeball. SYN: facies posterior iridis [TA] .
posterior s. of kidney [TA] the aspect of the kidney directed toward the posterior abdominal wall. SYN: facies posterior renis [TA] .
posterior s. of leg SYN: posterior region of leg.
posterior s. of lens [TA] the aspect of the lens of the eye that forms the anterior boundary of the postremal chamber and is adjacent to the vitreous body. SYN: facies posterior lentis [TA] .
posterior s. of lower limb the posterior s. of the inferior limb. SYN: facies posterior membri inferioris.
posterior s. of pancreas [TA] the aspect of the pancreas facing the posterior abdominal wall. SYN: facies posterior pancreatis [TA] .
posterior s. of petrous part of temporal bone [TA] the s. of the petrous part of the temporal bone that contributes to the posterior cranial fossa. SYN: facies posterior partis petrosae ossis temporalis [TA] .
posterior s. of prostate [TA] the aspect of the prostate that faces the rectum, separated from it by the retroprostatic fascia. SYN: facies posterior prostatae [TA] .
posterior s. of radius [TA] the dorsal aspect of the radius. SYN: facies posterior radii [TA] .
posterior s. of scapula [TA] the outer aspect of the body of the scapula, subdivided by the prominent spine of the scapula into a smaller supraspinous fossa and a larger infraspinous fossa. SYN: dorsal s. of scapula, facies dorsalis scapulae.
posterior s. of shaft of humerus [TA] the portion of the humerus that features the linea aspera, and to which the intermuscular septa of the thigh attach. SYN: facies posterior corporis humeri [TA] .
posterior s. of suprarenal gland [TA] the posteromedial s. of the suprarenal gland that contacts the diaphragmatic crura. SYN: facies posterior glandulae suprarenalis [TA] .
posterior talar articular s. (of calcaneus) [TA] articulates with talus (subtalar joint) posterior to sinus tarsi. SYN: facies articularis talaris posterior calcanei [TA] .
posterior s. of thigh SYN: posterior region of thigh.
posterior s. of tibia [TA] the aspect of the tibia that, with the posterior s. of the fibula and the interosseous membrane, forms the anterior boundary of the posterior compartment of the leg. SYN: facies posterior tibiae [TA] .
posterior s. of ulna [TA] the dorsal aspect of the ulna. SYN: facies posterior ulnae [TA] .
renal s. of spleen SYN: renal impression of spleen.
renal s. of suprarenal gland [TA] s. of suprarenal gland in contact with the kidney. SYN: facies renalis glandulae suprarenalis [TA] .
right/left pulmonary surfaces of heart the lateral surfaces of the heart, directed toward the lungs; on the left it is principally the left ventricular wall; on the right it is the right atrial wall and the upper part of the right ventricular wall. SYN: facies pulmonales cordis dextra/sinistra.
sacropelvic s. of ilium [TA] the medial s. of the ilium behind and below the iliac fossa; it includes the iliac tuberosity, the auricular s. and the smooth pelvic s. below and in front of the auricular s.. SYN: facies sacropelvina ossis ilii [TA] .
sternal articular s. of clavicle SYN: sternal facet of clavicle.
sternocostal s. of heart [TA] the anterior aspect of the heart, formed mostly by the right ventricle and to a lesser extent the left ventricle. SYN: facies sternocostalis cordis [TA] .
subocclusal s. a portion of the occlusal s. of a tooth which is below the level of the occluding portion of the tooth.
superior articular s. of atlas [TA] one of two concave articular surfaces on the superior aspect of the lateral masses of the atlas that articulate with the occipital condyles. SYN: facies articularis superior atlantis [TA] , fovea articularis superior atlantis, superior articular facet of atlas, superior articular pit of atlas.
superior articular s. of tibia [TA] the articular s. on the proximal end of the tibia that is divided into medial and lateral portions for articulation with the condyles of the femur. SYN: facies articularis superior tibiae [TA] .
superior s. of cerebellar hemisphere it lies against the under s. of the tentorium and includes the ala lobuli centralis, quadrangular lobule, simple lobule, and superior semilunar lobule. SYN: facies superior hemispherii cerebelli.
superior s. of talus SYN: superior facet of trochlear of talus.
superolateral cerebral s. SYN: superolateral s. of cerebrum.
superolateral s. of cerebrum [TA] the aspect of the cerebral hemisphere that lies in contact with the flat bones of the skull; it includes parts of the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. SYN: facies superolateralis hemispherii cerebri [TA] , superolateral face of cerebral hemisphere [TA] , cortical convexity, superolateral cerebral s..
symphysial s. of pubis [TA] the medial, elongated oval s. of the pubis that faces and articulates with its contralateral partner by means of the interpubic disc, forming the pubic symphysis. SYN: facies symphysialis [TA] .
talar articular surfaces of calcaneus [TA] the three facets of the calcaneus that articulate with the overlying talus; the anterior and middle talar articular s. contribute to the talocalcaneonavicular joint and are separated by the tarsal sinus from the posterior talar articular s. which enters into the subtalar joint. SYN: facies articularis talaris calcanei [TA] .
temporal s. [TA] the s. of a bone that contributes to the temporal fossa, namely, the greater wing of the sphenoid, the squamous part of the temporal, frontal, and zygomatic bones. SYN: facies temporalis [TA] .
tentorial s. those areas of the occipital lobe (inferior aspect) and the cerebellum (superior aspect) that are apposed to the superior and inferior surfaces, respectively, of the tentorium cerebelli.
thyroid articular s. of cricoid (cartilage) [TA] one of two small circular facets on the lateral s. of the cricoid cartilage near the inferior margin of the junction of the arch and lamina for articulation with the inferior horns of the thyroid cartilage. SYN: facies articularis thyroidea cricoideae [TA] .
tympanic s. of cochlear duct [TA] the wall that separates the cochlear duct from the scala tympani; it consists of the osseous spiral lamina and the basilar membrane. SYN: paries tympanicus ductus cochlearis [TA] , membrana spiralis&star, spiral membrane&star, tympanic wall of cochlear duct.
urethral s. of penis [TA] the s. of the penis opposite to the dorsum penis. SYN: facies urethralis penis [TA] .
ventral s. of digit SYN: palmar surfaces of fingers.
vesical s. of uterus [TA] the s. of the uterus facing the bladder and separated from it by the uterovesical pouch of peritoneum. SYN: facies vesicalis uteri [TA] .
vestibular s. of cochlear duct [TA] the membrane separating the cochlear duct from the vestibular canal; it consists of squamous epithelial cells with microvilli toward the ductus, a basement membrane, and a thin layer of connective tissue toward the scala. SYN: paries vestibularis ductus cochlearis [TA] , membrana vestibularis ductus cochlearis&star, vestibular membrane&star, Reissner membrane, vestibular wall of cochlear duct.
vestibular s. of tooth [TA] the s. of a tooth that faces the buccal or labial mucosa of vestibule of the mouth; opposite to the lingual s. of tooth. SYN: facies vestibularis dentis [TA] , facial s. of tooth, facies facialis dentis.
visceral s. of liver [TA] the posteroinferior s. of the liver that faces adjacent abdominal organs; the porta hepatis and gallbladder are located on this s.. SYN: facies visceralis hepatis [TA] .
visceral s. of the spleen [TA] the s. of the spleen in contact with adjacent viscera. SYN: facies visceralis splenis [TA] .
working occlusal surfaces the surfaces of teeth upon which mastication can occur.

surface-active
surface-active (ser′fas-ak′tiv)

Indicating the property of certain agents of altering the physicochemical nature of surfaces and interfaces, bringing about lowering of interfacial tension; they usually possess both lipophilic and hydrophilic groups. SEE ALSO: surfactant.

surfactant
surfactant (ser-fak′tant)

1. A surface-active agent, including substances commonly referred to as wetting agents, surface tension depressants, detergents, dispersing agents, emulsifiers, quaternary ammonium antiseptics, etc. 2. Those surface-active agents forming a monomolecular layer over pulmonary alveolar surfaces; lipoproteins that include lecithins and sphygomyelins that stabilize alveolar volume by reducing surface tension and altering the relationship between surface tension and surface area. [surface active agent]
nonionic s. a s. without a charged moiety.
zwitterionic s. a dipolar s..

surgeon
surgeon (ser′jun)

A physician who treats disease, injury, and deformity by operation or manipulation. [G. cheirougos; L. chirurgus]
attending s. a surgical member of the attending staff of a hospital.
dental s. a general practitioner of dentistry; a dentist with the D.D.S. or D.M.D. degree.
genitourinary s. SYN: urologist.
oral s. a dentist who specializes in oral surgery.

surgeon general
surgeon general

The chief medical officer in the U.S. Army, Navy, Air Force, or Public Health Service. In some foreign military services any member of the medical corps who has the rank of general, not necessarily the chief medical officer.

surgery
surgery (ser′jer-e)

1. The branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of disease, injury, and deformity by physical operation or manipulation. 2. The performance or procedures of an operation. [L. chirurgia; G. cheir, hand, + ergon, work]
ambulatory s. operative procedures performed on patients who are admitted to and discharged from a hospital on the same day.
aseptic s. the performance of an operation with sterilized hands, instruments, etc., and utilizing precautions against the introduction of infectious microorganisms from without.
closed s. s. without incision into skin, e.g., reduction of a fracture or dislocation.
cosmetic s. s. in which the principal purpose is to improve the appearance. SYN: esthetic s..
craniofacial s. simultaneous procedure on the cranium and facial bones.
endolymphatic sac s. a generic term for several operations performed on the endolymphatic sac for the treatment of Ménière disease.
esthetic s. SYN: cosmetic s..
functional endoscopic sinus s. (FESS) a group of operations performed on the paranasal sinuses, with illumination and magnification through an endoscope.
keratorefractive s. SYN: refractive keratoplasty.
laparoscopic s. operative procedure performed using minimally invasive surgical technique for exposure that avoids traditional incision; visualization is achieved using a fiber optic instrument, attached to a video camera.
laparoscopically assisted s. operative procedure performed using combined laparoscopic and open techniques.
left ventricular volume reduction s. operation in which the volume of a dilated, nonaneurysmal left ventricle is reduced by myocardial resection to improve ventricular geometry and mechanical function and thereby treat end-stage congestive heart failure. SYN: Battista operation, partial left ventriculectomy, reduction left ventriculoplasty.
lung volume reduction s. procedure whereby nonfunctional lung tissue in emphysema patients is removed, allowing more room in the thoracic cavity for good relatively healthy tissue and thus theoretically improving lung function. SEE ALSO: emphysema.
major s. major operation.
microscopically controlled s. SYN: Mohs chemosurgery.
minimally invasive s. operative procedure performed in a manner derived to result in the smallest possible incision or no incision at all; includes laparoscopic, laparoscopically assisted, thoracoscopic, and endoscopic surgical procedures.
minor s. minor operation.
Mohs s. SYN: Mohs chemosurgery.
Mohs micrographic s. SYN: Mohs chemosurgery.
open heart s. operative procedure(s) performed on or within the exposed heart, usually with cardiopulmonary bypass.
oral s. the branch of dentistry concerned with the diagnosis and surgical and adjunctive treatment of diseases, injuries, and deformities of the oral and maxillofacial region.
orthognathic s. SYN: surgical orthodontics.
orthopedic s. the branch of s. that embraces the treatment of acute and chronic disorders of the musculoskeletal system, including injuries, diseases, dysfunction, and deformities (orig. deformities in children) in the extremities and spine. SEE ALSO: orthopaedics.
plastic s. the surgical specialty or procedure concerned with the restoration, construction, reconstruction, or improvement in the shape and appearance of body structures that are missing, defective, damaged, or misshapen.
reconstructive s. plastic s..
skull base s. generic term to denote a specialty of s. and a group of operations, techniques, and approaches to lesions at or involving the base of the skull or its contents.
stereotactic s. SYN: stereotaxy.
stereotaxic s. SYN: stereotaxy.
thoracoscopic s. operation on the chest using a thoracoscope; formerly, a direct-view instrument used mainly for simple procedures such as collapse therapy and pleural biopsy; currently, employs video-endoscopic minimally invasive techniques and instruments and is applied to more complex procedures. Cf.:video-assisted thoracic s..
transsexual s. procedures designed to alter a patient's external sexual characteristics so that they resemble those of the other sex.
ventricular reduction s. SYN: Batista procedure.
video-assisted thoracic s. (VATS) thoracic s. performed using endoscopic cameras, optical systems, and display screens, as well as specially designed surgical instruments and staplers; the ability to make small incisions without spreading of the ribs is an advantage over standard thoracotomy; has been applied to most thoracic procedures.

surgical
surgical (ser′ji-kal)

Relating to surgery.

surrenal
surrenal (ser-re′nal)

SYN: suprarenal (1) .

surrogate
surrogate (ser′o-gat)

1. A person who functions in another's life as a substitute for some third person such as a relative who assumes the nurturing and other responsibilities of the absent parent. 2. A person who reminds one of another person so that one uses the first as an emotional substitute for the second. [L. surrogo, to put in another's place]
mother s. one who substitutes for or takes the place of the mother.

surround
surround (ser-ownd′)

Milieu; environment.
acoustical s. SYN: sound field.

sursumduction
sursumduction (ser-sum-duk′shun)

SYN: supraduction. [L. sursum, upward, + duco, pp. -ductus, to draw]

sursumversion
sursumversion (ser-sum-ver′zhun)

The act of rotating the eyes upward. [L. sursum, upward, + verto, pp. versus, to turn]

surveillance
surveillance (ser-va′lans)

1. The collection, collation, analysis, and dissemination of data; a type of observational study that involves continuous monitoring of disease occurrence within a population. 2. Ongoing scrutiny, generally using methods distinguished by practicability, uniformity, or rapidity, rather than complete accuracy. [Fr. surveiller, to watch over, fr. L. super- + vigilo, to watch]
immune s. a theory that the immune system recognizes and destroys tumor cells which are constantly arising during the life of the individual. SYN: immunological s..
immunological s. SYN: immune s..
post-marketing s. procedure implemented after a drug has been licensed for public use, designed to provide information on use and on occurrence of side effects, adverse effects, etc.

survey
survey (ser′va)

1. An investigation in which information is systematically collected but in which the experimental method is not used. 2. A comprehensive examination or group of examinations to screen for one or more findings. 3. A series of questions administered to a sample of individuals in a population. [O.Fr. surveeir, fr. Mediev.L. supervideo, fr. super, over, + video, to see]
field s. the planned collection of data among noninstitutionalized persons in the general population.
skeletal s. radiographic examination of all or selected parts of the skeleton, as for occult fractures, metastases, etc.

surveying
surveying (ser-va′ing)

In dentistry, the procedure of locating and delineating the contour and position of the abutment teeth and associated structures before designing a removable partial denture.

surveyor
surveyor (ser-va′er, or)

In dentistry, the instrument used in surveying.

survival
survival (ser-vi′val)

Continued existence; persistence of life.

susceptibility
susceptibility (su-sep-ti-bil′i-te)

1. Likelihood of an individual to develop ill effects from an external agent, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, high altitude, or ambient temperature. 2. In magnetic resonance imaging, the loss of magnetization signal caused by rapid phase dispersion because of marked local inhomogeneity of the magnetic field, as with the multiple air–soft tissue interfaces in the lung.

suspension
suspension (sus-pen′shun)

1. A temporary interruption of any function. 2. A hanging from a support, as used in the treatment of spinal curvatures or during the application of a plaster jacket. 3. Fixation of an organ, such as the uterus, to other tissue for support. 4. The dispersion through a liquid of a solid in finely divided particles of a size large enough to be detected by purely optical means; if the particles are too small to be seen by microscope but still large enough to scatter light (Tyndall phenomenon), they will remain dispersed indefinitely and are then called a colloidal s. SYN: coarse dispersion. 5. A class of pharmacopoeial preparations of finely divided, undissolved drugs ( e.g., powders for s.) dispersed in liquid vehicles for oral or parenteral use. [L. suspensio, fr. sus-pendo, pp. -pensus, to hang up, suspend]
amorphous insulin zinc s. SYN: prompt insulin zinc s..
chromic phosphate ³²P colloidal s. a pure β-emitting colloidal, nonabsorbable radiopharmaceutical administered into body cavities such as the pleural or peritoneal spaces to control malignant effusions. SEE ALSO: sodium phosphate ³²P.
Coffey s. an operative technique following partial excision of the cornu, as in salpingectomy, whereby the broad and the round ligaments are sutured over the cornual wound to restore continuity of the peritoneum and to suspend the uterus on the operated side.
crystalline insulin zinc s. SYN: extended insulin zinc s..
extended insulin zinc s. a long-acting insulin s., obtained from beef, with an approximate time of onset of 7 hours and a duration of action of 36 hours. SYN: crystalline insulin zinc s..
insulin zinc s. a sterile buffered s. with zinc chloride, usually containing 100 units per ml; the solid phase of the s. consists of a mixture of 7 parts of crystalline insulin and 3 parts of amorphous insulin. SYN: lente insulin.
magnesia and alumina oral s. a mixture of magnesium hydroxide and variable amounts of aluminum oxide; used as an antacid.
prompt insulin zinc s. sterile s. of insulin in buffered water for injection, modified by the addition of zinc chloride such that the solid phase of the s. is amorphous; it usually contains 100 units per ml; the duration of action is equivalent to that of insulin injection. SYN: amorphous insulin zinc s., semilente insulin.

suspensoid
suspensoid (sus-pen′soyd)

A colloidal solution in which the dispersed particles are solid and lyophobe or hydrophobe and are therefore sharply demarcated from the fluid in which they are suspended. SYN: hydrophobic colloid, lyophobic colloid, suspension colloid. [suspension + G. eidos, resemblance]

suspensory
suspensory (sus-pen′so-re)

1. Suspending; supporting; denoting a ligament, a muscle, or other structure that keeps an organ or other part in place. 2. A supporter applied to uplift a dependent part, such as the scrotum or a pendulous breast.

sustentacular
sustentacular (sus-ten-tak′u-lar)

Relating to a sustentaculum; supporting.

sustentaculum
sustentaculum, pl .sustentacula (sus′ten-tak′u-lum, -la)

A structure that serves as a stay or support to another. [L. a prop, fr. sustento, to hold upright]
s. lienis SYN: phrenicosplenic ligament.
s. tali support of the talus, a bracket-like lateral projection from the medial surface of the calcaneus, the upper surface of which presents a facet for articulation with the talus.

susurrus
susurrus (su-ser′us)

SYN: murmur (1) . [L.]
s. aurium murmur in the ear.

Sutter blood group
Sutter blood group

See Blood Groups appendix.

Sutton
Sutton

Richard L., U.S. dermatologist, 1878–1952. See S. nevus.

Sutton
Sutton

Richard L., Jr., U.S. dermatologist, *1908. See S. disease, S. ulcer.

sutura
sutura, pl .suturae (soo′too′ra, -re) [TA]

SYN: suture (1) . [L. a sewing, a suture, fr. suo, pp. sutus, to sew]
s. coronalis [TA] SYN: coronal suture.
suturae cranii [TA] SYN: cranial sutures, under suture.
s. ethmoidolacrimalis [TA] SYN: ethmoidolacrimal suture.
s. ethmoidomaxillaris [TA] SYN: ethmoidomaxillary suture.
s. frontalis SYN: frontal suture.
s. frontalis persistens metopic suture.
s. frontoethmoidalis [TA] SYN: frontoethmoidal suture.
s. frontolacrimalis [TA] SYN: frontolacrimal suture.
s. frontomaxillaris [TA] SYN: frontomaxillary suture.
s. frontonasalis [TA] SYN: frontonasal suture.
s. frontozygomatica [TA] SYN: frontozygomatic suture.
s. incisiva [TA] SYN: incisive suture.
s. infraorbitalis [TA] SYN: infraorbital suture.
s. intermaxillaris [TA] SYN: intermaxillary suture.
s. internasalis [TA] SYN: internasal suture.
s. interparietalis SYN: sagittal suture.
s. lacrimoconchalis [TA] SYN: lacrimoconchal suture.
s. lacrimomaxillaris [TA] SYN: lacrimomaxillary suture.
s. lambdoidea [TA] SYN: lambdoid suture.
s. metopica [TA] SYN: metopic suture.
s. nasofrontalis SYN: frontonasal suture.
s. nasomaxillaris [TA] SYN: nasomaxillary suture.
s. notha (no′ta) SYN: false suture. [G. fem. of nothos, spurious]
s. occipitomastoidea [TA] SYN: occipitomastoid suture.
s. palatina mediana [TA] SYN: median palatine suture.
s. palatina transversa [TA] SYN: transverse palatine suture.
s. palatoethmoidalis [TA] SYN: palatoethmoidal suture.
s. palatomaxillaris [TA] SYN: palatomaxillary suture.
s. parietomastoidea [TA] SYN: parietomastoid suture.
s. plana [TA] SYN: plane suture.
s. sagittalis [TA] SYN: sagittal suture.
s. serrata [TA] SYN: serrate suture.
s. sphenoethmoidalis [TA] SYN: sphenoethmoidal suture.
s. sphenofrontalis [TA] SYN: sphenofrontal suture.
s. sphenomaxillaris [TA] SYN: sphenomaxillary suture.
s. spheno-orbitalis SYN: spheno-orbital suture.
s. sphenoparietalis [TA] SYN: sphenoparietal suture.
s. sphenosquamosa [TA] SYN: sphenosquamous suture.
s. sphenovomeriana [TA] SYN: sphenovomerine suture.
s. sphenozygomatica [TA] SYN: sphenozygomatic suture.
s. squamoparietalis 1. SYN: squamous suture. 2. SYN: squamoparietal suture.
s. squamosomastoidea [TA] SYN: squamomastoid suture.
s. temporozygomatica [TA] SYN: temporozygomatic suture.
s. zygomaticofrontalis SYN: frontozygomatic suture.
s. zygomaticomaxillaris [TA] SYN: zygomaticomaxillary suture.
s. zygomaticotemporalis SYN: temporozygomatic suture.

sutural
sutural (soo′choor-al)

Relating to a suture in any sense.

suture
suture (soo′choor) [TA]

1. A form of fibrous joint in which two bones formed in membrane are united by a fibrous membrane continuous with the periosteum. SYN: sutura [TA] , s. joint. 2. To unite two surfaces by sewing. SYN: stitch (3) . 3. The material (silk thread, wire, synthetic material, etc.) with which two surfaces are kept in apposition. 4. The seam so formed, a surgical s.. [L. sutura, a seam]
absorbable surgical s. a surgical s. material prepared from a substance that can be dissolved by body tissues and is therefore not permanent; it is available in various diameters and tensile strengths; the rate of disappearance of strength depends on the characteristics of the s. material.
Albert s. a modified Czerny s., the first row of stitches passing through the entire thickness of the wall of the gut.
apposition s. a s. of the skin only. SYN: coaptation s..
approximation s. a s. that pulls together the deep tissues.
atraumatic s. a s. swaged onto the end of an eyeless needle.
blanket s. a continuous lock-stitch used to approximate the skin of a wound.
bridle s. a s. passed beneath the superior rectus muscle to rotate the globe downward in eye surgery.
Bunnell s. a method of tenorrhaphy using a pull-out wire affixed to buttons.
buried s. any s. placed entirely below the surface of the skin.
button s. a s. in which the threads are passed through the holes of a button and then tied; used to reduce the danger of the threads cutting through the flesh.
catgut s. catgut.
coaptation s. SYN: apposition s..
cobbler's s. SYN: doubly armed s..
Connell s. a continuous s. used for inverting the gastric or intestinal walls in performing an anastomosis.
continuous s. an uninterrupted series of stitches using one s.; the stitching is fastened at each end by a knot. SYN: spiral s., uninterrupted s..
control release s. eyeless s. with thread attached to a needle such that the two separate when tension is applied to the thread.
coronal s. [TA] the line of junction of the frontal with the two parietal bones of the skull. SYN: sutura coronalis [TA] .
cranial sutures [TA] the sutures between the bones of the skull. SYN: suturae cranii [TA] .
Cushing s. a running horizontal mattress s. used to approximate two adjacent surfaces.
Czerny s. the first row of the Czerny-Lembert intestinal s.; the needle enters the serosa and passes out through the submucosa or muscularis, and then enters the submucosa or muscularis of the opposite side and emerges from the serosa.
Czerny-Lembert s. an intestinal s. in two rows combining the Czerny s. (first) and the Lembert s. (second).
delayed s. a suturing of a wound after an interval of days.
dentate s. SYN: serrate s..
doubly armed s. a s. with a needle attached at both ends. SYN: cobbler's s..
Dupuytren s. a continuous Lembert s..
end-on mattress s. a vertical mattress s. used for exact skin approximation.
ethmoidolacrimal s. [TA] the line of union of the orbital plate of the ethmoid and the posterior margin of the lacrimal bone. SYN: sutura ethmoidolacrimalis [TA] .
ethmoidomaxillary s. [TA] line of apposition of the orbital surface of the body of the maxilla with the orbital plate of the ethmoid bone. SYN: sutura ethmoidomaxillaris [TA] .
Faden s. a s. placed between an ocular rectus muscle and the posterior sclera to limit excessive action of the eyeball. [Ger. Faden, thread, twine]
false s. one whose opposing margins are smooth or present only a few ill-defined projections. SYN: sutura notha.
far-and-near s. an interrupted s. using alternate near and far stitches, used to approximate fascial edges.
figure-of-8 s. a s. using criss-cross stitches to approximate fascial edges or the musculofascial and outer layers of an abdominal wound.
frontal s. the s. between the two halves of the frontal bone, usually obliterated by about the sixth year; if persistent it is called a metopic s. or sutura frontalis persistens. SYN: sutura frontalis.
frontoethmoidal s. [TA] line of union between the cribriform plate of the ethmoid and the orbital plate and posterior margin of the nasal process of the frontal bone. SYN: sutura frontoethmoidalis [TA] .
frontolacrimal s. [TA] line of union between the upper margin of the lacrimal and the orbital plate of the frontal bone. SYN: sutura frontolacrimalis [TA] .
frontomaxillary s. [TA] articulation of the frontal process of the maxilla with the frontal bone. SYN: sutura frontomaxillaris [TA] .
frontonasal s. [TA] line of union of the frontal and of the two nasal bones. SYN: sutura frontonasalis [TA] , sutura nasofrontalis.
frontozygomatic s. [TA] line of union between the zygomatic process of the frontal and the frontal process of the zygomatic bone. SYN: sutura frontozygomatica [TA] , sutura zygomaticofrontalis.
Frost s. intermarginal s. between the eyelids to protect the cornea.
Gély s. a cobbler's s. used in closing intestinal wounds.
glover s. a continuous s. in which each stitch is passed through the loop of the preceding one.
Gould s. an intestinal mattress s. in which each loop is invaginated in such a way that the tissue at the loop is bulged out, becoming convex instead of concave.
Gussenbauer s. a figure-of-8 s. for the intestine, resembling the Czerny-Lembert s. but not including the mucous membrane.
Halsted s. a s. placed through the subcuticular fascia; used for exact skin approximation.
harmonic s. SYN: plane s..
implanted s. passage of a pin through each lip of the wound parallel to the line of incision, the pins then being looped together with sutures.
incisive s. [TA] line of union of the two portions of the maxilla (pre- and postmaxilla); it is present at birth but may persist into old age. SYN: sutura incisiva [TA] , premaxillary s..
infraorbital s. [TA] an inconstant s. running from the infraorbital foramen to the infraorbital groove. SYN: sutura infraorbitalis [TA] .
intermaxillary s. [TA] the line of union of the two maxillae. SYN: sutura intermaxillaris [TA] .
internasal s. [TA] line of union between the two nasal bones. SYN: sutura internasalis [TA] .
interparietal s. SYN: sagittal s..
interrupted s. a series of single stitches, the ends of each s. tied together.
Jobert de Lamballe s. an interrupted intestinal s., used for invaginating the margins of the intestines in circular enterorrhaphy.
lacrimoconchal s. [TA] line of union of the lacrimal bone with the inferior nasal concha. SYN: sutura lacrimoconchalis [TA] .
lacrimomaxillary s. [TA] line of union, on the medial wall of the orbit, between the anterior and inferior margin of the lacrimal bone and the maxilla. SYN: sutura lacrimomaxillaris [TA] .
lambdoid s. [TA] the inverted λ-shaped line of union between the occipital and the parietal bones. SYN: sutura lambdoidea [TA] .
Lembert s. the second row of the Czerny-Lembert intestinal s.; an inverting s. for intestinal surgery, used either as a continuous s. or interrupted s., producing serosal apposition and including the collagenous submucosal layer but not entering the lumen of the intestine.
lens sutures SYN: radii of lens, under radius.
locking s. a running s. in which the s. material is made to pass through the loop made from the previous stitch. SYN: lock stitch.
mattress s. a s. utilizing a double stitch that forms a loop about the tissue on both sides of a wound, producing eversion of the edges when tied. SYN: quilted s..
median palatine s. [TA] line of union between the horizontal plates of the palatine bones, continuing the intermaxillary s. posteriorly. SYN: sutura palatina mediana [TA] .
metopic s. [TA] a persistent frontal s., sometimes discernible a short distance above sutura frontonasalis. SEE ALSO: frontal s.. SYN: sutura metopica [TA] , persistent frontal s.&star, sutura frontalis persistens&star.
nasomaxillary s. [TA] line of union of the lateral margin of the nasal bone with the frontal process of the maxilla. SYN: sutura nasomaxillaris [TA] .
nerve s. SYN: neurorrhaphy.
neurocentral s. SYN: neurocentral synchondrosis.
nonabsorbable surgical s. surgical s. material that is relatively unaffected by the biologic activities of the body tissues and is therefore permanent unless removed; e.g., stainless steel, silk, cotton, nylon, and other synthetic materials.
occipitomastoid s. [TA] continuation of the lambdoid s. between the posterior border of the petrous portion of the temporal bone and the occipital. SYN: sutura occipitomastoidea [TA] .
palatoethmoidal s. [TA] line of junction of the orbital process of the palatine bone and the orbital plate of the ethmoid. SYN: sutura palatoethmoidalis [TA] .
palatomaxillary s. [TA] line of union, in the floor of the orbit, between the orbital process of the palatine bone and the orbital surface of the maxilla. SYN: sutura palatomaxillaris [TA] .
Paré s. the approximation of the edges of a wound by pasting strips of cloth to the surface and stitching them instead of the skin.
parietomastoid s. [TA] articulation of the posterior inferior angle of the parietal with the mastoid process of the temporal bone. SYN: sutura parietomastoidea [TA] .
Parker-Kerr s. a continuous inverting s. used to close an open end of intestine.
persistent frontal s. metopic s..
petrosquamous s. petrosquamous fissure.
plane s. [TA] a simple firm apposition of two smooth surfaces of bones, without overlap, as seen in the lacrimomaxillary s.. SYN: sutura plana [TA] , harmonia, harmonic s..
pledgetted s. a s. supported by a small piece of fabric or tissue so that the s. will not tear through the tissue.
premaxillary s. SYN: incisive s..
purse-string s. a continuous s. placed in a circular manner either for inversion (as for an appendiceal stump) or closure (as for a hernia).
quilted s. SYN: mattress s..
relaxation s. a s. so arranged that it may be loosened if the tension of the wound becomes excessive.
retention s. a heavy reinforcing s. placed deep within the muscles and fasciae of the abdominal wall to relieve tension on the primary s. line. SYN: tension s..
sagittal s. [TA] midline union between the two parietal bones. SYN: sutura sagittalis [TA] , interparietal s., sutura interparietalis.
secondary s. delayed closure of a wound.
serrate s. [TA] one whose opposing margins present deep sawlike indentations, as most of the sagittal s.. SYN: sutura serrata [TA] , dentate s..
shotted s. a s. in which the ends are fastened by passing through a split shot (a partially divided lead pellet) which is then compressed.
sphenoethmoidal s. [TA] line of union between the crest of the sphenoid bone and the perpendicular and cribriform plates of the ethmoid. SYN: sutura sphenoethmoidalis [TA] .
sphenofrontal s. [TA] line of union between the orbital plate of the frontal and the lesser wings of the sphenoid on either side. SYN: sutura sphenofrontalis [TA] .
sphenomaxillary s. [TA] an inconstant s. between the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone and the body of the maxilla. SYN: sutura sphenomaxillaris [TA] .
sphenooccipital s. SYN: sphenooccipital synchondrosis.
spheno-orbital s. articulation between the orbital process of the palatine bone and the outer surface of the body of the sphenoid. SYN: sutura spheno-orbitalis.
sphenoparietal s. [TA] line of union of the lower border of the parietal with the upper edge of the greater wing of the sphenoid. SYN: sutura sphenoparietalis [TA] .
sphenosquamous s. [TA] articulation of the greater wing of the sphenoid with the squamous portion of the temporal bone. SYN: sutura sphenosquamosa [TA] .
sphenovomerine s. [TA] the line of union of the vaginal process of the sphenoid with the wing of the vomer. SYN: sutura sphenovomeriana [TA] .
sphenozygomatic s. [TA] junction of the zygomatic bone and greater wing of the sphenoid. SYN: sutura sphenozygomatica [TA] .
spiral s. SYN: continuous s..
squamomastoid s. [TA] line of union of the squamous and petrous portions of the temporal bone during development; it sometimes persists in the region of the mastoid process. SYN: sutura squamosomastoidea [TA] .
squamoparietal s. the articulation of the parietal with the squamous portion of the temporal bone. SYN: sutura squamoparietalis (2) .
squamous s. [TA] a scalelike s., one whose opposing margins are scalelike and overlapping; SYN: sutura squamoparietalis (1) .
subcuticular s. Halsted s..
temporozygomatic s. line of junction of the zygomatic process of the temporal and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone. SYN: sutura temporozygomatica [TA] , sutura zygomaticotemporalis, zygomaticotemporal s..
tendon s. SYN: tenorrhaphy.
tension s. SYN: retention s..
transfixion s. 1. a criss-cross stitch so placed as to control bleeding from a tissue surface or small vessel when tied; 2. a s. used to fix the columella to the nasal septum.
transverse palatine s. [TA] line of union of the palatine processes of the maxillae with the horizontal plates of the palatine bones. SYN: sutura palatina transversa [TA] .
tympanomastoid s. SYN: tympanomastoid fissure.
uninterrupted s. SYN: continuous s..
wedge-and-groove s. SYN: schindylesis.
zygomaticomaxillary s. [TA] articulation of the zygomatic bone with the zygomatic process of the maxilla. SYN: sutura zygomaticomaxillaris [TA] .
zygomaticotemporal s. SYN: temporozygomatic s..

suturectomy
suturectomy (soo-choor-ek′to-me)

Removal of cranial suture.

suxamethonium
suxamethonium

SYN: succinylcholine.

Suzanne
Suzanne

Jean G., French physician, *1859. See S. gland.

SV
SV

Abbreviation for simian virus, numbered serially; e.g., SV1.

SV40
SV40

Symbol for simian vacuolating virus No. 40.

Sv
Sv

Abbreviation for sievert.

Svedberg
Svedberg

Theodor, Swedish chemist and Nobel laureate, 1884–1971. See S. equation, S. of flotation, S. unit.

Svedberg of flotation
Svedberg of flotation

SYN: flotation constant.

swab
swab (swob)

A wad of cotton, gauze, or other absorbent material attached to the end of a stick or clamp, used for applying or removing a substance from a surface.

swage
swage (swaj)

1. To fuse suture thread to suture needles. 2. To shape metal by hammering or adapting it onto a die, often by using a counterdie. [Old F. souage]

swallow
swallow (swawl′o)

To pass anything through the fauces, pharynx, and esophagus into the stomach; to perform deglutition. [A.S. swelgan]
Gastrografin s. esophagram or upper GI series using water-soluble iodinated contrast medium. SYN: hypaque s..
hypaque s. SYN: Gastrografin s..
somatic s. a swallowing pattern with muscular contractions which appear to be under control of the person at a subconscious level; distinguished from visceral s..
visceral s. the immature swallowing pattern of an infant or a person with tongue thrust, resembling peristaltic wavelike muscular contractions observed in the gut; adult or mature swallowing is more volitional and therefore somatic.

Swan
Swan

Harold James C., U.S. cardiologist, *1922. See S.-Ganz catheter.

swarming
swarming (sworm′ing)

A progressive spreading by motile bacteria over the surface of a solid medium. [A.S. swearm]

Sweat
Sweat

Faye, 20th century pathologist. See Puchtler-S. stains. See Puchtler-S. stains.

sweat
sweat (swet)

1. Perspiration (3), especially sensible perspiration. 2. To perspire. [A.S. swat]
night sweats profuse sweating at night, occurring in pulmonary tuberculosis and other chronic debilitating affections with low-grade fever.
red s. reddening of s., especially in the axilla, due to pigment produced by Streptomyces roseofulvis. SEE ALSO: chromidrosis.

sweating
sweating (swet′ing)

SYN: perspiration (1) .

sweep
sweep (swep)

The travel of the beam of a cathode ray oscilloscope from left to right, representing the time axis, produced by an artificially generated sawtooth voltage.

Sweet
Sweet

Robert Douglas, 20th century English dermatologist. See S. disease.

Sweet Sweet

See Gordon and S. stain.

swelling
swelling (swel′ing)

1. An enlargement, e.g., a protuberance or tumor. 2. In embryology, a primordial elevation that develops into a fold, ridge, or prominence.
albuminous s. SYN: cloudy s..
arytenoid s. paired primordial elevations, on either side of the embryonic larynx, within which the arytenoid cartilages are formed.
brain s. a pathologic entity, localized or generalized, characterized by an increase in bulk of brain tissue, due to expansion of the intravascular (congestion) or extravascular (edema) compartments that may coexist or may occur separately and be clinically indistinguishable; clinical manifestations depend on disturbed neuronal function due to local s., shifting of intracranial structures, and the effects of intracranial hypertension or circulatory disturbance.
Calabar s. SYN: loiasis.
cloudy s. s. of cells due to injury to the membranes affecting ionic transfer; causes an accumulation of intracellular water. SYN: albuminous s., granular degeneration, hydropic degeneration, parenchymatous degeneration.
fugitive s. SYN: loiasis.
genital swellings paired primordial elevations flanking the genital tubercle and the urogenital orifice of the embryo; they develop into the labioscrotal folds, which become the labia majora in the female and unite to form the scrotal pouch of the male. SYN: labioscrotal swellings.
hunger s. starvation edema caused by many factors, primarily reduced serum albumin.
labial s. the female embryonic genital s. which elongates to become the definitive labium majus. SEE ALSO: genital swellings.
labioscrotal swellings SYN: genital swellings.
lateral lingual swellings in the embryo, paired oval elevations that appear in the floor of the mouth at the mandibular arch level; the primordial elevations, composed of mesenchyme covered by ectoderm of stomodeal origin, merge to form the greater part of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
levator s. SYN: torus levatorius.
Neufeld capsular s. increase in opacity and visibility of the capsule of capsulated organisms exposed to specific agglutinating anticapsular antibodies. SYN: Neufeld reaction, quellung phenomenon, quellung reaction (1) , quellung test.
scrotal s. the s. formed after the embryonic genital swellings have fused together, become spherical, and positioned at the base of the penis; just before birth the testis comes to lie within it.
Spielmeyer acute s. a form of degeneration of nerve cells in which the cell body and its processes swell and stain palely and diffusely.

switching
switching (swich′ing)

1. Making a shift or exchange. 2. The movement of a defined region of DNA within a genome.
class s. a change in the expression of the C region of an immunoglobulin heavy chain.

Swyer
Swyer

Paul R., U.S. pediatrician, *1921. See S.-James syndrome, S.-James-MacLeod syndrome.

sycosis
sycosis (si-ko′sis)

A pustular folliculitis, particularly of the bearded area. [G. sykosis, fr. sykon, fig, + -osis, condition]

Sydenham
Sydenham

Thomas, English physician, 1624–1689. See S. chorea, S. disease.

Sydney crease
Sydney crease

See under crease.

Sydney line
Sydney line

See under line.

syllable-stumbling
syllable-stumbling (sil′a-bl-stum′bling)

A form of stuttering in which halting occurs at certain syllables that are difficult for the individual to enunciate. SYN: dyssyllabia. [L. syllabe, several letters or sounds taken together]

sylvatic
sylvatic (sil-vat′ik)

Occurring in or affecting wild animals. [L. silva, woods]

Sylvest
Sylvest

Ejnar, Norwegian physician, 1880–1931. See S. disease.

sylvian sylvian (sil′ve-an)

Relating to Franciscus or Jacobus Sylvius or to any of the structures described by either of them.

Sylvius
Sylvius

Jacobus (Jacques), French anatomist, 1478–1555. See caro quadrata sylvii, os sylvii.

Sylvius
Sylvius

Le Böe, Franciscus (François), Dutch physician, anatomist, and physiologist, 1614–1672. See sylvian angle, sylvian aqueduct, sylvian fissure, sylvian line, sylvian point, sylvian valve, sylvian ventricle, fossa of S., vallecula sylvii.

sym- sym-

See syn-.

symballophone
symballophone (sim-bal′o-fon)

A stethoscope having two chest pieces, designed to lateralize sound and produce a stereophonic effect. [G. symballo, to throw together, + phone, sound]

symbion
symbion, symbiont (sim′be-on, -ont)

An organism associated with another in symbiosis. SYN: mutualist, symbiote. [G. s., neut. of symbios, living together]

symbiosis
symbiosis (sim-be-o′sis)

1. The biological association of two or more species to their mutual benefit. Cf.:commensalism, mutualistic s., parasitism. 2. The mutual cooperation or interdependence of two persons, as mother and infant, or husband and wife; sometimes used to denote excessive or pathological interdependence of two persons. [G. s., state of living together, fr. sym- + bios, life, + -osis, condition]
dyadic s. s. between a child and one parent.
mutualistic s. s. in which all partners obtain an advantage.
triadic s. s. between a child and both parents.

symbiote
symbiote (sim′be-ot)

SYN: symbion.

symbiotic
symbiotic (sim-be-ot′ik)

Relating to symbiosis.

symblepharon
symblepharon (sim-blef′a-ron)

Adhesion of one or both eyelids to the eyeball, partial or complete, resulting from burns or other trauma but rarely congenital. SYN: atretoblepharia. [sym- + G. blepharon, eyelid]
anterior s. union between the lid and eyeball by a fibrous band not involving the fornix.
posterior s. adhesion between the eyeball and eyelid involving the fornix.

symbol
symbol (sim′bol)

1. A conventional sign serving as an abbreviation. 2. In chemistry, an abbreviation of the name of an element, radical, or compound, expressing in chemical formulas one atom or molecule of that element ( e.g., H and O in H₂O); in biochemistry, an abbreviation of trivial names of molecules used primarily in combination with other similar symbols to construct larger assemblies ( e.g., Gly for glycine, Ado for adenosine, Glc for glucose). 3. In psychoanalysis, an object or action that is interpreted to represent some repressed or unconscious desire, often sexual. 4. A philosophical-linguistic sign. SEE ALSO: conventional signs, under sign. [G. symbolon, a mark or sign, fr. sym-ballo, to throw together]

symbolia
symbolia (sim-bo′le-a)

The capability of recognizing the form and nature of an object by touch. [G. symbolon, a mark or sign]

symbolism
symbolism (sim′bo-lizm)

1. In psychoanalysis, the process involved in the disguised representation in consciousness of unconscious or repressed contents or events. 2. A mental state in which a person regards everything that happens as symbolic of the person's own thoughts. 3. The description of the emotional life and experiences in abstract terms.

symbolization
symbolization (sim′bo-li-za′shun)

An unconscious mental mechanism whereby one object or idea is represented by another.

symbrachydactyly
symbrachydactyly (sim-brak′i-dak′ti-le)

Condition in which abnormally short fingers are joined or webbed in their proximal portions. [sym- + G. brachys, short, + daktylos, finger]

Syme
Syme

James, Scottish surgeon, 1799–1870. See S. amputation, S. operation.

Symington
Symington

Johnson, Scottish anatomist, 1851–1924. See S. anococcygeal body.

symmelia
symmelia (si-me′le-a)

SYN: sirenomelia. [sym- + G. melos, limb]

Symmers
Symmers

W. St. C., British pathologist, 1863–1937. See S. clay pipestem fibrosis.

symmetry
symmetry (sim′e-tre)

Equality or correspondence in form of parts distributed around a center or an axis, at the extremities or poles, or on the opposite sides of any body. [G. symmetria, fr. sym- + metron, measure]
inverse s. correspondence of the right or left side of an asymmetrical individual to the left or right side of another.

sympath- sympath-, sympatheto-, sympathico-, sympatho-

The sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system. [see sympathetic]

sympathectomy
sympathectomy (sim-pa-thek′to-me)

Excision of a segment of a sympathetic nerve or of one or more sympathetic ganglia. SYN: sympathetectomy, sympathicectomy. [sympath- + G. ektome, excision]
chemical s. destruction of the periareterial sympathetic nerves, as in Doppler operation, by a corrosive such as phenol.
periarterial s. sympathetic denervation by arterial decortication. SYN: histonectomy, Leriche operation.
presacral s. SYN: presacral neurectomy.

sympathetectomy
sympathetectomy (sim-pa-the-tek′to-me)

SYN: sympathectomy.

sympathetic
sympathetic (sim-pa-thet′ik)

1. Relating to or exhibiting sympathy. 2. Denoting the s. part of the autonomic nervous system. SYN: sympathic. [G. sympathetikos, fr. sympatheo, to feel with, sympathize, fr. syn, with, + pathos, suffering]

sympathetoblast
sympathetoblast (sim-pa-thet′o-blast)

SYN: sympathoblast.

sympathic
sympathic (sim-path′ik)

SYN: sympathetic.

sympathicectomy
sympathicectomy (sim-path′i-sek′to-me)

SYN: sympathectomy.

sympathico- sympathico-

See sympath-.

sympathicoblast
sympathicoblast (sim-path′i-ko-blast)

SYN: sympathoblast.

sympathiconeuritis
sympathiconeuritis (sim-path′i-ko-noo-ri′tis)

Inflammation of the autonomic nerves.

sympathicopathy
sympathicopathy (sim-path-i-kop′a-the)

A disease resulting from a disorder of the autonomic nervous system. [sympathico- + G. pathos, suffering]

sympathicotonia
sympathicotonia (sim-path′i-ko-to′ne-a)

A condition in which there is increased tonus of the sympathetic system and a marked tendency to vascular spasm and high blood pressure; opposed to vagotonia. [sympathico- + G. tonos, tone, tension]

sympathicotonic
sympathicotonic (sim-path′i-ko-ton′ik)

Relating to or characterized by sympathicotonia.

sympathicotripsy
sympathicotripsy (sim-path′i-ko-trip′se)

Operation of crushing the sympathetic ganglion. [sympathico- + G. tripsis, a rubbing]

sympathin
sympathin (sim′pa-thin)

The substance diffusing into circulation from sympathetic nerve terminals when they are active. The term was introduced by W.B. Cannon, who thought that this substance differed from the mediator produced by the nerve ending (now known to be incorrect); the mediator itself (norepinephrine) diffuses into circulation. SYN: sympathetic hormone.

sympathism
sympathism (sim′pa-thizm)

SYN: suggestibility. [G. sympatheia, sympathy]

sympathizer
sympathizer (sim′pa-thi-zer)

1. An eye affected with sympathetic ophthalmia. 2. One who exhibits sympathy.

sympatho- sympatho-

See sympath-.

sympathoadrenal
sympathoadrenal (sim′pa-tho-a-dre′nal)

Relating to the sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system and the medulla of the adrenal gland, as the postganglionic neurons.

sympathoblast
sympathoblast (sim′pa-tho-blast)

A primitive cell derived from the neural crest glia; with the pheochromoblasts, sympathoblasts enter into the formation of the adrenal medulla and sympathetic ganglia. SYN: sympathetoblast, sympathicoblast. [sympatho- + G. blastos, germ]

sympathogonia
sympathogonia (sim′pa-tho-go′ne-a)

The completely undifferentiated cells of the sympathetic nervous system. [sympatho- + G. gone, seed]

sympatholytic
sympatholytic (sim′pa-tho-lit′ik)

Denoting antagonism to or inhibition of adrenergic nerve activity. SEE ALSO: adrenergic blocking agent, antiadrenergic. [sympatho- + G. lysis, a loosening]

sympathomimetic
sympathomimetic (sim′pa-tho-mi-met′ik)

Denoting mimicking of action of the sympathetic system. SEE ALSO: adrenomimetic. [sympatho- + G. mimikos, imitating]

sympathy
sympathy (sim′pa-the)

1. The mutual relation, physiologic or pathologic, between two organs, systems, or parts of the body. 2. Mental contagion, as seen in mass hysteria or in the yawning induced by seeing another person yawn. 3. An expressed sensitive appreciation or emotional concern for and sharing of the mental and emotional state of another person. Cf.:empathy (1) . [G. sympatheia, fr. sym- + pathos, suffering]

symperitoneal
symperitoneal (sim′per-i-to-ne′al)

Relating to the surgical induction of adhesion between two portions of the peritoneum.

symphalangism
symphalangism, symphalangy (sim-fal′an-jizm, sim-fal′an-je)

1. SYN: syndactyly. 2. Ankylosis of the finger or toe joints. [sym- + phalanx]

symphysial
symphysial, symphyseal (sim-fiz′e-al)

Grown together; relating to a symphysis; fused. SYN: symphysic.

symphysic
symphysic (sim-fiz′ik)

SYN: symphysial.

symphysion
symphysion (sim-fiz′e-on)

A craniometric point, the most anterior point of the alveolar process of the mandible.

symphysiotome
symphysiotome, symphyseotome (sim-fiz′e-o-tom)

Instrument for use in symphysiotomy.

symphysiotomy
symphysiotomy, symphyseotomy (sim-fiz-e-ot′o-me)

Division of the pubic joint to increase the capacity of a contracted pelvis sufficiently to permit passage of a living child. SYN: synchondrotomy. [symphysis + G. tome, incision]

symphysis
symphysis, gen. symphyses (sim′fi-sis, -sez) [TA]

1. [NA] Form of cartilaginous joint in which union between two bones is effected by means of fibrocartilage. SYN: amphiarthrosis. 2. A union, meeting point, or commissure of any two structures. 3. A pathologic adhesion or growing together. SYN: secondary cartilaginous joint [TA] . [G. a growing together]
intervertebral s. [TA] the union between adjacent vertebral bodies composed of the nucleus pulposus, annular ligament, and the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments. SYN: s. intervertebralis [TA] .
s. intervertebralis [TA] SYN: intervertebral s..
s. mandibulae [TA] SYN: mandibular s..
mandibular s. [TA] the fibrocartilaginous union of the two halves of the mandible in the fetus; it becomes an osseous union during the first year. SYN: s. mandibulae [TA] , mental s., s. mentalis, s. menti.
manubriosternal s. [TA] the later union, by fibrocartilage, of the manubrium and the body of the sternum; it begins as a synchondrosis and becomes a s., occasionally fusing to become a synostosis. SYN: s. manubriosternalis [TA] , sternomanubrial junction.
s. manubriosternalis [TA] SYN: manubriosternal s..
mental s. SYN: mandibular s..
s. mentalis SYN: mandibular s..
s. menti SYN: mandibular s..
pericardial s. adhesion between the parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium.
pubic s. [TA] the firm fibrocartilaginous joint between the two pubic bones. SYN: s. pubica [TA] , s. pubis.
s. pubica [TA] SYN: pubic s..
s. pubis SYN: pubic s..
s. sacrococcygea SYN: sacrococcygeal joint.
s. xiphosternalis [TA] SYN: xiphisternal joint.

symplasmatic
symplasmatic (sim-plaz-mat′ik)

Relating to the union of protoplasm as in giant cell formation. [G. sym- plasso, to mold together]

symplast
symplast (sim′plast)

A multinucleated cell that has formed by fusion of separate cells. [sym- + G. plastos, formed]

sympodia
sympodia (sim-po′de-a)

Condition characterized by union of the feet. SEE ALSO: sirenomelia, sympus. [sym- + G. pous, foot]

symport
symport (sim′port)

Coupled transport of two different molecules or ions through a membrane in the same direction by a common carrier mechanism (symporter). Cf.:antiport, uniport. [sym- + L. porto, to carry]

symporter
symporter (sim-port′er)

The protein responsible for mediating symport.

symptom
symptom (simp′tom)

Any morbid phenomenon or departure from the normal in structure, function, or sensation, experienced by the patient and indicative of disease. SEE ALSO: phenomenon (1) , reflex (1) , sign (1) , syndrome. [G. symptoma]
abstinence symptoms SYN: withdrawal symptoms.
accessory s. a s. that usually but not always accompanies a certain disease, as distinguished from a pathognomonic s.. SYN: assident s., concomitant s..
accidental s. any morbid phenomenon coincidentally occurring in the course of a disease, but having no relation with it.
assident s. SYN: accessory s..
Baumès s. pain behind the sternum in angina pectoris.
Bolognini s. a feeling of crepitation on gradually increasing pressure on the abdomen in cases of measles.
cardinal s. the primary or major s. of diagnostic importance.
concomitant s. SYN: accessory s..
constitutional s. a s. indicating a systemic effect of a disease; e.g., weight loss.
deficiency s. manifestation of a lack, in varying degrees, of some substance ( e.g., hormone, enzyme, vitamin) necessary for normal structure and/or function of an organism.
Demarquay sign absence of elevation of the larynx during deglutition, said to indicate syphilitic induration of the trachea.
Epstein s. See Epstein sign.
equivocal s. a s. that points definitely to no special disease, being associated with any one of a number of morbid states, or whose presence is uncertain or indefinite.
first rank symptoms (FRS) SYN: Schneider first rank symptoms.
Fischer s. SYN: Fischer sign.
Gordon s. SYN: tonic reflex.
incarceration s. SYN: Dietl crisis.
induced s. a s. excited by a drug, exercise, or other means, often intentionally for diagnostic purposes.
local s. a s. of limited extent, caused by disease of a particular organ or part.
localizing s. a s. indicating clearly the seat of the morbid process.
Macewen s. SYN: Macewen sign.
negative s. one of the deficit symptoms of schizophrenia that follow from diminished volition and executive function including inertia, anergia, lack of involvement with the environment, poverty of thought, social withdrawal, and blunted affect.
objective s. a s. that is evident to the observer.
pathognomonic s. a s. that, when present, definitely points to the presence of a certain disease.
positive s. one of the acute or florid symptoms of schizophrenia, including hallucinations, delusions, thought disorder, loose associations, ambivalence, or affective lability.
Pratt s. rarely used term for rigidity in the muscles of an injured limb, which precedes the occurrence of gangrene.
presenting s. the complaint offered by the patient as the main reason for seeking medical care; usually synonymous with chief complaint.
rainbow s. SYN: glaucomatous halo (2) .
reflex s. a disturbance of sensation or function in an organ or part more or less remote from the morbid condition giving rise to it; e.g., muscle spasm due to joint inflammation. SYN: sympathetic s..
Schneider first rank symptoms those symptoms that, when present, indicate that the diagnosis of schizophrenia is likely, provided that organic or toxic etiology is ruled out: delusion of control, thought broadcasting, thought withdrawal, thought insertion, hearing one's thoughts spoken aloud, auditory hallucinations that comment on one's behavior, and auditory hallucinations in which two voices carry on a conversation. SYN: first rank symptoms, schneiderian first rank symptoms.
schneiderian first rank symptoms SYN: Schneider first rank symptoms.
Sklowsky s. the rupture of a varicella vesicle on very slight pressure with the finger, greater pressure being necessary to break the vesicles of smallpox, herpes, or other affections.
subjective s. a s. apparent only to the patient.
sympathetic s. SYN: reflex s..
Trendelenburg s. a waddling gait in paresis of the gluteal muscles, as in progressive muscular dystrophy.
Uhthoff s. a transient temperature-dependent numbness, weakness, or loss of vision. Conduction stops in any nerve if the temperature gets too high. In a damaged nerve, e.g., by demyelinization, this shutdown temperature is lowered, and may approach normal body temperature. Transient neurological dysfunction may then appear with a hot shower, exercise, or fever. SYN: Uhthoff syndrome.
Wartenberg s. 1. flexion of the thumb when the patient attempts to flex the four fingers against resistance, a “pyramid sign”. 2. intense pruritus of the tip of the nose and nostrils in cases of cerebral tumor;
withdrawal symptoms a group of morbid symptoms, including excitability and irritability, occurring in an addict who is deprived of the accustomed dose of the addicting agent. SYN: abstinence symptoms.

symptomatic
symptomatic (simp-to-mat′ik)

Indicative; relating to or constituting the aggregate of symptoms of a disease.

symptomatology
symptomatology (simp′to-ma-tol′o-je)

1. The science of the symptoms of disease, their production, and the indications they furnish. 2. The aggregate of symptoms of a disease. [symptom + G. logos, study]

symptomatolytic
symptomatolytic (simp′to-mat-o-lit′ik)

Removing symptoms. SYN: symptomolytic. [symptom + G. lytikos, dissolving]

symptomolytic
symptomolytic (sim-to-mo-lit′ik)

SYN: symptomatolytic.

symptosis
symptosis (sim-to′sis)

A localized or general wasting of the body. [G. a falling together, collapse, fr. syn, together, + ptosis, a falling]

sympus
sympus (sim′pus)

An individual in which the legs and feet are united in the midline. [G. sympous, fr. sym- + pous, foot]
s. apus a sirenomelus without feet.
s. dipus a sirenomelus with both feet more or less distinct.
s. monopus a sirenomelus with but one foot externally visible.

Syms
Syms

Parker, U.S. surgeon, 1860–1933. See S. tractor.

syn- syn-

Together, with, joined; appears as sym- before b, p, ph, or m; corresponds to L. con-. [G. syn, with, together]

synadelphus
synadelphus (sin-a-del′fus)

Conjoined twins with single head, partially united trunk, and four upper and four lower limbs. See conjoined twins, under twin. [syn- + G. adelphos, brother]

synanamorph
synanamorph (sin-an′a-morf)

The same fungal species growing in a different form.

synanastomosis
synanastomosis (sin′an-as-to-mo′sis)

An anastomosis between several blood vessels.

synandrogenic
synandrogenic (sin′an-dro-jen′ik)

Relating to any agent or condition that enhances the effects of androgens.

synanthem
synanthem, synanthema (si-nan′them, sin′an-the′ma)

An exanthem consisting of several different forms of eruption. [G. syn- antheo, to blossom together]

synaphoceptors
synaphoceptors (si-naf-o-sep′terz)

Receptors stimulated by direct contact. [G. synaphe, contact, + L. recipio, to receive]

synapse
synapse, pl .synapses (sin′aps, si-naps′; si-nap′sez)

The functional membrane-to-membrane contact of the nerve cell with another nerve cell, an effector (muscle, gland) cell, or a sensory receptor cell. The s. subserves the transmission of nerve impulses, commonly from a variably large (1–12 μm), generally knob-shaped or club-shaped axon terminal (the presynaptic element) to the circumscript patch of the receiving cell's plasma membrane (the postsynaptic element) on which the s. occurs. In most cases the impulse is transmitted by means of a chemical transmitter substance (such as acetylcholine, γ-aminobutyric acid, dopamine, norepinephrine) released into a synaptic cleft (15–50 nm wide) that separates the presynaptic from the postsynaptic membrane; the transmitter is stored in quantal form in synaptic vesicles: round or ellipsoid, membrane-bound vacuoles (10–50 nm in diameter) in the presynaptic element. In other synapses transmission takes place by direct propagation of the bioelectrical potential from the presynaptic to the postsynaptic membrane; in such electrotonic synapses (“gap junctions”), the synaptic cleft is no more than about 2 nm wide. In most cases, synaptic transmission takes place in only one direction (“dynamic polarity” of the s.), but in some synapses synaptic vesicles occur on both sides of the synaptic cleft, suggesting the possibility of reciprocal chemical transmission. [syn- + G. hapto, to clasp]
axoaxonic s. the synaptic junction between an axon terminal of one neuron and either the initial axon segment or an axon terminal of another nerve cell.
axodendritic s. the synaptic contact between an axon terminal of one nerve cell and a dendrite of another nerve cell.
axosomatic s. the synaptic junction of an axon terminal of one nerve cell to the cell body of another nerve cell. SYN: pericorpuscular s..
electrotonic s. SYN: gap junction. SEE ALSO: s..
pericorpuscular s. SYN: axosomatic s..

synapsin I
synapsin I (si-nap′sin)

A fibrous phosphoprotein that links synaptic vesicles together in the axon terminal; synapsin I is a substrate for certain kinases; phosphorylation of synapsin I allows release of neurotransmitters.

synapsis
synapsis (si-nap′sis)

The point-for-point pairing of homologous chromosomes during the prophase of meiosis. SYN: synaptic phase. [G. a connection, junction]

synaptic
synaptic (si-nap′tik)

1. Relating to a synapse. 2. Relating to synapsis.

synaptology
synaptology (sin′ap-tol′o-je)

Study of the synapse.

synaptophysin
synaptophysin (si-nap′to-fi′sin)

An integral membrane protein found in many types of active neurons; believed to form a hexamer that forms an ion channel and is involved in the uptake of neurotransmitters; s. is found in the membrane only after stimulation of the neurons.

synaptosome
synaptosome (si-nap′to-som)

Membrane-bound sac containing synaptic vesicles that breaks away from axon terminals when brain tissue is homogenized under controlled conditions; such particles can be separated from other subcellular particles by differential and density gradient centrifugation. [synapse + G. soma, body]

synarthrodia
synarthrodia (sin′ar-thro′de-a)

SYN: fibrous joint.

synarthrodial
synarthrodial (sin-ar-thro′de-al)

Relating to synarthrosis; denoting an articulation without a joint cavity.

synarthrophysis
synarthrophysis (sin-ar-thro-fi′sis)

The process of ankylosis. [syn- + G. arthron, joint, + physis, growth]

synarthrosis
synarthrosis, pl .synarthroses (sin′ar-thro′sis, -sez) [TA]

An immovable or nearly immovable union of rigid components of the skeletal system, including fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and bony unions (synostoses). See articulation. [G. fr. syn, together, + arthrosis, articulation]

syncanthus
syncanthus (sin-kan′thus)

Adhesion of the eyeball to orbital structures. [syn- + L. canthus, wheel]

syncaryon
syncaryon (sin-kar′e-on)

SYN: synkaryon.

syncephalus
syncephalus (sin-sef′a-lus)

Conjoined twins having a single head with two bodies. See conjoined twins, under twin. Cf.:craniopagus, janiceps. SYN: monocephalus, monocranius. [syn- + G. kephale, head]
s. asymmetros SYN: janiceps asymmetrus.

syncephaly
syncephaly (sin-sef′a-le)

The condition exhibited by a syncephalus. SYN: prozygosis.

syncheilia
syncheilia (sin-ki′le-a)

A more or less complete adhesion of the lips; atresia of the mouth. SYN: synchilia. [syn- + G. cheilos, lip]

syncheiria
syncheiria (sin-ki′re-a)

A form of dyscheiria in which the subject refers a stimulus applied to one side of the body to both sides. SYN: synchiria. [syn- + G. cheir, hand]

synchilia
synchilia

SYN: syncheilia.

synchiria
synchiria

SYN: syncheiria.

synchondroseotomy
synchondroseotomy (sin-kon′dro-se-ot′o-me)

Operation of cutting through a synchondrosis; specifically, cutting through the sacroiliac ligaments and forcibly closing the arch of the pubes; used in the treatment of exstrophy of the bladder. [synchondrosis + G. tome, cutting]

synchondrosis
synchondrosis, pl .synchondroses (sin′kon-dro′sis, -sez) [TA]

Cartilaginous joint in which two bones are united either by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage. SYN: synchondrodial joint [TA] . [Mod. L. fr. G. syn, together, + chondros, cartilage, + -osis, condition]
anterior intraoccipital s. [TA] cartilaginous union in the newborn between the lateral and the basilar portions of the occipital bone. SYN: s. intraoccipitalis anterior [TA] , anterior intraoccipital joint.
s. arycorniculata SYN: arycorniculate s..
arycorniculate s. the junction of the corniculate cartilage (of Santorini) with the arytenoid. SYN: s. arycorniculata.
cranial synchondroses [TA] the cartilaginous joints of the skull; these include sphenoethmoidal s., sphenooccipital s., sphenopetrosal s., petrooccipital s., anterior intraoccipital and posterior intraoccipital s.. SYN: synchondroses cranii [TA] .
synchondroses cranii [TA] SYN: cranial synchondroses.
s. epiphyseos SYN: epiphysial line.
synchondroses intersternebrales persisting cartilages uniting the bony elements of the sternum, as in some domestic animals such as the dog. SYN: intersternebral joints.
s. intraoccipitalis anterior [TA] SYN: anterior intraoccipital s..
s. intraoccipitalis posterior [TA] SYN: posterior intraoccipital s..
s. manubriosternalis [TA] SYN: manubriosternal joint.
neurocentral s. the cartilaginous union on either side between the body and arch of a vertebra in the young child. SYN: neurocentral joint, neurocentral suture.
petrooccipital s. [TA] fibrocartilage filling the petrooccipital fissure. SYN: s. petro-occipitalis [TA] , petrooccipital joint.
s. petro-occipitalis [TA] SYN: petrooccipital s..
posterior intraoccipital s. [TA] cartilaginous union between the squamous and lateral parts of the occipital bone in the newborn. SYN: s. intraoccipitalis posterior [TA] , Budin obstetrical joint, posterior intraoccipital joint.
sphenoethmoidal s. [TA] cartilaginous union between the body of the sphenoid and the posterior part of the ethmoidal labyrinth. SYN: s. sphenoethmoidalis [TA] .
s. sphenoethmoidalis [TA] SYN: sphenoethmoidal s..
sphenooccipital s. [TA] cartilaginous union between the body of the sphenoid and the basilar portion of the occipital; it fuses by the twentieth year and thus has particular importance in forensic anthropology; incorrectly called sphenooccipital suture. SYN: s. spheno-occipitalis [TA] , sphenooccipital joint, sphenooccipital suture.
s. spheno-occipitalis [TA] SYN: sphenooccipital s..
s. sphenopetrosa [TA] SYN: sphenopetrosal s..
sphenopetrosal s., sphenopetrous s. [TA] fibrocartilage filling the sphenopetrosal fissure. SYN: s. sphenopetrosa [TA] .
sternal synchondroses [TA] the cartilaginous junctions between the body of the sternum and the manubrium (manubriosternal joint or symphysis), and between the body of the sternum and the xiphoid process (xiphisternal joint or symphysis); in domestic animals, there may be several, e.g., the manubriosternal, intersternebral, and the xiphisternal joints. SYN: synchondroses sternales [TA] , sternal joints.
synchondroses sternales [TA] SYN: sternal synchondroses.
s. xiphosternalis SYN: xiphisternal joint.

synchondrotomy
synchondrotomy (sin-kon-drot′o-me)

SYN: symphysiotomy.

synchorial
synchorial (sin-kor′e-al)

Relating to fused chorions as are found in multiple-fetus pregnancies. [syn- + chorion]

synchronia
synchronia (sin-kro′ne-a)

1. SYN: synchronism. 2. Origin, development, involution, or functioning of tissues or organs at the usual time for such an event. Cf.:heterochronia. [syn- + G. chronos, time]

synchronic
synchronic (sin′kron-ik)

Referring to the study of the natural history of a disease by its state and distribution in a population at one time. The inferences about longitudinal course from such a study are warranted only under special conditions, notably that the longitudinal course of the disease is itself unchanging and that subjects in the sample are a representative sample of the survivors.

synchronism
synchronism (sin′kro-nizm)

Occurrence of two or more events at the same time; the condition of being simultaneous. SYN: synchronia (1) . [syn- + G. chronos, time]

synchronous
synchronous (sin′kro-nus)

Occurring simultaneously. SYN: homochronous (1) . [G. synchronos]

synchrony
synchrony (sin′kro-ne)

The simultaneous appearance of two separate events. [syn- + G. chronos, time]
bilateral s. electroencephalographic activity that is recorded over both hemispheres simultaneously; usually used in reference to spike and wave activity.

synchrotron
synchrotron (sin′kro-tron)

A machine for generating high speed electrons or protons, as for nuclear studies.

synchysis
synchysis (sin′ki-sis)

Collapse of the collagenous framework of the vitreous humor, with liquefaction of the vitreous body. [G. a mixing together, fr. syn- + chysis, a pouring]
s. scintillans an appearance of glistening spots in the eye, due to cholesterol crystals floating in a fluid vitreous.

syncinesis
syncinesis (sin-si-ne′sis)

SYN: synkinesis.

synclinal
synclinal (sin′kli-nal)

Denoting two structures inclined one toward the other. [G. syn- klino, to incline together]

synclitic
synclitic (sin-klit′ik)

Relating to or marked by synclitism.

synclitism
synclitism (sin′kli-tizm)

Condition of parallelism between the planes of the fetal head and of the pelvis, respectively. [G. syn-klino, to incline together]

syncopal
syncopal (sin′ko-pal)

Relating to syncope. SYN: syncopic.

syncope
syncope (sin′ko-pe)

Loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished cerebral blood flow. [G. synkope, a cutting short, a swoon]
Adams-Stokes s. s. due to complete AV block. SYN: Morgagni-Adams-Stokes s..
cardiac s. fainting with unconsciousness of any cardiac cause.
carotid sinus s. s. resulting from overactivity of the carotid sinus; attacks may be spontaneous or produced by pressure on a sensitive carotid sinus.
deglutition s. faintness or unconsciousness upon swallowing. This is nearly always due to excessive vagal effect on a heart that may already have bradycardia or atrioventricular block. SYN: swallow s..
hysterical s. fainting due to, or to avoid, emotional stress.
laryngeal s. a paroxysmal neurosis characterized by attacks of coughing, with unusual sensations, as of tickling, in the throat, followed by a brief period of unconsciousness.
local s. limited numbness in a part, especially of the fingers; one of the symptoms, usually associated with local asphyxia, of Raynaud disease.
micturition s. s. occurring in association with the act of emptying the bladder.
Morgagni-Adams-Stokes s. SYN: Adams-Stokes s..
postural s. s. upon assuming an upright position; caused by failure of normal vasoconstrictive mechanisms.
swallow s. SYN: deglutition s..
tussive s. fainting as a result of a coughing spell, caused by persistent increased intrathoracic pressure diminishing venous return to the heart, thus lowering cardiac output; most often occurs in heavy-set male smokers who have chronic bronchitis. SYN: Charcot vertigo, laryngeal vertigo.
vasodepressor s. faintness or loss of consciousness due to reflex reduction in blood pressure. SYN: vasovagal s..
vasovagal s. SYN: vasodepressor s..

syncopic
syncopic (sin-kop′ik)

SYN: syncopal.

syncretio
syncretio (sin-kre′she-o)

Development of adhesion between inflamed opposing surfaces. [Mod. L., fr. G. synkretizo, to unite the Cretan cities, reanalyzed as fr. syn- + L. cresco, pp. cretum, to grow]

syncyanin
syncyanin (sin-si′a-nin)

A blue pigment produced by Pseudomonas syncyanea.

syncytial
syncytial (sin-sish′al, -sish′e-al, -sit′e-al)

Relating to a syncytium.

syncytiotrophoblast
syncytiotrophoblast (sin-sish′e-o-tro′fo-blast)

The syncytial outer layer of the trophoblast; site of synthesis of human chorionic gonadotropin. SEE ALSO: trophoblast. SYN: placental plasmodium, plasmodial trophoblast, plasmodiotrophoblast, syncytial trophoblast, syntrophoblast. [syncytium + trophoblast]

syncytium
syncytium, pl .syncytia (sin-sish′e-um, -a; -sit′e-um)

A multinucleated protoplasmic mass formed by the secondary union of originally separate cells. [Mod. L. fr. syn- + G. kytos, cell]

syndactyl
syndactyl, syndactyle (sin-dak′til, -dak′til)

SYN: syndactylous.

syndactylia
syndactylia, syndactylism (sin-dak-til′e-a, -dak′ti-lizm)

SYN: syndactyly.

syndactylous
syndactylous (sin-dak′ti-lus)

Having fused or webbed fingers or toes. SYN: syndactyl, syndactyle.

syndactyly
syndactyly (sin-dak′ti-le)

Any degree of webbing or fusion of fingers or toes, involving soft parts only or including bone structure; usually autosomal dominant inheritance. SYN: symphalangism (1) , symphalangy, syndactylia, syndactylism. [syn- + G. daktylos, finger or toe]

syndein
syndein (sin-de′in)

SYN: ankyrin. [G. syndeo, to bind together, + -in]

syndesm- syndesm-

See syndesmo-.

syndesmectomy
syndesmectomy (sin-dez-mek′to-me)

Cutting away a section of a ligament. [syndesm- + G. ektome, excision]

syndesmitis
syndesmitis (sin-dez-mi′tis)

Inflammation of a ligament. [syndesm- + G. -itis, inflammation]
s. metatarsea inflammation of the metatarsal ligaments.

syndesmo- syndesmo-, syndesm-

Ligament, ligamentous. [G. syndesmos, a fastening, fr. syndeo, to bind]

syndesmochorial
syndesmochorial (sin-dez-mo-kor′e-al)

Relating to the placenta in ruminant animals. [syndesmo- + G. chorion, membrane]

syndesmodial
syndesmodial (sin-des-mo′de-al)

SYN: syndesmotic.

syndesmography
syndesmography (sin-dez-mog′ra-fe)

A treatise on or description of the ligaments. [syndesmo- + G. grapho, to write]

syndesmologia
syndesmologia (sin-dez′mo-lo′je-a)

SYN: arthrology.

syndesmology
syndesmology (sin-dez-mol′o-je)

SYN: arthrology. [syndesmo- + G. logos, study]

syndesmophyte
syndesmophyte (sin-dez′mo-fit)

An osseous excrescence attached to a ligament. [syndesmo- + G. phyton, plant]

syndesmosis
syndesmosis, pl .syndesmoses (sin′dez-mo′sis, -sez) [TA]

A form of fibrous joint in which opposing surfaces that are relatively far apart are united by ligaments; e.g., the union of the styloid process of the temporal bone and the hyoid bone via the stylohyoid ligament, and the fibrous union between the radius and ulna (radioulnar syndesmoses) and the tibia and fibula (tibofibular syndesmoses). SYN: syndesmodial joint, syndesmotic joint. [syndesmo- + G. -osis, condition]
radioulnar s. [TA] the fibrous union of the radius and ulna consisting of the oblique cord and the interosseous membrane. SYN: s. radioulnaris [TA] , middle radioulnar joint.
s. radioulnaris [TA] SYN: radioulnar s..
tibiofibular s. [TA] the fibrous union of the tibia and fibula consisting of the interosseous membrane and the anterior, interosseous and posterior tibiofibular ligaments at the distal extremities of the bones. SYN: s. tibiofibularis [TA] , distal tibiofibular joint, inferior tibiofibular joint, tibiofibular articulation (2) .
s. tibiofibularis [TA] SYN: tibiofibular s..
tympanostapedial s. [TA] the connection of the base or foot-plate of the stapes with the vestibular (oval) window. SYN: s. tympanostapedialis [TA] , tympanostapedial junction.
s. tympanostapedialis [TA] SYN: tympanostapedial s., tympanostapedial s..

syndesmotic
syndesmotic (sin-des-mot′ik)

Relating to syndesmosis. SYN: syndesmodial.

syndrome
syndrome (sin′drom)

The aggregate of symptoms and signs associated with any morbid process, and constituting together the picture of the disease. SEE ALSO: disease. [G. s., a running together, tumultuous concourse; (in med.) a concurrence of symptoms, fr. syn, together, + dromos, a running]
Aagenaes s. an idiopathic form of familial intrahepatic cholestasis associated with lymphedema of the lower extremities.
Aarskog-Scott s. SYN: faciodigitogenital dysplasia.
abdominal muscle deficiency s. [MIM*100100, MIM*264140] congenital absence (partial or complete) of abdominal muscles, in which the outline of the intestines is visible through the protruding abdominal wall; in males, genitourinary anomalies (urinary tract dilation and cryptorchidism) are also found; genetics unclear. SEE ALSO: prune belly s.. SYN: prune belly.
abstinence s. a constellation of physiologic changes undergone by persons or animals who have become physically dependent on a drug or chemical due to prolonged use at elevated doses, but who are abruptly deprived of that substance. The abstinence s. varies with the drug to which dependence has developed. Generally the effects observed are in an opposite direction from those produced by the drug; e.g., the withdrawal s. from central nervous system depressants such as barbiturates and benzodiazepines consists of insomnia, restlessness, tremulousness, hallucinations, and, in the extreme, tonic-clonic convulsions which may prove fatal. The onset time and severity of the abstinence s. depend upon how rapidly the drug disappears from the body.
Achard s. [MIM*100700] arachnodactyly with small receding mandible, broad skull, and joint laxity limited to the hands and feet; genetics unclear.
Achard-Thiers s. one form of a virilizing disorder of adrenocortical origin in women, characterized by masculinization and menstrual disorders in association with manifestations of diabetes mellitus, such as glucosuria.
Achenbach s. hematoma of the finger pad with accompanying edema; of unknown cause in the absence of disturbances in blood coagulation mechanisms.
acquired immunodeficiency s. SYN: AIDS.
acrofacial s. SYN: acrofacial dysostosis.
acroparesthesia s. abnormal sensation such as numbness and tingling in the hands, usually in middle-aged women; now known to be a classic symptom of carpal tunnel s..
acute organic brain s. SYN: organic brain s..
acute radiation s. a s. caused by exposure of the body to large amounts of radiation, ( e.g., from certain forms of therapy, accidents, and nuclear explosions; it is divided into three major forms which are, in ascending order of severity, the hematogic, gastrointestinal, and central nervous system-cardiovascular forms; its clinical manifestations are divided into prodromal, latent, overt, and recovery stages.
acute respiratory distress s. SYN: adult respiratory distress s..
Adams-Stokes s. a s. characterized by slow or absent pulse, vertigo, syncope, convulsions, and sometimes Cheyne-Stokes respiration; usually as a result of advanced AV block or sick sinus s.. SYN: Adams-Stokes disease, Morgagni disease, Morgagni-Adams-Stokes s., Spens s., Stokes-Adams disease, Stokes-Adams s..
adaptation s. of Selye general nonspecific adaptation of the organism in response to specific stimuli which trigger a cycle of extensive physiological changes in the endocrine and other organ systems due to prolonged and intense stress. See general adaptation s..
addisonian s. SYN: chronic adrenocortical insufficiency.
adherence s. restriction action of an ocular muscle owing to adhesions between the muscle and its fascial sheath.
Adie s. [MIM*100300] an idiopathic postganglionic denervation of the parasympathetically innervated intraocular muscles, usually complicated by signs of aberrant regeneration of these nerves: a weak light reaction with segmental palsy of iris sphincter, a strong, slow near response. Deep tendon reflexes are often asymmetrically reduced. SEE ALSO: tonic pupil. SYN: Adie pupil, Holmes-Adie pupil, Holmes-Adie s., pupillotonic pseudotabes.
adiposogenital s. SYN: adiposogenital dystrophy.
adrenal cortical s. an inexact (and obsolete) term that has been applied to Cushing s., Addison disease, or the adrenogenital s..
adrenal virilizing s. SYN: adrenal virilism.
adrenogenital s. generic designation for a group of disorders caused by adrenocortical hyperplasia or malignant tumors and characterized by masculinization of women, feminization of men, or precocious sexual development of children; representative of excessive or abnormal secretory patterns of adrenocortical steroids, especially those with androgenic or estrogenic effects.
adult respiratory distress s. (ARDS) acute lung injury from a variety of causes, characterized by interstitial and/or alveolar edema and hemorrhage as well as perivascular pulmonary edema associated with hyaline membrane formation, proliferation of collagen fibers, and swollen epithelium with increased pinocytosis. SYN: acute respiratory distress s., diffuse alveolar damage, wet lung (2) , white lung.
afferent loop s. chronic obstruction of the duodenum and jejunum proximal to the gastrojejunostomy performed in a Billroth II-type gastrectomy; the distended afferent loop of jejenum and duodenum causes symptoms of pain and fullness associated with food injestion; weight loss is common. SYN: gastrojejunal loop obstruction s..
aglossia-adactylia s. [MIM*103300] congenital absence or hypoplasia of the tongue, associated with absence of the digits.
Aicardi s. [MIM*304050] an X-linked dominant disorder with lethality in hemizygous males; characterized by agenesis of corpus collosum, chorioretinal abnormality with “holes,” cleft lip with or without cleft palate, seizures, and characteristic EEG changes.
Alagille s. [MIM 118450] an autosomal dominant s. that becomes apparent in childhood and is associated with jaundice due to a paucity of intrahepatic bile ducts; characteristics include a narrow face and pointed chin, broad forehead, long, straight nose, deep-set eyes, posterior embryotoxon in the eye, cardiovascular abnormalities, vertebral defects, and nephropathy.
Albright s. 1. SYN: McCune-Albright s.. 2. SYN: Albright hereditary osteodystrophy.
alcohol amnestic s. an amnestic s. resulting from alcoholism; alcoholic “blackouts.” Cf.:Korsakoff s..
Aldrich s. SYN: Wiskott-Aldrich s..
Alice in Wonderland s. the illusion of dreams, feelings of levitation, and alteration in the sense of the passage of time, sometimes associated with migraine, epilepsy, and various diseases of the parietal lobe of the brain.
Allen-Masters s. pelvic pain resulting from an old laceration of the broad ligament received during delivery.
Allgrove s. SYN: triple A s..
Alport s. a genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by nephritis associated with microscopic hematuria and slow progression of renal failure, sensorineural hearing loss, and ocular abnormalities such as lenticonus and maculopathy; autosomal dominant [MIM*104200, MIM*153640, and MIM*153650], autosomal recessive [MIM*203780], and X-linked recessive [MIM*301050 and MIM*303630] forms exist. The X-linked form is caused by mutation in the collagen type IV alpha-5 gene (COL4A5) on chromosome Xq; the autosomal recessive form is due to mutation in the collagen type IV alpha-3 gene (COL4A3) or alpha-4 gene (COL4A4) on 2q.
Alström s. [MIM*203800] retinal degeneration with nystagmus and loss of central vision, associated with obesity in childhood; sensorineural hearing loss and diabetes mellitus usually occur after age 10; autosomal recessive inheritance.
amenorrhea-galactorrhea s. unphysiologic lactation from endocrinological causes or from a pituitary tumor.
amnestic s. 1. SYN: Korsakoff s.. 2. an organic brain s. with short-term (but not immediate) memory disturbance, regardless of the etiology.
amnionic band s. SYN: amnionic band.
amnionic fluid s. pulmonary embolic phenomena thought to be due to infusion of amniotic fluid containing epithelial squames into maternal blood vessels; shock ensues and sudden death may occur. See amnionic fluid embolism.
Amsterdam s. SYN: de Lange s.. [Amsterdam, the Netherlands]
androgen insensitivity s. SYN: androgen resistance syndromes.
androgen resistance syndromes a class of disorders associated with 5α-steroid reductase deficiency, testicular feminization, and related disorders. Cf.:steroid 5α-reductase, Reifenstein s., infertile male s., testicular feminization s.. SYN: androgen insensitivity s..
Angelman s. microdeletion of 15q-13, of maternal origin, resulting in mental retardation, ataxia, paroxysms of laughter, seizures, characteristic facies, and minimal speech. See Prader-Willi s..
Angelucci s. extreme excitability, vasomotor disturbances, and palpitation associated with vernal conjunctivitis.
angioosteohypertrophy s. SYN: Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber s..
ankyloglossia superior s. a congenital condition in which the tongue adheres to the hard palate; no evidence of genetic factors.
anorectal s. soreness, burning, itching, or other irritation of the rectum together with redness about the anus, and sometimes accompanied by diarrhea, occurring as a toxic effect of the oral administration of certain broad spectrum antibiotics.
anterior chamber cleavage s. [MIM*261540] a congenital disorder originating from faulty separation of embryonic structures; it results in bilateral central corneal opacities, with an anterior ring attachment of the iridic pupillary border and anterior polar cataracts; associated with short-limbed dwarfism; autosomal dominant inheritance. See iridocorneal endothelial s.. SYN: Peters anomaly.
anterior tibial compartment s. ischemia of the muscles of the anterior tibial compartment of the leg, presumably caused by transient compression of arterial blood flow from muscle swelling within a closed fascial compartment, following strenuous physical activity.
antibody deficiency s. any of a group of disorders associated with a defective antibody production due to defects in the B-type lymphocyte system or in T-type lymphocytes; chief manifestation is an increased susceptibility to infection by various microorganisms. See agammaglobulinemia, hypogammaglobulinemia, immunodeficiency. SYN: antibody deficiency disease.
Anton s. in cortical blindness, lack of awareness of being blind.
anxiety s. the constellation of autonomic nervous system signs and symptoms accompanying the apprehension of danger and dread. See anxiety.
aortic arch s. atheromatous and/or thrombotic obliteration of the branches of the arch of the aorta leading to diminished or absent pulses in the neck and arms. SEE ALSO: Takayasu arteritis, reversed coarctation. SYN: Martorell s..
apallic s. SYN: apallic state.
Apert s. [MIM*101200] disorder characterized by craniosynostosis and syndactyly of all the fingers and usually the toes as well; the thumbs are free; mental retardation is a variable feature. Autosomal dominant mutation with most cases sporadic, caused by mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 gene (FGFR2) on 10q. SEE ALSO: acrocephalosyndactyly. SYN: type I acrocephalosyndactyly.
s. of approximate relevant answers SYN: Ganser s..
Arnold-Chiari s. SYN: Arnold-Chiari malformation.
arterial thoracic outlet s. a rare disorder due to compression of the subclavian artery (with resultant poststenotic dilation) by a fully formed cervical rib or an abnormal first thoracic rib; thrombi form in the dilated distal arterial segment, and distal limb ischemia may occur due to thromboembolic events.
Ascher s. [MIM*109900] a condition in which a congenital double lip is associated with blepharochalasis and nontoxic thyroid gland enlargement.
Asherman s. SYN: traumatic amenorrhea.
asplenia s. s. seen in patients who have no functional spleen, either because of surgical removal or disease ( e.g., sickle cell anemia); includes increased susceptibility to bacterial infection, especially pneumococcal infection.
ataxia telangiectasia s. SYN: ataxia telangiectasia.
auriculotemporal nerve s. localized flushing and sweating of the ear and cheek in response to eating. SYN: Frey s., gustatory sweating s..
autoerythrocyte sensitization s. a condition, usually occurring in women, in which the individual bruises easily (purpura simplex) and the ecchymoses tend to enlarge and involve adjacent tissues, resulting in pain in the affected parts; so called because similar lesions are produced by inoculation of the individual's blood or various components of red blood cells and it is thought to be a form of localized autosensitization, although no specific antibodies have been demonstrable. SYN: Gardner-Diamond s..
Avellis s. unilateral paralysis of the larynx and velum palati, with contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensibility in the parts below. SYN: jugular foramen s..
A-V strabismus s. strabismus in which the angle of deviation is more marked on looking upward or downward. SEE ALSO: A-pattern esotropia, V-pattern esotropia, A-pattern exotropia, V-pattern exotropia.
Ayerza s. sclerosis of the pulmonary arteries in chronic cor pulmonale; associated with severe cyanosis, it is a condition resembling polycythemia vera but resulting from primary pulmonary arteriosclerosis or primary pulmonary hypertension and characterized by plexiform lesions of arterioles. SYN: Ayerza disease, cardiopathia nigra, plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy.
Babinski s. the combination of cardiac, arterial, and central nervous system manifestations of late syphilis.
baby bottle s. SYN: nursing bottle caries.
Balint s. an entity characterized by optic ataxia and simultanagnosia. This difficulty in applying the visual system to a visual task is usually due to damage to the superior temporal-occipital areas in both hemispheres.
Bamberger-Marie s. SYN: hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy.
Bannwarth s. neurologic manifestations of Lyme disease, also called chronic lymphocytic meningitis and tick-borne meningopolyneuritis.
Banti s. chronic congestive splenomegaly that occurs primarily in children as a sequel to hypertension in the portal or splenic veins, usually as a result of thrombosis in those veins; anemia, splenomegaly, and irregular episodes of gastrointestinal bleeding are usually observed, with ascites, jaundice, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia developing in various conbinations. SYN: Banti disease, splenic anemia.
Bardet-Biedl s. [MIM*209900] mental retardation, pigmentary retinopathy, polydactyly, obesity, and hypogenitalism; autosomal recessive inheritance. SEE ALSO: Laurence-Moon s..
bare lymphocyte s. absence of HLA antigens on peripheral mononuclear cells, which may result in immunodeficiency.
Barlow s. [MIM*157700] late apical systolic murmur or (so-called “mid-late”) systolic click, or both, due to billowing of the anterior and/or posterior (mural) mitral valvular leaflet into the left atrial cavity (also, floppy valve s.); electrocardiographically, ST-T changes in a posteroinferior distribution resembling those of myocardial ischemia often coexist for unknown reasons; rhythm disturbances may coexist with this s. without demonstrable pathogenetic relationship.
Barrett s. chronic peptic ulceration of the lower esophagus, which is lined by columnar epithelium, resembling the mucosa of the gastric cardia, acquired as a result of long-standing chronic esophagitis; esophageal stricture with reflux, and adenocarcinoma, also have been reported. SYN: Barrett esophagus, Barrett metaplasia.
Bart s. [MIM*132000] a form of epidermolysis bullosa with blistering of the extremities and intertriginous areas, congenital localized absence of skin, erosions of the mouth, and dystrophic nails; there is often spontaneous improvement with no residual scarring; autosomal dominant inheritance, caused by mutation in the collagen type VII gene (COL7A1) on chromosome 3p.
Barth s. an X-linked s. characterized by poor growth, neutropenia, cardiomyopathy, and excess excretion of 3-methylglutaconic acid in the urine; some patients also show skeletal muscle weakness.
Bartter s. [MIM*241200] a disorder due to a defect in active chloride reabsorption in the loop of Henle; characterized by primary juxtaglomerular cell hyperplasia with secondary hyperaldosteronism, hypokalemic alkalosis, hypercalciuria, elevated renin or angiotensin levels, normal or low blood pressure, and growth retardation; edema is absent. Autosomal recessive inheritance, caused by mutation in either the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter gene (SLC12A1) on chromosome 15q or the K(+) channel gene (KCNJ1) on 11q.
basal cell nevus s. [MIM*109400] a s. of myriad basal cell nevi with development of basal cell carcinomas in adult life, odontogenic keratocysts, erythematous pitting of the palms and soles, calcification of the cerebral falx, and frequently skeletal anomalies, particularly ribs that are bifid or broadened anteriorly; autosomal dominant inheritance, caused by mutation in the PTCH gene, the human homolog of the “patched” gene of Drosophila on 9q. SYN: Gorlin s..
Bassen-Kornzweig s. SYN: abetalipoproteinemia.
battered child s. the clinical presentation of child abuse: various injuries to the skeleton, soft tissues, or organs of a child sustained as a result of repeated mistreatment or beating, usually by an individual responsible for the child's care.
battered spouse s. physical, psychological, and emotional injuries in a person subjected to abuse by a spouse or domestic partner; usually associated with alcoholism in the abusing spouse.
Bauer s. aortitis and aortic endocarditis as a little-recognized manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis.
Bazex s. SYN: paraneoplastic acrokeratosis.
Beckwith-Wiedemann s. [MIM*130650] an overgrowth s. characterized by exomphalos, macroglossia, and gigantism, often with neonatal hypoglycemia; there is an association with hemihypertrophy and Wilms tumor. Autosomal dominant inheritance, with most cases sporadic; influenced by genomic imprinting and uniparental disomy; caused by mutation in the P57 (KIP2) gene on chromosome 11p. SYN: EMG s..
Behçet s. [MIM*109650] a s. characterized by simultaneously or successively occurring recurrent attacks of genital and oral ulcerations (aphthae) and uveitis or iridocyclitis with hypopyon, often with arthritis; a phase of a generalized disorder, occurring more often in men than in women, with variable manifestations, including dermatitis, erythema nodosum, thrombophlebitis, and cerebral involvement. SYN: Behçet disease, cutaneomucouveal s., iridocyclitis septica, oculobuccogenital s., recurrent hypopyon, triple symptom complex, uveoencephalitic s..
Behr s. [MIM*210000] characterized by bilateral optic atrophy with temporal field defects, nystagmus, ataxia, spasticity, and mental retardation; probably autosomal recessive inheritance. SYN: Behr disease.
Benedikt s. hemiplegia with clonic spasm or tremor and oculomotor paralysis on the opposite side.
Beradinelli s. accelerated growth, lipodystrophy with muscular hypertrophy, hepatomegaly, and lipemia.
Berardinelli s. SYN: congenital total lipodystrophy.
Bernard-Horner s. SYN: Horner s..
Bernard-Sergent s. SYN: acute adrenocortical insufficiency.
Bernard-Soulier s. a coagulation disorder characterized by thrombocytopenia, giant platelets, and a bleeding tendency.
Bernhardt-Roth s. SYN: meralgia paresthetica.
Bernheim s. systemic congestion resembling the consequences of right heart failure (enlarged liver, distended neck veins, and edema) without pulmonary congestion in subjects with left ventricular enlargement from any cause; reduction in the size of the right ventricular cavity is found by contrast imaging or echocardiography or at postmortem due to encroachment by the hypertrophied or aneurysmal ventricular septum.
Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann s. SYN: sarcoidosis.
Beuren s. supravalvular aortic stenosis with multiple areas of peripheral pulmonary arterial stenosis, mental retardation, and dental anomalies.
Biemond s. [MIM*210350] iris coloboma, mental retardation, obesity, hypogenitalism, and postaxial polydactyly; probably an autosomal recessive inheritance disorder resembling Laurence-Moon and Bardet-Biedel syndromes.
billowing mitral valve s. SYN: mitral valve prolapse s..
Björnstad s. [MIM*262000] pili torti associated with sensorineural hearing loss, the severity of distortion and brittleness of the hair correlated with the degree of hearing impairment; autosomal dominant inheritance.
Blatin s. SYN: hydatid thrill.
blind loop s. stagnation of intestinal contents with bacterial overgrowth producing substances that interfere with absorption of fat, vitamins, and other nutrients, usually occurs in a portion of small intestine that has been excluded from the flow of chyme.
Bloch-Sulzberger s. SYN: incontinentia pigmenti.
Bloom s. [MIM*210900] congenital telangiectatic erythema, primarily in butterfly distribution, of the face and occasionally of the hands and forearms, with sun sensitivity of skin lesions and dwarfism with normal body proportions except for a narrow face and dolichocephalic skull; chromosomes are excessively unstable and there is a predisposition to malignancy; autosomal recessive inheritance, caused by mutation in the Bloom s. gene (BLM) on chromosome 15q.
blue diaper s. a disorder of tryptophan absorption; excess unabsorbed tryptophan in the intestine is metabolized to indoles and indicans, which are absorbed and lead to excretion of indican in the urine, which is oxidized in the diaper to indigo; patients also have hypercalcemia and nephrocalcinosis.
blue toe s. progressive tissue injury or gangrene from microthromboembolism in the presence of palpable pedal pulses.
Boerhaave s. rupture of the esophagus caused by increased intraluminal pressure during retching or vomiting with a closed glottis; results in mediastinitis and sometimes ruptures into the left pleural space.
Bonnet-Dechaume-Blanc s. SYN: Wyburn-Mason s..
Bonnier s. a s. due to a lesion of Deiters nucleus and its connection; the symptoms include ocular disturbances ( e.g., paralysis of accommodation, nystagmus, diplopia), as well as deafness, nausea, thirst, anorexia, and symptoms referable to the involvement of the vagus centers.
Böök s. [MIM*112300] premolar aplasia, hyperhidrosis, and premature canities; autosomal dominant trait.
BOR s. SYN: branchiootorenal dysplasia.
Börjeson-Forssman-Lehmann s. [MIM*301900] a condition characterized by mental deficiency, epilepsy, hypogonadism, hypometabolism, obesity, large ears, and narrow palpebral fissures; X-linked recessive inheritance.
bowel bypass s. recurrent fever, chills, malaise, and inflammatory cutaneous papules and pustules on the extremities and upper trunk with diffuse neutrophil infiltration, sometimes with polyarthralgia or polyarthritis following bowel bypass surgery.
Bradbury-Eggleston s. SYN: pure autonomic failure.
bradytachycardia s. (bra′de-ta-ke-car′de′a) alternate rapid and slow cardiac rates that may represent any rhythm disturbances in any combination usually related to sinus node disease. SYN: tachybradycardia s..
branchiootorenal s. an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by anomalies of the branchial arch derivatives, sensory hearing impairment, and renal abnormalities.
Briquet s. a chronic but fluctuating mental disorder, usually of young women, characterized by frequent complaints of physical illness involving multiple organ systems simultaneously.
Brissaud-Marie s. unilateral spasm of the tongue and lips, of hysterical nature.
Brock s. SYN: middle lobe s..
bronze baby s. a brown or bronze discoloration of the skin that may occur in children with hyperbilirubinemia who have received phototherapy.
Brown s. SYN: tendon sheath s..
Brown-Séquard s. s. with unilateral spinal cord lesions, proprioception loss and weakness occur ipsilateral to the lesion, while pain and temperature loss occur contralateral. SYN: Brown-Séquard paralysis.
Budd s. SYN: Chiari s..
Budd-Chiari s. SYN: Chiari s..
Bürger-Grütz s. SYN: type I familial hyperlipoproteinemia.
burner s. multiple episodes of upper extremity burning pain, sometimes accompanied by shoulder girdle weakness, experienced during contact sports, especially football, with each forceful blow to the head or shoulder; attributed to an upper trunk brachial plexopathy.
Burnett s. SYN: milk-alkali s..
burning foot s. a disorder observed in prisoners-of-war in World War II, now believed to be due to a pantothenate deficiency.
burning mouth s. a clinical condition in which the patient complains of a burning sensation in the oral cavity although the appearance of the oral mucosa is normal; the cause has not been determined.
burning tongue s. a s. of pain in the tongue without apparent lesions, often associated with ageusia; more common in elderly women.
burning vulva s. persistent vulvodynia in which a physical cause has not been identified.
Buschke-Ollendorf s. SYN: osteodermatopoikilosis.
Caffey s. SYN: infantile cortical hyperostosis.
Caffey-Kempe s. battered child s..
Caffey-Silverman s. SYN: infantile cortical hyperostosis.
camptomelic s. also associated with flat facies, short vertebrae, hypoplastic scapula, and bowed tibia. SYN: osteochondrodysplasia.
Capgras s. the delusional belief that a person (or persons) close to the schizophrenic patient has been substituted for by one or more impostors; may have an organic etiology. SYN: Capgras phenomenon, illusion of doubles.
Caplan s. intrapulmonary nodules, histologically similar to subcutaneous rheumatoid nodules, associated with rheumatoid arthritis and pneumoconiosis in coal workers. SYN: Caplan nodules.
carbonic anhydrase II deficiency s. an inherited deficiency of carbonic anhydrase II that results in osteopetrosis and metabolic acidosis. SYN: osteopetrosis with renal tubular acidosis.
carcinoid s. a combination of symptoms and lesions mostly produced by the release of serotonin from carcinoid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract that have metastasized to the liver; consists of irregular mottled blushing, flat angiomas of the skin, acquired tricuspid and pulmonary stenosis often with regurgitation, occasionally with some minor involvement of valves on the left side of the heart, diarrhea, bronchial spasm, mental aberration, and excretion of large quantities of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. SYN: malignant carcinoid s., metastatic carcinoid s..
cardiofacial s. 1. transient or persistent unilateral partial lower facial paresis accompanying some congenital heart disease. 2. a group of syndromes characterized by congenital cardiovascular, bone, soft tissue, and facial abnormalities. Examples include Rubinstein-Taybi s., Noonan s. and Williams s..
Caroli s. congenital malformation of the bile ducts within the liver leading to formation of multifocal cystic dilatations.
carotid sinus s. stimulation of a hyperactive carotid sinus, causing a marked fall in blood pressure due to vasodilation, cardiac slowing, or both; syncope with or without convulsions or AV block may occur. SYN: Charcot-Weiss-Baker s..
carpal tunnel s. the most common nerve entrapment s., characterized by nocturnal hand paresthesia and pain, and sometimes sensory loss and wasting in the median hand distribution; affects women more than men and is often bilateral; caused by chronic entrapment of the median nerve at the wrist, within the carpal tunnel.
Carpenter s. the association of primary hypothyroidism, primary adrenocortical insufficiency, and diabetes mellitus. [C.C.J. Carpenter]
cataract-oligophrenia s. SYN: Marinesco-Garland s..
cat's cry s. SYN: cri-du-chat s..
cat's-eye s. [MIM*115470] a chromosomal disorder characterized by iris colobomas (resembling the vertical pupils of a cat), downslanting palpebral fissures, anal atresia, preauricular tags and/or pits, heart and renal malformations, and, occasionally, mild mental retardation; associated with chromosome partial tetrasomy 22. SYN: Schmid-Fraccaro s..
cauda equina s. involvement, often asymmetric, of multiple roots making up the cauda equina ( i.e., L2–S3 roots), manifested by pain, paresthesia, and weakness; often bladder and bowel sphincter function is unaffected because of sacral sparing (lack of compromise of the S2, S3, and S4 roots).
cavernous sinus s. a s. caused by thrombosis of the cavernous intracranial sinus characterized by edema of eyelids and conjunctivae, and paralysis of the third, fourth and sixth nerves.
Ceelen-Gellerstedt s. SYN: idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis.
celiac s. SYN: celiac disease.
cellular immunity deficiency s. a s. marked by increased susceptibility to infection, especially to viral infection, associated with defective functioning of the mechanism responsible for acquired immunity of the cell-mediated kind. SEE ALSO: immunodeficiency.
central cord s. quadriparesis most severely involving the distal upper extremities, with or without sensory loss and bladder dysfunction, usually due to ischemia from osteophytic or traumatic compression of the central part of the cervical spinal cord and/or artery.
cerebellar s. the signs and symptoms of cerebellar dysfunction: dysmetria, dysarthria, asynergia, nystagmus, ataxia, staggering gait, and adiadochokinesia.
cerebellomedullary malformation s. SYN: Arnold-Chiari malformation.
cerebellopontine angle s. a s. due most commonly to a lesion in the region between the cerebellum and pons that can affect multiple cranial nerves; may be marked by hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo, ataxia, or facial weakness.
cerebrohepatorenal s. [MIM*214100, MIM*211410] SYN: Zellweger s..
cervical compression s. SYN: cervical disk s..
cervical disk s. pain, paresthesias, and sometimes weakness in the area of the distribution of one or more cervical roots, due to pressure of a protruded cervical intervertebral disk. SYN: cervical compression s..
cervical fusion s. SYN: Klippel-Feil s..
cervical rib s. indefinite term, equally applicable to two different syndromes: 1) arterial thoracic outlet s., in which the subclavian artery is compromised by a fully formed cervical rib, and 2) true neurogenic thoracic outlet s., in which the proximal lower trunk of the brachial plexus is compromised by a translucent band extending from a rudimentary cervical rib to the first rib.
cervical rib and band s. SYN: true neurogenic thoracic outlet s..
cervical tension s. SYN: posttraumatic neck s..
cervicooculoacoustic s. [MIM*314600] a disorder characterized by a congenitally short neck with fused cervical vertebrae (Klippel-Feil anomaly), sixth cranial nerve paralysis with retraction of the eye globe and narrowing of the palpebral fissure on adduction (Duane palsy), and sensorineural deafness; inheritance is thought to be multifactorial with limitation to females. SYN: Wildervanck s..
Cestan-Chenais s. contralateral hemiplegia, hemianesthesia, and loss of pain and temperature sensibility, with ipsilateral hemiasynergia and lateropulsion, paralysis of the larynx and soft palate, enophthalmia, miosis, and ptosis, due to lesions of the brainstem.
chancriform s. an ulcerative lesion at the site of primary infection by microorganisms, with regional lymph node enlargement; it occurs not only in chancroid infections but also in various bacterial and fungal infections.
Chandler s. iris atrophy with corneal edema. SYN: iridocorneal s..
Charcot s. SYN: intermittent claudication.
Charcot-Weiss-Baker s. SYN: carotid sinus s..
CHARGE s. SYN: CHARGE association.
Chauffard s. the symptoms of Still disease in one suffering from bovine or other nonhuman form of tuberculosis. SYN: Still-Chauffard s..
Chédiak-Higashi s. [MIM*214500 and MIM*214450] a genetic disorder associated with abnormalities of granulation and nuclear structure of all types of leukocytes and with the presence of peroxidase-positive granules, cytoplasmic inclusions, and Dohle bodies; characterized by hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, anemia, neutropenia, partial albinism, nystagmus, photophobia, and susceptibilities to infection and lymphoma; death usually occurs in childhood; occurs in mink, cattle, mice, killer whales, and humans; autosomal recessive inheritance, caused by mutation in the Chediak-Higashi gene (CHS) on chromosome 1q. SYN: Béguez César disease, Chédiak-Higashi disease, Chédiak-Steinbrinck-Higashi anomaly, Chédiak-Steinbrinck-Higashi s..
Chédiak-Steinbrinck-Higashi s. [MIM*214500, MIM*214450] SYN: Chédiak-Higashi s..
Cheney s. acroosteolysis with osteoporosis and changes in the skull and mandible.
cherry-red spot myoclonus s. a neuronal storage disorder in children characterized by a cherry-red spot at the macula, progressive myoclonus, and easily controlled seizures; the result of sialidase deficiency. Type 1 is characterized by normal body habitus, cherry-red macula, myoclonus, and normal β-galactosidase levels; type 2 by short stature, bony abnormalities, and deficient β-galactosidase. SYN: sialidosis.
Chiari s. thrombosis of the hepatic vein with great enlargement of the liver and extensive development of collateral vessels, intractable ascites, and severe portal hypertension. SYN: Budd s., Budd-Chiari s., Chiari disease, Chiari-Budd s., Rokitansky disease (2) .
Chiari-Budd s. SYN: Chiari s..
Chiari-Frommel s. unphysiological lactation and amenorrhea following pregnancy, but not caused by infant's nursing; characterized by hyperprolactinemia and a pituitary adenoma.
Chiari II s. displacement of the medulla and cerebellar tonsils and vermis through the foramen magnum into the upper spinal canal; often associated with other cerebral anomalies.
chiasma s. a s. characterized by a bitemporal visual field defect and optic nerve atrophy due to a lesion in or about the chiasm.
Chilaiditi s. interposition of the colon between the liver and the diaphragm.
CHILD s. congenital hemidysplasia with ichthyosiform erythroderma and limb defects.
Chinese restaurant s. development of chest pain, feelings of facial pressure, and sensation of burning over variable portions of the body surface after ingestion of food containing monosodium l-glutamate (MSG) by persons sensitive to this food additive.
Chotzen s. [MIM*101400] SYN: Saethre-Chotzen s..
Christian s. SYN: Hand-Schüller-Christian disease.
chromosomal s. general designation for syndromes due to chromosomal aberrations; typically associated with mental retardation and multiple congenital anomalies.
chromosomal instability syndromes, chromosomal breakage syndromes a group of mendelian conditions associated with chromosomal instability and breakage in vitro, they often manifest an increased tendency to certain types of malignancies. See Bloom s., xeroderma pigmentosum.
chronic hyperventilation s. reduced CO₂ content of the blood (hypocapnia) as a result of hyperventilation of prolonged duration; may occur in anxiety states and in some chronic organic, usually cardiovascular, disease; alkalemia, paresthesia, and tetany may occur.
Churg-Strauss s. asthma, fever, eosinophilia, and varied symptoms and signs of vasculitis, primarily affecting small arteries, with vascular and extravascular granulomas. SYN: allergic granulomatosis, allergic granulomatous angiitis.
Cianca s. a severe form of infantile esotropia characterized by cross-fixation and tight medial rectus muscles.
Clarke-Hadfield s. SYN: cystic fibrosis.
classic cervical rib s. SYN: true neurogenic thoracic outlet s..
Claude s. midbrain s. with oculomotor palsy on the side of the lesion and incoordination on the opposite side.
click s. a s., particularly of the atrioventricular valves, in which systole causes a sudden tensing of a scallop of a valve or an entire cusp producing the auscultatory click.
climacteric s. SYN: menopausal s..
cloverleaf skull s. [MIM*148800] intrauterine bone dysplasia and synostosis of the coronal and lambdoid sutures producing a trilobar head shape, sometimes associated with exophthalmos, and various craniofacial and long-bone anomalies; the condition is sporadic.
Cobb s. cutaneous capillary malformation, usually in a dermatomal distribution on the trunk, associated with vascular abnormality of the spinal cord and resulting neurologic symptoms. SYN: cutaneomeningospinal angiomatosis.
Cockayne s. [MIM*216400 and MIM*216411] dwarfism, precociously senile appearance, pigmentary degeneration of the retina, optic atrophy, deafness, sensitivity to sunlight, microcephaly, and mental retardation; autosomal recessive inheritance associated with defective excision repair of DNA. There are various complementation groups. SYN: Cockayne disease.
Coffin-Lowry s. [MIM*303600] characterized by coarse facial features with bulbous nose, large ears, and thick lips; short stature; tapered fingers; skeletal anomalies and mental retardation. X-linked recessive inheritance, caused by mutation in the ribosomal S6 kinase gene (RSK) on chromosome Xp.
Coffin-Siris s. [MIM*135900] characterized by mental retardation, bulbous nose, flat nasal bridge, moderate hirsutism, and digital anomalies with absence or hypoplasia of the nail and terminal phalanx of the fifth finger and/or the fifth toe; probably autosomal dominant inheritance. SYN: fifth digit s..
Cogan s. SYN: oculovestibulo-auditory s..
Cogan-Reese s. SYN: iridocorneal endothelial s..
cold agglutinin s. SYN: cold hemagglutinin disease.
Collet-Sicard s. unilateral lesions of the ninth, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth cranial nerves producing Vernet s. and paralysis of the tongue on the same side.
combined immunodeficiency s. a serious primary immunodeficiency affecting both T and B cells.
compartment s. a condition in which increased pressure in a confined anatomical space adversely affects the circulation and threatens the function and viability of the tissues therein.
complete androgen insensitivity s. SYN: testicular feminization.
compression s. SYN: crush s..
congenital rubella s. fetal infection with rubella virus during the first trimester of pregnancy resulting in a series of congenital abnormalities including heart disease, deafness, and blindness.
Conn s. SYN: primary aldosteronism.
Conradi-Hünermann s. one of the syndromes of chondrodysplasia punctata (q.v.), autosomal dominant, with variable skin keratinization disorders and facial, cardiac, optic, and central nervous system abnormalities; epiphyseal stippling is also present.
Cornelia de Lange s. SYN: de Lange s..
corpus luteum deficiency s. functional disturbances caused by insufficient ovarian luteinization; reflected by inadequate luteal phase endometrial response.
Costen s. a symptom complex of loss of hearing, otalgia, tinnitus, dizziness, headache, and burning sensation of the throat, tongue, and side of the nose; originally attributed to temporomandibular joint dysfunction resulting from occlusal disharmony, but currently recognized as not being well founded on anatomic and physiologic principles.
costochondral s. pain in the chest with tenderness over one or more costochondral junctions.
costoclavicular s. one of the forerunners of thoracic outlet s., in which the subclavian artery and vein and, on later reports, the brachial plexus, were thought to be compressed between the clavicle and normal first rib, with the assumption of certain body postures, e.g., the military brace position.
Cotard s. psychotic depression involving delusion of the existence of one's body, along with ideas of negation and suicidal impulses.
Crandall s. [MIM*262000] characterized by pili torti, sensorineural deafness, and hypogonadism; a familial trait in which there is a deficiency of luteinizing and of growth hormone. SEE ALSO: Björnstad s..
CREST s. a variant of systemic sclerosis characterized by calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal motility disorders, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia.
cri-du-chat s., cri du chat s., cat-cry s. a disorder due to deletion of the short arm of chromosome 5, characterized by microcephaly, hypertelorism, antimongoloid palpebral fissures, epicanthal folds, micrognathia, strabismus, mental and physical retardation, and a characteristic high-pitched catlike whine. SYN: cat's cry s., Lejeune s..
Crigler-Najjar s. [MIM*218800] a rare defect in ability to form bilirubin glucuronide due to deficiency of bilirubin-glucuronide glucuronosyltransferase; characterized by familial nonhemolytic jaundice and, in its severe form, by irreversible brain damage in infancy that resembles kernicterus and may be fatal; autosomal recessive inheritance, caused by mutation in the uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferase 1 gene (UGT1) on chromosome 1q. There is an autosomal dominant form called Gilbert s., also caused by mutation in the UGT1 gene. SYN: Crigler-Najjar disease.
crocodile tears s. a flow of tears, usually unilateral, upon eating or the anticipation of eating; this happens when nerve fibers originally destined for a salivary gland are damaged and regrow, aberrantly, into the lacrimal gland.
Cronkhite-Canada s. [MIM*175500] a sporadically occurring s. of gastrointestinal polyps with diffuse alopecia and nail dystrophy; probably not genetic.
Crouzon s. [MIM*123500] craniosynostosis with broad forehead, ocular hypertelorism, exophthalmos, beaked nose, and hypoplasia of the maxilla; autosomal dominant inheritance, caused by mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 gene (FGFR2) on chromosome 10q. Crouzon s. with acanthosis nigricans is due to mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 gene (FGFR3) on 4p. SYN: craniofacial dysostosis, Crouzon disease.
Crow-Fukase s. SYN: POEMS.
crush s. the shocklike state that follows release of a limb or limbs or the trunk and pelvis after a prolonged period of compression, as by a heavy weight; characterized by suppression of renal function, probably the result of damage to the renal tubules by myoglobin from the damaged muscles. SYN: compression s..
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten s. cirrhosis of the liver with patent umbilical or paraumbilical veins and varicose periumbilical veins (caput medusae). SYN: Cruveilhier-Baumgarten disease.
cryptophthalmus s. SYN: Fraser s..
cubital tunnel s. a group of symptoms that develop from compression of the ulnar nerve within the cubital tunnel at the elbow; can include paresthesia into the 4th and 5th digits and weakness of the intrinsic muscles of the hand.
Cushing s. a disorder resulting from increased adrenocortical secretion of cortisol (giving clinical picture of Cushing disease), due to any one of several sources: ACTH-dependent adrenocortical hyperplasia or tumor, ectopic ACTH-secreting tumor, or excessive administrations of steroids; characterized by trunkal obesity, moon face, acne, abdominal striae, hypertension, decreased carbohydrate tolerance, protein catabolism, psychiatric disturbances, and osteoporosis, amenorrhea, and hirsutism in females; when associated with an ACTH-producing adenoma, called Cushing disease. SYN: Cushing basophilism.
Cushing s. medicamentosus a variable number of the signs and symptoms of Cushing s.; produced by the chronic administration of large doses of any steroid that is a potent glucocorticoid.
cutaneomucouveal s. SYN: Behçet s..
Dandy-Walker s. [MIM*304340] developmental anomaly of the fourth ventricle associated with atresia of the foramina of Luschka and Magendie that results in cerebellar hypoplasia, hydrocephalus, and posterior fossa cyst formation.
dead arm s. sensory diminution or loss in the arm after anterior shoulder dislocation or subluxation.
dead fetus s. s. characterized by lengthy intrauterine retention of a dead fetus usually greater than 4 weeks with development of hypofibrinogenemia and occasionally disseminated intravascular coagulopathy.
dead-in-bed s. the finding of young, insulin-dependent diabetics without previous illness or abnormal glucose control dead in bed in the morning. Assumed to be due to hypoglycemia but it has been difficult to establish that fact postmortem. Usually occurs in diabetics taking three daily doses of insulin, suggesting inadvertent administration of erroneous dose, with lack of awareness of hypoglycemia during sleep.
Debré-Sémélaigne s. SYN: Kocher-Debré-Sémélaigne s..
de Clerambault s. erotomania accompanied by the delusional belief that a certain person is in love with you.
Degos s. SYN: malignant atrophic papulosis.
Dejerine-Klumpke s. SYN: Klumpke palsy.
Dejerine-Roussy s. SYN: thalamic s..
de Lange s. [MIM 122470] a multiple congenital anomaly s. characterized by mental retardation, distinctive facies with microcephaly, synophrys, low anterior hairline, depressed nasal bridge, anteverted nares, long philtrum, carp mouth, thin upper lip and low-set ears, prenatal and postnatal growth retardation, hirsutism, and frequently, limb anomalies. Genetics unclear, though some instances appear to be autosomal dominantly inherited. SYN: Amsterdam s., Cornelia de Lange s..
Del Castillo s. SYN: Sertoli-cell-only s..
de Morsier s. SYN: septooptic dysplasia.
dengue shock s. dengue fever of grade III or IV severity.
Denys-Drash s. s. comprising nephropathy, Wilms tumor, and genital abnormalities.
depersonalization s. SYN: depersonalization.
depressive s. SYN: depression (4) .
dermatitis-arthritis-tenosynovitis s. disseminated infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, causing skin lesions (often pustular or necrotic), plus synovitis of major joints (such as knee, ankle, elbow) and tendon sheaths.
De Sanctis-Cacchione s. [MIM*278800] xeroderma pigmentosum with mental deficiency, dwarfism, and gonadal hypoplasia; autosomal recessive inheritance associated with defective DNA repair following damage by ultraviolet irradiation.
s. of deviously relevant answers SYN: Ganser s..
dialysis disequilibrium s. nausea, vomiting, and hypertension, occasionally with convulsions, developing within several hours after starting hemodialysis for renal failure; apparently caused by too rapid removal of urea from the extracellular fluid compartment, with movement of water into cells, and cerebral edema.
dialysis encephalopathy s. a progressive, often fatal, diffuse encephalopathy occurring in a few patients on chronic hemodialysis; to be differentiated from the relatively acute, self-limited dialysis disequilibrium s.. SYN: dialysis dementia.
Diamond-Blackfan s. SYN: congenital hypoplastic anemia.
diencephalic s. of infancy profound emaciation after initial normal growth, locomotor hyperactivity and euphoria, usually with skin pallor, hypotension, and hypoglycemia; usually due to neoplasm involving the anterior hypothalamus.
Di Ferrante s. [MIM*253230] associated with a deficiency of N-acetylglucosamine 6-sulfatase and urinary excretion of heparan sulfate and keratan sulfate. SYN: type VII mucopolysaccharidosis (2) .
DiGeorge s. [MIM*188400] a condition arising from developmental failure of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches, resulting in the absence or underdevelopment of the thymus and parathyroid gland, associated with abnormalities of the outflow tract of the heart, distinctive facies, hypoparathyroidism, hypocalcemia with tetany, and deficiency in T-cell immunity; this is a contiguous gene deletion s. involving chromosome 22q11; autosomal dominant inheritance. SYN: congenital aplasia of thymus, immunodeficiency with hypoparathyroidism, pharyngeal pouch s., third and fourth pharyngeal pouch s., thymic hypoplasia.
Di Guglielmo s. [MIM*133180] SYN: Di Guglielmo disease.
disconnection s. general term for various neurological disorders due to interruption of fiber pathways of the cerebrum.
disk s. a constellation of symptoms and signs, including pain, paresthesias, sensory loss, weakness, and impaired reflexes, due to a compressive radiculopathy caused by intervertebral disk pressure.
disputed neurogenic thoracic outlet s. a highly controversial disorder in which the brachial plexus is reputedly repressed at one or more sites along its course, particularly within the interscalene triangle, and between the normal first thoracic rib and some other structures; frequently attributed to trauma (particularly automobile accidents), and most often diagnosed in young to middle-aged women; no characteristic clinical presentation, although forequarter pain is characteristic; no definite objective findings are present, and no undisputed ancillary diagnostic studies are available.
distal intestinal obstructive s. a s. seen in cystic fibrosis secondary to impaction with feces and inspissated mucus.
Donohue s. SYN: leprechaunism.
Doose s. a rare familial type of primary, generalized myoclonic astatic epilepsy characterized by a 2–3- or 4–6-Hz spike and wave complexes in the EEG; the condition usually responds to medication.
Dorfman-Chanarin s. [MIM*275630] congenital ichthyosis, leukocyte vacuoles, and variable involvement of other organ systems. SYN: neutral lipid storage disease.
dorsal midbrain s. SYN: Parinaud s..
Down s. a chromosomal dysgenesis s. consisting of a variable constellation of abnormalities caused by triplication or translocation of chromosome 21. The abnormalities include mental retardation, retarded growth, flat hypoplastic face with short nose, prominent epicanthic skin folds, small low-set ears with prominent antihelix, fissured and thickened tongue, laxness of joint ligaments, pelvic dysplasia, broad hands and feet, stubby fingers, and transverse palmar crease. Lenticular opacities and heart disease are common. The incidence of leukemia is increased and Alzheimer disease is almost inevitable by age 40. SYN: trisomy 21 s..
Dressler s. recurrent pericarditis following acute myocardial infarction.
dry eye s. SYN: keratoconjunctivitis sicca.
Duane s. SYN: retraction s..
Dubin-Johnson s. [MIM*237500] an inherited defect in hepatic excretory function characterized by jaundice with levels of serum bilirubin up to about 6 mg/dL, over half of which is conjugated, and excretion of abnormal proportions of coproporphyrin I in urine. There is also retention of a dark pigment in the hepatocytes that is derived either from melanin or catecholamines, but otherwise liver histology is normal. Oral cholecystogram fails to visualize the gallbladder, and excretion of test substances ( e.g., bromosulfothalein) by the liver is abnormal. The basic defect is apparently in canalicular transport. No therapy is necessary; autosomal recessive inheritance caused by mutation in the canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter gene (CMOAT) on 10q. SYN: chronic idiopathic jaundice.
Dubreuil-Chambardel s. simultaneous caries of the upper incisor teeth occurring in either sex between the ages of 14 and 17; after an interval of varying length the other teeth also become involved.
dumping s. the s. that occurs after eating, most often seen in patients with shunts of the upper alimentary canal; characterized by flushing, sweating, dizziness, weakness, and vasomotor collapse, resulting from rapid passage of large amounts of food into the small intestine, with an osmotic effect removing fluid from plasma and causing hypovolemia. SYN: early dumping s., postgastrectomy s..
Duncan s. SYN: X-linked lymphoproliferative s..
Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen s. [MIM*223800] a skeletal dysplasia that has some clinical resemblance to Morquio s. but without mucopolysacchariduria; characterized by mental retardation, short-trunk dwarfism, progressive sternal bulging, restricted joint mobility, waddling gait, and radiographic findings of irregular iliac crests and flattening of vertebral bodies; autosomal recessive inheritance. There is an X-linked form [MIM*304950].
dysarthria–clumsy hand s. a disorder characterized by dysarthria and a clumsiness of one hand, caused by a lacunar stroke in the basis pontis.
dyskinesia s. [MIM*242650] clearance of mucus is sluggish and bronchiectasis is prevalent and intractable. There is evidence that the defect lies in dynein, a protein in the cilia. The pattern of inheritance is apparently autosomal recessive.
dysmnesic s. SYN: Korsakoff s..
dysplastic nevus s. See dysplastic nevus.
Eagle-Barrett s. SYN: prune belly s..
early dumping s. SYN: dumping s..
Eaton-Lambert s. SYN: Lambert-Eaton s..
ectopic ACTH s. the association of Cushing s. with a non-pituitary neoplasm, usually a lung carcinoma that produces ACTH.
ectrodactyly–ectodermal dysplasia–clefting s. an autosomal recessive disorder resulting in defects of hands and feet; the ectodermal dysplasia causes fair skin, anodontia, and cleft palate.
Edwards s. SYN: trisomy 18 s..
egg-white s. dermatitis, loss of hair, and loss of muscle coordination, produced in rats by diets containing large amounts of raw egg white, the avidin of which combines with biotin producing a deficiency of the latter. SYN: egg-white injury.
Ehlers-Danlos s. (EDS) a group of connective tissue disorders characterized by hyperelasticity and fragility of the skin, hypermobility of the joints, and fragility of the cutaneous blood vessels and sometimes large arteries due to deficient quality or quantity of collagen; the most common types are inherited as autosomal dominant, caused by mutation in one of the following genes: the collagen V alpha-1 gene (COL5A1) on chromosome 9q or the collagen V alpha-2 gene (COL5A2) on 2q or COL3A1 gene on 2q.
Eisenmenger s. cardiac failure with significant right-to-left shunt producing cyanosis due to higher pressure on the right side of the shunt. Usually due to the Eisenmenger complex, a ventricular septal defect with right ventricular hypertrophy and dilatation, severe pulmonary hypertension, and frequent straddling of the defect by a misplaced aortic root.
Ekbom s. SYN: restless legs s..
elfin facies s. SYN: Williams s..
Ellis-van Creveld s. SYN: chondroectodermal dysplasia.
E-M s. SYN: eosinophilia-myalgia s..
EMG s. SYN: Beckwith-Wiedemann s..
encephalotrigeminal vascular s. angiomatosis of the brain accompanied by nevi in the trigeminal area. SEE ALSO: Sturge-Weber s..
eosinophilia-myalgia s. a probable autoimmune disorder precipitated by contaminated l-tryptophan tablets, and characterized by fatigue, low-grade fever, myalgias, muscle tenderness and cramps, weakness, paresthesias of the extremities, and skin indurations; marked eosinophilia is noted on peripheral blood studies, serum aldolase is increased, and biopsies of peripheral nerve, muscle, skin, and fascia show microangiopathy and inflammation in connective tissue. SYN: E-M s..
episodic dyscontrol s. SYN: intermittent explosive disorder.
erythrodysesthesia s. tingling sensation of the palms and soles, progressing to severe pain and tenderness with erythema and edema; caused by continuous infusion therapy.
euthyroid sick s. abnormalities in levels of hormones and function tests related to the thyroid gland occurring in patients with severe systemic disease. Thyroid function is actually normal in these patients, and it is uncertain whether treatment of these abnormalities would be beneficial. SYN: sick euthyroid s..
Evans s. acquired hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia.
exfoliation s. SYN: pseudoexfoliation s..
extrapyramidal s. abnormalities of movement related to injury of motor pathways other than the pyramidal tract.
Faber s. SYN: achlorhydric anemia.
false memory s. an apparent memory of an imagined event, usually traumatic and remote in time; generally used pejoratively to imply that the memory was engendered by the therapist facilitating its recovery; a controversial concept.
familial aortic ectasia s. the concurrence as an autosomal dominant trait of bicuspid aortic valve often with premature calcification, ectasia, and dissection of the aorta and, rarely, coarctation of the aorta. Superficially resembles the Marfan s.. SYN: familial aortic ectasia.
familial chylomicronemia s. an inherited disorder resulting in accumulation of chylomicrons as well as triacylglycerols. SEE ALSO: chylomicronemia.
Fanconi s. [MIM*227650–227660] 1. SYN: Fanconi anemia. 2. a group of conditions with characteristic disorders of renal tubular function, which may be classified as: 1) cystinosis, an autosomal recessive disease of early childhood; 2) adult Fanconi s., a rare hereditary form, probably due to a recessive gene different from that found in cystinosis, characterized by the tubular malfunction seen in cystinosis and by osteomalacia, but without cystine deposit in tissues; 3) acquired Fanconi s., which may be associated with multiple myeloma or may result from chemical poisoning, injury, or persisting damage of proximal tubular epithelium due to various causes, leading to multiple defects of tubular function.
FAPA s. a s. of unknown etiology that causes periodic bouts of fever, adenitis, pharyngitis, and aphthous ulcers.
Farber s. [MIM*228000] SYN: disseminated lipogranulomatosis.
Favre-Racouchot s. SYN: Favre-Racouchot disease.
Felty s. rheumatoid arthritis with splenomegaly and leukopenia.
fetal alcohol s. a pattern of malformation with growth deficiency, craniofacial anomalies, and functional deficits including mental retardation found among offspring of mothers who abuse alcohol.
fetal aspiration s. a s. resulting from uterine aspiration of amniotic fluid and meconium by the fetus, usually caused by hypoxia and often leading to aspiration pneumonia. SYN: meconium aspiration s..
fetal face s. a s. of facies resembling an early fetus with short forearms, and genital hypoplasia at birth, but without evidence of achondroplasia; leads to dwarfism without mental retardation.
fetal hydantoin s. a s. resulting from maternal ingestion of hydantoin analog ( e.g., phenytoin), characterized by growth deficiency, mental deficiency, dysmorphic facies, cleft palate and/or lip, cardiac defects, and abnormal genitalia.
fetal trimethadione s. a s. resulting from maternal ingestion of trimethadione during the early weeks of pregnancy and characterized by developmental delay, V-shaped eyebrows, epicanthus, low-set ears with anteriorly folded helix, palatal anomaly, and irregular teeth.
fetal warfarin s. fetal bleeding, nasal hypoplasia, optic atrophy, and death resulting from ingestion of warfarin by the pregnant patient.
fibrinogen-fibrin conversion s. a s. characterized by hypofibrinogenemia with incoagulable blood; it may be seen in abruptio placentae, prolonged retention of a dead fetus in an Rh-isosensitized mother, hemolytic blood reactions, bilateral renal cortical necrosis, and cases of trauma.
fibromyalgia s. SYN: fibromyalgia.
Fiessinger-Leroy-Reiter s. SYN: Reiter s..
fifth digit s. SYN: Coffin-Siris s..
first arch s. generic term including syndromes of malformations involving derivatives of the first branchial arch, with or without associated malformations; includes mandibulofacial dysostosis, micrognathia with peromelia, otomandibular dystosis, acrofacial dysostosis, and others.
Fisher s. a s. characterized by ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and areflexia; a form of polyneuroradiculitis.
Fitz-Hugh and Curtis s. perihepatitis in women with a history of gonococcal or chlamydial salpingitis.
flashing pain s. [MIM*190400] sudden, intermittent, and severe brief episodes of pain, without apparent cause, in the distribution of a spinal dermatome; resembles in character the pain of tic douloureux. Cf.:tic douloureux.
flecked retina s. [MIM*228980] hereditary retinal disorder with abnormal transmission of fluorescence through the retinal pigment epithelium on angiography.
floppy valve s. retrograde slippage of degenerating mitral or tricuspid valve leaflets into the valve's orifice beyond the point of closure during systole of the left ventricle; a feature of Barlow s..
Flynn-Aird s. [MIM*136300] a familial s. characterized by muscle wasting, ataxia, dementia, skin atrophy, dental caries, joint stiffness, retinitis pigmentosa, and progressive sensorineural hearing loss; autosomal dominant inheritance.
Foix-Alajouanine s. thrombophlebitis of spinal veins resulting in a subacute ascending painful flaccid paralysis from necrotic myelitis.
Foix-Cavany-Marie s. constellation of faciopharyngoglossomasticatory diplegia with automatic voluntary dissociation without associated dementia or forced laughing or crying usually caused by bilateral large artery infarcts of the opercular cortex.
folded-lung s. SYN: rounded atelectasis.
Forbes-Albright s. pituitary tumor in a patient without acromegaly, which secretes excessive amounts of prolactin (LTH) and produces persistent lactation.
Foster Kennedy s. SYN: Kennedy s..
Foville s. a form of alternating hemiplegia characterized by abducens paralysis on one side, paralysis of the extremities on the other.
fragile X s. an X-linked recessive s. [MIM*309550] consisting of mental retardation, a characteristic facies, and macroorchidism; DNA analysis shows abnormal trinucleotide repeats on the X chromosome near the end of its long arm, at Xq27.3; a constriction is demonstrable at this site on karyotyping after culture in folate-deficient medium. SYN: FMR1, marker X s., Martin-Bell s..The incidence of fragile X s. (about 1:2000 in males) is second only to that of Down s. among genetically identifiable sources of mental retardation. Phenotypic expression is variable, but mental retardation is the most commonly observed feature. The face is long and narrow, with large ears, a prominent mandibular symphysis, and a high-arched palate. Absolute or relative macrocephaly is common. Macroorchidism appears at puberty or before; histologic study shows only edema of the testis. Connective tissue abnormality may be manifested by hypermobility of fingers and other joints, pes planus, dilation of the aorta, and mitral valve prolapse. Besides intellectual impairment, neuropsychiatric findings include hyperactivity, short attention span, poor eye contact, autistic-like behavior, jocular speech, echolalia, and motor incoordination. The IQ may deteriorate with advancing age. A few males with this genetic defect, and about two-thirds of females, are phenotypically normal. Expression depends on a mutation that occurs in two or more steps and that is both meiotically and mitotically unstable. Transmission is complex and varies with the gender of both the proband and the transmitting parent. The fragile chromosomal locus represents a site of abnormal amplification with a variable number of CGG repeats. These block transcription of the FMR1 (familial mental retardation) gene, which normally encodes FMR1 protein; clinical expression is due to failure to synthesize FMR1 protein and to abnormal methylation of DNA sequences distal to the fragile site.
Fraley s. dilation of the upper pole renal calices due to stenosis of the upper infundibulum, usually caused by compression from vessels supplying the upper and middle segments of the kidney.
Franceschetti s. mandibulofacial dysostosis, when complete or nearly complete.
Franceschetti-Jadassohn s. SYN: Naegeli s..
Fraser s. [MIM*219000] an association of cryptophthalmus with multiple anomalies, including middle and outer ear malformations, cleft palate, laryngeal deformity, displacement of umbilicus and nipples, digital malformations, separation of symphysis pubis, maldevelopment of kidneys, and masculinization of genitalia in females; autosomal recessive inheritance. SYN: cryptophthalmus s..
Freeman-Sheldon s. SYN: craniocarpotarsal dystrophy.
Frey s. SYN: auriculotemporal nerve s..
Friderichsen-Waterhouse s. SYN: Waterhouse-Friderichsen s..
Fröhlich s. SYN: adiposogenital dystrophy.
Froin s. an alteration in the cerebrospinal fluid, which is yellowish and coagulates spontaneously in a few seconds after withdrawal, owing to its greatly increased protein (albumin and globulin) content; noted in loculated portions of the subarachnoid space isolated from spinal fluid circulation by an inflammatory or neoplastic obstruction. SYN: loculation s..
Fuchs s. [MIM*136800] a s. characterized by corneal degeneration, heterochromia of the iris, iridocyclitis, keratic precipitates, and cataract; probably autosomal dominant inheritance. SYN: Fuchs heterochromic cyclitis.
functional prepubertal castration s. a s. characterized by the absence of testes from the scrotum but in their place mesonephric duct derivatives, pronounced gynecomastia and eunuchoid habitus, and increased plasma levels and urinary excretion of gonadotrophins.
G s. [MIM*145410] a s. of characteristic facies associated with hypospadias, ventral curvature of the penis, and dysphagia. Apparently the same as the BBB s. of Opritz et al. Autosomal dominant inheritance. [first letter of surname of affected person reported]
Gaisböck s. SYN: polycythemia hypertonica.
Ganser s. a psychoticlike condition, without the symptoms and signs of a traditional psychosis, occurring typically in prisoners who feign insanity; e.g., such a person, when asked to multiply 6 by 4, will give 23 as the answer, or will call a key a lock. See malingering, factitious disorder. SYN: nonsense s., s. of approximate relevant answers, s. of deviously relevant answers.
Gardner s. [MIM*175100-0006] multiple polyposis predisposing to carcinoma of the colon; also multiple tumors, osteomas of the skull, epidermoid cysts, and fibromas; autosomal dominant inheritance, caused by mutation in the adenomatous polyposis coli gene (APC) on chromosome 5q. This disorder is allelic to familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP).
Gardner-Diamond s. SYN: autoerythrocyte sensitization s..
gastrocardiac s. disturbances of the heart's action due to faulty action of the digestive system, especially of the stomach.
gastrojejunal loop obstruction s. SYN: afferent loop s..
gay bowel s. gastrointestinal discomfort experienced by homosexual males; includes abdominal pain, cramps, bloating, flatulence, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea caused by enteric bacteria, viruses, fungi, zooparasites, or trauma.
Gélineau s. SYN: narcolepsy.
gender dysphoria s. a s. in which an individual experiences marked personal stress due to feelings that despite having the genitalia and secondary sexual characteristics of one gender there is a sense of compatibility and greater belonging to the other gender class; one may undergo surgery to reconstruct anatomy to that of the other gender.
general adaptation s. a s. introduced by Hans Selye to describe marked physiological changes in various organ systems of the body, especially the pituitary-endocrine system, as a result of exposure to prolonged physical or psychological stress, with the bodily changes progressing through three stages that the author described as the alarm reaction, resistance, and finally exhaustion.
Gerstmann s. finger agnosia, agraphia, confusion of laterality of body, and acalculia; caused by lesions between the occipital area and the angular gyrus.
Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker s. a chronic cerebellar form of spongiform encephalopathy.
Gianotti-Crosti s. a cutaneous manifestation of hepatitis B infection occurring in young children; an exanthem comprising nonpruritic dusky papules on the legs, buttocks, and extensors of the arms; Gianotti-Crosti s. lasts 2–8 weeks and is associated with adenopathy, anicteric hepatomegaly, and malaise. SYN: papular acrodermatitis of childhood.
Gilbert s. SYN: familial nonhemolytic jaundice.
Gilles de la Tourette s. [MIM*137580] SYN: Tourette s..
Gillespie s. s. of congenital absence of the iris, mental retardation, and cerebellar ataxia; etiology unknown.
Gitelman s. a disorder seen in older children and young adults characterized by hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hypocalciuria, and sometimes tetany.
glucagonoma s. necrolytic migratory erythema or intertriginous and periorofacial dermatitis, stomatitis, anemia, weight loss, and hyperglycemia resulting from glucagon-secreting pancreatic islet cell tumors.
Goldenhar s. [MIM*257700] SYN: oculoauriculovertebral dysplasia.
Goldmann-Favre s. an autosomal recessive, progressive vitreotapetoretinal degeneration.
gold-myokymia s. the symptom complex of widespread myokymia, muscle aching, and autonomic disturbances (excess sweating, orthostatic hypotension) that can result from gold therapy.
Goltz s. SYN: focal dermal hypoplasia.
Goodpasture s. [MIM*233450] glomerulonephritis of the anti-basement membrane type associated with or preceded by hemoptysis; the nephritis usually progresses rapidly to produce death from renal failure, and the lungs at autopsy show extensive hemosiderosis or recent hemorrhage.
Gopalan s. severe discomfort of the feet associated with elevated skin temperature and excessive sweating.
Gorham s. SYN: disappearing bone disease.
Gorlin s. SYN: basal cell nevus s..
Gorlin-Chaudhry-Moss s. [MIM*233500] craniofacial dysostosis, patent ductus arteriosus, hypertrichosis, hypoplasia of labia majora, and dental and ocular abnormalities. SEE ALSO: Weill-Marchesani s..
Gougerot-Carteaud s. SYN: confluent and reticulate papillomatosis.
Gowers s. s. consisting of palpitation, chest pain, respiratory difficulties, and disturbances in gastric motility; once attributed to vagal stimulation, now considered psychogenic (anxiety neurosis). SYN: vagal attack, vasovagal attack, vasovagal s..
gracilis s. osteonecrosis of the pubic bone following trauma.
Gradenigo s. a s. consisting of otorrhea, headache, diplopia, and retroorbital pain in petrositis due to an epidural abscess at the apex of the anterior surface of the petrous pyramid causing compression of the abducens nerve in Dorello canal and irritation of the trigeminal ganglion.
gray s., gray baby s. gray appearance of an infant at birth and during the neonatal period which can be caused by transplacental toxic effects of the drug chloramphenicol taken by the mother during late pregnancy; the s. may be fatal.
Greig s. SYN: ocular hypertelorism.
Greig cephalopolysyndactyly s. [MIM*175700] an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by polysyndactyly of the hands and feet, macrocephaly, frontal bossing, hypertelorism, and flat nasal bridge, caused by mutation in the GLI3 gene on chromosome 7p13.
Grönblad-Strandberg s. angioid streaks of the retina together with pseudoxanthoma elasticum of the skin.
Gubler s. a form of alternating hemiplegia characterized by contralateral hemiplegia and ipsilateral facial paralysis. SYN: Gubler paralysis, Millard-Gubler s..
Guillain-Barré s. an acute, immune-mediated disorder of peripheral nerves, spinal roots, and cranial nerves, commonly presenting as a rapidly progressive, areflexive, relatively symmetric ascending weakness of the limb, truncal, respiratory, pharyngeal, and facial musculature, with variable sensory and autonomic dysfunction; typically reaches its nadir within 2–3 weeks, followed initially by a plateau period of similar duration, and then subsequently by gradual but complete recovery in the majority of cases. Guillain-Barré s. is often preceded by a respiratory or gastrointestinal infection and is associated with albuminocytologic dissociation of the cerebral spinal fluid. Although classically considered pathologically to be an acute, inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (q.v.), pure axon degeneration forms recently have been recognized. SYN: acute idiopathic polyneuritis, acute inflammatory polyneuropathy, infectious polyneuritis, Landry paralysis, Landry s., Landry-Guillain-Barré s., myeloradiculopolyneuronitis, postinfectious polyneuritis.
Gulf War s. a term often but inappropriately applied to various health problems experienced by U.S. military personnel after serving in the Persian Gulf conflict of 1991; symptoms of fatigue, musculoskeletal pain, headaches, dyspnea, memory loss, and diarrhea have been reported, but an NIH panel has concluded that evidence of a specific disease is lacking. SYN: Persian Gulf s..
Gunn s. SYN: jaw-winking s..
gustatory sweating s. SYN: auriculotemporal nerve s..
Guyon tunnel s. entrapment or compression of the ulnar nerve within Guyon canal as the ulnar nerve passes into the wrist.
Haber s. a permanent flushing and telangiectasia of the cheeks, nose, forehead, and chin, with prominent follicular openings, small papules with scaling, and minute pitted areas; occasionally accompanied by scaly and keratotic lesions of the trunk.
HAIR-AN s. hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, and acanthosis nigricans; virilization in pubertal girls associated with markedly elevated insulin levels and normal levels of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone. [hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, acanthosis nigricans]
Hallermann-Streiff s. SYN: dyscephalia mandibulo-oculofacialis.
Hallermann-Streiff-François s. SYN: dyscephalia mandibulo-oculofacialis.
Hallervorden s. SYN: Hallervorden-Spatz s..
Hallervorden-Spatz s. a disorder characterized by dystonia with other extrapyramidal dysfunctions appearing in the first two decades of life; associated with large amounts of iron in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra. SYN: Hallervorden s., Hallervorden-Spatz disease, status dysmyelinisatus.
Hallgren s. vestibulocerebellar ataxia, pigmentary retinal dystrophy, congenital deafness, and cataract.
Hamman s. spontaneous mediastinal emphysema, resulting from rupture of alveoli. SYN: Hamman disease.
Hamman-Rich s. SYN: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
hand-and-foot s. recurrent painful swelling of the hands and feet occurring in infants and young children with sickle cell anemia. SYN: sickle cell dactylitis.
hand-foot s. a painful desquamative s. associated with 5-fluorouracil, especially if given in a continuous administration and with cytarabine.
Hanhart s. SYN: micrognathia with peromelia.
hantavirus pulmonary s. a febrile disease caused by several species of Hantavirus (Andes, Bayou, Black Creek Canal, New York, and Sin Nombre viruses) in North and South America and characterized by thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis, and capillary leakage in the lungs, with death due to shock and cardiac complications.
happy puppet s. [MIM*234400] a s. characterized by mental retardation, ataxia, hypotonia, epileptic seizures, easily provoked and prolonged spasms of laughter, prognathism, and an open-mouthed expression.
Harada s. bilateral retinal edema, uveitis, choroiditis, and retinal detachment, with temporary or permanent deafness, graying of the hair (poliosis), and alopecia; related to the Vogt-Koyanagi s. and sympathetic ophthalmia. SYN: Harada disease, uveoencephalitis, uveomeningitis s..
Harris s. excessive insulin production with hypoglycemia, hunger, jitteriness, tachycardia, and flushing occurring in conditions such as functional disorders of the pancreas, hyperplasia of the islets of Langerhans, or insulinoma.
Hartnup s. SYN: Hartnup disease.
Hayem-Widal s. obsolete term for acquired hemolytic icterus. SYN: Widal s..
head-bobbing doll s. bobbing motion of the head usually due to cysts in or about the third ventricle.
Hegglin s. dissociation between electromechanical systole (QSII interval) and electrical systole (QT interval) so that the second heart tone (SII) is recorded before the end of the T wave; described by Hegglin as an energy-dynamic cardiac insufficiency during diabetic coma and other metabolic disorders.
HELLP s. type of severe preeclampsia involving hemolysis, elevated liver function, and low platelets.
Helweg-Larssen s. [MIM*125050] an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia and hearing loss, the latter developing in the fourth or fifth decade.
hemolytic uremic s. hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia occurring with acute renal failure; in children, characterized by sudden onset of gastrointestinal bleeding, hematuria, oliguria, and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia; in adults, associated with complications of pregnancy following normal delivery, or associated with oral contraceptive use or with infection; often caused by infection with Escherichia coli.
Henoch-Schönlein s. SYN: Henoch-Schönlein purpura.
hepatorenal s., hepatonephric s. the occurrence of acute renal failure in patients with disease of the liver or biliary tract, apparently due to decreased renal blood flow and conditions that damage both organs, such as carbon tetrachloride poisoning and leptospirosis.
Herlitz s. SYN: epidermolysis bullosa lethalis.
Hermansky-Pudlak s. a form of oculocutaneous albinism (autosomal recessive) with accumulation of ceroid in lysosomes with restrictive lung disease, granulomatous colitis, kidney failure, cardiomyopathy, and storage pool-deficient platelets. See oculocutaneous albinism.
heroin overdose s. SYN: opiate intoxication s..
Herrmann s. [MIM*172500] a multisystem disorder beginning in late childhood or early adolescence, with photomyoclonus and hearing loss followed by diabetes mellitus, progressive dementia, pyelonephritis, and glomerulonephritis; progressive sensorineural hearing loss is of later onset; probably autosomal dominant inheritance with incomplete penetrance.
Hinman s. SYN: nonneurogenic neurogenic bladder.
HIV wasting s. SYN: wasting s. (2) .
holiday s. regression, development of diffuse anxiety, feelings of helplessness, irritability, and depression; said to occur in certain psychoanalytic patients before Thanksgiving and continuing into the Christmas holiday season, ending a few days after January 1.
holiday heart s. arrhythmias of the heart, sometimes apparent after a vacation or weekend away from work, following excessive alcohol consumption; usually transient.
Holmes-Adie s. SYN: Adie s..
Holt-Oram s. [MIM*142900] atrial septal defect in association with finger-like or absent thumb and other deformities of the forearm; autosomal dominant inheritance, caused by mutation in the T-box5 gene (TBX5) on chromosome 12q.
Horner s. ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis on the side of asympathetic palsy. The enophthalmos is more apparent than real. The affected pupil is visibly slow to dilate in dim light; due to a lesion of the cervical sympathetic chain or its central pathways. SYN: Bernard-Horner s., ptosis sympathetica.
Houssay s. the amelioration of diabetes mellitus by a destructive lesion in, or surgical removal of, the pituitary gland.
Houston-Harris s. SYN: Type IA achondrogenesis.
Hughes-Stovin s. s. characterized by aneurysms of the large and small pulmonary arteries and thrombosis of peripheral veins and dural sinuses.
Hunt s. [MIM*159700] 1. an intention tremor beginning in one extremity, gradually increasing in intensity, and subsequently involving other parts of the body; SYN: progressive cerebellar tremor. 2. facial paralysis, otalgia, and herpes zoster resulting from viral infection of the seventh cranial nerve and geniculate ganglion; 3. a form of juvenile paralysis agitans associated with primary atrophy of the pallidal system. SYN: paleostriatal s., pallidal s.. SYN: Ramsay Hunt s. (1) .
Hunter s. [MIM*309900] an error of mucopolysaccharide metabolism characterized by deficiency of iduronate sulfatase, with excretion of dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate in the urine; clinically similar to Hurler s. but distinguished by less severe skeletal changes, no corneal clouding, and X-linked recessive inheritance; caused by mutation in the iduronate sulfatase gene (IDS) on chromosome Xq. SYN: type II mucopolysaccharidosis.
Hurler s. [MIM*252800] mucopolysaccharidosis in which there is a deficiency of α-l-iduronidase, an accumulation of an abnormal intracellular material, and excretion of dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate in the urine; with severe abnormality in development of skeletal cartilage and bone, with dwarfism, kyphosis, deformed limbs, limitation of joint motion, spadelike hand, corneal clouding, hepatosplenomegaly, mental retardation, and gargoyle-like facies; autosomal recessive inheritance, caused by mutation in the alpha-l-iduronidase gene (IDUA) on 4p. SEE ALSO: mucolipidosis. SYN: Hurler disease, lipochondrodystrophy, Pfaundler-Hurler s., type IH mucopolysaccharidosis.
Hurler-Scheie s. a phenotypic intermediate between Hurler s. and Scheie s.; a deficiency of α-l-iduronidase. SYN: type I H/S mucopolysaccharidosis.
Hutchinson-Gilford s. SYN: progeria.
Hutchison s. adrenal neuroblastoma of infants with metastasis to the orbit; at one time erroneously believed to arise predominantly from the left adrenal gland. SEE ALSO: Pepper s..
hyaline membrane s. SYN: hyaline membrane disease of the newborn.
hydralazine s. SYN: drug-induced lupus.
17-hydroxylase deficiency s. [MIM*202110] congenital deficiency of adrenocortical, and possibly ovarian, steroid C-17α-hydroxylase; the resulting excessive secretion of corticosterone and deoxycorticosterone produces amenorrhea, ambiguous genitalia, hypertension, and hypokalemic alkalosis; autosomal recessive inheritance caused by mutation in one of the cytochrome P450 genes (CYP17) on chromosome 10q.
hyperabduction s. 1. diminution or loss of distal upper extremity pulses on hyperabduction of the limb; 2. one of the forerunners of thoracic outlet s., in which the subclavian or axillary artery in the brachial plexus was thought to be compressed, either in the costoclavicular space or beneath the pectoralis minor tendon, during hyperabduction of the limb. SYN: subcoracoid-pectoralis minor tendon s., Wright s..
hyperactive child s. SYN: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
hypereosinophilic s. persistent peripheral eosinophilia with eosinophilic infiltration into bone marrow, heart, and other organ systems; accompanied by nocturnal sweating, coughing, anorexia and weight loss, itching and various skin lesions, and symptoms of Löffler endocarditis.
hyper-IgM s. an X-linked immunodeficiency disorder with very low serum concentrations of IgG and IgA with a normal or a markedly elevated concentration of polyclonal IgM; affected boys develop recurrent bacterial infections in the 1st or 2nd year of life.
hyperimmunoglobulin E s. an immunodeficiency disorder characterized by high levels of plasma IgE concentrations, a leukocyte chemotactic defect, and recurrent staphylococcal infections of the skin, upper respiratory tract, and other sites. SYN: Job s..
hyperkinetic s. a condition marked by pathologically excessive energy seen sometimes in young children with brain injury, mental illness, and attention deficit disorder, and in epileptics; hypermotility and emotional instability are the chief characteristics; distractibility, inattention, and lack of shyness and of fear are common accompaniments.
hyperkinetic heart s. loosely, a s. in which the heart appears to be “overworking”, i.e., beating excessively fast and/or causing subjective awareness of continual cardiac activity.
hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-hypercitrullinuria s. a rare inherited disorder in which there is impaired ornithine transport into the mitochondria. SEE ALSO: lysinuric protein intolerance.
hypersensitive xiphoid s. abnormal tenderness of the xiphoid, often associated with spontaneous pains in the chest, upper abdomen, and shoulders.
hyperventilation s. chronic hyperventilation s..
hyperviscosity s. a s. resulting from increased viscosity of the blood; an increase in serum proteins may be associated with bleeding from mucous membranes, retinopathy, and neurological symptoms, and is sometimes seen in Waldenström macroglobulinemia and in multiple myeloma; an increased viscosity secondary to polycythemia may be associated with organ congestion and decreased capillary perfusion.
hypometabolic s. a clinical situation suggesting hypothyroidism or myxedema, in which some tests of thyroid function may be normal and the gland is not obviously atrophic or diseased; indicative of a lack of sensitivity of peripheral tissues to thyroid hormone.
hypoparathyroidism s. a s. characterized by fatigue, muscular weakness, paresthesia and cramps of the extremities, tetany, and laryngeal stridor; due to hypocalcemia resulting from a lack of parathyroid hormone; may be idiopathic, postoperative, or caused by organic lesions of the parathyroids.
hypophysial s. SYN: adiposogenital dystrophy.
hypophysiosphenoidal s. neoplastic invasion of the base of the skull in the region of the sphenoidal sinus, often with destruction of the dorsum sellae.
hypoplastic left heart s. [MIM*241550] association of underdevelopment of the left heart chambers with atresia or stenosis of the aortic and/or mitral valve and hypoplasia of the ascending aorta.
iliotibial band s. a s. of knee pain that may result from inflammation due to mechanical friction of the iliotibial band and the lateral femoral epicondyle.
iliotibial band friction s. a painful condition affecting the hip, thigh, or knee; produced by irritation of the iliotibial tract as it glides over the greater trochanter, anterior superior iliac spine, Gerdy tubercle, or the lateral femoral condyle; sometimes associated with a snapping or grating sensation.
Imerslünd-Grasbeck s. enterocyte cobalamin malabsorption.
immotile cilia s. [MIM*242650] an inherited disorder characterized by recurrent sinopulmonary infections, reduced fertility in women, and sterility in men due to the inability of ciliated structures to beat effectively because of the absence of one or both dynein arms; autosomal recessive inheritance. Cf.:Kartagener s..
immunodeficiency s. an immunologic deficiency or disorder, of which the chief symptom is an increased susceptibility to infection, the pattern of susceptibility being dependent upon the kind of deficiency. SEE ALSO: immunodeficiency.
impingement s. SYN: supraspinatus s..
s. of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) continued secretion of antidiuretic hormone despite low serum osmolality and expanded extracellular volume.
indifference to pain s. congenital insensitivity to pain, possibly due to an absence of organized nerve endings in the skin.
infertile male s. an inherited disorder of the androgen receptor protein resulting in defective androgen activity. SEE ALSO: Reifenstein s..
inspissated bile s. persistent jaundice in newborns with hemolytic anemia, with elevations of both direct and indirect bilirubin.
internal capsule s. hemianopsia with contralateral hemianesthesia of the face.
inversed jaw-winking s. when there are supranuclear lesions of the trigeminal nerve, touching the cornea may produce a brisk movement of the mandible to the opposite side.
iridocorneal endothelial s. s. of glaucoma, iris atrophy, decreased corneal endothelium, anterior peripheral synechia, and multiple iris nodules. SYN: Cogan-Reese s., iris-nevus s..
iridocorneal s. SYN: Chandler s..
iris-nevus s. SYN: iridocorneal endothelial s..
Irvine-Gass s. macular edema, aphakia, and vitreous humor adherent to incision for cataract extraction.
Isaac s. a rare disorder resulting from abnormal, spontaneous muscle activity of neural origin, manifested as continuous muscle stiffness and delayed relaxation after exercise, often accompanied by pain, cramps, fasciculations, hyperhydrosis, and muscle hypertrophy (on EMG, manifests as myokymia). Isacc s. usually begins in the lower extremities but can affect abdominal, upper extremity, vocal, and respiratory muscles; it is most often sporadic, although autosomal dominant inheritance has been reported. Probably an autoimmune disease, with antibodies against the potassium channels of peripheral nerves. SYN: Isaac-Merton s..
Isaac-Merton s. SYN: Isaac s..
Ivemark s. [MIM*208530] SYN: polysplenia.
Jadassohn-Lewandowski s. SYN: pachyonychia congenita.
Jahnke s. sturge-Weber s. without glaucoma.
jaw-winking s. [MIM*154600] an increase in the width of the palpebral fissures during chewing, sometimes with a rhythmic elevation of the upper lid when the mouth is open and ptosis when the mouth is closed. SYN: Gunn phenomenon, Gunn s., jaw-winking phenomenon, jaw-working reflex, Marcus Gunn phenomenon, Marcus Gunn s..
Jeghers-Peutz s. SYN: Peutz-Jeghers s..
Jervell and Lange-Nielsen s. [MIM*220440 and MIM*176261] a prolonged Q-T interval recorded in the electrocardiogram of certain congenitally deaf children subject to attacks of unconsciousness resulting from Adams-Stokes seizures and ventricular fibrillation; autosomal recessive inheritance, caused by homozygosity for a mutation in the potassium channel gene (KVLQT1) on chromosome 11 or minimal potassium ion channel gene (KCNE1) on 21. SYN: surdocardiac s..
Jeune s. SYN: asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy.
Job s. SYN: hyperimmunoglobulin E s.. [Job, biblical char.]
Johanson-Blizzard s. a clinical s. manifested by pancreatic insufficiency, scalp defects, aplasia of the alae nasi, deafness, low birthweight, microcephaly, psychomotor delay, hypothyroidism, dwarfism, and missing permanent teeth.
Joubert s. [MIM*213300] agenesis of the cerebellar vermis, characterized clinically by attacks of tachypnea or prolonged apnea, abnormal eye movements, ataxia, and mental retardation.
jugular foramen s. SYN: Avellis s..
Kallmann s. SYN: hypogonadism with anosmia.
Kanner s. SYN: infantile autism.
Kartagener s. [MIM*244400] complete situs inversus associated with bronchiectasis and chronic sinusitis associated with ciliary dysmotility and impaired ciliary mucous transport in the respiratory epithelium; autosomal recessive inheritance with variable penetrance. The mechanism of the reversal of laterality remains an enigma, but it appears to be strictly an abolition (indifference) of laterality rather than a true reversal. SEE ALSO: immotile cilia s.. SYN: Kartagener triad, Zivert s..
Kasabach-Merritt s. in which platelets become trapped; associated with thrombocytopenic purpura.
Kast s. SYN: Maffucci s..
Katayama s. SYN: schistosomiasis japonica.
Kawasaki s. SYN: Kawasaki disease.
Kearns-Sayre s. [MIM*165100] a form of chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia with associated cardiac conduction defects, short stature, and hearing loss; a sporadically occurring mitochondrial myopathy presenting in childhood.
Kennedy s. ipsilateral optic atrophy with central scotoma and contralateral choked disk or papilledema, caused by a meningioma of the ipsilateral optic nerve. SYN: Foster Kennedy s..
Kenny-Caffey s. a disorder characterized by intermittent hypocalcemia (associated with abnormalities in parathyroid hormone secretion) and bone and eye abnormalities; autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive forms exist.
Kimmelstiel-Wilson s. nephrotic s. and hypertension in diabetics, associated with diabetic glomerulosclerosis. SYN: Kimmelstiel-Wilson disease.
Kleine-Levin s. [MIM*148840] a rare form of periodic hypersomnia associated with bulimia, occurring in males aged 10–25 years, characterized by periods of ravenous appetite alternating with prolonged sleep (as long as 18 hours), along with behavioral disturbances, impaired thought processes, and hallucinations; acute illness or fatigue may precede an episode, which may occur as often as several times a year.
Klinefelter s. a chromosomal anomaly with chromosome count 47, XXY sex chromosome constitution; buccal and other cells are usually sex chromatin positive; patients are male in development but have seminiferous tubule dysgenesis, elevated plasma and urinary gonadotropins, variable gynecomastia, and eunuchoid habitus; some patients are chromosomal mosaics, with two or more cell lines of different chromosome constitution; the male tortoise-shell cat (calico cat) is an animal model. SYN: XXY s..
Klippel-Feil s. [MIM*148900] a congenital defect manifested as a short neck, fusion of cervical vertebrae, and abnormalities of the brainstem and cerebellum; autosomal dominant inheritance, with most cases sporadic. SYN: cervical fusion s..
Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber s. [MIM*149000] an anomaly of the extremity in which there is a combination of angiomatosis and anomalous development of the underlying bone and muscle, sometimes associated with localized gigantism; probably autosomal dominant inheritance, with most cases sporadic. SYN: angioosteohypertrophy s., congenital dysplastic angiectasia, hemangiectatic hypertrophy.
Klüver-Bucy s. a s. characterized by psychic blindness or hyperreactivity to visual stimuli, increased oral and sexual activity, and depressed drive and emotional reactions; reported in monkeys after bilateral temporal lobe ablation, but rarely reported in humans.
Kniest s. [MIM*156550 and MIM*120140] a chondrodysplasia characterized by round flat facies, enlargement and stiffness of joints, joint contractures, scoliosis, myopia with retinal detachment, cleft palate, deafness, and characteristic radiographic findings of metaphyseal flaring of long bones, flattening, and coronal clefting of vertebrae; autosomal dominant inheritance, caused by mutation in the type II collagen gene (COL2A1) on chromosome 12q.
Kobberling-Dunnigan s. SYN: familial partial lipodystrophy.
Kocher-Debré-Sémélaigne s. autosomal recessive inherited athyrotic cretinism associated with muscular pseudohypertrophy. SYN: Debré-Sémélaigne s..
Koenig s. alternating attacks of constipation and diarrhea, with colic, meteorism, and gurgling in the right iliac fossa, said to be symptomatic of cecal tuberculosis.
Koerber-Salus-Elschnig s. SYN: convergence-retraction nystagmus.
Kohlmeier-Degos s. vascular occlusive disorder predominantly involving the small arteries of the skin and bowel with about one-fifth of patients having central nervous system symptoms secondary to arterial fibrosis and thrombosis.
Korsakoff s. an alcohol amnestic s. characterized by confusion and severe impairment of memory, especially for recent events, for which the patient compensates by confabulation; typically encountered in chronic alcoholics; delirium tremens may precede the s., and Wernicke s. often coexists; the precise pathogenesis is uncertain, but direct toxic effects of alcohol are probably less important than severe nutritional deficiencies often associated with chronic alcoholism. SYN: amnestic s. (1) , dysmnesic s., Korsakoff psychosis.
Kostmann s. severe infantile agranulocytosis, an inherited disorder of infancy characterized by severe, recurrent infections and neutropenia.
Kuskokwim s. congenital joint contractures resembling arthrogryposis, found in Inuits of the Kuskokwim River delta in Alaska.
Laband s. [MIM*135500 and 135300] fibromatosis of the gingivae associated with hypoplasia of the distal phalanges, nail dysplasia, joint hypermotility, and sometimes hepatosplenomegaly; autosomal dominant inheritance.
Lady Windemere's s. nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease in a frail, elderly woman, often with pectus excavatum or scoliosis. [named for the main character in Oscar Wilde's play, Lady Windemere's Fan]
LAMB s. [MIM*160980] the concurrence of lentigines, atrial myxoma, mucocutaneous myxomas, and blue nevi. SEE ALSO: NAME s..
Lambert s. SYN: Lambert-Eaton s..
Lambert-Eaton s. (LES) a generalized disorder of neuromuscular transmission caused by a defect in the release of acetylcholine quanta from the presynaptic nerve terminals; often associated with small cell carcinoma of the lung, particularly in elderly men with a long history of cigarette smoking. In contrast to myasthenia gravis, weakness tends to affect solely axial muscles, girdle muscles, and less often the limb muscles; autonomic disturbances, e.g., dry mouth and impotence, are common; the deep tendon reflexes are unelicitable; on motor conduction studies, responses on initial stimulation are quite low in amplitude, but they show marked post-tetanic facilitation after a few seconds of exercise. Lambert-Eaton s. is due to loss of voltage-sensitive calcium channels located on the presynaptic motor nerve terminal. See myasthenic s.. SYN: carcinomatous myopathy, Eaton-Lambert s., Lambert s., myasthenic s..
Landau-Kleffner s. childhood disorder characterized by generalized and psychomotor seizures associated with acquired aphasia; multifocal spikes and spike and wave discharges in the electroencephalogram. SYN: acquired epileptic aphasia.
Landry s. SYN: Guillain-Barré s..
Landry-Guillain-Barré s. SYN: Guillain-Barré s..
Langer-Saldino s. SYN: Type II achondrogenesis.
Larsen s. a s. characterized by multiple congenital dislocations with osseous anomalies, including characteristic flattened facies and cleft soft palate.
Lasègue s. in conversion hysteria, inability to move an anesthetic limb, except under control of the sight.
late dumping s. s. in patients who have had ablation of the pyloric sphincter mechanism; associated with flushing, sweating, dizziness, weakness, and vasomotor collapse 2–3 hours after a meal and caused by hypoglycemia resulting from the rapid absorption of a large carbohydrate load, which then stimulates insulin release. SEE ALSO: dumping s..
lateral medullary s. SYN: posterior inferior cerebellar artery s..
Launois-Bensaude s. SYN: multiple symmetric lipomatosis.
Launois-Cléret s. SYN: adiposogenital dystrophy.
Laurence-Moon s. [MIM*245800] disorder characterized by mental retardation, pigmentary retinopathy, hypogenitalism, and spastic paraplegia; autosomal recessive inheritance. This s. is to be distinguished from Bardet-Biedl [MIM*209900]: in the past, the two syndromes have been lumped together under the designation of Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl s..
Lawrence-Seip s. SYN: lipoatrophy.
Lejeune s. SYN: cri-du-chat s..
Lenègre s. isolated damage of the cardiac conduction system as a result of a sclerodegenerative lesion; characterized ordinarily as idiopathic fibrosis of the atrioventricular nodal, His bundle, or bundle branches with corresponding conduction block(s). SYN: Lenègre disease.
Lennox s. SYN: Lennox-Gastaut s..
Lennox-Gastaut s. a generalized myoclonic astatic epilepsy in children, with mental retardation, resulting from various cerebral afflictions such as perinatal hypoxia, cerebral hemorrhage, encephalitides, maldevelopment or metabolic disorders of the brain; characterized by multiple seizure types (generalized tonic, atonic, myoclonic, tonic-clonic, and atypical absence) and background slowing and slow spike and wave pattern on EEG. SYN: Lennox s..
LEOPARD s. s. consisting of lentigines (multiple), electrocardiographic abnormalities, ocular hypertelorism, pulmonary stenosis, abnormalities of genitalia, retardation of growth, and deafness (sensorineural). An autosomal dominant hereditary disorder. SYN: multiple lentigines s..
Leriche s. aortoiliac occlusive disease producing distal ischemic symptoms and signs.
Leri-Weill s. SYN: dyschondrosteosis.
Lermoyez s. increasing hearing loss and tinnitus preceding an attack of vertigo, after which the hearing improves. Variant of Ménière disease.
Lesch-Nyhan s. [MIM*308000 several kinds] a disorder of purine metabolism due to deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT); characterized by hyperuricemia, uric acid renal stones, mental retardation, spasticity, choreoathetosis, and self-mutilation of fingers and lips by biting; X-linked inheritance, caused by mutation in the HPRT gene on Xq.
Lev s. bundle branch block in a patient with normal myocardium and normal coronary arteries resulting from fibrosis or calcification including the conducting system; affects the membranous septum, the apex of the muscular septum, and often the mitral and aortic valve rings. SYN: Lev disease.
Libman-Sacks s. SYN: Libman-Sacks endocarditis.
Li-Fraumeni cancer s. [MIM*151623 and 191170] familial breast cancer in young women, with soft-tissue sarcomas in children, brain tumors and other cancers in close relatives; autosomal dominant inheritance, caused by mutation in the P53 gene on chromosome 17p.
liver kidney s. severe loss of both liver and kidney function, seen in a variety of diseases, often with fatal outcome. Seen particularly in late-stage liver failure due to cirrhosis or hepatitis, and in several viral infections.
locked-in s. basis pontis infarct resulting in tetraplegia, horizontal ophthalmoplegia, dysphagia, and facial diplegia with preserved consciousness; caused by basilar artery occlusion. SYN: pseudocoma.
loculation s. SYN: Froin s..
Loeffler s. I eosinophilic pulmonary infiltrates, often associated with parasitic migration; also associated with reactions to some antibiotics, to L-tryptophan, or to crack cocaine. SYN: eosinophilic pneumonia.
Loeffler s. II eosinophilic endocarditis/myocarditis.
Löffler s. 1. SYN: simple pulmonary eosinophilia. 2. SYN: Löffler endocarditis.
long QT syndromes a group of congenital and acquired diseases in which the electrocardiographic QT interval is longer than established measurements for age and sex; the presence of long QT intervals presages arrhythmias and sudden death. SEE ALSO: QT interval.
Lorain-Lévi s. SYN: pituitary dwarfism.
Louis-Bar s. SYN: ataxia telangiectasia.
Lowe s. SYN: oculocerebrorenal s..
Lowe-Terrey-MacLachlan s. SYN: oculocerebrorenal s..
Lown-Ganong-Levine s. electrocardiographic s. of a short PR interval with normal duration of the QRS complex; it lacks the slurred delta wave of the Wolff-Parkinson-White s., but resembles it in its frequent (controversial) association with paroxysmal tachycardia which qualifies it as a s.; otherwise short PR may occur in otherwise normal individuals.
low salt s., low sodium s. a s. resulting from salt restriction and use of diuretics in treatment of congestive heart failure and hypertension, characterized by weakness, drowsiness, muscle cramps, and a reduction in glomerular filtration with consequent nitrogen retention, renal failure, and sometimes death; occurs also in cirrhosis of the liver with ascites and in adrenal insufficiency. SYN: salt depletion s..
lupus-like s. a clinical s. resembling that of systemic lupus erythematosus, but due to some other cause.
Lutembacher s. a congenital cardiac abnormality consisting of a defect of the interatrial septum, mitral stenosis, and enlarged right atrium.
Lyell s. SYN: toxic epidermal necrolysis.
lymphoproliferative s. SYN: Duncan disease.
Lynch s. type I, familial colorectal cancer, generally occurring at an early age; type II, familial colorectal cancer occurring at an early age in conjunction with female genital cancer or cancers at other sites proximal to the bowel.
Macleod s. SYN: unilateral lobar emphysema.
Mad Hatter s. gastrointestinal and central nervous system manifestations of chronic mercury poisoning, including stomatitis, diarrhea, ataxia, tremor, hyperreflexia, sensorineural impairment, and emotional instability; previously seen in workers in felt hat manufacturing who put mercury-containing material in their mouths to make it more pliable. [fr. char. in Alice in Wonderland]
Maffucci s. [MIM*166000] enchondromas of the limbs in association with venous and lymphaticovenous malformation; propensity to develop other benign or malignant tumors. SYN: dyschondroplasia with hemangiomas, Kast s..
Magendie-Hertwig s. SYN: Magendie-Hertwig sign.
malabsorption s. a state characterized by diverse features such as diarrhea, weakness, edema, lassitude, weight loss, poor appetite, protuberant abdomen, pallor, bleeding tendencies, paresthesias, muscle cramps, and steatorrhea; caused by any of several conditions in which there is ineffective absorption of nutrients, e.g., sprue, gluten-induced enteropathy, gastroileostomy, tuberculosis, and certain fistulas.
malignant carcinoid s. SYN: carcinoid s..
malignant mole s. [MIM*155600] irregularly shaped, variously colored, distinctively melanocytic, 5–10-mm nevi occurring in large numbers (to over 100) primarily on the trunk and extremities, with a high risk of malignancy; probably autosomal dominant inheritance. SEE ALSO: dysplastic nevus.
Mallory-Weiss s. upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage resulting from a laceration in the mucosa at the gastroesophageal junction usually induced by retching or vomiting. SYN: Mallory-Weiss lesion, Mallory-Weiss tear.
mandibulofacial dysotosis s. SYN: mandibulofacial dysostosis.
mandibulo-oculofacial s. SYN: dyscephalia mandibulo-oculofacialis.
Marchiafava-Micheli s. SYN: paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.
Marcus Gunn s. SYN: jaw-winking s..
Marfan s. [MIM*154700] a connective tissue multisystemic disorder characterized by skeletal changes (arachnodactyly, long limbs, joint laxity, pectus), cardiovascular defects (aortic aneurysm which may dissect, mitral valve prolapse), and ectopia lentis; autosomal dominant inheritance, caused by mutation in the fibrillin-1 gene (FBN1) on chromosome 15q. SYN: Marfan disease.
Marie-Robinson s. insomnia and mild melancholia associated with alimentary levulosuria.
Marine-Lenhart s. toxic multinodular goiter.
Marinesco-Garland s. [MIM*248800] a rare neurologic disorder characterized by cerebellar ataxia, congenital cataracts, and growth and mental retardation; autosomal recessive inheritance. SYN: cataract-oligophrenia s., Marinesco-Sjögren s., Torsten Sjögren s..
Marinesco-Sjögren s. SYN: Marinesco-Garland s..
marker X s. SYN: fragile X s..
Maroteaux-Lamy s. [MIM*253200] an error of mucopolysaccharide metabolism characterized by excretion of dermatan sulfate in the urine, growth retardation, lumbar kyphosis, sternal protrusion, genu valgum, usually hepatosplenomegaly, and no mental retardation; onset occurs after 2 years of age; autosomal recessive inheritance, caused by mutation in the arylsulfatase B gene (ARSB) on chromosome 5q. SYN: arylsulfatase B deficiency, type VI mucopolysaccharidosis.
Marshall s. [MIM*154780] s. of midface hypoplasia, cataract, sensorineural hearing loss, and hypohidrosis. It is disputed whether this s. is distinct from Stickler s..
Martin-Bell s. SYN: fragile X s..
Martorell s. SYN: aortic arch s..
opiate intoxication s. the triad of miosis with depressed consciousness and respiratory rate; the s. is often named for the specific opiate responsible, e.g., heroin intoxication s.. SYN: heroin overdose s..
systemic capillary leak s. a rare disorder of unknown cause presenting with episodic hypotension, hemoconcentration, and hypoalbuminemia; monoclonal gammopathy is often associated.
MASS s. a s. closely resembling both Marfan s. and Barlow s.. However, no dislocation of the lenses or aneurysmal changes occur in the aorta, and the mitral valve prolapse is by no means invariable. At present it has been assigned no separate MIM number, but shares that of the Barlow s. [MIM*157700]. [mitral valve prolapse, aortic anomalies, skeletal changes, and skin changes.]
massive bowel resection s. malabsorption following extensive resection of the bowel, particularly the small intestine, characterized by diarrhea, steatorrhea, hypoproteinemia, and malnutrition.
maternal deprivation s. a failure to thrive seen in infants and young children and exhibited as a constellation of physical signs, symptoms, and behaviors, usually associated with maternal loss, absence or neglect, and characterized by lack of responsiveness to the environment and often depression.
Mauriac s. dwarfism with obesity and hepatosplenomegaly in children with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus.
Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser s. primary amenorrhea due to müllerian duct agenesis, resulting in absence of the vagina, or presence of a short vaginal pouch, and absence of the uterus with normal karyotype and ovaries. SYN: müllerian agenesis, Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser s..
May-White s. progressive myoclonus epilepsy with lipomas, deafness, and ataxia; probably a familial form of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy.
McArdle s. SYN: type 5 glycogenosis.
McCune-Albright s. polyostotic fibrous dysplasia with irregular brown patches of cutaneous pigmentation and endocrine dysfunction, especially precocious puberty in girls. SEE ALSO: pseudohypoparathyroidism. SYN: Albright disease, Albright s. (1) .
Meadows s. cardiomyopathy developing during pregnancy or the puerperium.
Meckel s. SYN: dysencephalia splanchnocystica.
Meckel-Gruber s. SYN: dysencephalia splanchnocystica.
meconium aspiration s. SYN: fetal aspiration s..
meconium blockage s. low intestinal obstruction in newborn infants resulting from blockage of meconium.
megacystic s. a combination of a large, smooth, thin-walled bladder, vesicoureteral reflux, and dilated ureters.
megacystitis-megaureter s. radiologic findings of a large capacity, thin-walled bladder and massive vesicoureteral reflux, without obstruction or underlying neuropathy or dysfunctional voiding.
megacystitis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis s. a rare condition characterized by abdominal distention, lax abdominal musculature, incomplete intestinal rotation, and deficient intestinal peristalsis. A large bladder and often vesicoureteral reflux are seen. Typically affects female neonates and usually fatal in first year of life.
Meigs s. fibromyoma of the ovary associated with hydroperitoneum and hydrothorax.
Meischer s. SYN: cheilitis granulomatosa.
Melkersson-Rosenthal s. [MIM*155900] cheilitis granulomatosa, fissured tongue, and recurrent facial nerve paralysis.
Melnick-Needles s. SYN: osteodysplasty.
Ménétrier s. SYN: Ménétrier disease.
Ménière s. SYN: Ménière disease.
Menkes s. SYN: kinky-hair disease.
menopausal s. recurring symptoms experienced by some women during the climacteric period; they include hot flashes, chills, headache, irritability, and depression. SYN: climacteric s..
Meretoja s. a familial form of systemic amyloidosis with lattice, corneal dystrophy, cranial and peripheral nerve palsies, protruding lips, masklike facies, and floppy ears.
metastatic carcinoid s. SYN: carcinoid s..
methionine malabsorption s. an inherited disorder in which there is an inability to absorb l-methionine from the gut.
Meyenburg-Altherr-Uehlinger s. SYN: relapsing polychondritis.
Meyer-Betz s. SYN: myoglobinuria.
middle lobe s. atelectasis with chronic pneumonitis of the middle lobe of the (right) lung, due to compression of the middle lobe bronchus, usually by enlarged lymph nodes, which may be tuberculous; chief symptoms are chronic cough, wheezing, recurrent respiratory infections, hemoptysis, chest pain, malaise, easy fatigability, and loss of weight; sometimes confused with interlobar accumulation of fluid in the lateral x-ray view. SYN: Brock s..
Mikulicz s. the symptoms characteristic of Mikulicz disease occurring as a complication of some other disease, such as lymphoma, leukemia, or uveoparotid fever.
milk-alkali s. a chronic disorder characterized by pathologic deposition of calcium in many sites, especially in the kidneys, reversible in its early stages, induced by ingestion of large amounts of calcium and alkali, which were formerly used in the therapy of peptic ulcer; can progress to renal failure. SYN: Burnett s..
Milkman s. osteomalacia with multiple pseudofractures, usually bilateral and symmetrical, may develop true pathologic fractures.
Millard-Gubler s. SYN: Gubler s..
minimal-change nephrotic s. nephrotic s. with minimal glomerular changes by light or electron microscopy, occurring most frequently in children, marked by edema, albuminuria, and an increase in cholesterol in the blood, but otherwise with fairly good renal function; tubular epithelium is vacuolated by cholesterol droplets, but the glomeruli show only that the foot processes of the glomerular epithelial cells are fused, probably secondary to the proteinuria; the cause of the increased glomerular permeability to plasma protein is unknown.
Mirizzi s. benign obstruction of the hepatic ducts due to spasm and/or fibrous scarring of surrounding connective tissue; often associated with a stone in the cystic duct and chronic cholecystitis.
mitral valve prolapse s. the clinical constellation of findings with or without symptoms due to prolapse of the mitral valve: a nonejection systolic click accentuated in the standing posture, sometimes multiple, sometimes with mitral regurgitation occurring relatively late in systole, and accompanied by echocardiographic evidence of the mitral valve prolapse, usually with thickened leaflets of the valve. Symptoms are nonspecific and may include vague chest pains and dyspnea on exertion. SYN: billowing mitral valve s..
Möbius s. [MIM*157900] a developmental bilateral facial paralysis usually associated with oculomotor or other neurological disorders. SYN: congenital facial diplegia.
Mohr s. autosomal recessive oral-facial-digital s..
Monakow s. contralateral hemiplegia, hemianesthesia, and homonomous hemianopsia due to occlusion of the anterior choroidal artery.
monofixation s. a small-angle strabismus (fewer than 10 prism diopters) with central fixation by the preferred eye, central suppression of the deviating eye, and binocular fusion of peripheral vision
Morgagni s. [MIM*144800] hyperostosis frontalis interna in elderly women, with obesity and neuropsychiatric disorders of uncertain cause; at least sometimes familial. SYN: metabolic craniopathy, Stewart-Morel s..
Morgagni-Adams-Stokes s. SYN: Adams-Stokes s..
morning glory s. [MIM*120330] a funnel-shaped hypoplastic optic nerve with a dot of white tissue at its center; surrounded by an elevated anulus of chorioretinal pigment.
Morquio s. [MIM*253000, MIM*253010, MIM*230500] an error of mucopolysaccharide metabolism with excretion of keratan sulfate in urine; characterized by severe skeletal defects with short stature, severe deformity of spine and thorax, long bones with irregular epiphyses but with shafts of normal length, enlarged joints, flaccid ligaments, and waddling gait; autosomal recessive inheritance; type IVA mucopolysaccharidosis is due to an absence of galactose-1-sulfatase and is caused by mutation in the N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase gene (GALNS) on 16q, while type IVB is due to a deficiency of a β-galactosidase, and is caused by mutation in β-galactosidase gene (GLB1) on 3p. SYN: Brailsford-Morquio disease, Morquio disease, Morquio-Ullrich disease, type IVA, B mucopolysaccharidosis.
Morton s. congenital shortening of the first metatarsal causing metatarsalgia.
Mounier-Kuhn s. SYN: tracheobronchomegaly.
Muckle-Wells s. [MIM*191900] a s. characterized by amyloidosis, notably involving the kidneys, progressive sensorineural hearing loss, and periods of febrile urticaria associated with pain in joints and muscles of the extremities; autosomal dominant inheritance.
mucocutaneous lymph node s. SYN: Kawasaki disease.
Muir-Torre s. SYN: Torre s..
multiple endocrine deficiency s. acquired deficiency of the function of several endocrine glands, usually on an autoimmune basis, as in Schmidt s. (2) . SYN: multiple glandular deficiency s., polyendocrine deficiency s., polyglandular deficiency s..
multiple endocrine neoplasia s., type 1 an autosomal-dominant predisposition to tumors of parathyroid glands, anterior pituitary, endocrine pancreas, and less commonly, other organs. SYN: multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1, Wermer s..
multiple endocrine neoplasia s., type 2A an autosomal-dominant predisposition to tumors of thyroid C cells (medullary carcinoma), adrenal medulla (pheochromocytoma), and nodular hyperplasia of parathyroid glands. SYN: multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2A.
multiple endocrine neoplasia s., type 2B an autosomal-dominant predisposition to tumors of thyroid C cells (medullary carcinoma), adrenal medulla (pheochromocytoma), peripheral nerves (mucosal neurinoma), and intestinal ganglioneuromatosis; associated with a tall, thin habitus.
multiple glandular deficiency s. SYN: multiple endocrine deficiency s..
multiple hamartoma s. SYN: Cowden disease.
multiple lentigines s. SYN: LEOPARD s..
multiple mucosal neuroma s. multiple submucosal neuromas or neurofibromas of the tongue, lips, and eyelids in young persons; sometimes associated with tumors of the thyroid or adrenal medulla, or with subcutaneous neurofibromatosis.
Munchausen s. repeated fabrication of clinically convincing simulations of disease for the purpose of gaining medical attention; a term referring to patients who wander from hospital to hospital feigning acute medical or surgical illness and giving false and fanciful information about their medical and social background for no apparent reason other than to gain attention. See factitious disorder.
Munchausen s. by proxy a form of child maltreatment or abuse inflicted by a caretaker (usually the mother) with fabrications of symptoms and/or induction of signs of disease, leading to unnecessary investigations and interventions, with occasional serious health consequences, including death of the child. SYN: factitious illness by proxy.
Münchhausen s. See Munchausen s..
myasthenic s. (MS) SYN: Lambert-Eaton s..
myelodysplastic s. SYN: preleukemia.
myeloproliferative syndromes a group of conditions that result from a disorder in the rate of formation of cells of the bone marrow, including chronic granulocytic leukemia, erythremia, myelosclerosis, panmyelosis, and erythremic myelosis and erythroleukemia.
myofascial s. irritation of the muscles and fascia of the back and neck causing acute and chronic pain not associated with any neurologic or bony evidence of disease; presumed to arise primarily from poorly understood changes in the muscle and fascia themselves.
myofascial pain-dysfunction s. dysfunction of the masticatory apparatus related to spasm of the muscles of mastication precipitated by occlusal dysharmony or alteration in vertical dimension of the jaws, and exacerbated by emotional stress; characterized by pain in the preauricular region, muscle tenderness, popping noise in the temporomandibular joint, and limitation of jaw motion. SYN: temporomandibular joint pain-dysfunction s..
Naegeli s. [MIM*161000] reticular skin pigmentation, diminished sweating, hypodontia, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, and blistering; may be confused with incontinentia pigmenti but is as common in males as in females; autosomal dominant inheritance. SYN: Franceschetti-Jadassohn s..
Naffziger s. scalenus-anticus s..
nail-patella s. [MIM*161200] a skeletal disorder characterized by absence or hypoplasia of the patella, iliac horns, dysplasia of the fingernails and toenails, and thickening of the glomerular lamina densa; the lower ends of the femur have a shape very similar to Erlenmeyer flask deformity; autosomal dominant inheritance, caused by mutation in the gene encoding LIM-homeodomain protein (LMX1B) onchromosome 9q.
NAME s. the concurrence of nevi, atrial myxoma, myxoid neurofibromas, and ephilides.
Nance-Insley s. SYN: chondrodystrophy with sensorineural deafness.
Nelson s. a s. of hyperpigmentation, third nerve damage, and enlarging sella turcica caused by pituitary adenomas presumably present before adrenalectomy for Cushing s. but enlarging and symptomatic afterward. SYN: postadrenalectomy s..
nephritic s. the clinical symptoms of acute glomerulonephritis, particularly hematuria, hypertension, and renal failure.
nephrotic s. a clinical state characterized by edema, albuminuria, decreased plasma albumin, doubly refractile bodies in the urine, and usually increased blood cholesterol; lipid droplets may be present in the cells of the renal tubules, but the basic lesion is increased permeability of the glomerular capillary basement membranes, of unknown cause or resulting from glomerulonephritis, diabetic glomerulosclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, amyloidosis, renal vein thrombosis, or hypersensitivity to various toxic agents. SYN: nephrosis (3) .
Netherton s. [MIM*256500] congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma or ichthyosis linearis circumscripta associated with bamboo hair, atopy, urticaria, intermittent aminoaciduria, and mental retardation; probably an autosomal recessive trait that frequently resolves or improves in adolescence.
neural crest s. s. consisting of loss of pain sensibility, autonomic dysfunction, pupillary abnormalities, neurogenic anhidrosis, vasomotor instability, aplasia of dental enamel, meningeal thickening, hyperflexion, and a degree of albinism; may reflect developmental abnormalities of the neural crest.
neurocutaneous s. the occurrence of nevi and sometimes various skeletal deformities with symptoms pointing to gliosis or abiotrophy of the central nervous system.
neuroleptic malignant s. hyperthermia with extrapyramidal and autonomic disturbances which may result in death, following the use of neuroleptic agents.
Nezelof s. SYN: cellular immunodeficiency with abnormal immunoglobulin synthesis.
Noack s. SYN: Pfeiffer s..
nonsense s. SYN: Ganser s..
Noonan s. [MIM*163950, MIM*163955] a s. found in both males and females, with a phenotype reminiscent of Turner s.; characterized by hypertelorism, downslanting of palpebral fissures, webbing of the neck, short stature, and congenital heart disease, especially pulmonary stenosis; normal chromosomal karyotype; autosomal dominant inheritance.
Nothnagel s. dizziness, staggering, and rolling gait, with irregular forms of oculomotor paralysis and often nystagmus, seen in cases of tumor of the midbrain.
numb chin s. paresthesia and sensory loss affecting one side of the chin and lower lip, resulting from neoplastic infiltration of the ipsilateral mental nerve; common causes include multiple myeloma and breast or prostate carcinoma.
nystagmus blockage s. strabismus with eyes and head in a position to minimize associated nystagmus.
OAV s. SYN: oculoauriculovertebral dysplasia.
occipital horn s. an X-linked recessive disorder in which there is defective biliary excretion of copper, resulting in a deficiency of lysyl oxidase causing skin and joint laxity.
ocular-mucous membrane s. Stevens-Johnson s. with associated ocular lesions (conjunctivitis, panophthalmitis, iritis), oral lesions (bullae, erosions, superficial ulcers), and genital lesions (urethritis, balanitis circinata, blebs).
oculobuccogenital s. SYN: Behçet s..
oculocerebrorenal s. [MIM*309000] a congenital s. with hydrophthalmia, cataracts, mental retardation, aminoaciduria, reduced ammonia production by the kidney, and vitamin D–resistant rickets; X-linked recessive inheritance, caused by mutation in the oculocerebrorenal gene (OCRL) on Xq. SYN: Lowe s., Lowe-Terrey-MacLachlan s..
oculocutaneous s. SYN: Vogt-Koyanagi s..
oculomandibulofacial s. SYN: dyscephalia mandibulo-oculofacialis.
oculopharyngeal s. [MIM*164300] a myopathic disorder with a slowly progressive blepharoptosis and dysphagia, beginning late in life; autosomal dominant inheritance, caused by mutation in the gene encoding poly(A)-binding protein-2 (PABP2) on chromosome 14q.
oculovertebral s. SYN: oculovertebral dysplasia.
oculovestibulo-auditory s. a nonsyphilitic interstitial keratitis characterized by an abrupt onset with vertigo and tinnitus followed by hearing impairment; about 50% of patients have an associated systemic disease, most commonly polyarteritis nodosa. SYN: Cogan s..
OFD s. SYN: orofaciodigital s..
Ogilvie s. pseudoobstruction, predominantly of the colon, believed to be the result of motility disturbance; without physical obstruction.
Oldfield s. familial polyposis of the colon.
Olmsted s. congenital palmar, plantar, and periorificial keratoderma leading to flexion contractures and digital spontaneous amputation.
Omenn s. [MIM*603554] a rapidly fatal immunodeficiency disease characterized by erythroderma, diarrhea, repeated infections, hepatosplenomegaly, and leukocytosis with eosinophilia; autosomal recessive inheritance, caused by mutation in either the recombination activating gene 1 (RAG1) or the adjacent RAG2 gene on chromosome 11p.
Opitz BBB s. SYN: ocular hypertelorism.
Opitz G s. SYN: ocular hypertelorism.
Oppenheim s. SYN: amyotonia congenita.
organic brain s. (OBS) a constellation of behavioral or psychological signs and symptoms including problems with attention, concentration, memory, confusion, anxiety, and depression caused by transient or permanent dysfunction of the brain. SYN: acute organic brain s..
organic mood s. s. attributed to an organic factor characterized by either depressive or manic mood. See bipolar disorder. SEE ALSO: bipolar disorder.
orofaciodigital s. an inherited s., lethal in males, with varying combinations of defects of the oral cavity, face, and hands, including lobulated or bifid tongue, cleft or pseudocleft palate, tongue tumors, missing or malpositioned teeth, hypoplastic nasal alar cartilage, depressed nasal bridge, brachydactyly, clinodactyly, incomplete syndactyly, and, frequently, mental retardation; autosomal recessive [MIM 252100 and MIM 258850] or X-linked [MIM 311200] inheritance. SYN: OFD s., orodigitofacial dysostosis, Papillon-Léage and Psaume s..
osteomyelofibrotic s. SYN: myelofibrosis.
Ostrum-Furst s. congenital synostosis of the neck.
Othello s. a delusional belief in the infidelity of one's spouse. [Othello, Shakespearean character]
otomandibular s. SYN: otomandibular dysostosis.
otopalatodigital s. [MIM*311300] conductive hearing impairment, cleft palate, broad nasal root, and frontal bossing, wide spacing of toes, broad thumbs and great toes, and often other signs of generalized bone dysplasia; X-linked recessive inheritance.
ovarian vein s. a condition characterized by intermittent abdominal pain due to ureteral compression by the right ovarian vein, occurring with most frequency on the right side, and thought to be due to aberrant crossing of the right ovarian vein over the ureter, generally at the level of the first sacral vertebra; dilation of the ovarian vein during pregnancy and unilateral ptosis of the kidney are thought to be contributing factors leading to intermittent ureteral obstruction and recurring bouts of pain and pyelonephritis.
pacemaker s. the occurrence of symptoms relating to the loss of atrial-ventricular synchrony in ventricularly paced patients, or symptoms caused by inadequate timing of atrial and ventricular contractions in paced patients.
pachydermoperiostosis s. pachydermoperiostosis.
Paget-von Schrötter s. stress thrombosis or spontaneous thrombosis of the subclavian or axillary vein; a thoracic outlet s.. SYN: effort-induced thrombosis.
painful arc s. SYN: supraspinatus s..
painful-bruising s. an intense inflammatory reaction to slight extravasation of blood, due to an allergic sensitivity to red blood cells; more commonly seen in adult women.
paleostriatal s. SYN: Hunt s. (3) .
pallidal s. SYN: Hunt s. (3) .
Pancoast s. lower trunk brachial plexopathy and Horner s. due to malignant tumor in the region of the superior pulmonary sulcus.
pancreatorenal s. acute renal failure occurring in a patient with severe acute pancreatitis; the mortality rate is high.
papillary muscle s. SYN: papillary muscle dysfunction.
Papillon-Léage and Psaume s. SYN: orofaciodigital s..
Papillon-Lefèvre s. [MIM*245000] a congenital hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, with progessive destruction of alveolar bone about the deciduous and permanent teeth beginning as early as 2 years of age, and also with premature exfoliation of teeth and calcification of the falx cerebri; autosomal recessive inheritance.
paraneoplastic s. a s. directly resulting from a malignant neoplasm, but not resulting from the presence of tumor cells in the affected parts.
Parenti-Fraccaro s. SYN: Type IB achondrogenesis.
Parinaud s. paralysis of conjugate upward gaze with a lesion at the level of the superior colliculi; Bell phenomenon is present. SYN: dorsal midbrain s., Parinaud ophthalmoplegia.
Parinaud oculoglandular s. unilateral conjunctival granuloma with preauricular adenopathy in tularemia, chancre, tuberculosis, and cat-scratch disease.
Parkes Weber s. concurrence of multiple congenital arteriovenous fistulae or arteriovenous malformations with capillary stain and lymphaticovenous anomalies in an enlarged limb.
Parsonage-Turner s. SYN: neuralgic amyotrophy.
Patau s. SYN: trisomy 13 s..
patellofemoral s. anterior knee pain due to a structural or functional disturbance in the relation between the patella and distal femur.
patellofemoral stress s. SYN: runner's knee.
Paterson-Brown-Kelly s. SYN: tendon sheath s..
Paterson-Kelly s. SYN: Plummer-Vinson s..
pathologic startle syndromes a group of disorders characterized by markedly exaggerated startle reflex and other exaggerated stimulus-induced responses. Includes hyperexplexia and probably latah and the jumping Frenchman of Maine s..
Pellizzi s. SYN: macrogenitosomia praecox.
Pendred s. [MIM*274600] characterized by congenital sensorineural hearing impairment with goiter (usually small) due to defective organic binding of iodine in the thyroid; afflicted individuals are usually euthyroid; autosomal recessive inheritance, caused by mutation in the Pendred s. gene (PDS) encoding pendrin on chromosome 7q.
Pepper s. obsolete eponym for neuroblastoma of the adrenal gland with metastases in the liver; formerly believed to occur more frequently when the primary tumor was in the right adrenal, whereas tumors of the left adrenal tended to metastasize to the skull (Hutchison s.).
pericolic membrane s. a symptom complex simulating chronic appendicitis, caused by congenital constricting pericolic membranes.
Perrault s. XX gonadal dysgenesis associated with sensorineural deafness.
Persian Gulf s. SYN: Gulf War s..
persistent müllerian duct s. familial disorder with presence of fallopian tube, uterus, and testis in a male. Deficient müllerian inhibitory substance secondary to Sertoli cell defect. SYN: hernia uteri inguinale.
pertussis s. SYN: pertussis.
pertussis-like s. a s. characterized by severe episodes of coughing resembling whooping cough (pertussis).
petrosphenoidal s. neoplastic infiltration of the apex of the petrous bone and the anterior part of the foramen lacerum.
Peutz s. SYN: Peutz-Jeghers s..
Peutz-Jeghers s. [MIM*175200] generalized hamartomatous multiple polyposis of the intestinal tract, consistently involving the jejunum, associated with melanin spots of the lips, buccal mucosa, and fingers; autosomal dominant inheritance, caused by mutation in the serine/threonine kinase gene (STK11) on chromosome 19p. SYN: Jeghers-Peutz s., Peutz s..
Pfaundler-Hurler s. SYN: Hurler s..
Pfeiffer s. [MIM*101600] disorder characterized by broad, short thumbs and great toes, often with duplication of the great toes, and variable syndactyly of the digits; craniosynostosis is a variable feature. Autosomal dominant inheritance, caused by mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 gene (FGFR1) on chromosome 8p or FGFR2 gene on 10q. SYN: Noack s., type V acrocephalosyndactyly.
pharyngeal pouch s. SYN: DiGeorge s..
phospholipid s. the combination of antiphospholipid antibodies and the presence of either arterial or venous occlusive events such as thrombosis.
Picchini s. a form of polyserositis involving the three great serosae in contact with the diaphragm, sometimes also the meninges, tunica vaginalis testis, synovial sheaths, and bursae, caused by the presence of a trypanosome.
Pick s. SYN: Pick disease.
pickwickian s. a combination of severe, grotesque obesity, somnolence, and general debility, theoretically resulting from hypoventilation induced by the obesity; hypercapnia, pulmonary hypertension, and cor pulmonale can result. [after the “fat boy” in Dickens' Pickwick Papers]
Pierre Robin s. [MIM*261800] micrognathia and U-shaped cleft palate, glossoptosis, often associated with upper airway obstruction and feeding difficulties; weak evidence of autosomal recessive inheritance. SYN: Robin s..
pigment dispersion s. increased resistance to flow of aqueous humor through the pupil from the anterior chamber to the posterior chamber, leading to posterior bowing of the peripheral iris against the zonules; a possible mechanism for pigmentary glaucoma.
Pins s. dullness, diminution of vocal fremitus and of the vesicular murmur, and a slight distant blowing sound, heard in the posteroinferior region of the chest on the left side, in cases of pericardial effusion; there is sometimes also a fine rale in this region, but all the adventitious auscultatory signs disappear when the patient assumes the genupectoral position.
placental dysfunction s. fetal malnutrition and hypoxia resulting from impaired transfer of oxygen and various nutritive materials from mother to fetus.
placental transfusion s. in utero transfusion of blood from one twin to the other such that the donor becomes anemic and growth retarded and the recipient becomes polycythemic and develops hydrops. SEE ALSO: twin-twin transfusion.
Plummer-Vinson s. iron deficiency anemia, dysphagia, esophageal stenosis, and atrophic glossitis. SYN: Paterson-Kelly s., sideropenic dysphagia.
POEMS s. a condition characterized by polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy, and skin changes.
Poland s. an anomaly consisting of absence of the pectoralis major and minor muscles, ipsilateral breast hypoplasia, and absence of two to four rib segments.
polycystic ovary s. [MIM*184700] a condition commonly characterized by hirsutism, obesity, menstrual abnormalities, infertility, and enlarged ovaries; thought to reflect excessive androgen secretion of ovarian origin. SYN: sclerocystic disease of the ovary, Stein-Leventhal s..
polyendocrine deficiency s., polyglandular deficiency s. SYN: multiple endocrine deficiency s..
polysplenia s. SYN: bilateral left-sidedness.
popliteal entrapment s. a crush s. resulting from compression of the popliteal artery and impairment of its blood flow by structures of the popliteal space.
postadrenalectomy s. SYN: Nelson s..
postcardiotomy s. SYN: postpericardiotomy s..
postcholecystectomy s. the recurrence or persistence of signs and symptoms that led to removal of the gallbladder, but after cholecystectomy.
postcommissurotomy s. SYN: postpericardiotomy s..
postconcussion s. posttraumatic s..
posterior inferior cerebellar artery s. a s. due usually to thrombosis, characterized by dysarthria, dysphagia, staggering gait, and vertigo, and marked by hypotonia, incoordination of voluntary movement, nystagmus, Horner s. on the ipsilateral side, and loss of pain and temperature senses on the side of the body opposite to the lesion. SYN: lateral medullary s., Wallenberg s..
posterior leukoencephalopathy s. a reversible clinicoradiologic s. characterized by confusion, headaches, seizures, cortical blindness and other visual abnormalities, emesis, and motor signs, associated with MRI or CT evidence of bilateral white matter edema involving the parietal-occipital cerebral regions.
postgastrectomy s. SYN: dumping s..
post–lumbar puncture s. SYN: spinal headache.
postmalaria neurologic s. a self-limited central nervous system disorder that develops soon after recovery from a severe bout of falciparum malaria, characterized principally by an acute state of confusion or psychosis, generalized convulsions, or both, lasting 1–10 days and associated with negative blood smears for malaria parasite; linked to preceding mefloquine therapy.
postmaturity s. gestation extending 43 weeks or longer; sometimes associated with fetal dysmaturity.
postmyocardial infarction s. (PMIS) a complication developing several days to several weeks after myocardial infarction; its clinical features are fever, leukocytosis, chest pain, and evidence of pericarditis, sometimes with pleurisy and pneumonitis, with a strong tendency to recurrence; probably of immunopathogenetic origin.
postpartum pituitary necrosis s. SYN: Sheehan s..
postpericardiotomy s. pericarditis, with or without fever and often in repeated episodes, weeks to months after cardiac surgery. SYN: postcardiotomy s., postcommissurotomy s..
postphlebitic s. a state characterized by edema, pain, stasis dermatitis, cellulitis, and varicose veins, and in the late stages associated with ulceration of the lower leg, most often as a sequel to deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremity.
postrubella s. a group of congenital defects resulting from maternal rubella during the first trimester of pregnancy and including microphthalmos, cataracts, deafness, mental retardation, patent ductus arteriosus, and pulmonary artery stenosis.
postthrombotic s. a s. that follows a vascular thrombosis. Term is usually used to indicate difficulties, such as persistent edema, following venous thrombosis.
posttraumatic s. a clinical disorder that often follows head injury, characterized by headache, dizziness, neurasthenia, hypersensitivity to stimuli, and diminished concentration.
posttraumatic neck s. a clinical complex of pain, tenderness, tight neck musculature, vasomotor instability, and ill-defined symptoms such as dizziness and blurred vision as the result of trauma to the neck. Also variously termed occipital or suboccipital neuralgia or neuritis; cervical tension s.; cervical myospasm, myositis, or fibrositis. SYN: cervical fibrositis, cervical tension s..
posttraumatic stress s. a disorder appearing after a physically or psychologically traumatic event outside the range of usual human experience, ( e.g., a serious threat to one's life or seeing a loved one killed), characterized by symptoms of re-experiencing the event, numbing of responsiveness to the environment, exaggerated startle response, guilt feelings, impairment of memory, and difficulties in concentration and sleep.
Potter s. renal agenesis with hypoplastic lungs and associated neonatal respiratory distress, hemodynamic instability, acidosis, cyanosis, edema, and characteristic (Potter) facies; death usually occurs from respiratory insufficiency, which develops before uremia.
Prader-Willi s. [MIM*176270] a congenital s. characterized by short stature, mental retardation, polyphagia with marked obesity, and sexual infantilism; severe muscular hypotonia and poor responsiveness to external stimuli decrease with age; a small deletion is demonstrable in the paternal-derived chromosome 15q11–13 in many cases; some cases are due to maternal uniparental disomy ( i.e., both chromosomes 15 are derived from the mother).
precordial catch s. a benign s. of uncertain origin, characterized by sharp, sudden pain in the region of the cardiac apex on inspiration, yet usually relieved by forcing a deeper breath; tenderness is absent.
preexcitation s. SYN: Wolff-Parkinson-White s..
preinfarction s. abrupt development of angina pectoris or worsening of existing angina by increases in its frequency or severity; sometimes heralds myocardial infarction.
premature senility s. SYN: progeria.
premenstrual s. (PMS) in women of reproductive age, a constellation of emotional, behavioral, and physical symptoms that occur in the luteal (premenstrual) phase of the menstrual cycle and subside with the onset of menstruation; characterized by swelling and weight gain due to fluid retention, breast tenderness, irritability, mood swings, anxiety, depression, drowsiness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, and changes in appetite and libido. SYN: late luteal phase dysphoria, late luteal phase dysphoric disorder, menstrual molimina, premenstrual tension s., premenstrual tension.About 80% of menstruating women aged 25–40 experience some symptoms of PMS with at least some menstrual cycles, and about 5% have severe and disabling symptoms. A specific biologic cause has not been identified. Reported abnormalities in serotonin metabolism have led to the hypothesis that in women with PMS the normal hormonal fluctuations of the menstrual cycle interact with a neurotransmitter dysregulation to trigger mood and anxiety symptoms. No drug therapy has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of PMS. However, oral contraceptives and serotonergic antidepressants are widely used for this indication. Reducing caffeine and salt intake may lessen associated malaise and depression, and regular exercise and a diet high in complex carbohydrates may help to minimize the severity of episodes. In a large study, daily consumption of 1.2 g of calcium in a chewable supplement reduced symptoms to a greater extent than placebo. After its inclusion in the 1987 edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III), PMS became a subject of debate among feminists, who doubted that it qualifies as a true disorder. PMS was used as a successful defense in a murder trial in the U.K.
premenstrual salivary s. glandular abnormalities occurring prior to the onset of menses, including swelling of the breast tissues and enlargement of the salivary glands.
premenstrual tension s. SYN: premenstrual s..
premotor s. hemiplegia with spasticity, Rossolimo reflex, but not the Babinski sign, together with forced grasping and vasomotor disturbances.
pronator teres s. entrapment or compression of the median nerve in the proximal forearm usually where the nerve passes between the two heads of the pronator teres muscle.
Proteus s. a sporadic disorder of possible genetic origin, having a variable and changing phenotype; characterized by grossly enlarged hands and feet, distorted abnormal growth, and gigantism of the head; often confused with neurofibromatosis type I. SYN: elephant man's disease (1) .
prune belly s. a s. of deficient abdominal muscle, undescended testes, large hypotonic bladder and dilated, tortuous ureters. SYN: Eagle-Barrett s..
pseudoexfoliation s. a condition, often leading to glaucoma, in which deposits on the surface of the lens resemble exfoliation of the lens capsule. SEE ALSO: pseudoexfoliation of lens capsule. SYN: exfoliation s..
psychogenic nocturnal polydipsia s., PNP s. emotionally induced excessive water drinking at night.
pterygium s. [MIM*178110, MIM*265000, MIM*312150] webbing of the neck, antecubital fossae, and popliteal fossae with flexion deformities of the limbs and anomalies of the vertebrae; autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked recessive inheritance have all been described.
pulmonary dysmaturity s. a respiratory disorder occurring in small, premature infants who are incapable of normal pulmonary ventilation and who often die of hypoxia after an illness of 6–8 weeks; the lungs contain widespread focal emphysematous blebs and the parenchyma has thickened alveolar walls; diagnosed principally on the basis of the clinical history, chest radiographic findings, and the findings at autopsy, which must include the absence of pathological changes characteristic of other pulmonary disorders commonly encountered in this age group. SYN: Wilson-Mikity s..
punchdrunk s. a condition seen in boxers, often years after their retirement, and presumably caused by repeated cerebral injury; characterized by weakness in the lower limbs, unsteadiness of gait, slowness of muscular movements, tremors of hands, dysarthria, and slow cerebration.
Putnam-Dana s. SYN: subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord.
radial aplasia-thrombocytopenia s. thrombocytopenia-absent radius s..
radial tunnel s. pain in the lateral aspect of the elbow and forearm without motor or sensory deficits, resulting from compression of the radial nerve, at any of various sites along its course, as it passes the elbow and the proximal forearm.
radicular s. a group of symptoms resulting from any interference with the intradural portion of one or more spinal nerve roots; the chief symptoms are pain, paresthesia, hypesthesia, or hyperesthesia, motor, trophic, and reflex disturbances.
Raeder paratrigeminal s. a postganglionic Horner s. associated with trigeminal nerve dysfunction caused by involvement of the carotid sympathetic plexus, near Mechel cave.
Ramsay Hunt s. 1. SYN: Hunt s.. 2. SYN: herpes zoster oticus.
Rasmussen s. SYN: rasmussen encephalitis.
Raynaud s. idiopathic paroxysmal bilateral cyanosis of the digits due to arterial and arteriolar contraction; caused by cold or emotion. SEE ALSO: Raynaud phenomenon. SYN: Raynaud disease, symmetric asphyxia.
Refetoff s. a condition characterized by goiter and elevated serum level of thyroid hormones without manifestations of thyrotoxicosis, due to target organ unresponsiveness to thyroid hormones.
Refsum s. SYN: Refsum disease.
Reifenstein s. [MIM*312300 and MIM*313700] partial androgen sensitivity; a familial form of male pseudohermaphroditism characterized by varying degrees of ambiguous genitalia or hypospadias, postpubertal development of gynecomastia, and infertility associated with seminiferous tubular sclerosis; cryptorchidism may be present, and Leydig cell hypofunction may lead to impotence in later years; chromosomal studies show 46,XY karyotype; X-linked recessive inheritance, caused by mutation in the androgen receptor gene (AR) on Xq.
Reiter s. the association of urethritis, iridocyclitis, mucocutaneous lesions, and arthritis, sometimes with diarrhea; one or more of these conditions may recur at intervals of months or years, but the arthritis may be persistent. SYN: Fiessinger-Leroy-Reiter s., Reiter disease.
REM s. a reticular erythematous dermatitis of the upper trunk, more common in women, in which there is perivascular infiltrate of lymphocytes, few plasma cells, and upper dermal deposits of mucin; worsens on exposure to ultraviolet light. SYN: reticular erythematous mucinosis.
Rendu-Osler-Weber s. SYN: hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.
Renpenning s. [MIM*309500] X-linked mental retardation with short stature and microcephaly not associated with the fragile X chromosome; occurs more frequently in males, although some females may also be affected.
residual ovary s. the development of a pelvic mass, pelvic pain, and occasionally dyspareunia following hysterectomy without removal of both ovaries.
resistant ovary s. [MIM*176440] amenorrhea associated with hypergonadotrophism and usually normal ovarian follicles; may be autosomal dominant in inheritance.
respiratory distress s. of the newborn SYN: hyaline membrane disease of the newborn.
respiratory distress s. type II SYN: transient tachypnea of the newborn.
restless legs s. a sense of indescribable uneasiness, twitching, or restlessness that occurs in the legs after going to bed, frequently leading to insomnia, which may be relieved temporarily by walking about; thought to be caused by inadequate circulation or as a side effect of antipsychotic medication. SEE ALSO: akathisia. SYN: Ekbom s., restless legs.
retraction s. a retraction of the globe and pseudoptosis on attempted adduction; due to co-innervation of the horizontal recti. Sometimes there is an inability to abduct the affected eye (type 1), or adduct the affected eye (type 2), or both (type 3). SYN: Duane s..
Rett s. [MIM*312750] 1. a pervasive developmetnal disorder characterized by the development of several specific deficits after an apparently normal prenatal and perinatal period, including deceleration in head growth, loss of purposeful hand skills with deterioration into stereotypical hand movements, impairment in expressive and receptive language, and significant psychomotor retardation; 2. a DSM diagnosis that is established when the specified criteria are met.
Reye s. an acquired encephalopathy of young children that follows an acute febrile illness, usually influenza or varicella infection; characterized by recurrent vomiting, agitation, and lethargy, which may lead to coma with intracranial hypertension; ammonia and serum transaminases are elevated; death may result from edema of the brain and resulting cerebral herniation.
Rh null s. [MIM*268150] a condition characterized by lack of all Rh antigens, compensated hemolytic anemia, and stomatocytosis; autosomal recessive inheritance, caused by mutation in the Rhesus-associated polypeptide 50-kD gene (RH50A) on chromosome 6p.
Richards-Rundle s. [MIM*245100] a neurologic disorder beginning in early childhood with severe, progressive sensorineural hearing loss, ataxia, muscle wasting nystagmus, absent deep tendon reflexes, mental retardation, failure to develop secondary sexual characteristics, and ketoaciduria; autosomal recessive inheritance.
Richter s. a high-grade lymphoma developing during the course of chronic lymphocytic leukemia; associated with cachexia, pyrexia, dysproteinemia, and lymphomas with multinucleated tumor cells.
Rieger s. [MIM*180500] iridocorneal mesenchymal dysgenesis combined with hypodontia or anodontia and maxillary hypoplasia; autosomal dominant; there is a delayed sexual development and hypothyroidism.
Riley-Day s. SYN: familial dysautonomia.
Roaf s. a nonhereditary craniofacial-skeletal disorder characterized by congenital or early retinal detachment, cataracts, myopia, shortened long bones, and mental retardation; progressive sensorineural hearing loss is of later onset.
Roberts s. [MIM*268300] phocomelia or lesser degrees of hypomelia, microbrachycephaly, midfacial defect, prenatal growth deficiency, and cryptorchidism; associated with chromosomal centromeric abnormalities; autosomal recessive inheritance.
Robin s. SYN: Pierre Robin s..
Robinow s. [MIM*180700] a skeletal dysplasia characterized by bulging forehead, hypertelorism, depressed nasal bridge (so-called fetal face), wide mouth, acromesomelic shortening of limbs, hemivertebrae, and hypoplastic genitalia; there is also an autosomal recessive form [MIM*268310]. SEE ALSO: fetal face s.. SYN: Robinow dwarfism.
Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser s. SYN: Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser s..
Romano-Ward s. [MIM*192500] a prolonged Q-T interval in the electrocardiogram in children subject to attacks of unconsciousness that result from ventricular arrhythmias including ventricular fibrillation; autosomal dominant inheritance, with one form caused by mutation in the potassium channel gene (KVLQT1) on chromosome 11p. Cf.:Jervell and Lange-Nielsen s.. SYN: Ward-Romano s..
Romberg s. SYN: facial hemiatrophy.
Rothmund s. [MIM*268400] atrophy, pigmentation, and telangiectasia of the skin, usually with juvenile cataract, saddle nose, congenital bone defects, disturbance of hair growth, hypogonadism; autosomal recessive inheritance. SYN: poikiloderma atrophicans and cataract, poikiloderma congenitale, Rothmund-Thomson s..
Rothmund-Thomson s. SYN: Rothmund s..
Rotor s. jaundice appearing in childhood due to impaired biliary excretion; most of the plasma bilirubin is conjugated, liver function tests are usually normal, and there is no hepatic pigmentation.
Roussy-Lévy s. SYN: Roussy-Lévy disease.
Rubinstein-Taybi s. [MIM*180849] mental retardation, broad thumb and great toe, antimongoloid slant to the eyes, thin and beaked nose, microcephaly, prominent forehead, low-set ears, high arched palate, and cardiac anomaly; there may be a submicroscopic chromosomal defect, but there is evidence that this s. is due to mutation in the gene encoding transcriptional coactivator CREB-binding protein (CREB) on chromosome 16p.
Rud s. [MIM*308200] ichthyosiform erythroderma associated with acanthosis nigricans, dwarfism, hypogonadism, and epilepsy; mostly sporadic, but may be an X-linked recessive trait.
runting s. if newborn mice are thymectomized, they do not gain weight and their lymphoid tissue atrophies. SYN: wasting s. (1) .
Russell s. failure of infants and young children to thrive due to suprasellar lesions, commonly astrocytomas of the anterior third ventricle; although the growth hormone may be elevated, the child is emaciated and has loss of body fat. SEE ALSO: pseudohydrocephaly.
Saethre-Chotzen s. condition characterized by craniosynostosis, asymmetry of skull (plagiocephaly), ptosis, prominent ear crus, and cutaneous syndactyly of fingers 2–3 and toes 3–4; autosomal dominant inheritance, caused by mutation in the TWIST transcription factor gene on chromosome 7p. SYN: Chotzen s., type III acrocephalosyndactyly.
salt depletion s. SYN: low salt s..
salt-losing s. SYN: salt-losing nephritis.
Samter s. a triad of asthma, nasal polyps, and aspirin intolerance.
Sanchez Salorio s. a s. characterized by retinal pigmentary dystrophy, cataract, hypotrichosis of the lashes, mental deficiencies, and retarded somatic development.
Sandifer s. torticollis (q.v.) in infants, associated with gastroesophageal reflux; may be a mechanism to protect the airway or reduce acid reflux–associated pain.
Sanfilippo s. [MIM*252900, MIM*252920, MIM*252930,] an error of the mucopolysaccharide metabolism, with excretion of large amounts of heparan sulfate in the urine; characterized by severe mental retardation with hepatomegaly; skeleton may be normal or may present mild changes similar to those in Hurler s.; several different types (A, B, C, and D) have been identified according to the enzyme deficiency; autosomal recessive inheritance. SYN: type III mucopolysaccharidosis.
Savage s. obsolete term for resistant ovary s.. [from surname of first reported patient]
scalded mouth s. a s. in which the patient complains of a burning sensation of the tongue, lips, throat, or palate, likened to scalding caused by hot liquids; clinically the tissues appear normal; it has been associated with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors.
scalded skin s. staphylococcal scalded skin s..
scalenus anterior s. one of the precursors of disputed neurogenic thoracic outlet s.; a popular cause for upper extremity discomfort in the late 1930s and 1940s, based on the unproven concept that the lower trunk of the brachial plexus and the subclavian artery could be compressed in the intrascalene triangle by a hypertrophic scalenus anticus muscle, the compression in turn affecting the nerves to it and setting up a vicious circle; this concept was essentially abandoned in the 1950s, when actual causes, such as cervical radiculopathy and carpal tunnel s., for upper extremity symptoms were appreciated, but resurrected in the 1980s, without attribution, as etiology for upper plexus type of disputed neurologic thoracic outlet s..
scapulocostal s. pain of insidious development in the upper or posterior part of the shoulder radiating into the neck and occiput, down the arm, or around the chest; there may be numbness or tingling in the fingers; attributed to an alteration from the normal relationship between the scapula and posterior wall of the thorax.
Schaumann s. SYN: sarcoidosis.
Scheie s. [MIM*252800] allelic to Hurler s. but with a much milder phenotype; characterized by α-l-iduronidase deficiency, corneal clouding, deformity of the hands, aortic valve involvement, and normal intelligence; autosomal recessive inheritance, caused by mutation in the alpha-l-iduronidase gene (IUDA) on chromosome 4p. SYN: type IS mucopolysaccharidosis.
Schmid-Fraccaro s. SYN: cat's-eye s..
Schmidt s. 1. unilateral paralysis of a vocal cord, the velum palati, trapezius, and sternocleidomastoid. [J.F.M. Schmidt] 2. the association of primary hypothyroidism, primary adrenocortical insufficiency, and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [M.B. Schmidt]
Schnitzler s. tense, generalized chronic urticaria, joint or bone pain, and monoclonal gammopathy of kappa type.
Schönlein-Henoch s. SYN: Henoch-Schönlein purpura.
Schüller s. SYN: Hand-Schüller-Christian disease.
Schwartz s. [MIM*255800] a congenital disorder characterized by myotonic myopathy, dystrophy of epiphyseal cartilages resulting in dwarfism, joint contractures, blepharophimosis, and characteristic facies; autosomal recessive inheritance.
Seckel s. [MIM*210600] an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by low birth weight, dwarfism, microcephaly, large eyes, beaked nose, receding mandible, and moderate mental retardation. SYN: Seckel dwarfism.
Seip s. SYN: congenital total lipodystrophy.
Senear-Usher s. SYN: pemphigus erythematosus.
sepsis s. clinical evidence of acute infection with hyperthermia or hypothermia, tachycardia, tachypnea and evidence of inadequate organ function or perfusion manifested by at least one of the following: altered mental status, hypoxemia, acidosis, oliguria, or disseminated intravascular coagulation.
Sertoli-cell-only s. [MIM*305700] the absence from the seminiferous tubules of the testes of germinal epithelium, Sertoli cells alone being present; there is sterility due to azoospermia but no other sexual abnormality, Leydig cells are normal, and the level of gonadotrophins in the plasma and urine is increased; probably represents one form of seminiferous tubule dysgenesis. SYN: Del Castillo s..
Sézary s. exfoliative dermatitis with intense pruritus, resulting from cutaneous infiltration by atypical mononuclear cells (T lymphocytes with markedly convoluted or cerebriform nuclei) also found in the peripheral blood, and associated with alopecia, edema, and nail and pigmentary changes; a variant of mycosis fungoides. SYN: Sézary erythroderma.
shaken baby s. (SBS) a s. of neurologic and other injuries, of variable presentation, induced by the violent shaking of an infant.Shaken baby s. is an increasingly recognized form of child abuse. Vigorous shaking of an infant, with or without direct violence to the head, can result in spinal cord injury or intracranial bleeding, with irreversible brain damage, blindness, hearing loss, seizures, learning disabilities, paralysis, or death. SBS occurs most often before the age of 1 and seldom after age 2. Infants under 6 months are particularly vulnerable because of their disproportionately heavy heads, weak neck muscles, and thin skulls. About 1000 babies are hospitalized annually in the U.S. with this diagnosis; about 25% of them die and about 25% of the survivors suffer irreversible brain damage. Men are more likely than women to inflict injury by shaking. Boys are more likely than girls to be victims, and twins are at higher risk than singletons. Most cases occur as an impulsive response of the caregiver to a child's persistent crying. In the typical incident, no one is present but the caregiver and the victim. There may be a prior history of abuse, or evidence of previous injury. The guilty person may invent a story of accidental injury to explain the findings. Signs of SBS vary widely, from a flulike presentation or lethargy to unexplained vomiting, seizures, or coma. The classical triad of subdural hematoma, cerebral edema, and retinal or subhyaloid hemorrhage is often absent. Finger marks may be found on the chest wall or around the shoulders, but often there are no external signs of injury. One-half of patients with subdural hematoma have no skull fracture. Prevention of shaken baby s. requires education of parents and others entrusted with the care of small children as to the grave danger of shaking a baby. New parents should be informed that all babies cry and that shaking is never an appropriate response. Alternative modes of coping with the stress of a crying baby should be planned. Parents must also exercise caution in selecting babysitters, day-care centers, or child-care agencies. All caregivers should be enjoined never to touch a child in anger. Health professionals must be alert for subtle signs of SBS and other forms of child abuse.
Sheehan s. hypopituitarism developing postpartum as a result of pituitary necrosis; caused by ischemia resulting from a hypotensive episode during delivery. SYN: pituitary cachexia, postpartum pituitary necrosis s., Simmonds disease, thyrohypophysial s..
Shone s. the association of obstructive lesions of the mitral valve complex, including supravalvar ring and parachute mitral valve, with left ventricular outflow obstruction and coarctation of the aorta.
short-bowel s. malabsorption and maldigestion resulting from disease or resection of large portions of the small intestine.
shoulder-girdle s. SYN: neuralgic amyotrophy.
shoulder-hand s. SYN: reflex sympathetic dystrophy.
Shprintzen s. SYN: velocardiofacial s..
Shulman s. SYN: eosinophilic fasciitis.
Shwachman s. [MIM*260400] an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by sinusitis, bronchiectasis, pancreatic insufficiency resulting in malabsorption, neutropenia with defect in neutrophile chemotaxis, short stature, and skeletal changes with radiographic findings of metaphyseal flaring of long bones. SYN: Shwachman-Diamond s..
Shwachman-Diamond s. SYN: Shwachman s..
Shy-Drager s. [MIM*146500] a now-obsolete term for multiple system atrophy in which autonomic nervous system failure predominates.
sicca s. SYN: Sjögren s..
sick building s. old term for building-related illness.
sick euthyroid s. SYN: euthyroid sick s..
sick sinus s. [MIM*182190] symptoms ranging from dizziness to unconsciousness due to chaotic or absent atrial activity often with bradycardia alternating with tachycardia, recurring ectopic beats including escape beats, runs of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias, sinus arrest, and sinoatrial block.
Silver-Russell s. [MIM*270050] a disorder characterized by low birth weight, late closure of the anterior fontanel, bilateral bodily asymmetry, clinodactyly of the fifth fingers, triangular facies, and carp mouth; little useful genetic evidence. SYN: Silver-Russell dwarfism.
Silverskiöld s. a type of osteochondrodystrophy with only slight vertebral changes but with shortened and curved long bones of the extremities.
Sinding-Larsen-Johansson s. apophysitis of the distal pole of the patella.
sinus venosus s. the association of partial anomalous, pulmonary-venous connection, and a small venosus ASD.
Sipple s. [MIM*171400] pheochromocytoma, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, and parathyroid adenomas; autosomal dominant inheritance, caused by mutation in the RET oncogene on chromosome 10q.
Sjögren s. keratoconjunctivitis sicca, dryness of mucous membranes, telangiectasias or purpuric spots on the face, and bilateral parotid enlargement; seen in menopausal women and often associated with rheumatoid arthritis, Raynaud phenomenon, and dental caries; there are changes in the lacrimal and salivary glands resembling those of Mikulicz disease. SYN: Gougerot-Sjögren disease, sicca s., Sjögren disease. [H.S.C. Sjögren]
Sjögren-Larsson s. [MIM*270200] congenital ichthyosis in association with oligophrenia and spastic paraplegia; autosomal recessive inheritance, caused by mutation in the fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (FALDH) on chromosome 17p.
sleep apnea s. a disorder characterized by multiple episodes of partial or complete cessation of respiration during sleep.
sleep phase delay s. a disorder in which the circadian rhythm of sleep and waking falls into a delayed but stable relationship with external time cues of day and night.
SLE-like s. a disease with manifestations suggestive of systemic lupus erythematosus, without meeting diagnostic criteria for that disease; sometimes used for drug-induced lupus.
slit ventricle s. in shunt-dependent patients, a state characterized by intermittent or chronic headaches, small ventricles, and slow reflux of the valve mechanism.
Sly s. an autosomal recessive disorder due to a deficiency of a β-glucuronidase; defective lysosomal degradation of dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate; cellular function disrupted in most tissues. SYN: type VII mucopolysaccharidosis (1) .
Smith-Lemli-Opitz s. [MIM*270400] mental retardation, small stature, anteverted nostrils, ptosis, male genital anomalies, and syndactyly of the second and third toes, often in breech-born babies with delayed fetal activity; inherited as an autosomal recessive trait.
Smith-Riley s. multiple hemangiomas, macrocephaly, and blurred optic disks; angiomas appear at birth or later, and enlarge and multiply.
Sneddon s. a cerebral arteriopathy of unknown etiology, characterized by noninflammatory intimal hyperplasia of medium-sized vessels associated with diffuse cutaneous livedo reticularis.
Sohval-Soffer s. [MIM 307500] hypogonadism, gynecomastia, skeletal anomalies, and mental retardation; probably X-linked inheritance.
Sorsby s. congenital macular coloboma and apical dystrophy of the extremities.
Sotos s. [MIM*117550] cerebral gigantism and generalized large muscles in childhood, with mental retardation and defective coordination; of unknown etiology. Most cases have been sporadic, perhaps new dominant mutations with low fitness, but there is one set of concordant identical twins on record.
space adaptation s. alterations in normal physiology that occur during prolonged exposure to weightlessness, unless preventive measures are taken. Characterized by muscle atrophy, loss of mineral from bones, cardiovascular changes, etc.
Spens s. SYN: Adams-Stokes s..
splenic flexure s. symptoms of pain, gas, bloating, a sense of fullness experienced in the left upper abdominal quadrant, sometimes beneath the ribs, in some instances radiating upward, and in some instances producing anterior chest pain central or predominantly on the left. It may be induced experimentally by the introduction and trapping of air in the splenic flexure.
staphylococcal scalded skin s. a disease affecting infants in which large areas of skin peel off, as in a second-degree burn, as a result of upper respiratory staphylococcal infection even though the skin lesions are sterile; the level of skin separation is subcorneal, unlike a burn or the clinically similar toxic epidermal necrolysis which occurs in children and adults and which involves subepidermal cleavage. SYN: Lyell disease.
Stauffer s. elevation of liver function tests, in the absence of metastatic disease, due to cholestasis in renal cell cancer patients.
Steele-Richardson-Olszewski s. SYN: progressive supranuclear palsy.
Stein-Leventhal s. SYN: polycystic ovary s..
steroid withdrawal s. a condition exhibited by persons who previously had been receiving large therapeutic doses of glucocorticoid hormones for long periods of time; pituitary-adrenocortical insufficiency is manifested, particularly during stress, for as long as a year or more thereafter and varying degrees of emotional disturbance may be exhibited.
Stevens-Johnson s. a bullous form of erythema multiforme which may be extensive, involving the mucous membranes and large areas of the body; it may produce serious subjective symptoms and may have a fatal termination. SEE ALSO: ocular-mucous membrane s.. SYN: erythema multiforme bullosum, erythema multiforme exudativum, erythema multiforme major.
Stewart-Morel s. SYN: Morgagni s..
Stewart-Treves s. angiosarcoma arising in arms affected by postmastectomy lymphedema.
Stickler s. SYN: hereditary progressive arthroophthalmopathy.
stiff heart s. any condition, usually acute, that causes the heart to be restricted in diastole mainly affecting the ventricles and at one time a complication of cardiac surgery.
stiff man s. a rare disorder manifested clinically by the continuous isometric contraction of many of the somatic muscles; contractions are usually forceful and painful and most frequently involve the trunk musculature, although limb muscles may be involved. This is an autoimmune disease, with circulating antibodies against the GABA-synthesizing enzyme and glutamic acid decarboxylase, among other types of antibodies present.
Still-Chauffard s. SYN: Chauffard s..
Stockholm s. a form of bonding between a captive and captor in which the captive begins to identify with, and may even sympathize with, the captor. [Stockholm, Sweden, where early case reported]
Stokes-Adams s. SYN: Adams-Stokes s..
straight back s. loss of the normal concavity of the thoracolumbar spine with a narrowed anteroposterior chest dimension, resulting compression of the heart between spine and sternum, and consequent prominent precordial pulsations, an ejection murmur, and radiologic evidence of a widened cardiac silhouette (pancaked heart).
streptococcal toxic shock s. a toxic s. characterized by hypotension and a variety of signs and symptoms indicative of multiorgan failure including cerebral dysfunction, renal failure, acute respiratory distress s., toxic cardiomyopathy, and hepatic dysfunction. The s. is usually precipitated by local infections of skin or soft tissue by streptococci; mortality of 30% has been reported.
Stryker-Halbeisen s. reddish, scaling, macular eruption on the head and upper trunk due to vitamin B complex deficiency; associated with macrocytic anemia.
Sturge-Kalischer-Weber s. SYN: Sturge-Weber s..
Sturge-Weber s. [MIM*185300] in its complete form, a triad of unilateral occurrence of 1) congenital capillary malformation (flame nevus) in the distribution of the trigeminal nerve; 2) leptomeningeal vascular malformations with intracranial calcification and neurologic signs; and 3) vascular malformation of the choroid, often with secondary glaucoma. Inheritance is unclear with most cases sporadic. SEE ALSO: encephalotrigeminal vascular s.. SYN: cephalotrigeminal angiomatosis, encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis, Sturge-Kalischer-Weber s., Sturge-Weber disease.
subclavian steal s. symptoms of vertebrobasilar insufficiency resulting from subclavian steal.
subcoracoid-pectoralis minor tendon s. SYN: hyperabduction s..
sudden infant death s. (SIDS) the sudden death of an apparently healthy infant that remains unexplained after all known possible causes have been ruled out through autopsy, death scene investigation, and review of the medical history. SYN: cot death, crib death.SIDS is the leading cause of death in infants between 1 week and 1 year of age, with an approximate rate of 2 per 1000 live births; 6000–7000 babies die of SIDS every year in the U.S. The peak age is 2–4 months and most deaths occur during the winter months (October to April in the northern hemisphere). The case definition specifically excludes death due to drugs or poisons, apnea, respiratory infection, suffocation, aspiration of vomitus, choking, accidental strangulation, and child abuse. Most victims appear healthy before death, which occurs rapidly, usually during sleep. SIDS strikes families of all races and socioeconomic levels. It is slightly more common in males, and the second child is more susceptible than the first. Some theories suggest a congenital or developmental defect, but the phenomenon does not show familial clustering. In the present state of knowledge, SIDS cannot be predicted, prevented, or reversed. However, statistical studies have identified certain risk factors, among them maternal smoking before and after birth, inadequate prenatal care, low birth weight, young maternal age, and maternal hard drug use. Some but not all studies have suggested that breast-feeding slightly reduces the risk. Gastric infection with Helicobacter pylori has been speculatively implicated in some cases. The most important risk factor identified to date is sleeping in the prone position. Sleeping on the side is less dangerous than sleeping prone, but more dangerous than sleeping supine. The reason for these differences is unknown, but the incidence of SIDS has markedly declined since 1992, when the American Academy of Pediatrics first recommended that healthy infants be placed on their backs for sleep. For infants with gastroesophageal reflux, swallowing dysfunction, or unilateral vocal cord paralysis, the prone position may be preferred. For healthy infants, the supine position does not increase the risk of vomiting and aspiration. Current medical practice emphasizes reduction of risk through avoidance of the prone sleeping position and of maternal smoking, and education, counseling, and emotional support of the parents of victims.
Sudeck s. SYN: Sudeck atrophy.
Sulzberger-Garbe s. SYN: exudative discoid and lichenoid dermatitis.
sump s. a complication of side-to-side choledochoduodenostomy in which the lower end of the common bile duct at times acts as a diverticulum, resulting in stasis, trapping of food particles, and infection.
superior cerebellar artery s. s. due to thrombosis of the superior cerebellar artery which supplies the spinothalamic tract and the superior cerebellar peduncle; there is incoordination in performing skilled movements, with loss of pain and temperature senses on the side of the face and body opposite to that of the lesion.
superior mesenteric artery s. vomiting believed to be secondary to compression of the duodenum by the superior mesenteric artery; associated with rapid weight loss. SYN: Wilkie disease.
superior vena cava s. complete or partial obstruction of the superior vena cava, usually by cancer, causing edema and engorgement of the veins of the face, neck, and arms, nonproductive cough, cerebral symptoms, and dyspnea.
supine hypotensive s. in the supine pregnant woman at or near term, maternal hypotension; maternal hypotension is due to obstruction by the gravid uterus of the inferior vena cava with resulting decrease in venous return to the heart; fetal hypoxia is due to maternal hypotension and obstruction of the maternal aorta by the gravid uterus with resulting decrease in placental perfusion.
supraspinatus s. pain on elevation of the shoulder and tenderness on deep pressure over the supraspinatus tendon; due to pressure of an injured or inflamed tendon or inflamed subacromial bursa coming into contact or pressing on the overlying acromial process when the arm is elevated over the shoulder level. SYN: impingement s., painful arc s..
supravalvar aortic stenosis s. [MIM*185500] supravalvar aortic stenosis (usually membranous) sometimes associated with pulmonary valvar or peripheral arterial stenosis but with normal facies and mentality; autosomal dominant inheritance, caused by mutation in the elastin gene (ELN) on chromosome 7q. Cf.:Williams s..
supravalvar aortic stenosis-infantile hypercalcemia s. [MIM*194050] SYN: Williams s..
surdocardiac s. SYN: Jervell and Lange-Nielsen s..
sweaty feet s. SYN: isovaleric acidemia.
swollen belly s. SYN: swollen belly disease.
Swyer s. gonadal dysgenesis in phenotypic females with XY genotype.
Swyer-James s. 1. SYN: unilateral lobar emphysema. 2. hyperlucency of one lung from obliterating bronchiolitis, usually caused by adenovirus infection in childhood, with decreased size and vascularity of the lung; distinguished from other causes of unilateral hyperlucency by demonstration of air trapping without central obstruction.
Swyer-James-MacLeod s. SYN: unilateral lobar emphysema.
tachybradycardia s. SYN: bradytachycardia s..
tachycardia-bradycardia s. alternating periods of slow and rapid heart beat; often associated with disturbances of both sinoatrial and atrioventricular conduction. SEE ALSO: sick sinus s..
Takayasu s. SYN: Takayasu arteritis.
Tapia s. unilateral paralysis of the larynx, the velum palati, and the tongue, with atrophy of the latter.
tarsal tunnel s. s. produced by entrapment neuropathy of terminal branches of posterior tibial nerve (medial plantar, lateral plantar, and calcanial nerves) at the ankle.
Taussig-Bing s. complete transposition of the aorta, which arises from the right ventricle, with a left-sided pulmonary artery overriding the left ventricle, and with high ventricular septal defect, right ventricular hypertrophy, anteriorly situated aorta, and posteriorly situated pulmonary artery. SYN: Taussig-Bing disease.
tegmental s. a s. usually caused by a vascular lesion in the tegmentum; marked by contralateral hemiplegia and ipsilateral ocular paresis.
temporomandibular s. symptoms of discomfort and pain caused by loss of vertical dimension, lack of posterior occlusion, or other malocclusion, trismus, muscle tremor, arthritis, or direct trauma to the temporomandibular joint.
temporomandibular joint pain-dysfunction s. SYN: myofascial pain-dysfunction s..
tendon sheath s. limited elevation of the eye in adduction, appearing clinically as a paresis of the inferior oblique muscle, due to fascia contracting the superior oblique muscle on the same side. SYN: Brown s., Paterson-Brown-Kelly s..
Terry s. SYN: retinopathy of prematurity.
Terson s. vitreous, retinal, and subhyaloid hemorrhages associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage.
testicular feminization s. [MIM*313700] a type of male pseudohermaphroditism characterized by female external genitalia (may be ambiguous if the s. is incomplete), incompletely developed vagina often with rudimentary uterus and fallopian tubes, female habitus at puberty but with scanty or absent axillary and pubic hair and amenorrhea, and testes present within the abdomen or in the inguinal canals or labia majora; epididymis and vas deferens are usually present; androgens and estrogens are formed, but target tissues are largely unresponsive to androgens; individuals have a normal male karyotype; X-linked recessive inheritance, caused by mutation in the androgen receptor gene (AR) on chromosome Xq.
tethered cord s. abnormal low positioning (below the L₂ vertebrae) of the distal spinal cord (conus medullaris) by the filum terminale. May be associated with incontinence, progressive motor and sensory impairment in the legs, pain, and scoliosis.
thalamic s. a s. produced by infarction of the posteroinferior thalamus causing transient hemiparesis, severe loss of superficial and deep sensation with preservation of crude pain in the hypalgic limbs which frequently have vasomotor or trophic disturbances. SYN: Dejerine-Roussy s..
Thiemann s. avascular necrosis of the epiphyses of phalanges of fingers or toes, usually familial, beginning in childhood or adolescence, leading to deformity of fingers; also called familial arthropathy of the fingers or toes. SYN: Thiemann disease.
third and fourth pharyngeal pouch s. SYN: DiGeorge s..
thoracic outlet s. (TOS) collective title for a number of conditions attributed to compromise of blood vessels or nerve fibers (brachial plexus) at any point between the base of the neck and the axilla; formerly classified on the basis of presumed injurious structure or mechanism, i.e., scalenus anticus s., hyperabduction s., costoclavicular s.; currently classified on the basis of the structure known or presumed to be compromised, and divided into two main groups: vascular and neurologic (simultaneous compromise of both neural and vascular structures is rare); vascular subdivisions include arterial and venous.
Thorn s. SYN: salt-losing nephritis.
thrombocytopenia-absent radius s., TAR s. [MIM*274000] congenital absence of the radius associated with thrombocytopenia that is symptomatic in infancy but later improves; congenital heart disease and renal anomalies occur in some cases; autosomal recessive inheritance.
thrombopathic s. a nondescript term to describe any of a number of bleeding diseases in which clot formation is deficient rather than those in which there is an organic fault of the blood vessels.
thyrohypophysial s. SYN: Sheehan s..
Tietz s. autosomal dominant inheritance of albinism and deafness caused at least in some subsets of families by a mutation of the microophthalmia transcription factor gene.
Tietze s. inflammation and painful, tender nonsuppurative swelling of a costochondral junction. SYN: peristernal perichondritis.
Tolosa-Hunt s. cavernous sinus s. produced by an idiopathic granuloma.
tooth-and-nail s. [MIM*189500] hypodontia associated with absent or very small nails at birth. Common among Dutch Mennonites in Canada.
TORCH s. a group of infections seen in neonates that have crossed the placental barrier with similar clinical manifestations, although symptoms may vary in degree and time of appearance: toxoplasmosis, other infections, rubella, cytomegalovirus infection, and herpes simplex.
Tornwaldt s. nasopharyngeal discharge, occipital headache, and stiffness of posterior cervical muscles, with halitosis due to chronic infection of the pharyngeal bursa.
Torre s. multiple sebaceous gland adenomas associated with multiple visceral malignancies, often colorectal carcinoma. SYN: Muir-Torre s..
Torsten Sjögren s. SYN: Marinesco-Garland s..
Tourette s. a tic disorder appearing in childhood, characterized by multiple motor tics and vocal tics present for more than 1 year. Obsessive-compulsive behavior, attention-deficit disorder, and other psychiatric disorders may be associated; coprolalia and echolalia rarely occur; autosomal dominant inheritance. SYN: Gilles de la Tourette disease, Gilles de la Tourette s., Tourette disease.
toxic shock s. (TSS) infection with toxin-producing staphylococci, occurring most often in the vagina of menstruating women using superabsorbent tampons but also prevalent in many soft tissue infections and characterized by high fever, vomiting, diarrhea, a scarlatiniform rash followed by desquamation, and decreasing blood pressure and shock, which can result in death; hyperemia of the conjunctival, oropharyngeal, and vaginal mucous membranes also occurs.
transplant lung s. a s. associated with fever and diffuse bilateral pulmonary infiltration mainly at the base or at the hilum of the lung; can accompany rejection of an organ (kidney, liver, etc.) transplant or follow a reduction in dosage of an immunosuppressive drug.
transurethral resection s. absorption of glycine from irrigation solution during TUR that the liver cannot metabolize, resulting in increased serum ammonia. SYN: TUR s..
Treacher Collins s. [MIM*154500] mandibulofacial dysostosis, when limited to the orbit and malar region.
trichorhinophalangeal s. a condition characterized by sparse fine hair, broad nose with a long philtrum, swollen middle phalanges with cone-shaped epiphyses, and growth retardation. There seem to be at least three similar disorders, two dominant [MIM*150230 and MIM 190350] and one recessive [MIM*275500].
triple A s. [MIM*231550] autosomal recessive s. associated with achalasia of the cardia, and alacrima; associated problems include abnormalities of the nervous system such as mental retardation and autonomic dysfunction. SYN: Allgrove s..
triple X s. trisomy of the X chromosome; original observations (made in mental institutions) were seriously biased and the phenotypic changes spurious. Intelligence may be at the lower range of normal, stature is usually tall, there may be speech and behavioral problems. The outstanding feature of the s. is the occurrence of twin Barr bodies in a typical cell.
trisomy 8 s. the full trisomy 8 is usually associated with early lethality, but most affected individuals are mosaic with craniofacial dysmorphism; short, wide neck; narrow cylindrical trunk; multiple joint and digital abnormalities; and deep creases of the palms and soles.
trisomy 13 s. a chromosomal disorder that is usually fatal within 2 years; characterized by mental retardation, malformed ears, cleft lip or palate, microphthalmia or coloboma, small mandible, polydactyly, cardiac defects, convulsions, renal anomalies, umbilical hernia, malrotation of intestines, and dermatoglyphic anomalies. SYN: Patau s., trisomy D s..
trisomy 18 s. a chromosomal disorder that is usually fatal within 2–3 years; characterized by mental retardation, abnormal skull shape, lowset and malformed ears, small mandible, cardiac defects, short sternum, diaphragmatic or inguinal hernia, Meckel diverticulum, abnormal flexion of fingers, and dermatoglyphic anomalies. SYN: Edwards s..
trisomy 20 s. a chromosomal disorder characterized by profound mental retardation, coarse facies, macrostomia and macroglossia, minor anomalies of the ears, pigmentary dysplasia of the skin, dorsal kyphoscoliosis, and other skeletal defects.
trisomy 21 s. SYN: Down s..
trisomy C s. trisomy for any chromosome of group C, numbers 6–12, most often number 8.
trisomy D s. SYN: trisomy 13 s..
trochanteric s. tendonitis and bursitis around the greater trochanter.
trophic s. ulceration of a denervated area, frequently secondary to picking at the anesthetic surface.
tropical splenomegaly s. SYN: hyperreactive malarious splenomegaly.
Trousseau s. thrombophlebitis migrans associated with visceral cancer.
true neurogenic thoracic outlet s. very chronic axon loss brachial plexopathy, caused by compromise of the lower trunk fibers by a congenital band extending from a rudimentary cervical rib to the first thoracic rib; rare disorder, found mostly in young to middle-aged women, that presents with unilateral hand wasting and weakness, particularly involving the lateral thenar eminence; sometimes accompanied by intermittent discomfort along the medial forearm and hand. SYN: cervical rib and band s., classic cervical rib s..
tumor lysis s. hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, hyperkalemia, and hyperuricemia following induction chemotherapy of malignant neoplasms; believed to be due to the release of intracellular products by cell lysis.
TUR s. SYN: transurethral resection s..
Turcot s. [MIM*276300] a rare and distinctive form of multiple intestinal polyposis associated with brain tumors; autosomal recessive inheritance, caused by mutation in one of the mismatch repair genes: either MLH1 on chromosome 3p, PMS2 on chromosome 7p, or the adenomatous polyposis coli gene (APC) on 5q.
Turner s. a s. with chromosome count 45 and only one X chromosome; buccal and other cells are usually sex chromatin-negative; anomalies include dwarfism, webbed neck, valgus of elbows, pigeon chest, infantile sexual development, and amenorrhea; the ovary has no primordial follicles and may be represented only by a fibrous streak; some individuals are chromosomal mosaic, with two or more cell lines of different chromosome constitution; seen in many animal species, in the meadow vole it is the normal female state. SYN: XO s..
twiddler's s. condition in which a cardiac pacemaker wire is pulled out of position in the heart with rotation of the subcutaneous pacemaker by the patient's “twiddling.”
Uhthoff s. SYN: Uhthoff symptom.
Ullmann s. a systemic angiomatosis due to multiple arteriovenous malformations.
Ulysses s. the ill effects of extensive diagnostic investigations conducted because of a false-positive result in the course of routine laboratory screening. [L. Ulysses, fr. G. Odysseus, myth. char.]
uncombable hair s. a genetic s. in which the hair, which is often silvery blond, is unruly and resists lying flat because of irregularly shaped hair shafts. SYN: spun glass hair.
Unna-Thost s. SYN: diffuse hyperkeratosis of palms and soles.
unroofed coronary sinus s. a spectrum of cardiac anomalies in which part or all of the common wall between the coronary sinus and the left atrium is absent.
urethral s. a condition of no certain etiology, characterized by urinary frequency, urgency, dysuria in the absence of specific infection, obstruction, or dysfunction. Suprapubic pain, hesitancy, and back pain may also occur. Usually seen in females.
Usher s. [MIM*276900, MIM*276901] autosomal recessive inheritance with genetic heterogeneity; the three forms are distinguishable by linkage data: type 1 causes sensorineural hearing loss, loss of vestibular function, and retinitis pigmentosa; types 2 and 3 are characterized by hearing loss and retinitis pigmentosa.
uveocutaneous s. SYN: Vogt-Koyanagi s..
uveoencephalitic s. SYN: Behçet s..
uveomeningitis s. SYN: Harada s..
VACTERL s. abnormalities of vertebrae, anus, cardiovascular tree, trachea, esophagus, renal system, and limb buds reportedly associated with administration of sex steroids during early pregnancy.
van Buchem s. [MIM*239100] an osteosclerosing skeletal dysplasia, characterized by mandibular enlargement, thickening of the diaphyses and calvaria, and increased serum alkaline phosphatase; autosomal recessive inheritance. SYN: generalized cortical hyperostosis.
van der Hoeve s. a subtype of osteogenesis imperfecta in which progressive conductive hearing loss begins in childhood because of stapedial fixation.
vanished testis s. absence of both testes in a male with normal chromosomes (XY) and otherwise normal genitalia at birth and during childhood. Testes were present in at least the first trimester of gestation, but vanished sometime thereafter.
vanishing lung s. progressive decrease of radiographic opacity of the lung caused by accelerated development of emphysema or rapid cystic destruction of the lung from infection.
Van Lohuizen s. SYN: cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita.
vasculocardiac s. of hyperserotonemia obsolete term for carcinoid s..
vasovagal s. SYN: Gowers s..
velocardiofacial s. [MIM*192430] a s. with hypernasal speech, dysmorphic facial features (long midface, cylindrical nose, downward turned corners of mouth), and cardiac abnormalities; same chromosomal abnormality as seen in DiGeorge s. (a microdeletion in chromosome 22q11); dominant inheritance. SYN: Shprintzen s..
Verner-Morrison s. watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, and achlorhydria associated with secretion of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide by a pancreatic islet-cell tumor in the absence of gastric hypersecretion. SYN: WDHA s..
Vernet s. a s. characterized by paralysis of the motor components of the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory cranial nerves as they lie in the posterior fossa; it is most commonly the result of head injury.
vertical retraction s. retraction s..
vibration s. tingling, numbness, and blanching of the fingers resulting from use of hand-held vibration tools; may persist without further exposure to vibration.
virus-associated hemophagocytic s. a s. closely resembling malignant histiocytosis but potentially reversible, following a herpes group virus infection such as by the Epstein-Barr virus.
vitreoretinal choroidopathy s. [MIM*193220] an ocular condition characterized by peripheral pigmentary retinopathy, retinal vascular abnormalities, vitreous opacities, choroidal atrophy, and presenile cataracts; autosomal dominant inheritance.
vitreoretinal traction s. traction on the internal limiting membrane of the retina by adherent vitreous fibrils in vitreous humor detachment.
Vogt s. SYN: double athetosis. [Cècile and Oscar Vogt]
Vogt-Koyanagi s. bilateral uveitis with iritis and glaucoma, premature graying of the hair, and alopecia, vitiligo, and dysacusia; related to Harada s. and sympathetic ophthalmia. SYN: oculocutaneous s., uveocutaneous s..
Vohwinkel s. SYN: mutilating keratoderma.
voice fatigue s. weakness and loss of the voice usually toward the end of the day because of abuse by using it too long and too loudly.
von Hippel-Lindau s. [MIM*193300] a type of phacomatosis, consisting of retinal vascular malformations, which may be multiple and bilateral, associated with hemangioblastomas primarily of the cerebellum and walls of the fourth ventricle, occasionally involving the spinal cord; sometimes associated with renal cell carcinomas or cysts or hamartomas of kidney, adrenal, or other organs; autosomal dominant inheritance due to mutation in the von Hippel-Lindau gene (VHL) on 3p. SYN: cerebroretinal angiomatosis, Lindau disease.
vulnerable child s. a reaction characterized by disturbance in psychosocial development, often occurring in children whose parents expect them to die prematurely.
Waardenburg s. [MIM*193500, MIM*193510] disorder characterized by lateral displacement of inner canthi (dystopia canthorum), broad nasal root, heterochromia iridis, cochlear deafness, white forelock, and synophrys; autosomal dominant inheritance with type I distinguished from type II by the presence of dystopia canthorum. Type I is caused by mutation in the PAX3 gene on chromosome 2q while some cases of type II are caused by mutation in the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor gene (MITF) on chromosome 3p.
Wagner s. SYN: hyaloideoretinal degeneration.
WAGR s. acronym for Wilms tumor, aniridia, genitourinary malformations, and mental retardation.
Waldenström s. SYN: Waldenström macroglobulinemia.
Wallenberg s. SYN: posterior inferior cerebellar artery s..
Ward-Romano s. SYN: Romano-Ward s..
wasting s. 1. SYN: runting s.. 2. progressive involuntary weight loss seen in patients with HIV infection; may be due to a number of factors acting alone or in combination, including inadequate oral intake of food, altered metabolic state and/or malabsorption. Does not respond to increased caloric intake. Defined as profound involuntary weight loss of greater than 10% of baseline body weight, plus either chronic diarrhea (at least 2 loose stools per day for >30 days or chronic weakness and documented fever (for >30 days, intermittent or constant) in the absence of concurrent illness or condition other than HIV infection that could explain the findings (such as cancer, tuberculosis, cryptosporidiosis, or other specific enteritis). SYN: HIV wasting s..
Waterhouse-Friderichsen s. a condition occurring mainly in children under 10 years of age, characterized by vomiting, diarrhea, extensive purpura, cyanosis, tonic-clonic convulsions, and circulatory collapse, usually with meningitis and hemorrhage into the adrenal glands. SYN: acute fulminating meningococcal septicemia, Friderichsen-Waterhouse s..
WDHA s. SYN: Verner-Morrison s.. [watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, achlorhydria]
Weber s. midbrain tegmentum lesion characterized by ipsilateral oculomotor nerve paresis and contralateral paralysis of the extremities, face, and tongue. SYN: Weber sign.
Weber-Cockayne s. [MIM*131800] epidermolysis bullosa of the hands and feet; autosomal dominant inheritance, caused by mutation in the keratin 5 gene (KRT5) on chromosome 12q or keratin 14 gene (KRT14) on 17q.
Weill-Marchesani s. [MIM*277600] ectopia lentis (lens abnormally round and small), short stature, and brachydactyly; autosomal recessive inheritance.
Wells s. SYN: eosinophilic cellulitis.
Wermer s. SYN: multiple endocrine neoplasia s., type 1.
Werner s. [MIM*277700] a prematurely aging disorder consisting of scleroderma-like skin changes, bilateral juvenile cataracts, progeria, hypogonadism, and diabetes mellitus; autosomal recessive inheritance, caused by mutation in the WRN gene, which encodes a helicase protein on chromosome 8p.
Wernicke s. a condition frequently encountered in chronic alcoholics, largely due to thiamin deficiency and characterized by disturbances in ocular motility, pupillary alterations, nystagmus, and ataxia with tremors; an organic-toxic psychosis is often an associated finding, and Korsakoff s. often coexists; characteristic cellular pathology found in several areas of the brain. SYN: superior hemorrhagic polioencephalitis, Wernicke disease, Wernicke encephalopathy.
Wernicke-Korsakoff s. the coexistence of Wernicke and Korsakoff syndromes.
West s. an encephalopathy in infancy characterized by infantile spasms, arrest of psychomotor development, and hypsarrhythmia.
Weyers-Thier s. SYN: oculovertebral dysplasia.
whistling face s. SYN: craniocarpotarsal dystrophy.
white-out s. a psychosis which occurs in Arctic explorers or others similarly exposed to the stimulus deprivation of a snow-clad environment. SEE ALSO: sensory deprivation.
Widal s. SYN: Hayem-Widal s..
Wildervanck s. SYN: cervicooculoacoustic s..
Williams s. [MIM*194050] disorder characterized by distinctive facies with shallow supraorbital ridges, medial eyebrow flare, stellate patterning of the irises, small nose with anteverted nares, malar hypoplasia with droopy cheeks, full lips, supravalvar aortic stenosis, neonatal hypocalcemia, mild mental retardation, and loquacious personality. Autosomal dominant inheritance; this is a contiguous gene deletion s. and one of the genes mutated is the elastin gene (ELN) on chromosome 7q. SYN: elfin facies s., supravalvar aortic stenosis-infantile hypercalcemia s., Williams-Beuren s..
Williams-Beuren s. SYN: Williams s..
Wilson-Mikity s. SYN: pulmonary dysmaturity s..
Wiskott-Aldrich s. [MIM*301000] an immunodeficiency disorder occurring in male children and characterized by thrombocytopenia, eczema, melena, and susceptibility to recurrent bacterial infections; death occurs from severe hemorrhage or overwhelming infection; X-linked recessive inheritance, caused by mutation in the Wiskott-Aldrich s. gene (WASP) on chromosome Xp. SYN: Aldrich s..
Wissler s. high intermittent fever, irregularly recurring macular and maculopapular eruption of the face, chest and limbs, leukocytosis, arthralgia, occasionally eosinophilia, and raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate; occurs in children and adolescents, with varying duration.
withdrawal s. the development of a substance-specific s. that follows the cessation of, or reduction in, intake of a psychoactive substance that the person previously used regularly; e.g., clinical s. of disorientation, perceptual disturbance, and psychomotor agitation following the cessation of chronic use of excessive quantities of alcohol is termed alcohol withdrawal s.. The s. that develops varies according to the psychoactive substance used. Common symptoms include anxiety, restlessness, irritability, insomnia, and impaired attention. SEE ALSO: abstinence s..
Wolff-Parkinson-White s. [MIM*194200] an electrocardiographic pattern sometimes associated with paroxysmal tachycardia; it consists of short PR interval (usually 0.1 second or less; occasionally normal) together with a prolonged QRS complex with a slurred initial component (delta wave). SYN: preexcitation s..
Wolfram s. (DIDMOD) a s. consisting of diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and deafness; the genetic abnormality is located on chromosome 4p; autosomal recessive inheritance.
Wright s. SYN: hyperabduction s..
Wyburn-Mason s. arteriovenous malformation on the cerebral cortex, retinal arteriovenous malformation, and facial nevus, usually occurring in mentally retarded individuals. SYN: Bonnet-Dechaume-Blanc s..
X-linked lymphoproliferative s. an X-linked recessive immunodeficiency and lymphoproliferative disease caused by mutation in the SH2 domain protein 1A gene (SH2D1A) on Xq; characterized by defective cellular or humoral immune response to Epstein-Barr virus; manifestations include fulminant infectious mononucleosis, B-cell malignancies, and hypogammaglobulinemia. SYN: Duncan disease, Duncan s., X-linked lymphoproliferative disease.
XO s. SYN: Turner s..
XXY s. SYN: Klinefelter s..
XYY s. a chromosomal anomaly with chromosome count 47, with a supernumerary Y chromosome; controversial evidence associates tallness, aggressiveness, and acne with this condition.
yellow nail s. SYN: yellow nail.
Young s. obstructive azoospermia and chronic sinopulmonary infections.
Zellweger s. a metabolic disorder with neonatal onset, characterized by distinctive facies, muscular hypotonia, hepatomegaly with jaundice, renal cysts, epiphyseal stippling of the patellae, cerebral dysmyelination, and neuronal migration defects and psychomotor retardation; there is a perturbation in peroxisomal biogenesis; autosomal recessive inheritance, caused by mutation in any one of several peroxin (PEX) genes on chromosome 6, 7, 8, or 12. SYN: cerebrohepatorenal s..
Zieve s. transient jaundice, hemolytic anemia, and hyperlipemia associated with acute alcoholism in patients with cirrhosis or a fatty liver.
Zivert s. SYN: Kartagener s..
Zollinger-Ellison s. [MIM*131100] peptic ulceration with gastric hypersecretion and gastrinoma of the pancreas or duodenum, sometimes associated with familial multiple endocrine adenomatosis type 1.

syndromic
syndromic (sin-drom′ik, -dro′mik)

Relating to a syndrome.

synechia
synechia, pl .synechiae (si-nek′e-a, -ke-e; si-ne′ke-a)

Any adhesion; specifically, anterior or posterior s.. [G. synecheia, continuity, fr. syn, together, + echo, to have, hold]
anterior s. adhesion of the iris to the cornea.
anular s. adhesion of the entire pupillary margin of the iris to the capsule of the lens.
peripheral anterior s. SYN: goniosynechia.
posterior s. adhesion of the iris to the capsule of the lens.
total s. adhesion of the entire surface of the iris to the lens capsule.

synechiotomy
synechiotomy (si-nek′e-ot′o-me)

Division of the adhesions in synechia. [synechia + G. tome, incision]

synechotome
synechotome (si-nek′o-tom)

A small knife for use in synechiotomy.

synectenterotomy
synectenterotomy (si-nek′ten-ter-ot′o-me)

Division of intestinal adhesions. [G. synektos, held together (see synechia), + enteron, intestine, + tome, incision]

synencephalocele
synencephalocele (sin-en-sef′a-lo-sel)

Protrusion of brain substance through a defect in the skull, with adhesions preventing reduction. [syn- + G. enkephalos, brain, + kele, hernia]

syneresis
syneresis (si-ner′e-sis)

1. The contraction of a gel, e.g., a blood clot, by which part of the dispersion medium is squeezed out. 2. Degeneration of the vitreous humor with loss of gel consistency to become partially or completely fluid. [G. synairesis, a taking or drawing together]

synergetic
synergetic (sin-er-jet′ik)

SYN: synergistic.

synergia
synergia (si-ner′je-a)

SYN: synergism.

synergic
synergic (si-ner′jik)

SYN: synergistic.

synergism
synergism (sin′er-jizm)

Coordinated or correlated action of two or more structures, agents, or physiologic processes so that the combined action is greater than the sum of each acting separately. Cf.:antagonism. SYN: synergia, synergistic effect, synergy. [G. synergia, fr. syn, together, + ergon, work]

synergist
synergist (sin′er-jist)

A structure, agent, or physiologic process that aids the action of another. Cf.:antagonist.

synergistic
synergistic (sin-er-jis′tik)

1. Pertaining to synergism. 2. Denoting a synergist. SYN: synergetic, synergic.

synergy
synergy (sin′er-je)

SYN: synergism.

synesthesia
synesthesia (sin-es-the′ze-a)

1. A condition in which a stimulus, in addition to exciting the usual and normally located sensation, gives rise to a subjective sensation of different character or localization; e.g., color hearing, color taste. 2. From a neurolinguistic perspective, stimulus-response conditioning such as seen in a phobia. [syn- + G. aisthesis, sensation]
s. algica SYN: synesthesialgia.

synesthesialgia
synesthesialgia (sin′es-the-ze-al′je-a)

Painful synesthesia. SYN: synesthesia algica.

Syngamidae
Syngamidae (sin-gam′i-de)

A family of nematodes (order Strongyloidea) parasitic in the respiratory system of birds and mammals. [see Syngamus]

Syngamus
Syngamus (sin′ga-mus)

A genus of bloodsucking, strongyle gapeworms of the family Syngamidae.
S. laryngeus infestation of the larynx with nematodes of the S. genus causing cough, hemoptysis, foreign body sensation, and shortness of breath.

syngamy
syngamy (sin′ga-me)

Conjugation of the gametes in fertilization. [syn- + G. gamos, marriage]

syngeneic
syngeneic (sin′je-ne′ik)

Relating to genetically identical individuals. SYN: isogeneic, isogenic, isologous, isoplastic, syngenic. [G. syngenes, congenital]

syngenesis
syngenesis (sin-jen′e-sis)

SYN: sexual reproduction. [syn- + G. genesis, origin]

syngenetic
syngenetic (sin-je-net′ik)

Relating to syngenesis.

syngenic
syngenic (sin-jen′ik)

SYN: syngeneic.

syngnathia
syngnathia (sin-nath′e-a)

Congenital adhesion of the maxilla and mandible by fibrous bands. [syn- + G. gnathos, jaw]

syngraft
syngraft (sin′graft)

A tissue or organ transplanted between genetically identical individuals. SYN: isogeneic graft, isograft, isologous graft, isoplastic graft, syngeneic graft.

synidrosis
synidrosis (sin-i-dro′sis)

A condition in which excessive sweating is part of the clinical manifestation. [syn- + G. hidrosis, sweating]

synizesis
synizesis (sin-i-ze′sis)

1. Closure or obliteration of the pupil. 2. The massing of chromatin at one side of the nucleus that occurs usually at the beginning of synapsis. [G. collapse]

synkaryon
synkaryon (sin-kar′e-on)

The nucleus formed by the fusion of the two pronuclei in karyogamy. SYN: syncaryon. [syn- + G. karyon, kernel (nucleus)]

synkinesis
synkinesis (sin-ki-ne′sis)

Involuntary movement accompanying a voluntary one, as the movement of a closed eye following that of the uncovered one, or the movement occurring in a paralyzed muscle accompanying motion in another part. SYN: syncinesis. [syn- + G. kinesis, movement]

synkinetic
synkinetic (sin-ki-net′ik)

Relating to or marked by synkinesis.

synnematin B
synnematin B (sin-e-ma′tin, si-ne′ma-tin)

SYN: cephalosporin N.

synonychia
synonychia (sin-o-nik′e-a)

Fusion of two or more nails of the digits, as in syndactyly. [sin- + G. onyx (onych-), nail]

synonym
synonym (sin′o-nim)

In biologic nomenclature, a term used to denote one of two or more names for the same species or taxonomic group (taxon).
objective synonyms different names for the same organism, based on one and the same nomenclatural type, as when a species is transferred from one genus to another ( e.g., the transfer of Diplococcus pneumoniae to the genus Streptococcus as Streptococcus pneumoniae), in contrast to subjective synonyms.
senior s. the earliest published of two or more available names for the same organism, usually used as the correct name (law of priority).
subjective synonyms different names, based on different nomenclatural types, for organisms that were originally regarded as different but were later considered to be identical, or nearly so, as a matter of personal opinion, in contrast to objective synonyms.

synophrys
synophrys (sin-of′ris)

Hypertrophy and fusion of the eyebrows. [syn- + G. ophrys, eyebrow]

synophthalmia
synophthalmia (sin-of-thal′me-a)

SYN: cyclopia. [syn- + G. ophthalmos, eye]

synophthalmus
synophthalmus (-mus)

SYN: cyclopia.

synoptophore
synoptophore (sin-op′to-for)

A modified form of Wheatstone stereoscope used in orthoptic training. [syn- + G. ops, eye, + phoros, bearing]

synorchidism
synorchidism, synorchism (sin-or′ki-dizm, sin-or′kizm)

Congenital fusion of the testes in the abdomen or scrotum. [syn- + G. orchis, testis]

synoscheos
synoscheos (sin-os′ke-os)

Partial or complete adhesion of the penis and scrotum, a malformation in hermaphroditism. [syn- + G. osche, scrotum]

synosteology
synosteology (sin-os′te-ol′o-je)

SYN: arthrology. [syn- + G. osteon, bone, + logos, study]

synosteosis
synosteosis (sin-os-te-o′sis)

SYN: synostosis.

synostosis
synostosis (sin-os-to′sis) [TA]

Osseous union between two bones that are not supposed to be united; commonly refers to formation of a bony bundle between the radius and ulna following fracture of these two bones. SYN: bony ankylosis, synosteosis, true ankylosis. [syn- + G. osteon, bone, + -osis, condition]
sagittal s. SYN: scaphocephaly.
tribasilar s. fusion in early life of the three bones at the base of the skull, resulting in interference with the development of the brain.

synostotic
synostotic (sin-os-tot′ik)

Relating to synostosis.

synotia
synotia (si-no′she-a)

Fusion or abnormal approximation of the lobes of the ears in otocephaly. [syn- + G. ous, ear]

synovectomy
synovectomy (sin-o-vek′to-me)

Excision of a portion or all of the synovial membrane of a joint. [synovia + G. ektome, excision]
radiopharmaceutical s. the treatment of abnormal synovial membranes by radiation derived from the instillation in the joint of a radiopharmaceutical, such as radiogold.

synovia
synovia (si-no′ve-a) [TA]

SYN: synovial fluid. [Mod. L., a word coined by Paracelsus, fr. G. syn, together, + oon (L. ovum), egg]

synovial
synovial (si-no′ve-al)

1. Relating to, containing, or consisting of synovia. 2. Relating to the membrana synovialis.

synoviparous
synoviparous (sin′o-vip′a-rus)

Producing synovia. [synovia + L. pario, to produce]

synovitis
synovitis (sin-o-vi′tis)

Inflammation of a synovial membrane, especially that of a joint; in general, when unqualified, the same as arthritis. [synovia + G. -itis, inflammation]
bursal s. SYN: bursitis.
chronic hemorrhagic villous s. SYN: pigmented villonodular s..
dry s. s. with little serous or purulent effusion. SYN: s. sicca.
filarial s. synovial inflammation often followed by fibrotic ankylosis due to microfilariae in the joint.
pigmented villonodular s. diffuse outgrowths of synovial membrane of a joint, usually the knee, composed of synovial villi and fibrous nodules infiltrated by hemosiderin- and lipid-containing macrophages and multinucleated giant cells; the condition may be inflammatory, although recurrence is likely to follow incomplete removal. SYN: chronic hemorrhagic villous s..
purulent s. SYN: suppurative arthritis.
serous s. s. with a large effusion of nonpurulent fluid.
s. sicca SYN: dry s..
suppurative s. SYN: suppurative arthritis.
tendinous s. SYN: tenosynovitis.

synovium
synovium (si-no′ve-um)

SYN: synovial membrane.

synpolydactyly
synpolydactyly (sin′pol-e-dak′ti-le)

Associated syndactyly and polydactyly.

syntactics
syntactics (sin-tak′tiks)

A branch of semiotics concerned with the formal relations between signs, in abstraction from their meaning and their interpreters. [syn- + G. taxis, order]

syntality
syntality (sin-tal′i-te)

The consistent and predictable behavior of a social group. [prob. telescoped from syn- + mentality]

syntectic
syntectic (sin-tek′tik)

Pertaining to or marked by syntexis.

syntenic
syntenic (sin-ten′ik)

Pertaining to synteny.

synteny
synteny (sin′ten-e)

The relationship between two genetic loci (not genes) represented on the same chromosomal pair or (for haploid chromosomes) on the same chromosome; an anatomic rather than a segregational relationship. [syn- + G. tainia, ribbon]

syntexis
syntexis (sin-tek′sis)

Emaciation or wasting. [G. syn-texis, a melting together]

synthase
synthase (sin′thas)

Trivial name used in the Enzyme Commission Report for a lyase reaction going in the reverse direction (NTP-independent). For individual synthases, see the specific names. SEE ALSO: synthetase.

synthermal
synthermal (sin-ther′mal)

Having the same temperature. [syn- + G. therme, heat]

synthesis
synthesis, pl .syntheses (sin′the-sis, -sez)

1. A building up, putting together, composition. 2. In chemistry, the formation of compounds by the union of simpler compounds or elements. 3. Stage in the cell cycle in which DNA is synthesized as a preliminary to cell division. [G. fr. syn, together, + thesis, a placing, arranging]
s. of continuity healing of the edges of a wound or fracture.
enzymatic s. s. by enzymes. See biosynthesis.
Kiliani-Fischer s. a synthetic procedure for the extension of the carbon atom chain of aldoses by treatment with cyanide; hydrolysis of the cyanohydrins followed by reduction of the lactone yields the homologous aldose; with this method, d-glucose and d-mannose can be synthesized from d-arabinose.
Merrifield s. the s. of peptides and proteins via an automated system on carrier polymers.
protein s. the process in which individual amino acids, whether of exogenous or endogenous origin, are connected to each other in peptide linkage in a specific order dictated by the sequence of nucleotides in DNA; this governing sequence is conveyed to the synthesizing apparatus in the ribosomes by mRNA, formed by base-pairing on the DNA template.

synthesize
synthesize (sin′the-siz)

To make something by synthesis, i.e., synthetically.

synthetase
synthetase (sin′the-tas)

An enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of a specific substance. S. is limited, in the Enzyme Commission Report, to use as a trivial name for the ligases (EC class 6), which in turn are those synthesizing enzymes that require the cleavage of a pyrophosphate linkage in ATP or a similar compound. Reversal of lyase (EC class 4) reactions, producing a synthesis, is indicated (in trivial names) by synthase; such reactions do not involve pyrophosphate cleavage. For individual synthetases, see the specific names.

synthetic
synthetic (sin-thet′ik)

Relating to or made by synthesis.

synthorax
synthorax (sin-thor′aks)

SYN: thoracopagus.

syntonic
syntonic (sin-ton′ik)

Having even tone or temperament; a personality trait characterized by a high degree of emotional responsiveness to the environment. [G. syntonos, in harmony, fr. syn, together, + tonos, tone]

syntrophism
syntrophism (sin′tro-fizm)

State of mutual dependence, with reference to food supply, of organs or cells of a plant or an animal. [syn- + G. trophe, nourishment]

syntrophoblast
syntrophoblast (sin-tro′fo-blast, -trof′o-)

SYN: syncytiotrophoblast.

syntropic
syntropic (sin-trop′ik)

Relating to syntropy.

syntropy
syntropy (sin′tro-pe)

1. The tendency sometimes seen in two diseases to coalesce into one. 2. The state of harmonious association with others. 3. In anatomy, a number of similar structures inclined in one general direction; e.g., the spinous processes of a series of vertebrae, the ribs. [syn- + G. trope, a turning]
inverse s. a situation in which the presence of one disease tends to decrease the possibility of another.

synzyme
synzyme (sin′zim)

A synthetic macromolecule having enzymatic activity. SYN: enzyme analog.

Syphacia
Syphacia (si-fa′she-a)

Genus of oxyurid nematode pinworms of rodents; S. obvelata is the common cecal pinworm of mice, and S. muris, of rats. SEE ALSO: Aspiculuris tetraptera. [fr. L. siphon, tube]

syphil- syphil-

See syphilo-.

syphilemia
syphilemia (sif-i-le′me-a)

A state in which the specific organism, Treponema pallidum, is present in the bloodstream. [syphilis + G. haima, blood]

syphilid
syphilid (sif′i-lid)

Historic term for any of the several kinds of cutaneous and mucous membrane lesions of secondary and tertiary syphilis. SYN: syphiloderm, syphiloderma. [syphilis + -id (1)]

syphilimetry
syphilimetry (sif-i-lim′e-tre)

A test designed to determine intensity of syphilitic infection, e.g., titered serologic test. [syphilis + G. metron, measure]

syphilis
syphilis (sif′i-lis)

An acute and chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum and transmitted by direct contact, usually through sexual intercourse. After an incubation period of 12–30 days, the first symptom is a chancre, followed by slight fever and other constitutional symptoms (primary s.), followed by a skin eruption of various appearances with mucous patches and generalized lymphadenopathy (secondary s.), and subsequently by the formation of gummas, cellular infiltration, and functional abnormalities usually resulting from cardiovascular and central nervous system lesions (tertiary s.). SYN: lues venerea, malum venereum. [Mod. L. s. (syphilid-), (?) fr. a poem, S. sive Morbus Gallicus, by Fracastorius, Syphilus being a shepherd and principal character]
cardiovascular s. involvement of the cardiovascular system seen in late s., usually resulting in aortitis, aneurysm formation, and aortic valvular insufficiency.
congenital s. s. acquired by the fetus in utero, thus present at birth. SYN: hereditary s., s. hereditaria.
s. d'emblée s. occurring without an initial sore. [Fr. right away]
early s. primary, secondary, or early latent s., before any tertiary manifestations have appeared.
early latent s. infection with Treponema pallidum, the organism of s., after the primary and secondary phases have subsided, during the first year after infection, before any manifestations of tertiary s. have appeared.
endemic s. SYN: nonvenereal s..
s. hereditaria SYN: congenital s..
s. hereditaria tarda s., believed to be congenital, but not manifesting itself until several years after birth.
hereditary s. SYN: congenital s..
late s. involvement of the cardiovascular or central nervous system, or the development of a gumma in any organ, due to infection with Treponema pallidum; usually several years to 2–3 decades after the initial infection. SYN: tertiary s..
late benign s. late s., manifested by serologic evidence of infection, but without any clinical manifestations.
late latent s. usually infectious in pregnant women only, who may pass the infection on to the fetus.
latent s. infection with Treponema pallidum, after the manifestations of primary and secondary s. have subsided (or were never noticed), before any manifestations of tertiary s. have appeared.
meningovascular s. a rare manifestation of secondary or tertiary s. characterized by mild, nonsuppurative, chronic inflammation of the leptomeninges and an intracranial or spinal angiitis.
nonvenereal s. s. caused by organisms closely related to Treponema pallidum; spread by personal, but not necessarily venereal, contact; usually acquired in childhood, most common in areas of poverty and overcrowding; rare in the United States; includes yaws, pinta and bejel. SYN: endemic s..
primary s. the first stage of s. See s..
quaternary s. SYN: parasyphilis.
secondary s. the second stage of s. See s..
tertiary s. SYN: late s..

syphilitic
syphilitic (sif-i-lit′ik)

Relating to, caused by, or suffering from syphilis. SYN: luetic.

syphilo- syphilo-, syphil-, syphili-

Syphilis. [see syphilis]

syphiloderm
syphiloderm, syphiloderma (sif′i-lo-derm, -der′ma)

SYN: syphilid. [syphilo- + G. derma, skin]

syphiloid
syphiloid (sif′i-loyd)

Resembling syphilis. [syphilo- + G. eidos, resemblance]

syphilologist
syphilologist (sif-i-lol′o-jist)

One who specializes in the study, diagnosis, and treatment of syphilis.

syphilology
syphilology (sif-i-lol′o-je)

The branch of medical science concerned with the origin, prevention, and treatment of syphilis. [syphilo- + G. logos, study]

syphiloma
syphiloma (sif-i-lo′ma)

SYN: gumma. [syphilo- + G. -oma, tumor]
s. of Fournier SYN: Fournier disease.

syr
syr

Abbreviation of Mod. L. syrupus, syrup.

syrigmus
syrigmus (si-rig′mus)

SYN: tinnitus aurium. [L. fr. G. syrigmos, a hissing]

syring- syring-

See syringo-.

syringadenoma
syringadenoma (sir′ing-ad-e-no′ma)

A benign sweat gland tumor showing glandular differentiation typical of secretory cells. SYN: syringoadenoma. [syring- + G. aden, gland, + -oma, tumor]

syringadenosus
syringadenosus (sir′ing-ad-e-no′sus)

Relating to the sweat glands. [L. fr. syring- + G. aden, gland]

syringe
syringe (si-rinj′, sir′inj)

An instrument used for injecting or withdrawing fluids, consisting of a barrel and plunger. [G. syrinx, pipe or tube]
air s. SYN: chip s..
chip s. a tapered metal tube through which air is forced from a rubber bulb or pressure tank to blow debris from, or to dry, a cavity in preparing teeth for restoration. SYN: air s..
control s. a type of Luer-Lok s. with thumb and finger rings attached to the proximal end of the barrel and to the tip of the plunger, allowing operation of the s. with one hand. SYN: ring s..
Davidson s. a rubber tube, armed with an appropriate nozzle, intersected with a compressible bulb, with valves so arranged that compression forces the fluid, into which one end of the tube is inserted, forward to the nozzle end.
dental s. a breech-loading metal cartridge s. into which fits a hermetically sealed glass cartridge containing the anesthetic solution.
fountain s. an apparatus consisting of a reservoir for holding fluid, to the bottom of which is attached a tube with a suitable nozzle; used for vaginal or rectal injections, irrigating wounds, etc., the force of the flow being regulated by the height of the reservoir above the point of discharge.
hypodermic s. a small s. with a barrel (which may be calibrated), perfectly matched plunger, and tip; used with a hollow needle for subcutaneous injections and for aspiration. SYN: hypodermic (3) .
Luer s. a glass s. with a metal tip and locking device to secure the needle; used for hypodermic and intravenous purposes. SYN: Luer-Lok s..
Luer-Lok s. SYN: Luer s..
Neisser s. a urethral s. used in treatment of gonococcal urethritis.
probe s. a s. with an olive-shaped tip, used in treatment of diseases of the lacrimal passages.
ring s. SYN: control s..
Roughton-Scholander s. SYN: Roughton-Scholander apparatus.
rubber-bulb s. a s. with a hollow rubber bulb and cannula provided with a check valve, used to obtain a jet of air or water.

syringeal
syringeal (si-rin′je-al)

Relating to a syrinx.

syringectomy
syringectomy (si-rin-jek′to-me)

SYN: fistulectomy. [syring- + G. ektome, excision]

syringitis
syringitis (si-rin-ji′tis)

Inflammation of the eustachian tube. [syring- + G. -itis, inflammation]

syringo- syringo-, syring-

A syrinx; syringeal. [G. syrinx, pipe or tube]

syringoadenoma
syringoadenoma (si-ring′go-ad-e-no′ma)

SYN: syringadenoma.

syringobulbia
syringobulbia (si-ring′go-bul′be-a)

A fluid-filled cavity of the brainstem, analogous to syringomyelia. [syringo- + L. bulbus, bulb (medulla oblongata)]

syringocarcinoma
syringocarcinoma (si-ring′go-kar-si-no′ma)

Obsolete term for a malignant epithelial neoplasm which has undergone cystic change (cystic carcinoma). [syringo- + carcinoma]

syringocele
syringocele (si-ring′go-sel)

1. SYN: central canal. 2. A meningomyelocele in which there is a cavity in the ectopic spinal cord. [syringo- + G. koilia, a hollow]

syringocystadenoma
syringocystadenoma (si-ring′go-sis-tad-e-no′ma)

A cystic benign sweat gland tumor. [syringo- + cystadenoma]
s. papilliferum a s. characterized by numerous fingerlike projections of proliferated neoplastic epithelial cells in two layers on a stromal core of fibrous connective tissue infiltrated by plasma cells occurring singly or as part of a nevus sebaceus.

syringocystoma
syringocystoma (si-ring′go-sis-to′ma)

SYN: hidrocystoma. [syringo- + cystoma]

syringoencephalomyelia
syringoencephalomyelia (si-ring′go-en-sef′a-lo-mi-e′le-a)

A tubular cavity involving both brain and spinal cord and etiologically unrelated to vascular insufficiency. [syringo- + G. enkephalos, brain, + myelos, marrow]

syringoid
syringoid (si-ring′goyd)

Resembling a tube or fistula. [syringo- + G. eidos, resemblance]

syringoma
syringoma (si-ring-go′ma)

A benign, often multiple, sometimes eruptive neoplasm of the sweat gland ducts composed of very small round cysts. [syringo- + G. -oma, tumor]
chondroid s. a benign tumor of sweat glands with a mucoid stroma showing cartilaginous metaplasia. SYN: mixed tumor of skin.

syringomeningocele
syringomeningocele (si-ring′go-me-ning′go-sel)

A form of spina bifida in which the dorsal sac consists chiefly of membranes, with very little spinal cord substance, enclosing a cavity that communicates with a syringomyelic cavity. [syringo- + meningocele]

syringomyelia
syringomyelia (si-ring′go-mi-e′le-a)

The presence in the spinal cord of longitudinal cavities lined by dense, gliogenous tissue, which are not caused by vascular insufficiency. S. is marked clinically by pain and paresthesia, followed by muscular atrophy of the hands and analgesia with thermoanesthesia of the hands and arms, but with the tactile sense preserved; later marked by painless whitlows, spastic paralysis in the lower extremities, and scoliosis of the lumbar spine. Some cases are associated with low grade astrocytomas or vascular malformations of the spinal cord. SYN: hydrosyringomyelia, Morvan disease, syringomyelus. [syringo- + G. myelos, marrow]

syringomyelocele
syringomyelocele (si-ring′go-mi′e-lo-sel)

A form of spina bifida, consisting of a protrusion of the membranes and spinal cord through a dorsal defect in the vertebral column, the fluid of the syrinx of the cord being increased and expanding the cord tissue into a thin-walled sac which then expands through the vertebral defect. [syringo- + myelocele]

syringomyelus
syringomyelus (si-ring′go-mi′e-lus)

SYN: syringomyelia. [syringo- + G. myelos, marrow]

syringopontia
syringopontia (si-ring′go-pon′she-a)

A condition of cavity formation in the pons, of the same nature as syringomyelia. [syringo- + L. pons, bridge]

syringotome
syringotome (si-rin′go-tom)

SYN: fistulatome.

syringotomy
syringotomy (si-rin-got′o-me)

SYN: fistulotomy.

syrinx
syrinx, pl .syringes (sir′ingks, si-rin′jez)

1. A rarely used synonym for fistula. 2. A pathologic tubular cavity in the brain or spinal cord. [G. a tube, pipe]

syrosingopine
syrosingopine (sir-o-sin′go-pen)

Prepared from reserpine by hydrolysis and reesterification; an antihypertensive agent with actions similar to those of reserpine.

syrup
syrup (ser′up, sir′up)

1. Refined molasses; the uncrystallizable saccharine solution left after the refining of sugar. 2. Any sweet fluid; a solution of sugar in water in any proportion. 3. A liquid preparation of medicinal or flavoring substances in a concentrated aqueous solution of a sugar, usually sucrose; other polyols, such as glycerin or sorbitol, may be present to retard crystallization of sucrose or to increase the solubility of added ingredients. When the s. contains a medicinal substance, it is termed a medicated s.; although a s. tends (due to its very high [approximately 85%] sucrose content) to resist mold or bacterial contamination, a s. may contain antimicrobial agents to prevent bacterial and mold growth. SYN: sirup, syrupus. [Mod. L. syrupus, fr. Ar. sharab]
ipecac s. a sweetened liquid medicinal preparation containing powdered ipecac extract, which contains the alkaloids emetine and cephaline; used as an emetic in certain cases of poisoning and (at lower doses) as an expectorant.

syrupus
syrupus (syr) (sir′u-pus)

SYN: syrup. [Mod. L.]

syrupy
syrupy (ser′u-pe, sir′)

Relating to syrup; of the consistency of syrup.

syssarcosic
syssarcosic (sis′ar-ko′sik)

SYN: syssarcotic.

syssarcosis
syssarcosis (sis′ar-ko′sis)

A muscular articulation; union of bones by muscle; e.g., in man, the muscular connections of the patella. [G. syssarkosis, a being overgrown with flesh, fr. syn, with, + sarx, flesh]

syssarcotic
syssarcotic (sis′ar-kot′ik)

Relating to or characterized by syssarcosis. SYN: syssarcosic.

system
system (sis′tem)

1. [TA] A consistent and complex whole made up of correlated and semiindependent parts. A complex of functionally related anatomic structures. 2. The entire organism seen as a complex organization of parts. 3. Any complex of structures anatomically related ( e.g., vascular s.) or functionally related ( e.g., digestive s.). 4. A scheme of medical theory. SEE ALSO: apparatus, classification. 5. S. followed by one or more letters denotes specific amino acid transporters; s. N is a sodium-dependent transporter specific for amino acids such as l-glutamine, l-asparagine, and l-histidine; s. y⁺ is a sodium-independent transporter of cationic amino acids. SYN: systema [TA] . [G. systema, an organized whole]
absolute s. of units a s. based on absolute units accepted as being fundamental (length, mass, time) and from which other units (force, energy or work, power) are derived; such systems in common use are the foot-pound-second, centimeter-gram-second, and meter-kilogram-second systems.
absorbent s. SYN: lymphoid s..
alimentary s. [TA] the digestive tract from the mouth to the anus with all its associated glands and organs. SYN: systema digestorium [TA] , alimentary apparatus, apparatus digestorius, digestive apparatus, digestive s., systema alimentarium.
anterolateral s. a composite bundle of fibers, located in the ventrolateral part of the lateral funiculus, containing spinothalamic, spinohypothalamic, spinoreticular, and spinomesencephalic (spinotectal, spinal to periaqueductal grey, etc.) fibers; occupies the combined areas of the spinal white matter historically divided into anterior and lateral spinothalamic tracts; located in white matter ventral to the denticulate ligament, hence the anatomical basis for the anterolateral cordotomy; concerned with the transmission of nociceptive and thermal information and with crude (nondiscriminative) touch. SEE ALSO: spinothalamic tract. SYN: anterolateral tract, tractus anterolaterales.
arch-loop-whorl s. (ALW) Galton s. of classification of fingerprints, under fingerprint.
association s. groups or tracts of nerve fibers interconnecting different regions of one and the same major subdivision of the central nervous s., such as the various areas of the cerebral cortex or the various segments of the spinal cord.
autonomic nervous s. (ANS) SYN: autonomic division of nervous s..
Bethesda s. a s. for reporting cervical or vaginal cytologic findings and diagnoses. SYN: Bethesda classification. [Bethesda, Maryland, site of NIH] George Papanicolaou divided cytologic findings on stained cervical smears into five classes, ranging from I (normal) to V (carcinoma). Classes II–IV represented increasing degrees of premalignant squamous cellular atypia. Later workers modified the s. by introducing the terms dysplasia (mild, moderate, severe) and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) (grades 1–3). Pap smear findings reported according to this nomenclature showed poor reproducibility between observers and even between separate readings by the same observer. In addition, there was little correlation between diagnostic categories and treatment options. In 1988 the National Cancer Institute sponsored a workshop in Bethesda, Maryland, to establish a more useful s.. The Bethesda s. was first used in 1991 and has now become standard throughout the world. This recording s. replaces numerical designations with descriptive diagnoses of cellular changes. The accompanying table compares the Bethesda s. with earlier classifications. The standard format for reporting cervical cytology findings according to the Bethesda s. comprises three elements: 1) a statement of the adequacy of the specimen (satisfactory, unsatisfactory, or satisfactory but limited by, e.g., absence of endocervical cells); 2) general categorization (within normal limits, benign cellular changes, or epithelial cell abnormality); and 3) descriptive diagnosis, elaborating on the general categorization and including mention of all significant abnormalities, as well as of the patient's hormonal status (when vaginal cells are present in the smear). Benign cellular changes include those due to infection (Candida, Trichomonas, herpes simplex), atrophy, radiation therapy, or the presence of an IUD. Epithelial cell abnormalities may involve either squamous or glandular cells. Abnormal squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) show cellular atypia but not clear evidence of premalignant change. About 20% of women with ASCUS eventually develop squamous intraepithelial lesions or invasive carcinoma. Squamous cell changes formerly called mild dysplasia or CIN 1 (including cellular atypia characteristic of human papillomavirus infection) are now designated low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. The category of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion encompasses what were formerly called moderate and severe dysplasia or CIN 2 and CIN 3. Abnormalities of glandular cells are similarly categorized.
blood group systems see Blood Groups appendix.
blood-vascular s. SYN: cardiovascular s..
bulbosacral s. SYN: parasympathetic part of autonomic division of peripheral nervous s..
cardiovascular s. [TA] the heart and blood vessels considered as a whole. SYN: systema cardiovasculare [TA] , blood-vascular s..
caudal neurosecretory s. urohypophysis.
centimeter-gram-second s. (CGS, cgs) the scientific s. of expressing the fundamental physical units of length, mass, and time, and those units derived from them, in centimeters, grams, and seconds; currently being replaced by the International S. of Units based on the meter, kilogram, and second.
central nervous s. (CNS) [TA] the brain and the spinal cord. SYN: pars centralis systematis nervosi [TA] , systema nervosum centrale&star.
cerebrospinal s. the combined central nervous s. and peripheral nervous s..
charge transfer s. SYN: charge transfer complex.
chromaffin s. the cells of the body that stain with chromium salts and occur in the medullary portion of the adrenal body, paraganglia, and in relation to certain sympathetic nerves.
circulatory s. SYN: vascular s..
closed s. a s. in which there is no exchange of material, energy, or information with the environment.
colloid s. a combination of the two phases, internal and external, of a colloid solution; the various systems are: gas + liquid (foam); gas + solid (meerschaum); liquid + gas (fog); solid + gas (smoke); solid + liquid (sol); liquid + solid (gel); liquid + liquid (emulsion); solid + solid (colored glass).
complement s. a group of more than 20 serum proteins, some of which can be serially activated and participate in a cascade resulting in cell lysis; the complement s. also functions in chemotaxis, opsonization, and phagocytosis.
conducting s. of heart [TA] the s. of atypical modified muscle fibers comprising the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node and bundle, the right and left bundles, and their terminal subendocardial branches (the Purkinje network). SYN: complexus stimulans cordis [TA] , systema conducens cordis&star.
craniosacral nervous s. SYN: parasympathetic part of autonomic division of peripheral nervous s..
cytochrome s. SYN: respiratory chain.
cytochrome P-450 s. a heterogeneous group of enzymes that catalyze various oxidative reactions in the human liver, intestine, kidney, lung, and central nervous s.; these enzymes are involved in the metabolism of many endogenous and exogenous substrates, including drugs, toxins, hormones, and natural plant products. Cytochrome P-450 enzymes are classified on the basis of chemical structure (amino acid sequencing). The designation of each enzyme is CYP followed by a numeral for the family to which it has been assigned, a letter for its subfamily, and sometimes a second numeral for the individual enzyme.The steady increase in the number and variety of pharmaceutical agents available for the treatment of infections, degenerative and malignant conditions, mental disorders, and other diseases has led to polypharmacy, with attendant risks of undesirable drug interactions. Disturbances in the function of the cytochrome P-450 s. are increasingly recognized as important causes of such interactions. When a drug increases the formation of a P-450 enzyme, other drugs metabolized by that enzyme are eliminated more rapidly and may fail to produce the desired therapeutic effects. In contrast, a drug that inhibits P-450 enzyme activity can retard the metabolism of substrate drugs, with resultant increases in serum and tissue levels and in drug effects, including side effects. Inhibition usually involves competition between drugs for the same binding site on an enzyme molecule. Reversible inhibition is the most common mechanism of drug interactions involving the P-450 s.. In general, drugs compete for a specific P-450 isoenzyme. Examples of agents that cause interactions through reversible inhibition are fluoroquinolone antibiotics, cimetidine, ketoconazole, and protease inhibitors used in the treatment of AIDS. CYP3A, the most abundant of human cytochrome P-450 enzymes, accounts for 30% of those found in the liver. Its substrates include many psychoactive medicines, ketoconazole, erythromycin, and protease inhibitors. This enzyme is inhibited by some antidepressants, azole antifungals, cimetidine, erythromycin, and other drugs. Increased formation of CYP3A is induced by carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, and rifampin. Ethnic differences in the expression of CYP2D6 explain why whites are more likely than blacks and Asians to experience toxicity from accumulation and excessive serum levels of drugs metabolized by this enzyme, such as tricyclic antidepressants, SSRIs, antipsychotics, and beta-blockers.
digestive s. SYN: alimentary s..
ecological s. SYN: ecosystem.
electron-transport s. SYN: respiratory chain.
endocrine s. SYN: endocrine glands, under gland.
endomembrane s. SYN: endoplasmic reticulum.
esthesiodic s. a s. of neurons and fiber tracts in the spinal cord and brain subserving sensation.
exterofective s. name applied by Cannon to the somatic nervous s. as opposed to the interofective or autonomic s..
extrapyramidal motor s. literally: all of the brain structures affecting bodily (somatic) movement, excluding the motor neurons, the motor cortex, and the pyramidal (corticobulbar and corticospinal) tract. Despite its very wide literal connotation, the term is more often used to denote in particular the striate body (basal ganglia), its associated structures (substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus), and its descending connections with the midbrain.
feedback s. 1. a complex of neuronal circuits whereby a part of the efferent path returns to the input to modulate its activity, thus acting as a governor on the s.; 2. See feedback.
foot-pound-second s. (FPS, fps) a s. of absolute units based on the foot, pound, and second.
gamma motor s. SYN: gamma loop.
genital s. [TA] the complex s. consisting of the male or female gonads, associated ducts, and external genitalia dedicated to the function of reproducing the species. SYN: systema genitalia [TA] , reproductive s..
genitourinary s. SYN: urogenital s..
geographic information s. a computer-based s. that combines cartographic capabilities with electronic data processing to rapidly produce customized maps for use in epidemiologic studies.
glandular s. all the glands of the body collectively.
haversian s. SYN: osteon.
health information s. combination of vital and health statistical data from multiple sources, used to derive information about the health needs, health resources, use of health services, and outcomes of use by the people in a defined region or jurisdiction.
hematopoietic s. the blood-making organs; in the embryo at different ages these are the yolk sac, liver, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow; after birth they are principally the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes.
hepatic portal s. a venous portal s. in which the portal vein receives blood via its tributaries from the capillaries of most of the abdominal viscera and drains it into the hepatic sinusoids.
heterogeneous s. in chemistry, a s. that contains various distinct and mechanically separable parts or phases; e.g., a suspension or an emulsion.
hexaxial reference s. the figure resulting if the lines of derivation of the unipolar limb leads of the electrocardiogram are added to the triaxial reference s..
His-Tawara s. the complex s. of interlacing Purkinje fibers within the ventricular myocardium. SEE ALSO: conducting s. of heart.
homogeneous s. in chemistry, a s. whose parts cannot be mechanically separated and is therefore uniform throughout and possesses in every part identically physical properties; e.g., a solution of sodium chloride in water.
hypophyseoportal s. SYN: portal hypophysial circulation.
hypophysial portal s. SYN: portal hypophysial circulation.
hypophysioportal s. SYN: portal hypophysial circulation.
hypothalamohypophysial portal s. 1. SYN: portal hypophysial circulation. 2. SYN: renal portal s..
hypoxia warning s. a device designed to produce an audio or visual signal at a predetermined level of oxygen partial pressure; ideally, the s. would warn of impending hypoxia in time for corrective action to be taken.
immune s. an intricate complex of interrelated cellular, molecular, and genetic components which provides a defense (immune response) against foreign organisms or substances and aberrant native cells.
indicator s. in in vitro immunological tests, a combination of reagents used to determine the degree to which immunologic reagents have combined ( e.g., sensitized erythrocytes in complement-fixation tests; enzyme and substrate in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays).
information s. combination of vital and health statistical data from multiple sources, used to derive information and make decisions about the health needs, health resources, costs, use, and outcome of health care.
integumentary s. SYN: integument.
intermediary s. SYN: interstitial lamella.
International S. of Units International S. of Units.
interofective s. term applied by W. Cannon to the autonomic nervous s. as opposed to the somatic nervous s. or exterofective s..
involuntary nervous s. SYN: autonomic division of nervous s..
kallikrein s. a blood serum s., the activity of which is initiated by factor XII (Hageman factor) leading to the production of prekallikrein activator and then to kallikrein which, after activation by plasmin, splits bradykinin from kininogen.
kinetic s. 1. a term proposed by G.W. Crile to denote the chain of organs through which latent energy is transformed into motion and heat: it includes the brain, the thyroid, the adrenals, the liver, the pancreas, and the muscles; 2. that part of the neuromuscular s. whereby active movements are effected; distinguished from the static s..
limbic s. collective term denoting a heterogeneous array of brain structures at or near the edge (limbus) of the medial wall of the cerebral hemisphere, in particular the hippocampus, amygdala, and fornicate gyrus; the term is often used so as to include also the interconnections of these structures, as well as their connections with the septal area, the hypothalamus, and a medial zone of mesencephalic tegmentum. By way of the latter connections, the limbic s. exerts an important influence upon the endocrine and autonomic motor systems; its functions also appear to affect motivational and mood states. SYN: visceral brain.
linnaean s. of nomenclature the s. of nomenclature in which the names of species are composed of two parts, a generic name and a specific epithet (species name, in botany). SYN: binary nomenclature, binomial nomenclature. [Carl von Linné]
lymphatic s. SYN: lymphoid s..
lymphoid s. [TA] it consists of lymphatic vessels, nodes, and lymphoid tissue; it empties into the veins at the level of the superior aperture of the thorax. SYN: systema lymphoideum [TA] , absorbent s., lymphatic s., systema lymphaticum.
s. of macrophages SYN: mononuclear phagocyte s..
masticatory s. the organs and structures primarily functioning in mastication: the jaws, teeth with their supporting structures, temporomandibular joint, muscles of mastication, tongue, lips, cheeks, and oral mucosa. SYN: dental apparatus, masticatory apparatus (1) .
metameric nervous s. that part of the nervous s. which innervates body structures developed in ontogeny from the segmentally arranged somites or, in the head region, branchial arches. The term implies reference to the neural mechanisms intrinsic to the spinal cord and brainstem (represented by the sensory nuclei, motoneuronal cell groups, and their associated interneurons in the reticular formation); by strict definition it should exclude the autonomic nervous s..
meter-kilogram-second s. an absolute s. based on the meter, kilogram, and second; the basis of the International S. of Units.
metric s. a s. of weights and measures, universal for scientific use, based upon the meter, which was originally intended to be one ten-millionth of a quadrant of the earth's meridian and now is based on the length that light travels in a vacuum in a given period of time (see meter). Prefixes of the meter (and other standards) reflect either fractions or multiples of the meter and are identical to the International S. of Units (q.v.). The unit of weight is the gram, which is the weight of one cubic centimeter of water, equivalent to 15.432358 grains. The unit of volume is the liter or one cubic decimeter, equal to 1.056688 U.S. liquid quarts; a cubic centimeter is about 16.23073 U.S. minims.
mononuclear phagocyte s. (MPS) a widely distributed collection of both free and fixed macrophages derived from bone marrow precursor cells by way of monocytes; their substantial phagocytic activity is mediated by immunoglobulin and the serum complement s.. In both connective and lymphoid tissue, they may occur as free and fixed macrophages; in the sinusoids of the liver, as Kupffer cells; in the lung, as alveolar macrophages; and in the nervous s., as microglia. SYN: s. of macrophages.
muscular s. all the muscles of the body collectively.
nervous s. [TA] the entire nerve apparatus, composed of a central part, the brain and spinal cord, and a peripheral part, the cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic ganglia, and plexuses. SYN: systema nervosum [TA] .
neuromuscular s. the muscles of the body collectively and the nerves supplying them.
nonspecific s. SYN: reticular activating s..
occlusal s. the form or design and arrangement of the occlusal and incisal units of a dentition or the teeth on a denture. SYN: occlusal scheme.
oculomotor s. that part of the central nervous s. having to do with eye movements; it is composed of pathways connecting various regions of the cerebrum, brainstem, and ocular nuclei, utilizing multisynaptic articulations.
open s. a s. in which there is a continual exchange of material, energy, and information with the environment.
O-R s. abbreviation for oxidation-reduction s..
oxidation-reduction s. (O-R s.) an enzyme s. in the tissues by which oxidation and reduction proceed simultaneously through the transference of hydrogen or of one or more electrons from one metabolite to another. SEE ALSO: oxidation-reduction. SYN: redox s..
parasympathetic nervous s. parasympathetic part of autonomic division of peripheral nervous s., autonomic division of nervous s..
pedal s. efferent fibers connecting the forebrain with more caudal structures.
periodic s. the arrangement of the chemical elements in a definite order as indicated by their respective atomic numbers in such a way that groups of elements with similar chemical properties (similar valence shell electron number) are grouped together. See Mendeléeff law.
peripheral nervous s. [TA] the peripheral part of the nervous s. external to the brain and spinal cord from their roots to their peripheral terminations. This includes the ganglia, both sensory and autonomic, and any plexuses through which the nerve fibers run. SEE ALSO: autonomic division of nervous s.. SYN: pars peripherica systematis nervosi [TA] , systema nervosum periphericum&star, peripheral part of nervous s..
Pinel s. the abolition of forcible restraint in the treatment of the mental hospital patient.
portal s. a s. of vessels in which blood, after passing through one capillary bed, is conveyed through a second capillary network, as in the hepatic portal s. in which blood from the intestines passes through the liver sinusoids.
pressoreceptor s. the pressoreceptive areas which with their afferent fibers and connections with the autonomic s. react to a rise in arterial blood pressure and serve to buffer it by inhibiting the heart rate and vascular tone. SEE ALSO: baroreceptor.
projection s. the s. of axons carrying stimuli from one portion of the nervous s. to other portions.
properdin s. an immunologic s. that is the alternative pathway for complement, composed of several distinct proteins that react in a serial manner and activate C3 (third component of complement), seemingly without utilizing components C1, C4, and C2; in addition to properdin, the s. includes Factors B, D, H, and I. The s. can be activated, in the absence of specific antibody, by bacterial endotoxins, by a variety of polysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides, and by a component of cobra venom.
Purkinje s. SYN: subendocardial conducting s. of heart.
redox s. SYN: oxidation-reduction s..
renal portal s. an arterial portal s., in which efferent glomerular arterioles receive blood from the capillaries of the renal glomeruli and carry it to the peritubular capillary plexus surrounding the proximal and distal convoluted tubules. SYN: hypothalamohypophysial portal s. (2) .
renin-angiotensin s. a selective regulator of the aldosterone biosynthetic pathway that acts by increasing aldosterone production and sodium retention as a result of volume depletion, with resulting increased renin production in the kidney and conversion of angiotensin I in the plasma to angiotensin II.
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone s. the hormones, renin, angiotensin, and aldosterone work together to regulate blood pressure. A sustained fall in blood pressure causes the kidney to release renin. This is converted to angiotensin in the circulation. Angiotensin then raises blood pressure directly by arteriolar constriction and stimulates the adrenal gland to produce aldosterone which promotes sodium and water retention by the kidney, such that blood volume and blood pressure increase.
reproductive s. SYN: genital s..
respiratory s. [TA] all the air passages from the nose to the pulmonary alveoli. SYN: systema respiratorium [TA] , apparatus respiratorius, respiratory apparatus.
reticular activating s. (RAS) a physiologic term denoting that part of the brainstem reticular formation that plays a central role in the organism's bodily and behavorial alertness; it extends as a diffusely organized neural apparatus through the central region of the brainstem into the subthalamus and the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus; by its ascending connections it affects the function of the cerebral cortex in the sense of behavioral responsiveness; its descending (reticulospinal) connections transmit its activating influence upon bodily posture and reflex mechanisms ( e.g., muscle tonus), in part by way of the gamma motor neurons. SEE ALSO: reticular formation. SYN: nonspecific s..
reticuloendothelial s. (RES) a collection of putative macrophages, first described by Aschoff, which included most of the true macrophages (now classified under the mononuclear phagocytic s.) as well as cells lining the sinusoids of the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow, and the fibroblastic reticular cells of hematopoietic tissues; all of these latter cells are only weakly phagocytic and are not true macrophages. The term persists in the literature and is often equated with the mononuclear phagocytic s..
second signaling s. pavlovian term for speech in which words are considered to be the “second signals” capable of producing conditioned responses.
skeletal s. [TA] the bones and cartilages of the body. SYN: systema skeletale [TA] .
somesthetic s. sensory data derived from skin, muscles, and body organs in contrast to that derived from the five special senses.
static s. that part of the neuromuscular s. whereby the animal organism is maintained in posture and equilibrium and counteracts the forces of gravity and atmospheric pressure; distinguished from the kinetic s. (2).
stomatognathic s. all of the structures involved in speech and in the reception, mastication, and deglutition of food. SEE ALSO: masticatory s.. SYN: masticatory apparatus (2) .
subendocardial conducting s. of heart terminal ramifications in the ventricles of the specialized conducting s. of the heart. SYN: Purkinje s..
sympathetic nervous s. SYN: sympathetic part of autonomic division of peripheral nervous s..
T s. the transverse tubules that are continuous with the sarcolemma in skeletal and cardiac muscle fibers.
thoracolumbar s. See autonomic division of nervous s., sympathetic part of autonomic division of peripheral nervous s..
thoracolumbar nervous s. SYN: sympathetic part of autonomic division of peripheral nervous s..
triaxial reference s. the figure resulting from rearranging the lines of derivation of the three standard limb leads of the electrocardiogram (as represented in the Einthoven triangle) so that, instead of forming the sides of an equilateral triangle, they bisect one another. SYN: Dieuaide diagram.
urinary s. [TA] all organs concerned with the formation, storage, and voidance of urine including kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. SYN: systema urinarium [TA] , urinary apparatus, uropoietic s..
urogenital s. includes all the organs concerned in reproduction and in the formation and voidance of urine. SYN: apparatus urogenitalis, genitourinary apparatus, genitourinary s., systema urogenitale, urogenital apparatus.
uropoietic s. SYN: urinary s..
vascular s. the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems collectively. SYN: circulatory s..
vegetative nervous s. SYN: autonomic division of nervous s..
vertebral-basilar s. the arterial complex comprising the two vertebral arteries joining to form the basilar artery, and their immediate branches.
vertebral venous s. any of four interconnected venous networks surrounding the vertebral column; anterior external vertebral venous plexus [TA] (plexus vertebralis externus anterior [TA]), the small s. around the vertebral bodies; posterior external vertebral venous plexus [TA] (plexus vertebralis internus anterior [TA]), the extensive s. around the vertebral processes; anterior internal vertebral venous plexus [TA] (plexus vertebralis internus posterior [TA]), the s. running the length of the vertebral canal anterior to the dura; posterior internal vertebral venous plexus, the s. running the length of the vertebral canal posterior to the dura; the latter two constitute the epidural venous plexus. SYN: Batson plexus, plexus venosus vertebralis, vertebral venous plexus.
visceral motor s. SYN: autonomic division of nervous s..
visceral nervous s. SYN: autonomic division of nervous s..
Zaffaroni s. a chromatographic s. for the separation of steroids.

systema
systema (sis′te′ma) [TA]

SYN: system. SEE ALSO: system, apparatus. [L. fr. G. s.]
s. alimentarium SYN: alimentary system.
s. cardiovasculare [TA] SYN: cardiovascular system.
s. conducens cordis conducting system of heart.
s. digestorium [TA] SYN: alimentary system.
s. genitalia [TA] SYN: genital system.
s. lymphaticum SYN: lymphoid system.
s. lymphoideum [TA] SYN: lymphoid system.
s. nervosum [TA] SYN: nervous system.
s. nervosum autonomicum SYN: autonomic division of nervous system.
s. nervosum centrale central nervous system, central nervous system.
s. nervosum periphericum peripheral nervous system.
s. respiratorium [TA] SYN: respiratory system.
s. skeletale [TA] SYN: skeletal system.
s. urinarium [TA] SYN: urinary system.
s. urogenitale SYN: urogenital system.

systematic
systematic (sis′te-mat′ik)

Relating to a system in any sense; arranged according to a system.

systematic name
systematic name

As applied to chemical substances, a s. is composed of specially coined or selected words or syllables, each of which has a precisely defined chemical structural meaning, so that the structure may be derived from the name. Water (trivial name) is hydrogen oxide (systematic). The s. of histamine (a semisystematic name) is imidazolethylamine, which indicates that a radical of imidazole replaces one hydrogen atom of ethylamine, which in turn is an ethyl group attached to an amine group. Dimethyl sulfoxide states that two methyl radicals are attached to a sulfur atom that holds an oxygen atom. Carbolic acid (trivial name) or phenol (semisystematic name) are, systematically, phenyl hydroxide or hydroxybenzene. SEE ALSO: semisystematic name.

systematization
systematization (sis-te-mat′i-za′shun, sis-tem′a-ti-)

The arrangement of ideas into orderly sequence.

Système International d'Unités
Système International d'Unités

See International System of Units.

systemic
systemic (sis-tem′ik)

Relating to a system; specifically somatic, relating to the entire organism as distinguished from any of its individual parts.

systemoid
systemoid (sis′te-moyd)

Resembling a system; denoting a tumor of complex structure resembling an organ.

systole
systole (sis′to-le)

Contraction of the heart, especially of the ventricles, by which the blood is driven through the aorta and pulmonary artery to traverse the systemic and pulmonary circulations, respectively; its occurrence is indicated physically by the first sound of the heart heard on auscultation, by the palpable apex beat, and by the arterial pulse. [G. s., a contracting]
aborted s. a loss of the systolic beat in the radial pulse through weakness of the ventricular contraction.
atrial s. contraction of the atria. SYN: auricular s..
auricular s. SYN: atrial s..
electrical s. the duration of the QRST complex ( i.e., from the earliest Q wave to the end of the latest T wave on the ECG).
electromechanical s. the period from the beginning of the QRS complex to the first (aortic) vibration of the second heart sound. SYN: QS₂ interval.
extra-s. extrasystole.
late s. SYN: prediastole.
premature s. SYN: extrasystole.
ventricular s. contraction of the ventricles.

systolic
systolic (sis-tol′ik)

Relating to, or occurring during cardiac systole.

systolometer
systolometer (sis′to-lom′e-ter)

1. An apparatus for determining the force of the cardiac contraction. 2. An instrument for analyzing the sounds of the heart. [systole + G. metron, measure]

systremma
systremma (sis-trem′a)

A muscular cramp in the calf of the leg, the contracted muscles forming a hard ball. [G. anything twisted]

syzygial
syzygial (si-zij′e-al)

Relating to syzygy.

syzygiology
syzygiology (si-zij′e-ol′o-je)

The study of interrelationships, or interdependencies, especially of the whole, as opposed to the study of separate parts or isolated functions. [G. syzygios, yoked (see syzygy), + logos, study]

syzygium
syzygium (si-zij′e-um)

SYN: syzygy.

syzygy
syzygy (siz′i-je)

1. The association of gregarine protozoans end-to-end or in lateral pairing (without sexual fusion). 2. Pairing of chromosomes in meiosis. SYN: syzygium. [G. syzygios, yoked, bound together, fr. syn, together, + zygon, a yoke]