t-butoxycarbonyl

t-butoxycarbonyl (BOC, t-BOC, Boc) (bu-toks-e-kar′bon-il)

An amino-protecting group used in peptide synthesis. SYN: tert-butyloxycarbonyl.

tert-butyloxycarbonyl
tert-butyloxycarbonyl (tBoc) (bu′til-oks′e-kar′bon-il)

SYN: t-butoxycarbonyl.

trans-retinal
trans-retinal

SYN: all-t.retinal.

τ
τ

The 19th letter of the Greek alphabet, tau; symbol for relaxation time.

θ
θ, Θ

The eighth letter in the Greek alphabet, theta; symbol for angle.

T
T

1. Symbol for ribothymidine; tension (T+, increased tension; T−, diminished tension); tera-; tesla, the unit of magnetic field strength; tritium; threonine; torque; transmittance. 2. As a subscript, refers to tidal volume. 3. Abbreviation for thoracic vertebra (T1–T12); tocopherol.

T1
T1

In magnetic resonance, the time for 63% of longitudinal relaxation to occur; the value is a function of magnetic field strength and the chemical environment of the hydrogen nucleus; for protons in fat and in water, in a 1.5T magnet, about 250 msec and 3000 msec, respectively. A T.-weighted image will have a bright fat signal.

T2
T2

In magnetic resonance, the time for 63% of transverse relaxation to occur; the value is a function of magnetic field strength and the chemical environment of the hydrogen nucleus; for protons in fat and in water, in a 1.5T magnet, about 60 msec and 250 msec respectively. A T.-weighted image will have a bright water signal.

2,4,5-T
2,4,5-T

Abbreviation for (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid.

T
T

Symbol for absolute temperature (kelvin).

Tm
T_m

Symbol for temperature midpoint (kelvin); melting point.

T3
T₃

Symbol for 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine.

T4
T₄

Symbol for thyroxine.

t
t

Abbreviation for metric ton; time.

t
t

Symbol for temperature (Celsius); tritium.

tm
t_m

Symbol for temperature midpoint (Celsius).

TA
TA

Abbreviation for Terminologia Anatomica.

Ta
Ta

Symbol for tantalum.

tabanid
tabanid (tab′a-nid)

Common name for flies of the family Tabanidae. [L. tabanus, gadfly]

Tabanidae
Tabanidae (ta-ban′i-de)

A family of bloodsucking flies that includes the genera Tabanus (horsefly) and Chrysops (deerfly and mango fly), which are involved in transmission of several blood-borne parasites. [L. tabanus, gadfly]

Tabanus
Tabanus (ta-ba′nus)

The gadflies and horseflies; a genus of biting flies, some species of which transmit surra, infectious equine anemia, anthrax, and other diseases. [L. a gadfly]

tabardillo
tabardillo (tah-bar-de′yo)

Mexican term for typhus. [Sp., fr. L.L. tabardilii, pustules]

tabatière anatomique
tabatière anatomique (tab-ah-te-ar′ an-ah-to-mek′)

SYN: anatomic snuffbox. [Fr. snuffbox]

tabella
tabella, pl .tabellae (ta-bel′la, -le)

A medicated tablet or lozenge. [L. dim. of tabula, tablet]

tabes
tabes (ta′bez)

Progressive wasting or emaciation. [L. a wasting away]
t. infantum t. in infants with congenital syphilis.
t. mesenterica tuberculosis of the mesenteric and retroperitoneal lymph nodes.

tabescence
tabescence (ta-bes′ens)

The state of progressive wasting away.

tabescent
tabescent (ta-bes′ent)

Characteristic of tabes. [L. tabesco, to waste away, fr. tabes, a wasting away]

tabetic
tabetic (ta-bet′ik)

Relating to or suffering from tabes, especially tabes dorsalis. SYN: tabic, tabid.

tabetiform
tabetiform (ta-bet′i-form)

Resembling tabes, especially tabes dorsalis. [irreg. formed fr. L. tabes, a wasting, + forma, form]

tabic
tabic (tab′ik)

SYN: tabetic.

tabid
tabid (tab′id)

SYN: tabetic. [L. tabidus, wasting away]

tablature
tablature (tab-la-choor)

The state of division of the cranial bones into two plates separated by the diploë. [L. tabula, tablet]

table
table (ta′bl)

1. One of the two plates or laminae, separated by the diploë, into which the cranial bones are divided. 2. An arrangement of data in parallel columns, showing the essential facts in a readily appreciable form. 3. A platform upon which items can be placed. [L. tabula]
Aub-DuBois t. t. of basal metabolic rates in calories per square meter of body surface per hour or day for different ages.
contingency t. a tabular cross-classification of data such that subcategories of one characteristic are indicated in rows (horizontally) and subcategories of another are indicated in columns (vertically).
examining t. a t. on which the patient lies during a medical examination.
external t. of calvaria [TA] the outer compact layer of the cranial bones. SYN: lamina externa calvaria [TA] , lamina externa cranii, outer t. of skull.
Gaffky t. a numerical rating for the classification of tuberculosis according to the number of tubercle bacilli in the sputum, ranging from 1 (one to four organisms in the whole preparation) to 9 (an average of 100 per field). SYN: Gaffky scale.
inner t. of skull SYN: internal t. of calvaria.
internal t. of calvaria [TA] the inner compact layer of the cranial bones. SYN: lamina interna calvariae [TA] , inner t. of skull, lamina interna cranii.
life t. a representation of the probable years of survivorship of a defined population of subjects; since survivorship is changed by new methods of prevention or treatment, a diachronic study is commonly used because the main interest lies in the composite structure of the current population. (In the summarizing technique used to describe the pattern of mortality and survival in a population, survivors to age x are denoted by the symbol lx and the expectation of life at age x is denoted by the symbol x.)
occlusal t. the occlusal or grinding surfaces of the bicuspid and molar teeth.
operating t. a t. on which the patient lies during a surgical operation.
outer t. of skull SYN: external t. of calvaria.
tilt t. a t. with a top capable of being rotated on its transverse axis so that a patient lying upon it can be brought into the erect position as desired; used in experimental investigation and in physical therapy.
vitreous t. the inner t. of one of the cranial bones; it is more compact and harder than the outer t.. SYN: lamina interna ossium cranii.

tablespoon
tablespoon (ta′bl-spoon)

A large spoon, used as a measure of the dose of a medicine, equivalent to about 4 fluidrams or 12 fluidounce or 15 ml.

tablet
tablet

A solid dosage form containing medicinal substances with or without suitable diluents; it may vary in shape, size, and weight, and may be classed according to the method of manufacture, as compressed t.. SYN: tabule. [Fr. tablette, L. tabula]
buccal t. usually a small, flat t. intended to be inserted in the buccal pouch, where the active ingredient is absorbed directly through the oral mucosa; such a t. dissolves or erodes slowly.
compressed t. a t. prepared, usually as a large-scale production, by means of great pressure; most compressed tablets consist of the active ingredient and a diluent, binder, disintegrator, and lubricant.
dispensing t. a t. prepared by molding or by compression; used by the dispensing pharmacist to obtain certain potent substances in a convenient form for accurate compounding. Formerly used to prepare bulk solutions of germicidal chemicals, e.g., bichloride of mercury. Not intended for internal use.
enteric coated t. an oral dosage form in which a t. is coated with a material to prevent or minimize dissolution in the stomach but allow dissolution in the small intestine. This type of formulation either protects the stomach from a potentially irritating drug ( e.g., aspirin) or protects the drug ( e.g., erythromycin) from partial degradation in the acidic environment of the stomach.
hypodermic t. a compressed or molded t. that dissolves completely in water to form an injectable solution.
prolonged action t., repeat action t. SYN: sustained action t..
sublingual t. usually a small, flat t. intended to be inserted beneath the tongue, where the active ingredient is absorbed directly through the oral mucosa; such a t. ( e.g., nitroglyerine) dissolves very promptly.
sustained action t., sustained release t. a drug product formulation that provides the required dosage initially and then maintains or repeats it at desired intervals. SYN: prolonged action t., repeat action t..
t. triturate a small, usually cylindrical, molded or compressed disk of varying size, containing a diluent usually consisting of dextrose (glucose) or of a mixture of lactose and powdered sucrose and a moistening agent or excipient, such as dilute alcohol.

taboo
taboo, tabu (ta-boo′)

Restricted, prohibited, or forbidden; set apart for religious or ceremonial purposes. [Tongan, set apart]

tabular
tabular (tab′u-lar)

1. Tablelike. 2. Arranged in the form of a table (2). [L. tabularis, fr. tabula, table]

tabule
tabule (tab′ul)

SYN: tablet. [L. tabula]

tabun
tabun (ta′bun)

An extremely potent cholinesterase inhibitor; the lethal dose for humans is believed to be as low as 0.01 mg/kg; median lethal dosage (respiratory) is about 40 mg/min/m³ for resting persons.

Tac
Tac (tak)

A 55-kD polypeptide that is the one of the two chains that comprise the IL-2 receptor.

tache
tache (tash)

A circumscribed discoloration of the skin or mucous membrane, such as a macule or freckle. [Fr. spot]
t. blanche SYN: macula albida.
t. laiteuse 1. SYN: milk spots, under spot. 2. SYN: macula albida. [Fr., milky spot]

tachistoscope
tachistoscope (ta-kis′to-skop)

An instrument to determine the shortest time an object must be exposed in order to be perceived. [G. tachistos, very rapid, fr. tachys, rapid, + skopeo, to view]

tachogram
tachogram (tak′o-gram)

Record made by a tachometer. [G. tachos, speed, + gramma, mark]

tachograph
tachograph (tak′o-graf)

A tachometer designed to provide a continuous record of speed or rate. [G. tachos, speed, + grapho, to write]

tachography
tachography (ta-kog′ra-fe)

The recording of speed or rate. [G. tachos, speed, + grapho, to write]

tachometer
tachometer (ta-kom′e-ter)

An instrument for measuring speed or rate; e.g., revolutions of a shaft, heart rate (cardiotachometer), arterial blood flow (hemotachometer), respiratory gas flow (pneumotachometer). [G. tachos, speed, + metron, measure]

tachy- tachy-

Rapid. [G. tachys, quick]

tachyarrhythmia
tachyarrhythmia (tak′e-a-ridh′me-a)

Any disturbance of the heart's rhythm, regular or irregular, resulting by convention in a rate over 100 beats/min during physical examination. [tachy- + G. a- priv. + rhythmos, rhythm]

tachyauxesis
tachyauxesis (tak′e-awk-se′sis)

Type of growth in which a part grows more rapidly than the whole. [tachy- + G. auxo, to increase]

tachycardia
tachycardia (tak′i-kar′de-a)

Rapid beating of the heart, conventionally applied to rates over 90 beats/min. SYN: polycardia, tachyrhythmia, tachysystole. [tachy- + G. kardia, heart]
atrial t. paroxysmal t. originating in an ectopic focus in the atrium. SYN: auricular t..
atrial chaotic t. multifocal origin of t. within the atrium; often confused with atrial fibrillation during physical examination. SYN: multifocal atrial t..
atrioventricular junctional t. t. originating in the AV junction. SYN: AV junctional t., nodal t..
auricular t. SYN: atrial t..
AV junctional t. SYN: atrioventricular junctional t..
bidirectional ventricular t. ventricular t. in which the QRS complexes in the electrocardiogram are alternately mainly positive and mainly negative; many such cases may represent ventricular t. with alternating forms of aberrant ventricular conduction.
Coumel t. a persistent junctional reciprocating t. that usually uses a slowly conducting posteroseptal pathway for the retrograde journey.
double t. the simultaneous t. of two ectopic pacemakers, e.g., atrial and junctional t..
ectopic t. a t. originating in a focus other than the sinus node, e.g., atrial, AV junctional, or ventricular t..
t. en salves short runs of paroxysmal t. of the Gallavardin type. Cf.:Gallavardin phenomenon. [Fr. t. in salvos]
essential t. obsolete term for persistent rapid action of the heart due to no discoverable organic lesion.
t. exophthalmica rapid heart action occurring as one of the symptoms of exophthalmic goiter.
fetal t. a fetal heart rate of 160 or more beats/min.
junctional t. supraventricular t. arising from the atrioventricular junction (formerly called nodal t.).
multifocal atrial t. (MAT) SYN: atrial chaotic t..
nodal t. SYN: atrioventricular junctional t..
orthostatic t. increased heart rate on assuming the erect posture.
paroxysmal t. recurrent attacks of t., usually with abrupt onset and often also abrupt termination, originating from an ectopic focus which may be atrial, AV junctional, or ventricular.
reflex t. increased heart rate in response to some stimulus conveyed through the cardiac nerves.
sinus t. t. originating in the sinus node.
supraventricular t. rapid heart rate due to a pacemaker anywhere above the ventricular level, i.e., sinus node, atrium, atrioventricular junction. The QRS complexes are always narrow unless there is rate-related aberrancy or preexisting intraventricular conduction delay.
ventricular t. paroxysmal t. originating in an ectopic focus in the ventricle. SEE ALSO: torsade de pointes.

tachycardiac
tachycardiac (tak-i-kar′de-ak)

Relating to or suffering from excessively rapid action of the heart.

tachycardic
tachycardic (tar-i-kar′dik)

Relating to rapid heart rate.

tachycrotic
tachycrotic (tak′i-krot′ik)

Relating to, causing, or characterized by a rapid pulse. [tachy- + G. krotos, a striking]

tachykinin
tachykinin (tak-e-ki′nin)

Any member of a group of polypeptides, widely scattered in vertebrate and invertebrate tissues, that have in common four of the five terminal amino acids: Phe–Xaa–Gly–Leu–Met–NH₂; pharmacologically, they all cause hypotension in mammals, contraction of gut and bladder smooth muscle, and secretion of saliva. [G. tachys, swift, + kineo, to move, + -in]

tachypacing
tachypacing (tak′i-pa′sing)

Rapid pacing of the heart by an artificial electronic pacemaker operating faster than the basic cardiac rate.

tachyphylaxis
tachyphylaxis (tak′i-fi-lak′sis)

Rapid appearance of progressive decrease in response to a given dose following repetitive administration of a pharmacologically or physiologically active substance. [tachy- + G. phylaxis, protection]

tachypnea
tachypnea (tak-ip-ne′a)

Rapid breathing. SYN: polypnea. [tachy- + G. pnoe (pnoie), breathing]
transient t. of the newborn a syndrome of generally mild t. in otherwise healthy newborns, lasting usually only about 3 days. SYN: respiratory distress syndrome type II.

tachyrhythmia
tachyrhythmia (tak-i-ridh′me-a)

SYN: tachycardia. [tachy- + G. rhythmos, rhythm]

tachysterol
tachysterol (ta-kis′ter-ol)

Sterol(s) formed by ultraviolet irradiation of any 5,7-diene-3β-sterol, which breaks the 9,10 bond, but usually from either or both of ergosterol and lumisterol to produce t.₂ (ertacalciol, (6E,22E)-9,10-secoergosta-5(10),6,8,22-tetraen-3β-ol) and from 7-dehydrocholesterol to produce t.₃ (tacalciol, (6E,3S)-9,10-secocholesta-5(10),6,8-trien-3β-ol). When reduced to the 5,7-diene (or 5,7,22-triene) form, dihydrotachysterol₃ (10,19-dihydrocalciol) or dihydrotachysterol₂ (10,19-dihydroercalciol), antirachitic action appears. This property has been of therapeutic interest, but t. is being replaced by the true vitamin D hormone (calcitriol) and its derivatives.

tachysystole
tachysystole (tak-i-sis′to-le)

SYN: tachycardia. [tachy- + G. systole, contracting]

tachyzoite
tachyzoite (tak-i-zo′it)

A rapidly multiplying stage in the development of the tissue phase of certain coccidial infections, as in Toxoplasma gondii development in acute infections of toxoplasmosis. [tachy- + G. zoon, animal]

tacrine
tacrine (tak′ren)

An anticholinesterase agent with nonspecific central nervous system stimulatory effects; used in early stages of Alzheimer disease.

tactile
tactile (tak′til)

Relating to touch or to the sense of touch. [L. tactilis, fr. tango, pp. tactus, to touch]

taction
taction (tak′shun)

1. The sense of touch. 2. The act of touching. [L. tactio, fr. tango, pp. tactus, to touch]

tactometer
tactometer (tak-tom′e-ter)

SYN: esthesiometer. [L. tactus, touch, + G. metron, measure]

tactor
tactor (tak′tar, -tor)

A tactile end organ. [L. one who or that which touches]

tactual
tactual (tak′chool)

Relating to or caused by touch.

TAD
TAD

Acronym for transient acantholytic dermatosis.

Taenia
Taenia (te′ne-a)

A genus of cestodes that formerly included most of the tapeworms, but is now restricted to those species infecting carnivores with cysticerci found in tissues of various herbivores, rodents, and other animals of prey. SEE ALSO: tapeworm. [see t.]
T. africana a tapeworm found in native Africans, the cysticercus of which is unknown.
T. armata SYN: T. solium.
T. crassicollis SYN: T. taeniaeformis.
T. demerariensis former name for Davainea madagascariensis.
T. dentata SYN: T. solium.
T. equina SYN: Anoplocephala perfoliata.
T. hominis unusual form of T. saginata.
T. hydatigena a tapeworm of dogs, cats, wolves, foxes, and other carnivores; the larva is known as Cysticercus tenuicollis.
T. madagascariensis former name for Davainea madagascariensis.
T. minima former name for Hymenolepis nana.
T. ovis a tapeworm of dogs and foxes whose larval form is found in the muscles of sheep; heavy larval infections in sheep can have severe economic consequences due to condemnation of carcasses at meat inspection.
T. philippina atypical form of T. saginata.
T. pisiformis a common tapeworm of dogs, foxes, and other carnivores; the larval form is Cysticercus pisiformis.
T. quadrilobata SYN: Anoplocephala perfoliata.
T. saginata the beef, hookless, or unarmed tapeworm of humans, acquired by eating insufficiently cooked flesh of cattle infected with Cysticercus bovis.
T. solium the pork, armed, or solitary tapeworm of humans, acquired by eating insufficiently cooked pork infected with Cysticercus cellulosae; hatching of ova within the human intestine may result in establishment of cysticerci in human tissues, resulting in cysticercosis. SYN: T. armata, T. dentata.
T. taeniaeformis one of the common tapeworms of household cats; the larval form is called Cysticercus fasciolaris. SYN: Hydatigera taeniaeformis, T. crassicollis.

taenia
taenia (te′ne-a)

1. A coiled bandlike anatomic structure. See tenia (1) . 2. Common name for a tapeworm, especially of the genus T.. SYN: tenia (2) . [L., fr. G. tainia, band, tape, a tapeworm]

Taeniarhynchus
Taeniarhynchus (te′ne-a-ring′kus)

A genus established for the Taenia species having a rudimentary rostellum but lacking the rostellar hooklets typical of Taenia. The best known example is T. saginatus, but the older name, Taenia saginata, is more commonly used. [G. tainia, band, + rhynchos, snout]

taeniasis
taeniasis (te-ne-i′a-sis)

Infection with cestodes of the genus Taenia.

taeniid
taeniid (te-ne′id)

Common name for a member of the family Taeniidae.

Taeniidae
Taeniidae (te-ne′i-de)

A family of parasitic cestodes (order Cyclophyllidea) that includes the genera Taenia, Taeniarhynchus, Multiceps, and Echinococcus.

taenioid
taenioid (te′ne-oyd)

Denoting members of the genus Taenia.

Taeniorhynchus
Taeniorhynchus (te-ne-o-ring′kus)

A genus and subgenus of mosquitoes now considered synonymous with Mansonia. [G. tainia, band, + rhynchos, snout]

Taenzer
Taenzer

Paul R., German dermatologist, 1858–1919. See T. stain, Unna-T. stain.

TAF
TAF

Abbreviation for tumor angiogenic factor.

tag
tag

1. See label, tracer. 2. A small outgrowth or polyp. 3. In magnetic resonance imaging, a band of saturation that can be followed to detect tissue motion.
anal skin t. a fibrous polyp of the skin just outside the anus.
epiploic tags SYN: omental appendices, under appendix.
sentinel t. projecting edematous skin at the lower end of an anal fissure.
skin t. 1. a polypoid outgrowth of both epidermis and dermal fibrovascular tissue; 2. in embryology, skin-covered projection that may or may not contain cartilage; typically located in a line between the tragus and corner of the mouth and associated with external ear anomalies. SYN: acrochordon, fibroepithelial polyp, fibroma molle, papilloma molle, soft papilloma.

tagatose
tagatose (tag′a-tos)

A ketohexose; d-t. is epimeric with d-fructose.

tagliacotian tagliacotian (tal-yah-co′she-an)

Pertaining to or described by Tagliacozzi.

Tagliacozzi
Tagliacozzi

Gaspare, Italian surgeon, 1546–1599.

tail
tail (tal) [TA]

1. Any t., or taillike structure, or tapering or elongated extremity of an organ or other part. SYN: cauda [TA] . 2. In veterinary anatomy, a free appendage representing the caudal end of the vertebral column; covered by skin and hair, feathers, or scales. [A.S. taegl]
t. of caudate nucleus [TA] the elongated posterior extension of the caudate nucleus that parallels the body and inferior horn of the lateral ventricle. SYN: cauda nuclei caudati [TA] , cauda striati.
t. of dentate gyrus SYN: uncus band of Giacomini.
t. of epididymis [TA] the inferior part of the epididymis that leads into the ductus deferens; part of the reservoir of spermatozoa. SYN: cauda epididymidis [TA] , cauda epididymis, globus minor.
t. of helix [TA] a flattened process terminating the cartilage of the helix of the ear, posteriorly and inferiorly. SYN: cauda helicis [TA] .
t. of pancreas [TA] the left extremity of the pancreas within the lienorenal ligament. SYN: cauda pancreatis [TA] .

tailgut
tailgut (tal′gut)

SYN: postanal gut.

Tait
Tait

Robert L., English gynecologist, 1845–1899. See T. law.

Taka-diastase
Taka-diastase (ta′ka-di′as-tas)

SYN: α-amylase.

Takahara
Takahara

Shigeo, 20th century Japanese otolaryngologist. See T. disease.

Takayama
Takayama

Masao, Japanese physician, *1872. See T. stain.

Takayasu Takayasu (Takayashu)

Michishige, Japanese ophthalmologist, *1872. See T. arteritis, T. disease, T. syndrome.

take
take (tak)

A successful grafting operation or vaccination.

talalgia
talalgia (ta-lal′je-a)

Pain in the ankle. [L. talus, ankle, G. algos, pain]

talar
talar (ta′lar)

Relating to the talus.

Talbot
Talbot

William Henry Fox, British scientist, 1800–1877. See Plateau-T. law.

talc
talc (talk)

Native hydrous magnesium silicate, sometimes containing small proportions of aluminum silicate, purified by boiling powdered t. with hydrochloric acid in water; used in pharmacy as a filter aid, as a dusting powder, and in cosmetic preparations. SYN: French chalk, soapstone, talcum. [Ar. talq]

talcosis
talcosis (tal-ko′sis)

A pulmonary disorder related to silicosis, occurring in workers exposed to talc mixed with silicates; characterized by restrictive or obstructive disorders of breathing or the two in combination. [talc + G. -osis, condition]
pulmonary t. pneumoconiosis from inhaling talc dusts.

talcum
talcum (tal′kum)

SYN: talc. [L.]

talion
talion (tal′e-on, tal′yun)

The principle of retribution in intrapsychic behavior. [Welsh tal, compensation]
t. dread The symbolic anxieties that represent the unconscious dread of penalties for an act.

talipedic
talipedic (tal-i-ped′ik)

Clubfooted.

talipes
talipes (tal′i-pez)

Any deformity of the foot involving the talus. [L. talus, ankle, + pes, foot]
t. calcaneovalgus t. calcaneus and t. valgus combined; the foot is dorsiflexed, everted, and abducted.
t. calcaneovarus t. calcaneus and t. varus combined; the foot is dorsiflexed, inverted, and adducted.
t. calcaneus a deformity due to weakness or absence of the calf muscles, in which the axis of the calcaneus becomes vertically oriented; commonly seen in poliomyelitis. SYN: calcaneus (2) .
t. cavus an exaggeration of the normal arch of the foot. SYN: contracted foot, pes cavus, t. plantaris.
t. equinovalgus t. equinus and t. valgus combined; the foot is plantarflexed, everted, and abducted. SYN: equinovalgus, pes equinovalgus.
t. equinovarus t. equinus and t. varus combined; the foot is plantarflexed, inverted, and adducted. SYN: clubfoot, equinovarus, pes equinovarus.
t. equinus permanent plantar flexion of the foot so that only the ball rests on the ground; it is commonly combined with t. varus.
t. plantaris SYN: t. cavus.
t. planus SYN: pes planus.
t. transversoplanus SYN: metatarsus latus.
t. valgus permanent eversion of the foot, the inner side alone of the sole resting on the ground; it is usually combined with a breaking down of the plantar arch. SYN: pes abductus, pes pronatus, pes valgus.
t. varus inversion of the foot, the outer side of the sole only touching the ground; usually some degree of t. equinus is associated with it, and often t. cavus. SYN: pes adductus, pes varus.

tallow
tallow (tal′o)

The rendered fat from mutton suet.
prepared mutton t. SYN: prepared suet.

talo- talo-

The talus. [L. talus, ankle, ankle bone]

talocalcaneal
talocalcaneal, talocalcanean (ta-lo-kal-ka′ne-al, ta-lo-kal-ka′ne-an)

Relating to the talus and the calcaneus.

talocrural
talocrural (ta′lo-kroo′ral)

Relating to the talus and the bones of the leg; denoting the ankle joint.

talofibular
talofibular (ta′lo-fib′u-lar)

Relating to the talus and the fibula.

talonavicular
talonavicular (ta′lo-na-vik′u-lar)

Relating to the talus and the navicular bone. SYN: astragaloscaphoid, taloscaphoid.

taloscaphoid
taloscaphoid (ta′lo-skaf′oyd)

SYN: talonavicular.

talose
talose (tal′os)

An aldohexose, isomeric with glucose; d-t. is epimeric with d-galactose.

talotibial
talotibial (ta′lo-tib′e-al)

Relating to the talus and the tibia.

talus
talus, gen. tali (ta′lus, -li) [TA]

The bone of the foot that articulates with the tibia and fibula to form the ankle joint. SYN: ankle bone, ankle (3) . [L. ankle bone, heel]

tamarind
tamarind (tam′a-rind)

The pulp of the fruit of Tamarindus indica (family Leguminosae), a large tree of India; mildly laxative. [Mediev. L. fr. Ar. tamr]

tambour
tambour (tahm-bur′)

The recording part of a graphic apparatus, such as a sphygmograph, consisting of a membrane stretched across the open end of a cylinder and the recording stylus attached to it. [Fr. drum]

Tamm
Tamm

Igor, U.S. virologist, *1922. See T.-Horsfall mucoprotein, T.-Horsfall protein.

tamoxifen citrate tamoxifen citrate (ta-mok′si-fen)

A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen antagonist used in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer.By competing with naturally occurring estrogen for binding sites on tissue cells, tamoxifen inhibits the stimulant effect of estrogen on breast cancers. Tumors that have been shown by biochemical assay to be rich in estrogen receptors are most likely to respond to treatment. Since 1985, tamoxifen has been used in patients who have undergone surgery or irradiation for breast cancer, to delay or prevent relapse. The drug has been found effective in reducing the risk of cancer recurrence or disease progression in women with or without axillary node metastasis. In women with extensive disease, tamoxifen therapy has been as effective as oophorectomy in retarding progression. In 1992, the National Cancer Institute's Breast Cancer Prevention Trial (BCPT) enrolled more than 13,000 women in the U.S. and Canada to study the preventive value of tamoxifen. All participants were considered at high risk of breast cancer because of age (>60), strong family history, or a prior diagnosis of lobular carcinoma in situ. By March 1998 the difference in incidence of breast cancer between treated and placebo groups was so great that researchers concluded that the ethical need to inform participants of the clear benefits of active drug prophylaxis outweighed any possible benefits of further controlled study. Women in the highest risk categories showed 45% reduction in breast cancer. However, this study demonstrated no effect on mortality, and in two similar trials in Europe, tamoxifen failed to show a statistically significant protective effect. Women taking tamoxifen are at increased risk of endometrial carcinoma, deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and cataracts. The danger of these adverse consequences is greatest in women over 50. Long-term use of the drug is associated with recurrent vaginal candidiasis. It is contraindicated during pregnancy because of the risk of fetal harm.

tampon
tampon

1. A cylinder or ball of cotton-wool, gauze, or other loose substance; used as a plug or pack in a canal or cavity to restrain hemorrhage, absorb secretions, or maintain a displaced organ in position. 2. To insert such a plug or pack. [O. Fr.]
Corner t. a plug of omentum stuffed into a wound of the stomach or intestine as a temporary t..

tamponade
tamponade, tamponage (tam-po-nad′, tam′po-nij)

1. Pathologic compression of an organ. 2. SYN: tamponing.
cardiac t. compression of the heart due to critically increased volume of fluid in the pericardium. SYN: heart t..
chronic t. cardiac compression over long periods due to pathologically increased fluid in the pericardial sac.
heart t. SYN: cardiac t..

tamponing
tamponing, tamponment (tam′pon-ing, tam-pon′ment)

The act of inserting a tampon. SYN: tamponade (2) , tamponage.

tanacetol
tanacetol, tanacetone (ta-nas′tol, tan-a-se′ton)

SYN: thujone.

tandem
tandem (tan′dem)

Term used to describe multiple copies of the same sequence in a polynucleic acid that lie adjacent to one another.

tangentiality
tangentiality (tan-jen′she-al′i-te)

A disturbance in the associative thought process in which one tends to digress readily from one topic under discussion to other topics which arise in the course of associations; observed in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia and certain types of organic brain disorders. Cf.:circumstantiality. [off on a tangent, fr. L. tango, to touch]

tangle
tangle (tang′l)

A small irregular knot.
neurofibrillary t. intraneuronal accumulations of helical filaments that assume twisted contorted patterns; found in cells of the hippocampus and cerebral cortex in individuals with Alzheimer disease.

tank
tank

A device made to receive and/or hold liquids.
Hubbard t. a large t., usually filled with warm water, used for therapeutic exercises in a program of physiotherapy.

tannase
tannase (tan′as)

Tannin acylhydrolase, an enzyme produced in cultures of Penicillium glaucum and found in certain tannin-forming plants; it hydrolyzes digallate to gallate, and also acts on ester links in other tannins.

tannate
tannate (tan′at)

A salt of tannic acid.

Tanner growth chart
Tanner growth chart

See under chart.

Tanner stage
Tanner stage

See under stage.

tannic
tannic (tan′ik)

Relating to tan (tan-bark) or to tannin.

tannic acid
tannic acid

A tannin, C₇₆H₅₂O₄₆, that occurs in many plants, particularly in the bark of oaks and other members of the Fagaceae; used as a styptic and astringent, and in the treatment of diarrhea; available also as t. glycerite. Sometimes used synonymously with tannin.

tannin
tannin (tan′in)

Any one of a group of complex nonuniform plant constituents that can be classified into hydrolyzable tannins (esters of a sugar, usually glucose, and one or several trihydroxybenzenecarboxylic acids) and condensed tannins (derivatives of flavonols). Tannins are used in tanning, dyeing, photography, and as clarifying agents for beer and wine. Sometimes used synonymously with tannic acid. Tannins form black stains in the presence of iron.

tannylacetate
tannylacetate (tan-il-as′e-tat)

SYN: acetyltannic acid.

tantalum
tantalum (Ta) (tan′ta-lum)

A heavy metal of the vanadium group, atomic no. 73, atomic wt. 180.9479; used in surgical prostheses because of its noncorrosive properties. [G. mythical king of Lydia, Tantalus]

tantrum
tantrum (tan′trum)

A fit of bad temper, especially in children.

tanycyte
tanycyte (tan′i-sit)

A variety of ependymal cell found principally in the walls of the third ventricle of the brain; the tanycytes may have branched or unbranched processes, some of which end on capillaries or neurons.

tanyphonia
tanyphonia (tan-i-fo′ne-a)

A thin, weak voice resulting from tension of vocal muscles. [G. tanyo, to stretch, + phone, sound]

TAP
TAP

A protein that transports a peptide from the cytoplasm into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum.

tap
tap

1. To withdraw fluid from a cavity by means of a trocar and cannula, hollow needle, or catheter. 2. To strike lightly with the finger or a hammerlike instrument in percussion or to elicit a tendon reflex. 3. A light blow. 4. An East Indian fever of undetermined nature. 5. An instrument to cut threads in a hole in bone prior to inserting a screw. [M.E. tappe, fr. A.S. taeppa]
heel t. a reflex movement of the toes when the heel is tapped, present in multiple sclerosis and other diseases of the pyramidal tract.
mitral t. 1. the palpable equivalent of the opening snap of the mitral valve; 2. the palpable accentuated first heart sound of mitral stenosis; often mistaken for the apex beat.
pericardial t. SYN: pericardiocentesis.
pleural t. SYN: thoracentesis.
spinal t. SYN: lumbar puncture.

tape
tape (tap)

A thin flat strip of fascia or tendon, or of synthetic material, used as a tie or suture. [A.S. taeppe]
adhesive t. fabric or film evenly coated on one side with a pressure-sensitive adhesive mixture.

tapetochoroidal
tapetochoroidal (ta-pe′to-ko-roy′dal)

Relating to the tapetum and the choroid.

tapetoretinal
tapetoretinal (ta-pe′to-ret′i-nal)

Relating to the retinal pigment epithelium and the sensory retina.

tapetoretinopathy
tapetoretinopathy (ta-pe′to-ret-in-op′a-the)

Hereditary degeneration of the sensory retina and pigmentary epithelium; seen in pigmentary retinopathy, choroideremia, gyrate atrophy, congenital nyctalopia, congenital amaurosis, and heredomacular degeneration. [tapetum + retinopathy]

tapetum
tapetum, pl .tapeta (ta-pe′tum, -ta)

1. In general, any membranous layer or covering. 2. [TA] In neuroanatomy, a thin sheet of fibers in the lateral wall of the temporal and occipital horns of the lateral ventricle, continuous with the corpus callosum. SYN: Fielding membrane, membrana versicolor. 3. A dense layer in the choroidea of the eye of many mammalian species, including the cat and dog but not humans, that forms a discrete or diffuse area of reflective cells, rodlets, and fibers; its strong light-reflecting properties cause the metallic hue and light-glow of such eyes in the dark. [L. tapeta, a carpet]
t. alveoli SYN: periodontium.
t. nigrum SYN: pigmented layer of retina.
t. oculi SYN: pigmented layer of retina.

tapeworm
tapeworm (tap′werm)

An intestinal parasitic worm, adults of which are found in the intestine of vertebrates; the term is commonly restricted to members of the class Cestoidea. Tapeworms consist of a scolex, variously equipped with spined or sucking structures by which the worm is attached to the intestinal wall of the host, and strobila having several to many proglottids that lack a digestive tract at any stage of development. The ovum, entering the intestine of an appropriate intermediate host, hatches and the hexacanth penetrates the gut wall and develops into a specific larval form ( e.g., cysticercoid, cysticercus, hydatid, strobilocercus), which develops into an adult when the intermediate host is ingested by the proper final host. A three-host cycle with a swimming coracidium, procercoid and plerocercoid (sparganum) larva, and adult intestinal worm is found in aquatic life cycles, as in Diphyllobothrium latum (broad fish t.) and other pseudophyllid cestodes. Other important species of t. are Echinococcus granulosus (hydatid t.), Hymenolepis nana or H. nana var. fraterna (dwarf or dwarf mouse t.), Taenia saginata (beef, hookless, or unarmed t.), T. solium (armed, pork, or solitary t.), and Thysanosoma actinoides (fringed t. of sheep).

taphophilia
taphophilia (taf-o-fil′e-a)

Morbid attraction for graves. [G. taphos, grave, + phileo, to love]

taphophobia
taphophobia (taf-o-fo′be-a)

Morbid fear of being buried alive. [G. taphos, the grave, + phobos, fear]

Tapia
Tapia

Antonio G., Spanish otolaryngologist, 1875–1950. See T. syndrome.

tapinocephalic
tapinocephalic (tap′i-no-se-fal′ik, ta-pi′no-)

Having a low flat head; relating to tapinocephaly.

tapinocephaly
tapinocephaly (ta-pi-no-sef′a-le)

A condition of flat head in which the skull has a vertical index below 72; similar to chamecephaly. [G. tapeinos, low, + kephale, head]

tapioca
tapioca (tap′e-o′ka)

A starch from the root of Janipha manihot and other species of J. (family Euphorbiaceae), plants of tropical America; an easily digested starch, free of irritant properties. SYN: cassava starch. [Braz. tipioca]

tapotement
tapotement (ta-pot-mawn′)

A massage movement consisting in striking with the side of the hand, usually with partly flexed fingers. SYN: tapping (1) . [Fr. fr. tapoter, to tap]

tapping
tapping (tap′ing)

1. SYN: tapotement. 2. SYN: paracentesis.

TAPVC
TAPVC

Abbreviation for total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. See anomalous pulmonary venous connections, total or partial, under connection.

TAPVR
TAPVR

Abbreviation for total anomalous pulmonary venous return. See anomalous pulmonary venous connections, total or partial, under connection.

TAR
TAR

Acronym for thrombocytopenia and absent radius. See thrombocytopenia-absent radius syndrome.

tar
tar

A thick, semisolid, blackish brown mass, of complex hydrocarbon composition, obtained by the destructive distillation of carbonaceous materials. For individual tars, see specific names.
rectified t. oil a volatile oil distilled from pine t.; used externally in the treatment of skin diseases such as eczema and psoriasis.

tarantism
tarantism (tar′an-tizm)

A form of mass hysteria which originated in Taranto, Italy, in the late Middle Ages as a dancing mania to cure the madness allegedly caused by the bite of a tarantula.

tarantula
tarantula (ta-ran′choo-la)

A very large, hairy spider, considered highly venomous and often greatly feared; the bite, however, is usually no more harmful than a bee sting, and the creature is relatively inoffensive. See tarantism.
American t. Eurypelma hentzii, the Arkansas t.; although greatly feared, its bite is relatively uncommon and harmless to humans.
black t. Sericopelma communis, a large black t. of Panama and the Canal Zone, whose bite is poisonous, although the effect is localized.
European t. Lycosa tarentula, the large European wolf spider or true t. Its bite was once believed to cause madness, which inspired frenzied contortions and dancing to rid the body of the venom, though the bite is, in fact, harmless, as is that of most of the large, hairy “t. spiders” of the tropics.
Peruvian t. pruning spider, Glyptocranium gasteracanthoides, a poisonous Peruvian spider whose bite causes local gangrene, hematuria, and neurotoxic symptoms.

taraxacum
taraxacum (ta-rak′sa-kum)

The dried rhizome and root of T. officinale (family Compositae), the dandelion, a wild plant of wide distribution throughout the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere; alleged to be a tonic and hepatic stimulant. [Mod. L. fr. Ar. tarakshagun, wild chicory]

Tardieu
Tardieu

Ambroise A., French physician, 1818–1879. See T. ecchymoses, under ecchymosis, T. petechiae, under petechiae, T. spots, under spot.

tardive
tardive (tar′div)

Late; tardy.
cyanose t. SYN: late cyanosis.

target
target (tar′get)

1. An object fixed as goal or point of examination. 2. In the ophthalmometer, the mire. 3. SYN: t. organ. 4. Anode of an x-ray tube. SEE ALSO: x-ray. [It. targhetta, a small shield]

targeting
targeting (tar′get-ing)

The process of having proteins contain certain signals such that the proteins are directed specifically towards certain cellular locations, e.g., the lysosome. Cf.:processing.

targretin
targretin (tar′gre-tin)

A novel synthetic retinoid analog that binds to members of the RXR subclass of receptors; of low toxicity, it induces apoptosis in a variety of tumor cell types.

Tarin
Tarin (Tarini, Tarinus)

Pierre, French anatomist, 1725–1761. See T. space, T. tenia, T. valve, valvula semilunaris tarini, velum tarini.

tariric acid
tariric acid (ta-ri′rik)

An 18-carbon acid notable for the presence of a triple bond.

Tarlov
Tarlov

Isadore Max, U. S. surgeon, *1905. See T. cyst.

Tarnier
Tarnier

Étienne Stephane, French obstetrician, 1828–1897. See T. forceps.

tarragon oil
tarragon oil (tar′a-gon)

A volatile oil distilled from the leaves of Artemisia dranculus (family Compositae); a flavoring. SYN: estragon oil.

tars- tars-

See tarso-.

tarsal
tarsal (tar′sal)

Relating to a tarsus in any sense.

tarsale
tarsale, pl .tarsalia (tar-sa′le, tar-sa′le-a) [TA]

SYN: tarsal bones, under bone. [Mod. L. fr. G. tarsos, sole of the foot]

tarsalgia
tarsalgia (tar-sal′je-a)

SYN: podalgia. [tarsus + G. algos, pain]

tarsalis
tarsalis (tar-sa′lis)

See inferior tarsal muscle, superior tarsal muscle.

tarsectomy
tarsectomy (tar-sek′to-me)

Excision of the tarsus of the foot or of a segment of the tarsus of an eyelid. [tarsus + G. ektome, excision]

tarsectopia
tarsectopia, tarsectopy (tar-sek-to′pe-a, -sek′to-pe)

Subluxation of one or more tarsal bones. [tarsus + G. ektopos, out of place]

tarsen
tarsen

Within the tarsus; relating to the tarsus independent of other structures. [tarsus + G. en, in]

tarsitis
tarsitis (tar-si′tis)

1. Inflammation of the tarsus of the foot. 2. Inflammation of the tarsal border of an eyelid.

tarso- tarso-, tars-

A tarsus. [See tarsus]

tarsoclasia
tarsoclasia, tarsoclasis (tar-so-kla′ze-a, tar-sok′la-sis)

Instrumental fracture of the tarsus, for the correction of talipes equinovarus. [tarso- + G. klasis, a breaking]

tarsomalacia
tarsomalacia (tar′so-ma-la′she-a)

Softening of the tarsal cartilages of the eyelids. [tarso- + G. malakia, softness]

tarsomegaly
tarsomegaly (tar-so-meg′a-le)

A congenital maldevelopment and overgrowth of a tarsal or carpal bone. SYN: dysplasia epiphysialis hemimelia. [tarso- + G. megas, large]

tarsometatarsal
tarsometatarsal (tar-so-met′a-tar′sal)

Relating to the tarsal and metatarsal bones; denoting the articulations between the two sets of bones, and the ligaments in relation thereto.

tarso-orbital
tarso-orbital (tar′so-or′bi-tal)

Relating to the eyelids and the orbit.

tarsophalangeal
tarsophalangeal (tar-so-fa-lan′je-al)

Relating to the tarsus and the phalanges.

tarsorrhaphy
tarsorrhaphy (tar-sor′a-fe)

The suturing together of the eyelid margins, partially or completely, to shorten the palpebral fissure or to protect the cornea in keratitis or in paralysis of the orbicularis oculi muscle. [tarso- + G. rhaphe, suture]

tarsotarsal
tarsotarsal (tar′so-tar′sal)

SYN: intertarsal.

tarsotibial
tarsotibial (tar′so-tib′e-al)

SYN: tibiotarsal.

tarsotomy
tarsotomy (tar-sot′o-me)

1. Incision of the tarsal cartilage of an eyelid. 2. Rarely used term for any operation on the tarsus of the foot. [tarso- + G. tome, incision]

tarsus
tarsus, gen. and pl. tarsi (tar′sus, -si)

1. As a division of the skeleton, the seven tarsal bones of the instep. SYN: root of foot. See tarsal bones, under bone. [G. tarsos, a flat surface, sole of the foot, edge of eyelid] 2. The fibrous plates giving solidity and form to the edges of the eyelids; often erroneously called tarsal or ciliary cartilages. SYN: skeleton of eyelid. SEE ALSO: inferior t., superior t..
t. inferior [TA] SYN: inferior t..
inferior t. [TA] the fibrous plate in the lower eyelid. SYN: t. inferior [TA] .
t. superior [TA] SYN: superior t..
superior t. [TA] the fibrous plate in the upper eyelid. SYN: t. superior [TA] .

tartar
tartar (tar′tar)

1. A crust on the interior of wine casks, consisting essentially of potassium bitartrate. 2. A white, brown, or yellow-brown deposit at or below the gingival margin of teeth, chiefly hydroxyapatite in an organic matrix. SYN: dental calculus (2) . [Mediev. L. tartarum, ult. etym. unknown]
cream of t. SYN: potassium bitartrate.
t. emetic SYN: antimony potassium tartrate.
soluble t. SYN: potassium tartrate.

tartaric acid
tartaric acid (tar-tar′ik)

Made from crude tartar; a laxative and refrigerant; used in the manufacture of various effervescing powders, tablets, and granules.

tartrate
tartrate (tar′trat)

A salt of tartaric acid.
acid t. a salt of tartaric acid which contains an acid group still capable of combining with a base; e.g., bitartrate.
normal t. t. that contains no uncombined acid groups.

tartrated
tartrated (tar′trat-ed)

Combined with or containing tartar or tartaric acid.

tartrazine
tartrazine (tar′tra-zen) [C.I. 19140]

A yellow acid dye used in place of orange G in a variant of Mallory aniline blue stain for collagen and cellular inclusion bodies. SYN: hydrazine yellow.

tastant
tastant (tas′tant)

Any chemical that stimulates the sensory cells in a taste bud.

taste
taste (tast)

1. To perceive through the gustatory system. 2. The sensation produced by a suitable stimulus applied to the t. buds. [It. tastare; L. tango, to touch]
after-t. aftertaste.
color t. a form of synesthesia in which the color sense and t. are associated, with stimulation of either sense inducing a subjective sensation in the associated sense. SYN: pseudogeusesthesia.
franklinic t. a metallic or sour t. produced by the application of static electricity to the tongue. SYN: voltaic t..
voltaic t. SYN: franklinic t..

TAT
TAT

Abbreviation for thematic apperception test.

tattoo
tattoo (ta-too′)

1. A deliberate decorative implanting or injecting of indelible pigments into the skin or the tinctorial effect of accidental implantation. 2. To produce such an effect. The procedure, historically and geographically widespread, is associated with risks of infection. Removal is difficult, with pulsed laser treatment offering low risks of scarring. [Tahiti, tatu]
amalgam t. a bluish-black or gray macular lesion of the oral mucous membrane caused by accidental implantation of silver amalgam into the tissue during tooth restoration or extraction.

tau
tau (τ)

1. The 19th letter of the Greek alphabet. 2. Symbol for tele; relaxation time. 3. A protein that associates with microtubules and other elements of the cytoskeleton; t. accelerates tubulin polymerization and stabilizes microtubules; t. is also found in the plaque observed in individuals with Alzheimer disease and in cerebral neurons in other neurodegenerative disorders.

taurine
taurine (taw′rin, -ren)

1. An aminosulfonic acid, synthesized from l-cysteine and used in a number of roles, including in the synthesis of certain bile salts. 2. Of or pertaining to a bull. [L. taurinus, of bulls, fr. taurus, bull, + suffix -inus, pertaining to]

taurocholate
taurocholate (taw-ro-ko′lat)

A salt of taurocholic acid.

taurocholic acid
taurocholic acid (taw-ro-ko′lik)

Cholyltaurine; N-choloyltaurine;a compound of cholic acid and taurine, involving the carboxyl group of the former and the amino of the latter; a common bile salt in carnivores. SYN: cholaic acid.

taurodontism
taurodontism (taw-ro-don′tizm)

A developmental anomaly involving molar teeth in which the bifurcation or trifurcation of the roots is very near the apex, resulting in an abnormally large and long pulp chamber with exceedingly short pulp canals. [L. taurus, bull, + G. odous, tooth]

Taussig
Taussig

Helen B., U.S. pediatrician, 1898–1986. See T.-Bing disease, T.-Bing syndrome, Blalock-T. operation, Blalock-T. shunt.

tautomeric
tautomeric (taw-to-mer′ik)

1. Relating to the same part. 2. Relating to or marked by tautomerism. [G. tautos, the same, + meros, part]

tautomerism
tautomerism (taw-tom′er-izm)

A phenomenon in which a chemical compound exists in two forms of different structure (isomers) in equilibrium, the two forms differing, usually, in the position of a hydrogen atom; e.g., keto-enol t., R–CH₂–C(O)–R′ ⇆ R–CH&dbond;C(OH)–R′. [G. tautos, the same, + meros, part]

Tawara
Tawara

K. Sunao, Japanese pathologist, 1873–1952. See T. node, His-T. system, node of Aschoff and T..

taxa
taxa (tak′sa)

Plural of taxon.

taxanes
taxanes (taks′anz)

A class of antitumor agents derived directly or semisynthetically from Taxus brevifolius, the Pacific yew; examples include paclitaxel and docetaxel.

taxis
taxis (tak′sis)

1. Reduction of a hernia or of a dislocation of any part by means of manipulation. 2. Systematic classification or orderly arrangement. 3. The reaction of protoplasm to a stimulus, by virtue of which animals and plants are led to move or act in certain definite ways in relation to their environment; the various kinds of t. are designated by a prefix denoting the stimulus governing them; e.g., chemotaxis, electrotaxis, thermotaxis. [G. orderly arrangement]
negative t. the repulsion of protoplasm away from a stimulus.
positive t. the attraction of protoplasm toward a stimulus.

taxon
taxon, pl .taxa (tak′son, tak′sa)

The name given to a particular level or grouping in a systematic classification of living things or organisms (taxonomy). [G. taxis, order, arrangement, + -on]

taxonomic
taxonomic (tak-so-nom′ik)

Relating to taxonomy.

taxonomy
taxonomy (tak-san′o-me)

The systematic classification of living things or organisms. Kingdoms of living organisms are divided into groups (taxa) to show degrees of similarity or presumed evolutionary relationships, with the higher categories being larger, more inclusive, and more broadly defined, and the lower categories being more restricted, with fewer species more closely related. The divisions below kingdom are, in descending order: phylum, class, order, family, genus, species, and subspecies (variety). Infra- and supra- or sub- and super- categories can be used when needed; additional categories, such as tribe, section, level, group, etc., are also used. [G. taxis, orderly arrangement, + nomos, law]
chemical t. an approach to the classification of organisms based on the distribution of natural products.
numerical t. an approach to the classification of organisms that strives for objectivity, wherein characteristics of organisms are given equal weight (adansonian classification) and the relationships of the organisms are numerically determined, usually by computer.

Taxus
Taxus (taks′us)

Genus of plants including the Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolius); its bark yields antitumor agents of the taxane group.

Tay
Tay

Warren, English physician, 1843–1927. See T. cherry-red spot, T.-Sachs disease.

Taybi
Taybi

Hooshang, U.S. pediatrician and radiologist, *1919. See Rubinstein-T. syndrome.

Taylor
Taylor

Charles F., U.S. orthopedic surgeon, 1827–1899. See T. back brace, T. apparatus, T. splint.

Taylor
Taylor

Robert W., U.S. dermatologist, 1842–1908. See T. disease.

TB
TB

Colloquial abbreviation for tuberculosis.

Tb
Tb

Symbol for terbium.

TBG
TBG

Abbreviation for thyroxine-binding globulin.

tBoc
tBoc

Abbreviation for tert-butyloxycarbonyl.

TBP
TBP

Abbreviation for thyroxine-binding protein.

TBPA
TBPA

Abbreviation for thyroxine-binding prealbumin.

TBV
TBV

Abbreviation for total blood volume.

TBW
TBW

Abbreviation for total body water.

Tc
Tc

Symbol for technetium.

Tc
Tc

Abbreviation for T cytotoxic cells, under cell.

99Tc
⁹⁹Tc

Symbol for technetium-99.

2,3,7,8-TCDD
2,3,7,8-TCDD

Abbreviation for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo[b,e]-[1,4]dioxin. See dioxin (3) .

TCG
TCG

Abbreviation for time compensation gain.

TCID50
TCID₅₀, TCD₅₀

Abbreviation for tissue culture infectious dose.

TDF
TDF

Abbreviation for testis-determining factor.

TDP
TDP

Abbreviation for ribothymidine 5′-diphosphate. The thymidine analog is dTDP.

TdT
TdT

Abbreviation for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase.

TE
TE

In magnetic resonance spin echo pulse sequences, the time to echo, when the magnetization signal is sampled.

Te
Te

Symbol for tellurium.

tea
tea (te)

1. The dried leaves of various genera of the family Theaceae, including Thea (T. senensis), Camellia, and Gordonia, a shrub indigenous to China, southern and southeastern Asia, and Japan. Its chief constituent, upon which its stimulating action largely depends, is the alkaloid caffeine, which is present in the amount of 1–4%; theophylline, a chemically related alkaloid, is also present. 2. The infusion made by pouring boiling water upon t. leaves. 3. Any infusion or decoction made extemporaneously. SEE ALSO: species (2) . SYN: thea. [Chinese (Amoy dial.) t'e, Mod. L. thea]
Hottentot t. SYN: buchu.
Jesuit t., Mexican t. SYN: chenopodium.
Paraguay t. SYN: maté.

Teale
Teale

Thomas P., English surgeon, 1801–1868.

tear
tear (tar)

A discontinuity in substance of a structure. Cf.:laceration.
bucket-handle t. a t. and separation in the central part of a semilunar cartilage with the ends intact that produces a resemblance to the handle of a bucket.
Mallory-Weiss t. SYN: Mallory-Weiss syndrome.

tear
tear₁ (ter)

The fluid secreted by the lacrimal glands by means of which the conjunctiva and cornea are kept moist. [A.S. teár]
artificial tears mixtures of fluid compounds to substitute for naturally produced t's.
crocodile tears crocodile tears syndrome.

tearing
tearing (ter′ing)

SYN: epiphora.

tease
tease (tez)

To separate the structural parts of a tissue by means of a needle, in order to prepare it for microscopic examination. [A. S. taesan]

teaspoon
teaspoon (te′spoon)

A small spoon, holding about 1 dram (or about 5 mL) of liquid; used as a measure in the dosage of fluid medicines.

teat
teat (tet)

1. SYN: nipple. 2. SYN: breast. 3. SYN: papilla. [A.S. tit]

tebutate
tebutate (teb′u-tat)

USAN-approved contraction for tertiary butylacetate, (CH₃)₃C–CH₂–CO₂⁻.

technetium
technetium (Tc) (tek-ne′she-um)

An artificial radioactive element, atomic no. 43, atomic wt. 99, produced in 1937 by bombardment of molybdenum by deuterons; also a product of the fission of ²³⁵U; used extensively as a radiographic tracer in imaging studies of internal organs. [G. technetos, artificial]

technetium-99
technetium-99 (⁹⁹Tc)

A radioisotope of technetium which is the decay product of technetium-99m and has a weak beta emission and a physical half-life of 213,000 years.

technetium-99m
technetium-99m (^99mTc)

A radioisotope of technetium that decays by isomeric transition, emitting an essentially monoenergetic gamma ray of 142 keV with a half-life of 6.01 hr. It is usually obtained from a radionuclide generator of molybdenum-99 and is used to prepare radiopharmaceuticals for scanning the brain, parotid, thyroid, lungs, blood pool, liver, heart, spleen, kidney, lacrimal drainage apparatus, bone, and bone marrow.
^99mTc diphosphonate a radionuclide complex used for bone scans.
^99mTc-DTPA a radionuclide chelate complex used for renal imaging and function testing; also known as ^99mTc pentatate. [diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid]
^99mTc sestamibi a lipophilic cationic complex of a ^99mTc-labeled isonitrite, used as a radionuclide in several organs (e.g., brain, bone, thyroid, breast) for the detection of cancer, or in the heart for identifying coronary artery occlusion. It has superseded Tl-201 in cardiac imaging and in experimental breast imaging.
^99mTc sulfur colloid a particulate radionuclide complex taken up by the reticuloendothelial system; used for imaging the liver and spleen.

technic
technic (tek-nik′)

SYN: technique.

technical
technical (tek′ni-kal)

1. Relating to technique. 2. Pertaining to some particular art, science, or trade. 3. In connection with a chemical substance, denoting that the substance contains appreciable quantities of impurities.

technician
technician (tek-nish′un)

SYN: technologist. [G. techne, an art]

technique
technique (tek-nek′)

The manner of performance, or the details, of any surgical operation, experiment, or mechanical act. SEE ALSO: method, operation, procedure. SYN: technic. [Fr., fr. G. technikos, relating to techne, art, skill]
airbrasive t. a method of grinding, cutting tooth structure, or roughening the natural tooth surface or the surface of a restoration, by means of a device utilizing a gas-impelled jet of fine Al₂O₃ particles which, after striking the tooth, are removed by an aspirator. SEE ALSO: microetching t..
air-gap t. chest radiography performed using a space between the subject and film instead of a grid to absorb scattered radiation; usually requires a target-film distance of 10 feet.
atrial-well t. an obsolete semiclosed surgical t. for repairing atrial septal defects and other cardiac abnormalities.
ballpoint pen t. a t. to measure the induration of intradermal tuberculin tests; a ballpoint pen is used to draw two opposing lines on the skin beginning 1–2 cm away from the dermal reaction site on opposite sides, stopping as the induration edge is felt. The distance between the proximal ends of the lines is the reported extent of induration.
Barcroft-Warburg t. Warburg apparatus.
Begg light wire differential force t. light wire appliance.
cellulose tape t. use of a piece of transparent cellulose tape applied to a glass slide to obtain perianal samples for identification of pinworm eggs.
direct t. SYN: direct method for making inlays.
Ficoll-Hypaque t. a density-gradient centrifugation t. for separating lymphocytes from other formed elements in the blood; the sample is layered onto a Ficoll-sodium metrizoate gradient of specific density; following centrifugation, lymphocytes are collected from the plasma-Ficoll interface.
flicker fusion frequency t. SYN: flicker perimetry.
fluorescent antibody t. a t. used to test for antigen with a fluorescent antibody, usually performed by one of two methods: direct, in which immunoglobulin (antibody) conjugated with a fluorescent dye is added to tissue and combines with specific antigen (microbe, or other), the resulting antigen-antibody complex being located by fluorescence microscopy; or indirect, in which unlabeled immunoglobulin (antibody) is added to tissue and combines with specific antigen, after which the antigen-antibody complex may be labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody, the resulting triple complex then being located by fluorescence microscopy.
flush t. a t. for determining the systolic blood pressure in infants; the elevated limb is “milked” of blood from the hand or foot proximally; the blood pressure cuff is then inflated above the likely systolic pressure and the limb lowered; the cuff pressure is then gradually released until the blanched limb flushes.
Hampton t. obsolete term for atraumatic, nonpalpation, fluoroscopic examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract in peptic ulcer disease with acute hemorrhage.
Hartel t. a method of reaching the gasserian ganglion by passing a needle from the mouth, inserting it about the level of the upper midmolar tooth, and passing it inward until the point reaches the bone in front and to the outer side of the foramen ovale, allowing an alcohol injection to be made for the relief of trigeminal neuralgia.
high-kV t. chest radiography using a kilovoltage of at least 125 kVp, usually 140–150 kVp, to reduce patient dose and increase latitude.
Ilizarov t. a method of promoting controlled osteogenesis to lengthen bone and correct angular and rotational deformities, in which gradually increasing force is applied to the apposed fragments of a surgically divided bone by an external fixation frame (Ilizarov device).
immunoperoxidase t. an immunologic test that utilizes antibodies chemically conjugated to the enzyme peroxidase.
indirect t. SYN: indirect method for making inlays.
Jerne t. a t. for measuring immunocompetence by quantitating the number of splenic antibody-forming cells found in a mouse that has been sensitized to sheep erythrocytes. The number of plaques formed correlates with the number of splenic antibody-forming cells.
Judkins t. a method of selective coronary artery catheterization utilizing the standard Seldinger t. through a percutaneous femoral artery puncture.
Knott t. concentration procedure using blood and dilute formalin; designed to detect microfilaria.
long cone t. the use of a cone distance of 14 inches or more in making oral roentgenographs.
McGoon t. plastic reconstruction of an incompetent mitral valve, when the incompetence is due to rupture of chordae to the posterior leaflet, by plication of the redundant leaflet.
Merendino t. plastic reconstruction of an incompetent mitral valve using heavy sutures to narrow the annulus in the region of the medial commissure.
microetching t. a method of roughening the surface of a natural tooth or a dental restoration utilizing a gas-impelled jet of fine abrasive. It enhances the attachment of resin cements or restorative materials to the surface. SEE ALSO: airbrasive t..
Mohs fresh tissue chemosurgery t. chemosurgery in which superficial cancers are excised after fixation in vivo.
Ouchterlony t. a t. in which both reaction partners (antigen and antibody) are allowed to diffuse to each other in a gel in a precipitation reaction.
PAP t. an unlabeled antibody peroxidase method that reacts both with the rabbit antihorseradish peroxidase antibody and free horseradish peroxidase to form a soluble complex of peroxidase antiperoxidase or PAP; a uniquely sensitive immunohistochemical method that is applicable to paraffin-embedded tissues.
rebreathing t. use of a breathing or anesthesia circuit in which exhaled air is subsequently inhaled either with or without absorption of CO₂ from the exhaled air.
Rebuck skin window t. an in vivo test of the inflammatory response in which the skin is abraded and a slide applied to the abraded area to permit visualization of leukocyte mobilization.
sealed jar t. a t. for producing suspended animation in small experimental animals, consisting of sealing the animal in a jar which is then refrigerated.
Seldinger t. a method of percutaneous insertion of a catheter into a blood vessel or space: a needle is used to puncture the structure and a guide wire is threaded through the needle; when the needle is withdrawn, a catheter is threaded over the wire; the wire is then withdrawn, leaving the catheter in place.
sterile insect t. a t. used to control or eradicate insect pests or vectors, utilizing induction by irradiation of dominant lethality in the chromosomes of the released insects.
vacuum pack t. a temporary closing of the abdomen by using a fenestrated plastic sheet over the intestine but under the anterior abdominal wall followed by the placement of moistened pads with a suction catheter within the wound. The entire defect is then covered by a nonporous plastic sheet; permits drainage of the abdominal cavity by suction while maintaining anterior abdominal wall rigidity.
washed field t. the cutting of cavity preparations in teeth utilizing a constant irrigant which is immediately removed from the mouth by means of a vacuum device.

technocausis
technocausis (tek-no-kaw′sis)

SYN: actual cautery. [G. techne, art, + kausis, a burning]

technologist
technologist (tek-nol′o-jist)

One trained in and using the techniques of a profession, art, or science. SYN: technician.

technology
technology (tek-nol′o-je)

The knowledge and use of the techniques of a profession, art, or science. [G. techne, an art, + logos, study]
assisted reproductive t. originally, a range of techniques for manipulating eggs and sperm in order to overcome infertility. Encompasses drug treatments to stimulate ovulation; surgical methods for removing eggs ( e.g., laparoscopy and ultrasound-guided transvaginal aspiration) and for reimplanting embryos ( e.g., zygote intrafallopian transfer (or ZIFT); in vitro and in vivo fertilization ( e.g., artificial insemination and gamete intrafallopian transfer (or GIFT); ex utero and in utero fetal surgery; as well as laboratory regimes for freezing and screening sperm and embryos, and micromanipulating and cloning embryos. See eugenics.

teclothiazide
teclothiazide (tek-lo-thi′a-zid)

SYN: tetrachlormethiazide.

tectal
tectal (tek′tal)

Relating to a tectum.

tectiform
tectiform (tek′ti-form)

Roof-shaped.

Tectiviridae
Tectiviridae (tek′te-vi′ra-da)

A name for a family of icosahedral nonenveloped double-stranded DNA bacteriophages that have double capsids. [L. tectum, roof, covering, + virus]

tectocephalic
tectocephalic (tek′to-se-fal′ik)

SYN: scaphocephalic. [L. tectum, roof, + G. kephale, head]

tectocephaly
tectocephaly (tek′to-sef′a-le)

SYN: scaphocephaly.

tectology
tectology (tek-tol′o-je)

Structural morphology. [G. tekton, builder, + -logia]

tectonic
tectonic (tek-ton′ik)

Relating to variations in structure in the eye, particularly the cornea. [G. tektonikos, relating to building]

tectorial
tectorial (tek-tor′e-al)

Relating to or characteristic of a tectorium.

tectorium
tectorium (tek-tor′e-um)

1. An overlaying structure. 2. SYN: tectorial membrane of cochlear duct. [L. an overlaying surface (plaster, stucco), fr. tego, pp. tectus, to cover]

tectospinal
tectospinal (tek-to-spi′nal)

Denoting nerve fibers passing from the mesencephalic tectum to the spinal cord.

tectum
tectum, pl .tecta (tek′tum, tek′ta)

Any rooflike covering or structure. [L. roof, roofed structure, fr. tego, pp. tectus, to cover]
t. mesencephali [TA] SYN: lamina of mesencephalic t..
t. of midbrain SYN: lamina of mesencephalic t..

TEDD
TEDD

Abbreviation for total end-diastolic diameter.

teel oil
teel oil (tel)

SYN: sesame oil.

teeth
teeth (teth)

Plural of tooth.
acoustic t. [TA] tooth-shaped formations or ridges occurring on the vestibular lip of the limbus lamina spiralis of the cochlear duct. SYN: dentes acustici [TA] , auditory t., Corti auditory t., Huschke auditory t..

teething
teething (te′thing)

Eruption or “cutting” of the teeth, especially of the deciduous teeth. SYN: odontiasis.

teflurane
teflurane (tef′loo-ran)

A nonexplosive and nonflammable inhalation anesthetic of moderate potency.

tegmen
tegmen, gen. tegminis, pl .tegmina (teg′men, -mi-nis, -mi-na)

A structure that covers or roofs over a part. [L. a covering, fr. tego, to cover]
t. cruris old term for tegmentum mesencephali.
t. mastoideum the lamina of bone roofing over the mastoid cells.
t. tympani [TA] the roof of the middle ear, formed by the thinned anterior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone. Its anterior edge is inserted into the petrosquamous fissure so that it can be seen as a wedge of bone subdividing that fissure into a squamotympanic and a petrotympanic fissure. SYN: roof of tympanum.
t. ventriculi quarti [TA] roof of fourth ventricle, formed in its upper part by the superior medullary velum stretching between the two brachia conjunctiva (superior cerebellar peduncles) and in its lower part by the inferior medullary velum composed of the choroid membrane and choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle. SYN: roof of fourth ventricle [TA] .

tegmental
tegmental (teg-men′tal)

Relating to, characteristic of, or placed or oriented toward a tegmentum or tegmen.

tegmentotomy
tegmentotomy (teg-men-tot′o-me)

Production of lesions in the reticular formation of the midbrain tegmentum. [tegmentum + G. tome, incision]

tegmentum
tegmentum, pl .tegmenta (teg-men′tum, -ta)

1. A covering structure. 2. SYN: mesencephalic t.. [L. covering structure, fr. tego, to cover]
t. mesencephali [TA] SYN: mesencephalic t..
mesencephalic t. that major part of the substance of the mesencephalon or midbrain that extends from the substantia nigra to the level of the cerebral aqueduct. SYN: t. mesencephali [TA] , t. of midbrain [TA] , midbrain t., t. (2) .
midbrain t. SYN: mesencephalic t..
t. of midbrain [TA] SYN: mesencephalic t..
t. of pons [TA] SYN: dorsal part of pons.
t. pontis [TA] SYN: dorsal part of pons.
t. rhombencephali SYN: rhombencephalic t..
rhombencephalic t. the portion of the pons continuous with the mesencephalic t.; it consists of reticular formation, tracts, and cranial nerve nuclei, and forms the dorsal part of the pons (pars dorsalis pontis). SYN: t. of rhombencephalon, t. rhombencephali.
t. of rhombencephalon SYN: rhombencephalic t..

tegument
tegument (teg′u-ment)

1. SYN: integument. 2. SYN: integument (2) . [L. tegumentum, a collat. form of tegmentum]

tegumental
tegumental, tegumentary (teg-u-men′tal, teg-u-men′ta-re)

Relating to the integument.

Teichmann
Teichmann

Ludwig, German histologist, 1823–1895. See T. crystals, under crystal.

teichoic acids
teichoic acids (ti-ko′ik)

One of two classes (the other being the muramic acids or mucopeptides) of polymers constituting the cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria, but also found intracellularly; linear polymers of a polyol (ribitol phosphate or glycerol phosphate) carrying d-alanyl residues esterified to OH groups and glycosidically linked sugars.

teichopsia
teichopsia (ti-kop′se-a)

The jagged, shimmering visual sensation resembling the fortifications of a walled medieval town; the scintillating scotoma of migraine. [G. teichos, wall, + opsis, vision]

tel- tel-, tele-, telo-

Distance, end, other end. [G. tele, distant, telos, end]

tela
tela, gen. and pl. telae (te′la, te′le)

1. Any thin weblike structure. 2. A tissue; especially one of delicate formation. [L. a web]
t. choroidea [TA] that portion of the pia mater that covers the ependymal roof or, in the case of the lateral ventricle, medial wall of a cerebral ventricle. SYN: choroid membrane [TA] .
t. choroidea of fourth ventricle [TA] the sheet of pia mater covering the lower part of the ependymal roof of the fourth ventricle. SYN: t. choroidea ventriculi quarti [TA] , t. choroidea inferior.
t. choroidea inferior SYN: t. choroidea of fourth ventricle.
t. choroidea superior SYN: t. choroidea of third ventricle.
t. choroidea of third ventricle a double fold of pia mater, enclosing subarachnoid trabeculae, between the fornix above and the epithelial roof of the third ventricle and the thalami below; at each lateral margin is a vascular fringe projecting into the choroidal fissure of the lateral ventricle; on its undersurface are several small vascular projections filling the folds of the ependymal roof of the third ventricle. SYN: t. choroidea ventriculi tertii [TA] , t. choroidea superior, triangular lamella, velum interpositum, velum triangulare.
t. choroidea ventriculi quarti [TA] SYN: t. choroidea of fourth ventricle.
t. choroidea ventriculi tertii [TA] SYN: t. choroidea of third ventricle.
t. conjunctiva SYN: connective tissue.
t. elastica SYN: elastic tissue.
t. subcutanea [TA] SYN: subcutaneous tissue.
t. subcutanea penis [TA]
t. subcutanea perinei [TA]
t. submucosa SYN: submucosa.
t. submucosa pharyngis SYN: pharyngobasilar fascia.
t. subserosa [TA] SYN: subserosa.
t. vasculosa SYN: choroid plexus.

Teladorsagia davtiani
Teladorsagia davtiani (te′la-dor-sa′je-a dav-she-an′i)

One of the medium stomach worm species (family Trichostrongylidae) of sheep, goats, and deer occurring in the abomasum; it is similar to Ostertagia trifurcata. [tele- + L. dorsum, back]

telalgia
telalgia (tel-al′je-a)

SYN: referred pain. [G. tele, distant, + algos, pain]

telangiectasia
telangiectasia (tel-an′je-ek-ta′ze-a)

Dilation of the previously existing small or terminal vessels of a part. SYN: angiotelectasis, angiotelectasia. [G. telos, end, + angeion, vessel, + ektasis, a stretching out]
cephalo-oculocutaneous t. an angioma involving the skin of the face, orbit, meninges, and brain. SEE ALSO: Sturge-Weber syndrome.
essential t. 1. localized capillary dilation of undetermined origin; 2. SYN: angioma serpiginosum.
hereditary benign t. an autosomal dominant disorder in which the face, upper trunk, and arms develop telangiectasias.
hereditary hemorrhagic t. [MIM*187300] a disease with onset usually after puberty, marked by multiple small telangiectases and dilated venules that develop slowly on the skin and mucous membranes; the face, lips, tongue, nasopharynx, and intestinal mucosa are frequent sites, and recurrent bleeding may occur; autosomal dominant inheritance, caused by mutation in the gene (ENG) encoding endoglin on chromosome 9q. SYN: Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome.
t. lymphatica SYN: lymphangiectasis.
t. macularis eruptiva perstans a disseminated eruption of telangiectases associated with erythematous and edematous macules.
primary t. SYN: angioma serpiginosum.
secondary t. t. related to a known cause of prolonged dermal vascular dilation such as sunlight, varicose veins, and connective tissue diseases; often associated with atrophy of the skin.
spider t. SYN: spider angioma.
t. verrucosa SYN: angiokeratoma.

telangiectasis
telangiectasis, pl .telangiectases (tel-an′je-ek′ta-sis, -sez)

A lesion formed by a dilated capillary or terminal artery, most commonly on the skin. See telangiectasia.

telangiectatic
telangiectatic (tel-an′je-ek-tat′ik)

Relating to or marked by telangiectasia.

telangiectodes
telangiectodes (tel-an′je-ek-to′dez)

A term used to qualify highly vascular tumors. [telangiectasis + G. -odes, fr. eidos, resemblance]

telangioma
telangioma (tel-an′je-o′ma)

Angioma due to dilation of the capillaries or terminal arterioles.

telangion
telangion (tel-an′je-on)

One of the terminal arterioles or a capillary vessel. SYN: trichangion. [G. telos, end, + angeion, vessel]

telangiosis
telangiosis (tel′an-je-o′sis)

Any disease of the capillaries and terminal arterioles.

tele
tele (tel′e)

Referring to the nitrogen atom of the imidazole ring of histidine that is the farthest from the β-carbon. Cf.:pros. [G. far]

tele- tele-

See tel-.

telecanthus
telecanthus (tel-e-kan′thus)

Increased distance between the medial canthi of the eyelids. SYN: canthal hypertelorism. [G. tele, distant, + kanthos, canthus]

telecardiogram
telecardiogram (tel-e-kar′de-o-gram)

SYN: telelectrocardiogram.

telecardiophone
telecardiophone (tel-e-kar′de-o-fon)

A specially constructed stethoscope by means of which heart sounds can be heard by listeners at a distance from the patient. [G. tele, distant, + kardia, heart, + phone, sound]

telecobalt
telecobalt (tel′e-ko′bawlt)

Teletherapy using radioactive cobalt as the source.

telediagnosis
telediagnosis (tel′e-di-ag-no′sis)

Detection of a disease by evaluation of data transmitted to a receiving station, a process normally involving patient-monitoring instruments and a transfer link to a diagnostic center at some distance from the patient.

telediastolic
telediastolic (tel′e-di-a-stol′ik)

Pertaining to or occurring toward the end of ventricular diastole. [G. telos, end, + diastole, dilation]

telehopsias
telehopsias

SYN: fortification spectrum.

telelectrocardiogram
telelectrocardiogram (tel′e-lek-tro-kar′de-o-gram)

An electrocardiogram recorded at a distance from the subject being tested; e.g., the electrocardiogram obtained through telemetry, or, as with a galvanometer in the laboratory, being connected by a wire with the patient in another room. SYN: telecardiogram. [G. tele, distant, + electrocardiogram]

telemeter
telemeter (te-lem′e-ter)

An electronic instrument that senses and measures a quantity, then transmits radio signals to a distant station for recording and interpretation. [G. tele, distant, + metron, measure]

telemetry
telemetry (te-lem′e-tre)

The science of measuring a quantity, transmitting the results by radio signals to a distant station, and there interpreting, indicating, and/or recording the results. SEE ALSO: biotelemetry.
cardiac t. transmission of cardiac signals (electric or pressure derived) to a receiving location where they are displayed for monitoring.

telencephalic
telencephalic (tel′en-se-fal′ik)

Relating to the telencephalon or endbrain.

telencephalization
telencephalization (tel-en-sef′al-i-za′shun)

SYN: corticalization.

telencephalon
telencephalon (tel-en-sef′a-lon) [TA]

The anterior division of the prosencephalon, which develops into the olfactory lobes, the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres, and the subcortical telencephalic nuclei, and the basal ganglia (nuclei), particularly the striatum and the amygdala. SYN: endbrain. [G. telos, end, + enkephalos, brain]

teleology
teleology (tel-e-ol′o-je)

The philosophical doctrine according to which events, especially in biology, are explained in part by reference to final causes or end goals; the doctrine that goals or end states have a causal influence on present events and that the future as well as the past affect the present. [G. telos, end, + logos, study]

teleomitosis
teleomitosis (tel′e-o-mi-to′sis)

A completed mitosis. [G. teleos, complete, + mitosis]

teleomorph
teleomorph (tel′e-o-morf)

A reproductive structure of a fungus that is a result of plasmogamy and nuclear recombination; sexual state (sexual reproduction). SYN: perfect stage.

teleonomic
teleonomic (tel′e-o-nom′ik)

1. Pertaining to teleonomy. 2. In psychology, pertaining to those patterns of behavior that are a function of an inferred purpose or motive; e.g., a child's behavior pattern may be classified teleonomically by an observer as attention-getting.

teleonomy
teleonomy (tel-e-on′o-me)

The doctrine that life is characterized by endowment with a project or purpose; i.e., the existence in an organism of a structure or function implies that it has had evolutionary survival value. [G. telos, end, + nomos, law]

teleopsia
teleopsia (tel-e-op′se-a)

An error in judging the distance of objects arising from lesions in the parietal temporal region. [G. tele, distant, + opsis, vision]

teleorganic
teleorganic (tel′e-or-gan′ik)

Manifesting life. [G. teleos, complete, + organikos, organic]

telepathine
telepathine (tel-e-path′en)

SYN: harmine.

telepathy
telepathy (te-lep′a-the)

Transmittal and reception of thoughts by means other than through the normal senses, as a form of extrasensory perception. SYN: extrasensory thought transference, mind-reading. [G. tele, distant, + pathos, feeling]

teleradiography
teleradiography (tel-e-ra-de-og′ra-fe)

Radiography with the x-ray tube positioned about 2 m from the film thereby securing practical parallelism of the x-rays to minimize geometric distortion; the standard configuration for chest radiography. Cf.:air-gap technique. SYN: teleroentgenography. [G. tele, distant, + radiography]

teleradiology
teleradiology (tel-e-ra-de-ol′o-je)

The interpretation of digitized diagnostic images transmitted by modem over telephone lines. [tele- + radiology]

teleradium
teleradium (tel′e-ra′de-um)

See t. therapy.

telereceptor
telereceptor (tel′e-re-sep′ter, -tor)

An organ, such as the eye, that can receive sense stimuli from a distance.

telergy
telergy (tel′er-je)

SYN: automatism. [G. tele, far off, + ergon, work]

teleroentgenography
teleroentgenography (tel′e-rent-gen-og′ra-fe)

SYN: teleradiography.

teleroentgentherapy
teleroentgentherapy (tel′e-rent′gen-thar′a-pe)

SYN: teletherapy.

telescope
telescope

Hopkins rod-lens t. an endoscopic t. in which the air-containing spaces between the conventional series of lenses are replaced with glass rods with polished ends separated by small “air-lenses.” This system transmits more light, yields greater magnification and provides greater depth and breadth of field than conventional lens systems.

telesis
telesis (tel-e′sis)

A goal to be attained by planned conduct. [G. telos, end, + -osis, condition]

telesystolic
telesystolic (tel′e-sis-tol′ik)

Relating to the end of ventricular systole. [G. telos, end, + systole, a contracting]

teletherapy
teletherapy (tel-e-thar′a-pe)

Radiation therapy administered with the source at a distance from the body. Cf.:interstitial therapy. SYN: teleroentgentherapy. [G. tele, distant, + therapeia, treatment]

TeLinde
TeLinde

Richard W., U.S. gynecologist, *1894. See T. operation.

telluric
telluric (te-loor′ik)

1. Relating to or originating in the earth. 2. Relating to the element tellurium, especially in its 6+ valence state. [L. tellus (tellur-), the earth]

tellurism
tellurism (tel′oo-rizm)

The alleged influence of soil emanations in producing disease. [L. tellus (tellur-), the earth]

tellurium
tellurium (Te) (tel-oo′re-um)

A rare semimetallic element, atomic no. 52, atomic wt. 127.60, belonging to the sulfur group. [L. tellus (tellur-), the earth]

telo- telo-

See tel-.

telodendron
telodendron (tel-o-den′dron)

An anomalous term that refers to the terminal arborization of an axon. SYN: end-brush. [G. telos, end, + dendron, tree]

telogen
telogen (tel′o-jen)

Resting phase of hair cycle. [G. telos, end, + -gen, producing]

teloglia
teloglia (te-log′le-a)

Accumulation of neurolemmal cells at the myoneural junction. [G. telos, end, + glia, glue]

telognosis
telognosis (tel-og-no′sis)

Obsolete term denoting diagnosis by means of radiographs or other diagnostic tests transmitted by telephone or radio. See teleradiology. [G. tele, distant, + gnosis, a knowing]

telokinesia
telokinesia (tel′o-ki-ne′ze-a)

SYN: telophase. [G. telos, end, + kinesis, movement]

telolecithal
telolecithal (tel-o-les′i-thal)

Denoting an ovum in which a large amount of deuteroplasm or yolk accumulates at the vegetative pole, as in the eggs of birds and reptiles. [G. telos, end, + G. lekithos, yolk]

telomerase telomerase (tel-o′mer-as)

A reverse transcriptase comprising an RNA template, which acts as a die for the TTAGGG sequence, and a catalytic protein component that is not found in normal, aging somatic cells. T. mediates the repair or preservation of telomere regions (terminal sequences) of chromosomes.The aging process that takes place in normal somatic cells, and the natural limit on the number of times such cells can undergo mitosis, involves a sequential shortening of telomeres due to failure of terminal sequences to be replicated during mitosis. Cells in which this shortening does not occur (cancer cells, germ cells, hematopoietic stem cells, and others) display a transient expression of t., which not only delays the erosion of telomeres but actually adds DNA bases to telomeres. Experimental transfection of a gene for the catalytic component of t. into normal, aging cells results in extension of telomeres. Restoring telomere length appears to reset gene expression, cell morphology, and the replicative life span. It has therefore been suggested that such procedures may permit therapeutic modification of the cellular mechanisms underlying age-related diseases such as atherosclerosis, osteoarthritis, macular degeneration, and Alzheimer dementia. Cellular aging is but one element of clinical aging, however, others being heredity and environment. Although t. expression is an important marker of malignancy, it is not itself the cause of cancer. T. expression and telomere lengthening apparently do not alter normal cell cycle control, chromosome complement, or cell morphology.

telomere
telomere (tel′o-mer)

The distal end of a chromosome arm. [G. telos, end, + meros, part]

telopeptide
telopeptide (tel-o-pep′tid)

A peptide covalently bound in or on a protein, protruding therefrom and therefore subject to enzyme attack and maturation modification or cross-linking, and conferring immunogenic specificity.

telophase
telophase (tel′o-faz)

The final stage of mitosis or meiosis that begins when migration of chromosomes to the poles of the cell has been completed; the chromosomes progressively lengthen while the nuclear membranes of the two daughter nuclei are reconstructed and a cell membrane at the equator complete the separation of the two daughter cells. SYN: telokinesia. [G. telos, end, + phasis, appearance]

Telosporea
Telosporea (tel-o-spo′re-a)

SYN: Sporozoea.

Telosporidia
Telosporidia (tel′o-spo-rid′e-a)

A former order of Sporozoea. [G. telos, end, + sporos, seed]

telotism
telotism (tel′o-tizm)

The perfect performance of a function, as that of sight or hearing. [G. telos, end]

TEM
TEM

Abbreviation for triethylenemelamine.

temazepam
temazepam (te-maz′e-pam)

A benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotic primarily used to relieve insomnia.

temper
temper

1. Disposition; in general, any characteristic or particular state of mind. SYN: temperament (2) . 2. A display of irritation or anger. See tantrum. 3. To treat metal by application of heat, as in annealing or quenching.

temperament
temperament (tem′per-a-ment)

1. The psychological and biological organization peculiar to the individual, including one's character or personality predispositions, that influence the manner of thought and action and general views of life. 2. SYN: temper (1) . [L. temperamentum, proper measure, moderation, disposition]

temperance
temperance (tem′per-ans)

Moderation in all things; especially, abstinence from the use of alcoholic beverages. [L. temperantia, moderation]

temperate
temperate (tem′per-at)

Moderate; restrained in the indulgence of any appetite or activity.

temperature
temperature (tem′per-a-chur)

The sensible intensity of heat of any substance; the manifestation of the average kinetic energy of the molecules making up a substance due to heat agitation. SEE ALSO: scale. [L. temperatura, due measure, t., fr. tempero, to proportion duly]
absolute t. (T) t. reckoned in Kelvins from absolute zero.
basal body t. the t. at rest, usually obtained on arising in the morning, without any influences that might increase it; can give indirect evidence of ovulation.
critical t. the t. of a gas above which it is no longer possible by use of any pressure, however great, to convert it into a liquid.
denaturation t. of DNA that t. at which, under a given set of conditions, double-stranded DNA is changed (50%) to single-stranded DNA; under standard conditions, the base composition of the DNA can be estimated from the denaturation t., since the greater the denaturation t., the greater the guanine-plus-cytosine content ( i.e., GC content) of the DNA. SYN: melting t. of DNA.
effective t. a comfort index or scale which takes into account the t. of air, its moisture content, and movement.
equivalent t. the t. of a thermally uniform enclosure in which, under still air conditions, a “sizable” black body loses heat at the same rate as in the nonuniform environment.
eutectic t. the t. at which a eutectic mixture becomes fluid (melts).
fusion t. (wire method) 1. the recorded t. at which a 20-gauge metal wire will collapse under a 3-ounce load. 2. the recorded t. at which porcelain becomes glazed.
maximum t. in bacteriology, denoting a t. above which growth will not take place.
mean t. the average atmospheric t. in any locality for a designated period of time, as a month or a year.
melting t. SYN: t. midpoint.
melting t. of DNA SYN: denaturation t. of DNA.
t. midpoint (T_m, t_m) the midpoint in the change in optical properties (absorbance, rotation) of a structured polymer ( e.g., DNA) with increasing t.. SYN: melting t..
minimum t. in bacteriology, denoting a t. below which growth will not take place.
optimum t. the t. at which any operation, such as the culture of any special microorganism, is best carried on.
room t. (RT, rt) the ordinary t. (65°F to slightly less than 80°F, 18.3°C–26.7°C) of the atmosphere in the laboratory; a culture kept at room t. is one kept in the laboratory, not in an incubator.
sensible t. the atmospheric t. as felt by the individual, supposed to be that recorded by the wet-bulb thermometer.
standard t. a t. of 0°C or 273.15° absolute (Kelvin).

template
template (tem′plat)

1. A pattern or guide that determines the shape of a substance. 2. Metaphorically, the specifying nature of a macromolecule, usually a nucleic acid or polynucleotide, with respect to the primary structure of the nucleic acid or polynucleotide or protein made from it in vivo or in vitro. 3. In dentistry, a curved or flat plate utilized as an aid in setting teeth. 4. An outline used to trace teeth, bones, or soft tissue in order to standardize their form. 5. A pattern or guide that determines the specificity of antibody globulins. [Fr. templet, temple of a loom, fr. L. templum, small timber]
surgical t. 1. a thin, transparent, resin base shaped to duplicate the form of the impression surface of an immediate denture, used as a guide for surgically shaping the alveolar process to fit an immediate denture; 2. a guide for various osteotomy procedures; 3. a guide for duplicating size and shape for an autogenic (free) gingival graft.

temple
temple (tem′pl)

1. [TA] The area of the temporal fossa on the side of the head above the zygomatic arch. 2. The part of a spectacle frame passing from the rim backward over the ear. [L. tempus (tempor-), time, t.]

tempolabile
tempolabile (tem-po-la′bil, -bil)

Undergoing spontaneous change or destruction during the passage of time. [L. tempus, time, + labilis, perishable]

tempora
tempora (tem′po-ra)

The temples. [L. pl. of tempus]

temporal
temporal (tem′po-ral)

1. Relating to time; limited in time; temporary. 2. Relating to the temple. See t. region of head. [L. temporalis, fr. tempus (tempor-), time, temple]

temporalis
temporalis (tem-po-ra′lis)

SYN: t. (muscle). [L.]

temporo- temporo-

Temporal (2). [L. temporalis, temporal]

temporoauricular
temporoauricular (tem′po-ro-aw-rik′u-lar)

Relating to the temporal region and the auricle.

temporohyoid
temporohyoid (tem′po-ro-hi′oyd)

Relating to the temporal and the hyoid bones or regions.

temporomalar
temporomalar (tem′po-ro-ma′lar)

SYN: temporozygomatic.

temporomandibular
temporomandibular (tem′po-ro-man-dib′u-lar)

Relating to the temporal bone and the mandible; denoting the joint of the lower jaw. SYN: temporomaxillary (2) .

temporomaxillary
temporomaxillary (tem′po-ro-mak′si-lar′e)

1. Relating to the regions of the temporal and maxillary bones. 2. SYN: temporomandibular.

temporo-occipital
temporo-occipital (tem′po-ro-ok-sip′i-tal)

Relating to the temporal and the occipital bones or regions.

temporoparietal
temporoparietal (tem′po-ro-pa-ri′e-tal)

Relating to the temporal and the parietal bones or regions.

temporopontine
temporopontine (tem-po-ro-pon′tin)

Referring to the projection fibers from the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex to the basilar part of the pons.

temporosphenoid
temporosphenoid (tem′po-ro-sfe′noyd)

Relating to the temporal and sphenoid bones.

temporozygomatic
temporozygomatic (tem′po-ro-zi′go-mat′ik)

Relating to the temporal and zygomatic bones or regions. SYN: temporomalar.

tempostabile
tempostabile, tempostable (tem-po-sta′bil, -sta′bl)

Not subject to spontaneous alteration or destruction. [L. tempus, time + stabilis, stable]

temps utile
temps utile (temp′ oo-tel′)

SYN: utilization time. [Fr. service or utilization time]

tempus
tempus, gen. temporis, pl .tempora (tem′pus, -po-ris, -po-ra)

1. The temple. 2. SYN: time. [L. time]

TEN
TEN

Abbreviation for toxic epidermal necrolysis.

tenacious
tenacious (te-na′shus)

Sticky; denoting tenacity. [L. tenax (tenac-), fr. teneo, to hold]

tenacity
tenacity (te-nas′i-te)

Adhesiveness;the character or property of holding fast. [L. tenacitas, fr. teneo, to hold]
cellular t. the inherent property of all cells to persist in a given form or direction of activity.

tenaculum
tenaculum, pl .tenacula (te-nak′u-lum, -la)

A surgical clamp designed to hold or grasp tissue during dissection, commonly used to grasp the cervix. [L. a holder, fr. teneo, to hold]
tenacula tendinum a tendinous restraining structure, such an extensor or flexor retinaculum; historically applied to the vincula of tendon which are not however, restraining structures.

tenalgia
tenalgia (te-nal′je-a)

Obsolete term for pain referred to a tendon. SYN: tenodynia. [G. tenon, tendon, + algos, pain]
t. crepitans SYN: tenosynovitis crepitans.

tenascin
tenascin (ten-as′sin)

A protein that is present in the mesenchyme that surrounds epithelia in organs undergoing development in embryos; believed to participate in inducing differentiation of epithelia.

tender
tender

Sensitive or painful as a result of pressure or contact that is not sufficent to cause discomfort in normal tissues. [L. tener, soft, delicate]

tenderness
tenderness (ten′der-nes)

The condition of being tender.
pencil t. strictly localized t., elicited by pressure with the rubber tip of a pencil, e.g., in cases of incomplete or subperiosteal fracture.
rebound t. t. felt when pressure, particularly pressure on the abdomen, is suddenly released.

tendinitis
tendinitis (ten-di-ni′tis)

SYN: tendonitis.

tendinoplasty
tendinoplasty (ten′din-o-plas-te)

Reparative or plastic surgery of the tendons. SYN: tenontoplasty, tenoplasty. [Mediev. L. tendo (tendin-), tendon, + G. plastos, formed]

tendinosuture
tendinosuture (ten′di-no-soo′choor)

SYN: tenorrhaphy.

tendinous
tendinous (ten′di-nus)

Relating to, composed of, or resembling a tendon.

tendo
tendo, gen. tendinis, pl .tendines (ten′do, -di-nis, -di-nez) [TA]

SYN: tendon.For histologic description, see tendon. [Mediev. L., fr. L. t., to stretch out, extend]
t. Achillis SYN: calcaneal tendon, calcaneal tendon.
t. calcaneus [TA] SYN: calcaneal tendon.
t. calcaneus communis hamstring (2) .
t. conjunctivus inguinal falx.
t. cricoesophageus [TA] SYN: cricoesophageal tendon.
t. oculi SYN: medial palpebral ligament.
t. palpebrarum SYN: medial palpebral ligament.

tendo- tendo-

A tendon. SEE ALSO: teno-. [L. tendo]

tendolysis
tendolysis (ten-dol′i-sis)

SYN: tenolysis. [tendo- + G. lysis, dissolution]

tendomucin
tendomucin, tendomucoid (ten-do-mu′sin, -mu′koyd)

A form of mucin found in tendons.

tendon
tendon (ten′don) [TA]

A nondistensible fibrous cord or band of variable length that is the part of the muscle that connects the fleshy (contractile) part of muscle with its bony attachment or other structure; it may unite with the fleshy part of the muscle at its extremity or may run along the side or in the center of the fleshy part for a longer or shorter distance, receiving the muscular fibers along its border; when determining the length of a muscle, the t. length is included as well as the fleshy part; it consists of fascicles of very densely arranged, almost parallel collagenous fibers, rows of elongated fibrocytes, and a minimum of ground substance. SYN: tendo [TA] , sinew. [L. tendo]
Achilles t. SYN: calcaneal t..
calcaneal t. [TA] the thick t. of insertion of the triceps surae (gastrocnemius and soleus) into the tuberosity of the calcaneus. SYN: tendo calcaneus [TA] , Achilles t., chorda magna, heel t., tendo Achillis.
central t. of diaphragm [TA] a three-lobed fibrous sheet comprising the center of the diaphragm; superiorly it is fused with the fibrous pericardium that provides attachment (insertion) for the moving end of the muscle fibers. SYN: centrum tendineum diaphragmatis [TA] , trefoil t..
central t. of perineum [TA] the fibromuscular mass between the anal canal and the urogenital diaphragm in the median plane onto which several perineal muscles insert (bulbospongiosus, external anal sphincter, superficial, and deep transverse perineal muscles); midline episiotomies extend into this structure. SYN: centrum tendineum perinei [TA] , perineal body, Savage perineal body.
conjoined t. SYN: inguinal falx.
conjoint t. inguinal falx. SEE ALSO: aponeurosis of internal oblique muscle.
coronary t. SYN: (right and left) fibrous rings of heart, under ring.
cricoesophageal t. [TA] longitudinal fiber of the esophagus that attaches to the posterior aspect of the cricoid cartilage of the larynx. SYN: tendo cricoesophageus [TA] , Gillette suspensory ligament, suspensory ligament of esophagus.
Gerlach annular t. SYN: fibrocartilaginous ring of tympanic membrane.
hamstring t. hamstring.
heel t. SYN: calcaneal t..
Todaro t. an inconstant tendinous structure that extends from the right fibrous trigone of the heart toward the valve of the inferior vena cava.
trefoil t. SYN: central t. of diaphragm.
Zinn t. SYN: common tendinous ring of extraocular muscles.

tendonitis
tendonitis (ten-do-ni′tis)

Inflammation of a tendon. SYN: tendinitis, tenonitis (2) , tenontitis.

tendophony
tendophony (ten-dof′o-ne)

SYN: tenophony.

tendosynovitis
tendosynovitis (ten′do-si-no-vi′tis)

SYN: tenosynovitis.

tendotomy
tendotomy (ten-dot′o-me)

SYN: tenotomy.

tendovaginal
tendovaginal (ten-do-vaj′i-nal)

Relating to a tendon and its sheath. [tendo- + L. vagina, sheath]

tendovaginitis
tendovaginitis (ten′do-vaj-i-ni′tis)

SYN: tenosynovitis. [tendo- + L. vagina, sheath, + G. -itis, inflammation]
radial styloid t. SYN: de Quervain disease.

tenectomy
tenectomy (te-nek′to-me)

Resection of part of a tendon. SYN: tenonectomy. [G. tenon, tendon, + ektome, excision]

tenesmic
tenesmic (te-nez′mik)

Relating to or marked by tenesmus.

tenesmus
tenesmus (te-nez′mus)

A painful spasm of the urogenital diaphragm with an urgent desire to evacuate the bowel or bladder, involuntary straining, and the passage of little fecal matter or urine. [G. teinesmos, ineffectual effort to defecate, fr. teino, to stretch]

ten Horn
ten Horn

C., Dutch surgeon. See ten Horn sign.

tenia
tenia, pl .teniae (te′ne-a, te′ne-e)

1. Any anatomic bandlike structure. 2. SYN: taenia (2) . [L. fr. G. tainia, band, tape, a tapeworm]
taeniae acusticae SYN: medullary striae of fourth ventricle, under stria.
t. choroidea [TA] the somewhat thickened line along which a choroid membrane or plexus is attached to the rim of a brain ventricle. SYN: choroid line [TA] , t. telae.
teniae coli [TA] the three bands in which the longitudinal muscular fibers of the large intestine, except the rectum, are collected; these are the mesocolic t. (t. mesocolica [TA]), situated at the place corresponding to the mesenteric attachment; the free t. (t. libera [TA]), opposite the mesocolic t.; and the omental t. (t. omentalis [TA]), at the place corresponding to the site of adhesion of the greater omentum to the transverse colon. SYN: bands of colon, colic teniae, teniae of Valsalva.
colic teniae SYN: teniae coli.
t. fimbriae SYN: t. fornicis.
t. fornicis [TA] the line of attachment of the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle to the fornix. SYN: t. fimbriae, t. of the fornix.
t. of the fornix SYN: t. fornicis.
t. of fourth ventricle SYN: t. ventriculi quarti.
free t. [TA] See teniae coli. SYN: t. libera [TA] .
t. hippocampi SYN: fimbria hippocampi.
t. libera [TA] SYN: free t.. See teniae coli.
medullary teniae SYN: medullary striae of fourth ventricle, under stria.
mesocolic t. See teniae coli. SYN: t. mesocolica [TA] .
t. mesocolica [TA] SYN: mesocolic t..
omental t. [TA] See teniae coli. SYN: t. omentalis [TA] .
t. omentalis [TA] SYN: omental t.. See teniae coli.
t. semicircularis SYN: terminal stria.
Tarin t. SYN: terminal stria.
t. tecta indusium griseum.
t. telae SYN: t. choroidea.
t. terminalis SYN: crista terminalis of right atrium.
t. thalami [TA] the sharp edge or angle between the superior and medial surfaces of the thalamus on either side; to it is attached the epithelial lamina forming the roof of the third ventricle. SYN: t. ventriculi tertii, thalamic t..
thalamic t. SYN: t. thalami.
teniae of Valsalva SYN: teniae coli.
t. ventriculi quarti the line of attachment of the choroid roof to the rim of the fourth ventricle. SYN: t. of fourth ventricle.
t. ventriculi tertii SYN: t. thalami.

teniacide
teniacide (te′ne-a-sid)

An agent destructive to tapeworms. SYN: tenicide. [L. taenia, tapeworm, + caedo, to kill]

teniafuge
teniafuge (te′ne-a-fooj)

An agent that causes the expulsion of tapeworms. SYN: tenifuge. [L. taenia, tapeworm, + fugo, to put to flight]

tenial
tenial (ten′e-al)

1. Relating to a tapeworm. 2. Relating to one of the structures called tenia.

teniasis
teniasis (te-ni′a-sis)

Presence of a tapeworm in the intestine.
somatic t. invasion of the body by the cysticercus of a tenioid worm.

tenicide
tenicide (ten′i-sid)

SYN: teniacide.

teniform
teniform (ten′i-form)

SYN: tenioid.

tenifugal
tenifugal (te-nif′u-gal)

Having the power to expel tapeworms.

tenifuge
tenifuge (ten′i-fuj)

SYN: teniafuge.

tenioid
tenioid (te′ne-oyd)

1. Band-shaped; ribbon-shaped. 2. Resembling a tapeworm. SYN: teniform. [G. tainia, a tape, + eidos, resemblance]

teniola
teniola (te-ni′o-la)

A slender tenia or bandlike structure. [L. dim. of taenia, ribbon]
taeniola corporis callosi SYN: rostral lamina.

teno- teno-, tenon-, tenont-, tenonto-

Tendon. SEE ALSO: tendo-. [G. tenon]

tenodesis
tenodesis (te-nod′e-sis, ten′o-de′sis)

Stabilizing a joint by anchoring the tendons which move that joint and thereby preventing any further excursion of the tendons. [teno- + G. desis, a binding]

tenodynia
tenodynia (ten-o-din′ea)

SYN: tenalgia. [teno- + G. odyne, pain]

tenofibril
tenofibril (ten-o-fi′bril)

SYN: tonofibril. [teno- + Mod. L. fibrilla, a small fiber]

tenolysis
tenolysis (ten-ol′i-sis)

Release of a tendon from adhesions. SYN: tendolysis.

tenomyoplasty
tenomyoplasty (ten-o-mi′o-plas-te)

SYN: tenontomyoplasty.

tenomyotomy
tenomyotomy (ten-o-mi-ot′o-me)

SYN: myotenotomy.

Tenon
Tenon

Jacques R., French pathologist and oculist, 1724–1816. See T. capsule, T. space.

tenon- tenon-

See teno-.

tenonectomy
tenonectomy (ten-o-nek′to-me)

SYN: tenectomy. [tenon- + G. ektome, excision]

tenonitis
tenonitis (ten-o-ni′tis)

1. Inflammation of Tenon capsule or the connective tissue within Tenon space. 2. SYN: tendonitis. [tenont- + G. -itis, inflammation]

tenontitis
tenontitis (ten′on-ti′tis)

SYN: tendonitis. [tenont- + G. -itis, inflammation]

tenonto- tenonto-

See teno-.

tenontography
tenontography (ten′on-tog′ra-fe)

A treatise on or description of the tendons. [tenonto- + G. graphe, description]

tenontology
tenontology (ten′on-tol′o-je)

The branch of science that has to do with the tendons. [tenonto- + G. logos, study]

tenontomyoplasty
tenontomyoplasty (te-non′to-mi′o-plas-te)

Obsolete term for a combined tenontoplasty and myoplasty, used in the radical correction of a hernia. SYN: tenomyoplasty. [tenonto- + G. mys, muscle, + plastos, formed]

tenontomyotomy
tenontomyotomy (te-non′to-mi-ot′o-me)

SYN: myotenotomy.

tenontoplastic
tenontoplastic (te-non′to-plas-tik)

Relating to tenontoplasty.

tenontoplasty
tenontoplasty (te-non′to-plas-te)

SYN: tendinoplasty. [tenonto- + G. plastos, formed]

tenophony
tenophony (te-nof′o-ne)

A heart murmur assumed to be due to an abnormal condition of the chordae tendineae. SYN: tendophony. [teno- + G. phone, sound]

tenophyte
tenophyte (ten′o-fit)

Bony or cartilaginous growth in or on a tendon. [teno- + G. phyton, plant]

tenoplastic
tenoplastic (ten-o-plas′tik)

Relating to tenoplasty.

tenoplasty
tenoplasty (ten′o-plas-te)

SYN: tendinoplasty.

tenoreceptor
tenoreceptor (ten′o-re-sep′ter, -tor)

A receptor in a tendon, activated by increased tension.

tenorrhaphy
tenorrhaphy (te-nor′a-fe)

Suture of the divided ends of a tendon. SYN: tendinosuture, tendon suture, tenosuture. [teno- + G. rhaphe, suture]

tenostosis
tenostosis (ten-os-to′sis)

Ossification of a tendon. [teno- + G. osteon, bone, + -osis, condition]

tenosuspension
tenosuspension (ten′o-sus-pen′shun)

Using a tendon as a suspensory ligament, sometimes as a free graft or in continuity.

tenosuture
tenosuture (ten-o-soo′choor)

SYN: tenorrhaphy.

tenosynovectomy
tenosynovectomy (ten′o-sin-o-vek′to-me)

Excision of a tendon sheath. [teno- + synovia + G. ektome, excision]

tenosynovitis
tenosynovitis (ten′o-sin-o-vi′tis)

Inflammation of a tendon and its enveloping sheath. SYN: tendinous synovitis, tendosynovitis, tendovaginitis, tenovaginitis. [teno- + synovia + G. -itis, inflammation]
t. crepitans inflammation of a tendon sheath in which movement of the tendon is accompanied by a cracking sound. SYN: tenalgia crepitans.
de Quervain t. inflammation of the tendons of the first dorsal compartment of the wrist, which includes the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis; diagnosed by a specific provocative test (Finkelstein test).
localized nodular t. SYN: giant cell tumor of tendon sheath.
pigmented villonodular t. SYN: villous t..
stenosing t. inflammation of a tendon and its sheath resulting in contracture of the sheath causing an obstruction of tendon gliding; can be a cause of trigger finger conditions.
villous t. a condition resembling pigmented villonodular synovitis but arising in periarticular soft tissue rather than in joint synovia; occurs most commonly in the hands. SYN: pigmented villonodular t..

tenotomy
tenotomy (te-not′o-me)

The surgical division of a tendon for relief of a deformity caused by congenital or acquired shortening of a muscle, as in clubfoot or strabismus. SYN: tendotomy. [teno- + G. tome, incision]
curb t. SYN: tendon recession.
graduated t. partial incisions of the tendon of an eye muscle for correction of strabismus.
subcutaneous t. division of a tendon by means of a small pointed knife introduced through skin and subcutaneous tissue without an open operation.

tenovaginitis
tenovaginitis (ten′o-vaj-i-ni′tis)

SYN: tenosynovitis. [teno- + L. vagina, sheath, + G. -itis, inflammation]

tense
tense (tens)

Tight, rigid, or strained; characterized by anxiety and psychological strain. [L. tensus, pp. of tendo, to stretch]

tensiometer
tensiometer (ten-se-om′e-ter)

A device for measuring tension. [L. tensio, tension, + G. metron, measure]

tension
tension (ten′shun)

1. The act of stretching. 2. The condition of being stretched or tense, or a stretching or pulling force. 3. The partial pressure of a gas, especially that of a gas dissolved in a liquid such as blood. 4. Mental, emotional, or nervous strain; strained relations or barely controlled hostility between persons or groups. [L. tensio, fr. tendo, pp. tensus, to stretch]
arterial t. the blood pressure within an artery.
interfacial surface t. the t. or resistance to separation possessed by the film of liquid between two well-adapted surfaces, as of the thin film of saliva between the denture base and the tissues.
ocular t. (Tn) resistance of the tunics of the eye to deformation; it can be estimated digitally or measured by means of a tonometer.
premenstrual t. SYN: premenstrual syndrome.
surface t. (γ, σ) the expression of intermolecular attraction at the surface of a liquid, in contact with air or another gas, a solid, or another immiscible liquid, tending to pull the molecules of the liquid inward from the surface; dimensional formula: mt^–2.
tissue t. a theoretical condition of equilibrium or balance between the tissues and cells whereby overaction of any part is restrained by the pull of the mass.

tensor
tensor, pl .tensores (ten′sor, ten-so′rez)

A muscle the function of which is to render a part firm and tense. [Mod. L. fr. L. tendo, pp. tensus, to stretch]

tent
tent

1. Canopy used in various types of inhalation therapy to control humidity and concentration of oxygen in inspired air. 2. Cylinder of some material, usually absorbent, introduced into a canal or sinus to maintain its patency or to dilate it. 3. To elevate or pick up a segment of skin, fascia, or tissue at a given point, giving it the appearance of a t.. [L. tendo, pp. tensus, to stretch]
oxygen t. a transparent enclosure, suspended over the bed and enclosing the patient, used to supply a high concentration of oxygen.
sponge t. SYN: compressed sponge.

tentacle
tentacle (ten′ta-kl)

A slender process for feeling, prehension, or locomotion in invertebrates. [Mod. L. tentaculum, a feeler, fr. tento, to feel]

tentorial
tentorial (ten-to′re-al)

Relating to a tentorium.

tentorium
tentorium, pl .tentoria (ten-to′re-um, -re-a) [TA]

A membranous cover or horizontal partition. [L. tent, fr. tendo, to stretch]
t. cerebelli [TA] a strong fold of dura mater roofing over the posterior cranial fossa with an anterior median opening, the tentorial notch, through which the midbrain passes; the t. cerebelli is attached along the midline to the falx cerebri and separates the cerebellum from the basal surface of the occipital and temporal lobes of the cerebral hemisphere. SYN: cerebellar t. [TA] .
cerebellar t. [TA] SYN: t. cerebelli.
t. of hypophysis SYN: diaphragma sellae.

TEPA
TEPA

Abbreviation for triethylenephosphoramide.

tephromalacia
tephromalacia (tef′ro-ma-la′she-a)

Softening of the gray matter of the brain or spinal cord. [G. tephros, ashen-gray, + malakia, softness]

tephrylometer
tephrylometer (tef-ri-lom′e-ter)

An instrument for measuring the thickness of the cerebral cortex; it consists of a graduated tube of thin glass which is inserted into the brain substance, so the depth of the gray matter can be read off on the scale. [G. tephros, ashen, + hyle, stuff, + metron, measure]

TEPP
TEPP

Abbreviation for tetraethyl pyrophosphate.

teprotide
teprotide (te′pro-tid)

A nonapeptide in which glycine is replaced by tryptophan, leucine and the first proline are missing, and lysine is replaced by glutamine; an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. SYN: bradykinin-potentiating peptide.

tera- tera- (T)

1. Prefix used in the SI and metric system to signify one trillion. 2. Combining form denoting a teras. SEE ALSO: terato-. [G. teras, monster]

teras
teras, pl .terata (ter′as, ter′a-ta)

Conceptus with deficient, redundant, misplaced, or grossly misshapen parts. [G.]

teratic
teratic (ter-at′ik)

Relating to a teras.

teratism
teratism (ter′a-tizm)

SYN: teratosis. [G. teratisma, fr. teras]

terato- terato-

A teras. SEE ALSO: tera- (2) . [G. teras, monster]

teratoblastoma
teratoblastoma

A tumor containing embryonic tissue differing from a teratoma in that not all germ layers are present.

teratocarcinoma
teratocarcinoma (ter′a-to-kar-si-no′ma)

1. A malignant teratoma, occurring most commonly in the testis in association with embryonal carcinoma. 2. A malignant epithelial tumor arising in a teratoma.

teratogen
teratogen (ter′a-to-jen)

A drug or other agent that causes abnormal prenatal development. [terato- + G. -gen, producing]

teratogenesis
teratogenesis (ter′a-to-jen′e-sis)

The origin or mode of production of a malformed conceptus; the disturbed growth processes involved in the production of a malformed neonate. [terato- + G. genesis, origin]

teratogenic
teratogenic, teratogenetic (ter′a-to-jen′ik, -je-net′ik)

1. Relating to teratogenesis. 2. Causing abnormal prenatal development.

teratogenicity
teratogenicity (ter′a-to-je-nis′i-te)

The property or capability of producing malformation. [terato- + G. genesis, generation]

teratoid
teratoid (ter′a-toyd)

Resembling a teras. [G. teratodes, fr. teras (terat-), monster, + eidos, resemblance]

teratologic
teratologic (ter′a-to-loj′ik)

Relating to teratology.

teratology
teratology (ter-a-tol′o-je)

The branch of science concerned with the production, development, anatomy, and classification of malformed conceptuses. SEE ALSO: dysmorphology. [terato- + G. logos, study]

teratoma
teratoma (ter-a-to′ma)

A neoplasm composed of multiple tissues, including tissues not normally found in the organ in which it arises. Teratomas occur most frequently in the ovary, where they are usually benign and form dermoid cysts; in the testis, where they are usually malignant; and, uncommonly, in other sites, especially the midline of the body. SYN: teratoid tumor. [terato- + G. -oma, tumor]
t. orbitae SYN: orbitopagus.
sacrococcygeal t. found in the region of the tailbud. Most common tumor in the newborn period.
triphyllomatous t. a t. composed of tissues derived from all three germ layers. SYN: tridermoma.

teratomatous
teratomatous (ter′a-to′ma-tus)

Relating to or of the nature of a teratoma.

teratophobia
teratophobia (ter′a-to-fo′be-a)

Morbid fear of carrying and giving birth to a malformed infant. [terato- + G. phobos, fear]

teratosis
teratosis (ter′a-to′sis)

An anomaly producing a teras. SYN: teratism. [terato- + G. -osis, condition]
atresic t. a t. in which any of the normal orifices, such as the nares, mouth, anus, or vagina, is imperforate.
ceasmic t. a t. in which there is a failure of the lateral halves of a part to unite, as in cleft palate.
ectogenic t. a t. in which there is a deficiency of parts.
ectopic t. a t. in which the organs or other parts are misplaced.
hypergenic t. a t. in which there is a redundancy of parts.
symphysic t. a t. in which there is a fusion of normally separated parts.

teratospermia
teratospermia (ter′a-to-sper′me-a)

SYN: teratozoospermia. [terato- + G. sperma, seed]

teratozoospermia
teratozoospermia (ter′a-to-zo-o-sperm′e-a)

Condition characterized by the presence of malformed spermatozoa in the semen. SYN: teratospermia. [terato- + zoos, living, + sperma, seed, semen, + -ia]

terazosin hydrochloride
terazosin hydrochloride (te-ra′zo-sin)

A peripherally acting antiadrenergic used to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy and hypertension.

terbium
terbium (Tb) (ter′be-um)

A metallic element of the lanthanide or rare earth series, atomic no. 65, atomic wt. 158.92534. [fr. Ytterby, a village in Sweden]

terbutaline sulfate
terbutaline sulfate (ter-bu′ta-len)

A sympathomimetic drug with relatively selective B₂ agonistic activity, used principally as a bronchodilator or tocolytic agent.

terebene
terebene (ter′e-ben)

A thin colorless liquid of an aromatic odor and taste, a mixture of terpene hydrocarbons, chiefly dipentene and terpinene, obtained from oil of turpentine; used as an expectorant and in cystitis and urethritis.

terebinthinate
terebinthinate (ter-e-bin′thi-nat)

1. Containing or impregnated with turpentine. 2. A preparation containing turpentine. SYN: terebinthine. [G. terebinthos, the terebinth or turpentine-tree]

terebinthine
terebinthine (ter-e-bin′thin)

SYN: terebinthinate.

terebinthinism
terebinthinism (ter-e-bin′thin-izm)

SYN: turpentine poisoning.

terebrant
terebrant, terebrating (ter′e-brant, -bra-ting)

Boring; piercing; used figuratively, as in the term t. pain. [L. terebro, pp. -atus, to bore, fr. terebra, an auger]

terebration
terebration (ter-e-bra′shun)

1. The act of boring, or of trephining. 2. A boring, piercing pain. [L. terebro, to bore, fr. terebra, an auger]

teres
teres, gen. teretis, pl .teretes (ter′ez, -ter-; ter′e-tis; ter′e-tez)

Round and long; denoting certain muscles and ligaments. See t. minor (muscle), t. major (muscle), round ligament of uterus, round ligament of liver, pronator t. (muscle). [L. round, smooth, fr. tero, to rub]

terfenadine
terfenadine (ter-fen′a-den)

An H₁ antihistamine used to treat a variety of allergic conditions; has fewer sedative effects than other antihistamines, but in combination with several other drugs may cause serious cardiac arrhythmias.

tergal
tergal (ter′gal)

SYN: dorsal (1) . [L. tergum, back]

tergum
tergum (ter′gum)

SYN: dorsum. [L.]

term
term

1. A definite or limited period. 2. A name or descriptive word or phrase. SEE ALSO: terminus, t. infant. [L. terminus, a limit, an end]

terminad
terminad (ter′mi-nad)

Toward the terminus.

terminal
terminal (ter′mi-nal)

1. Relating to the end; final. 2. Relating to the extremity or end of any body; e.g., the end of a biopolymer. 3. A termination, extremity, end, or ending. [L. terminus, a boundary, limit]
amino-t. amino-t..
axon terminals the somewhat enlarged, often club-shaped endings by which axons make synaptic contacts with other nerve cells or with effector cells (muscle or gland cells). As isolated, by homogenizing brain or spinal cord, they contain acetylcholine and the related enzymes. Axon terminals contain neurotransmitters of various kinds, sometimes more than one. These can be demonstrated by chemical analysis and immunocytochemical methods. SEE ALSO: synapse. SYN: axonal t. boutons, end-feet, neuropodia, pieds terminaux, synaptic boutons, synaptic endings, synaptic terminals, t. boutons, bouton terminaux.
carboxy t. C terminus.
synaptic terminals SYN: axon terminals.

terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase
terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase (de-ok′se-noo′kle-o-ti-dil-trans′fer-as)

SYN: DNA nucleotidylexotransferase.

terminatio
terminatio, pl .terminationes (ter′mi-na′she-o, -o′nez) [TA]

SYN: termination. SEE ALSO: ending. [L.]
terminationes nervorum liberae SYN: free nerve endings, under ending.

termination
termination (ter′mi-na′shun)

An end or ending. A t. or ending, particularly a nerve ending. See ending. SYN: terminatio [TA] . [L. terminatio]
selective t. SYN: selective reduction.

terminationes
terminationes (ter-mi-na-she-o′nez)

Plural of terminatio. [L.]

Terminologia Anatomica Terminologia Anatomica (TA)

A system of anatomic nomenclature, consisting of about 7500 terms, devised and approved by the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) and promulgated in August, 1997, at São Paulo, Brazil.Since its foundation in 1903 the IFAA has held periodic conventions for the standardization of anatomic concepts and terminology. In 1989 the federation elected a 12-member Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT), consisting of experts from 11 countries, to undertake a wholesale revision of the last (sixth) edition of Nomina Anatomica (NA VI). With the election of additional members in 1994, the FCAT had representatives from 16 countries and 5 continents. The committee solicited suggestions from anatomists and others around the world, and from more than 10,000 terms proposed for introduction or retention, they formulated and published a list of those deemed worthy of consideration. During 8 years of deliberations they chose the simplest and most exact terms, preferring those that are descriptive of form or function over semantically opaque ones. Some 10% of formerly accepted terms were rejected or altered because they were considered inaccurate, ambiguous, or otherwise unsuitable. About 1000 new terms were introduced, including some for structures not officially named in earlier nomenclatural systems. Many of these terms had already been adopted informally in various countries. Adoption of the new terminology is expected to be widespread. Because English is spoken in many countries and serves as a common language for scientific and medical communication, English equivalents of Latin terms are given in the published version of TA. However, only the Latin terms have official status. The FCAT is currently working on complementary formulations of histologic, cytologic, embryologic, dental, and anthropologic terminology.

terminus
terminus, pl .termini (ter′mi-nus, -ni)

A boundary or limit. [L.]
C t. the end of a peptide or protein having a free carboxyl (&cbond;COOH) group.
termini generales general terms; words that are of general use in descriptive anatomy.
N t. amino-terminal.

termolecular
termolecular (ter-mo-lek′oo-lar)

Denoting three molecules; E.G., a t. reaction requires three molecules to come together in order for the reaction to occur. [L. ter, thrice, + molecular]

termone
termone (ter′mon)

A type of ectohormone, secreted by some invertebrate organisms, that stimulates gametogenesis. [L. ter, thrice, threefold, + hormone]

ternary
ternary (ter′nar-e)

Denoting or comprised of three compounds, elements, molecules, etc. [L. ternarius, of three]

Ternidens
Ternidens (Ter′ne-denz)

Nematode genus found in the intestine of several simian species in Africa, India, and Indonesia, and in humans in parts of Africa; differentiated from hookworms by the anteriorly directed buccal capsule guarded by a double crown of stout bristles; t. inhabit the wall of the large bowel, where they may produce cystic nodules.
T. deminutus nematode species whose larvae develop in soil; probably infective for humans; life cycle not known.

teroxide
teroxide (ter-ok′sid)

SYN: trioxide.

terpene
terpene (ter′pen)

One of a class of hydrocarbons with an empirical formula of C₁₀H₁₆, occurring in essential oils and resins. Acyclic terpenes may be regarded as isomers and polymers of isoprene units; cyclic forms include menthane, bornane, and camphene. Terpenes containing 15, 20, 30, 40, etc., carbon atoms are called sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes, tetraterpenes, etc.

terpin
terpin

A cyclic terpene alcohol, C₁₀H₁₈(OH)₂, obtained by the action of nitric acid and dilute sulfuric acid on pine oil.
t. hydrate monohydrate of t.; alleged to be an expectorant. SYN: terpinol.

terpineol
terpineol (ter-pin′e-ol)

An unsaturated alcoholic terpene obtained by heating terpin hydrate with diluted phosphoric acid; an active antiseptic and a perfume.

terpinol
terpinol (ter′pin-ol)

SYN: terpin hydrate.

terrace
terrace (ter′as)

To suture in several rows, in closing a wound through a considerable thickness of tissue. [thr. O. Fr. fr. L. terra, earth]

terra japonica
terra japonica (ter′ra ja-pon′i-ka)

See gambir.

Terrey
Terrey

Mary, 20th century U.S. physician. See Lowe-T.-MacLachlan syndrome.

Terrien
Terrien

Louis-Felix, French surgeon, 1837–1908. See T. valve, T. marginal degeneration.

territoriality
territoriality (ter′i-tor-e-al′i-te)

1. The tendency of individuals or groups to defend a particular domain or sphere of interest or influence. 2. The tendency of an individual animal to define a finite space as its own habitat from which it will fight off trespassing animals of its own species.

Terry
Terry

Theodore L., U.S. ophthalmologist, 1899–1946. See T. syndrome.

Terson
Terson

Albert, French ophthalmologist, 1867–1935. See T. glands, under gland.

tertian
tertian (ter′shan)

Recurring every third day, counting the day of an episode as the first; actually, occurring every 48 hours or every other day. [L. tertianus, fr. tertius, third]
double t. denoting malarial infections with two different sets of organisms producing daily paroxysms. SEE ALSO: quotidian malaria.

tertiarism
tertiarism, tertiarismus (ter′she-a-rizm, -riz′mus)

All the symptoms of the tertiary stage of syphilis taken collectively.

TESD
TESD

Abbreviation for total end-systolic diameter.

Tesla
Tesla

Nikola, Serbian-American electrical engineer, 1856–1943. See t., T. current.

tesla
tesla (T) (tes′la)

In the SI system, the unit of magnetic flux density expressed as kg s^–2 A^–1; equal to 1 Wb/m². [N. T.]

tessellated
tessellated (tes′e-lat-ed)

Made up of small squares; checkered. [L. tessella, a small square stone]

Tessier
Tessier

Paul, 20th century French physician. See T. classification.

test
test

1. To prove; to try a substance; to determine the chemical nature of a substance by means of reagents. 2. A method of examination, as to determine the presence or absence of a definite disease or of some substance in any of the fluids, tissues, or excretions of the body, or to determine the presence or degree of a psychologic or behavioral trait. 3. A reagent used in making a t. 4. See testa (1) . SEE ALSO: assay, reaction, reagent, scale, stain. [L. testum, an earthen vessel]
acetone t. a t. for ketonuria; the suspected urine is shaken up with a few drops of sodium nitroprusside, and strong ammonia water is then gently poured over the mixture; if acetone is present, a magenta ring forms at the line of contact; tablets containing sodium nitroprusside and alkali are now more commonly used.
achievement t. a standardized t. used to measure acquired learning, e.g., competence in a specific subject area such as reading or arithmetic, in contrast to an intelligence t., which is a useful index of potential ability or learning.
acidified serum t. lysis of the patient's red blood cells in acidified fresh serum, specific for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. SYN: Ham t..
acid perfusion t. SYN: Bernstein t..
acid phosphatase t. for semen a screening t. for semen by determining acid phosphatase content; because seminal fluid contains high concentrations of acid phosphatase, while other body fluids and extraneous foreign materials have very low concentrations, high values of acid phosphatase on vaginal aspirate or lavage, or on wash fluid from stains, render positive identification of semen, even if the male is aspermic.
acid reflux t. a t. to detect gastroesophageal reflux by monitoring esophageal pH by an electrode in the distal esophagus either basally or after acid is instilled into the stomach.
acoustic stimulation t. a t. for fetal well-being through use of an acoustic device to stimulate the fetus and cause accelerated fetal heart rate.
ACTH stimulation t. a t. for adrenal cortical function; ACTH administered by continuous intravenous infusion, or intramuscularly, evokes an increase in plasma cortisol in normal persons; in adrenal cortical insufficiency, the expected increase in plasma cortisol is limited or nonexistent.
Addis t. See Addis count.
adhesion t. the diagnostic application of the immune adhesion phenomenon. SYN: erythrocyte adherence t., immune adhesion t., red cell adherence t..
Adler t. SYN: benzidine t..
Adson t. a t. for thoracic outlet syndrome; the patient is seated, with head extended and turned to the side of the lesion; with deep inspiration there is a diminution or total loss of radial pulse on the affected side. Not all patients with a positive Adson t. have thoracic outlet syndrome. SYN: Adson maneuver.
agglutination t. any of a variety of tests that are dependent on the clumping of cells, microorganisms, or particles when mixed with specific antiserum.
Albarran t. a t. for renal insufficiency wherein the drinking of large quantities of water will cause a proportionate increase in the volume of urine if the kidneys are sound, but not if the epithelium of the secreting tubules is damaged. SYN: polyuria t..
alkali denaturation t. a t. for hemoglobin F (Hb F), based on the fact that hemoglobins, with the exception of Hb F, are denatured by alkali to alkaline hematin; the t. is sensitive to 2% or more Hb F.
Allen t. 1. for phenol: upon the addition of 5 or 6 drops of hydrochloric acid and then 1 of nitric acid to the suspected fluid, a red color develops; [A.H. Allen] 2. for strychnine: fluid is extracted with ether, which is then evaporated by means of “drop-by-drop” pipetting into a warmed porcelain dish or crucible; the residue is treated with a small bit of manganese dioxide and dilute sulfuric acid; a red-blue or violet color develops if strychnine is present. [A.H. Allen] 3. a t. for radial or ulnar patency; either the radial or ulnar artery is digitally compressed by the examiner after blood has been forced out of the hand by clenching it into a fist; failure of the blood to diffuse into the hand when opened indicates that the artery not compressed is occluded. [Edgar Van Nuys Allen]
Allen-Doisy t. a t. for estrogenic activity; the material to be investigated is injected repeatedly into immature or spayed rats or mice; the disappearance of leukocytes from the vaginal smear and the appearance of cornified cells constitutes a positive reaction.
Almén t. for blood an obsolete t. in which glacial acetic acid, gum guaiac solution, and hydrogen peroxide are added to an aqueous suspension of the suspected stain; if occult blood or blood pigment is present, a blue color develops. SYN: guaiac t., Schönbein t., van Deen t..
Alpha tests a set of paper and pencil-administered mental tests first used in the United States Army in 1917–1918 to determine the mental ability of literate recruits; the set includes 8 different types of tests: i.e., directions, arithmetical problems, practical judgement, synonyms and antonyms, disarrayed sentences, number series completions, analogies, and information; they are designed especially for testing large groups of individuals simultaneously, and for rapid machine scoring; distinguished from the Army Beta tests, a complementary set for administration to recruits who could not read or write English, in which the instructions are given in signs and the t. material is pictorial. See Beta tests. SYN: Army Alpha tests.
alternate binaural loudness balance t., ABLB t. a t. for recruitment in one ear; the comparison of relative loudness of a series of intensities presented alternately to either ear.
alternate cover t. a t. to detect phoria or strabismus; attention is directed to a small fixation object, and one eye is covered for several seconds; then the cover is moved quickly to the other eye; if the eye moves when it is uncovered, a strabismus or phoria is present. SYN: cover-uncover t..
alternating light t. t. to detect a relative afferent defect in one eye by watching pupillary movements. With the patient fixing in the distance, the light is held on each eye for about a second, and quickly moved to the other eye. Assuming no defect of the innervation to the iris sphincter in one eye (which would produce an anisocoria in light), the eye with the weaker light response has a relative afferent pupillary defect. This asymmetry of pupillomotor input can be estimated by holding neutral density filters in front of the better eye until the pupillary responses of the two eyes are balanced. SYN: swinging light t..
Ames t. a screening t. for possible carcinogens using strains of Salmonella typhimurium that are unable to synthesize histidine; if the t. substance produces mutations that regain the ability to synthesize histidine, the substance is carcinogenic. SYN: Ames assay.
Amsler t. projection of a visual field defect onto an Amsler chart.
Anderson-Collip t. an obsolete procedure for evaluating the thyrotropic activity of an extract of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, as indicated by an increased basal metabolic rate or histologic evidence of stimulation of the thyroid gland in a hypophysectomized rat injected with the t. extract.
Anderson and Goldberger t. an obsolete t. for typhus in which the patient's blood is injected into a guinea pig's peritoneal cavity. In typhus a typical temperature curve will be observed.
anoxemia t. an obsolete t. for coronary insufficiency; the patient breathes a mixture of 10% oxygen and 90% nitrogen; if anginal pain or electrocardiographic abnormalities are induced, the t. is positive. SYN: hypoxemia t..
anterior apprehension t. 1. SYN: shoulder apprehension sign. 2. a t. of shoulder stability; apprehension with abduction and external rotation of the joint suggests anterior instability. SYN: crank t..
antibiotic sensitivity t. the in vitro testing of bacterial cultures with antibiotics to determine susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotic therapy. SEE ALSO: Bauer-Kirby t..
antiglobulin t. SYN: Coombs t..
antihuman globulin t. Coombs t..
antithrombin t. a procedure for estimating the inhibitory effect of a defibrinated specimen of plasma on the action of thrombin in converting fibrinogen to fibrin.
Apt t. a t. for identifying fetal blood by the addition of sodium hydroxide and water to a specimen.
aptitude t. an occupation-oriented intelligence t. used to evaluate a person's abilities, talents, and skills; particularly valuable in vocational counseling.
Army Alpha tests SYN: Alpha tests.
Army Beta tests SYN: Beta tests.
Army General Classification T. a selection screening t. of overall intellectual ability administered to entering army recruits for use in determining qualifications for entry into one of the wide range of positions to which each individual is assigned at the end of basic training.
Ascoli t. a precipitin t. for anthrax using a tissue extract and anthrax antiserum.
ascorbate-cyanide t. a t. for glucose 6-phosphate-deficient red blood cells; blood is incubated with sodium cyanide and ascorbate; the hydrogen peroxide generated is free to oxidize hemoglobin to methemoglobin, since cyanide inhibits catalase; a brown color is produced more rapidly in glucose 6-phosphate-deficient cells.
association t. a word (stimulus word) is spoken to the subject, who is to reply immediately with another word (reaction word) suggested by the first; used as a diagnostic aid in psychiatry and psychology, clues being given by the length of time (association time) between the stimulus and reaction words, and also by the nature of the reaction words.
Astwood t. SYN: metrotrophic t..
atropine t. SYN: Dehio t..
augmented histamine t. SYN: histamine t..
aussage t. a t. of ability to reproduce correctly something that has been seen for a brief interval. [Ger. Aussage, a declaration]
autohemolysis t. when sterile defibrinated blood is incubated at 37°C, normal red blood cells hemolyze slowly; cells with membrane or metabolic defects do so to a greater extent.
Bachman t. a skin t. for trichinosis in which an extract of Trichinella larvae is suspended in saline and injected intradermally. An immediate wheal-and-flare reaction or a delayed response indicates infection.
Bachman-Pettit t. a modification of the Kober t. for the detection of estradiol and similar estrogenic hormones in the urine.
Bagolini t. a t. for retinal correspondence with the subject observing a figure through two striated lenses.
Bárány caloric t. a t. for vestibular function, made by irrigating the external auditory meatus with either hot or cold water; this normally causes stimulation of the vestibular apparatus, resulting in nystagmus and past-pointing; in vestibular disease, the response may be reduced or absent. SYN: caloric t., nystagmus t..
Barlow t. SYN: Barlow maneuver.
Bauer-Kirby t. a standardized t. for microbiologic susceptibility performed by transferring a standardized pure culture of the organism of interest onto a sensitivity plate (Petri dish with Mueller-Hinton agar) and observing growth in the presence of disks containing antibiotics.
BEI t. SYN: butanol-extractable iodine t..
belt t. an obsolete t.: firm upward pressure on the lower part of the abdomen will remove the feeling of discomfort in cases of enteroptosia.
Bender gestalt t. a psychological t. used by neurologists and clinical psychologists to measure a person's ability to visually copy a set of geometric designs; useful for measuring visuospatial and visuomotor coordination to detect brain damage. SYN: Bender Visual Motor Gestalt t..
Bender Visual Motor Gestalt t. SYN: Bender gestalt t..
Benedict t. for glucose a copper-reduction t. for glucose in the urine, which involves thiocyanate in addition to copper sulfate for qualitative or quantitative use.
bentiromide t. a t. of pancreatic exocrine function that does not require duodenal intubation: orally administered bentiromide is cleaved by chymotrypsin within the lumen of the small intestine, releasing p-aminobenzoic acid which is absorbed and excreted in the urine; diminished urinary excretion of p-aminobenzoic acid suggests pancreatic insufficiency.
bentonite flocculation t. an obsolete flocculation t. for rheumatoid arthritis in which sensitized bentonite particles are added to inactivated serum; the t. is positive if half of the particles are clumped while the other half remain in suspension.
benzidine t. a t. for blood; the suspected fluid is treated with glacial acetic acid and ether, and the latter is then decanted and treated with hydrogen peroxide and a solution of benzidine in acetic acid; the presence of blood is indicated by a bluish color turning to purple. SYN: Adler t..
Bernstein t. a t. to establish that substernal pain is due to reflux esophagitis, performed by instillation of a weak hydrochloric acid solution directly into the lower esophagus by means of a tube; symptoms disappear when the acid solution is replaced by normal saline solution. SYN: acid perfusion t..
Berson t. a t. of thyroid clearance of ¹³¹I from the plasma by the thyroid gland.
Beta tests a set of pictorially administered mental tests first used in the United States Army in 1917–1918 to determine the relative mental ability of recruits who were illiterate or deficient in reading and writing English, the instructions being given in signs and the t. material is pictorial in character; distinguished from the Alpha tests, which were administered at the same time to literate recruits. SYN: Army Beta tests.
Betke-Kleihauer t. a slide t. for the presence of fetal red blood cells among those of the mother; hemoglobins other than Hb F are eluted from the red blood cells on an air-dried blood film by a buffer of pH 3.3.
Bettendorff t. a t. for arsenic; after mixing the suspected fluid with hydrochloric acid a solution of stannous chloride is added; when a piece of tin foil is then added, a brown precipitate forms.
Bial t. an obsolete t. for pentose with orcinol. SYN: orcinol t..
bile acid tolerance t. a sensitive t. of hepatic dysfunction; following oral administration of labeled or unlabeled bile acid, the measured fractional disappearance rate or 10-minute retention is measured.
bile esculin t. a biochemical t. used in characterizing group O streptococci, based on the ability of organisms to grow in a medium containing bile and to hydrolyze esculin.
bile solubility t. a procedure that differentiates Streptococcus pneumoniae from other α-hemolytic streptococci by demonstrating its susceptibility to lysis in the presence of bile.
binaural alternate loudness balance t. a t. for recruitment in one ear; the comparison of relative loudness of a series of intensities presented alternately to either ear.
Binet t. SYN: Stanford-Binet intelligence scale.
bithermal caloric t. a t. of vestibular function in which each ear canal is alternately or simultaneously irrigated with water at 7°C above or below body temperature; the nystagmus produced may be monitored for direction, amplitude, speed of the slow component, and duration.
biuret t. a t. for the determination of serum proteins, based on the reaction of an alkaline copper reagent with substances containing two or more peptide bonds to produce a violet-blue color.
blind t. a method of testing in which an independent observer records the results of any t., drug, placebo, or procedure without knowing the identity of the samples or what result might be expected.
block design t. a performance t. using colored blocks which the individual must use to match pictured designs; one of the subtests of the Wechsler intelligence scales.
Bonney t. SYN: Marshall t..
breath t. any diagnostic t. in which endogenous or exogenous materials are measured in samples of breath as a means of identifying pathologic processes; examples include hydrogen breath testing for lactose intolerance or urea breath testing to detect gastric colonization with Helicobacter pylori. SYN: breath analysis.
breath-holding t. a rough index of cardiopulmonary reserve measured by the length of time that a subject can voluntarily stop breathing; normal duration is 30 sec or more; diminished cardiac or pulmonary reserve is indicated by a duration of 20 sec or less.
Brigg t. a t. using the reduction of molybdate to follow the excretion of homogentisic acid.
bromphenol t. a colorimetric t. for measurement of protein, albumin, and globulin in the urine by use of reagent strips.
bromsulphalein t. obsolete t. for liver function (hepatic excretory capacity) in which a known amount of dye, usually 5 mg/kg of body weight, is injected intravenously; subsequently (usually after 45 minutes elapsed time), the amount of dye remaining in the serum is measured; a concentration of 0.4 mg or less of bromsulphalein per 100 ml of serum or less than 4% of the injected dye is considered normal; bromsulphalein retention may follow decreased hepatic blood flow or biliary obstruction as well as hepatic cell damage. SYN: BSP t..
BSP t. SYN: bromsulphalein t..
butanol-extractable iodine t. an obsolete t. for thyroid function, applicable in patients who have received large amounts of iodine or iodized products. SYN: BEI t..
California psychological inventory t. a personality inventory, used with normal persons, in which emphasis is upon social interaction variables.
Calmette t. conjunctival reaction to tuberculin.
caloric t. SYN: Bárány caloric t..
CAMP t. a t. to identify Group B β-streptococci based on their formation of a substance (CAMP factor) that enlarges the area of hemolysis formed by streptococcal β-hemolysin. [Christie, Atkins, and Munch-Petersen, developers of the t.]
cancer antigen 125 t. (CA125) t. for cell-surface antigen found on derivatives of coelomic epithelium. Elevated levels of this antigen are associated with ovarian malignancy and benign pelvic disease such as endometriosis.
capillary fragility t. a tourniquet t. used to determine the presence of vitamin C deficiency or thrombocytopenia; a circle 2.5 cm in diameter, the upper edge of which is 4 cm below the crease of the elbow, is drawn on the inner aspect of the forearm, pressure midway between the systolic and diastolic blood pressure is applied above the elbow for 15 minutes, and a count of petechiae within the circle is made: 10, normal; 10–20, marginal; more than 20, abnormal. SYN: capillary resistance t., Rumpel-Leede sign, Rumpel-Leede t., vitamin C t..
capillary resistance t. SYN: capillary fragility t..
carbohydrate utilization t. a t. for the definitive identification of clinically important yeasts and yeastlike organisms.
carotid sinus t. stimulation of one carotid sinus (never both) to produce reflex effects that may slow the heart, reduce the systolic blood pressure or both for diagnostic or, in the case of certain arrhythmias, therapeutic purposes.
Carr-Price t. a quantitative t. for vitamin A based on the reaction with antimony trichloride in chloroform.
Casoni intradermal t. a t. for hydatid disease in which hydatid fluid is injected intracutaneously; immediate or delayed wheal-and-flare reaction is positive. SYN: Casoni skin t..
Casoni skin t. SYN: Casoni intradermal t..
CF t. SYN: complement fixation.
Chick-Martin t. a method of testing the in vitro efficiency of a bactericidal agent; a standard culture of Salmonella typhi which has been added to a fixed amount of sterilized feces or yeast is tested for a fixed period (30 minutes), against various concentrations of phenol solution and various concentrations of the disinfectant; the result is expressed as a ratio: the phenol coefficient, which is the highest dilution of the disinfectant under t. at which the bacteria are killed, divided by the highest dilution of phenol which sterilizes the solution in the same length of time.
chi-square t. a statistical method of assessing the significance of a difference, as when the data from two or more samples, such as the numbers of females and males attending each of two colleges, are represented by a discrete number. SYN: χ² t..
cis/trans t. a t. on the relative configuration on expression of two mutations.
Clauberg t. a t. for progestational activity; immature rabbits are treated with 8 daily injections of estrogen and then given 5 daily injections of the t. substance; the amount required to produce definite progestational changes in the endometrium is taken as the unit; it is equivalent to 0.75 mg of progesterone.
clomiphene t. a t. of pituitary gonadotropin reserve using clomiphene.
clonidine growth hormone stimulation t. administration of the α-2 adrenoreceptor agonist clonidine fails to raise growth hormone levels in patients with multiple system atrophy; levels in normal patients increase.
coccidioidin t. an intracutaneous t. for determining the presence of infection with the fungus Coccidioides immitis; a reaction of delayed hypersensitivity indicates a positive t. and is interpreted as meaning past or present infection with the fungus.
coin t. SYN: bellmetal resonance.
cold bend t. a t. of the ability of a wire to be shaped; performed by counting the number of times a wire can be bent to a right angle and reversed at the same point before breaking; important in establishing specifications for orthodontic wires.
cold pressor t. a cardiocirculatory challenge conventionally performed by immersing one hand in ice-cold water for two or more minutes (as tolerated) to acutely raise the blood pressure, thus imposing resistance to ejection of blood from the left ventricle into the systemic arterial system and consequently acutely increased afterload (afterload = increased left ventricular wall stress). SYN: Hines-Brown t..
colloidal gold t. See Lange t..
colorimetric caries susceptibility t. SYN: Snyder t..
complement-fixation t. an immunologic t. for determining the presence of a particular antigen or antibody when one of the two is known to be present, based on the fact that complement is “fixed” in the presence of antigen and its specific antibody. SEE ALSO: Bordet-Gengou phenomenon.
contraction stress t. SYN: oxytocin challenge t..
Coombs t. a t. for antibodies, the so-called anti–human globulin t. using either the direct or indirect Coombs tests. SYN: antiglobulin t..
Corner-Allen t. a t. for progestational activity; adult female rabbits are mated during estrus and spayed 18 hours later; the t. substance is injected subcutaneously on 5 successive days; the minimal amount required to produce complete progestational proliferation of the endometrium is taken as a unit, equivalent to 1.25 mg of progesterone.
cover t. a t. used for objective demonstration of ocular deviation in strabismus; may be performed by two methods: the cover-uncover t. and the alternate cover t..
cover-uncover t. SYN: alternate cover t..
CO₂-withdrawal seizure t. utilization of hyperventilation to demonstrate abnormalities in the brain waves or even to precipitate a convulsion.
Crampton t. a t. for physical condition and resistance; a record is made of the pulse and the blood pressure in the recumbent and standing positions, and the difference is graded from the theoretical perfection of 100 (seldom attained) downward (a reading of 75 is considered excellent, 65 poor); high values indicate a good physical resistance but low ones indicate a nonconditioned state.
tests of criminal responsibility in forensic psychiatry, legal precedents upon which are based decisions concerning insanity in criminals. SEE ALSO: American Law Institute rule, Durham rule, M'Naghten rule, New Hampshire rule.
cutaneous t. SYN: skin t..
cutaneous tuberculin t. tuberculin t..
cyanide-nitroprusside t. a qualitative t. for diagnosis of cystinuria; the addition of fresh sodium cyanide formed by sodium nitroprusside to a sample of urine gives rise to a stable red-purple color in the presence of cystine.
cytotropic antibody t. a rosette t. for macrophage cytotropic antibody: monolayers of macrophages are exposed first to antibody cytotropic for macrophages, then to the antigen (for which the antibody is specific), and indicator sheep erythrocytes; if the antibody is specific for sheep erythrocytes, the latter will form a rosette around the macrophages directly, but if not, and the antigen is soluble, the antigen must be coupled to the sheep erythrocytes by an agent such as bis-diazotized benzidine.
DA pregnancy t. direct agglutination latex t. for pregnancy. See immunologic pregnancy t..
Day t. a t. for blood by the addition of the suspected fluid or the washing of a suspected stain with tincture of guaiac and then hydrogen peroxide; the presence of blood results in a blue color.
D-dimer t. t. that detects the cross-linked fibrin degradation fragment, D-dimer. Elevations in this fragment are seen in primary and secondary fibrinolysis; during thrombolytic or defibrination therapy with tissue plasminogen activator; as a result of thrombotic disease, such as deep-vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism or DIC; in vasoocclusive crisis of sickle cell anemia; in malignancies; and in surgery.
Dehio t. if an injection of atropine relieves bradycardia, the condition is due to action of the vagus; if it does not, the condition may be due to an affection of the heart itself. SYN: atropine t..
dehydrocholate t. a method of determining the speed of the blood circulation; a solution of sodium dehydrocholate is injected intravenously, and the time that elapses before a bitter taste is noted in the mouth is recorded; the average of this time is normally about 13 sec.
Denver Developmental Screening T. a scale used by psychologists and pediatricians to assess the developmental, intellectual, motor, and social maturity of children at any age level from birth to adolescence.
dexamethasone suppression t. a t. for the detection and diagnosis of Cushing syndrome; following administration of 1.0 mg of dexamethasone at 11 p.m., normal persons suppress plasma cortisol to low levels; patients with Cushing syndrome do not. Higher dose regimens distinguish between Cushing syndrome due to tumor and due to hyperplasia.
Dick t. an intracutaneous t. of susceptibility to the erythrogenic toxin of Streptococcus pyogenes responsible for the rash and other manifestations of scarlet fever. SYN: Dick method.
differential renal function t. SYN: differential ureteral catheterization t..
differential ureteral catheterization t. a study performed to determine various functional parameters of one kidney compared to the contralateral kidney; ureteral catheters are inserted at cystoscopy into the ureter or renal pelvis bilaterally, and simultaneous measurements are made of urine flow rate, insulin, or PAH (if infused), endogenous creatinine, or various urinary solutes. SYN: differential renal function t., split renal function t..
dinitrophenylhydrazine t. a screening t. for maple syrup urine disease; the addition of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine in HCl to urine gives a chalky white precipitate in the presence of ketoacids.
direct Coombs t. a t. for detecting sensitized erythrocytes in erythroblastosis fetalis and in cases of acquired immune hemolytic anemia: the patient's erythrocytes are washed with saline to remove serum and unattached antibody protein, then incubated with Coombs anti-human globulin (usually serum from a rabbit or goat previously immunized with human globulin); after incubation, the system is centrifuged and examined for agglutination, which indicates the presence of so-called incomplete or univalent antibodies on the surface of the erythrocytes.
direct fluorescent antibody t. fluorescent antibody technique.
discontinuation t. a t. to determine whether a certain drug is responsible for a reaction by observation of a remission of symptoms following cessation of its use.
Doerfler-Stewart t. examination of the patient's ability to respond to spondee words in the presence of a masking noise of the saw-tooth type; used especially in differentiating between functional and organic hearing loss. SYN: D-S t..
double (gel) diffusion precipitin t. in one dimension gel diffusion precipitin tests in one dimension.
double (gel) diffusion precipitin t. in two dimensions gel diffusion precipitin tests in two dimensions.
Dragendorff t. an obsolete qualitative t. for bile; a play of colors is produced by adding a drop of nitric acid to white filter paper or unglazed porcelain, moistened with a fluid containing bile pigments. The t. is essentially the same as Gmelin t. for bile in urine.
drawer t. SYN: drawer sign.
D-S t. SYN: Doerfler-Stewart t..
Ducrey t. an intradermal t., using inactivated Haemophilus ducreyi, for diagnosis of chancroid; a positive delayed reaction is indicative of present or past infection; false-positive results.
Duke bleeding time t. a bleeding time t. in which an incision is made in the earlobe and the time until bleeding stops is measured.
dye disappearance t. SYN: fluorescein instillation t..
dye exclusion t. a t. to determine cell viability in which a dilute solution of certain dyes ( e.g., trypan blue, eosin Y, nigrosin, Alcian blue) is mixed with a suspension of live cells; cells that exclude dye are considered to be alive while cells that stain are considered dead; it is not always an accurate t. because it indicates only the structural integrity of the cell membrane.
Ebbinghaus t. a psychological t. in which the patient is asked to complete certain sentences from which several words have been left out.
Ellsworth-Howard t. measurement of serum and urinary phosphorus after intravenous administration of parathyroid extract; used in the diagnosis of pseudohypoparathyroidism.
E-rosette t. a t. to identify T lymphocytes by mixing purified blood lymphocytes with serum and sheep erythrocytes; rosettes of erythrocytes form around human T lymphocytes on incubation.
erythrocyte adherence t. SYN: adhesion t..
erythrocyte fragility t. SYN: fragility t..
exercise t. any t. using exercise to determine the patient's solidus responses and/or physical condition.
Farnsworth-Munsell color t. a t. for color perception; the task is to arrange 84 color disks (in four separate racks of 20–22 disks) in a sequence with minimal separation of hue between adjacent disks.
fern t. 1. a t. for estrogenic activity; cervical mucus smears form a fern pattern at those times when estrogen secretion is elevated, as at the time of ovulation; similar changes have been reported to occur in saliva; 2. a t. to detect ruptured amniotic membranes.
ferric chloride t. a qualitative t. for the detection of phenylketonuria; the addition of ferric chloride to urine gives rise to a blue-green color in the presence of phenylketonuria.
Finckh t. a psychological t. in which the patient is asked to explain certain proverbial expressions, such as “burn the candle at both ends,” “the early bird catches the worm,” etc.
finger-nose t. a t. of upper limb coordination and position sense; the subject is asked to slowly touch the tip of his or her nose with an extended index finger; assesses cerebellar function.
finger-to-finger t. a t. for coordination and position sense of the upper limbs; the subject is asked to approximate the ends of the index fingers; assesses cerebellar function.
Finkelstein t. t. to detect de Quervain tenosynovitis in which the thumb is flexed into the palm and is covered by the remaining four digits; the wrist is then bent toward the ulna; positive result of t. produces pain and crepitus along the path of the involved tendon.
Fishberg concentration t. a t. of renal water conservation; after overnight fluid deprivation, morning urine samples are collected and specific gravity is measured.
Fisher exact t. the t. for association in a two-by-two table that is based on the exact distribution of the frequencies within the table.
fistula t. compression or rarefaction of the air in the external auditory canal excites nystagmus when there is an erosion of the otic capsule, so long as the labyrinth is still capable of functioning.
FIT t. SYN: fusion-inferred threshold t..
Fleitmann t. an obsolete t. for arsenic; hydrogen is generated in a t. tube containing the suspected fluid; the fluid is heated and a piece of filter paper moistened with silver nitrate solution is held over the top; if arsenic is present, the moistened paper is blackened.
flocculation t. flocculation reaction.
fluorescein instillation t. a t. for patency of the lacrimal system; fluorescein instilled in the conjunctival sac can be recovered from the inferior nasal meatus. SYN: dye disappearance t., Jones t..
fluorescein string t. an infrequently used t. in which a patient with gastrointestinal bleeding swallows a string; fluorescein is given intravenously; if the string fluoresces after removal, it has been contaminated by blood that has appeared since injection of the fluorescein; used to determine location of bleeding lesion.
fluorescent antinuclear antibody t., FANA t. a t. for antinuclear antibody components; used, in particular, for the diagnosis of collagen-vascular diseases.
fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption t. a sensitive and specific serologic t. for syphilis using a suspension of the Nichols strain of Treponema pallidum as antigen; the presence or absence of antibody in the patient's serum is indicated by an indirect fluorescent antibody technique. SYN: FTA-ABS t..
foam stability t. a t. for fetal pulmonary maturity, determined by the ability of pulmonary surfactant in amniotic fluid to generate stable foam in the presence of ethanol after mechanical agitation. SYN: shake t..
Folin t. 1. a quantitative t. for uric acid by means of the color produced with phosphotungstic acid and a base; 2. a quantitative t. for urea; the urea is decomposed by boiling with magnesium chloride, and the freed ammonia is measured.
Folin-Looney t. an obsolete t. for tyrosine that gives a blue color in alkaline solution with a reagent consisting of sodium tungstate, phosphomolybdic acid, and phosphoric acid.
formol-gel t. a t. to detect the greatly increased serum proteins in visceral leishmaniasis; one drop of full-strength formalin is added to 1 mL of serum, with rapid and complete coagulation indicating the positive reaction.
Fosdick-Hansen-Epple t. a t. for determining dental caries activity based on a solution of powdered human enamel in a saliva-glucose-enamel mixture.
Foshay t. an intradermal t. for cat-scratch disease or tularemia, using material prepared from suppurative lymph nodes of persons known to have had the disease (not commercially available).
fragility t. a t. that measures the resistance of erythrocytes to hemolysis in hypotonic saline solutions; erythrocytes to be tested are added to varying concentrations of saline (usually ranging from 0.85–0.10% sodium chloride with 0.05% increments), and beginning and complete hemolysis are measured; normal erythrocytes show initial hemolysis at concentrations of 0.45–0.39% and complete hemolysis at 0.33–0.30%; in hereditary spherocytosis, the fragility of the erythrocytes is markedly increased, whereas in thalassemia, sickle cell anemia, and obstructive jaundice the fragility of the erythrocytes is usually reduced. SYN: erythrocyte fragility t..
Frei t. an intracutaneous diagnostic t. for lymphogranuloma venereum: the Frei antigen is usually a sterile preparation of inactivated chlamydiae from domestic fowl; a positive delayed type reaction is not diagnostically specific for lymphogranuloma venereum and is rarely used. SYN: Frei-Hoffmann reaction.
FTA-ABS t. SYN: fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption t..
fusion-inferred threshold t. employment of the phenomenon of cerebral fusion of binaural sounds to substitute for conventional masking in hearing testing. SYN: FIT t..
Gaddum and Schild t. a sensitive method for identification of epinephrine in tissue or other material, based on the fluorescence of epinephrine exposed to ultraviolet light in the presence of alkali and oxygen; sensitivity ranges from 1:50 to 1:100 million.
galactose tolerance t. a liver function t., based on the ability of the liver to convert galactose to glycogen, measured by the rate of excretion of galactose following ingestion or intravenous injection of a known amount; normally, less than 3 g appear in the urine within 5 hours after the ingestion of 40 g.
gel diffusion precipitin tests precipitin tests in which the immune precipitate forms in a gel medium (usually agar) into which one or both reactants have diffused; generally classified in two types, in one dimension and in two dimensions. SYN: gel diffusion reactions.
gel diffusion precipitin tests in one dimension precipitin tests in which antigen solution and antibody incorporated in agar are layered in tubes, permitting effective diffusion in the vertical dimension; the antibody-containing agar may be overlaid directly with antigen solution (single (gel) diffusion in one dimension).
gel diffusion precipitin tests in two dimensions precipitin tests made in a layer of agar that permits radial diffusion, in both of the horizontal dimensions, of one or both reactants. Double (gel) diffusionin two dimensions (Ouchterlony t., technique, or method) incorporates antigen and antibody solutions placed in separate wells in a sheet of plain agar, permitting radial diffusion of both reactants; this method is widely used to determine antigenic relationships; the bands of precipitate that form where the reactants meet in optimal concentration are of three patterns, referred to as reaction of identity, reaction of partial identity (cross-reaction), and reaction of nonidentity.
Gellé t. a vibrating tuning fork is applied over the mastoid process; if it is heard, the air in the external auditory canal is compressed, by means of a rubber tube inserted into the canal and a hand bulb, thereby fixing the stapes in the oval window, and the sound ceases to be heard, but is again perceived if the air pressure is removed; a t. of the mobility of the ossicles.
Gerhardt t. for acetoacetic acid in fresh urine a red color develops upon addition of FeCl₃; no color develops if the urine has first been boiled; this t. has low specificity and sensitivity. SYN: Gerhardt reaction.
Gerhardt t. for urobilin in the urine the urobilin is extracted with chloroform and then treated with iodine and potassium hydrate, a fluorescent green color being produced.
germ tube t. a t. for the identification of Candida albicans; after a 3-hour incubation in serum, an inoculum of Candida develops tubelike appendages.
glucose oxidase paper strip t. a qualitative t. for glucose in the urine, in which glucose is oxidized to gluconic acid by glucose oxidase; a specific t., unless ascorbic acid is present.
glucose tolerance t. a t. for diabetes, or for hypoglycemic states such as may be seen rarely in patients with insulinomas. Following ingestion of 75 g of glucose while the patient is fasting, the blood sugar promptly rises and then falls to normal within 2 hours; in diabetics, the increase is greater and the return to normal unusually prolonged; in hypoglycemic patients, depressed glucose levels may be observed in 3-, 4-, or 5-hour measurements.
glycerol dehydration t. transient hearing improvement in some persons with Ménière disease after an oral glycerol dose resulting in an osmotic diuresis.
Gmelin t. an obsolete t. for bile in the urine or other body fluid; nitric acid, with a little nitrous acid, is carefully added to a few milliliters of the material to be tested; if bile (bilirubin) is present, it is oxidized to varying degrees, thereby resulting in disklike zones that are (from the interface outward) yellow, red, violet, blue, and green; development of green and violet layers is essential to the validity of the t.. SYN: Rosenbach-Gmelin t..
Gofman t. a t. for various serum lipoproteins that contain cholesterol, as an index of the tendency to the development of atheromatous lesions and arteriosclerosis; the t. is based on the differential flotation of molecules of various sizes when the serum is treated in an ultracentrifuge.
Goldscheider t. determination of the temperature sense by touching the skin with a sharp-pointed metallic rod heated to varying degrees.
gold sol t. SYN: Lange t..
Goodenough draw-a-man t. a brief t. for assessing an individual's level of intelligence based on how accurately drawn and how many elements are included when a child or adult is given a pencil and sheet of white paper and asked to draw a man, the best man he or she is able to draw. Also called the Goodenough draw-a-person t. and, in its current form, the Goodenough-Harris drawing t..
goodness of fit t. a statistical t. of the hypothesis that data have been randomly sampled or generated from a population that follows a particular theoretical distribution.
Göthlin t. a capillary fragility t. to determine the presence or absence of scurvy.
Graham-Cole t. SYN: cholecystography.
group t. in psychology, a t. designed to be administered to more than one individual at a time; e.g., scholastic achievement t., medical college admissions t..
guaiac t. SYN: Almén t. for blood.
Günzberg t. a t. for hydrochloric acid utilizing phloroglucin vanillin (Günzberg reagent), with which a bright red color is produced in the presence of the acid.
Guthrie t. bacterial inhibition assay for direct measurement of serum phenylalanine; in widespread use for detection of phenylketonuria in the newborn.
Gutzeit t. an obsolete t. for arsenic; a piece of zinc and a little sulfuric acid are added to the suspected liquid which is then boiled; a bit of filter paper with a silver nitrate solution is held in the vapor and will turn yellow if arsenic is present.
Ham t. SYN: acidified serum t..
Hardy-Rand-Ritter t. a t. for color vision deficiency using pseudoisochromatic cards.
Harrington-Flocks t. a rapid screening t. for visual field defects; patterns are viewed tachistoscopically, and the patterns are visible only when illuminated by a flash of ultraviolet light.
Harris t. SYN: Harris and Ray t..
Harris and Ray t. an obsolete t. for vitamin C in the urine; a microtitration t. of the urine against a known amount of 0.05% aqueous solution of the dye 2,6-dichloroindophenol in 10% acetic acid (usually 0.05 mL of dye is used, roughly equivalent to 0.025 mg of ascorbic acid). SYN: Harris t..
head-dropping t. a t. used in the diagnosis of disease of the extrapyramidal or striatal system ( e.g., parkinsonism, Wilson disease); with the patient supine and relaxed with attention diverted, the examiner briskly lifts the patient's head with the right hand and then allows it to drop upon the palm of the examiner's left hand; the head of a normal person drops suddenly like a dead weight; in striatal disease the head falls slowly, gently, and almost hesitantly.
heat coagulation t. a t. for measurement of protein in urine; albumin and globulin are coagulated by heat at an acid pH, and the amount of turbidity present provides a qualitative estimation of the degree of proteinuria.
heat instability t. a t. for the presence of unstable hemoglobins; fresh red blood cells lysed in distilled water develop a precipitate within 1 hour at 50°C if unstable hemoglobin is present.
heel-tap t. heel tap.
heel-to-knee-to-toe t. SYN: heel-to-shin t..
heel-to-shin t. a t. of lower limb coordination and position sense; the subject places the heel of one foot on the opposite knee and then slides it distally along the shin to the opposite ankle. SYN: heel-to-knee-to-toe t..
Heinz body t. a t. for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient red blood cells; an oxidant (acetylphenylhydrazine) is added to blood; after incubation at 37°C, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient samples exhibit more than 30% Heinz bodies.
hemadsorption virus t. a method for detecting hemagglutinating viruses that is based on adherence of erythrocytes to infected cells.
hemagglutination t. a sensitive t. to measure certain antigens, antibodies, or viruses, using their ability to agglutinate certain erythrocytes.
Hemoccult t. trade name for a qualitative t. for occult blood in stool based on detecting the peroxidase activity of hemoglobin; a t. kit can be used at home and the specimens (usually 3 collected on sequential days) mailed to a laboratory for evaluation.
Hering t. a t. of binocular vision; the subject looks through an apparatus having at its far end a thread near which a small sphere is dropped; with binocular vision the observer recognizes the location of the sphere in front of or behind the thread; with monocular vision this is not possible.
Hershberg t. a t. for anabolic steroids in which castrated male rats are treated with the substance being tested.
Hines-Brown t. SYN: cold pressor t..
Hinton t. a formerly widely used precipitin (flocculation) t. for syphilis in which the “antigen” consisted of glycerol, cholesterol, and beef heart extract.
Hirschberg t. a t. of binocular motor alignment by which a penlight is shone at the eyes and the position of the light reflex on the cornea observed, allowing an estimate of the amount of deviation, if present.
Histalog t. a t. for measurement of maximal production of gastric acidity or anacidity; it is similar to the histamine t., but uses Histalog (betazole hydrochloride), an analog of histamine. SYN: maximal Histalog t..
histamine t. a t. for maximal production of gastric acidity or anacidity; after preliminary administration of an antihistamine, histamine acid phosphate is injected subcutaneously in a dose of 0.04 mg/kg of body weight, followed by analysis of gastric contents. SEE ALSO: Histalog t.. SYN: augmented histamine t..
histoplasmin-latex t. a passive agglutination t. for histoplasmosis; latex particles, sensitized with antigen extracted from Histoplasma capsulatum, are used in a flocculation reaction with the patient's serum.
Hollander t. SYN: insulin hypoglycemia t..
Holmgren wool t. a t. for color blindness, in which the subject matches variously colored skeins of wool.
homovanillic acid t. a t. for homovanillic acid based upon the fact that dopamine is present in sympathetic nervous tissue as precursor of norepinephrine; since norepinephrine has a metabolic pathway which yields homovanillic acid, tumors such as neuroblastomas and ganglioneuromas may cause elevations of urinary dopamine and homovanillic acid. SYN: HVA t..
Howard t. an obsolete t. in which a differential ureteral catheterization is performed by the insertion of bilateral ureteral catheters to measure simultaneous urinary volume and sodium concentration in patients with suspected renovascular hypertension.
Huhner t. SYN: postcoital t..
HVA t. SYN: homovanillic acid t..
17-hydroxycorticosteroid t. a t., dependent on the Porter-Silber reaction, that is used as a measure of adrenocortical function and is performed on urine. Low values are seen in Addison disease and hypopituitarism; high values are seen in Cushing syndrome and extreme stress. SYN: 17-OH-corticoids t., Porter-Silber chromogens t..
hyperventilation t. producing respiratory alkalosis by overbreathing to 1) produce clinical abnormalities, e.g., tetany seizures; 2) cause EEG abnormalities; 3) cause EMG abnormalities.
hypoxemia t. SYN: anoxemia t..
immune adhesion t. SYN: adhesion t..
immunologic pregnancy t. a general term for tests for detection of increased human chorionic gonadotropin in plasma or urine by immunologic techniques including latex particle agglutination, hemagglutination inhibition, radioimmunoassay, radioreceptor assays, and enzyme immunoassays.
impingement t. diagnostic t. in which local anesthetic is injected into the subacromial space of a patient with impingement signs; relief of pain following the injection during provocative maneuvers is helpful in confirming the subacromial space as the source of the symptoms.
indirect t. Prausnitz-Küstner reaction.
indirect Coombs t. a t. routinely performed in cross-matching blood or in the investigation of transfusion reaction: t. for patient's serum is incubated with a suspension of donor erythrocytes; if specific antibodies are present, they become attached to the antigen in the donor cells; after a washing with saline, Coombs antihuman globulin is added; agglutination at this point indicates that antibodies present in the original t. serum had indeed become attached to donor erythrocytes.
indirect fluorescent antibody t. fluorescent antibody technique.
indirect hemagglutination t. SYN: passive hemagglutination.
indole t. a t. used to identify members of the Enterobacteriaceae family and other Gram-negative bacilli, based on the ability of the organisms to produce indole from tryptophan.
inkblot t. SYN: Rorschach t..
insulin hypoglycemia t. an infrequently used t. to determine the completeness of vagotomy; after the surgery, insulin is administered to cause hypoglycemia; if vagotomy is complete, the acid output from the stomach following administration of insulin is substantially less than that before insulin administration; if the level is unchanged, incomplete vagotomy is likely. Complications of hypoglycemia are such that the t. largely has been abandoned. SYN: Hollander t..
intelligence t. a t., using well-researched items and involving a systematic method of administration and scoring, used to assess an individual's general aptitude or level of potential competence, in contrast to an achievement t..
intradermal t. SYN: skin t..
iodine t. a t. for detecting the presence of starch based on its reaction with iodine.
Ishihara t. a t. for color vision deficiency that utilizes a series of pseudoisochromatic plates on which numbers or letters are printed in dots of primary colors surrounded by dots of other colors; the figures are discernible by individuals with normal color vision.
isopropanol precipitation t. a t. using the principle that the internal bonds of hemoglobin are weakened by nonpolar solvents; thus, unstable hemoglobins will precipitate more rapidly than other hemoglobins in isopropanol.
¹³¹I uptake t. a t. of thyroid function in which ¹³¹I-iodide is given orally; after 24 hours, the amount present in the thyroid gland is measured and compared with normal values. SYN: radioactive iodide uptake t., RAI t..
Ivy bleeding time t. a bleeding time t. in which a sphygmomanometer is inflated to 40 mm Hg around the upper arm, a 5-mm deep incision is made on the flexor surface of the forearm, and the time is measured to cessation of bleeding.
Jacquemin t. a t. for phenol; to the suspected fluid an equal amount of aniline is added, and, after thorough admixture, a little solution of sodium hypochlorite; if phenol is present the fluid becomes blue.
Jaffe t. 1. a quantitative t. for creatinine based on its reaction with alkaline picrate; 2. a qualitative t. for the presence of indicanuria; after an equal amount of HCl is added to the urine, the further addition of chloroform and CaCl₂ gives rise to blue or purple chloroform droplets that sink to the bottom if indican is present.
Janet t. a t. for functional or organic anesthesia; the patient (with eyes closed) is told to say “yes” or “no” on feeling (or not) the touch of the examiner's finger; in the case of functional anesthesia the patient may say “no” when an anesthetic area is touched, but will say nothing, being unaware that he is touched, in cases of organic anesthesia.
Jolles t. a t. for bile; a precipitate is obtained by agitation with chloroform, a solution of barium chloride, and hydrochloric acid; the precipitate is removed, and the addition of a drop or two of sulfuric acid will produce a play of color if bile pigments are present.
Jones t. SYN: fluorescein instillation t..
Jones I t. SYN: primary dye t..
Jones II t. SYN: secondary dye t..
Katayama t. a qualitative colorimetric t. for the presence of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood.
ketogenic corticoids t. SYN: 17-ketogenic steroid assay t..
17-ketogenic steroid assay t. a colorimetric t., based on the Zimmermann reaction, which indicates metabolites or adrenal and testicular steroids excreted as 17-ketones in the urine; increased values are most striking in adrenocortical tumors, decreased values in Addison disease or in panhypopituitarism. SYN: ketogenic corticoids t..
Knoop hardness t. Knoop hardness number.
Kober t. a t. for naturally occurring estrogens, based upon the production of a pink color (absorption maximum: 520 μm) when an estrogen is heated in a mixture of phenol and sulfuric acid.
Kolmer t. a former standard quantitative method for the Wassermann t., with numerous modifications (especially as to antigen).
Korotkoff t. a t. of collateral circulation; while the artery above an aneurysm is compressed, the blood pressure in the distal circulation is estimated; if it is fairly high, the collateral circulation is good.
Krimsky t. a t. of binocular motor alignment by which a penlight is shone at the eyes and the position of the light reflex centered with a prism, thus indicating the amount of deviation.
Kurzrok-Ratner t. a t. for estrogens in the urine; the urine is extracted with ethyl acetate and, after purification, the extract is subjected to bioassay as in the Allen-Doisy t..
Kveim t. an intradermal t. for the detection of sarcoidosis, done by injecting Kveim antigen (obtained from spleens of persons with sarcoidosis) and examining skin biopsies after 3 and 6 weeks; a positive t. is indicated by typical nodules showing evidence of sarcoid tissue. SYN: Kveim-Siltzbach t., Nickerson-Kveim t..
Kveim-Siltzbach t. SYN: Kveim t..
Lachman t. a maneuver to detect deficiency of the anterior cruciate ligament; with the knee flexed 20–30°, the tibia is displaced anteriorly relative to the femur; a soft endpoint or greater than 4 mm of displacement is positive (abnormal).
Lancaster red green t. t. to measure ocular deviations in various fields of gaze in adult patients with acquired strabismus and diplopia by placing a red filter over the right eye and a green filter over the left eye followed by alignment by the patient of a red or green light with light of opposite color projected by the examiner.
Landsteiner-Donath t. Donath-Landsteiner phenomenon.
Lange t. an obsolete, nonspecific t. for altered proteins in spinal fluid. As originally used by Lange in 1912, the t. was thought to be specific for neurosyphilis; however, this proved to be incorrect. Dilutions of spinal fluid are made in saline and to these a colloidal gold solution is added; if altered proteins are present, there is a color change or precipitate formed. SYN: gold sol t., Zsigmondy t..
latex agglutination t. a passive agglutination t. in which antigen is adsorbed onto latex particles which then clump in the presence of antibody specific for the adsorbed antigen. SYN: latex fixation t..
latex fixation t. SYN: latex agglutination t..
LE cell t. in vitro incubation of blood or bone marrow of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, or action of their serum on normal leukocytes, causes formation of characteristic LE cells. SYN: lupus erythematosus cell t..
Legal t. a t. for acetone; the urine is rendered alkaline by a few drops of a solution of potassium hydroxide, and to this are added 2 or 3 drops of a freshly prepared 10% solution of sodium nitroprusside; it is colored red, then yellow; then a few drops of acetic acid are trickled down the side of the t. tube and at the line of junction of the two fluids is formed a carmine or purple ring.
leishmanin t. a delayed hypersensitivity t. for cutaneous leishmaniasis; a positive t. when granulomatous induration exceeds 5 min after 2–3 days at the intradermal injection site of a suspension of leishmanias in phenol. SYN: Montenegro t.. [leishmania + suffix -in, component, derivative]
lepromin t. a t. utilizing an intradermal injection of a lepromin, such as the Dharmendra antigen or Mitsuda antigen, to classify the stage of leprosy based on the lepromin reaction, such as the Fernandez reaction or Mitsuda reaction; it differentiates tuberculoid leprosy, in which there is a positive delayed reaction at the injection site, from lepromatous leprosy, in which there is no reaction ( i.e., a negative t. result) despite the active malignant Mycobacterium leprae infection; the t. is not diagnostic, since normal uninfected persons may react.
leukocyte adherence assay t. a t. to detect the ability of leukocytes to adhere to bacteria, performed in vitro using nylon fibers to measure adherence.
leukocyte bactericidal assay t. a t. of leukocytes to determine their ability to kill a culture of live bacteria.
Liebermann-Burchard t. a colorimetric t. for unsaturated sterols, notably cholesterol; a blue-green color develops when such substances are added to acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid in chloroform.
limulus lysate t. a t. for the rapid detection of Gram-negative bacterial meningitis; Gram-negative endotoxin induces gel formation of Limulus polyphemus (horseshoe crab) lysates.
line t. a t. for rickets, based on observation of the lines of calcification in the growing ends of rachitic long bones in rats given vitamin D preparations under standard t. conditions; used in biological assay of vitamin D by the USP.
lipase t. a diagnostic t. based on the measurement of lipase in blood and urine as an indicator of pancreatic disease.
Lombard voice-reflex t. the observation of fluctuations in the intensity of a patient's voice when a masking noise is increased or decreased; a t. useful in assessing functional hearing loss.
Lücke t. a t. for hippuric acid; hot nitric acid is added to the urine and evaporated to dryness; the presence of hippuric acid is indicated by an odor of nitrobenzol upon further heating.
lupus band t. a direct immunofluorescent technique for demonstrating a band of immunoglobulins at the dermal-epidermal junction of the skin of patients with lupus erythematosus.
lupus erythematosus cell t. SYN: LE cell t..
Machado-Guerreiro t. a complement-fixation t. for infection with Trypanosoma cruzi.
Maclagan t. SYN: thymol turbidity t..
Maclagan thymol turbidity t. SYN: thymol turbidity t..
macrophage migration inhibition t. SYN: migration inhibitory factor t..
Mantel-Haenszel t. a summary chi-square t. developed by Mantel and Haenszel for stratified data.
Mantoux t. tuberculin t..
Marshall t. manual deviation of bladder neck during strain or cough to ascertain presence of stress urinary incontinence. SYN: Bonney t., Marshall-Marchetti t..
Marshall-Marchetti t. SYN: Marshall t..
Master t. an early and long-used exercise challenge to identify ischemic heart disease using a pair of 9-inch steps with a platform on top, the number of trips by the patient arbitrarily chosen and related to age and body weight. SEE ALSO: two-step exercise t.. SYN: Master two-step exercise t..
Master two-step exercise t. SYN: Master t..
maximal Histalog t. SYN: Histalog t..
Mazzotti t. a t. for onchocerciasis using an oral t. dose of diethylcarbamazine (50 or 100 mg), resulting in the appearance of an acute rash in 2–24 hours from death of microfilariae in the skin. SYN: Mazzotti reaction.
McMurray t. rotation of the tibia on the femur to determine injury to meniscal structures.
McNemar t. a form of chi-square t. for matched paired data.
McPhail t. an obsolete t. for progesterone and like substances; immature female rabbits are treated with 150 IU of estrone over a period of 6 days; the t. material is then given in five daily subcutaneous doses; progestational proliferation of the endometrium is noted and the results estimated according to a scale from 0 to ++++; the amount required to produce an average (++) response is taken as a unit, equivalent to 0.25 mg of progesterone.
Meinicke t. the first successful application (1917–1918) of immune precipitation to diagnose syphilis, now obsolete.
Meltzer-Lyon t. a t. used in diagnosis of gallbladder conditions: 25 ml of a 25% solution of magnesium sulfate are delivered into the region of the sphincter of Oddi through a duodenal tube, causing contraction of the gallbladder, relaxation of the sphincter, and the expulsion of bile from the common duct and gallbladder; bile from the common duct is relatively pale and is expelled first, that from the gallbladder follows; samples aspirated from the tube are examined for pus cells, pigment granules, epithelial cells, cholesterol, etc.
metabisulfite t. a t. for sickle cell hemoglobin (Hb S); deoxygenation of cells containing Hb S is enhanced by addition of sodium metabisulfite to the blood, causing sickling visible on a slide; certain other abnormal hemoglobins (Hb C_Harlem and Hb I) also sickle in this t..
methacholine challenge t. a t. that involves the inhalation of increasing concentrations of methacholine, a potent bronchoconstrictor, in patients with possible bronchial hyperreactivity; usually performed when a diagnosis of asthma or bronchospastic lung disease is not clinically obvious.
3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid t. SYN: vanillylmandelic acid t..
metrotrophic t. an obsolete t. for the assay of estrogenic substances; immature female rats (25–49 g) are injected subcutaneously with the hormone and killed after 6 hours, when the increase in uterine weight (due largely to imbibation of water) is taken as the criterion of estrogenic activity. SYN: Astwood t..
MHA-TP t. SYN: microhemagglutination-Treponema pallidum t..
microhemagglutination-Treponema pallidum t. a microtiter version of the Treponema pallidum hemagglutination t.. SYN: MHA-TP t..
microprecipitation t. a precipitation t. in which reduced quantities of t. reagents are used.
migration inhibition t. SYN: migration inhibitory factor t..
migration inhibitory factor t. a t. which measures the presence of migration inhibitory factor, a 25-kD lymphokine. Usually peritoneal macrophages are placed in a capillary tube in the presence or absence of supernatants from activated T cells in response to immunogenic challenge. If MIF is present, the migration of monocyte/macrophages is reduced. SYN: macrophage migration inhibition t., migration inhibition t..
milk-ring t. a special form of agglutination t. done on the pooled milk of many cows, usually entire herds, for the detection of herds containing individuals infected with bovine brucellosis.
Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory t. a paper and pencil t., consisting of 20 clinical scales derived from 175 self-descriptive statements, and developed in 1977 for use in the assessment of psychopathology and the more enduring patterns of personality; specifically designed to correspond with some of the disorders of personality included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders used in diagnosis by mental health professionals. SYN: Millon clinical multiaxial inventory.
Millon-Nasse t. a t. for protein, the tyrosine of which reacts with nitrite after a brief treatment with mercuric ion in acid to give a color.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory t. (MMPI) a questionnaire type of psychological t. for ages 16 and over, with 550 true-false statements coded in 4 validity and 10 personality scales which may be administered in both an individual or group format. SYN: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.
mixed agglutination t. mixed agglutination reaction.
mixed lymphocyte culture t. a t. for histocompatibility of HL-A antigens in which donor and recipient lymphocytes are mixed in culture; the degree of incompatibility is indicated by the number of cells that have undergone transformation and mitosis, or by the uptake of radioactive isotope-labeled thymidine. SYN: MLC t..
MLC t. SYN: mixed lymphocyte culture t..
Molisch t. a color t. for sugar, which condenses with α-naphthol or thymol in the presence of strong sulfuric acid, which converts the sugar to furfural derivatives.
Moloney t. a t. to detect a high degree of sensitivity to diphtheria toxoid; more than a minimal local reaction to diluted (1:20) toxoid given intradermally indicates that prophylactic toxoid should be inoculated in fractional doses at suitable intervals.
Montenegro t. SYN: leishmanin t..
Mörner t. 1. for cysteine, which gives a brilliant purple color with sodium nitroprusside; 2. for tyrosine, which gives a green color on boiling with sulfuric acid containing formaldehyde.
Moschcowitz t. demonstration of lower limb ischemia by occlusion of the arterial circulation for 5 min with a tourniquet or Esmarch bandage. Following release, skin color normally will return in a few seconds; with arterial obstruction ( e.g., arteriosclerotic) color returns more slowly.
Mosenthal t. an infrequently used t. to evaluate renal concentrating ability by measuring the density of urine every 2 hours during the ingestion of a controlled diet.
motility t. a t. based on microscopic observation or on the spread of growth in soft agar, used to determine if a microorganism is motile.
Motulsky dye reduction t. a t. for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in the blood, using a mixture of brilliant cresyl blue, glucose 6-phosphate, and NADP.
mucin clot t. a t. that reflects the polymerization of synovial fluid hyaluronate; a few drops of synovial fluid added to acetic acid form a clot; poor clot formation occurs in a variety of inflammatory conditions including septic arthritis, gouty arthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis. SYN: Ropes t..
Mulder t. xanthoprotein reaction.
multiple puncture tuberculin t. a kind of tine t. See tuberculin t..
multiple sleep latency t. a t. of the propensity to fall asleep, done by performing polysomnography during multiple brief opportunities to sleep.
mumps sensitivity t. a skin t. for sensitivity to mumps, in which inactivated mumps virus is used as antigen.
Nagel t. a t. for color vision in which the observer determines the relative amounts of red and green necessary to match spectral yellow; an instrument called Nagel anomaloscope is used.
NBT t. abbreviation for nitroblue tetrazolium t..
neutralization t. SYN: protection t..
niacin t. a t. of the ability of mycobacteria to elaborate niacin; used to distinguish Mycobacterium tuberculosis from other strains.
Nickerson-Kveim t. SYN: Kveim t..
nitroblue tetrazolium t. (NBT t.) a t. to detect the phagocytic ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes by measuring the capacity of the oxygen-dependent leukocytic bactericidal system.
nitroprusside t. a qualitative t. for cystinuria; following the addition of sodium cyanide to the urine, the further addition of nitroprusside produces a red-purple color if the cyanide has reduced any cystine present to cysteine.
nonstress t. a t. to evaluate fetal well-being by evaluating fetal heart rate response to fetal movement; a reactive nonstress t. is fetal heart rate acceleration in response to fetal movement.
nystagmus t. SYN: Bárány caloric t..
Ober t. t. to evaluate a tight, contracted, or inflamed iliotibial tract; the patient lies on the uninvolved side and the involved hip is abducted by the examiner as the knee is flexed to 90°; the hip is allowed to adduct passively; the degree of abduction or the production of pain along the iliotibial tract can assist in identifying the location of the inflammation or contracture.
Obermayer t. a t. for indican; solids in the urine are precipitated by means of a 20% solution of acetate of lead and then filtered, and to the filtrate is added fuming hydrochloric acid containing a small amount of ferric chloride solution; if indican is present, the addition of chloroform causes the formation of indigo, indicated by the blue color.
17-OH-corticoids t. SYN: 17-hydroxycorticosteroid t..
oral lactose tolerance t. a t. for lactose deficiency; the plasma glucose response to an oral lactose load is measured as in the (oral) glucose tolerance t..
orcinol t. SYN: Bial t..
Ortolani t. SYN: Ortolani maneuver.
Ouchterlony t. double (gel) diffusion t. in two dimensions. See gel diffusion precipitin tests in two dimensions. SYN: Ouchterlony method.
oxidase t. a t. for the presence of intracellular cytochrome oxidase based on the reaction with p-phenylenediamine; aids in the identification of Neisseria species and Pseudomonadaceae.
oxytocin challenge t. a contraction stress t. accomplished by administration of intravenous dilute oxytocin solution to stimulate contractions. SYN: contraction stress t..
Pachon t. in a case of aneurysm, determination of the collateral circulation by estimation of the blood pressure.
Palmer acid t. for peptic ulcer in duodenal ulcer, the administration of acid by duodenal tube causes severe pain.
palmin t., palmitin t. a t. of pancreatic efficiency, based upon the fact that the presence of fat in the stomach causes the pylorus to open and admit the pancreatic juice; this splits the palmin so that an examination of the stomach contents, after a t. meal containing palmin, will reveal the presence of fatty acids.
pancreozymin-secretin t. secretin t..
Pandy t. SYN: Pandy reaction.
Pap t. microscopic examination of cells exfoliated or scraped from a mucosal surface after staining with Papanicolaou stain; used especially for detection of cancer of the uterine cervix. SYN: Papanicolaou smear t..
Papanicolaou smear t. SYN: Pap t..
parallax t. measurement of the deviation in strabismus by the alternate cover t. combined with neutralization of the deviation using prisms.
parametric t. a statistical t. that depends on an assumption about the distribution of the data, e.g., that the data are normally distributed.
passive cutaneous anaphylaxis t. an animal is injected intradermally with antibody (usually IgE) and subsequently challenged intravenously with a mixture of antigen and Evans blue dye 24–48 hours later. A dark blue area indicates a positive reaction due to the leakage of the dye at the site of antigen-antibody reactions.
patch t. a t. of skin sensitiveness: a small piece of paper, tape, or a cup, wet with nonirritating diluted t. fluid, is applied to skin of the upper back or upper outer arm and after 48 hours the covered is compared with the uncovered surface; an erythematous reaction with vesicles occurs if the substance causes contact allergy. SEE ALSO: photo-patch t..
Patrick t. a t. to determine the presence or absence of sacroiliac disease; with the patient supine, the hip and knee are flexed and the external malleolus is placed above the patella of the opposite leg; this can ordinarily be done without pain, but, on depressing the knee, pain is promptly elicited in sacroiliac disease.
Paul t. SYN: Paul reaction.
Paul-Bunnell t. t. for detection of heterophil antibodies in infectious mononucleosis. See Forssman antigen.
PBI t. SYN: protein-bound iodine t..
pentagastrin t. an alternative to histamine for stimulation of acid secretion in gastric analysis.
performance t. a t., such as five of the eleven Wechsler adult intelligence scale subtests, requiring little or no verbal instruction from the examiner and virtually no verbal response by the examinee.
Perls t. a t. for hemosiderin, utilizing Perls Prussian blue stain.
personality t. any of the category of psychological tests designed to t. the characteristics of the personality, emotional status, mental disorder, etc., in contrast to an intelligence t..
Perthes t. a t. for patency of the deep femoral vein; with the patient standing, a tourniquet is applied above the knee; after walking, if the deep circulation is competent, the superficial varicosities remain unchanged; if the deep circulation is occluded, the legs become painful.
phentolamine t. a t. for pheochromocytoma; intravenous administration of phentolamine (5 mg) reduces hypertension due to a pheochromocytoma but not that due to other causes, e.g., essential hypertension; the blood pressure is raised by the drug in the latter form of hypertension.
photo-patch t. a t. of contact photosensitization: after application of a patch with the suspected sensitizer for 48 hours to two sites, if there is no reaction, one area is exposed to a weak erythema dose of sunlight or ultraviolet light; if positive, a more severe reaction with vesiculation develops at the exposed patch area than the nonexposed skin patch site.
photostress t. measurement of visual acuity before and after exposure of the eyes to intense light.
phrenic pressure t. pressure is applied on the phrenic nerve on each side, above the clavicles where the nerve passes over the scalenus anticus muscle; if pain is felt and the patient inclines the head to the painful side, the problem is in the pleural space; if the head does not incline to one side, the problem is in the abdominal cavity.
Pirquet t. a cutaneous tuberculin t.. See tuberculin t.. SYN: dermotuberculin reaction, Pirquet reaction.
pivot shift t. a maneuver to detect a deficiency of the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee; when the knee is extended, a sudden subluxation of the lateral tibial condyle upon the distal femur is positive.
P-K t. SYN: Prausnitz-Küstner reaction.
plasmacrit t. a serologic screening method used as an aid in the diagnosis of syphilis; after only a few drops of heparinized blood (obtained from a pricked finger) are collected in a special capillary tube, the capillary tube is centrifuged in order to collect plasma, which is then mixed with a 0.01-ml drop of antigen (cardiolipin previously treated with choline chloride as an antiinhibitor, in order to avoid falsely negative results that may occur with nonheated plasma or serum). After mechanically agitating the antigen-plasma mixture for 4 min, the presence or absence of flocculation is observed. A positive result should not be regarded as conclusively diagnostic, but a negative result excludes the likelihood of syphilis.
platelet aggregation t. a t. of the ability of platelets to adhere to each other and hence form a hemostatic plug to prevent bleeding; failure to aggregate occurs in several conditions, e.g., thrombasthenia, Von Willebrand disease, and following administration of aspirin, phenylbutazone, and indomethacin; the t. is conducted by quantitating the decrease in turbidity that occurs in platelet-rich plasma following the in vitro addition of one or several platelet-aggregating agents ( e.g., ADP, epinephrine, or serotonin).
polyuria t. SYN: Albarran t..
Porges-Meier t. an early flocculation t. for syphilis; of significance in having introduced as antigens acetone-insoluble, alcohol-soluble fractions of tissue, and lecithin.
Porter-Silber chromogens t. SYN: 17-hydroxycorticosteroid t..
postcoital t. a t. on cervical mucus about time of ovulation to evaluate its receptivity to sperm. SYN: Huhner t..
precipitation t. SYN: precipitin t..
precipitin t. an in vitro t. in which antigen is in soluble form and precipitates when it combines with added specific antibody in the presence of an electrolyte. SEE ALSO: gel diffusion precipitin tests, ring precipitin t.. SYN: precipitation t..
primary dye t. assessment of lacrimal drainage following the fluorescein instillation t. by attempting to recover fluorescein dye beneath the inferior turbinate using a swab. SYN: Jones I t..
prism cover t. measurement of the deviation in strabismus by the alternate cover t. combined with neutralization for the deviation using prisms.
prism vergence t. measurement of the amplitude of fusion by placing prisms of gradually increasing power in the direction tested until diplopia occurs.
progesterone challenge t. administration of a progestational agent in case of amenorrhea to detect the presence of an estrogen-primed endometrium.
projective t. a loosely structured psychological t. containing many ambiguous stimuli that require the subject to reveal feelings, personality, or psychopathology in response to them; e.g., Rorschach t., thematic apperception t..
protection t. a t. to determine the antimicrobial activity of a serum or to identify a given organism by inoculating a susceptible animal or cell culture with a mixture of the serum and the virus or other microbe being tested. SYN: neutralization t..
protein-bound iodine t. a formerly used t. of thyroid function in which serum protein-bound iodine is measured to provide an estimate of hormone bound to protein in peripheral blood. SYN: PBI t..
prothrombin t. a quantitative t. for prothrombin in the blood based on the clotting time of blood plasma in the presence of thromboplastin and calcium chloride; measures the integrity of the extrinsic and common pathways of coagulation. SEE ALSO: prothrombin time. SYN: Quick method, Quick t..
prothrombin and proconvertin t. a t. formerly used by some to control anticoagulant therapy with bishydroxycoumarin and indandione drugs.
provocative t. any procedure in which a suspected pathophysiological abnormality is deliberately induced by manipulating conditions known to provoke the abnormality.
provocative Wassermann t. an obsolete t. of historical interest only; the use of the Wassermann t. from one or two days to one or two weeks after the administration of arsphenamine or neoarsphenamine; the result may then be positive when before the giving of arsphenamine it was negative.
psychological tests tests designed to measure a person's achievements, intelligence, neuropsychological functions, skills, personality, or individual and occupational characteristics or potentialities. SEE ALSO: scale.
psychomotor tests psychological tests which, although based on other psychological processes ( e.g., sensory, perceptual), require a motor reaction such as copying designs, building with blocks, or manipulating controls.
pulp t. SYN: vitality t..
Q tip t. a t. for determining the mobility of the urethra.
Queckenstedt-Stookey t. compression of the jugular vein in a healthy person causes an increase in the pressure of the spinal fluid in the lumbar region within 10–12 sec, and an equally rapid fall to normal on release of the pressure on the vein; when there is a block of subarachnoid channels, compression of the vein causes little or no increase of pressure in the cerebrospinal fluid.
quellung t. SYN: Neufeld capsular swelling.
Quick t. SYN: prothrombin t..
quinine carbacrylic resin t. a t. for gastric anacidity. See azuresin.
Quinlan t. a t. for bile; when a thin layer of bile is examined through a spectroscope, absorption lines appear in the violet.
radioactive iodide uptake t. SYN: ¹³¹I uptake t..
radioallergosorbent t. (RAST) a radioimmunoassay t. to detect specific IgE antibodies responsible for hypersensitivity: the allergen is bound to insoluble material and the patient's serum is reacted with this conjugate; if the serum contains antibody to the allergen, it will be complexed to the allergen. Radiolabeled anti-human IgE antibody is added where it reacts with the bound IgE. The amount of radioactivity is proportional to the serum IgE.
radioimmunosorbent t. (RIST) a competition t., performed in vitro, used to measure IgE specific for a particular antigen. Known amounts of radiolabeled IgE compete with the patient's unlabeled IgE to bind to a surface coated with anti-IgE. The reduction in radiolabeled IgE due to the presence of IgE in the patient's serum can be determined by comparison to known IgE standards; thus, the amount of the patient's total serum IgE can be determined.
RAI t. SYN: ¹³¹I uptake t..
rapid plasma reagin t. a group of serologic tests for syphilis in which unheated serum or plasma is reacted with a standard t. antigen containing charcoal particles; positive tests yield a flocculation. A modification, called the RPR (circle) card t., is widely used as a screening t.. SYN: RPR t..
Rapoport t. a differential ureteral catheterization t. used to evaluate suspected renovascular hypertension; urine specimens from each kidney are obtained by bilateral ureteral catheterization, and the tubular rejection fraction ratio is determined by measuring concentrations of sodium and creatinine in the urine from each kidney.
Rayleigh t. SYN: Rayleigh equation.
red cell adherence t. SYN: adhesion t..
Reinsch t. a t. for arsenic in which a strip of copper is placed in the suspected fluid, which is then acidulated with hydrochloric acid and boiled; if arsenic is present a gray deposit occurs on the copper, and this deposit on heating is sublimated and deposited as a crystalline layer on a piece of glass held above the copper strip.
Reiter t. a complement-fixation t. for syphilis using as antigen material prepared from the Reiter strain of Treponema pallidum; the t. has been largely replaced in laboratory medicine by the fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption (FTA-ABS) t..
relocation t. a t. for anterior shoulder instability; the supine patient's humerus is abducted and rotated externally against the table edge as a fulcrum; patients with anterior stability loss become apprehensive with pressure.
resorcinol t. a t. for fructosuria; fresh urine treated with resorcinol in acid gives a red precipitate in the presence of fructose; the precipitate should form a red solution in ethanol. SYN: Selivanoff t..
Reuss t. a t. for atropine; the addition of oxidizing agents and sulfuric acid to a liquid containing atropine produces an odor of orange-flowers and roses.
Rh blocking t. a t. for nonagglutinating Rh antibodies: an Rh agglutination t. is first carried out; if the t. for Rh agglutinins is negative, then 1 drop of anti-Rh_o agglutinating serum of moderate titer is mixed with the patient's serum containing Rh-positive t. cells; if after incubating for from 1–2 hr at 37°C no agglutination occurs, Rh_o-blocking antibodies are assumed to be present in the patient's serum.
Rickles t. a colorimetric t. for predicting dental caries activity by incubating saliva in sucrose and determining pH changes.
Rimini t. an obsolete t. for formaldehyde in urine, milk, and other fluids, by the use of dilute solution of phenylhydrazine hydrochloride, sodium nitroprusside, and sodium hydroxide.
ring t. SYN: ring precipitin t..
ring precipitin t. a precipitin t. in which antigen solution is carefully layered over antibody solution in a tube; as diffusion proceeds, a disk of precipitate forms where the antibody ratio is optimal. SYN: ring t..
Rinne t. 1. a vibrating tuning fork is held in contact with the skull (usually the mastoid process) until the sound is lost, its prongs are then brought close to the auditory orifice when, if the hearing is normal, a faint sound will again be heard; expressed as air conduction greater than bone conduction and indicative of a normal sound conducting mechanism through the middle ear; 2. a vibrating tuning fork is heard longer and louder when in contact with the skull than when held near the auditory orifice, expressed as bone conduction greater than air conduction, indicating some disorder of the sound conducting mechanism.
Romberg t. SYN: Romberg sign.
Römer t. a t. of historical interest: tuberculin, either pure or diluted, is injected intracutaneously into a guinea pig; if the animal is tuberculous, a large papule with a necrotic hemorrhagic center appears in about 24 hours (cocarde or cockade reaction).
Ropes t. SYN: mucin clot t..
Rorschach t. a projective psychological t. in which the subject reveals his or her attitudes, emotions, and personality by reporting what is seen in each of 10 inkblot pictures. SYN: inkblot t..
rose bengal radioactive (¹³¹I) t. a t. of liver function used as a means of measuring hepatic blood flow and for scintillation scanning of the liver to determine size and contour of the liver, or the presence of space-occupying masses in the liver.
Rosenbach t. an obsolete t. for bile in the urine; the suspected urine is passed several times through the same filter paper, which is then dried and touched with a drop of slightly fuming nitric acid; the presence of bile is indicated by the resulting play of colors characteristic of the bile pigments (a yellow spot surrounded by rings of red, violet, blue, and green).
Rosenbach-Gmelin t. SYN: Gmelin t..
rosette t. a t. for rosette-forming cells (T lymphocytes) in which these cells and sheep erythrocytes are incubated and centrifuged lightly, then examined under a microscope for rosette formation or adherence of erythrocytes to T lymphocytes.
Rose-Waaler t. a t. of historical interest: when sheep red cells are coated with a concentration of antiserum to sheep red cells which is too low to cause agglutination, the addition of serum from a patient with rheumatoid arthritis will cause agglutination.
Ross-Jones t. an obsolete t. for an excess of globulin in the cerebrospinal fluid; 1 ml of cerebrospinal fluid is carefully floated over 2 ml of a concentrated ammonium sulfate solution; if globulin is present in excess, a fine white ring appears at the line of junction in about 3 min.
Rothera nitroprusside t. a t. for ketone bodies; 5 ml of fresh urine are saturated with solid ammonium sulfate and mixed with 10 drops of freshly prepared 2% sodium nitroprusside solution, which is then mixed with 10 drops of concentrated ammonia water and allowed to stand for 15 min; the presence of acetoacetic acid, or of larger concentrations of acetone, is indicated by the development of a blue-purple color.
RPR t. SYN: rapid plasma reagin t..
rubella HI t. a hemagglutination inhibition (HI) t. for rubella, often performed routinely as part of a prenatal workup of the pregnant woman; the presence of a detectable HI titer in the absence of disease indicates previous infection and immunity to reinfection; if HI antibody is undetected, the patient is considered potentially susceptible and is followed accordingly. SEE ALSO: hemagglutination inhibition.
Rubin t. an obsolete t. of patency of the fallopian tubes; a cannula is introduced into the cervix uteri, and carbon dioxide gas is passed through the cannula by means of a syringe with manometer attachment; if the tubes are patent, the escape of gas into the abdominal cavity is evidenced by a high-pitched bubbling sound heard on auscultation over the lower abdomen, or free gas under the diaphragm can be demonstrated by x-ray.
Rubner t. an obsolete t. for lactose or glucose in the urine; lead acetate is added to the suspected urine which is then filtered; ammonia is added until a permanent precipitate is formed; if lactose is present, the precipitate will take on a pink to red color when the fluid is heated; if there is glucose, the color will be yellow to brown.
Rumpel-Leede t. SYN: capillary fragility t..
Sabin-Feldman dye t. a method for the detection of antitoxoplasma antibody in serum, based on the fact that Toxoplasma gondii cells (from peritoneal exudate in mice) are fairly well stained with alkaline methylene blue, whereas organisms in a serum that contains specific antibody have no affinity for the dye; furthermore, normal toxoplasma cells become rounded, and the nucleus and cytoplasm deeply stained, when treated with methylene blue; on the other hand, when dye is mixed with organisms and antibody, the cells retain their crescent shape and only the shrunken nuclear endosome is stained.
Sachs-Georgi t. the first precipitin t. for syphilis of diagnostic practicality, the significant innovation having been the addition of cholesterol to the lipoidal antigen (alcoholic tissue extract) used in the earlier Meinicke t..
Saundby t. a t. for blood in the stool; on the addition of 30 drops of a 20-volume hydrogen peroxide solution to a mixture of 10 drops of a saturated benzidine solution and a small quantity of feces in a t. tube, a persistent dark blue color denotes the presence of blood.
scarification t. a t., e.g., Pirquet t., in which a material is pricked or scratched into the skin.
Schaffer t. a t. for nitrites in the urine; urine is decolorized with animal charcoal and then 4 ml of a 10% solution of acetic acid and 3 drops of a 5% solution of potassium ferrocyanide are added; if nitrites are present, an intense yellow color will be produced.
Schellong t. a t. for circulatory function; the subject is required to stand for 10–20 min, during which time the blood pressure is measured continuously; a fall of systolic pressure of 20 mm Hg or more indicates poor circulatory function.
Schick t. a t. for susceptibility to Corynebacterium diphtheriae toxin: 0.1 ml of Schick t. toxin is injected into the skin of one forearm (t. site) and the same quantity of the same, but heat-inactivated, material into the skin of the other forearm (control site); individuals with toxin-neutralizing antibodies either will have no reaction at either injection site (negative t.) or may have a pseudoreaction due to antibodies for substances (antigens) in the t. materials other than diphtheria toxin; individuals lacking toxin-neutralizing antibodies may have a positive reaction, which consists of an area of redness appearing 24–36 hours at the t. site only and persisting for 4–5 days. SYN: Schick method.
Schiller t. a t. for nonglycogen-containing areas of the portio vaginalis of the cervix, which may be the site of early carcinoma; such areas fail to stain dark brown with iodine solution; loss of glycogen due to erosion and other benign conditions may also give a positive result.
Schilling t. a procedure for determining the amount of vitamin B₁₂ excreted in the urine using cyanocobalamin tagged with a radioisotope of cobalt.
Schirmer t. a t. for tear production using a strip of filter paper; a measurement of basal and reflex lacrimal gland function.
Schober t. a measure of lumbar spine motion in which parallel horizontal lines are drawn 10 cm above and 5 cm below the lumbosacral junction in the erect subject; with maximum forward flexion, the distance between the lines increases at least 5 cm in normal patients but far less in patients with anklylosing spondylitis.
Schönbein t. SYN: Almén t. for blood.
Schwabach t. a series of five tuning forks of different tones is used and the number of seconds is noted in which the patient can hear each by air and bone conduction.
scratch t. a form of skin t. in which antigen is applied through a scratch in the skin.
screening t. any testing procedure designed to separate people or objects according to a fixed characteristic or property, with the intention of detecting early evidence of disease.
Seashore t. a t. in which the individual must discriminate between two sounds; or in which the sense of pitch, intensity, rhythm, and other components of innate musical ability can be measured. See Halstead-Reitan battery.
secondary dye t. localization of lacrimal drainage obstruction following the fluorescein instillation and primary dye tests by intubating the lower punctum and canaliculus and irrigating with saline. SYN: Jones II t..
secretin t. a t. of pancreatic exocrine function, variably performed and standardized, in which the bicarbonate, amylase, and volume of the duodenal aspirate are measured after intravenous administration of secretin.
Selivanoff t. SYN: resorcinol t..
shadow t. SYN: retinoscopy.
shake t. SYN: foam stability t..
sickle cell t. in an anaerobic wet preparation containing equal amounts of blood and 2% sodium bisulfite, erythrocytes containing hemoglobin S undergo a change in shape to a sickle cell form; the number of sickled red cells per 1000 red blood cells is determined and expressed as a percentage.
single (gel) diffusion precipitin t. in one dimension gel diffusion precipitin tests in one dimension.
single (gel) diffusion precipitin t. in two dimensions gel diffusion precipitin tests in two dimensions.
SISI t. abbreviation for small increment sensitivity index t..
situational t. in psychology and psychiatry, a t. situation in which a subject is observed as he or she performs a task or an actual sample of the job or role to be performed; e.g., a t. used to select people for the Office of Strategic Services during the Second World War and for managerial positions today.
skin t. a method for determining induced sensitivity (allergy) by applying an antigen (allergen) to, or inoculating it into, the skin; induced sensitivity (allergy) to the specific antigen is indicated by an inflammatory reaction of one of two general kinds: 1) immediate, appears in minutes and is dependent upon circulating immunoglobulins (antibodies); 2) delayed, appears in 12–48 hours and is not dependent upon these soluble substances but upon cellular response and infiltration. SYN: cutaneous t., intradermal t., skin reaction.
skin-puncture t. t. for Behçet syndrome; after pricking the skin with a sterile needle, pustulation follows within 24 hours, owing to the dermal sensitivity in this disease.
small increment sensitivity index t. (SISI t.) the sounding of a tone 20 dB above threshold, followed by a series of 200–msec tones 1 dB louder; perception of these is indicative of cochlear damage; the percentage of small increments detected by the subject is the small increment sensitivity index. In sensory hearing losses, it will be high, and in normal hearing and neural hearing losses, it will be low.
sniff t. at fluoroscopy, a t. for diaphragmatic function; paradoxic motion of a hemidiaphragm when a patient sniffs vigorously shows phrenic nerve paralysis or paresis of the hemidiaphragm.
Snyder t. a colorimetric t. for determining dental caries activity or susceptibility based on the rate of acid production by acidogenic oral microorganisms ( e.g., lactobacillus) in a glucose medium, using bromcresol green as the indicator, and producing a color change from green to yellow. SYN: colorimetric caries susceptibility t..
solubility t. a screening t. for sickle cell hemoglobin (Hb S), which is reduced by dithionite and is insoluble in concentrated inorganic buffer; addition of blood showing Hb S to buffer and dithionite causes opacity of the solution.
spironolactone t. administration of spironolactone (400 mg orally) for 4 consecutive days: an increase in serum potassium during the t. and a decrease afterward strongly suggest primary aldosteronism.
split renal function t. SYN: differential ureteral catheterization t..
spot t. for infectious mononucleosis a slide t. widely used for the diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis, based on the principle that the heterophil antibodies that occur in the serum of patients with infectious mononucleosis are absorbed by beef red cells but not by guinea pig kidney cells; thus, when horse red cells (which provoke heterophil antibodies) are mixed with patient serum and agglutination occurs in the presence of beef red cells, the presumptive diagnosis is infectious mononucleosis.
Spurling t. evaluation for cervical nerve root impingement in which the patient extends the neck and rotates and laterally bends the head toward the symptomatic side; an axial compression force is then applied by the examiner through the top of the patient's head; the t. is considered positive when the maneuver elicits the typical radicular arm pain.
staggered spondaic word t. a t. of central auditory pathway integrity in which spondaic words are presented dichotically.
standard serologic tests for syphilis, STS for syphilis nontreponemal antigen tests giving presumptive but not conclusive evidence of syphilis, including the Wassermann and VDRL tests.
standing t. a t. for the effect of a hypotensive drug, carried out by the patient: after taking the drug, the patient stands perfectly still for 1 min commencing from the time that the maximal action of the drug should be manifested; if the dose is adequate, the patient should experience a slight hypotensive reaction.
standing plasma t. if plasma is stored at 4°C upright in a t. tube, chylomicrons will float to the top and form a creamy layer.
starch-iodine t. a t. for sweating in which iodine in oil is painted on the skin, followed by dusting with a starch powder which turns blue-black in the presence of iodine and moisture.
station t. SYN: Romberg sign.
Stein t. in cases of labyrinthine disease the patient is unable to stand or to hop on one foot with eyes shut.
Stenger t. a t. for detecting simulation of unilateral hearing impairment, in which a tone below the admitted threshold is presented to the t. ear and a tone of lesser intensity is presented to the other ear. If the subject is feigning a hearing loss, the lesser tone cannot be appreciated.
Stewart t. estimation of the amount of collateral circulation, in case of an aneurysm of the main artery of a limb, by means of a calorimeter.
Strassburg t. an obsolete t. for bile in the urine; albumin, if present, is precipitated, then cane sugar is added and filter paper is dipped in the fluid and dried; if bile pigments are present in the urine, sulfuric acid will turn the filter paper a reddish violet.
stress t. any standardized procedure for assessing the effect of stress on cardiac function and myocardial perfusion; stress may be induced by physical exercise or simulated by administration of a coronary vasodilator; heart rate, blood pressure, and electrocardiogram are monitored before, during, and after the challenge; other observations sometimes made are measurement of oxygen consumption, echocardiography, impedance cardiography, appraisal of both myocardial perfusion and cardiac wall motion by radionuclide tracer, and cardiac catheterization.Although neither as sensitive nor as specific as invasive procedures, exercise stress testing has become a standard means of identifying and grading coronary artery disease in people with typical and atypical angina pectoris as well as in those in certain critical occupations (airline pilots, firefighters). It has been found useful for risk stratification in survivors of myocardial infarction (MI), and in planning and monitoring rehabilitation after MI, coronary bypass surgery, or balloon angioplasty. It is also used to assess the safety of exercise programs for people at risk of coronary artery disease because of age or personal or family history. The Masters two-step t., based on repeated ascent and descent of a step-stool, has been superseded by more sophisticated and reproducible methods. Standard exercise testing employs graded physical exertion on an electrically driven treadmill with variable inclination and speed. Alternative methods include a mechanical stair-climbing machine, a stationary bicycle ergometer, and (for those with certain physical disabilities) an arm-exercising (hand-crank) machine. Various protocols and end points are used to measure the outcome of stress testing. Workloads are measured in metabolic equivalents (MET), 1 MET being the amount of oxygen consumed at bedrest (3.5 mL/kg/min). In maximal (symptom-limited) stress testing, the subject continues to exercise at increasing levels of challenge until chest distress, significant hypertension or hypotension, certain arrhythmias, fatigue, gait problems, or severe dyspnea occurs. The Bruce protocol, a standard maximal exercise treadmill protocol, begins with a treadmill speed of 1.7 mph and a grade of 10°, designed to achieve a workload of 4.6 MET, and increases both speed and grade every 3 min. In submaximal (pulse-limited) stress testing, the subject continues exercising until reaching a target heart rate based on age, health history, and physical condition (unless the t. must be stopped earlier because of symptoms). A stress t. session usually lasts 6–10 min. Elevation or depression of ST segments by more than 1 mm during exercise is strongly suggestive of coronary artery disease. Other suggestive changes are T-wave inversion, arrhythmia, a fall in systolic blood pressure, and a marked rise in diastolic blood pressure. Exercise stress-testing protocols achieve 85–90% accuracy in identifying people without coronary artery disease. About 5% of asymptomatic adults have positive stress tests, but only one-third of these have angiographically demonstrable coronary artery disease. False-positive tests occur more frequently in women. Exercise stress testing is contraindicated in acute myocardial infarction, severe congestive heart failure, severe hypertension, hemodynamically significant valvular disease or arrhythmia, active thromboembolic disease, and extreme obesity. As an alternative to exercise, pharmacologic challenge by intravenous infusion of dipyridamole or dobutamine may be performed. In addition to continuous ECG monitoring, the cardiac effects of stress or pharmacologic challenge can be assessed by myocardial scintigraphy after intravenous injection of thallium-201; cineangiography after injection of technetium-99m, with or without multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA) bloodpool imaging; or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).
string t. 1. an infrequently used t. to locate gastrointestinal hemorrhage; a weighted string is repeatedly swallowed and removed, each time allowing the string to go further down the intestine until blood is encountered; 2. a similar procedure to obtain a specimen from the bowel lumen.
Strong vocational interest t. a t. that matches an individual's specific likes, dislikes, and interests to those characteristic of persons working in each of a number of vocations.
Student's t t. a statistical significance t. for assessing the difference between, or the equality of, two or more population means.
Stypven time t. a t. measuring the clotting time of plasma after addition of Russell's viper venom, useful in evaluating patients with deficiencies in factor X. [Trade name styptic + venom]
sucrose hemolysis t. isotonic sucrose promotes binding of complement to red blood cells; in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria a proportion of the cells is sensitive to complement-mediated lysis, and hemolysis ensues.
sulcus t. a t. for multidirectional shoulder instability; the seated patient's humerus is pulled caudally, with inferior mobility indicating positive result.
sulfosalicylic acid turbidity t. a t. for measurement of protein in the urine; sulfosalicylic acid precipitates protein in the urine with a turbidity that is approximately proportional to the concentration of protein in a solution.
sweat t. a t. for cystic fibrosis of the pancreas in which electrolytes are measured in collected sweat; sodium chloride concentration above 50 mEq/L (children) or 60 mEq/L (adults) is positive.
sweating t. a t. for locating the level of a lesion in the spinal cord; when the body is heated or the patient is given a diaphoretic, sweat secretion is absent below the level of the lesion.
swinging light t. SYN: alternating light t..
t t. a t. that uses a statistic which under the null hypothesis has the t distribution, to t. whether two means differ significantly.
Tactual Performance T. SYN: Halstead-Reitan battery.
thematic apperception t. (TAT) a projective psychological t. in which the subject is asked to tell a story about standard ambiguous pictures depicting life situations to reveal his or her own attitudes and feelings.
thermostable opsonin t. a t. for opsonic activity of antibody in the absence of effect of heat-labile complement.
Thompson t. 1. t. to detect Achilles tendon disruption; with the patient kneeling on a chair or platform with the feet unsupported, each calf is squeezed; if the Achilles tendon is disrupted, plantarflexion of the foot will not occur. 2. an obsolete t. for gonorrhea in urine; urine is passed into two glasses; if the gonococci and gonorrheal threads are found only in the first glass, the probability is that the process is limited to the anterior urethra. SYN: two-glass t..
Thormählen t. a t. for melanin; the suspected liquid is treated with sodium nitroprusside, caustic potash, and acetic acid; if melanin is present, the solution takes on a deep blue color.
Thorn t. a putative t. of adrenal cortical function; stimulation of a normally functioning adrenal cortex by the adrenocorticotrophic hormone is followed by a reduction in the number of circulating eosinophils and lymphocytes and an increase in the excretion of uric acid. The t. lacks sufficient specificity and is rarely used.
three-glass t. the bladder is emptied by passing urine into a series of 3-ounce t. tubes, and the contents of the first and the last are examined; the first tube contains the washings from the anterior urethra, the second, material from the bladder, and the last, material from the posterior urethra, prostate, and seminal vesicles. SYN: Valentine t..
thymol turbidity t. precipitation of abnormal proportions of albumin and globulin from the serum of patients with liver disease by addition of thymol. Although popular in the past it has been superseded by quantitative determination of specific proteins and direct measurement of liver enzymes. SYN: Maclagan t., Maclagan thymol turbidity t..
thyroid-stimulating hormone stimulation t., TSH-stimulating t. a t. that measures the uptake of ¹³¹I in the thyroid gland before and after administration of thyroid-stimulating hormone; useful in distinguishing primary hyperthyroidism (increased TSH serum concentration) from secondary or tertiary hyperthyroidism (low TSH serum concentrations).
thyroid suppression t. a thyroid function t. used to diagnose difficult cases of hyperthyroidism, now largely replaced by the thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation t.; triiodothyronine is administered for a week to 10 days, and a reduction of its uptake by the thyroid gland to less than half of the initial uptake is a normal response. SYN: Werner t..
thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation t., TRH-stimulation t. a t. of pituitary response to injection of thyrotropin-releasing hormone, which normally stimulates pituitary secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, thyrotropin), used primarily to distinguish pituitary from hypothalamic causes of thyroid disorders; TSH does not rise in cases of pituitary dysfunction, but does rise in cases of hypothalamic disorders.
tilt t. any measurement of response during tilting of the body, usually head up but also head down. The t. may be monitored by catheterization, echocardiography, electrophysiologic measurements, electrocardiography, or mechanocardiography.
tine t. tuberculin t..
titratable acidity t. the number of milliliters of 0.1 n NaOH required to neutralize a 24-hr specimen of urine.
tolbutamide t. a t. to detect insulin-producing tumors; after a 1-g intravenous dose of tolbutamide, plasma insulin and glucose are measured at intervals up to 3 hr; higher insulin responses and lower glucose values characterize patients with such tumors.
tone decay t. the sounding of a continuous tone at threshold for 1 min; if the intensity must be increased by more than 5 dB for continued perception, it is indicative of a neural hearing loss.
total catecholamine t. a determination of catecholamines in 24-hour urine specimens; elevated values are seen in patients with pheochromocytoma and neuroblastoma.
tourniquet t. capillary fragility t..
TPHA t. SYN: Treponema pallidum hemagglutination t..
TPI t. SYN: Treponema pallidum immobilization t..
Trendelenburg t. a t. of the valves of the leg veins; the leg is raised above the level of the heart until the veins are empty and is then rapidly lowered; in varicosity and incompetence of the valves the veins will at once become distended, but placement of a tourniquet around the leg will prevent distention of veins below the incompetent perforators or valves below the tourniquet.
Treponema pallidum hemagglutination t. a highly sensitive and specific t. for the serologic diagnosis of syphilis; tanned sheep red blood cells are coated with the antigen of Treponema pallidum and, following absorption of nonspecific patient serum antibody, a positive reaction with tanned sheep red blood cells and patient serum indicates the presence of specific antibody for Treponema pallidum in patient serum. SYN: TPHA t..
Treponema pallidum immobilization t., TPH t. a t. for syphilis in which an antibody other than Wassermann antibody is present in the serum of a syphilitic patient, which in the presence of complement causes the immobilization of actively motile Treponema pallidum obtained from testes of a rabbit infected with syphilis. SYN: TPI t., Treponema pallidum immobilization reaction.
triiodothyronine uptake t. a t. of thyroid function in which triiodothyronine (T₃) is added to a patient's serum in vitro to measure the relative affinities of serum proteins and of an added competitive substance for T₃; higher T₃ uptakes are associated with hyperthyroidism. SYN: T₃ uptake t..
tuberculin t. application of the skin t. to the diagnosis of infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in which tuberculin or its “purified” protein derivative serves as an antigen (allergen); injection of graduated doses of tuberculin or of purified protein derivative into the skin, most often by means of a needle and syringe (Mantoux t.) or by means of tines (tine t.); t. material may also be applied by means of a “patch” in which it is absorbed but this method (patch t.) is viewed as being less reliable; the t. is read on the basis of induration and erythema, the former being considered the more diagnostic of infection with the tubercle bacillus (M. tuberculosis); the t. does not distinguish between infection in a resistant person without disease and an individual with clinical manifestations of disease.
T₃ uptake t. SYN: triiodothyronine uptake t..
two-glass t. SYN: Thompson t..
two-step exercise t. a t. used mainly for coronary insufficiency; significant depression of RST in the electrocardiogram is considered abnormal and suggests coronary insufficiency.
two-tail t. a statistical t. based on the assumption that the data are distributed in both directions from some central value.
Tzanck t. the examination of fluid from a bullous lesion for Tzanck cells (altered epithelial cells, rounded and devoid of intercellular attachments). The periphery of these cells is basophilic and the nucleus is spherical and enlarged with prominent nucleoli; they are characteristic of lesions due to varicella, herpes zoster, herpes simplex, and pemphigus vulgaris.
urea clearance t. a t. of renal function based on urea clearance.
urease t. 1. a t. for urea based on the conversion of urea into ammonium carbonate by the enzyme urease; 2. a t. for the production of urease, used for identification of cryptococci and Helicobacter pylori.
urecholine supersensitivity t. urodynamic t. that tries to elicit an abnormal cystometrogram after subcutaneous injection of a drug, urecholine. Urecholine may increase detrusor pressure response during filling in patients with some types of neuropathic bladder.
urinary concentration t. a t. of renal tubular function whereby the patient is dehydrated for a measured period of time and the specific gravity of the urine is subsequently determined.
vaginal cornification t. a t. for estrogenic activity, in which the appearance of cornified epithelial cells in a vaginal smear of a t. animal is an indication of the action of an estrogen.
vaginal mucification t. a t. for progestational activity; stimulation of mucus production by the vaginal epithelium in rats, guinea pigs, or mice by progestogens.
Valentine t. SYN: three-glass t..
Valsalva t. the heart is monitored by ECG, pressure recording, or other methods while the patient performs the Valsalva maneuver; the heart becomes smaller in normal persons but may dilate in the patient with impaired myocardial reserve; there is a characteristic complex sequence of cardiocirculatory events, departure from which indicates disease or malfunction.
van Deen t. SYN: Almén t. for blood.
van den Bergh t. a t. for bile pigments (bilirubin) by reaction with diazotized sulfanilic acid (diazo reaction).
van der Velden t. a t. for free hydrochloric acid, the presence of which turns an added solution of methylene blue from violet to green.
vanillylmandelic acid t. a t. for catecholamine-secreting tumors (pheochromocytoma and neuroblastoma) performed on a 24-hour urine specimen; it is based on the fact that vanillylmandelic acid is the major urinary metabolite of norepinephrine and epinephrine. SYN: 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid t., VMA t..
VDRL t. a flocculation t. for syphilis, using cardiolipin-lecithin-cholesterol antigen as developed by the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory of the United States Public Health Service.
vitality t. a group of thermal and electrical tests used to aid in assessment of dental pulp health. SYN: pulp t..
vitamin C t. SYN: capillary fragility t..
VMA t. SYN: vanillylmandelic acid t..
Volhard t. a t. for renal function: the patient drinks 1500 ml of water on an empty stomach; if the patient was not dehydrated beforehand and the kidneys are normal, this fluid will be excreted by the end of 4 hours with specific gravity of the urine being from 1.001 to 1.004.
Vollmer t. a tuberculin patch t..
Wada t. unilateral internal carotid injection of amobarbital to determine the laterality of speech; injection on the dominant side causes transient aphasia or mutism; used prior to surgical treatment of epilepsy.
Waldenström t. a t. for porphobilinogen or urobilinogen in urine that uses Ehrlich's aldehyde reagent to produce a red color if either of the two substances is present in the urine.
Wang t. a quantitative t. for indican, which is transformed into indigo-sulfuric acid and then titrated by a solution of potassium permanganate.
washout t. a means of estimating renal obstruction by the rate of disappearance of excreted radioactive material from the kidney.
Wassermann t. a complement-fixation t. used in the diagnosis of syphilis; originally the “antigen” was an extract of liver from a syphilitic fetus, but later the active substance, referred to as cardiolipin, was found to be present in normal tissues, including heart, and has been identified as a diphosphatidylglycerol. SYN: Wassermann reaction.
water-drinking t. a t. of the assessment of open-angle glaucoma, measuring intraocular pressure after drinking a quart of water in 5 min.
Watson-Schwartz t. a qualitative screening t. for diagnosis of acute intermittent porphyria by the addition of Ehrlich reagent and saturated sodium acetate to the urine; a pink or red color indicates the presence of porphobilinogen or urobilinogen; the former indicates porphyria, the latter does not; therefore, positive results require further differential extraction with butanol and chloroform to eliminate false-positive results due to urobilinogen.
Weber t. for hearing the application of a vibrating tuning fork to one of several points in the midline of the head or face, to ascertain in which ear the sound is heard by bone conduction, that ear being the affected one if the sound-conducting mechanism of the middle ear is at fault, but the normal one if there is a sensorineural hearing loss in the other ear.
Webster t. a t. for trinitrotoluene in the urine.
Weil-Felix t. a t. for the presence and type of rickettsial disease based on the agglutination of X-strains of Proteus vulgaris with suspected rickettsia in a patient's blood serum. SYN: Weil-Felix reaction.
Werner t. SYN: thyroid suppression t..
Wheeler-Johnson t. cystosine or uracil when treated with bromine yields dialuric acid which gives a green color with excess of barium hydroxide.
whiff t. t. for the fishy odor detectable when KOH is applied to a sample of vaginal discharge in case of bacterial vaginosis.
Whitaker t. a pressure-perfusion t. in the upper urinary tract to demonstrate impediment of flow.
Wormley t. a t. for alkaloids, by treating the solution with picric acid or a dilute iodine-potassium-iodide solution, the presence of alkaloids being shown by a color reaction.
Wurster t. an obsolete t. for tyrosine; the substance is dissolved in boiling water and quinone is added; if tyrosine is present a ruby-colored reaction takes place, the solution changing to brown after a few hours.
χ² t. SYN: chi-square t..
xylose t. a laboratory aid in diagnosing alimentary or essential pentosuria, conditions in which xylose (a pentose) is excreted; the xylose may be identified by rapid reduction of Benedict solution, by nonfermentation by yeasts, or by a positive Bial t. for pentose.
Yvon t. 1. for alkaloids; to the suspected solution is added a mixture of bismuth subnitrate, potassium iodide, and hydrochloric acid in water; a positive reaction is indicated by the appearance of a red color; 2. for acetanilid in the urine; the suspected fluid is extracted with chloroform and heated with yellow nitrate of mercury; if acetanilid is present, the fluid will be green.
Zimmermann t. SYN: Zimmermann reaction.
Zsigmondy t. SYN: Lange t..

testa
testa (tes′ta)

1. In protozoology, usually termed test; an envelope of certain forms of ameboid protozoa, consisting of various earthy materials cemented to a chitinous base (as in the testate rhizopods of the subclass Testacealobosia) or the calcareous, siliceous, organic, or strontium sulfate skeletons in the rhizopod subclass Foraminifera. 2. In botany, the outer, sometimes the only, coat of a seed. [L. shell]

Testacealobosia
Testacealobosia (tes-ta′she-a-lo-bo′ze-a)

A subclass of the subphylum Sarcodina (amebae), in which the cells are provided with a firm chitinous envelope, often containing earthy material, with an opening through which the pseudopodia are protruded. [L. testa, shell]

testalgia
testalgia (tes-tal′je-a)

SYN: orchialgia. [testis + G. algos, pain]

testcross
testcross (test′kros)

Crossing of an unknown genotype to a recessive homozygote so that the phenotype of the progeny corresponds directly to the chromosomes carried by the parents of unknown genotype. SYN: backcross (2) .

testectomy
testectomy (tes-tek′to-me)

SYN: orchiectomy. [testis + G. G. ektome, excision]

testes
testes (tes′tez)

Plural of testis. [L.]

testicle
testicle (tes′ti-kl)

SYN: testis. [L. testiculus, dim. of testis]

testicular
testicular (tes-tik′u-lar)

Relating to the testes.

testiculus
testiculus (tes-tik′u-lus)

SYN: testis. [L.]

testing
testing

See test.
bench t. t. of a device against specifications in a simulated (nonliving) environment.
contrast sensitivity t. examination of the visual recognition of the variation in brightness of an object.
genetic t. laboratory studies of human blood or other tissue for the purpose of identifying genetic disorders. Relatively large chromosomal abnormalities such as deletion or transposition are identified by microscopic examination of chromosomes from a cell undergoing mitosis (karyotyping). More subtle aberrations can be detected by DNA probes (fabricated lengths of single-stranded DNA that match parts of the known gene). Genetic t. in the broadest sense includes biochemical t. for abnormal substances, or abnormally high or low concentrations of normal substances, that serve as markers of genetic deficiency or abnormality. SYN: DNA diagnostics.Genetic t. has become a standard procedure in a number of settings: screening for genetic diseases such as hemochromatosis, screening of couples planning to have children for the cystic fibrosis carrier state, and screening for genetic mutations known to increase the risk of certain cancers such as retinoblastoma and early-onset breast cancer. In addition, genetic profiling (“genetic fingerprinting”) can establish or rule out identity of source for 2 specimens of human material, or parent-child relationship between 2 persons, with a probability of 99.9%. The availability of tests to diagnose or predict untreatable disorders such as Huntington chorea and to identify persons at increased risk of malignant disease has raised many social, psychological, therapeutic, and legal questions. Authorities recommend that people about to undergo genetic t. receive advance counseling about the implications of positive or negative test results. Lay persons often misunderstand the concept of predisposition or risk, particularly with respect to oncogenes. The majority of people who develop cancer do so because of spontaneous genetic mutation, not because of inherited risk; and of those who inherit the risk, not all develop cancer. The discovery that certain populations, such as Ashkenazic Jews, Mormons, and Amish, have a much higher incidence of certain genetic disorders has threatened to reactivate or reinforce ethnic, racial, and religious prejudices. Social groups most likely to harbor easily identified genetic mutations are by definition those whose gene pools are most distinct, because they have tended to intermarry rather than to mix with outside populations. The 1.3% of Ashkenazic Jews who share a mutation on the BRCA2 tumor suppressor gene may all be descendants of a single person (founder effect). The possibility of identifying a person's genetic predisposition to severe, chronic, or disabling diseases raises the possibility of discrimination by employers and by health, life, and disability insurers. State governments and the federal government have established rules that limit the access of employers and insurers, actual and potential, to a person's genetic profile, and that forbid stigmatization, job discrimination, and refusal to issue insurance or to insure at standard rates, because of genetic profile.
histocompatibility t. a t. system for HLA antigens, of major importance in transplantation.
proficiency t. a program in which specimens of quality control material are periodically sent to members of a group of laboratories for analysis, with each laboratory's results compared with those of its peers. SEE ALSO: proficiency samples, under sample.
reality t. in psychiatry and psychology, the ego function by which the objective or real world and one's subjectively sensed relationship to it are evaluated and appreciated; the ability to distinguish internal from external events.
susceptibility t. the determination of the ability of an antibiotic to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria.

testis
testis, pl .testes (tes′tis, -tez) [TA]

One of the two male reproductive glands, located in the cavity of the scrotum. SEE ALSO: appendix t.. SYN: didymus, genital gland (1) , male gonad, orchis, testicle, testiculus. [L.]
abdominal t. an undescended t. that has never descended from the retroperineal/abdominal origin through the internal inguinal ring.
cryptorchid t. SYN: undescended t..
ectopic t. a variant of undescended t. wherein testicular position is outside the usual pathway of descent. SEE ALSO: t. ectopia.
movable t. SYN: retractile t..
peeping t. an undescended t. that migrates back and forth at the internal inguinal ring.
retractile t. a condition in which there is a tendency of the t. to ascend to the upper part of the scrotum or into the inguinal canal, as contrasted with an undescended t.. SYN: movable t., pseudocryptorchism.
undescended t. a t. that has failed to descend into the scrotum; there are palpable and nonpalpable (impalpable) variants. SYN: cryptorchid t..

testitis
testitis (tes-ti′tis)

SYN: orchitis.

test letter
test letter

See test types.

testoid
testoid (tes′toyd)

1. SYN: androgenic. 2. SYN: androgen. [testis + G. eidos, resemblance]

testolactone
testolactone (tes-to-lak′ton)

An androgenic agent used as an antineoplastic agent for treatment of mammary carcinoma.

testosterone
testosterone (tes-tos′te-ron)

The most potent naturally occurring androgen, formed in greatest quantities by the interstitial cells of the testes, and possibly secreted also by the ovary and adrenal cortex; may be produced in nonglandular tissues from precursors such as androstenedione; used in the treatment of hypogonadism, cryptorchism, certain carcinomas, and menorrhagia.
t. cypionate a preparation with the same actions and uses as t. propionate, but with a prolonged duration of action.
t. enanthate a preparation with the same actions and uses as t., but with a prolonged duration of action, being administered in oil.
t. phenylpropionate an alternate preparation for the propionate.
t. propionate a preparation that has an action similar to but more pronounced and prolonged than that of t.; used in the treatment of undescended testes and in menorrhagia.

testotoxicosis
testotoxicosis (tes′to-toks-e-ko′sis)

A G protein mutation disease resulting in autonomous testosterone overproduction, with precocious puberty.

test symbols
test symbols

See test types.

test types
test types

Letters of various sizes used to test visual acuity.
Jaeger t. type of different sizes used for testing the acuity of near vision.
point system t. a near-vision test chart in which the various t. are multiples of a point (172 inch), lower-case letters being one-half the designated point size; reading 4-point at 16 inches is normal, and is designated N-4.
Snellen t. square black symbols employed in testing the acuity of distant vision; the letters vary in size in such a way that each one subtends a visual angle of 5′ at a particular distance.

tetan- tetan-

See tetano-.

tetanic
tetanic (te-tan′ik)

Relating to or marked by a sustained muscular contraction, as in tetanus. [G. tetanikos]

tetaniform
tetaniform (te-tan′i-form)

SYN: tetanoid (1) .

tetanigenous
tetanigenous (tet-a-nij′e-nus)

Causing tetanus or tetaniform spasms. [tetanus + G. -gen, producing]

tetanism
tetanism (tet′a-nizm)

SYN: neonatal tetany.

tetanization
tetanization (tet′a-ni-za′shun)

1. The act of tetanizing the muscles. 2. A condition of tetaniform spasm.

tetanize
tetanize (tet′a-niz)

To stimulate a muscle by a rapid series of stimuli so that the individual muscular responses (contractions) are fused into a sustained contraction; to cause tetanus (2) in a muscle.

tetano- tetano-, tetan-

Combining forms denoting tetanus, tetany. [G. tetanos, convulsive tension]

tetanoid
tetanoid (tet′a-noyd)

1. Resembling or of the nature of tetanus. SYN: tetaniform. 2. Resembling tetany. [tetano- + G. eidos, resemblance]

tetanolysin
tetanolysin (tet-a-nol′i-sin)

A hemolytic principle, elaborated by Clostridium tetani, which seems to have no role in the etiology of tetanus.

tetanometer
tetanometer (tet-a-nom′e-ter)

An instrument for measuring the force of tonic muscular spasms. [tetano- + G. metron, measure]

tetanomotor
tetanomotor (tet′a-no-mo′ter)

An instrument by means of which tonic spasms are produced by the mechanical irritation of a hammer striking the motor nerve of the muscle affected. [tetano- + L. motor, a mover]

tetanospasmin
tetanospasmin (tet′a-no-spaz′min)

The neurotoxin of Clostridium tetani, which causes the characteristic signs and symptoms of tetanus; chief action is on the anterior horn cells, and the spasms seem to be due to action at inhibitory synapses.

tetanotoxin
tetanotoxin (tet′a-no-tok′sin)

SYN: tetanus toxin. [tetano- + G. toxikon, poison]

tetanus
tetanus (tet′a-nus)

1. A disease marked by painful tonic muscular contractions, caused by the neurotropic toxin (tetanospasmin) of Clostridium tetani acting upon the central nervous system. Cf.:lockjaw, trismus. 2. A sustained muscular contraction caused by a series of nerve stimuli repeated so rapidly that the individual muscular responses are fused, producing a sustained tetanic contraction. See emprosthotonos, opisthotonos. [L. fr. G. tetanos, convulsive tension]
acoustic t. experimental t. induced by a faradic current, the speed of which is estimated by the pitch of the vibrations.
cephalic t. a type of local t. that follows wounds to the face and head; after a brief incubation (1–2 days) the facial and ocular muscles become paretic yet undergo repeated tetanic spasms. The throat and tongue muscles may also be affected. SYN: cerebral t..
cerebral t. SYN: cephalic t..
complete t. t. in which stimuli to a particular muscle are repeated so rapidly that decrease of tension between stimuli cannot be detected.
drug t. tonic spasms caused by strychnine or other tetanic. SYN: toxic t..
generalized t. the most common type of t., often with trismus as its initial manifestation; the muscles of the head, neck, trunk and limbs become persistently contracted, and then painful paroxysmal tonic contractions (tetanic seizures) are superimposed; the high mortality rate (50%) is due to asphyxia or cardiac failure.
incomplete t. t. (2) in which each stimulus causes a contraction to be initiated when the muscle has only partly relaxed from the previous contraction.
local t. the most benign type of t.; the muscles in close proximity to an infected wound develop persistent involuntary contractions, often with transient, intense superimposed spasms triggered by various stimuli. The more distal upper extremity muscles are most often affected; gradual but complete recovery is typical.
neonatal t. SYN: t. neonatorum.
t. neonatorum t. occurring in newborn infants, usually due to infection of umbilical area with Clostridium tetani, often a result of ritualistic practices; has high fatality rate (about 60%). SYN: neonatal t..
postpartum t. SYN: puerperal t..
puerperal t. t. occurring during the puerperium from infection of the obstetric wound. SYN: postpartum t., uterine t..
Ritter opening t. the tetanic contraction that occasionally occurs when a strong current, passing through a long stretch of nerve, is suddenly interrupted.
toxic t. SYN: drug t..
traumatic t. t. following infection of a wound.
uterine t. SYN: puerperal t..

tetany
tetany (tet′a-ne)

A clinical neurologic syndrome characterized by muscle twitches, cramps, and carpopedal spasm, and when severe, laryngospasm and seizures; these findings reflect irritability of the central and peripheral nervous systems, usually resulting from low serum levels of ionized calcium or, less commonly, magnesium. Causes include hyperventilation, hypoparathyroidism, rickets, and uremia. SYN: intermittent cramp. [G. tetanos, tetanus]
t. of alkalosis t. due to a loss of acid from the body or an increase in alkali, resulting in a reduction of ionized calcium in plasma and body fluids, e.g., hyperventilation t. (loss of CO₂), gastric t. (loss of HCl by vomiting), or injection or ingestion of excessive amounts of sodium bicarbonate.
gastric t. t. associated with a gastric disorder, especially with loss of HCl by vomiting.
hyperventilation t. t. caused by forced overbreathing, due to a reduction in CO₂ in the blood.
hypoparathyroid t. SYN: parathyroid t..
infantile t. t. of infants occurring usually in association with rickets, due to dietary deficiency of vitamin D.
manifest t. t. from any cause in which neuromuscular hyperexcitability is clearly evident, as opposed to latent t.. SYN: symptomatic t..
neonatal t. hypocalcemic t. occurring in neonates or young infants, due to transient functional hypoparathyroidism in consumption of cow's milk (high phosphorus content). SYN: myotonia neonatorum, tetanism.
parathyroid t. t. due to lack of parathyroid function, spontaneous or following excision of the parathyroid glands. SYN: hypoparathyroid t., parathyroprival t..
parathyroprival t. SYN: parathyroid t..
phosphate t. t. due to the ingestion of an excess of alkaline phosphates (Na₂HPO₄ or K₂HPO₄); most commonly produced experimentally in animals by the injection of alkaline phosphate, which reduces the ionized calcium of the blood.
postoperative t. parathyroid t. caused by injury to or excision of the parathyroids during procedures in the neck.
symptomatic t. SYN: manifest t..

tetra- tetra-

Four. [G. tetra-, four]

tetra-amelia
tetra-amelia (tet′ra-a-me′le-a)

Absence of upper and lower limbs. [tetra- + G. a- priv. + melos, limb]

tetrabasic
tetrabasic (tet-ra-ba′sik)

Denoting an acid having four acid groups and thereby being able to neutralize 4 Eq of base.

tetrabenazine
tetrabenazine (tet′ra-ben′a-zen)

Formerly used as a tranquilizer; resembles reserpine in its actions but duration of effect is shorter.

tetraboric acid
tetraboric acid (tet′ra-bor′ik)

Perboric or pyroboric acid. SYN: pyroboric acid.

tetrabrachius
tetrabrachius (tet′ra-bra′ke-us)

An individual with four arms. [tetra- + G. brachion, arm]

tetrabromophenolphthalein sodium
tetrabromophenolphthalein sodium (tet′ra-bro′mo-fe′nol-thal′en, -e-in)

The sodium salt of a brominated dye; it was used early in the development of cholecystography.

tetracaine hydrochloride
tetracaine hydrochloride (tet′ra-kan)

A highly potent local anesthetic used for spinal, nerve block, and topical anesthesia.

tetrachirus
tetrachirus (tet′ra-ki′rus)

An individual with four hands. [tetra- + G. cheir, hand]

tetrachlorethylene
tetrachlorethylene (tet′ra-klor-eth′i-len)

An anthelmintic against hookworm and other nematodes. SYN: carbon dichloride, ethylene tetrachloride, tetrachloroethylene.

tetrachlormethiazide
tetrachlormethiazide (tet′ra-klor-me-thi′a-zid)

A diuretic of the thiazide type. SYN: teclothiazide.

tetrachloroethane
tetrachloroethane (tet′ra-klor-o-eth′an)

Acetylene tetrachloride; a nonflammable solvent for fats, oils, waxes, resins, etc.; used in the manufacture of paint and varnish removers, photographic films, lacquers, and insecticides. Its toxicity exceeds that of chloroform and carbon tetrachloride, and produces narcosis, liver damage, kidney damage, and gastroenteritis. SYN: cellon.

tetrachloroethylene
tetrachloroethylene (tet′ra-klor-o-eth′i-len)

SYN: tetrachlorethylene.

tetrachloromethane
tetrachloromethane (tet′tra-klor-o-meth′an)

SYN: carbon tetrachloride.

tetracoccus
tetracoccus, pl .tetracocci (tet′ra-kok′us, -kok′si)

An old term describing a spherical bacterium that divides in two planes and characteristically forms groups of four cells. [tetra- + G. kokkos, berry]

tetracosactide
tetracosactide, tetracosactin (tet′ra-ko-sak′tid, -tin)

SYN: cosyntropin.

tetracrotic
tetracrotic (tet′ra-krot′ik)

Denoting a pulse curve with four upstrokes in the cycle. [tetra- + G. krotos, a striking]

tetracuspid
tetracuspid (tet-ra-kus′pid)

Having four cusps. SYN: quadricuspid.

tetracycline
tetracycline (tet-ra-si′klen, -klin)

A broad spectrum antibiotic (a naphthacene derivative), the parent of oxytetracycline, prepared from chlortetracycline and also obtained from the culture filtrate of several species of Streptomyces; also available as t. hydrochloride and t. phosphate complex. T. fluorescence has been used in studies of growing tumors and calcium deposition in developing bone and teeth.

tetrad
tetrad (tet′rod)

1. A collection of four things having something in common such as a deformity with four features, e.g., Fallot tetralogy. SYN: tetralogy. 2. In chemistry, a quadrivalent element. 3. In heredity, a bivalent chromosome that divides into four chromatids during meiosis. [G. tetras (t.-), the number four]
Fallot t. SYN: tetralogy of Fallot.
narcoleptic t. the clinical syndrome of narcolepsy, cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations.

tetradactyl
tetradactyl (tet-ra-dak′til)

Having only four fingers or toes on a hand or foot. SYN: quadridigitate. [tetra- + G. daktylos, finger or toe]

tetradecanoic acid
tetradecanoic acid (tet′ra-dek-a-no′ik)

SYN: myristic acid.

tetradic
tetradic (te-trad′ik)

Relating to a tetrad.

tetraethylammonium chloride
tetraethylammonium chloride (tet-ra-eth′il-a-mo′ne-um)

A quaternary ammonium compound that partially blocks transmission of impulses through parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglia and is used in pharmacologic studies to block ganglionic transmission; its clinical usefulness is limited; formerly used as an antihypertensive drug.

tetraethyllead
tetraethyllead (tet′ra-eth′i-led)

An anti-knock compound added to motor fuel; has a toxic action causing anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, muscular weakness, insomnia, irritability, nervousness, and anxiety; death may occur. SYN: lead tetraethyl.

tetraethylmonothionopyrophosphate
tetraethylmonothionopyrophosphate (tet-ra-eth′il-mon-o-thi′o-no-pi-ro-fos′fat)

An anticholinesterase agent used in the treatment of glaucoma by local instillation in the eye.

tetraethyl pyrophosphate
tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP) (tet′ra-eth′il)

An organic phosphoric compound used as an insecticide; a potent irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor.

tetraethylthiuram disulfide
tetraethylthiuram disulfide (tet′ra-eth-il-thi′u-ram)

SYN: disulfiram.

tetragastrin
tetragastrin (tet-ra-gas′trin)

1. A tetrapeptide (Trp–Met–Asp–Phe–NH₂) used to test the secretion of digestive juice. 2. A pterin derivative that is a required cofactor for a number of enzymes; E.G., in the conversion of l-phenylalanine to l-tyrosine; the inability to synthesize tetrahydrobiopterin is associated with forms of malignant hyperphenylalaninemia.

tetraglycine hydroperiodide
tetraglycine hydroperiodide (tet-ra-gli′sen)

Dissolves in water to the extent of 380 g/L; used for the emergency disinfection of drinking water in amounts to yield 8 ppm of active iodine.

tetragon
tetragon, tetragonum (tet′ra-gon, tet′ra-go′num)

Quadrangle; a figure having four sides. [tetra- + G. gonia, angle]
t. lumbale a quadrangular space bounded laterally by the obliquus externus abdominis muscle, medially by the erector spinae, above by the serratus posterior inferior, and below by the internal abdominal oblique muscle.

tetragonus
tetragonus (tet′ra-go′nus)

Obsolete term for platysma (muscle).

tetrahydric
tetrahydric (tet-ra-hi′drik)

Denoting a compound containing four ionizable hydrogen atoms (four acid groups).

tetrahydro- tetrahydro-

Prefix denoting attachment of four hydrogen atoms; e.g., tetrahydrofolate (H₄folate).

tetrahydrocannabinol
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (tet′ra-hi′dro-ka-nab′i-nol)

The Δ¹-3,4-trans isomer and the Δ⁶-3,4-trans isomer are believed to be the active isomers present in Cannabis, having been isolated from marijuana. SEE ALSO: cannabis, dronabinol.

5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase
5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (tet′ra-hi-dro-fo′lat)

SYN: dihydrofolate reductase.

tetrahydrofolate methyltransferase
tetrahydrofolate methyltransferase (tet′ra-hi-dro-fol′at)

SYN: methionine synthase.

tetrahydrofolic acid
tetrahydrofolic acid (FH₄) (tet′ra-hi-dro-fol′ik)

The active coenzyme form of folic acid; participates in one-carbon metabolism. SYN: coenzyme F.

tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride
tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride (tet-ra-hi-droz′o-len)

A sympathomimetic agent related to ephedrine, used as a topical nasal and conjunctival decongestant; chronic excessive use may convert an acute congestion into a chronic reactive hyperemia.

Tetrahymena pyriformis
Tetrahymena pyriformis (tet-ra-hi′me-na pir-i-for′mis)

A ciliate belonging to a large group characterized by three membranes on one side of the buccal cavity and one on the other; it somewhat resembles the paramecium and, like it, is readily cultured and used extensively for experimental studies. [tetra- + G. hymen, membrane]

tetraiodophenolphthalein sodium
tetraiodophenolphthalein sodium (tet′ra-i-o′do-fe′nol-thal′en, -thal′e-in)

SYN: iodophthalein.

tetralogy
tetralogy (te-tral′o-je)

SYN: tetrad (1) . [G. tetralogia]
Eisenmenger t. SYN: Eisenmenger complex.
t. of Fallot a set of congenital cardiac defects including ventricular septal defect, pulmonic valve stenosis or infundibular stenosis, and dextroposition of the aorta so that it overrides the ventricular septum and receives venous as well as arterial blood. Right ventricular hypertrophy is considered part of the t. although it is reactive to the other defects. SYN: Fallot tetrad.

tetramastia
tetramastia (tet′ra-mas′te-a)

Presence of four breasts on an individual. [tetra- + G. mastos, breast]

tetramastigote
tetramastigote (tet-ra-mas′ti-got)

A protozoan or other microorganism possessing four flagella. [tetra- + G. mastix, whip]

tetramastous
tetramastous (tet′ra-mas′tus)

Having four breasts.

tetramelus
tetramelus (te-tram′e-lus)

Conjoined twins possessing four arms (tetrabrachius), or four legs (tetrascelus). See conjoined twins, under twin. [tetra- + G. melos, limb]

Tetrameres
Tetrameres (tet-ram′e-rez)

A genus of stomach-infecting parasitic nematodes (family Spiruridae) of birds. When filled with eggs, the female worm is enormously enlarged and has a globular, blood-red appearance. Species include T. americana, found in the proventriculus of chickens (sometimes severely pathogenic in young chicks), turkeys, grouse, and quail, and transmitted by infected cockroaches and grasshoppers, and T. fissispina, found in the proventriculum of ducks, geese, wild waterfowl, pigeons, and doves but rarely in gallinaceous birds. [see tetrameric]

tetrameric
tetrameric, tetramerous (tet′ra-mer′ik, te-tram′e-rus)

Having four parts, or parts arranged in groups of four, or capable of existing in four forms. [tetra- + G. meros, part]

tetramethylammonium iodide
tetramethylammonium iodide (tet-ra-meth′il-a-mo′ne-um)

Dissolves in water to the extent of 0.25 g/L; used for the emergency disinfection of drinking water.

tetramethyldiarsine
tetramethyldiarsine (tet′ra-meth′il-di-ar′sen)

SYN: cacodyl.

tetramethylputrescine
tetramethylputrescine (tet-ra-meth′il-pu-tres′en)

A derivative of putrescine, C₈H₂₀N₂, similar in its action to muscarine.

tetranitrol
tetranitrol (tet-ra-ni′trol)

SYN: erythrityl tetranitrate.

tetranucleotide
tetranucleotide (tet′ra-noo′kle-o-tid)

A compound of four nucleotides; once thought to represent the actual structure of nucleic acid (t. theory).

tetraotus
tetraotus (tet′ra-o′tus)

SYN: tetrotus.

tetraparesis
tetraparesis (tet′ra-pa-re′sis)

Weakness of all four extremities. SYN: quadriparesis.

tetrapeptide
tetrapeptide (tet′ra-pep′tid)

A compound of four amino acids in peptide linkage.

tetraperomelia
tetraperomelia (tet′ra-pe-ro-me′le-a)

Peromelia involving all four extremities. [tetra- + G. peros, maimed, + melos, limb]

tetraphocomelia
tetraphocomelia (tet′ra-fo-ko-me′le-a)

Phocomelia involving all four limbs.

tetraplegia
tetraplegia (tet′ra-ple′je-a)

SYN: quadriplegia. [tetra- + G. plege, stroke]

tetraplegic
tetraplegic (tet′ra-ple′jik)

SYN: quadriplegic.

tetraploid
tetraploid (tet′ra-ployd)

See polyploidy. [G. tetraploos, fourfold, + eidos, form]

tetrapus
tetrapus (tet′ra-pus)

A malformed individual with four feet. [G. tetrapous, fr. tetra- + pous, foot]

tetrapyrrole
tetrapyrrole (tet′ra-pir′ol)

A molecule containing four pyrrole nuclei; e.g., porphyrin.

tetrasaccharide
tetrasaccharide (tet′ra-sak′a-rid)

A sugar containing four molecules of a monosaccharide; e.g., stachyose.

tetrascelus
tetrascelus (te-tras′e-lus)

A malformed individual with four legs. [tetra- + G. skelos, leg]

tetrasomic
tetrasomic (tet′ra-so′mik)

Relating to a cell nucleus in which one chromosome is represented four times while all others are present in the normal number. [tetra- + chromosome]

tetraster
tetraster (tet-ras′ter)

A figure exceptionally and abnormally occurring in mitosis, in which there are four asters. [tetra- +G. aster, star]

tetrastichiasis
tetrastichiasis (tet′ra-sti-ki′a-sis)

Duplication of the growth of the eyelashes (in four rows). [tetra- + G. stichos, row]

tetraterpenes
tetraterpenes (tet′ra-ter′penz)

Hydrocarbons or their derivatives formed by the condensation of eight isoprene units ( i.e., four terpenes) and therefore containing 40 carbon atoms; e.g., various carotenoids.

tetratomic
tetratomic (tet′ra-tom′ik)

Denoting a quadrivalent element or radical. [tetra- + G. atomos, atom]

Tetratrichomonas
Tetratrichomonas (tet′ra-tri-kom′o-nas)

A genus of parasitic protozoan flagellates, formerly part of the genus Trichomonas but now separated into a distinct genus by the presence of four anterior and one trailing flagella, a pelta, and a disc-shaped parabasal body. See Trichomonas. [tetra- + Trichomonas]
T. ovis a species that occurs in the cecum or rumen of domestic sheep.

tetravalent
tetravalent (tet′ra-va′lent)

SYN: quadrivalent. [tetra- + L. valentia, strength]

tetrazole
tetrazole (tet′ra-zol)

The compound CN₄H₂ with the structure of tetrazolium.

tetrazolium
tetrazolium (tet′ra-zo′le-um)

Any of a group of organic salts having the general structure that on reduction (cleaving the 2,3 bond) yields a colored insoluble formazan; used as a reagent in oxidative enzyme histochemistry.
nitroblue t. (NBT) a pale yellow dye that is converted on reduction to colored formazans in the histochemical demonstration of dehydrogenases; used in hematology for staining of neutrophils to help indicate the presence of bacterial infections.

tetrodotoxin
tetrodotoxin (TTX) (tet′ro-do-tok′sin)

A potent neurotoxin found in the liver and ovaries of the Japanese pufferfish, Sphoeroides rubripes, other species of pufferfish, and certain newts; produces axonal blocks of the preganglionic cholinergic fibers and the somatic motor nerves. T. blocks voltage-gated Na⁺ channels in excitable tissues.

tetrose
tetrose (tet′ros)

A monosaccharide containing only four carbon atoms in the main chain; e.g., erythrose, threose, erythrulose.

tetrotus
tetrotus (te-tro′tus)

A malformed individual with four ears, four eyes, two faces, and two almost separate heads. SYN: tetraotus. [tetra- + G. ous (ot-), ear]

tetroxide
tetroxide (te-trok′sid)

An oxide containing four oxygen atoms; e.g., OsO₄.

tetter
tetter (tet′er)

An outmoded colloquial term, popularly applied to ringworm and eczema, and occasionally applied to other eruptions. [A.S. teter]

Teutleben
Teutleben

F.E.K. von, German anatomist, 1842–?. See T. ligament.

textiform
textiform (teks′ti-form)

Weblike. [L. textum, something woven]

textural
textural (teks′chur-al)

Relating to the texture of the tissues.

texture
texture (teks′choor)

The composition or structure of a tissue or organ. [L. textura, fr. texo, pp. textus, to weave]

textus
textus (teks′tus)

A tissue. [L.]

TGC
TGC

Abbreviation for time-varied gain control; time-gain compensation.

TGF
TGF

Abbreviation for transforming growth factors, under factor.

TGFα
TGFα

Abbreviation for transforming growth factor α.

TGFβ
TGFβ

Abbreviation for transforming growth factor β.

Th
Th

1. Abbreviation for T helper cells, under cell. 2. Symbol for thorium.

Thal
Thal

Alan P., U.S. surgeon, *1925. See T. procedure.

thalam- thalam-

See thalamo-.

thalamectomy
thalamectomy (thal-a-mek′to-me)

See chemothalamectomy. [thalamus + G. ektome, excision]

thalamencephalic
thalamencephalic (thal′a-men-se-fal′ik)

Relating to the thalamencephalon.

thalamencephalon
thalamencephalon (thal′a-men-sef′a-lon)

That part of the diencephalon comprising the thalamus and its associated structures. [thalamus + G. enkephalos, brain]

thalamic
thalamic (tha-lam′ik)

Relating to the thalamus.

thalamo- thalamo-, thalam-

The thalamus. [G. thalamos, bedroom (thalamus)]

thalamocortical
thalamocortical (thal′a-mo-kor′ti-kal)

Relating to the efferent connections of the thalamus with the cerebral cortex.

thalamolenticular
thalamolenticular (thal′a-mo-len-tik′oo-lar)

Relating to the thalamus, usually the dorsal thalamus, and the lenticular nucleus (putamen and globus pallidus).

thalamotomy
thalamotomy (thal-a-mot′o-me)

Destruction of a selected portion of the thalamus by stereotaxy for the relief of pain, involuntary movements, epilepsy, and, rarely, emotional disturbances; produces few, if any, neurologic deficits or undesirable personality changes. [thalamus + G. tome, incision]

thalamus
thalamus, pl .thalami (thal′a-mus, -mi) [TA]

The large, ovoid mass of gray matter that forms the larger dorsal subdivision of the diencephalon; it is placed medial to the internal capsule and the body and tail of the caudate nucleus. Its medial aspect forms the dorsal half of the lateral wall of the third ventricle; its dorsal surface can be subdivided into a lateral triangle forming the floor of the body (central part) of the lateral ventricle, and a medial triangle covered by the velum interpositum; its tail-like caudal part curves ventralward around the posterolateral aspect of the cerebral peduncle and ends in the lateral geniculate body. The t. is composed of a large number of anatomically and functionally distinct cell groups or nuclei, usually classified as 1) sensory relay nuclei (ventral posterior nucleus, lateral and medial geniculate body) each receiving a modally specific sensory conduction system and in turn projecting each to the corresponding primary sensory area of the cortex; 2) “secondary” relay nuclei (ventral intermediate nucleus and ventral anterior nucleus) receiving fibers from the medial segment of the globus pallidus, the contralateral deep cerebellar nuclei ( i.e., cerebellothalamic fibers), and the pars reticulata of the substantia nigra which project to various regions of the motor cortex; 3) a nucleus associated with the limbic system: the composite anterior nucleus receiving the mamillothalamic tract and projecting to the fornicate gyrus; 4) association nuclei (medial dorsal nucleus, lateral nucleus including the large pulvinar) each projecting to a particular large expanse of association cortex; 5) the midline and intralaminar nuclei or “nonspecific” nuclei (centromedian nucleus, central lateral nucleus, paracentral nucleus, nucleus reuniens). SEE ALSO: dorsal t.. [G. thalamos, a bed, a bedroom]
dorsal t. the large part of the diencephalon located dorsal to the hypothalamus and excluding the subthalamus and the medial and lateral geniculate bodies (sometime the latter two are collectively called the metathalamus); the dorsal t. includes the major motor and somatosensory relay nuclei, nuclei that project to association areas, and the intralaminar nuclei. SEE ALSO: t..
ventral t. SYN: subthalamus.

thalassemia
thalassemia, thalassanemia (thal-a-se′me-a, tha-las-a-ne′me-a)

Any of a group of inherited disorders of hemoglobin metabolism in which there is impaired synthesis of one or more of the polypeptide chains of globin; several genetic types exist, and the corresponding clinical picture may vary from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia. [G. thalassa, the sea, + haima, blood]
α t. t. due to one of two or more genes that depress (severely or moderately) synthesis of α-globin chains by the chromosome with the abnormal gene. Heterozygous state: severe type, t. minor with 5–15% of Hb Barts at birth, only traces of Hb Barts in adult; mild type, 1–2% of Hb Barts at birth, not detectable in adult. Homozygous state: severe type, erythroblastosis fetalis and fetal death, only Hb Barts and Hb H present; mild type not clinically defined. SEE ALSO: hemoglobin H.
A₂ t. β t., heterozygous state.
β t. t. due to one of two or more genes that depress (partially or completely) synthesis of β-globin chains by the chromosome bearing the abnormal gene. Heterozygous state (A₂ t.): t. minor with Hb A₂ increased, Hb F normal or variably increased, Hb A normal or slightly reduced. Homozygous state: t. major with Hb A reduced to very low but variable levels, Hb F very high level.
β-δ t. t. due to a gene that depresses synthesis of both β- and δ-globin chains by the chromosome bearing the abnormal gene. Heterozygous state: t. minor with Hb F comprising 5–30% of total hemoglobin but distributed unevenly among cells, Hb A₂ reduced or normal. Homozygous state: moderate anemia with only Hb F present, no Hb A or Hb A₂. SYN: F t..
F t. SYN: β-δ t..
t. intermedia a clinical variant of t. characterized by an intermediate degree of severity. These patients have severe anemia but usually do not require regular blood transfusions. Intermedia disorders represent a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders and may include cases with homozygous or heterozygous abnormalities in the β-globin chain gene.
α t. intermedia hemoglobin H.
Lepore t. [MIM*142000.0020 and others] t. syndrome due to production of abnormally structured Lepore hemoglobin. Heterozygous state: t. minor with about 10% of Hb Lepore, Hb F moderately increased, Hb A₂ normal. Homozygous state: t. major with only Hb F and Hb Lepore produced, no Hb A or Hb A₂.
t. major [MIM*141800–142310 passim] the syndrome of severe anemia resulting from the homozygous state of one of the t. genes or one of the hemoglobin Lepore genes with onset, in infancy or childhood, of pallor, icterus, weakness, splenomegaly, cardiac enlargement, thinning of inner and outer tables of skull, microcytic hypochromic anemia with poikilocytosis, anisocytosis, stippled cells, target cells, and nucleated erythrocytes; types of hemoglobin are variable and depend on the gene involved. SYN: Cooley anemia, primary erythroblastic anemia.
t. minor [MIM*141800–142310 passim] the heterozygous state of a t. gene or a hemoglobin Lepore gene; usually asymptomatic and quite variable hematologically, with target cells, mild hypochromic microcytosis, and often slightly reduced hemoglobin level with slightly increased erythrocyte count; types of hemoglobin are variable and depend on the gene involved.

thalassophobia
thalassophobia (thal′a-so-fo′be-a, tha-las′o-)

Morbid fear of the sea. [G. thalassa, the sea, + phobos, fear]

thalassoposia
thalassoposia (thal′a-so-po′ze-a, tha-las′o-)

SYN: mariposia. [G. thalassa, the sea, + posis, drinking]

thalassotherapy
thalassotherapy (thal′a-so-ther′a-pe)

Treatment of disease by exposure to sea air, by sea bathing, or by a sea voyage. [G. thalassa, the sea]

thalidomide
thalidomide (tha-lid′o-mid)

A hypnotic drug which, if taken in early pregnancy, may cause the birth of infants with phocomelia and other defects; under investigational use for treatment of leprosy and as an immunomodulator in HIV infections and graft vs. host reactions.

thallic
thallic (thal′lik)

Denoting conidia produced with no enlargement or growth after delimitation by septa in the hypha (thallus); the entire parent cell becomes an arthroconidium.

thallium
thallium (Tl) (thal′e-um)

A white metallic element, atomic no. 81, atomic wt. 204.3833; ²⁰¹Tl (half-life equal to 3.038 days) is used to scan the myocardium. [G. thallos, a green shoot (it gives a green line in the spectrum)]
t.-201 (²⁰¹Tl) the radioisotope of t. used widely for myocardial nuclear imaging; it is also taken up by certain tumors.

Thallophyta
Thallophyta (tha-lof′i-ta)

In older classification systems, a primary division of the plant kingdom whose members, with a few exceptions, were devoid of true roots, stems, and leaves; it included bacteria, fungi, and algae. [G. thallos, a green shoot, + phyton, plant]

thallophyte
thallophyte (thal′o-fit)

A member of the division Thallophyta.

thallotoxicosis
thallotoxicosis (thal′o-tok-si-ko′sis)

Poisoning by thallium; marked by stomatitis, gastroenteritis, peripheral and retrobulbar neuritis, endocrine disorders, and alopecia. [thallium + G. toxikon, poison, + -osis, condition]

thallus
thallus (thal′us)

A simple plant or fungus body that is devoid of roots, stems, and leaves. The vegetative growth of a fungus. [G. thallos, a young shoot]

thanato- thanato-

Death. SEE ALSO: necro-. [G. thanatos, death]

thanatobiologic
thanatobiologic (than′a-to-bi-o-loj′ik)

Relating to the processes involved in life and death. [thanato- + G. bios, life, + logos, study]

thanatognomonic
thanatognomonic (than′a-to-no-mon′ik)

Of fatal prognosis, indicating the approach of death. [thanato- + G. gnome, a sign]

thanatography
thanatography (than-a-tog′ra-fe)

1. A description of one's symptoms and thoughts while dying. 2. A treatise on death. [thanato- + G. graphe, a writing]

thanatoid
thanatoid (than′a-toyd)

1. Resembling death. 2. Deadly. [thanato- + G. eidos, resemblance]

thanatology
thanatology (than-a-tol′o-je)

The branch of science concerned with the study of death and dying. [thanato- + G. logos, study]

thanatomania
thanatomania (than′a-to-ma′ne-a)

Illness or death resulting from belief in the efficacy of magic; a phenomenon observed among those primitive societies or illiterate and superstitious people who believe in the power of evil spirits, spells, curses, and individuals over one's bodily processes, with such belief and resulting fear manifesting itself as psychosomatic illness and even death. [thanato- + G. mania, frenzy]

thanatophidia
thanatophidia (than′a-to-fid′e-a)

Venomous snakes. [thanato- + G. ophidion, dim. of ophis, a serpent]

thanatophobia
thanatophobia (than′a-to-fo′be-a)

Morbid fear of death. [thanato- + G. phobos, fear]

thanatophoric
thanatophoric (than′a-to-for′ik)

Leading to death. [thanato- + G. phoros, bearing]

thanatos
thanatos (than′a-tos)

In psychoanalysis, the death principle, representing all instinctual tendencies toward senescence and death.instinct. Cf.:eros. [G. death]

Thane
Thane

Sir George D., English anatomist, 1850–1930. See T. method.

thaumatropy
thaumatropy (thaw-mat′ro-pe)

The transformation of one form of tissue into another. [G. thauma (thaumat-), a wonder, + trope, a turning]

Thayer
Thayer

James D. See T.-Martin medium, T.-Martin agar.

THC
THC

Abbreviation for tetrahydrocannabinol.

Thd
Thd

Symbol for ribothymidine.

thea
thea (the-a)

SYN: tea. [Mod. L.]

theaism
theaism (the′a-izm)

SYN: theinism.

theater
theater (the′a-ter)

1. A large room for lectures and demonstrations; sometimes applied to an operating room equipped for observation by persons other than the surgical team. 2. Any operating room or suite of such rooms. [G. theatron, a place for seeing, t., fr. theomai, to look at]

thebaic
thebaic (the-ba′ik)

Relating to or derived from opium. [L. Thebaicus, relating to Thebes, whence opium was formerly obtained]

thebaine
thebaine (the-ba′en, -in)

An alkaloid obtained from opium (0.3–1.5%); it resembles strychnine in its action, causing tetanic convulsions. SYN: paramorphine.

Thebesius
Thebesius

Adam C., German physician, 1686–1732. See thebesian foramina, under foramen, thebesian valve, thebesian veins, under vein.

theca
theca, pl .thecae (the′ka, the′se)

A sheath or capsule. [G. theke, a box]
t. cordis SYN: pericardium.
t. externa SYN: tunica externa thecae folliculi.
t. folliculi the wall of a vesicular ovarian follicle. SEE ALSO: tunica externa, tunica interna thecae folliculi.
t. interna SYN: tunica interna thecae folliculi.
t. tendinis SYN: synovial tendon sheath.
t. vertebralis SYN: spinal dura mater.

thecal
thecal (the′kal)

Relating to a sheath, especially a tendon sheath. [see theca]

thecodont
thecodont (the′ko-dont)

Having the teeth inserted in alveoli. [G. theke, box, + odous (odont-), tooth]

thecoma
thecoma (the-ko′ma)

A neoplasm derived from ovarian mesenchyme, consisting chiefly of spindle-shaped cells that frequently contain small droplets of fat; gross features generally resemble those of a granulosa cell tumor, i.e., firm, yellow, encapsulated mass, ordinarily about 10 cm or less in diameter, but it tends to be less malignant; it may form considerable quantities of estrogens, thereby resulting in precocious development of secondary sexual features in prepubertal girls, or hyperplasia of the endometrium in older patients. SYN: theca cell tumor. [G. theke, box (theca), + -oma, tumor]

thecomatosis
thecomatosis (the′ko-ma-to′sis)

A stromal hyperplasia or increase in the number of connective tissue elements of an ovary.

Theden
Theden

Johann C.A., German surgeon, 1714–1797. See T. method.

Theile
Theile

Friedrich W., German anatomist, 1801–1879. See T. canal, T. glands, under gland, T. muscle.

Theiler
Theiler

Max, South African microbiologist in the U.S. and Nobel laureate, 1899–1972. See T. virus.

Theileriidae
Theileriidae (thi-le′re-i-de)

A family of sporozoan protozoa which, combined with the family Babesiidae, comprises the order Piroplasmida; it consists of one recognized genus, Theileria, transmitted by ixodid ticks.

thein
thein (the′in, te′in)

SYN: caffeine.

theinism
theinism, theism (the′i-nizm; the′izm, te′-)

Chronic poisoning resulting from immoderate tea-drinking, marked by palpitation, insomnia, nervousness, headache, and dyspepsia. SYN: theaism. [Mod. L. thea, tea]

thel- thel-

See thelo-.

thelarche
thelarche (the-lar′ke)

The beginning of development of the breasts in the female. [thel- + G. arche, beginning]

Thelazia
Thelazia (the-la′ze-a)

The eye worms, a genus of spiruroid nematodes that inhabit the lacrimal ducts and surface of the eyes of various domestic and wild animals, but rarely humans; a number of species have been reported from wild birds. Cyclic development occurs in muscoid flies; infective larvae emerge from the fly mouthparts while the fly is feeding on or near the eyes of the host. [G. thelazo, to suck]
T. californiensis a nematode species occurring in the tear ducts, conjunctival sac, or under the nictitating membrane of dogs, coyotes, black bears, sheep, deer, jack rabbits, cats and, occasionally, humans in the western and southwestern U.S.; heavy infections cause photophobia, lacrimation, eyelid edema, conjunctivitis, and even blindness.
T. callipaeda a species reported from humans in Southeast Asia and California; the worm, embedded in a subconjunctival tumor or swimming in the aqueous humor after penetrating the corneoscleral limbus, causes pain, photophobia, and tearing.

thelaziasis
thelaziasis (the-la-zi′a-sis, thel-a-)

Infection with nematodes of the genus Thelazia.

thele
thele (the′le)

SYN: nipple. [G.]

thelium
thelium, pl .thelia (the′le-um, -le-a)

1. A nipplelike structure. 2. A cellular layer. 3. SYN: nipple. [Mod. L., fr. G. thele, nipple]

thelo- thelo-, thel-

The nipples. Cf.:mamil-. [G. thele]

thelorrhagia
thelorrhagia (the-lo-ra′je-a)

Bleeding from the nipple. [thelo- + G. rhegnymi, to burst forth]

thenad
thenad (the′nad)

Toward the thenar or lateral side of the palm of the hand. [G. thenar, the palm of the hand, + L. ad, to]

thenal
thenal (the′nal)

SYN: thenar.

thenaldine
thenaldine (the-nal′den)

An antihistaminic and antipruritic agent (as the tartrate).

thenar
thenar (the′nar) [TA]

Term applied to any structure in relation with the base of the thumb or its underlying collective components. SYN: thenal. See t. eminence. [G. the palm of the hand]

thenen
thenen (the′nen)

Relating only to the palm, specifically to the radial side. [G. thenar, palm, + en, in]

thenyl
thenyl (then′il)

The radical of 2-methylthiophene, (SC₄H₃)CH₂–. Cf.:thienyl.

thenyldiamine hydrochloride
thenyldiamine hydrochloride (then-il-di′a-men)

An antihistaminic.

Theobald Smith
Theobald Smith

See Smith.

theobroma
theobroma (the-o-bro′ma)

SYN: cacao. [G. theos, a god, + broma, food]
t. oil the fat obtained from the wasted seed of T. cacao (family Sterculiaceae); it contains the glycerides of stearic, palmitic, oleic, arichidic, and linoleic acids; used as a base for suppositories and ointments and, in operative dentistry, as a lubricant and protective. SYN: cacao butter, cocoa butter, cacao oil.

theobromine
theobromine (the-o-bro′men)

An alkaloid resembling caffeine and theophylline in its action and chemical structure, prepared from the dried ripe seed of Theobroma cacao or made synthetically; formerly used widely as a diuretic, myocardial stimulant, dilator of coronary arteries, and smooth muscle relaxant. Compounds with calcium gluconate, calcium salicylate, sodium acetate, sodium lactate, and sodium salicylate have been listed.

theomania
theomania (the-o-ma′ne-a)

A delusion in which one believes that he or she is God. [G. theos, god, + mania, frenzy]

theophobia
theophobia (the-o-fo′be-a)

Morbid fear of God. [G. theos, god, + phobos, fear]

theophylline
theophylline (the-of′i-len, -lin)

An alkaloid found with caffeine in tea leaves (commercial t. is prepared synthetically); a smooth muscle relaxant, diuretic, cardiac stimulant, and vasodilator; used in bronchial asthma and other forms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as a bronchodilator and respiratory muscle stimulant. Also, thought to increase respiratory drive, so sometimes used in hypoventilation syndromes. Shares chemical and pharmacologic properties with caffeine and theobromine.
t. ethylenediamine SYN: aminophylline.
t. sodium glycinate equilibrium mixture containing t. sodium and glycine in approximately molecular proportions, buffered with an additional mole of glycine; similar in action and uses to aminophylline but more stable in air, and less irritating to the gastric mucosa.

theorem
theorem (the′o-rem)

A proposition that can be tested, and can be established as a law or principle. SEE ALSO: law, principle, rule.
Bayes t. the impacts of new data on the evidential merits of competing scientific hypotheses are compared by computing for each the product of the antecedent plausibility (the prior probability) and the likelihood of the current data given that hypothesis (the conditional probability) and rescaling them so that their total is unity (the rescaled values being posterior probabilities). SEE ALSO: diagnostic sensitivity, diagnostic specificity, predictive value.
Bernoulli t. SYN: Bernoulli law.
central limit t. the sum (or average) of n realizations of the same process, provided only that it has a finite variance, will approach the gaussian distribution as n becomes indefinitely large. This theory provides a broad warrant for the use of normal theory even for nongaussian data. In the form stated here, it constitutes the classical version; more general versions allow serious relaxation of the usual assumptions.
Gibbs t. substances that lower the surface tension of the pure dispersion medium tend to collect in its surface, whereas substances that raise the surface tension tend to remain out of the surface film.

theory
theory (the′or-e)

A reasoned explanation of known facts or phenomena that serves as a basis of investigation by which to seek the truth. SEE ALSO: hypothesis, postulate. [G. theoria, a beholding, speculation, t., fr. theoros, a beholder]
adsorption t. of narcosis that a drug becomes concentrated at the surface of the cell as a result of adsorption, and thus alters permeability and metabolism.
aerodynamic t. generally accepted t. that the vibration of the vocal folds in phonation is produced by the flow of exhaled air past lightly approximated vocal folds; opposed to the now untenable concept that vocal fold motion in phonation results from contraction of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx at the frequency of the vocal fold vibration.
Altmann t. a t. that protoplasm consists of granular particles (called bioblasts) that are clustered and enclosed in indifferent matter.
Arrhenius-Madsen t. that the reaction of an antigen with its antibody is a reversible reaction, the equilibrium being determined according to the law of mass action by the concentrations of the reacting substances.
atomic t. that chemical compounds are formed by the union of atoms in certain definite proportions; in its modern form, first advanced in 1803 by John Dalton.
Baeyer t. that carbon bonds are set at fixed angles (109° 28′) and that those carbon rings are most stable that least distort those angles; for this reason, planar rings composed of 5 or 6 carbon atoms ( e.g., cyclopentane, benzene) are more common than rings containing less than 5 or more than 6 carbon atoms.
balance t. in social psychology, a t. that assumes that steady and unsteady states can be specified for cognitive units ( e.g., an individual and his or her attitudes or acts) and that such units tend to seek steady states (balance); e.g., balance exists when both parts of a unit are evaluated the same, but disequilibrium arises when both parts are not evaluated the same, which causes either cognitive reevaluation of the parts or their segregation. SEE ALSO: cognitive dissonance t., consistency principle.
beta-oxidation-condensation t. that the two carbon fragments split from the fatty acid molecule by beta-oxidation are converted to acetic acid and then condensed to acetoacetic acid.
Bohr t. that spectrum lines are produced 1) by the quantized emission of radiant energy when electrons drop from an orbit of a higher to one of a lower energy level, or 2) by absorption of radiation when an electron rises from a lower to a higher energy level.
Br&slash;onsted t. that an acid is a substance, charged or uncharged, liberating hydrogen ions in solution, and that a base is a substance that removes them from solution ( e.g., NH₄⁺, CH₃COOH, and HSO₄⁻ are acids; NH₃, CH₃COO⁻, and SO₄⁻ are bases); useful in the concept of weak electrolytes and buffers. Cf.:Br&slash;onsted acid, Br&slash;onsted base.
Burn and Rand t. that stimulation of sympathetic fibers results first in the production of acetylcholine in the postganglionic nerve endings, which then release norepinephrine to act on the active site of the effector cell.
Cannon t. SYN: emergency t..
Cannon-Bard t. the view that the feeling aspect of emotion and the pattern of emotional behavior are controlled by the hypothalamus.
catastrophe t. a branch of mathematics dealing with large changes in the total system that may result from a small change in a critical variable in the system; an example is the change in the physical properties of H₂O as the temperature reaches 0 or 100°C; many applications of catastrophe t. occur in clinical medicine and in epidemiology.
cellular immune t. a concept, put forth by Elie Metchnikoff, that cells, not antibodies, were responsible for the immune response of an organism.
celomic metaplasia t. of endometriosis that endometrial tissue arises directly from the peritoneal mesothelium.
chaos t. a branch of mathematics dealing with events and processes that cannot be predicted precisely on the basis of conventional mathematical theories or laws; some biological processes, e.g., spread of malignant disease, appear to conform to chaos t., at least sometimes.
chemiosmotic t. a hypothesis proposing that cellular energy requiring processes such as ATP synthesis and ion pumping may be driven by a pH and membrane potential gradient; proposed by Peter Mitchell in 1961.
cloacal t. the belief sometimes held by neurotic adults or children that a child is born, as a stool is passed, from a common opening.
clonal deletion t. the elimination of certain T cell populations in the thymus that have receptors for self-antigens (forbidden clones). See immunologic tolerance.
clonal selection t. a t. which states that each lymphocyte has membrane-bound immunoglobulin receptors specific for a particular antigen and once the receptor is engaged, proliferation of the cell occurs such that a clone of antibody-producing cells (plasma cell) is produced.
cognitive dissonance t. a t. of attitude formation and behavior describing a motivational state that exists when an individual's cognitive elements (attitudes, perceived behaviors, etc.) are inconsistent with each other, such as the espousal of the Ten Commandments concurrent with the belief that it is all right to cheat on one's taxes; a test which indicates that persons try to achieve consistency (consonance) and avoid dissonance which, when it arises, may be coped with by changing one's attitudes, rationalizing, selective perception, and other means. SEE ALSO: balance t., consistency principle.
colloid t. of narcosis that coagulation or flocculation of protein causes dehydration and reduction of metabolism.
decay t. a t. of forgetting based on the premise that an engram or memory trace dissipates progressively with time during the interval when it is not activated.
dipole t. a t. in which the activation current of the heart is conceived as a single net moving dipole, the positive pole leading.
duplicity t. of vision that the cones of the retina function in bright light and the rods function in dim light.
Ehrlich t. side-chain t..
t. of electrolytic dissociation Arrhenius doctrine.
emergency t. a t. of the emotions, advanced by W.B. Cannon, that animal and human organisms respond to emergency situations by increased sympathetic nervous system activity including an increased catecholamine production with associated increases in blood pressure, heart and respiratory rates, and skeletal muscle blood flow. SEE ALSO: relaxation response. SYN: Cannon t..
enzyme inhibition t. of narcosis that narcotics inhibit respiratory enzymes by suppression of the formation of high-energy phosphate bonds within the cell.
Flourens t. an older t. that thought is a process depending upon the action of the entire cerebrum.
Frerichs t. that uremia represents a toxic condition caused by ammonium carbonate, which is formed as the result of the action of a plasma enzyme on the increased amounts of urea.
Freud t. a comprehensive t. of how personality is formed and develops in normal and emotionally disturbed individuals; e.g., that an attack of conversion hysteria is due to a psychic trauma which was not adequately reacted to at the time it was received, and persists as an affect memory. SEE ALSO: psychoanalysis.
game t. the branch of mathematical logic concerned with the range of possible reactions to a particular strategy; each reaction can be assigned a probability and each reaction can lead to a counter-reaction by the “adversary” in the game. Used mainly in systems analysis, game t. has some applications in disease surveillance and control; it is one of the underlying theories in clinical decision analysis.
gastrea t. SYN: Haeckel gastrea t..
gate-control t. a t. to explain the mechanism of pain; small-fiber afferent stimuli, particularly pain, entering the substantia gelatinosa can be modulated by large-fiber afferent stimuli and descending spinal pathways so that their transmission to ascending spinal pathways is blocked (gated). SYN: gate-control hypothesis.
germ t. the t., now a doctrine, that infectious diseases are due to the presence and functional activity of microorganisms within the body.
germ layer t. the concept that young embryos differentiate three primary germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm), each of which has the potentiality of forming different characteristic structures and organs in the developing body.
gestalt t. gestaltism.
Haeckel gastrea t. that the two-layered gastrula is the ancestral form of all multicellular animals. SYN: gastrea t..
Helmholtz t. of accommodation that the ciliary muscle relaxes for near vision and allows the anterior aspect of the lens to become more convex.
Helmholtz t. of color vision SYN: Young-Helmholtz t. of color vision.
Helmholtz-Gibbs t. Gibbs-Helmholtz equation.
Helmholtz t. of hearing SYN: resonance t. of hearing.
Hering t. of color vision that there are three opponent visual processes: blue-yellow, red-green, and white-black.
hydrate microcrystal t. of anesthesia a t. of narcosis pertaining to nonhydrogen-bonding agents; postulates the interaction of the molecules of the anesthetic drug with water molecules in the brain. SYN: Pauling t..
implantation t. of the production of endometriosis that, at the time of menstruation, cells of the uterine mucosa pass through the fallopian tubes and escape into the pelvic cavity where they implant themselves on the peritoneum.
incasement t. SYN: preformation t..
information t. in the behavioral sciences, a system for studying the communication process through the detailed analysis, often mathematical, of all aspects of the process including the encoding, transmission, and decoding of signals; not concerned in any direct sense with the meaning of a message.
instructive t. a t. that states that an antibody learns or acquires its specificity after contact with a particular antigen.
kern-plasma relation t. a t. enunciated by Hertwig (1903) that a definite relation as to size normally exists in every cell between the mass of nuclear material and that of the protoplasm. [Ger. kern, kernel, nucleus]
Knoop t. that the catabolism of fatty acids occurs in stages in each of which there is a loss of two carbon atoms as a result of oxidation at the β-carbon atom, e.g.,
Ladd-Franklin t. SYN: molecular dissociation t..
lamarckian t. that acquired characteristics may be transmitted to the descendants and that experience, and not biology alone, can change and thereby influence genetic transmission.
learning t. any of several prominent theories designed to explain learning, especially those promulgated by Pavlov, Thorndike, Guthrie, Hull, Kohler, Spence, Miller, Skinner, and their modern followers. SEE ALSO: conditioning.
libido t. Freud's t. that a person's psychic life results mainly from instinctual or libidinal needs and the attempts to satisfy them.
Liebig t. that the hydrocarbons that oxidize readily and burn are aliments that produce the greatest quantity of animal heat.
lipoid t. of narcosis that narcotic efficiency parallels the coefficient of partition between oil and water, and that lipoids in the cell and on the cell membrane absorb the drug because of this affinity. SYN: Meyer-Overton t. of narcosis.
mass action t. that large areas of brain tissue function as a whole in learned or intelligent action.
t. of medicine the science, as distinguished from the art, or practice, of medicine.
membrane expansion t. that adsorption of anesthetics into membranes so alters membrane volume and/or configuration that membrane function is affected in such a way as to produce anesthesia.
Metchnikoff t. the phagocytic t., that the body is protected against infection by the leukocytes and other cells that engulf and destroy the invading microorganisms.
Meyer-Overton t. of narcosis SYN: lipoid t. of narcosis.
miasma t. an explanation of the origin of epidemics, based on the false notion that they were caused by air of bad quality, e.g., emanating from rotting vegetation in marshes or swamps.
Miller chemicoparasitic t. that dental caries is caused by microorganisms of the mouth fermenting dietary carbohydrates and producing acids that demineralize the teeth.
mnemic t. SYN: mnemic hypothesis.
molecular dissociation t. a t., pertaining to color vision, that gray is the earliest of color sensations, from which are derived, by molecular change, two paired substances that, respectively, detect yellow and blue, and that the yellow gives rise to paired substances for detection of red and green. SYN: Ladd-Franklin t..
monophyletic t. SYN: monophyletism.
myoelastic t. a t. stating that sound of the human voice is produced by vibrations of the vocal cords resulting from folding upward due to air pressure below, and subsequent movement downward due to elastic tension of cords.
neurochronaxic t. t. stating that variations in the frequency of the human voice are produced by changes in the rate of contractions of the laryngeal muscles; no longer believed to be true.
Ollier t. a t. of compensatory growth; after resection of the articular extremity of a bone, the articular cartilage of the other bone entering into the structure of the joint takes on an increased growth.
omega-oxidation t. that the oxidation of fatty acids commences at the CH₃ group, i.e., the terminal or omega-group; beta-oxidation then proceeds at both ends of the fatty acid chain.
overproduction t. SYN: Weigert law.
oxygen deprivation t. of narcosis that narcotics inhibit oxidation, which causes the cell to be narcotized.
Pauling t. SYN: hydrate microcrystal t. of anesthesia.
permeability t. of narcosis that the permeability of the cell membrane is decreased by narcotic concentrations of aliphatic and other central nervous system depressants.
place t. a t. of pitch perception that states that the region of the basilar membrane of the cochlea that is set into vibration depends on the frequency of the sound. SEE ALSO: resonance t. of hearing.
Planck t. SYN: quantum t..
polyphyletic t. SYN: polyphyletism.
quantum t. that energy can be emitted, transmitted, and absorbed only in discrete quantities (quanta), so that atoms and subatomic particles can exist only in certain energy states. SYN: Planck t..
recapitulation t. the t. formulated by E.H. Haeckel that individuals in their embryonic development pass through stages similar in general structural plan to the stages their species passed through in its evolution; more technically phrased, the t. that ontogeny is an abbreviated recapitulation of phylogeny. SYN: biogenetic law, law of biogenesis, Haeckel law, law of recapitulation.
Reed-Frost t. of epidemics a mathematical t. to explain how epidemics originate and continue.
reed instrument t. a no longer tenable t. stating that in human voice production the larynx functions in a manner similar to a reed musical instrument.
reentry t. that extrasystoles are due to reentry of an impulse initiated by the sinus or AV junctional impulse, to which the extrasystole is coupled, into the ectopic focus.
resonance t. of hearing that the basilar membrane of the cochlea acts as a resonating structure, with low frequency tones activating it in the apical turn and high frequency tones activating it in the basal turn. No longer considered correct; superseded by von Bekesy traveling wave t.. SYN: Helmholtz t. of hearing.
scientific t. a t. that can be tested and potentially disproved; failure to disprove or refute it increases confidence in it, but it cannot be considered as proven.
Semon-Hering t. SYN: mnemic hypothesis.
sensorimotor t. in the developmental t. of Piaget, the postulation that during the first 18 months of life there occurs a transformation of action into thought; at first there is a gradual shift from inborn to acquired behavior, then from body-centered to object-centered activity, ultimately permitting intentional behavior and inventive thinking.
side-chain t. Ehrlich postulated that cells contained surface extensions or side chains (haptophores) that bind to the antigenic determinants of a toxin (toxophores); after a cell is stimulated, the haptophores are released into the circulation and become the antibodies. SEE ALSO: receptor. SYN: Ehrlich postulate.
somatic mutation t. of cancer that cancer is caused by a mutation or mutations in the body cells (as opposed to germ cells), especially nonlethal mutations associated with increased proliferation of the mutant cells.
Spitzer t. an interpretation of the partitioning of the heart of mammalian embryos primarily on the basis of recapitulations of the adult structural pattern of lower forms; most frequently cited in relation to the partitioning of the truncus arteriosus to form ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk, which is achieved by the phylogenetic development of the lungs.
stringed instrument t. a no longer tenable t. stating that in human voice production the vocal cords function in a manner similar to the strings in a stringed musical instrument.
surface tension t. of narcosis that substances which lower the surface tension of water pass more readily into the cell and cause narcosis by decreasing metabolism.
telephone t. a t. of pitch perception that states that the cochlea possesses no faculty of sound analysis, but that the frequency of the impulses transmitted over the auditory nerve fibers corresponds to the frequency of the sound vibrations, and is the sole basis for pitch discrimination; a t. no longer tenable. SEE ALSO: traveling wave t..
thermodynamic t. of narcosis that the interposition of narcotic molecules in nonaqueous cellular phase causes changes that interfere with facilitation of ionic exchange.
traveling wave t. generally held t. that a wave travels from the base to the apex of the basilar membrane of the cochlea in response to acoustic stimulation, and that the site of maximal displacement of the basilar membrane depends on the frequency of the stimulating tone with higher frequencies causing maximal displacement near the base and lower frequencies causing maximal displacement near the apex.
van't Hoff t. that substances in dilute solution obey the gas laws. Cf.:van't Hoff law.
Warburg t. that the development of cancer is due to irreversible damage to the respiratory mechanism of cells, leading to the selective multiplication of cells with increased glycolytic metabolism, both aerobic and anaerobic.
Wollaston t. a t. that the semidecussation of the optic nerves at the chiasm is proved by the homonymous hemianopia seen in brain lesions.
Young-Helmholtz t. of color vision a t. that there are three color-perceiving elements in the retina: red, green, and blue. Perception of other colors arises from the combined stimulation of these elements; deficiency or absence of any one of these elements results in inability to perceive that color and a misperception of any other color of which it forms a part. SYN: Helmholtz t. of color vision.

theotherapy
theotherapy (the-o-thar′a-pe)

Treatment of disease by prayer or religious exercises. [G. theos, god, + therapeia, therapy]

thèque
thèque (tek)

A nest or aggregation of nevocytes in the epidermis. [Fr. a small box]

therapeusis
therapeusis (thar-a-pu′sis)

1. SYN: therapeutics. 2. SYN: therapy.

therapeutic
therapeutic (thar-a-pu′tik)

Relating to therapeutics or to the treatment, remediating, or curing of a disorder or disease. [G. therapeutikos]

therapeutics
therapeutics (ther-a-pu′tiks)

The practical branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of disease or disorder. SYN: therapeusis (1) , therapia (2) . [G. therapeutike, medical practice]
ray t. obsolete term for radiotherapy.
suggestive t. treatment of disease or disorder by means of suggestion.

therapeutist
therapeutist (thar-a-pu′tist)

An older term to denote one skilled in therapeutics.

therapia
therapia (thar-a-pe′a)

1. SYN: therapy. 2. SYN: therapeutics. [L. fr. G. therapeia, therapy]
t. magna sterilisans Ehrlich concept that an infectious disease, especially one of protozoal origin, can be cured by one large dose of a suitable remedy, large enough to sterilize all the tissues and to destroy the microorganism contained therein.

therapist
therapist (thar′a-pist)

One professionally trained and/or skilled in the practice of a particular type of therapy.

therapy
therapy (ther-a-pe)

1. The treatment of disease or disorder by any method. SEE ALSO: therapeutics. 2. In psychiatry, and clinical psychology, a short term for psychotherapy. SEE ALSO: psychotherapy, psychiatry, psychology, psychoanalysis. SYN: therapeusis (2) , therapia (1) . [G. therapeia, medical treatment]
alkali t. alkalitherapy.
analytic t. short term for psychoanalytic t..
anticoagulant t. the use of anticoagulant drugs to reduce or prevent intravascular or intracardiac clotting.
antisense t. use of antisense DNA for the inhibition of transcription or translation of a specific gene or gene product for therapeutic purposes.
autoserum t. t. with serum obtained from the patient's own blood.
aversion t. a form of behavior t. that pairs an unpleasant stimulus with undesirable behavior(s) so that the patient learns to avoid the latter. SEE ALSO: aversive training.
behavior t. an offshoot of psychotherapy involving the use of procedures and techniques associated with research in the fields of conditioning and learning for the treatment of a variety of psychologic conditions; distinguished from psychotherapy because specific symptoms ( e.g., phobia, enuresis, high blood pressure) are selected as the target for change, planned interventions or remedial steps to extinguish or modify these symptoms are then employed, and the progress of changes is continuously and quantitatively monitored. See systematic desensitization. SYN: conditioning t..
client-centered t. a system of nondirective psychotherapy based on the assumption that the client (patient) both has the internal resources to improve and is in the best position to resolve his or her own personality dysfunction, provided that the therapist can establish a permissive, accepting, and genuine atmosphere in which the client feels free to discuss problems and to obtain insight into them in order to achieve self-actualization.
cognitive t. any of a variety of techniques in psychotherapy that utilizes guided self-discovery, imaging, self-instruction, symbolic modeling, and related forms of explicitly elicited cognitions as the principal mode of treatment.
collapse t. the surgical treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis whereby the diseased lung is placed, totally or partially, temporarily or permanently, in a nonfunctional respiratory state of retraction and immobilization. Now rarely performed.
conditioning t. SYN: behavior t..
conjoint t. a type of t. in which a therapist sees the two spouses, or parent and child, or other partners together in joint sessions.
convulsive t. SYN: electroshock t..
cytoreductive t. t. with the intention of reducing the number of cells in a lesion, usually a malignancy.
depot t. injection of a drug together with a substance that slows the release and prolongs the action of the drug.
diathermic t. treatment of various lesions by diathermy.
electroconvulsive t. (ECT) SYN: electroshock t..
electroshock t. (ECT) a form of treatment of mental disorders in which convulsions are produced by the passage of an electric current through the brain. SYN: convulsive t., electroconvulsive t..
electrotherapeutic sleep t. treatment by inducing sleep by means of nonconvulsive electric stimulation of the brain.
estrogen replacement t. administration of sex hormones to women after menopause or oophorectomy. SYN: hormone replacement t..Administration of estrogen after natural or surgical menopause reverses atrophic vaginitis, relieves vasomotor instability (“hot flashes”), lowers LDL cholesterol, raises HDL cholesterol, reduces the risk of osteoporosis and colorectal cancer, and may retard onset and progression of parkinsonism, Alzheimer dementia, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Observational studies have found lower rates of coronary artery disease (CAD) in postmenopausal women taking estrogen, but clinical trials have not confirmed this effect. A large randomized study of postmenopausal women with established CAD showed no difference between women taking estrogen-progestogen and controls in the incidence of fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, stroke, and in total mortality. In limited studies, estrogen has reduced left ventricular mass substantially more than placebo in hypertensive postmenopausal women using standard antihypertensive t.. Medical opinion as to the safety of estrogen replacement t. remains divided. Although some studies have indicated an increased incidence of breast cancer, the bulk of evidence does not support this conclusion. Administration of estrogen does, however, increase the risk of endometrial carcinoma. Combining cyclic progestogen administration with daily estrogen probably reduces this risk (besides restoring menstrual cycles), but the safety of long-term combined estrogen and progestogen treatment in postmenopausal women is unknown. Younger women who take this combination at higher dosages in oral contraceptives experience an increased risk of hypertension and thromboembolic disease. Some progestogens may negate the favorable effects of estrogen on lipoproteins. Raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), probably does not increase the risk of endometrial cancer, but also does not relieve hot flashes, nor does it inhibit osteoclastic activity or control cholesterol as well as estrogen. As an alternative to the oral route, estrogen can be administered by transdermal patch, either alone or in combination with progestogen.
extended family t. a type of family t. that involves family members outside the nuclear family and who are closely associated with it and affect it.
family t. a type of group psychotherapy in which a family in conflict meets as a group with the therapist and explores its relationships and processes; focus is on the resolution of current interactions between members rather than on individual members.
fast-neutron radiation t. radiation t. using high-energy neutrons from cyclotrons or proton accelerators.
fever t. pyrotherapy.
foreign protein t. SYN: protein shock t..
functional orthodontic t. SYN: functional jaw orthopedics.
gene t. alteration of somatic or germ-line DNA to correct or prevent disease; the process of inserting a gene artificially into the genome of an organism to correct a genetic defect or to add a new biologic property or function with therapeutic potential.In somatic gene t., functional DNA sequences are inserted into cells that lack a specific gene or bear a faulty version of it. Vectors include replication-defective viruses, liposomes, and plasmids. For transfer of genetic material by viral infection (called transduction), retroviruses are particularly suitable as vectors because their RNA, converted to DNA by reverse transcriptase, becomes part of the genome of the infected cell. Adenovirus and herpesvirus are also used. Progress has been made in treating a number of inherited disorders, including severe combined immunodeficiency disease, cystic fibrosis, and hemophilia B. Gene t. has several applications in oncology, including the transduction into malignant tumor cells of genes encoding cytokines or coactivation factors, in order to augment host antitumor responses, and the transfer of tumor suppressor genes, particularly p53 (the most commonly mutated gene found in human cancers), in order to enhance the sensitivity of malignant cells to chemotherapeutic agents. Germ-line t. inserts specific genes directly into the DNA of sperm, egg, or embryo, producing heritable alterations of the genome. Chimeras have been created by insertion of human DNA into germ cells of pigs, mice, and other laboratory animals, but experiments with human germ cells are under federal ban.
geriatric t. SYN: gerontotherapy.
gestalt t. a type of psychotherapy, used with individuals or groups, that emphasizes treatment of the person as a whole: the individual's biologic component parts and their organic functioning, perceptual configuration, and interrelationships with the external world; it focuses on the sensory awareness of the person's immediate experiences rather than on past recollections or future expectations, employing role-playing and other techniques to promote the person's growth and develop full potential.
heterovaccine t. t. with a vaccine obtained from organisms not directly concerned with the disorder being treated.
hormone replacement t. (HRT) SYN: estrogen replacement t..
hyperbaric oxygen t. treatment in which oxygen is provided in a sealed chamber at an ambient pressure greater than 1 atmosphere. SEE ALSO: hyperbaric oxygenation.
implosive t. a type of behavior t. using implosion.
individual t. SYN: dyadic psychotherapy.
inhalation t. therapeutic use of gases or aerosols by inhalation.
insulin coma t. insulin coma treatment.
interstitial t. radiation t. by means of radioactive seeds or needles implanted directly into the tissues to be irradiated.
intralesional t. t. by injection directly into a lesion, as in corticosteroid injections into skin lesions.
maintenance drug t. in chemotherapy, systematic dosage at a level that maintains protection against exacerbation.
marital t. SYN: marriage t..
marriage t. a type of family t. that involves both husband and wife and focuses on the marital relationship as it affects the individual personalities, behaviors, and psychopathologies of the partners; the rationale for this method is the assumption that emotional or psychopathologic processes within the family structure and in the social matrix of the marriage perpetuate individual pathologic personality structures, which find expression in the disturbed marriage and are aggravated by the feedback between partners. SYN: marital t..
microwave t. SYN: microkymatotherapy.
milieu t. psychiatric treatment employing manipulation of the social environment for the benefit of the patient; e.g., using the day-to-day experiences of patients living in a ward as the stimuli for discussion and therapeutic change.
myofunctional t. t. of malocclusion and other dental and speech disorders utilizing muscular exercises of the tongue and lips; most often intended to alter a tongue thrust swallowing pattern.
nonspecific t. a t. that does not directly relate to the cause; e.g., the injection of a foreign protein, typhoid vaccine, etc., to induce fever in the treatment of certain diseases, especially those of a parasyphilitic nature. SYN: phlogotherapy.
occupational t. (OT) therapeutic use of self-care, work, and recreational activities to increase independent function, enhance development, and prevent disability; may include adaptation of tasks or environment to achieve maximum independence and optimum quality of life.
orthodontic t. orthodontics.
orthomolecular t. treatment designed to remedy deficiencies in any of the normal chemical constituents of the body.
oxygen t. treatment in which an increased concentration of oxygen is made available for breathing, through a nasal catheter, tent, chamber, or mask.
parenteral t. t. introduced usually by a needle through some other route than the alimentary canal.
photodynamic t. SYN: photoradiation.
photoradiation t. SYN: photoradiation.
physical t. (PT) 1. treatment of pain, disease, or injury by physical means; SYN: physiotherapy. 2. the profession concerned with promotion of health, with prevention of physical disabilities, with evaluation and rehabilitation of persons disabled by pain, disease, or injury, and with treatment by physical therapeutic measures as opposed to medical, surgical, or radiologic measures.
plasma t. treatment with plasma.
play t. a type of t. used with children in which they can express or reveal their problems and fantasies by playing with dolls or other toys, drawing, etc.
proliferation t. rehabilitation of an incompetent structure (ligament or tendon) by the induced proliferation of new cells; accomplished by injecting an irritating substance into the loose ligament or tendon, the resulting scar formation and contracture serving to tighten up the ligament or tendon as scar tissue proliferates; rarely used.
protein shock t. the injection of a foreign protein to induce fever as a means of treating certain diseases. SYN: foreign protein t..
psychedelic t. psychiatric t. utilizing psychedelic drugs.
psychoanalytic t. SYN: psychoanalysis (1) .
pulse t. a short, intensive course of pharmacotherapy, usually given at intervals such as weekly or monthly; often used in chemotherapy of malignancy.
quadrangular t. marriage t. involving the husband and wife and their respective therapists.
radiation t. treatment with x-rays or radionuclides. See radiation oncology.
radium beam t. SYN: teleradium t..
rational t. therapeutic procedures introduced by Albert Ellis and based on the premise that lack of information or illogical thought patterns are basic causes of a patient's difficulties; it is assumed that the patient can be assisted in overcoming his or her problems by a direct, prescriptive, advice-giving approach by the therapist.
reflex t. treatment of some morbid condition by exciting a reflex action, as in the household treatment of nosebleed by a piece of ice applied to the cervical spine. SYN: reflexotherapy.
replacement t. t. designed to compensate for a lack or deficiency arising from inadequate nutrition, from certain dysfunctions ( e.g., glandular hyposecretion), or from losses ( e.g., hemorrhage); replacement may be physiologic or may entail administration of a substitute ( e.g., a synthetic estrogen in place of estradiol).
respiratory t. 1. treatment of various respiratory tract–related conditions, such as increased secretions and bronchospasm; 2. the profession charged with administering any of the therapies related to the respiratory system and breathing.
root canal t. dental t. for damaged pulp by removal of the pulp and sterilization and filling of the root canal.
rotation t. teletherapy in which a desirable radiation dose distribution is achieved by rotating the patient or machine about an axis passing through the center of the tumor.
salvage t. SYN: salvage chemotherapy.
sclerosing t. SYN: sclerotherapy.
serum t. SYN: serotherapy.
shock t. shock treatment.
social t. a psychiatric rehabilitative t. to improve a patient's social functioning.
social network t. a type of t. involving the assembling of all persons emotionally or functionally important to the patient for the purpose of affecting behavioral change in the patient.
solar t. treatment of disease by exposure to sunlight. SYN: solar treatment.
specific t. t. aimed at the cause(s) of a disease process, as opposed to symptomatic t..
substitution t. replacement t., particularly when replacement is not physiologic but entails administration of a substitute.
substitutive t. SYN: allopathy.
teleradium t. therapeutic use of radium rays, the source of which is a quantity of radium at a distance from the patient. SYN: radium beam t..
thrombolytic t. intravenous administration of an agent intended to dissolve a clot causing acute ischemia, as in myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral arterial or venous thrombosis. Thrombolytic agents degrade fibrin clots by activating plasminogen, a naturally occurring modulator of hemostatic and thrombotic processes. Synthesized by the liver, plasminogen is present in circulating blood and binds to platelets, endothelium, and fibrin. At sites of vascular injury with thrombus formation, tissue plasminogen activator (TPA), produced by endothelial cells, also binds to fibrin and converts fibrin-bound plasminogen to plasmin by cleaving the arginine-valine bond in the 560–561 position of plasminogen. The resulting clot lysis is due to degradation of fibrin threads as well as of glycoproteins required for platelet adhesion and aggregation. Thrombolytic agents in current use mimic the effects of natural TPA. These include alteplase, a TPA produced by recombinant DNA technology; reteplase, a variant of the TPA molecule, also genetically engineered; urokinase, a tissue protein derived from human kidney cell cultures; streptokinase, a product of β-hemolytic streptococci that catalyzes the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin; and anistreplase, an inactive form of plasminogen that is bound to streptokinase and undergoes deacylation after administration, resulting in persistent activation of plasminogen. The latter 2 products are potentially antigenic and can cause systemic hypersensitivity reactions. SEE ALSO: tissue plasminogen activator.Thrombolytic t. reduces the in-hospital and 1-year mortality of acute myocardial infarction (MI) by 20–40% when administered promptly (within the first 100 minutes); some benefit may accrue even after a delay of 6–12 hours. About one-half of people treated for acute MI with a thrombolytic agent have patent coronary arteries after 90 minutes. Emergency percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty may provide better survival figures, but can only be undertaken in a setting where emergency coronary artery bypass graft is feasible in case of failure. Streptokinase has sometimes been preferred to TPA in acute MI because it is much less expensive. However, an exhaustive analysis has shown that the use of TPA is cost-effective, particularly in anterior MI. The fact that thrombolytic drugs activate platelets partially negates their effectiveness. In preliminary trials, combining heparin and the platelet inhibitor abciximab with TPA markedly enhanced its ability to restore arterial patency in acute MI. In ischemic stroke, administration of TPA within the first 3 hours has been shown to improve overall outcome at 90 days. The usefulness of thrombolytic t. in stroke is limited by the difficulty of excluding hemorrhagic stroke and the risk of hemorrhage as a side effect of t.. Of five clinical trials to evaluate the use of thrombolytics in stroke patients, four were stopped prematurely because of excess mortality in the treatment groups. Only TPA is currently recommended in the treatment of stroke. In addition to stroke and myocardial infarction, thrombolytic t. has been used in pulmonary embolism, deep venous thrombosis, and peripheral arterial occlusion. Thrombolytic t. in acute occlusion of a lower-limb artery (or arterial bypass graft) can obviate the need for surgery in many patients without increasing mortality or amputation rate. Recanalization occurs in as many as 80% of patients. The chief risk of thrombolytic t. is major hemorrhage. It is contraindicated in the presence of active or recent hemorrhage, recent surgery, intracranial neoplasm or recent head trauma, aortic dissection, acute pericarditis, prolonged or traumatic cardiopulmonary resuscitation, pregnancy, or sensitivity to the specific agent.
thyroid t. the treatment of hypothyroidism.
Time-Line t. a technique, based on the principles of neurolinguistic programming, for releasing negative emotions and revising limiting decisions, that directs the client, in a dissociated state, to return to significant past events with new resources so that negative emotions can be released or limiting decisions revised. SEE ALSO: dissociation (4) .
total push t. the application of all available therapies to the treatment of a psychiatric patient in a hospital setting.
ultrasonic t. t. for musculoskeletal disease using ultrasonic waves to produce heat.
viral t. the use of genetically altered virus particles for delivering genes to specific sites for the purpose of t..
x-ray t. radiation t. using x-rays; sometimes used ironically to refer to excessive use of diagnostic radiation.

therencephalous
therencephalous (ther′en-sef′a-lus, ther-)

Denoting a skull in which the angle at the hormion, formed by lines converging from the inion and nasion, measures from 116°–129°. [G. ther, wild beast, + enkephalos, brain]

theriaca
theriaca (the-ri′a-ka)

A mixture containing a great number of ingredients, used in the Middle Ages and believed to possess antidotal and curative powers to an almost miraculous degree. [L. antidote to snake bite, fr. G. theriakos, pertaining to wild beasts]

therio- therio-

Animals. [G. ther, therion, beast]

theriomorphism
theriomorphism (ther′e-o-mor′fizm)

Ascription of animal characteristics to human beings. Cf.:anthropomorphism. [therio- + morphe, form]

therm
therm

A unit of heat used indiscriminately for: 1) a small calorie, 2) a large calorie, 3) 1000 large calories, 4) 100,000 British thermal units. [G. therme, heat]

therm- therm-

See thermo-.

thermacogenesis
thermacogenesis (ther′ma-ko-jen′e-sis)

The elevation of body temperature by drug action. [G. therme, heat, + pharmakon, drug, + genesis, production]

thermal
thermal (ther′mal)

Pertaining to heat.

thermalgesia
thermalgesia (ther-mal-je′ze-a)

High sensibility to heat; pain caused by a slight degree of heat. SYN: thermoalgesia. [therm- + G. algesis, sense of pain]

thermalgia
thermalgia (ther-mal′je-a)

Burning pain. SEE ALSO: causalgia. [therm- + G. algos, pain]

thermanalgesia
thermanalgesia (therm′an-al-je′ze-a)

SYN: thermoanesthesia. [therm- + analgesia]

thermanesthesia
thermanesthesia (therm′an-es-the′ze-a)

SYN: thermoanesthesia.

thermatology
thermatology (ther-ma-tol′o-je)

The branch of therapeutics concerned with the application of heat. SEE ALSO: thermotherapy. [therm- + G. logos, study]

thermelometer
thermelometer (ther-me-lom′e-ter)

An electric thermometer, especially used for recording slight variations of temperature. [therm- + electric + G. metron, measure]

thermesthesia
thermesthesia (therm-es-the′ze-a)

SYN: thermoesthesia.

thermesthesiometer
thermesthesiometer (therm′es-the-ze-om′e-ter)

SYN: thermoesthesiometer.

thermistor
thermistor (ther′mis-ter, -tor)

A device for determining temperature; also may be used to monitor control of temperature. [G. therme, heat]

thermo- thermo-, therm-

Heat. [G. therme, heat; thermos, warm or hot]

thermoacidophiles
thermoacidophiles (ther′mo-as-id-o-filz)

Archaebacteria that grow in hot sulfur springs at low pH.

thermoalgesia
thermoalgesia (ther′mo-al-je′ze-a)

SYN: thermalgesia.

thermoanalgesia
thermoanalgesia (ther′mo-an′al-je′ze-a)

SYN: thermoanesthesia.

thermoanesthesia
thermoanesthesia (ther′mo-an-es-the′ze-a)

Loss of the temperature sense or of the ability to distinguish between heat and cold; insensibility to heat or to temperature changes. SYN: thermanalgesia, thermanesthesia, thermoanalgesia. [thermo- + G. an- priv. + aisthesis, sensation]

thermocauterectomy
thermocauterectomy (ther′mo-kaw-ter-ek′to-me)

Removal of tissue by thermocautery. [thermocautery + G. ektome, excision]

thermocautery
thermocautery (ther′mo-kaw′ter-e)

The use of an actual cautery, such as an electrocautery. [thermo- + G. kauterion, branding iron (cautery)]

thermochemistry
thermochemistry (ther-mo-kem′is-tre)

The interrelation of chemical action and heat.

thermochroic
thermochroic (ther-mo-kro′ik)

1. Relating to thermochrose. 2. Exerting a selective action on heat rays.

thermochroism
thermochroism (ther-mok′ro-izm)

SYN: thermochrosis.

thermochrose
thermochrose (ther′mo-kroz)

The property possessed by heat rays of reflection, refraction, and absorption, similar to that of light rays. SYN: thermochrosy. [thermo- + G. chrosis, coloring]

thermochrosis
thermochrosis (ther-mo-kro′sis)

The selective action of certain substances on radiant heat, absorbing some of the rays, reflecting or transmitting others. SYN: thermochroism. [thermo- + G. chrosis, coloring]

thermochrosy
thermochrosy (ther-mok′ro-se)

SYN: thermochrose.

thermocoagulation
thermocoagulation (ther′mo-ko-ag-u-la′shun)

The process of converting tissue into a gel by heat. SYN: endocoagulation.

thermocouple
thermocouple (ther-mo-kup′l)

A device for measuring slight changes in temperature, consisting of two wires of different metals, one wire being kept at a certain low temperature, the other in the tissue or other material whose temperature is to be measured; a thermoelectric current is set up which is measured by a potentiometer. SYN: thermojunction.

thermocurrent
thermocurrent (ther-mo-ker′ent)

A current of thermoelectricity.

thermodiffusion
thermodiffusion (ther′mo-di-fu′zhun)

Diffusion of fluids, either gaseous or liquid, as influenced by the temperature of the fluid.

thermodilution
thermodilution (ther′mo-di-loo′shun)

Reduction in temperature in a liquid that occurs when it is introduced into a colder liquid; the volume of the latter liquid can be calculated from the amount of rise in its temperature.

thermoduric
thermoduric (ther-mo-doo′rik)

Resistant to the effects of exposure to high temperature; used especially with reference to microorganisms. [thermo- + L. durus, hard, enduring]

thermodynamics
thermodynamics (ther′mo-di-nam′iks)

1. The branch of physicochemical science concerned with heat and energy and their conversions one into the other involving mechanical work. 2. The study of the flow of heat. [thermo- + G. dynamis, force]

thermoelectric
thermoelectric (ther′mo-e-lek′trik)

Relating to thermoelectricity.

thermoelectricity
thermoelectricity (ther′mo-e-lek-tris′i-te)

An electrical current generated in a thermopile.

thermoesthesia
thermoesthesia (ther′mo-es-the′ze-a)

The ability to distinguish differences of temperature. SYN: temperature sense, thermal sense, thermic sense, thermesthesia. [thermo- + G. aisthesis, sensation]

thermoesthesiometer
thermoesthesiometer (ther′mo-es-the′ze-om′e-ter)

An instrument for testing the temperature sense, consisting of a metal disk with thermometer attached, by which the exact temperature of the disk at the time of application may be known. SYN: thermesthesiometer. [thermo- + G. aisthesis, sensation, + metron, measure]

thermoexcitory
thermoexcitory (ther′mo-ek-si′to-re)

Stimulating the production of heat.

thermogenesis
thermogenesis (ther′mo-jen′e-sis)

The production of heat; specifically the physiologic process of heat production in the body. [thermo- + G. genesis, production]
nonshivering t. t. resulting from the effects of the sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitters, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, acting to increase the cellular metabolic rate in skeletal muscle and other tissues, thereby increasing heat production. In a specialized form of adipose tissue, brown fat, the effect of the sympathetic neurotransmitters is to increase the rate of uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation by the mitochondria, which results in heat production without formation of ATP.
shivering t. t. resulting from the increase in metabolism of the skeletal muscles due to shivering.

thermogenetic
thermogenetic, thermogenic (ther′mo-je-net′ik, -jen′ik)

1. Relating to thermogenesis. SYN: thermogenous. 2. SYN: calorigenic (2) .

thermogenics
thermogenics (ther-mo-jen′iks)

The science of heat production.

thermogenin
thermogenin (ther-mo-jen′in)

A protein found in brown adipose tissue that acts as a thermogenic uncoupling protein of oxidative phosphorylation; it allows thermogenesis in this type of tissue.

thermogenous
thermogenous (ther-moj′e-nus)

SYN: thermogenetic (1) .

thermogram
thermogram (ther′mo-gram)

1. A regional temperature map of the surface of a part of the body, obtained by an infrared sensing device; it measures radiant heat, and thus subcutaneous blood flow, if the environment is constant. 2. The record made by a thermograph. [thermo- + G. gramma, a writing]

thermograph
thermograph (ther′mo-graf)

An instrument or device used in producing a thermogram. [thermo- + G. grapho, to write]

thermography
thermography (ther-mog′ra-fe)

The technique for making a thermogram.
infrared t. measurement of the regional skin temperature with an infrared sensing device.
liquid crystal t. measurement of the regional skin temperature by contact with a flexible plate containing liquid crystals that change color with changes in temperature.

thermohyperalgesia
thermohyperalgesia (ther′mo-hi′per-al-je′ze-a)

Excessive thermalgesia. [thermo- + G. hyper, over, algesis, sense of pain]

thermohyperesthesia
thermohyperesthesia (ther′mo-hi′per-es-the′ze-a)

Very acute thermoesthesia or temperature sense; exaggerated perception of hot and cold. [thermo- + G. hyper, over, + aisthesis, sensation]

thermohypesthesia
thermohypesthesia (ther-mo-hip′es-the′ze-a, -hi′pes-the′ze-a)

Diminished perception of temperature differences. SYN: thermohypoesthesia. [thermo- + G. hypo, under, + aisthesis, sensation]

thermohypoesthesia
thermohypoesthesia (ther-mo-hi′po-es-the′ze-a)

SYN: thermohypesthesia.

thermoinhibitory
thermoinhibitory (ther′mo-in-hib′i-tor-e)

Inhibiting or arresting thermogenesis.

thermointegrator
thermointegrator (ther-mo-in′te-gra-ter, -tor)

Any device for assessing the effective warmth or coldness of an environment as it might be experienced by a living organism, taking into account radiation and convection as well as conduction. Conceived of as a thermal model of an organism, the device usually consists of a standard object ( e.g., sphere, cylinder), the surface temperature of which is measured while it is being heated internally at a standard rate.

thermojunction
thermojunction (ther-mo-jungk′shun)

SYN: thermocouple.

thermokeratoplasty
thermokeratoplasty (ther-mo-ker′a-to-plas-te)

A procedure in which the application of heat shrinks the collagen of the corneal stroma and flattens the cornea in the area of heat application. This tends to make the eye less myopic. See refractive keratoplasty. [thermo- + G. keras, horn, + plasso, to form]

thermolabile
thermolabile (ther-mo-la′bil, -bil)

Subject to alteration or destruction by heat. [thermo- + L. labilis, perishable]

thermology
thermology (ther-mol′o-je)

The science of heat. SYN: thermotics. [thermo- + G. logos, study]

thermolysis
thermolysis (ther-mol′i-sis)

1. Loss of body heat by evaporation, radiation, etc. 2. Chemical decomposition by heat. [thermo- + G. lysis, dissolution]

thermolytic
thermolytic (ther-mo-lit′ik)

1. Relating to thermolysis. 2. An agent promoting heat dissipation.

thermomassage
thermomassage (ther′mo-ma-sahzh′)

Combination of heat and massage in physical therapy.

thermometer
thermometer (ther-mom′e-ter)

An instrument for indicating the temperature of any substance; often a sealed vacuum tube containing mercury, which expands with heat and contracts with cold, its level accordingly rising or falling in the tube, with the exact degree of variation of level being indicated by a scale, or, more recently, a device with an electronic sensor that displays the temperature without the use of mercury. SEE ALSO: scale. [thermo- + G. metron, measure]
air t. gas t..
axilla t. t. used by placing it in the armpit, with the arm held closely to the side. SYN: axillary t..
axillary t. SYN: axilla t..
clinical t. a small, self-registering t., consisting of a simple scaled glass tube containing mercury, used for taking the temperature of the body.
differential t. SYN: thermoscope.
gas t. a t. filled with dry air or a gas, the expansion or increased pressure of which indicates the degree of heat; used to measure high temperatures.
resistance t. a device measuring temperature by the change of the electrical resistance of a metal wire. SYN: resistance pyrometer.
self-registering t. a t. in which the maximum or minimum temperature, during the period of observation, is registered by means of a special appliance; in the clinical t. only the highest temperature is registered, usually by a steel bar above the column of mercury or by a segment of the mercury separated from the main column by a bubble of air; after the maximum temperature is registered, the bar or segment of mercury remains in place as the column of mercury contracts.
spirit t. a t. filled with alcohol, used to measure extreme degrees of cold.
surface t. a t. in the form of a disk or strip that indicates the temperature of the portion of the skin to which it is applied.
wet and dry bulb t. SYN: psychrometer.

thermometric
thermometric (ther-mo-met′rik)

Relating to thermometry or to a thermometer reading.

thermometry
thermometry (ther-mom′e-tre)

The measurement of temperature. [thermo- + G. metron, measure]

thermoneurosis
thermoneurosis (ther′mo-noo-ro′sis)

Elevation of the temperature of the body due to an emotional influence.

thermonuclear
thermonuclear (ther-mo-noo′kle-er)

Pertaining to nuclear reactions brought about by nuclear fusion ( e.g., the fusion of hydrogen to helium at temperatures of over 100,000,000°C; the reaction in the “hydrogen bomb”).

thermopenetration
thermopenetration (ther′mo-pen-e-tra′shun)

SYN: medical diathermy.

thermophile
thermophile, thermophil (ther′mo-fil, -fil)

An organism that thrives at a temperature of 50°C or higher. [thermo- + G. phileo, to love]

thermophilic
thermophilic (ther-mo-fil′ik)

Pertaining to a thermophile.

thermophobia
thermophobia (ther-mo-fo′be-a)

Morbid fear of heat. [thermo- + G. phobos, fear]

thermophore
thermophore (ther′mo-for)

1. An arrangement for applying heat to a part; consists of a water heater, a tube conveying hot water to a coil, and another tube conducting the water back to the heater. 2. A flat bag containing certain salts that produce heat when moistened; used as a substitute for the hot-water bag. [thermo- + G. phoros, bearing]

thermophylic
thermophylic (ther-mo-fi′lik)

Resistant to heat, denoting certain microorganisms. [thermo- + G. phylaxis, protection]

thermopile
thermopile (ther′mo-pil)

A thermoelectric battery, consisting usually of a series of bars of antimony and bismuth joined together, that generates a thermoelectric current when the junctions are heated; used as a thermoscope. SYN: thermoelectric pile. [thermo- + pile]

thermoplacentography
thermoplacentography (ther′mo-pla-sen-tog′ra-fe)

Obsolete method for determination of placental position by detection of infrared rays from the large amounts of blood flowing through the placenta. [thermo- + L. placenta, placenta, + G. grapho, to write]

Thermoplasma
Thermoplasma (ther′mo-plaz′ma)

A genus of bacteria (order Mycoplasmatales) which possess the same characteristics as the organisms in the genus Mycoplasma except that the thermoplasmas do not require sterol for growth, have an optimal temperature of 55–59°C, have an optimal pH of 1.0–2.0, and reproduce by budding. The type species is T. acidophilum. [thermo- + G. plasma, something formed]
T. acidophilum a species found in a coal refuse pile which had undergone self-heating; it is also found in acid hot springs; it is the type species of the genus T..

thermoplasma
thermoplasma, pl .thermoplasmata (ther′mo-plaz′ma, -plaz′mah-ta)

A vernacular term used to refer to any member of the genus T..

thermoplastic
thermoplastic (ther-mo-plas′tik)

A classification for materials that can be made soft by the application of heat and harden upon cooling.

thermoplegia
thermoplegia (ther-mo-ple′je-a)

A rarely used term for sunstroke. [thermo- + G. plege, stroke]

thermoreceptor
thermoreceptor (ther′mo-re-sep′ter, -tor)

A receptor that is sensitive to heat.

thermoregulation
thermoregulation (ther′mo-reg-u-la′shun)

Temperature control, as by a thermostat.

thermoregulator
thermoregulator (ther-mo-reg′u-la-ter, -tor)

SYN: thermostat.

thermoscope
thermoscope (ther′mo-skop)

An instrument for indicating slight differences of temperature, without registering or recording them. SYN: differential thermometer. [thermo- + G. skopeo, to view]

thermoset
thermoset (ther′mo-set)

A classification for materials that become hardened or cured by the application of heat.

thermostabile
thermostabile, thermostable (ther-mo-sta′bil, -sta′bl)

Not readily subject to alteration or destruction by heat. SYN: heat-stable. [thermo- + L. stabilis, stable]

thermostat
thermostat (ther′mo-stat)

An apparatus for the automatic regulation of heat, as in an incubator. SYN: thermoregulator. [thermo- + G. statos, standing]

thermosteresis
thermosteresis (ther′mo-ste-re′sis)

The abstraction or deprivation of heat. [thermo- + G. steresis, deprivation, loss]

thermostromuhr
thermostromuhr (ther-mo-strom′oor)

A stromuhr that consists of a heating element between two thermocouples, which are applied to the outside of a vessel; blood flow is calculated from the difference in temperatures recorded by the proximal and distal thermocouples.

thermosystaltic
thermosystaltic (ther′mo-sis-tal′tik)

Relating to thermosystaltism. [thermo- + G. systaltikos, contractile]

thermosystaltism
thermosystaltism (ther-mo-sis′tal-tizm)

Contraction, as of the muscles, under the influence of heat. [see thermosystaltic]

thermotactic
thermotactic, thermotaxic (ther-mo-tak′tik, tak′sik)

Relating to thermotaxis.

thermotaxis
thermotaxis (ther-mo-tak′sis)

1. Reaction of living protoplasm to the stimulus of heat. Cf.:thermotropism. 2. Regulation of the temperature of the body. [thermo- + G. taxis, orderly arrangement]
negative t. repulsion of a plant or animal from heat.
positive t. attraction of a plant or animal to heat.

thermotherapy
thermotherapy (ther′mo-thar′a-pe)

Treatment of disease by therapeutic application of heat. [thermo- + G. therapeia, treatment]

thermotic
thermotic (ther-mot′ik)

Relating to thermotics.

thermotics
thermotics (ther-mot′iks)

SYN: thermology. [G. thermotes, heat]

thermotonometer
thermotonometer (ther′mo-to-nom′e-ter)

An instrument for measuring the degree of thermosystaltism, or muscular contraction under the influence of heat. [thermo- + G. tonos, tone, tension, + metron, measure]

thermotropism
thermotropism (ther-mot′ro-pizm)

The motion by a part of an organism ( e.g., leaves or stems) toward or away from a source of heat. Cf.:thermotaxis. [thermo- + G. trope, a turning]

theroid
theroid (the′royd)

Resembling an animal in instincts or propensities. [G. ther, a wild beast, + eidos, resemblance]

therology
therology (the-rol′o-je)

The study of mammals. [G. ther, a wild beast, + logos, study]

thesaurismosis
thesaurismosis (the-saw-riz-mo′sis)

Rarely used term for a metabolic disorder in which a substance accumulates or is stored in certain cells, usually in large amounts. [G. thesauros, store, storehouse, + G. -osis, condition]

thesaurismotic
thesaurismotic (the′saw-riz-mot′ik)

Pertaining to thesaurismosis.

thesaurosis
thesaurosis (the-saw-ro′sis)

Abnormal or excessive storage in the body of normal or foreign substances. [G. thesauros, store, storehouse]

thesis thesis, pl .theses (the′sis, -sez)

1. Any theory or hypothesis advanced as a basis for discussion. 2. A proposition submitted by the candidate for a doctoral degree in some universities, which must be sustained by argument against any objections offered. 3. An essay on a medical topic prepared by the graduating student. [G. a placing, a position, t.]

theta
theta (θ, Θ) (tha′ta)

1. The 8th letter in the Greek alphabet, &t.;. 2. The eighth in a series; denotes the position of a substituent located on the eighth atom from the carboxyl or other functional group. 3. Symbol for angle.

thetins
thetins (the′tinz)

Methyl sulfonium compounds, abundant in marine algae, in which the S-methyl group is “active,” and that therefore act as methyl donors in some plants; e.g., dimethylpropriothetin, (CH₃)₂S⁺–CH₂–CH₂–COO⁻.

THF
THF

Abbreviation for tetrahydrofolate. See 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, tetrahydrofolate methyltransferase.

thia- thia-

The replacement of carbon by sulfur in a ring or chain. Cf.:thio-. [G. theion]

thiabendazole
thiabendazole (thi-a-ben′da-zol)

A broad spectrum anthelmintic especially useful against Strongyloides stercoralis and, with corticosteroids, against Trichinella infection (trichina worm).

thiabutazide
thiabutazide (thi-a-bu′ta-zid)

SYN: buthiazide.

thiacetazone
thiacetazone (thi-a-set′a-zon, -a-se′ta-zon)

SYN: amithiozone.

thialbarbital
thialbarbital (thi-al-bar′bi-tawl)

An ultra-short-acting thiobarbiturate for induction of general anesthesia by intravenous injection; used as the sodium salt.

thiambutosine
thiambutosine (thi-am-bu′to-sen)

An antileprotic agent.

thiamin
thiamin (thi′a-min)

A heat-labile and water-soluble vitamin contained in milk, yeast, and in the germ and husk of grains; also artificially synthesized; essential for growth; a deficiency of t. is associated with beriberi and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. SYN: aneurine, antiberiberi factor, antiberiberi vitamin, antineuritic factor, antineuritic vitamin, thiamine, vitamin B₁. [thia- + vitamin]
t. hydrochloride a coenzyme used in the prevention of beriberi and other conditions associated with a deficiency of t. in the diet. SYN: aneurine hydrochloride.
t. mononitrate same action as t. hydrochloride.
t. pyridinylase an enzyme catalyzing transfer of a pyridine or other bases into the position of the pyrimidine in t.; e.g., t. reacting with pyridine produces heteropyrithiamin and 4-methyl-5-(2′-hydroxyethyl)thiazole. SYN: pyrimidine transferase, thiaminase I.
t. pyrophosphate (TPP) the diphosphoric ester of t., a coenzyme of several (de)carboxylases, transketolases, and α-oxoacid dehydrogenases. SYN: aneurine pyrophosphate, cocarboxylase, diphosphothiamin.

thiaminase
thiaminase (thi-am′i-nas)

1. An enzyme present in raw fish that destroys thiamin and may produce thiamin deficiency in animals on a diet largely composed of raw fish. 2. A hydrolase cleaving thiamin into a pyrimidine moiety ( i.e., 2-methyl-4-amino-5-hydroxymethylpyrimidine) and a thiazole moiety ( i.e., 4-methyl-5-(2′-hydroxyethyl)thiazole); the pyrimidine moiety may appear in the urine as pyramin. SYN: t. II.
t. I SYN: thiamin pyridinylase.
t. II SYN: t. (2) .

thiamine
thiamine (thi′a-min, -men)

SYN: thiamin.

thiamphenicol
thiamphenicol (thi-am-fen′i-kol)

An antibiotic with uses and toxicity similar to those of chloramphenicol. SYN: thiophenicol.

thiamylal sodium
thiamylal sodium (thi-am′i-lawl)

A short-acting barbiturate, prepared as a mixture with sodium bicarbonate, used intravenously to produce anesthesia.

Thiara
Thiara (thi-ah′ra)

A widespread genus of operculate snails (family Thiaridae, subclass Prosobranchiata) found in fresh and brackish waters, chiefly in tropical and subtropical Africa and Asia. T. tuberculata is one of the initial intermediate hosts of the human lung fluke, Paragonimus westermani, and of several fish-borne heterophyid flukes of humans and fish-eating mammals.

thiazides
thiazides (thi′a-zidz)

Abbreviated form of benzothiadiazides.

thiazin
thiazin (thi′a-zin)

Parent substance of a family of biologic blue dyes; e.g., methylene blue, thionin, toluidine blue.

thiazolidinediones
thiazolidinediones (thi′a-zol′i-din-di-onz)

SYN: glitazones.

thiazolsulfone
thiazolsulfone (thi-a-zol-sul′fon)

It has the same uses as glucosulfone sodium, but is less toxic and also less effective in the treatment of leprosy.

thickness
thickness (thik′nes)

1. The measure of the depth of something, as opposed to its length or width. 2. A layer or stratum.
Breslow t. maximal t. of a primary cutaneous melanoma measured in tissue sections from the top of the epidermal granular layer, or from the ulcer base (if the tumor is ulcerated), to the bottom of the tumor; metastatic rates correlate closely with tumor t..

thiel
thiel

SYN: sulfhydryl.

thiemia
thiemia (thi-e′me-a)

The presence of sulfur in the circulating blood. [G. theion, sulfur, + haima, blood]

thienamycin
thienamycin (thi′en-a-mi′sin)

The first member of a family of des-thia-carbapenem nucleus antibiotics having a thioethylamine side chain on the enamine portion of the fused 5-membered ring.

thienyl
thienyl (thi′en-il)

The radical of thiophene, SC₄H₃–. Cf.:thenyl.

thienylalanine
thienylalanine (thi′e-nil-al′a-nen)

A compound structurally similar to phenylalanine that inhibits the growth of Escherichia coli, presumably by competitive inhibition of enzymes for which l-phenylalanine is the substrate.

Thier
Thier

Carl Jörg, German physician. See Weyers-T. syndrome.

Thiers
Thiers

Joseph, French physician, *1885. See Achard-T. syndrome.

Thiersch
Thiersch

Karl, German surgeon, 1822–1895. See T. graft, T. canaliculi, under canaliculus, Ollier-T. graft.

thiethylperazine maleate
thiethylperazine maleate (thi-eth′il-per′a-zen)

An antiemetic agent used to control nausea and vomiting associated with vertigo, the administration of general anesthetics, and with several other clinical conditions; also has weak hypotensive, spasmolytic, antihistaminic, and hypothermic actions.

thigh
thigh (thi) [TA]

The part of the inferior limb between the hip and the knee. SYN: femur (1) [TA] , os femoris&star, t. bone&star.
Heilbronner t. in cases of organic paralysis, flattening and broadening of the t., when the patient lies supine on a hard mattress; absent in hysterical paralysis.

thigmesthesia
thigmesthesia (thig-mes-the′ze-a)

Sensibility to touch. [G. thigma, touch, + aisthesis, sensation]

thigmotaxis
thigmotaxis (thig-mo-tak′sis)

A form of barotaxis; denoting the reaction of plant or animal protoplasm to contact with a solid body. Cf.:thigmotropism. [G. thigma, touch, + taxis, orderly arrangement]

thigmotropism
thigmotropism (thig-mot′ro-pizm)

A movement toward or away from a touch stimulus on the part of a portion of an organism, such as leaves or tendrils. Cf.:thigmotaxis. [G. thigma, touch, + trope, a turning]

thimerosal
thimerosal (thi-mer′o-sal)

An antiseptic. SYN: thiomersal, thiomersalate.

thinking
thinking

The act of reasoning.
abstract t. t. in terms of concepts and general principles ( e.g., perceiving a table and a chair as furniture), as contrasted with concrete t..
archaic-paralogical t. SYN: prelogical t..
concrete t. t. of objects or ideas as specific items rather than as an abstract representation of a more general concept, as contrasted with abstract t. ( e.g., perceiving a chair and a table as individual useful items and not as members of the general class, furniture).
creative t. productive t., with novel rather than routine elements and results.
magical t. the irrational equating of t. with doing.
prelogical t. a concrete type of t., characteristic of children and primitives, to which schizophrenic persons are sometimes said to regress. SYN: archaic-paralogical t., prelogical mind.
t. through the psychologic process of understanding, with insight, one's own behavior.

thinning
thinning (thin′ing)

Causing a decrease in viscosity by dilution, including by chemical means, as by the addition of a solvent, or by mechanical means, as in shear t..
shear t. decreasing the viscosity of a polymer or macromolecule or gel by increasing the rate of shear; not ordinarily a function of time. SEE ALSO: thixotropy.

thio- thio-

Prefix denoting the replacement of oxygen by sulfur in a compound. Cf.:thia-. [G. theion, sugar]

thioacid
thioacid (thi-o-as′id)

An organic acid in which one or more of the oxygen atoms have been replaced by sulfur atoms; e.g., thiosulfuric acid. SYN: sulfacid, sulfoacid (1) .

thioalcohol
thioalcohol (thi-o-al′ko-hol)

SYN: mercaptan (1) .

thioamide
thioamide (thi-o-am′id)

An amide in which S replaces O.

thioate
thioate (thi′o-at)

A salt or ester of a -thioic acid.

thiobarbiturates
thiobarbiturates (thi′o-bar-bich′ur-ats)

Hypnotics of the barbiturate group, e.g., thiopental, in which the oxygen atom at carbon-2 is replaced by sulfur.

thiocarbamide
thiocarbamide (thi-o-kar′ba-mid)

SYN: thiourea.

thiocarlide
thiocarlide (thi-o-kar′lid)

A synthetic compound whose molecule contains the three antituberculous groups p-aminosalicylic acid, p-aminobenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone, and the thiocarbamide group; an antituberculous agent.

thiochrome
thiochrome (thi′o-krom)

A fluorescent compound, produced by the oxidation of thiamin; used in methods for detection and determination of thiamin.

thioctic acid
thioctic acid (thi-ok′tik)

SYN: lipoic acid.

thiocyanate
thiocyanate (thi-o-si′a-nat)

A salt of thiocyanic acid. SYN: rhodanate, sulfocyanate.

thiocyanic acid
thiocyanic acid (thi-o-si-an′ik)

HS–CN;hydrogen thiocyanate. SYN: rhodanic acid, sulfocyanic acid.

thiodepsipeptide
thiodepsipeptide (thi-o-dep′-se-pep-tid)

Peptides that also contain one or more acylated thiol groups ( E.G., of cysteine). [thio- + G. depseo, to knead, blend, + peptide]

thiodiphenylamine
thiodiphenylamine (thi′o-di-fen′il-am′en)

SYN: phenothiazine.

thioester
thioester (thi-o-es′ter)

An acylated thiol; RCOSR′; E.G., acetyl-CoA. SYN: acylmercaptan.

thioesterase
thioesterase (thi-o-es-ter-as)

An enzyme that hydrolyzes thioesters; E.G., the deacylating activity at the end of fatty acid biosynthesis that releases palmitate. SYN: thiolesterase.

thioesters
thioesters (thi′o-es′-terz)

In enzymology, an ester where the oxygen bridging the substrate or product carbonyl carbon and the enzyme is replaced by a sulfur (usually through a Cys residue); a high-energy intermediate in many enzymes.

thioethanolamine acetyltransferase
thioethanolamine acetyltransferase (thi′o-eth-a-nol′a-men)

An enzyme transferring acetyl from acetyl-CoA to the sulfur atom of thioethanolamine, thus producing coenzyme A and S-acetylthioethanolamine. SYN: thiotransacetylase B.

thioether
thioether (thi-o-e′ther)

An organic sulfide; an ether in which the oxygen is replaced by sulfur; R&cbond;S&cbond;R′.

thioflavine S
thioflavine S (thi-o-fla′vin) [C.I. 49010]

A methylated and sulfonated derivative of primulin; a yellowish dye used in fluorescence microscopy as a vital stain.

thioflavin T
thioflavin T (thi-o-fla′vin) [C.I. 49005]

A yellow thiazole dye, used in histopathology as a fluorochrome for hyaline and amyloid.

thiofuran
thiofuran (thi′o-foor′an)

SYN: thiophene.

thioglucosidase
thioglucosidase (thi-o-gloo′ko-si-das)

An enzyme in mustard seed that converts thioglycosides into thiols plus sugars. SYN: myrosinase, sinigrase, sinigrinase.

thioglycerol
thioglycerol (thi-o-glis′er-ol)

SYN: monothioglycerol.

thioglycolate
thioglycolate, thioglycollate (thi-o-gli′ko-lat)

A salt or ester of thioglycolic acid; frequently used in bacterial media to reduce their oxygen content so as to create favorable conditions for the growth of anaerobes; the t. will also inactivate any mercurial that might be carried over with the inoculum.

thioglycolic acid
thioglycolic acid (thi′o-gli-kol′ik)

Used as a reagent for the detection of metals such as iron, molybdenum, silver, and tin; the ammonium and sodium salts are used in home permanents, the calcium salt as a depilatory. SYN: mercaptoacetic acid.

thioguanine
thioguanine (thi-o-gwah′nen)

An antineoplastic agent used for leukemias and nephrosis.

-thioic acid -thioic acid

Suffix denoting the radical, –C(S)OH or –C(O)SH, the sulfur analog of a carboxylic acid, i.e., a thiocarboxylic acid.

thiokinase
thiokinase (thi-o-ki′nas)

Group term for enzymes that form acyl-CoA compounds from the corresponding fatty acids and CoA; the bond is through the sulfur atom of the CoA.

thiol
thiol (thi′ol)

1. The monovalent radical –SH when attached to carbon; a hydrosulfide; a mercaptan. 2. A mixture of sulfurated and sulfonated petroleum oils purified with ammonia; used in the treatment of skin diseases.

thiolase
thiolase (thi′o-las)

SYN: acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase.

thiole
thiole (thi′ol)

SYN: thiophene.

thiolesterase
thiolesterase (thi′ol-es′ter-az)

SYN: thioesterase.

thiolhistidylbetaine
thiolhistidylbetaine (thi′ol-his′ti-dil-be′ta-en)

SYN: ergothioneine.

thioltransacetylase A
thioltransacetylase A (thi′ol-trans-a-set′i-las)

SYN: dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase.

thiolysis
thiolysis (thi-ol′i-sis)

The cleavage of a chemical bond with the addition of coenzyme A to one part; analogous to hydrolysis and phosphorolysis.

thiomersal
thiomersal (thi-o-mer′sal)

SYN: thimerosal.

thiomersalate
thiomersalate (thi-o-mer′sa-lat)

SYN: thimerosal.

thiomethyladenosine
thiomethyladenosine (thi′o-meth′il-a-den′o-sen)

SYN: methylthioadenosine.

-thione -thione

Suffix denoting the radical &dbond;C&dbond;S, the sulfur analog of a ketone, i.e., a thiocarbonyl group.

thionein
thionein (thi′o-nen)

The apoprotein of metallothionein.

thioneine
thioneine (thi′o-ne′in)

SYN: ergothioneine.

thionic
thionic (thi-on′ik)

Relating to sulfur.

thionine
thionine (thi′o-nin) [C.I. 52000]

Amidophenthiazine;a dark-green powder, giving a purple solution in water; useful as a basic stain in histology for chromatin and mucin because of its metachromatic properties. SYN: Lauth violet.

thiono- thiono-

Prefix sometimes used for thioxo-.

thiopanic acid
thiopanic acid (thi-o-pan′ik)

SYN: pantoyltaurine.

thiopental sodium
thiopental sodium (thi-o-pen′tawl)

An ultra–short-acting barbiturate administered intravenously or rectally for induction of anesthesia.

thiophene
thiophene (thi′o-fen)

The fundamental ring compound. SYN: thiofuran, thiole.

thiophenicol
thiophenicol (thi-o-fen′i-kol)

SYN: thiamphenicol.

thiopropazate hydrochloride
thiopropazate hydrochloride (thi-o-pro′pa-zat)

A phenothiazine derivative related chemically and pharmacologically to prochlorperazine and perphenazine; an antipsychotic.

thioproperazine
thioproperazine (thi′o-pro-per′a-zen)

An antiemetic and antianxiety agent.

thioredoxin
thioredoxin (thi-o-re-doks′in)

A protein that participates in the oxidation-reduction reactions associated with the biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides.
t. reductase a flavoprotein that uses NADPH to re-reduce t. in the formation of deoxyribonucleotides.

thioridazine hydrochloride
thioridazine hydrochloride (thi-o-rid′a-zen)

An antipsychotic with action similar to that of chlorpromazine but with relatively stronger anticholinergic effects.

thiosemicarbazide
thiosemicarbazide (thi′o-sem′e-kar′ba-zid)

One of the group of thiosemicarbazones with a tuberculostatic action; used as a reagent in the detection of metals.

thiosemicarbazone
thiosemicarbazone (thi′o-sem′e-kar′ba-zon)

1. A compound containing the thiosemicarbazide radical, &dbond;N—NH—C(S)—NH₂. 2. One of a group of tuberculostatic drugs that includes thiosemicarbazide, benzaldehyde t., and 4-aminoacetylbenzaldehyde t..

thiosulfate
thiosulfate (thi-o-sul′fat)

S₂O₃^&dbond;;the anion of thiosulfuric acid; elevated in individuals with a molybdenum cofactor deficiency.
t. cyanide transsulfurase SYN: t. sulfurtransferase.
t. sulfurtransferase a transferase that catalyzes the formation of thiocyanate and sulfite from cyanide and t.. SYN: rhodanese, t. cyanide transsulfurase, t. thiotransferase.
t. thiotransferase SYN: t. sulfurtransferase.

thiosulfuric acid
thiosulfuric acid (thi′o-sul-fur′ik)

H₂S₂O₃;sulfuric acid in which an atom of oxygen has been replaced by one of sulfur.

thiotepa
thiotepa (thi-o-tep′a)

SYN: triethylenethiophosphoramide.

thiothixene
thiothixene (thi-o-thik′sen)

An antipsychotic.

thiotransacetylase B
thiotransacetylase B (thi′o-trans-a-set′i-las)

SYN: thioethanolamine acetyltransferase.

2-thiouracil
2-thiouracil (thi-o-ur′a-sil)

A rare component of transfer RNAs; a thioamide derivative that inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormones; hence, a goitrogen; similar to propylthiouracil.

4-thiouracil
4-thiouracil (thi-o-ur′a-sil)

Uracil with S replacing O in position 4, isomeric with 2-thiouracil; a rare component of transfer RNAs.

thiourea
thiourea (thi′o-u-re′a)

An antithyroid compound of the thioamide group, with the same actions and uses as thiouracil. Several derivatives of t. are useful in the treatment of leprosy. SYN: thiocarbamide.

thioxanthene
thioxanthene (thi-o-zan′then)

A class of tricyclic compounds resembling phenothiazine, but with the central ring nitrogen replaced by a carbon atom; current use emphasizes the antipsychotic and antiemetic properties of this class.

thioxo- thioxo-

Prefix indicating &dbond;S in a thioketone.

thioxolone
thioxolone (thi-ok′so-lon)

An antiseborrheic.

THIP
THIP

An agonist at γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A receptors. Unlike other agonists of this type, upon systemic administration T. penetrates the blood-brain barrier and is used as a pharmacologic tool to explore GABA receptor function in the brain and spinal cord.

thiphenamil hydrochloride
thiphenamil hydrochloride (thi-fen′a-mil)

An anticholinergic drug.

thirst
thirst (thurst)

A desire to drink associated with uncomfortable sensations in the mouth and pharynx. [A.S. thurst]
false t. t. that is not satisfied by drinking or taking water; t. associated with a dry mouth but not with a bodily need for water. SYN: pseudodipsia.
insensible t. SYN: hypodipsia.
morbid t. SYN: dipsesis.
subliminal t. SYN: hypodipsia.
true t. t. that can be satisfied by drinking water.

Thiry
Thiry

Ludwig, Austrian physiologist, 1817–1897. See T. fistula, T.-Vella fistula.

thixolabile
thixolabile (thik-so-la′bil, -bil)

Susceptible to thixotropy.

thixotropic
thixotropic (thik-so-trop′ik)

Pertaining to, or characterized by, thixotropy.

thixotropy
thixotropy (thik-sot′ro-pe)

The property of certain gels of becoming less viscous when shaken or subjected to shearing forces and returning to the original viscosity upon standing ( e.g., synovial fluid, ferrous hydroxide gel); a characteristic of a system exhibiting a decrease in viscosity with an increase in the rate of shear, usually a function of time. SYN: reclotting phenomenon. [G. thixis, a touching, + trope, turning]

Thogotoviruses
Thogotoviruses (tho-go-to-vi-rus-ez)

A group of unclassified viruses that are similar to the Orthoviruses and share some amino acid homology.

Thoma
Thoma

Richard, German histologist, 1847–1923. See T. ampulla, T. fixative, T. laws, under law.

Thomas
Thomas

Hugh Owen, British surgeon, 1834–1891. See T. splint.

Thompson
Thompson

Sir Henry, English surgeon, 1820–1904. See T. test.

Thomsen
Thomsen

Asmus J., Danish physician, 1815–1896. See T. disease.

Thomson
Thomson

Matthew Sidney, English dermatologist, 1894–1969. See Rothmund-T. syndrome.

Thomson
Thomson

Frederic H., English physician, 1867–1938. See T. sign.

thonzonium bromide
thonzonium bromide (thon-zo′ne-um)

A surface-active agent used in ear drops and aerosols.

thonzylamine hydrochloride
thonzylamine hydrochloride (thon-zil′a-men)

An antihistamine at H₁ receptors.

thorac- thorac-

See thoraco-.

thoracal
thoracal (thor′a-kal)

SYN: thoracic.

thoracalgia
thoracalgia (thor-a-kal′je-a)

Pain in the chest. SYN: thoracodynia. [thoraco- + G. algos, pain]

thoracentesis
thoracentesis (thor′a-sen-te′sis)

Paracentesis of the pleural cavity. SYN: pleuracentesis, pleural tap, pleurocentesis, thoracocentesis. [thoraco- + G. kentesis, puncture]

thoracic
thoracic (tho-ras′ik)

Relating to the thorax. SYN: thoracal.

thoracico- thoracico-

See thoraco-.

thoracicoabdominal
thoracicoabdominal (tho-ras′i-ko-ab-dom′i-nal)

SYN: thoracoabdominal.

thoracicoacromial
thoracicoacromial (thor-as′i-ko-a-kro′me-al)

SYN: thoracoacromial.

thoracicohumeral
thoracicohumeral (tho-ras′i-ko-hu′mer-al)

Relating to the thorax and the humerus.

thoraco- thoraco-, thorac-, thoracico-

The chest (thorax). [G. thorax]

thoracoabdominal
thoracoabdominal (thor′a-ko-ab-dom′i-nal)

Relating to the thorax and the abdomen. SYN: thoracicoabdominal.

thoracoacromial
thoracoacromial (thor′a-ko-a-kro′me-al)

Relating to the acromion and the thorax; denoting especially the t. artery. SYN: acromiothoracic, thoracicoacromial.

thoracoceloschisis
thoracoceloschisis (thor′a-ko-se-los′ki-sis)

A congenital fissure of the trunk involving both the thoracic and abdominal cavities. SYN: thoracogastroschisis. [thoraco- + G. koilia, belly, + schisis, fissure]

thoracocentesis
thoracocentesis (thor′a-ko-sen-te′sis)

SYN: thoracentesis.

thoracocyllosis
thoracocyllosis (thor′a-ko-si-lo′sis)

A deformity of the chest. [thoraco- + G. kyllosis, a crippling]

thoracocyrtosis
thoracocyrtosis (thor′a-ko-ser-to′sis)

Abnormally wide curvature of the chest wall. [thoraco- + G. kyrtosis, a being crooked]

thoracodelphus
thoracodelphus (thor′a-ko-del′fus)

SYN: thoradelphus.

thoracodorsal
thoracodorsal (thor-ak-o-dor′sal)

Relating to the external posterior chest wall, denoting especially an artery, vein, and nerve.

thoracodynia
thoracodynia (thor′a-ko-din′e-a)

SYN: thoracalgia. [thoraco- + G. odyne, pain]

thoracogastroschisis
thoracogastroschisis (thor′a-ko-gas-tros′ki-sis)

SYN: thoracoceloschisis. [thoraco- + G. gaster, belly, + schisis, fissure]

thoracolaparotomy
thoracolaparotomy (thor′a-ko-lap-a-rot′o-me)

Exposure of diaphragmatic region by an incision that opens both thorax and abdomen (thoracoabdominal incision). [thoraco- + laparotomy]

thoracolumbar
thoracolumbar (thor′a-ko-lum′bar)

1. Relating to the thoracic and lumbar portions of the vertebral column. 2. Relating to the origins of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. See autonomic division of nervous system.

thoracolysis
thoracolysis (thor-a-kol′i-sis)

Breaking up of pleural adhesions. [thoraco- + G. lysis, dissolution]

thoracomelus
thoracomelus (thor-a-kom′e-lus)

Unequal conjoined twins in which the parasite, often only a single arm or leg, is attached to the thorax of the autosite. See conjoined twins, under twin. [thoraco- + G. melos, limb]

thoracometer
thoracometer (thor-a-kom′e-ter)

An instrument for measuring the circumference of the chest or its variations in respiration. [thoraco- + G. metron, measure]

thoracomyodynia
thoracomyodynia (thor′a-ko-mi-o-din′e-a)

Pain in the muscles of the chest wall. [thoraco- + G. mys, muscle, + odyne, pain]

thoracopagus
thoracopagus (thor-a-kop′a-gus)

Conjoined twins with union in the thoracic region. See conjoined twins, under twin. SYN: synthorax. [thoraco- + G. pagos, something fastened]

thoracoparacephalus
thoracoparacephalus (thor′a-ko-par-a-sef′a-lus)

Unequal conjoined twins in which a rudimentary parasitic head is attached to the thorax of the autosite. See conjoined twins, under twin. [thoraco- + G. para, beside, + kephale, head]

thoracopathy
thoracopathy (thor-a-kop′a-the)

Rarely used term. Any disease of the thoracic organs or tissues. [thoraco- + G. pathos, suffering]

thoracoplasty
thoracoplasty (thor′a-ko-plas-te)

An operation that reduces intrathoracic space by removal of portions of the rigid chest wall. [thoraco- + G. plastos, formed]
conventional t. resection of ribs to allow inward retraction of the chest wall to reduce size of the pleural space; may be used in the treatment of empyema.

thoracopneumoplasty
thoracopneumoplasty (thor′a-ko-noo′mo-plas-te)

Plastic surgery of the chest in which the lung is also involved. [thoraco- + G. pneumon, lung, + plastos, formed]

thoracoschisis
thoracoschisis (thor-a-kos′ki-sis)

Congenital fissure of the chest wall. [thoraco- + G. schisis, fissure]

thoracoscope
thoracoscope (tho-rak′o-skop)

An endoscope for viewing intrathoracic structures; may be video-assisted. [thoraco- + G. skopeo, to view]

thoracoscopy
thoracoscopy (thor-a-kos′ko-pe)

Examination of the pleural cavity with an endoscope. SYN: pleuroscopy. [thoraco- + G. skopeo, to view]

thoracostenosis
thoracostenosis (thor′a-ko-ste-no′sis)

Narrowness of the chest. [thoraco- + G. stenosis, narrowing]

thoracosternotomy
thoracosternotomy

Chest incision combining an intercostal incision and transsection of the sternum.
transverse t. chest incision combining an intercostal incision and transsection of the sternum.

thoracostomy
thoracostomy (thor-a-kos′to-me)

Establishment of an opening into the chest cavity, as for the drainage of an empyema. [thoraco- + G. stoma, mouth]

thoracotomy
thoracotomy (thor-a-kot′o-me)

Incision through the chest wall into the pleural space. SYN: pleurotomy. [thoraco- + G. tome, incision]
anterior t. anterior incision into the chest, usually submammary.
axillary t. lateral t. placed below the axillary hairline; may be transverse or vertical.
clamshell t. SYN: clamshell incision.
minithoracotomy any t. involving less muscle division than the classic posterolateral t.. [colloquial]
muscle-sparing t. any type of t. that does not involve significant division of the latissimus dorsi (muscle) and the serratus anterior (muscle).
posterolateral t. t., involving division of the latissimus dorsi (muscle) and the serratus anterior (muscle).

thoradelphus
thoradelphus (thor-a-del′fus)

Duplicitas posterior in which the individual is duplicated from the navel downward. See conjoined twins, under twin. SYN: thoracodelphus. [thoraco- + G. adelphos, brother]

thorax
thorax, gen. thoracis, pl .thoraces (tho′raks, tho′ra-sis, -ra′sez) [TA]

The upper part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; it is formed by the 12 thoracic vertebrae, the 12 pairs of ribs, the sternum, and the muscles and fasciae attached to these; below, it is separated from the abdomen by the diaphragm; it contains the chief organs of the circulatory and respiratory systems. [L. fr. G. t., breastplate, the chest, fr. thoresso, to arm]
barrel-shaped t. increased anteroposterior dimension of the t., so that lateral and anteroposterior dimensions are about equal, due to hyperinflation of the lungs. Seen in patients with emphysema.
Peyrot t. an obliquely oval deformity of the chest in cases of a very large pleural effusion.

thorium
thorium (Th) (thor′e-um)

A radioactive metallic element; atomic no. 90, atomic wt. 232.0381. ²³²Th, the only naturally occurring nuclide, with a half-life of 14 × 10⁹ years, is used in colloidal form in electron microscopy as a stain for acid mucopolysaccharides. [Thor, Norse god of thunder]

Thormählen
Thormählen

Johann, 19th century German physician. See T. test.

Thorn
Thorn

George W., U.S. physician, *1906. See T. test, T. syndrome.

thorn
thorn (thorn)

In anatomy, a thornlike or spinous structure.
dendritic thorns SYN: dendritic spines, under spine.

thorn apple
thorn apple

SYN: Datura stramonium.

Thornwaldt
Thornwaldt

Gustavus Ludwig. See Tornwaldt.

thought
thought

1. The faculty of reasoning. 2. The process or act of thinking. 3. The result of thinking.
t. broadcasting the delusion of experiencing one's thoughts, as they occur, as being broadcast from one's head to the external world where other people can hear them.
t. insertion the delusion that one's thoughts are not really one's own but are being placed into one's mind by an external force.
trend of t. thinking with a tendency toward or centering on a particular idea with a particular affect.
t. withdrawal the delusion that one's thoughts have been removed from one's head resulting in a diminished number of thoughts remaining.

Thr
Thr

Symbol for threonine or its radical forms.

thread
thread (thred)

1. A fine strand of suture material. 2. A filamentous structure. [M.E., fr. A.S. thraed]
terminal t. SYN: terminal filum.

threadworm
threadworm (thred′werm)

Common name for species of the genus Strongyloides; sometimes applied to any of the smaller parasitic nematodes.

threonic acid
threonic acid (thre-on′ik)

The acid derived by oxidation of the CHO group of threose to COOH; a product of the oxidation of ascorbic acid by hypoiodite.

threonine
threonine (T, Thr) (thre′o-nen)

2-Amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid;the l-isomer is one of the naturally occurring amino acids, included in the structure of most proteins, and nutritionally essential in the diet of humans and other mammals.
t. deaminase SYN: t. dehydratase.
t. dehydratase an enzyme catalyzing the anaerobic deamination of l-t. to 2-ketobutyric acid and ammonia; a central step in t. catabolism. SYN: serine deaminase, t. deaminase.

threose
threose (thre′os)

An aldotetrose; one of the two aldoses (the other is erythrose) containing four carbon atoms.

threshold
threshold (thresh′old)

1. The point at which a stimulus first produces a sensation. 2. The lower limit of perception of a stimulus. 3. The minimal stimulus that produces excitation of any structure; e.g., the minimal stimulus eliciting a motor response. SYN: limen (2) [TA] . [A.S. therxold]
absolute t. the lowest limit of any perception whatever. Cf.:differential t.. SYN: stimulus t..
achromatic t. SYN: visual t..
auditory t. the intensity of any barely perceptible sound.
brightness difference t. the smallest difference that can be perceived as a difference in brightness. SYN: light difference (2) .
t. of consciousness the lowest point at which a stimulus sensation can be perceived.
convulsant t. the smallest amount of stimulation, electric current, or drug required to induce a convulsion.
differential t. the lowest limit at which two stimuli can be differentiated. SYN: t. differential.
displacement t. the least distinguishable break in the contour of a line.
double-point t. the least degree of separation of two points applied to the body surface that permits their being felt as two.
erythema t. the dose at which erythema of the skin is produced by irradiation with ultraviolet, gamma, or x-rays.
fibrillation t. least intensity of an electrical stimulus that will initiate fibrillation.
galvanic t. SYN: rheobase.
t. of island of Reil SYN: limen insulae.
light differential t. the smallest difference in light intensity that can be appreciated.
minimum light t. SYN: visual t..
t. of nose SYN: limen nasi.
pain t. the smallest intensity of a painful stimulus at which the subject perceives pain.
phenotypic t. a quantitative genetic trait with a continuous distribution termed its liability; may generate two kinds of phenotype, according to whether the liability lies above or below some critical t. at about which a radical change in behavior occurs. For instance, blood uric acid level is a liability with an approximately gaussian distribution. At a critical point of chemical saturation (the t.), crystallization occurs and the resulting gout or nongout is a t. trait.
relational t. the smallest degree of difference between two stimuli that permits them to be perceived as different.
renal t. concentration of plasma substance above which the substance appears in the urine.
speech awareness t. the lowest sound intensity at which speech can be detected. SYN: speech detection t..
speech detection t. SYN: speech awareness t..
speech reception t. the intensity at which speech is recognized as meaningful symbols; in speech audiometry, it is the decibel level at which 50% of spondee words can be repeated correctly by the subject.
stimulus t. SYN: absolute t..
swallowing t. 1. the moment that the act of swallowing begins after the mastication of food; 2. the critical moment of reflex action initiated by minimum stimulation, prior to the act of deglutition.
visual t., t. of visual sensation the minimal light intensity evoking a visual sensation. SYN: achromatic t., minimum light t..

thrill
thrill

A vibration accompanying a cardiac or vascular murmur that can be palpated. SEE ALSO: fremitus.
diastolic t. a t. felt over the precordium or over a blood vessel during ventricular diastole.
hydatid t. the peculiar trembling or vibratory sensation felt on palpation of a hydatid cyst. SYN: Blatin syndrome, hydatid fremitus.
presystolic t. a t. immediately preceding the ventricular contraction that is sometimes felt on palpation over the apex of the heart, as in mitral stenosis.
systolic t. a t. felt over the precordium or over a blood vessel during ventricular systole.

thrix
thrix (thriks) [TA]

SYN: hair. [G.]

throat
throat (throt)

1. The fauces and pharynx. SYN: gullet. 2. The anterior aspect of the neck. SYN: jugulum. 3. Any narrowed entrance into a hollow part. [A.S. throtu]
sore t. a condition characterized by pain or discomfort on swallowing; it may be due to any of a variety of inflammations of the tonsils, pharynx, or larynx.

throb
throb

1. To pulsate. 2. A beating or pulsation.

thromb- thromb-

See thrombo-.

thrombase
thrombase (throm′bas)

SYN: thrombin.

thrombasthenia
thrombasthenia (throm-bas-the′ne-a)

An abnormality of platelets characteristic of Glanzmann t.. SEE ALSO: Bernard-Soulier syndrome. SYN: thromboasthenia. [thromb- + G. astheneia, weakness]
Glanzmann t. [MIM*273800] a hemorrhagic diathesis characterized by normal or prolonged bleeding time, normal coagulation time, defective clot retraction, normal platelet count but morphologic or functional abnormality of platelets; several different kinds of platelet abnormalities have been described; caused by defect in platelet membrane glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex; autosomal recessive inheritance, caused by mutation in the platelet-membrane glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex gene (ITGA2B) on chromosome 17. SYN: constitutional thrombopathy, Glanzmann disease, hereditary hemorrhagic t..
hereditary hemorrhagic t. SYN: Glanzmann t..

thrombectomy
thrombectomy (throm-bek′to-me)

The excision of a thrombus. [thromb- + G. ektome, excision]

thrombi
thrombi (throm′bi)

Plural of thrombus.

thrombin
thrombin

1. An enzyme (proteinase), formed in shed blood, that converts fibrinogen into fibrin by hydrolyzing peptides (and amides and esters) of l-arginine; formed from prothrombin by the action of prothrombinase (factor Xa, another proteinase). 2. A sterile protein substance prepared from prothrombin of bovine origin through interaction with thromboplastin in the presence of calcium; causes clotting of whole blood, plasma, or a fibrinogen solution; used as a topical hemostatic for capillary bleeding with or without fibrin foam in general and plastic surgical procedures. SYN: factor IIa, fibrinogenase, thrombase, thrombosin.
human t. t. obtained from human plasma by precipitation with suitable salts and organic solvents; same uses as t..

thrombinogen
thrombinogen (throm-bin′o-jen)

SYN: prothrombin.

thrombinogenesis
thrombinogenesis (throm′bi-no-jen′e-sis)

Thrombin production.

thrombo- thrombo-, thromb-

Blood clot; coagulation; thrombin. [G. thrombos, clot (thrombus)]

thromboangiitis
thromboangiitis (throm′bo-an-ji-i′tis)

Inflammation of the intima of a blood vessel, with thrombosis. [thrombo- + G. angeion, vessel, + -itis, inflammation]
t. obliterans inflammation of the entire wall and connective tissue surrounding medium-sized arteries and veins, especially of the legs of young and middle-aged men; associated with thrombotic occlusion and commonly resulting in gangrene. SYN: Buerger disease, Winiwarter-Buerger disease.

thromboarteritis
thromboarteritis (throm′bo-ar-ter-i′tis)

Arterial inflammation with thrombus formation.

thromboasthenia
thromboasthenia (throm′bo-as-the′ne-a)

SYN: thrombasthenia.

thromboblast
thromboblast (throm′bo-blast)

SYN: megakaryocyte. [thrombo- + G. blastos, germ]

thromboclastic
thromboclastic (throm-bo-klas′tik)

SYN: thrombolytic.

thrombocyst
thrombocyst, thrombocystis (throm′bo-sist, -sis′tis)

A membranous sac enclosing a thrombus. [thrombo- + G. kystis, a bladder]

thrombocytasthenia
thrombocytasthenia (throm′bo-si-tas-the′ne-a)

A term for a group of hemorrhagic disorders in which the platelets may be only slightly reduced in number, or even within the normal range, but are morphologically abnormal, or are lacking in factors that are effective in the coagulation of blood. [thrombocyte + G. astheneia, weakness]

thrombocyte
thrombocyte (throm′bo-sit)

SYN: platelet. [thrombo- + G. kytos, cell]

thrombocythemia
thrombocythemia (throm′bo-si-the′me-a)

SYN: thrombocytosis. [thrombocyte + G. haima, blood]

thrombocytin
thrombocytin (throm-bo-si′tin)

SYN: serotonin.

thrombocytopathy
thrombocytopathy (throm′bo-si-top′a-the)

General term for any disorder of the coagulating mechanism that results from dysfunction of the blood platelets. [thrombocyte + G. pathos, suffering]

thrombocytopenia
thrombocytopenia (throm′bo-si-to-pe′ne-a)

A condition in which there is an abnormally small number of platelets in the circulating blood. SYN: thrombopenia. [thrombocyte + G. penia, poverty]
autoimmune neonatal t. SYN: isoimmune neonatal t..
essential t. a primary form of t., in contrast to secondary forms that are associated with metastatic neoplasms, tuberculosis, and leukemia involving the bone marrow, or with direct suppression of bone marrow by the use of chemical agents, or with other conditions.
immune t. t. associated with antiplatelet antibodies. See isoimmune neonatal t..
isoimmune neonatal t. immune t. resulting from maternal-fetal platelet incompatibility. SYN: autoimmune neonatal t..

thrombocytopoiesis
thrombocytopoiesis (throm′bo-si-to-poy-e′sis)

The process of formation of thrombocytes or platelets. [thrombocyte + G. poiesis, a making]

thrombocytosis
thrombocytosis (throm′bo-si-to′sis)

An increase in the number of platelets in the circulating blood. SYN: thrombocythemia. [thrombocyte + G. -osis, condition]

thromboelastogram
thromboelastogram (throm′bo-e-las′to-gram)

Registration of the coagulation process by a thromboelastograph.

thromboelastograph
thromboelastograph (throm′bo-e-las′to-graf)

Apparatus for registering elastic variations of a thrombus during the process of coagulation. [thromb- + G. elastreo, to push, + grapho, to write]

thromboembolectomy
thromboembolectomy (throm′bo-em-bo-lek′to-me)

Extraction of an embolic thrombus. [thrombo- + G. embolos, embolus, + ektome, excision]

thromboembolism
thromboembolism (throm′bo-em′bo-lizm)

Embolism from a thrombus. [thrombo- + G. embolismos, embolism]

thromboendarterectomy
thromboendarterectomy (throm′bo-end-ar-ter-ek′to-me)

An operation that involves opening an artery, removing an occluding thrombus along with the intima and atheromatous material, and leaving a clean, fresh plane internal to the adventitia. [thrombo- + endarterectomy]

thromboendocarditis
thromboendocarditis (throm′bo-en′do-kar-di′tis)

SYN: nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis.

thrombogen
thrombogen (throm′bo-jen)

SYN: prothrombin. [thrombo- + G. -gen, producing]

thrombogene
thrombogene (throm′bo-jen)

SYN: factor V.

thrombogenic
thrombogenic (throm-bo-jen′ik)

1. Relating to thrombogen. 2. Causing thrombosis or coagulation of the blood.

thromboid
thromboid (throm′boyd)

Resembling a thrombus. [thrombo- + G. eidos, resemblance]

thrombokatilysin
thrombokatilysin (throm′bo-kat-i-li′sin)

Obsolete term for factor VIII.

thrombokinase
thrombokinase (throm-bo-ki′nas)

SYN: thromboplastin.

thrombolic
thrombolic (throm-bol′ik)

Relating to a thrombolus.

thrombolus
thrombolus (throm′bo-lus)

An embolus composed mainly of agglutinated platelets. [thrombo- + G. embolos, embolus]

thrombolymphangitis
thrombolymphangitis (throm′bo-lim-fan-ji′tis)

Inflammation of a lymphatic vessel with the formation of a lymph clot.

thrombolysis
thrombolysis (throm-bol′i-sis)

Fluidifying or dissolving of a thrombus. [thrombo- + G. lysis, a dissolving]

thrombolytic
thrombolytic (throm-bo-lit′ik)

Breaking up or dissolving a thrombus. SYN: thromboclastic.

thrombomodulin
thrombomodulin (throm′bo-mo-doo-lin)

A glycoprotein present in the plasma membrane of endothelial cells that binds thrombin; participates in an additional regulatory mechanism in coagulation. [thrombo- + odulate + -in]

thrombon
thrombon

An all-inclusive term for circulating thrombocytes (blood platelets) and the cellular forms from which they arise (thromboblasts or megakaryocytes). It is analogous to erythron and leukon of the red and white blood cells, respectively.

thrombonecrosis
thrombonecrosis (throm′bo-ne-kro′sis)

Necrosis of the walls of a blood vessel, with thrombosis in the lumen.

thrombopathy
thrombopathy (throm-bop′a-the)

A nonspecific term applied to disorders of blood platelets resulting in defective thromboplastin, without obvious change in the appearance or number of platelets. [thrombo- + G. pathos, disease]
constitutional t. SYN: Glanzmann thrombasthenia.

thrombopenia
thrombopenia (throm-bo-pe′ne-a)

SYN: thrombocytopenia.

thrombophilia
thrombophilia (throm-bo-fil′e-a)

A disorder of the hemopoietic system in which there is a tendency to the occurrence of thrombosis. [thrombo- + G. philos, fond]

thrombophlebitis
thrombophlebitis (throm′bo-fle-bi′tis)

Venous inflammation with thrombus formation. [thrombo- + G. phleps, vein, + -itis, inflammation]
t. migrans creeping or slowly advancing t., appearing in first one vein and then another.
t. saltans t. occurring in the same vein, but at a distance from the original lesion, or appearing suddenly in a distant vein.

thromboplastid
thromboplastid (throm-bo-plas′tid)

1. SYN: platelet. 2. A nucleated spindle cell in submammalian blood. [thrombo- + G. plastos, formed]

thromboplastin
thromboplastin (throm-bo-plas′tin)

A substance present in tissues, platelets, and leukocytes necessary for the coagulation of blood; in the presence of calcium ions t. is necessary for the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, an important step in coagulation of blood. It is now generally believed that t. activity may be developed through blood (intrinsic) or tissue (extrinsic) systems. Tissue t. (factor III) interacts with factor VII and calcium to activate factor X; active factor X combines with factor V in the presence of calcium and phospholipid to produce t. activity (also commonly called t.). SYN: platelet tissue factor, thrombokinase, thrombozyme, tissue factor, zymoplastic substance.

thromboplastinogen
thromboplastinogen (throm′bo-plas-tin′o-jen)

Obsolete term for factor VIII.

thrombopoiesis
thrombopoiesis (throm′bo-poy-e′sis)

Precisely, the process of a clot forming in blood, but generally used with reference to the formation of blood platelets (thrombocytes). [thrombo- + G. poiesis, a making]

thrombopoietin
thrombopoietin (throm′bo-poy′e-tin)

A cytokine that serves as a humoral regulator for the production of blood platelets through action on the receptor c-mp1. SYN: megakaryocyte growth and development factor, megapoietin. [thrombo- + G. poietes, maker, + in]

thrombosed
thrombosed (throm′bosd)

1. Clotted. 2. Denoting a blood vessel that is the seat of thrombosis.

thromboses
thromboses (throm-bo′sez)

Plural of thrombosis.

thrombosin
thrombosin (throm′bo-sin)

SYN: thrombin.

thrombosis
thrombosis, pl .thromboses (throm-bo′sis, -sez)

Formation or presence of a thrombus; clotting within a blood vessel which may cause infarction of tissues supplied by the vessel. [G. t., a clotting, fr. thrombos, clot]
atrophic t. t. due to feebleness of the circulation, as in marasmus. SYN: marantic t., marasmic t..
cerebral t. clotting of blood in a cerebral vessel.
compression t. t. due to arrest of the circulation in a vessel by compression, as from a tumor.
coronary t. coronary occlusion by thrombus formation, usually the result of atheromatous changes in the arterial wall and usually leading to myocardial infarction.
creeping t. a gradually increasing t. involving one section of a vein after another in continuity.
dilation t. t. due to slowed circulation consequent upon dilation of a vein.
effort-induced t. SYN: Paget-von Schrötter syndrome.
marantic t., marasmic t. SYN: atrophic t..
mural t. the formation of a thrombus in contact with the endocardial lining of a cardiac chamber, or a large blood vessel, if not occlusive.
placental t. t. of the veins of the uterus at the placental site.
plate t., platelet t. t. due to an abnormal accumulation of platelets.
posttraumatic arterial t., posttraumatic venous t. intravascular clotting due to injury to a vessel wall.

thrombostasis
thrombostasis (throm-bos′ta-sis)

Local arrest of the circulation by thrombosis. [thrombo- + G. stasis, a standing]

thrombosthenin
thrombosthenin (throm-bo-sthe′nin)

SYN: platelet actomyosin.

thrombotic
thrombotic (throm-bot′ik)

Relating to, caused by, or characterized by thrombosis.

thrombotonin
thrombotonin (throm-bo-to′nin)

SYN: serotonin.

thromboxane
thromboxane (throm-bok′san)

The formal parent of the thromboxanes; prostanoic acid in which the –COOH has been reduced to –CH₃ and an oxygen atom has been inserted between carbons 11 and 12.

thromboxanes
thromboxanes (throm′bok-zanz)

A group of compounds, included in the eicosanoids, formally based on thromboxane, but with the terminal COOH group present; biochemically related to the prostaglandins and formed from them through a series of steps involving the formation of an endoperoxide (an O–O bridge between carbons 9 and 11 in the prostaglandins) by a cyclooxygenase, followed by a rearrangement (catalyzed by thromboxane synthase) that inserts one of the two oxygen atoms between carbons 11 and 12, leaving the other still bridging carbons 9 and 11. T. are so named from their influence on platelet aggregation and the formation of the oxygen-containing six-membered ring (pyran or oxane). Like the prostaglandins, individual t. (abbreviated TX) are designated by letters (A, B, C, etc.) and subscripts indicating structural features.

thrombozyme
thrombozyme (throm′bo-zim)

SYN: thromboplastin.

thrombus
thrombus, pl .thrombi (throm′bus, -bi)

A clot in the cardiovascular systems formed during life from constituents of blood; it may be occlusive or attached to the vessel or heart wall without obstructing the lumen (mural t.). [L. fr. G. thrombos, a clot]
agglutinative t. SYN: hyaline t..
agonal t. a heart clot formed during the act of dying after prolonged heart failure.
antemortem t. a clot formed in the circulation during life.
ball t. an unattached, spherical antemortem t. found in the left or right atrium usually in certain cases of mitral stenosis.
ball-valve t. ball t. intermittently occluding the mitral or tricuspid orifice.
bile t. an intracanalicular deposit of bile, usually a result of obstruction to bile drainage.
currant jelly t. SYN: postmortem t..
fibrin t. a t. formed by repeated deposits of fibrin from the circulating blood; it usually does not completely occlude the vessel.
globular t. one of a number of thrombi of varying size, from a pea to a walnut, within the heart cavity, connected by a delicate fibrinous network.
hyaline t. a translucent colorless plug, partly or wholly filling a capillary or small artery or vein, formed by agglutination of red blood corpuscles. SYN: agglutinative t..
infective t. a t. formed in septic phlebitis.
laminated t. a t. formed gradually by clotting of the blood in successive layers.
marantic t., marasmic t. a t. formed in cases of marasmus or general debility.
mixed t. a laminated t., the layers of different ages being of different color or consistency. SYN: stratified t..
mural t. a t. formed on and attached to a diseased patch of endocardium, not on a valve or on one side of a large blood vessel. SEE ALSO: parietal t..
obstructive t. a t. due to obstruction in the vessel from compression or other cause.
pale t. SYN: white t..
parietal t. an arterial t. adhering to one side of the wall of the vessel. SEE ALSO: mural t..
postmortem t. a clot formed within the heart or in a blood vessel after death, usually mainly red blood cells. SYN: currant jelly t..
propagated t. creeping thrombosis.
red t. a t. formed rapidly by the coagulation of stagnating blood, composed mainly of red blood cells rather than platelets.
secondary t. a t. formed about an embolus as a nucleus.
stratified t. SYN: mixed t..
valvular t. a parietal t. that projects into the lumen of the vessel.
white t. an opaque dull white t. composed essentially of blood platelets. SYN: pale t..

throughput
throughput (throo′put)

A term applied to analytic instruments specifying the number of tests that can be performed in a given time.

thrush
thrush (thrush)

Infection of the oral tissues with Candida albicans; often an opportunistic infection in humans with AIDS or humans suffering from other conditions that depress the immune system; also common in normal infants who have been treated with antibiotics. [fr. the t. fungus, Candida albicans]

thuja
thuja (thoo′ja, -ya)

The fresh tops of T. occidentalis (family Pinaceae), an ornamental evergreen tree of eastern North America, a source of cedar leaf oil; has been used internally as an expectorant, emmenagogue, and anthelmintic, and externally as a mild counterirritant. SYN: thuya. [G. thyia, an African tree with sweet-smelling wood]
t. oil SYN: cedar leaf oil.

thujol
thujol (thoo′jol)

SYN: thujone.

thujone
thujone (thoo′jon)

C₁₀H₁₆O;the chief constituent of cedar leaf oil; a stimulant and convulsant similar to camphor. SYN: absinthol, tanacetol, tanacetone, thujol, thuyol, thuyone.

thulium
thulium (Tm) (thoo′le-um)

A metallic element of the lanthanide series, atomic no. 69, atomic wt. l68.93421. [L. Thule, the earliest name for Scandinavia]

thumb
thumb (thumb) [TA]

The first digit on the radial side of the hand. SYN: pollex [TA] , digitus (manus) primus&star, first finger. [A.S. thuma]
bifid t. a congenital malformed t. where the distal phalanx is divided.
gamekeeper's t. chronic radial subluxation of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the t..
hitchhiker t. malposition of the t., which, as a result of shortness of the first metacarpal, stands at right angles to the radial border of the hand and in the same place as it; a characteristic sign of diastrophic dwarfism.
tennis t. tendinitis with calcification in the tendon of the long flexor of the t. (flexor pollicis longus) caused by friction and strain as in tennis playing, but also occurring in other exercises in which the t. is subject to repeated pressure or strain.

thumbprinting
thumbprinting (thum′print-ing)

A radiographic sign of intestinal ischemia associated with hematoma formation and edema in the bowel wall; the thickened or edematous tissues encroach on the air- or contrast-filled lumen radiographically.

thumps
thumps (thumps)

Spasmodic contractions of the diaphragm, or hiccups, occasionally seen in animals.

thus
thus (thus, thoos)

SYN: olibanum. [L. incense]

thuya
thuya (thoo′ya)

SYN: thuja.

thuyol
thuyol, thuyone (thoo′yol, thoo′yon)

SYN: thujone.

Thy
Thy

Abbreviation for thymine.

Thygeson
Thygeson

Phillips, U.S. ophthalmologist, *1903. See T. disease.

thym- thym-

See thymo-.

thyme
thyme (tim)

The dried leaves and flowering tops of Thymus vulgaris (family Labiatae), used as a condiment; it contains a volatile oil (t. oil) and is a source of thymol. [G. thymon, t.]
t. oil, oil of t. a volatile oil distilled from the flowering plants of Thymus vulgaris or T. zygis; a flavoring agent.

thymectomy
thymectomy (thi-mek′to-me)

Removal of the thymus gland. [thymus + G. ektome, excision]
extended t. t. performed via combined sternotomy and a cervical incision to allow removal of all extraglandular thymic tissue. SYN: maximal t..
maximal t. SYN: extended t..
transcervical t. t. performed via a cervical incision only.

thymelcosis
thymelcosis (thi-mel-ko′sis)

Obsolete term for suppuration of the thymus gland. [thymus + G. helkosis, ulceration]

thymi- thymi-

See thymo-.

-thymia -thymia

Mind, soul, emotions. SEE ALSO: thymo- (2) . [G. thymos, the mind or heart as the seat of strong feelings or passion]

thymic
thymic (thi′mik)

Relating to the thymus gland.

thymic acid
thymic acid

SYN: thymol. [see thyme]

thymicolymphatic
thymicolymphatic (thi′mi-ko-lim-fat′ik)

Relating to the thymus and the lymphatic system.

thymidine
thymidine (dThd) (thi′mi-den)

1-(2-Deoxyribosyl)thymine;one of the four major nucleosides in DNA (the others being deoxyadenosine, deoxycytidine, and deoxyguanosine). SYN: deoxythymidine, thymine deoxyribonucleoside.
t. phosphorylase phosphorylase that catalyzes the phosphorolysis of t.; i.e., t. and P_i react to form thymine and 2-deoxy-d-ribose 1-phosphate.
tritiated t. t. containing the hydrogen α-emitting radionuclide, tritium (³H or hydrogen-3); used as a marker to measure and localize by radioautography the synthesis of DNA, into which it is incorporated.

thymidine 5′-diphosphate
thymidine 5′-diphosphate (dTDP)

Thymidine esterified at its 5′ position with diphosphoric acid.

thymidine 5′-monophosphate
thymidine 5′-monophosphate (dTMP)

SYN: thymidylic acid.

thymidine 5′-triphosphate
thymidine 5′-triphosphate (dTTP)

Thymidine esterified at its 5′ position with triphosphoric acid; the immediate precursor of thymidylic acid in DNA.

thymidylate synthase
thymidylate synthase (thi-mi-dil′at)

An enzyme catalyzing conversion of deoxyuridine 5′-monophosphate to thymidine 5′-monophosphate, the methyl group coming from N⁵,N¹⁰-methylenetetrahydrofolate.

thymidylic acid
thymidylic acid (thi′mi-dil′ik)

A major constituent of DNA. SYN: thymidine 5′-monophosphate, thymine nucleotide.

thymin
thymin (thi′min)

See thymopoietin.

thymine
thymine (Thy) (thi′men, -min)

5-Methyluracil;a constituent of thymidylic acid and DNA; elevated in hyperuracil thyminuria.
t. deoxyribonucleoside SYN: thymidine.
t. deoxyribonucleotide SYN: deoxythymidylic acid.
t. nucleotide SYN: thymidylic acid.

thyminuria
thyminuria (thi-men-oor′e-a)

See hyperuracil t..

thymitis
thymitis (thi-mi′tis)

Inflammation of the thymus gland.

thymo- thymo-, thym-, thymi-

1. The thymus. [G. thymos] 2. Mind, soul, emotions. [G. thymos, the mind or heart as the seat of strong feelings or passions] 3. Wart, warty. [G. thymos, thymion]

thymocyte
thymocyte (thi′mo-sit)

A cell that develops in the thymus, seemingly from a stem cell of bone marrow and of fetal liver, and is the precursor of the thymus-derived lymphocyte (T lymphocyte) that effects cell-mediated (delayed type) sensitivity. [thymus + G. kytos, cell]

thymogenic
thymogenic (thi-mo-jen′ik)

Of affective origin. [G. thymos, mind, + genesis, origin]

thymokinetic
thymokinetic (thi′mo-ki-net′ik)

Activating the thymus gland. [thymus + G. kinesis, movement]

thymol
thymol (thi′mol)

A phenol present in the volatile oil of Thymus vulgaris (thyme), Monarda punctata (horsemint), and other volatile oils; used externally and internally as an antiseptic, as a deodorizer of offensive discharges, and as a specific for ancylostomiasis. SYN: thyme camphor, thymic acid.
t. blue [C.I. 52025] a dye used as an acid-base indicator, with a pK value at 1.7 and another at 8.9; red at pH values below 1.2, yellow between 2.8 and 8.0, and blue above 9.6.
t. iodide a dry powder antiseptic; has been used as a substitute for iodoform in skin diseases, wounds, ulcers, purulent rhinitis, otitis, etc.

thymoma
thymoma (thi-mo′ma)

A neoplasm in the anterior mediastinum, originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated; occasionally invasive, but metastases are rare; histologically, consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphoma that involves the thymus, e.g., Hodgkin disease, should not be regarded as t.. [thymus + G. -oma, tumor]

thymonuclease
thymonuclease (thi-mo-noo′kle-as)

SYN: deoxyribonuclease I.

thymopoietin
thymopoietin (thi′mo-poy-e′tin)

Formerly called thymin; a polypeptide hormone that induces differentiation of lymphocytes to thymocytes. SEE ALSO: thymic lymphopoietic factor.

thymoprival
thymoprival, thymoprivic, thymoprivous (thi-mo-pri′val, -priv′ik, -pri′vus)

Relating to or marked by premature atrophy or removal of the thymus. [thymus + L. privus, deprived of]

thymosin
thymosin (thi′mo-sin)

A polypeptide hormone that restores T cell function in a thymectomized animal. SEE ALSO: thymic lymphopoietic factor.

thymoxamine
thymoxamine (thi-mok′sa-men)

SYN: moxisylyte.

thymus
thymus, pl .thymithymuses (thi′mus, thi′mi) [TA]

[NA] A primary lymphoid organ, located in the superior mediastinum and lower part of the neck, that is necessary in early life for the normal development of immunologic function. It reaches its greatest relative weight shortly after birth and its greatest absolute weight at puberty; it then begins to involute, and much of the lymphoid tissue is replaced by fat. The t. consists of two irregularly shaped parts united by a connective tissue capsule. Each part is partially subdivided by connective tissue septa into lobules, 0.5 to 2 mm in diameter, which consist of an inner medullary portion, continuous with the medullae of adjacent lobules, and an outer cortical portion. It is supplied by the inferior thyroid and internal thoracic arteries, and its nerves are derived from the vagus and sympathetic nerves. SYN: t. gland. [G. thymos, excrescence, sweetbread]

thyr- thyr-

See thyro-.

thyreo- thyreo-

See thyro-.

thyro- thyro-, thyr-

The thyroid gland. [see thyroid]

thyroacetic acid
thyroacetic acid (thi′ro-a-se′tik)

A degradation product of thyronine (alanine side chain reduced to acetic acid), itself a degradation product (or precursor) of thyroxine.

thyroadenitis
thyroadenitis (thi′ro-ad-e-ni′tis)

SYN: thyroiditis. [thyro- + G. aden, gland, + -itis, inflammation]

thyroaplasia
thyroaplasia (thi′ro-a-pla′ze-a)

Anomalies observed in individuals with congenital defects of the thyroid gland and deficiency of its secretion. [thyro- + G. a- priv. + plasis, a molding]

thyroarytenoid
thyroarytenoid (thi′ro-ar′i-te′noyd)

Relating to the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages. See t. (muscle).

thyrocalcitonin
thyrocalcitonin (thi′ro-kal-si-to′nin)

SYN: calcitonin.

thyrocardiac
thyrocardiac (thi-ro-kar′de-ak)

Affecting the heart as a result of hypo- or hyperthyroidism.

thyrocele
thyrocele (thi′ro-sel)

A tumor of the thyroid gland, such as a goiter. [thyro- + G. kele, tumor]

thyrocervical
thyrocervical (thi′ro-ser′vi-kal)

Relating to the thyroid gland and the neck, denoting an arterial trunk.

thyrocolloid
thyrocolloid (thi-ro-kol′oyd)

A colloid substance in the thyroid gland.

thyroepiglottic
thyroepiglottic (thi′ro-ep-i-glot′ik)

Relating to the thyroid cartilage and the epiglottis.

thyrofissure
thyrofissure (thi′ro-fish′er)

SYN: laryngofissure.

thyrogenic
thyrogenic, thyrogenous (thi-ro-jen′ik, -roj′e-nus)

Of thyroid gland origin. [thyroid + G. -gen, producing]

thyroglobulin
thyroglobulin (thi-ro-glob′u-lin)

1. A protein that contains precursors of thyroid hormone usually stored in the colloid within the thyroid follicles; biosynthesis of thyroid hormone entails iodination of the l-tyrosyl moieties of this protein and the combination of two iodotyrosines to form thyroxine, the fully iodinated thyronine; secretion of thyroid hormone requires proteolytic degradation of t., with the attendant release of free hormone; a defect in t. metabolism will lead to hypothyroidism. SYN: iodoglobulin, thyroprotein (1) . 2. A substance obtained by the fractionation of thyroid glands from the hog, Sus scrofa, containing not less than 0.7% of total iodine; used as a thyroid hormone in the treatment of hypothyroidism.

thyroglossal
thyroglossal (thi-ro-glos′al)

Relating to the thyroid gland and the tongue, denoting especially an embryologic duct. SYN: thyrolingual.

thyrohyal
thyrohyal (thi-ro-hi′al)

The greater cornu of the hyoid bone.

thyrohyoid
thyrohyoid (thi-ro-hi′oyd)

Relating to the thyroid cartilage and the hyoid bone. See t. (muscle).

thyroid
thyroid (thi′royd)

1. Resembling a shield; denoting a gland (t. gland) and a cartilage of the larynx (t. cartilage) having such a shape. 2. The cleaned, dried, and powdered t. gland obtained from one of the domesticated animals used for food and containing 0.17–0.23% of iodine; formerly widely used in the treatment of hypothyroidism, cretinism, and myxedema, in certain cases of obesity, and in skin disorders. [G. thyreoeides, fr. thyreos, an oblong shield, + eidos, form]
accessory t. SYN: accessory t. gland.

thyroidea
thyroidea (thi-roy′de-a)

SYN: thyroid gland.
t. accessoria, t. ima SYN: accessory thyroid gland.

thyroidectomy
thyroidectomy (thi-roy-dek′to-me)

Removal of the thyroid gland. [thyroid + G. ektome, excision]
“chemical” t. jargon for the reduction of thyroid function produced by the administration of antithyroid drugs. SEE ALSO: radiothyroidectomy.
near-total t. removal of nearly all of each thyroid lobe leaving unresected only a small portion of gland adjacent to the entrance of the recurrent laryngeal nerve into the larynx.
subtotal t. removal of at least one thyroid lobe and up to a near-total t..

thyroidism
thyroidism (thi′roy-dizm)

Obsolete designation for: 1. SYN: hyperthyroidism. 2. Poisoning by overdoses of a thyroid extract.

thyroiditis
thyroiditis (thi-roy-di′tis)

Inflammation of the thyroid gland. SYN: thyroadenitis. [thyroid + G. -itis, inflammation]
autoimmune t. SYN: Hashimoto t..
chronic atrophic t. replacement of the thyroid gland by fibrous tissue, the commonest cause of myxedema in older persons.
chronic fibrous t. SYN: Riedel t..
chronic lymphadenoid t. SYN: Hashimoto t..
chronic lymphocytic t. SYN: Hashimoto t..
de Quervain t. SYN: subacute granulomatous t..
focal lymphocytic t. focal infiltration of the thyroid by lymphocytes and plasma cells. SEE ALSO: Hashimoto t..
giant cell t. SYN: subacute granulomatous t..
giant follicular t. a variant of Hashimoto t. in which lymphocytic infiltrate in thyroid has formed into giant follicles.
Hashimoto t. diffuse infiltration of the thyroid gland with lymphocytes, resulting in diffuse goiter, progressive destruction of the parenchyma and hypothyroidism. SYN: autoimmune t., chronic lymphadenoid t., chronic lymphocytic t., Hashimoto disease, Hashimoto struma, lymphocytic t., struma lymphomatosa.
ligneous t. SYN: Riedel t..
lymphocytic t. SYN: Hashimoto t..
parasitic t. chronic South American trypanosomiasis with involvement of the thyroid gland, causing myxedema.
Riedel t. a rare fibrous induration of the thyroid gland, with adhesion to adjacent structures, which may cause tracheal compression. SYN: chronic fibrous t., ligneous struma, ligneous t., Riedel disease, Riedel struma.
subacute granulomatous t. t. with round cell (usually lymphocytes) infiltration, destruction of thyroid cells, epithelial giant cell proliferation, and evidence of regeneration; thought by some to be a reflection of a systemic infection and not an example of true chronic t.. SYN: de Quervain t., giant cell t..
subacute lymphocyte t. a subacute variant of Hashimoto t..

thyroidology
thyroidology (thi-roy-dol′o-je)

The study of the thyroid gland, both normal and pathologic. [thyroid + G. logos, study]

thyroidotomy
thyroidotomy (thi′roy-dot′o-me)

SYN: laryngofissure. [thyroid + G. tome, incision]

thyrointoxication
thyrointoxication

SYN: hyperthyroidism.

thyrolaryngeal
thyrolaryngeal (thi′ro-la-rin′je-al)

Relating to the thyroid gland or cartilage and the larynx.

thyroliberin
thyroliberin (thi-ro-lib′er-in)

A tripeptide hormone from the hypothalamus, which stimulates the anterior lobe of the hypophysis to release thyrotropin; l-pyroglutamyl-l-histidyl-l-prolinamide. SYN: thyroid-stimulating hormone-releasing factor, thyrotropin-releasing hormone. [thyrotropin + L. libero, to free, + -in]

thyrolingual
thyrolingual (thi′ro-ling′gwal)

SYN: thyroglossal. [thyro- + L. lingua, tongue]

thyrolytic
thyrolytic (thi-ro-lit′ik)

Causing destruction of thyroid gland cells. [thyro- + G. lytikos, dissolving]

thyromegaly
thyromegaly (thi-ro-meg′a-le)

Enlargement of the thyroid gland. [thyro- + G. megas, large]

thyronine
thyronine (thi′ro-nen, -nin)

An amino acid with a diphenyl ether group in the side chain; occurs in proteins only in the form of iodinated derivatives (iodothyronines), such as thyroxine.

thyropalatine
thyropalatine (thi-ro-pal′a-tin)

Denoting the palatopharyngeus muscle.

thyroparathyroidectomy
thyroparathyroidectomy (thi′ro-par-a-thi′roy-dek′to-me)

Excision of thyroid and parathyroid glands.

thyropathy
thyropathy (thi-rop′a-the)

A disorder of the thyroid gland. [thyro- + G. pathos, suffering]

thyroperoxidase
thyroperoxidase (thi-ro-per-oks′i-das)

A protein that participates in iodine metabolism in the thyroid follicle or in the follicular space; it utilized H₂O₂ to produce I⁺.

thyropharyngeal
thyropharyngeal (thi-ro-fa-rin′je-al)

Denoting the t. portion of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle.

thyroplasty
thyroplasty

A surgical method of restoring vocal quality by altering the geometry of the thyroid cartilage. [thyro- + G. plastos, formed]

thyroprival
thyroprival (thi-ro-pri′val)

Relating to thyroprivia, denoting hypothyroidism produced by disease or thyroidectomy. SYN: thyroprivic, thyroprivous. [thyro- + L. privus, deprived of]

thyroprivia
thyroprivia (thi-ro-priv′e-a)

A state characterized by reduced activity of the thyroid.

thyroprivic
thyroprivic, thyroprivous (thi-ro-priv′ik, -priv′us)

SYN: thyroprival.

thyroprotein
thyroprotein (thi-ro-pro′ten)

1. SYN: thyroglobulin (1) . 2. An iodinated protein, usually casein, that has thyroxine activity.

thyroptosis
thyroptosis (thi-rop-to′sis)

Downward dislocation of the thyroid gland. [thyro- + G. ptosis, a falling]

thyrotomy
thyrotomy (thi′rot′o-me)

1. Any cutting operation on the thyroid gland. 2. SYN: laryngofissure. [thyro- + G. tome, a cutting]

thyrotoxic
thyrotoxic (thi-ro-tok′sik)

Denoting thyrotoxicosis.

thyrotoxicosis
thyrotoxicosis (thi′ro-tok-si-ko′sis)

The state produced by excessive quantities of endogenous or exogenous thyroid hormone. [thyro- + G. toxikon, poison, + -osis, condition]
apathetic t. chronic t., presenting as cardiac disease or as a wasting syndrome, with weakness of proximal muscles and depression but with few of the more typical clinical manifestations of t..
t. medicamentosa a hyperthyroid state resulting from excessive doses of thyroid hormone preparation.

thyrotoxin
thyrotoxin (thi-ro-tok′sin)

1. A hypothetical substance formerly believed to be an abnormal product of diffusely hyperplastic thyroid glands in persons with Graves disease, and presumed to be the cause of the distinctive signs and symptoms of that condition (in contrast to simple hyperthyroidism). 2. A complement-fixing antigenic factor associated with certain diseases of the thyroid gland. 3. Rarely used term referring to any material toxic to thyroidal tissue.

thyrotroph
thyrotroph (thi′ro-trof)

A cell in the anterior lobe of the pituitary that produces thyrotropin.

thyrotrophic
thyrotrophic (thi-ro-trof′ik)

SYN: thyrotropic. [thyro- + G. trophe, nourishment]

thyrotrophin
thyrotrophin (thi-rot′ro-fin, thi-ro-tro′fin)

SYN: thyrotropin.

thyrotropic
thyrotropic (thi-ro-trop′ik)

Stimulating or nurturing the thyroid gland. SYN: thyrotrophic. [thyro- + G. trope, a turning]

thyrotropin
thyrotropin (thi-rot′ro-pin, thi-ro-tro′pin)

A glycoprotein hormone produced by the anterior lobe of the hypophysis that stimulates the growth and function of the thyroid gland; it also is used as a diagnostic test to differentiate primary and secondary hypothyroidism. SYN: thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyrotrophin, thyrotropic hormone. [for thyrotrophin, fr. thyro- + G. throphe, nourishment; corrupted to -tropin, and reanalyzed as fr. G. trope, a turning]

thyroxine
thyroxine (T₄) , thyroxin (thi-rok′sen, -sin)

The l-isomer is the active iodine compound existing normally in the thyroid gland and extracted therefrom in crystalline form for therapeutic use; also prepared synthetically; used for the relief of hypothyroidism, cretinism, and myxedema.
labeled t. SYN: radioactive t..
radioactive t. t. in which a radioisotope of iodine (¹²⁵I or ¹³¹I) is incorporated into its molecule; used in experiments tracing the metabolism of t.. SYN: labeled t., radiolabeled t., radiothyroxin.
radiolabeled t. SYN: radioactive t..
t. sodium a preparation obtained by the action of a limited amount of sodium carbonate upon t.; it contains between 61 and 65% of iodine. See sodium levothyroxine, sodium liothyronine.

Thysanosoma actinoides
Thysanosoma actinoides (this-a-no-so′ma ak-ti-noyd′ez)

Fringed tapeworm of sheep, a relatively short, thick worm (family Anocephalidae) in which the posterior borders of the proglottids are fringed. It inhabits the small intestine, but often invades the bile ducts and causes many livers to be condemned for human food. It is essentially nonpathogenic and is common in stock-raising countries, where it infects a wide variety of ruminants; oribatid mites are probably the vectors.

TI
TI

The delay time between the inverting pulse and the “read” pulse in the inversion recovery experiment, in magnetic resonance imaging.

Ti
Ti

Symbol for titanium.

TIA
TIA

Abbreviation for transient ischemic attack.

tibia
tibia, gen. and pl. tibiae (tib′e-a, tib′e-e) [TA]

The medial and larger of the two bones of the leg, articulating with the femur, fibula, and talus. SYN: shin bone. [L. the large shinbone]
saber t. deformity of the t. occurring in tertiary syphilis or yaws, the bone having a marked forward convexity as a result of the formation of gummas and periostitis.
t. valga SYN: genu valgum.
t. vara SYN: genu varum.

tibiad
tibiad (tib′e-ad)

In a direction toward the tibia. [tibia + L. ad, to]

tibial
tibial (tib′e-al) [TA]

Relating to the tibia or to any structure named from it; also denoting the medial or t. aspect of the lower limb. SYN: tibialis [TA] . [L. tibialis]

tibiale posticum
tibiale posticum (tib-e-a′le pos-ti′kum)

SYN: os tibiale posterius.

tibialis
tibialis (tib-e-a′lis) [TA]

SYN: tibial. [L.]

tibio- tibio-

The tibia. [L. tibia, the shinbone]

tibiocalcanean
tibiocalcanean (tib′e-o-kal-ka′ne-an)

Relating to the tibia and the calcaneus.

tibiofascialis
tibiofascialis (tib-e-o-fas-e-a′lis)

See entries under musculus t..

tibiofemoral
tibiofemoral (tib-e-o-fem′o-ral)

Relating to the tibia and the femur.

tibiofibular
tibiofibular (tib-e-o-fib′u-lar)

Relating to both tibia and fibula; denotes especially the joints and ligaments between the two bones. SYN: peroneotibial, tibioperoneal.

tibionavicular
tibionavicular (tib-e-o-na-vik′u-lar)

Relating to the tibia and the navicular bone of the tarsus. SYN: tibioscaphoid.

tibioperoneal
tibioperoneal (tib′e-o-per′o-ne′al)

SYN: tibiofibular.

tibioscaphoid
tibioscaphoid (tib′e-o-skaf′oyd)

SYN: tibionavicular.

tibiotarsal
tibiotarsal (tib-e-o-tar′sal)

Relating to the tarsal bones and the tibia. SYN: tarsotibial.

tic
tic (tik)

Habitual, repeated contraction of certain muscles, resulting in stereotyped individualized actions that can be voluntarily suppressed for only brief periods, e.g., clearing the throat, sniffing, pursing the lips, excessive blinking; especially prominent when the person is under stress; there is no known pathologic substrate. SEE ALSO: spasm. SYN: Brissaud disease, habit chorea, habit spasm. [Fr.]
convulsive t. SYN: facial t..
t. de pensée a rarely used term for the habit of involuntarily giving expression to any thought that comes to mind. [Fr. of thought]
t. douloureux SYN: trigeminal neuralgia. [Fr. painful]
facial t. involuntary twitching of the facial muscles, sometimes unilateral. SYN: Bell spasm, convulsive t., facial spasm, palmus (1) .
glossopharyngeal t. SYN: glossopharyngeal neuralgia.
habit t. a habitual repetition of some grimace, shrug of the shoulder, twisting or jerking of the head, or the like.
local t. a t. of very limited extent, as the winking of an eye or a twitch of a finger.
psychic t. a gesture or exclamation made under the influence of an irresistible morbid impulse.
rotatory t. SYN: spasmodic torticollis.
spasmodic t. a disorder in which sudden spasmodic coordinated movements of certain muscles or groups of physiologically related muscles occur at irregular intervals. SYN: Henoch chorea.

ticarcillin disodium
ticarcillin disodium (ti-kar-sil′in)

The disodium salt of 6-(α-carboxy-α-thien-3-ylacetamido)penicillanic acid; a bactericidal antibiotic useful in treating Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections and similar in effect to carbenicillin disodium.

tick
tick (tik)

An acarine of the families Ixodidae (hard ticks) or Argasidae (soft ticks), which contain many bloodsucking species that are important pests of humans and domestic birds and mammals, and that probably exceed all other arthropods in the number and variety of disease agents that they transmit. Ticks are differentiated from the much smaller true mites by possession of an armed hypostome and a pair of tracheal spiracular openings located behind the basal segment of the third or fourth pair of walking legs; the larva (seed t.) has six legs, and after molting appears as an eight-limbed nymph. Some important ticks are Amblyomma americanum (Lone Star t.) and A. hebraeum (South African bont t.); Argas persicus (adobe, fowl, or Persian t.) and A. reflexus (pigeon t.); Boophilus (cattle ticks); Dermacentor albopictus (horse or winter t.), D. andersoni (Rocky Mountain spotted fever or wood t.), D. nitens (tropical horse t.), D. occidentalis (Pacific or wood t.), and D. variabilis (American dog t.); Haemaphysalis chordeilis (bird t.) and H. laporis-palustris (rabbit t.); Ixodes pacificus (California black-legged t.), I. pilosus (paralysis t.), I. ricinus (castor bean t.), and I. scapularis (black-legged or shoulder t.); Ornithodoros coriaceus (pajaroello t.) and O. moubata (African relapsing fever or tampan t.); and Rhipicephalus everti (African red t.), R. sanguineus (brown dog t.), and R. simus (black-pitted t.).

tickling
tickling (tik′ling)

Denoting a peculiar itching or tingling sensation caused by excitation of surface nerves, as of the skin by light stroking.

ticolubant
ticolubant (ti-kol′oo-bant)

A leukotriene B₄ receptor antagonist used as an antipsoriatic.

t.i.d.
t.i.d.

Abbreviation for L. ter in die, three times a day.

tidal
tidal (ti′dal)

Relating to or resembling the tides, alternately rising and falling.

tide
tide (tid)

An alternate rise and fall, ebb and flow, or an increase or a decrease. [A.S. tid, time]
acid t. a temporary increase in the acidity of the urine occurring during fasting. SYN: acid wave.
alkaline t. a period of urinary neutrality or even alkalinity after meals due to withdrawal of hydrogen ion for the purpose of secretion of the highly acid gastric juice. SYN: alkaline wave.
fat t. an increase in the fat content of blood and lymph following a meal.
red t. a natural phenomenon resulting from higher than normal concentrations of the microscopic algae Gymnodinium breve in seawater. [when the causative organism is extremely concentrated, sea water can have a reddish-brown color.]

Tiedemann
Tiedemann

Friedrich, German anatomist, 1781–1861. See T. gland, T. nerve.

Tietze
Tietze

Alexander, German surgeon, 1864–1927. See T. syndrome.

tiglate
tiglate (tig′lat)

A salt or ester of tiglic acid.

tiglian
tiglian (tig′le-an)

Original trivial name for the saturated form of phorbol. [fr. Croton tiglium (Euphorbiaceae)]

tiglic acid
tiglic acid (tig′lik)

An unsaturated fatty acid present in glycerides in croton oil.

tiglyl-CoA
tiglyl-CoA (tig′lil)

An intermediate in the degradation of l-isoleucine. SYN: tiglyl-coenzyme A.

tiglyl-coenzyme A
tiglyl-coenzyme A

SYN: tiglyl-CoA.

tigroid
tigroid (ti′groyd)

See chromophil substance. [G. tigroeides, fr. tigris, tiger, + eidos, appearance]

tigrolysis
tigrolysis (ti-grol′i-sis)

SYN: chromatolysis. [tigroid + G. lysis, dissolution]

TIL
TIL

Abbreviation for tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, under lymphocyte.

Tillaux
Tillaux

Paul Jules, French surgeon, 1834–1904. See spiral of T..

tilorone
tilorone (til′or-on)

A small synthetic molecule used to induce interferon in mice.

TILS
TILS

Abbreviation for tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, under lymphocyte.

tilt
tilt (tilt)

Slope.
pantoscopic t. an oblique astigmatism caused by slanting a spherical lens so that light rays strike the lens at a nonperpendicular angle, altering the spherical and cylindrical refractive power of the lens.

timbre
timbre (tam′br, tim′br)

The distinguishing quality of a sound, by which one may determine its source, based principally on the distribution of overtones. SYN: tone color. [Fr.]

time
time (t) (tim)

1. That relation of events which is expressed by the terms past, present, and future, and measured by units such as minutes, hours, days, months, or years. 2. A certain period during which something definite or determined is done. SYN: tempus (2) . [A.S. tima]
activated clotting t. (ACT) the most common test used for coagulation t. in cardiovascular surgery.
activated partial thromboplastin t. (aPTT) the t. needed for plasma to form a fibrin clot following the addition of calcium and a phospholipid reagent; used to evaluate the intrinsic clotting system.
AH conduction t. atrioventricular conduction.
association t. t. elasping between a stimulus and the verbalized response to it.
biologic t. the concept that our appreciation of t. varies with age and is governed by the neural organization of the individual; it obeys a logarithmic rather than an arithmetic law.
bleeding t. the t. interval between the appearance of the first drop of blood and the removal of the last drop following puncture of the ear lobe or the finger, usually 1–3 min; it provides a global but imprecise evaluation of platelet and capillary function.
circulation t. the t. taken for the blood to pass through a given circuit of the vascular system, e.g., the pulmonary or systemic circulation, from one arm to another, from arm to tongue, or from arm to lung; it is measured by the injection into an arm vein of a substance, such as sodium dehydrocholate, ether, fluorescein, histamine, or a radium salt, which can be detected when it arrives at another point in the vascular system.
clot retraction t. the t. required for a blood clot to separate from the tube wall and express serum, usually completed in 18–24 hours, but retarded or absent in persons with thrombocytopenic purpura.
clotting t. SYN: coagulation t..
coagulation t. the t. required for blood to coagulate. SYN: clotting t..
doubling t. the t. it takes for the number of cells in a neoplasm to double, with shorter doubling times implying more rapid growth.
euglobulin clot lysis t. a measure of the ability of plasminogen activators and plasmin to lyse a clot; normally, clot lysis is determined by the balance of factors which activate fibrinolysis (plasminogen activators and plasmin) and those which inhibit lysis; in certain conditions ( e.g., carcinoma or hepatic insufficiency) activating factors predominate and can be measured by noting the t. it takes the euglobulin fraction of plasma (excluding inhibitors of fibrinolysis) to clot.
fading t. the t. required for a constant stimulus applied to a fixed area of the peripheral visual field to stop.
t. of flight the t. for a photon created by annihilation of a positron-electron pair to reach a detector; since annihilation photons are created in pairs and travel in opposite directions at about 3 × 10¹⁰ cm/sec, measurement of the difference in arrival t. at detectors with subnanosecond resolution allows calculation of the location of the event; the basic physics of positron emission tomography.
forced expiratory t. (FET) the t. taken to expire a given volume or a given fraction of vital capacity during measurement of forced vital capacity; subscripts specify the exact parameters measured.
half-t. half-t..
HR conduction t. intraventricular conduction.
HV conduction t. intraventricular conduction.
inertia t. the interval elapsing between the reception of the stimulus from a nerve and the contraction of the muscle.
interatrial conduction t. SYN: intraatrial conduction t. (2) .
intraatrial conduction t. 1. the total duration of electrical activity of the atria in one cardiac cycle; 2. the t. between right atrial and left atrial activation. SYN: interatrial conduction t..
left ventricular ejection t. (LVET) the t. measured clinically from onset to incisural notch of the carotid or other pulse; properly, the t. of ejection of blood from the left ventricle beginning with aortic valve opening and ending with aortic valve closure.
PA conduction t. atrioventricular conduction.
partial thromboplastin t. (PTT) activated partial thromboplastin t..
PH conduction t. atrioventricular conduction.
prothrombin t. (PT) the t. required for clotting after thromboplastin and calcium are added in optimal amounts to blood of normal fibrinogen content; if prothrombin is diminished, the clotting t. increases; used to evaluate the extrinsic clotting system. SEE ALSO: prothrombin test.
reaction t. the interval between the presentation of a stimulus and the responsive reaction to it.
recognition t. the interval between the application of a stimulus and the recognition of its nature.
relaxation t. (τ) the t. required for the substrate in an enzymatic or chemical reaction to fall to 1/e of its initial value.
repetition t. (TR) in magnetic resonance imaging, the t. between repetitions of the pulse sequence.
rise t. 1. the t. required for a pulse or echo to rise from onset to its peak amplitude; 2. the t. required for a pulse or echo to rise from 10–90% peak amplitude.
running t. the t. during which an activity ( e.g., chromatography development) occurs.
Russell's viper venom clotting t. a clotting t. determination performed on citrated platelet-poor plasma using Russell's viper venom as an activating agent. This allows activation of factor X directly without the need for other coagulation factors and is used to confirm factor X defects. SEE ALSO: Stypven t. test.
sensation t. the minimal t. a visual image must be exposed in order to be perceived.
sinoatrial conduction t. (SACT) the t. required for an impulse to travel from sinus node to atrium; estimated indirectly during reset nodus sinuatrialis period by halving the average interval from the premature beat to the following normal sinus beat of the atrium.
sinoatrial recovery t. (SART) interval from the last paced P wave to the first succeeding spontaneous P wave (after 2–5 min of right atrial pacing at 120–140 beats/min, and when expressed as percentage of control cycle length, it normally ranges from 115–159%).
survival t. 1. the period elapsing between the completion or institution of any procedure and death; 2. the lifespan of biologically or physically marked erythrocytes or other cells.
thrombin t. the t. needed for a fibrin clot to form after the addition of thrombin to citrated plasma; prolonged thrombin t. is seen in patients receiving heparin therapy.
tissue thromboplastin inhibition t. a test used to identify lupus anticoagulant; the thromboplastin source used in the prothrombin test is diluted to increase sensitivity to inhibitors.
utilization t. the minimum duration of a stimulus of rheobasic strength that is just sufficient to produce excitation. SYN: temps utile.

TIMI
TIMI

Acronym for thrombolysis in myocardial infarction; a large multicenter controlled clinical trial.

timnodonic acid
timnodonic acid (tim-no-don′ok)

A 20-carbon fatty acid with five cis double bonds located on carbons 5, 8, 11, 14, and 17; an important component of fish oils; a precursor to the 3-series prostaglandins, e.g., PGE₃.

timolol maleate
timolol maleate (ti′mo-lol)

A β-adrenergic blocking agent used in the treatment of hypertension and used in eyedrops in the treatment of chronic open-angle glaucoma.

tin
tin (Sn) (tin)

A metallic element, atomic no. 50, atomic wt. 118.710. SYN: stannum. [AS, t.]
t. oxide SYN: stannic oxide.

tin-113
tin-113 (¹¹³Sn)

A radioisotope of tin with a physical half-life of 115.1 days; used in the manufacture of radionuclide generators for the production of indium-113m.

tinct
tinct

Abbreviation of L. tinctura, tincture.

tinctable
tinctable (tingk′ta-bl)

Stainable.

tinction
tinction (tingk′shun)

1. A stain; a preparation for staining. 2. The act of staining. [L. tingo, pp. tinctus, to dye]

tinctorial
tinctorial (tingk-tor′e-al)

Relating to coloring or staining. [L. tinctorius, fr. tingo, to dye]

tinctura
tinctura, gen. and pl. tincturae (tingk-too′ra, -re)

SYN: tincture. [L. a dyeing, fr. tingo, pp. tinctus, to dye]

tincture
tincture (tingk′choor)

An alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solution prepared from vegetable materials or from chemical substances; most tinctures are prepared by percolation or by maceration. The proportions of drug represented in the different tinctures are not uniform, but vary according to the established standards for each. Tinctures of potent drugs essentially represent the activity of 10 g of the drug in each 100 mL of t., the potency being adjusted after assay; most other tinctures represent 20 g of drug in each 100 mL of t.. Compound tinctures are made according to long-established formulas. SYN: tinctura.
alcoholic t. a t. made with undiluted alcohol.
ammoniated t. a t. made with ammoniated alcohol.
belladonna t. a green hydroalcoholic mobile liquid containing the alkaloids atropine and scopolamine and other substances extracted from the leaves of Atropa belladonna, the botanical source for these anticholinergic drugs. The t. allows for gradual titration of dose by counting drops of the preparation ingested. Formerly widely used in ulcer therapy or the symptomatic treatment of diarrhea, alone or in combination with antacids and insoluble clays.
digitalis t. an hydroalcoholic solution containing the glycosides of the leaves of the foxglove (digitalis) plant Digitalis purpurea or D. lanata. Although digitalis preparations are used extensively, they are currently used as the pure glycosides, digoxin and digitoxin. The t. was formerly widely used but was standardized by bioassay using frogs, cats, or pigeons.
ethereal t. a class of preparations consisting of 10% percolations of drugs in a menstruum of ether (1) and alcohol (2).
glycerinated t. a t. made with diluted alcohol to which glycerin is added to facilitate the extraction or to preserve the preparation.
green soap t. a liquid preparation containing potassium soaps and alcohol; frequently advocated in skin cleansing, particularly after exposure to plant toxins such as poison ivy.
hydroalcoholic t. a t. made with diluted alcohol in various proportions with water.

tine
tine (tin)

1. In dentistry, the slender, pointed end of an explorer. 2. An instrument used to introduce antigen, such as tuberculin into the skin, and usually containing several individual tines. [A.S. tind, a prong]

tinea
tinea (tin′e-a)

A fungus infection (dermatophytosis) of the keratin component of hair, skin, or nails. Genera of fungi causing such infection are Microsporum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton. SYN: ringworm, serpigo (1) . [L. worm, moth]
t. barbae a fungus infection of the beard, occurring as a follicular infection or as a granulomatous lesion; the primary lesions are papules and pustules. SYN: barber itch, folliculitis barbae, ringworm of beard, t. sycosis.
t. capitis a common form of fungus infection of the scalp caused by various species of Microsporum and Trichophyton on or within hair shafts, occurring most commonly in children and characterized by irregularly placed and variously sized patches of apparent baldness because of hairs breaking off at the surface of the scalp, scaling, black dots (see black-dot ringworm), and occasionally erythema and pyoderma. SYN: ringworm of scalp.
t. circinata SYN: t. corporis.
t. corporis a well-defined, scaling, macular eruption of dermatophytosis that frequently forms annular lesions and may appear on any part of the body. SYN: ringworm of body, t. circinata.
t. favosa SYN: favus.
t. glabrosa ringworm or fungus infection of the hairless skin.
t. imbricata an eruption consisting of a number of concentric rings of overlapping scales forming papulosquamous patches scattered over the body; it occurs in tropical climates and is caused by the fungus Trichophyton concentricum. SYN: Oriental ringworm, scaly ringworm, Tokelau ringworm.
t. kerion an inflammatory fungus infection of the scalp and beard, marked by pustules and a boggy infiltration of the surrounding parts; most commonly caused by Microsporum audouinii.
t. manus ringworm of the hand, usually referring to infections of the palmar surface. SEE ALSO: t. corporis.
t. nigra a fungus infection due to Exophiala werneckii, marked by dark lesions giving a spattered appearance and occurring most commonly on the palms of the hands. SYN: pityriasis nigra.
t. pedis dermatophytosis of the feet, especially of the skin between the toes, caused by one of the dermatophytes, usually a species of Trichophyton or Epidermophyton; the disease consists of small vesicles, fissures, scaling, maceration, and eroded areas between the toes and on the plantar surface of the foot; other skin areas may be involved. SYN: athlete's foot, dermatomycosis pedis, ringworm of foot.
t. profunda SYN: Majocchi granulomas, under granuloma.
t. sycosis SYN: t. barbae.
t. tonsurans t. capitis or t. corporis caused by the fungus Trichophyton tonsurans; characterized by small plaques and fewer broken off hairs than in t. capitis caused by other species.
t. unguium ringworm of the nails due to a dermatophyte.
t. versicolor an eruption of tan or brown branny patches on the skin of the trunk, often appearing white, in contrast with hyperpigmented skin after exposure to the summer sun; caused by growth of the fungus Malassezia furfur in the stratum corneum with minimal inflammatory reaction. SYN: pityriasis versicolor.

Tinel
Tinel

Jules, French neurologist, 1879–1952. See T. sign.

tinfoil
tinfoil (tin′foyl)

1. Tin rolled into extremely thin sheets. 2. A base metal foil used as a separating material, as between the cast and denture base material during flasking and curing procedures.

tingibility
tingibility (tin′ji-bil′i-te)

The property of being tingible.

tingible
tingible (tin′ji-bl)

Capable of being stained. [L. tingo, to dye]

tingle
tingle (ting′gl)

To feel a peculiar pricking sensation.

tingling
tingling (ting′ling)

A pricking type of paresthesia.
distal t. on percussion (DTP) SYN: Tinel sign.

tinidazole
tinidazole (ti-nid′a-zol)

An antiprotozoal agent.

tinnitus
tinnitus (ti-ni′tus)

Noises (ringing, whistling, hissing, roaring, booming, etc.) in the ears. [L. a jingling, fr. tinnio, pp. t., to jingle, clink]
t. aurium sensation of sound in one or both ears usually associated with disease in the middle ear, the inner ear, or the central auditory pathways. SYN: syrigmus.
t. cerebri subjective sensation of noise in head rather than ears.
clicking t. an objective clicking sound in the ear in cases of chronic catarrhal otitis media; it may be audible to the bystander as well as to the patient and is supposed to be due to an opening and closing of the mouth of the eustachian tube, or to a rhythmical spasm of the velum palati.
Leudet t. a dry spasmodic click, audible also through the otoscope, heard in catarrhal inflammation of the eustachian tube; caused by reflex spasm of the tensor palati muscle.

tint
tint

A shade of color varying according to the amount of white admixed with the pigment. [L. tingo, pp. tinctus, to dye]

tioconazole
tioconazole (ti-o-kon′a-zol)

An antifungal agent.

tip
tip

1. A point; a more or less sharp extremity. 2. A separate, but attached, piece of the same or another structure, forming the extremity of a part.
t. of auricle SYN: apex of auricle.
t. of ear apex of auricle.
t. of elbow SYN: olecranon.
t. of nose apex of nose.
t. of posterior horn SYN: apex of posterior horn.
root t. SYN: root apex.
t. of tongue apex of tongue.
t. of tooth root SYN: root apex.
Woolner t. SYN: apex of auricle.

tipping
tipping

A tooth movement in which the angulation of the long axis of the tooth is altered.

tiprenolol hydrochloride
tiprenolol hydrochloride (tip-ren′o-lol)

A β-receptor blocking agent.

TIPS
TIPS

Acronym for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt.

Tiselius
Tiselius

Arne W.K., Swedish biochemist and Nobel laureate, 1902–1971. See T. apparatus, T. electrophoresis cell.

Tissierella praeacuta
Tissierella praeacuta

SYN: Bacteroides praeacutus.

Tissot
Tissot

Jules, early 20th century French physiologist. See T. spirometer.

tissue
tissue (tish′u)

A collection of similar cells and the intercellular substances surrounding them. There are four basic tissues in the body: 1) epithelium; 2) connective tissues, including blood, bone, and cartilage; 3) muscle t.; and 4) nerve t.. [Fr. tissu, woven, fr. L. texo, to weave]
adenoid t. SYN: lymphatic t..
adipose t. a connective t. consisting chiefly of fat cells surrounded by reticular fibers and arranged in lobular groups or along the course of one of the smaller blood vessels. SYN: fat (1) , fatty t. (1) , white fat (1) .
areolar t. loose, irregularly arranged connective t. that consists of collagenous and elastic fibers, a protein polysaccharide ground substance, and connective t. cells (fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and sometimes fat cells, plasma cells, leukocytes, and pigment cells).
bone t. SYN: osseous t..
bronchus-associated lymphoid t. (BALT) patches of lymphoid tissues composed mainly of B and T lymphocytes and extending throughout the bronchial airways of the lung.
brown adipose t. SYN: brown fat.
cancellous t. latticelike or spongy osseous t..
cardiac muscle t. cardiac muscle.
cartilaginous t. cartilage.
cavernous t. SYN: erectile t..
chondroid t. 1. in an adult, t. resembling cartilage; SYN: fibrohyaline t., pseudocartilage. 2. in an embryo, an early stage in cartilage formation.
chromaffin t. a cellular t., vascular and well supplied with nerves, made up chiefly of chromaffin cells; it is found in the medulla of the suprarenal glands and, in smaller collections, in the paraganglia.
connective t. the supporting or framework t. of the animal body, formed of fibrous and ground substance with more or less numerous cells of various kinds; it is derived from the mesenchyme, and this in turn from the mesoderm; the varieties of connective t. are: areolar or loose; adipose; dense, regular or irregular, white fibrous; elastic; mucous; and lymphoid t.; cartilage; and bone; the blood and lymph may be regarded as connective tissues the ground substance of which is a liquid. SYN: interstitial t., tela conjunctiva.
dartoic t. t. resembling tunica dartos.
elastic t. a form of connective t. in which the elastic fibers predominate; it constitutes the ligamenta flava of the vertebrae and the ligamentum nuchae, especially of quadrupeds; it occurs also in the walls of the arteries and of the bronchial tree, and connects the cartilages of the larynx. SYN: elastica (2) , tela elastica.
epithelial t. epithelium.
erectile t. a t. with numerous vascular spaces that may become engorged with blood. SYN: cavernous t..
fatty t. 1. SYN: adipose t.. 2. in some animals, brown fat.
fibrohyaline t. SYN: chondroid t. (1) .
fibrous t. a t. composed of bundles of collagenous white fibers between which are rows of connective t. cells; the tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses, and some of the membranes, such as the dura mater.
Gamgee t. a thick layer of absorbent cotton between two layers of absorbent gauze, used in surgical dressings.
gelatinous t. SYN: mucous connective t..
gingival tissues gingiva.
granulation t. vascular connective t. forming granular projections on the surface of a healing wound, ulcer, or inflamed t. surface. SEE ALSO: granulation.
gut-associated lymphoid t. (GALT) lymphoid t. of the gastrointestinal mucosa that contains both B and T cells. This t. is responsible for localized immunity to pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites.
Haller vascular t. SYN: vascular lamina of choroid.
hard t. 1. t. that has become mineralized; 2. t. having a firm intercellular substance, e.g., cartilage and bone.
hemopoietic t. t. in which there is a development of blood cells or other formed elements.
indifferent t. undifferentiated, nonspecialized, embryonic t..
interstitial t. SYN: connective t..
investing tissues the tissues covering or enclosing a structure.
islet t. SYN: islets of Langerhans, under islet.
lymphatic t., lymphoid t. a three-dimensional network of reticular fibers and cells the meshes of which are occupied in varying degrees of density with lymphocytes; there is nodular, diffuse, and loose lymphatic t.. SYN: adenoid t..
mesenchymal t. embryonic connective t.. See mesenchyme.
mesonephric t. intermediate mesoderm situated in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the embryo or fetus; it develops into the mesonephros and associated structures.
metanephrogenic t. t. derived from the intermediate mesoderm caudal to mesonephric levels and concerned with the formation of the nephrons of the metanephros.
mucosa-associated lymphoid t. (MALT) a class of lymphoid t. comprising nodular aggregates found in association with the wet mucosal surfaces of the body such as those of the respiratory, digestive, and urinary systems.
mucous connective t. a type of connective t. little differentiated beyond the mesenchymal stage; its ground substance of glycoproteins is abundant and contains fine collagenous fibers and fibroblasts; in its most characteristic form, it appears in the umbilical cord as Wharton jelly. SYN: gelatinous t..
multilocular adipose t. SYN: brown fat.
muscular t. a t. characterized by the ability to contract upon stimulation; its three varieties are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. See muscle. SYN: flesh (2) .
myeloid t. bone marrow consisting of the developmental and adult stages of erythrocytes, granulocytes, and megakaryocytes in a stroma of reticular cells and fibers, with sinusoidal vascular channels.
nasion soft t. the outer point of intersection between the nasion-sella line and the soft t. profile.
nephrogenic t. the t. from which the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros develop.
nervous t. a highly differentiated t. composed of nerve cells, nerve fibers, dendrites, and a supporting t. (neuroglia).
nodal t. See atrioventricular node, sinuatrial node.
osseous t. a connective t., the matrix of which consists of collagen fibers and ground substance and in which are deposited calcium salts (phosphate, carbonate, and some fluoride) in the form of an apatite. SYN: bone t..
osteogenic t. a connective t. with the property of forming osseous t..
osteoid t. osseous t. prior to calcification.
periapical t. the structures adjacent to a root apex, particularly the periodontal ligament and bone.
reticular t., retiform t. a t. in which the argyrophilic collagenous fibers form a network and that usually has a network of reticular cells associated with the fibers.
rubber t. a thin sheet of rubber used as a cover in surgical dressings.
skeletal muscle t. skeletal muscle.
smooth muscle t. smooth muscle.
subcutaneous t. [TA] an irregular layer of loose connective t. immediately deep to the skin and superficial to the deep fascia, usually consisting primarily of a fatty layer [TA] (panniculus adiposus [TA]) which may also include a muscle layer [TA] (stratum musculosum [TA]) and/or a fibrous layer [TA] (stratum fibrosum [TA]}, or it may occur as a membranous layer [TA] (stratum membranosum [TA]) only, being nearly devoid of fat (as in the auricles, eyelids, scrotum, and penis); it is penetrated by, and gains support from, skin ligaments [TA] (retinacula cutis [TA]) extending between the dermis and the deep fascia; cutaneous nerves and superficial vessels course within the subcutaneous t., with only their terminal branches passing to the skin; of the body's coverings, this layer varies most between sexes and in different nutritional states. Terminologia Anat omica [TA] has recommended that the terms “superficial fascia” and “deep fascia” not be used generically in an unqualified way because of variation in their meanings internationally. The recommended terms are “subcutaneous t. [TA] (tela subcutanea)” for the former superficial fascia, and “muscular fascia” or “visceral fasci viscera[is]) in place of deep fascia. SYN: tela subcutanea [TA] , hypodermis&star, fascia superficialis, hypoderm, stratum subcutaneum, subcutis, superficial fascia.
subcutaneous t. of penis [TA] a superficial layer continuous with fascia perinei superficialis. SYN: fascia penis superficialis, superficial fascia of penis.
subcutaneous t. of perineum [TA] the membranous layer of the subcutaneous t. in the urogenital region attaching posteriorly to the border of the urogenital diaphragm, at the sides to the ischiopubic rami, and continuing anteriorly onto the abdominal wall. SYN: Colles fascia, Cruveilhier fascia, fascia perinei superficialis, membranous layer of superficial fascia of perineum (1) , membranous layer of superficial fascia (1) , superficial fascia of perineum.
trabecular t. of sclera [TA] the network of fibers (pectinate ligaments) at the iridocorneal angle between the anterior chamber of the eye and the venous sinus of the sclera; it contains spaces between the fibers that are involved in drainage of the aqueous humor, and is composed of two portions: the corneoscleral part (the part attached to the sclera) and the uveal part (the part attached to the iris). SYN: reticulum trabeculare sclerae [TA] , Gerlach valvula, Hueck ligament, ligamentum anulare bulbi, pectinate ligaments of iridocorneal angle, pillar of iris, trabecular meshwork, trabecular network, trabecular reticulum, trabecular zone.

tissue-trimming
tissue-trimming

SYN: border molding.

tissular
tissular (tish′u-lar)

Relating or pertaining to a tissue.

titanium
titanium (Ti) (ti-ta′ne-um)

A metallic element, atomic no. 22, atomic wt. 47.88. [Titans, in G. myth., sons of Earth]
t. dioxide TiO₂;contains not less than 99.0% and not more than 100.5% of TiO₂, calculated on the dry basis; used in creams and powders as a protectant against external irritations and solar rays.

titer
titer (ti′ter)

The standard of strength of a volumetric test solution; the assay value of an unknown measure by volumetric means. [Fr. titre, standard]

TITh
TITh

Abbreviation for 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine.

titillation
titillation (tit-i-la′shun)

The act or sensation of tickling. [L. titillatio, fr. titillo, pp. -atus, to tickle]

titin
titin (ti′tin)

A very large fibrous protein that connects thick myosin filaments to Z discs in the sarcomere.

titrant
titrant (ti′trant)

In chemistry, the solution that is added (titrated with) in a titration.

titrate
titrate (ti′trat)

To analyze volumetrically by a solution (the titrant) of known strength to an end point.

titration
titration (ti-tra′shun)

Volumetric analysis by means of the addition of definite amounts of a test solution to a solution of the substance being assayed. [Fr. titre, standard]
colorimetric t. a t. in which the end point is marked by a color change.
formol t. a method of titrating the amino groups of amino acids, by adding formaldehyde to the neutral solution; the formaldehyde reacts with the NH₃⁺ group, liberating an equivalent quantity of H⁺, which may then be estimated by t. with NaOH.
potentiometric t. a t. during which the pH is continually measured with some value of the pH serving as end point.

titubation
titubation (tit-u-ba′shun)

1. A staggering or stumbling in trying to walk. 2. A tremor or shaking of the head, of cerebellar origin. [L. titubo, pp. -atus, to stagger]

Tizzoni
Tizzoni

Guido, Italian physician, 1853–1932. See T. stain.

Tl
Tl

Symbol for thallium.

201Tl
²⁰¹Tl

Abbreviation for thallium-201.

TLC
TLC

Abbreviation for thin-layer chromatography; total lung capacity.

TLE
TLE

Abbreviation for thin-layer electrophoresis.

TLV
TLV

Abbreviation for threshold limit value.

TM
TM

Abbreviation for transcendental meditation.

Tm
Tm

Symbol for thulium; transport maximum or tubular maximum.

TMD
TMD

Abbreviation for temporomandibular joint dysfunction.

TMJ
TMJ

Colloquial abbreviation for temporomandibular joint dysfunction.

TM-mode
TM-mode

SYN: M-mode.

TMP
TMP

Abbreviation for ribothymidylic acid; trimethoprim; sometimes for deoxyribothymidylic acid.

T-mycoplasma
T-mycoplasma

SYN: Ureaplasma.

Tn
Tn

Abbreviation for ocular tension.

TNF
TNF

Abbreviation for tumor necrosis factor.

TNM
TNM

Acronym for Tumor-Node-Metastasis. See T. staging.

TNP-470
TNP-470

An angiogenesis inhibitor used in the treatment of cancer to reduce blood vessel formation in tumors.

TNT
TNT

Abbreviation for trinitrotoluene.

tobacco tobacco (to-bak′o)

A South American herb, Nicotiana tabacum, that has large ovate to lanceolate leaves and terminal clusters of tubular white or pink flowers. T. leaves contain 2–8% of nicotine and are the source of smoking and chewing t.. T. smoke contains nicotine, carbon monoxide (4%), nitric oxide, and numerous aromatic hydrocarbons and other substances known to be carcinogens, including benzo[a]pyrene, β-naphthylamine, and nitrosamines.Cigarette smoking is the leading preventable cause of disease and death in the U.S., being responsible for approximately 434,000 deaths (20% of all deaths) each year. Smoking 2 packages of cigarettes a day reduces life span by 8.3 years. Smoking t. in any form (cigarettes, cigars, pipe) is a strong independent risk factor for atherosclerosis, acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina, stroke, and sudden death. It is responsible for 45% of all deaths due to coronary artery disease in men under 65 and more than 50% of all strokes in both sexes before age 65. Smoking lowers HDL cholesterol and raises LDL and VLDL cholesterol, and increases the risk of intermittent claudication and aortic aneurysm. It may cause as much as a 30-fold increase in the risk of thromboembolic disease in women taking oral contraceptives. Smoking is responsible for 100,000 deaths each year due to lung cancer, and markedly increases the risk of other cancers, particularly those of the oral cavity, larynx, esophagus, kidney, bladder, uterine cervix, and pancreas. Cigarette smoking is the principal cause of chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Passive smoking (inhalation by nonsmokers of second-hand or sidestream smoke) causes 53,000 deaths annually, 37,000 of them due to coronary artery disease. Maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with increased risk of miscarriage, stillbirth, and low birth weight. Children of smokers are at increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome and meningococcal meningitis. Use of smokeless t. (chewing t., snuff) greatly increases the risk of cancer and premalignant lesions of the oral cavity. Nicotine use is powerfully addictive, leading to habituation, tolerance, and dependency. In the U.S., 90% of smokers become habituated to t. before age 21; 3000 children begin smoking each day. The likelihood of becoming and remaining a smoker increases in inverse proportion to the number of years of education completed. Quitting smoking decreases the risk of death from all causes by 30%. Effective strategies for smoking cessation include behavior modification therapy, nicotine replacement (gum, skin patches, inhaler), hypnosis, and drug therapy (bupropion), but the relapse rate 3 months after smoking cessation is 60%.
wild t. SYN: lobelia.

tobramycin
tobramycin (to-bra-mi′sin)

An aminoglycoside antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius, having bactericidal effects and used mainly in the treatment of Pseudomonas infections.

tocainide hydrochloride
tocainide hydrochloride (to-ka′nid)

An oral antiarrhythmic agent, similar in action to lidocaine, used in the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias.

toco- toco-

Childbirth. [G. tokos, birth]

tocochromanol-3
tocochromanol-3 (to′ko-kro′ma-nol)

An α-tocotrienol. See tocotrienol.

tocodynagraph
tocodynagraph (to-ko-di′na-graf, tok-o-)

A recording of the force of uterine contractions. SYN: tocograph. [toco- + G. dynamis, force, + graphe, a writing]

tocodynamometer
tocodynamometer (to′ko-di-na-mom′e-ter, tok′o-)

An instrument for measuring the force of uterine contractions. SYN: tocometer. [toco- + G. dynamis, force, + metron, measure]

tocograph
tocograph (to′ko-graf)

SYN: tocodynagraph.

tocography
tocography (to-kog′ra-fe)

The process of recording uterine contractions. [toco- + G. grapho, to write]

tocol
tocol (to′kol)

Fundamental unit of the tocopherols; 6-phytylhydroquinone is in equilibrium with, in the chromanol form, 2-methyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)chroman-6-ol.

tocology
tocology (to-kol′o-je)

SYN: obstetrics. [toco- + G. logos, study]

tocolytic
tocolytic (to-ko-lit′ik)

Denoting any pharmacologic agent used to arrest uterine contractions; often used in an attempt to arrest premature labor contractions, e.g., ritodrine or terbutaline. [G. tokos, childbirth, labor, + lysis, loosening]

tocometer
tocometer (to-kom′e-ter)

SYN: tocodynamometer.

tocopherol
tocopherol (T) (to-kof′er-ol)

1. Name given to vitamin E by its discoverer, but now a generic term for vitamin E and compounds chemically related to it, with or without biological activity; similar in chemical structure and properties to vitamins K and coenzyme Q. 2. A methylated tocol or methylated tocotrienol.
mixed tocopherols concentrate a source of vitamin E, obtained by vacuum distillation of edible vegetable oils or their by-products.

tocopherolquinone
tocopherolquinone (TQ) (to-kof′er-ol-kwi′non)

An oxidized tocopherol, formed from the isomeric 2-methyl-2-phytyl-6-chromenol with methyl groups in one or more of positions 5, 7, and 8, by migration of an H atom from 6-OH to C-4, which yields a 1,4-benzoquinone. Abbreviated TQ and preceded by α-, β-, etc., as in the tocopherols, to indicate degree of methylation. SYN: tocopherylquinone.

tocopherylquinone
tocopherylquinone (to-kof′er-il-kwi′non)

SYN: tocopherolquinone.

tocophobia
tocophobia (to′ko-fo′be-a, tok′o-)

Morbid dread of childbirth. [toco- + G. phobos, fear]

tocoquinone
tocoquinone (to-ko-kwi′non)

Class name for the 2,3,5-trimethyl-6-multiprenyl-1,4-benzoquinones.

tocotrienol
tocotrienol (to-ko-tri′en-ol)

A tocol with three double bonds in the side chain, i.e., with three additional double bonds in the phytyl chain. The natural products carry methyls at one or more of positions 5, 7, and 8 of the chromanol and are thus identical, except for the unsaturation in the phytyl-like side chain, to the tocopherols; also analogous is the cyclization to form a chromanol derivative and oxidation to form the tocotrienolquinones (or chromenols). Abbreviated T-n (hydroquinone form) or TQ-n (quinone form) and preceded by α-, β-, etc., as in the tocopherols, to indicate degree of methylation (the n indicates the number of intact isoprene or prenyl units remaining in the chromanol or chromenol form). T. terminology is used to indicate relationships to tocols and tocoenols (vitamin E-like), the chromanol terminology to indicate relationship to the isoprenoidal compounds of the vitamin K and coenzyme Q series.

tocotrienolquinone
tocotrienolquinone (to-ko-tri′en-ol-kwi′non)

A tocotrienol in which the hydroquinone has been oxidized to a quinone (the chromanol has become a chromenol); the tocotrienolquinones carry α, β, γ, and δ prefixes in accordance with the degree of methylation, as do the tocotrienols.

TOCP
TOCP

Abbreviation for triorthocresyl phosphate.

Tod
Tod

David, British surgeon, 1794–1856. See T. muscle.

Todaro
Todaro

Francesco, Italian anatomist, 1839–1918. See T. tendon.

Todd
Todd

Robert B., English physician, 1809–1860. See T. paralysis, T. postepileptic paralysis.

toe
toe (to) [TA]

One of the digits of the feet. SYN: digitus pedis [TA] , digits of foot&star. [A.S. ta]
fourth t. [IV] [TA] fourth digit of foot. SYN: digitus (pedis) quartus [IV] [TA] .
great t. I [TA] the first digit of the foot. SYN: hallux [TA] , digitus pedis primus I&star, hallex, hallus, pollex pedis, primary digit of foot.
hammer t. permanent flexion at the midphalangeal joint of one or more of the toes.
little t. [V] [TA] fifth digit of the foot. SYN: digitus (pedis) minimus [V] [TA] , digitus (pedis) quintus [V]&star.
Morton t. a particular form of metatarsalgia caused by enlargement of the digital nerve. Cf.:Morton syndrome.
painful t. SYN: hallux dolorosus.
second t. [II] [TA] second digit of foot. SYN: digitus (pedis) secundus [II] [TA] .
stiff t. SYN: hallux rigidus.
third t. [III] [TA] third digit of foot. SYN: digitus (pedis) tertius [III] [TA] .
webbed toes syndactyly involving the toes.

toe-drop
toe-drop (to′drop)

Inability to dorsiflex the toes, usually due to paralysis of the toe extensor muscles.

toenail
toenail (to′nal)

See nail.
ingrowing t. SYN: ingrown nail.

tofenacin hydrochloride
tofenacin hydrochloride (to-fen′a-sin)

An anticholinergic drug.

Togaviridae
Togaviridae (to-ga-vir′i-de)

A family of viruses that includes two genera: Alphavirus, which includes eastern equine encephalitis, western equine encephalitis, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, and Rubivirus, the rubella virus. Virions are 70 nm in diameter, enveloped, and ether-sensitive; the capsid is of icosahedral symmetry, containing single-stranded positive sense RNA.

togavirus
togavirus (to′ga-vi′rus)

Any virus of the family Togaviridae. [L. toga, garment covering, + virus]

toilet
toilet (toy-let′)

1. Cleansing of the obstetric patient after childbirth. 2. Cleansing of the surface of a wound after an operation preparatory to the application of the dressing. 3. In dentistry, cavity debridement, the final step before placing a restoration in a tooth whereby the cavity is cleaned and all debris is removed. [Fr. toilette]
pulmonary t. attempts to clear mucus and secretions from the trachea and bronchial tree by deep breathing, insentive spiratomy, postural drainage, and percussion.

Toison
Toison

J., French histologist, 1858–1950. See T. stain.

Toker
Toker

Cyril, U.S. pathologist, *1930. See T. cell.

toko- toko-

See toco-.

tolazamide
tolazamide (to-laz′a-mid)

An oral hypoglycemic agent similar in use to tolbutamide.

tolazoline hydrochloride
tolazoline hydrochloride (to-laz′o-len)

An adrenergic α-receptor blocking agent used to augment blood flow in peripheral vascular disorders.

tolbutamide
tolbutamide (tol-bu′ta-mid)

An orally active hypoglycemic agent used in the management of adult-onset diabetes mellitus; it appears to stimulate the synthesis and release of endogenous insulin from functional islets; available as t. sodium for injection.

tolcyclamide
tolcyclamide (tol-si′kla-mid)

SYN: glycyclamide.

Toldt
Toldt

Karl, Austrian anatomist, 1840–1920. See T. fascia, T. membrane, white line of T..

tolerance
tolerance (tol′er-ans)

1. The ability to endure or be less responsive to a stimulus, especially over a period of continued exposure. 2. The power of resisting the action of a poison or of taking a drug continuously or in large doses without injurious effects. [L. tolero, pp. -atus, to endure]
acoustic t. the maximum sound pressure level that can be experienced without producing pain or permanent hearing threshold shift in a normal individual.
cross t. the resistance to one or several effects of a compound as a result of t. developed to a pharmacologically similar compound.
frustration t. the level of an individual's ability to withstand frustration without developing inadequate modes of response, such as “going to pieces” emotionally.
high dose t. the induction of t. by exposure to high doses of antigen.
immunologic t. lack of immune response to antigen. Theories of t. induction include clonal deletion and clonal anergy. In clonal deletion, the actual clone of cells is eliminated whereas in clonal anergy the cells are present but nonfunctional. SYN: immunotolerance, nonresponder t..
immunologic high dose t. induction of t. by exposure to large amounts of protein antigens.
impaired glucose t. excessive levels of blood glucose developing after a carbohydrate-rich meal or test dosage of glucose (usually 75 g). Not necessarily diagnostic of diabetes mellitus.
individual t. t. to a drug that the person has never received before.
nonresponder t. SYN: immunologic t..
pain t. the greatest intensity of painful stimulation that an individual is able to tolerate.
species t. the insensitivity to a particular drug exhibited by a particular species.
split t. reaction to one (or more) antigen on a cell surface but no reaction to others. SYN: immune deviation.
vibration t. the maximum vibratory or oscillatory movements that an individual can experience and bear without pain; the limit of t. is a function of amplitude and frequency of the vibration and varies with the direction of application.

tolerant
tolerant (tol′er-ant)

Having the property of tolerance.

tolerize
tolerize (tol′er-iz)

To induce tolerance.

tolerogen
tolerogen (tol′er-o-jen)

A substance that produces immunological tolerance.

tolerogenic
tolerogenic (tol′er-o-jen′ik)

Producing immunologic tolerance.

tolhexamide
tolhexamide (tol-hek′sa-mid)

SYN: glycyclamide.

tolmetin
tolmetin (tol′met-in)

An anti-inflammatory drug used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

tolnaftate
tolnaftate (tol-naf′tat)

A topical antifungal agent.

tolonium chloride
tolonium chloride (to-lo′ne-um)

The medicinal grade of toluidine blue O, used as an antiheparin compound.

Tolosa
Tolosa

Eduardo, 20th century Spanish neurosurgeon. See T.-Hunt syndrome.

tolpropamine
tolpropamine (tol-pro′pa-men)

A topical antipruritic agent.

toluene
toluene (tol′u-en)

A colorless liquid obtained by the dry distillation of tolu and other resinous bodies, and also derived from coal tar; its physical and chemical properties resemble those of benzene. Used in explosives and dyes, and as a solvent in the extraction of various principles from plants. SYN: methylbenzene, toluol.

toluic acid
toluic acid (to-loo′ik)

Methylbenzoic acid;an oxidation product of xylene.

toluidine
toluidine (to-loo′i-den, -din)

Aminotoluene;one of three isomeric substances, derived from toluene.
alkaline t. blue O t. blue O in borax solution, used with heat on semithick sections of epoxy embedded tissues.
t. blue O [C.I. 52040] a blue basic dye, used as an antibacterial agent, as a nuclear stain, and to stain metachromatically certain structures ( e.g., the granules in mast cells which are believed to contain heparin and cartilage matrix which is rich in chondroitin sulfate), and in electrophoresis to stain RNA, RNase, and mucopolysaccharides; it also antagonizes the anticoagulant action of heparin. SEE ALSO: tolonium chloride.

toluol
toluol (tol′oo-ol)

SYN: toluene.

toluoyl
toluoyl (tol-oo′o-il)

CH₃C₆H₄CO–;the radical of toluic acid.

toluylene red
toluylene red (tol-oo′i-len)

SYN: neutral red.

tolyl
tolyl (tol′il)

CH₃C₆H₄–;the univalent radical of toluene.

Toma sign
Toma sign

See under sign.

-tome -tome

1. A cutting instrument, the first element in the compound usually indicating the part that the instrument is designed to cut. 2. Segment, part, section. 3. Tomography. 4. Surgery. [G. tomos, cutting, sharp; a cutting (section or segment)]

tomentum
tomentum, tomentum cerebri (to-men′tum, to-men′tum ser′e-bri)

The numerous small blood vessels passing between the cerebral surface of the pia mater and the cortex of the brain. [L. a stuffing for cushions]

Tomes
Tomes

Sir Charles S., English dentist, 1846–1928. See T. processes, under process.

Tomes
Tomes

Sir John, English dentist and anatomist, 1815–1895. See T. fibers, under fiber, T. granular layer.

Tommaselli
Tommaselli

Salvatore, Italian physician, 1834–1906. See T. disease.

tomogram
tomogram (to′mo-gram)

A radiograph obtained by tomography. [G. tomos, a cutting (section) + gramma, a writing]

tomograph
tomograph (to′mo-graf)

The radiographic equipment used in tomography. [G. tomos, a cutting (section), + grapho, to write]

tomography
tomography (to-mog′ra-fe)

Making of a radiographic image of a selected plane by means of reciprocal linear or curved motion of the x-ray tube and film cassette; images of all other planes are blurred (“out of focus”) by being relatively displaced on the film. SYN: conventional t., planigraphy, planography, sectional radiography, stratigraphy.
computed t. (CT) imaging anatomic information from a cross-sectional plane of the body, each image generated by a computer synthesis of x-ray transmission data obtained in many different directions in a given plane. SYN: computerized axial t..
computerized axial t. (CAT) SYN: computed t..
conventional t. SYN: t..
dynamic computed t. computed t. with rapid injection of contrast medium, usually with sequential scans at only one or a few levels; used to enhance the vascular compartment. SYN: dynamic CT.
electron beam t. (EBT) computed t. in which the circular motion of the x-ray tube is replaced by rapid electronic positioning of the cathode ray around a circular anode, allowing full scans in tens of milliseconds.
helical computed t. SYN: spiral computed t..
high-resolution computed t. (HRCT) computed t. with narrow collimation to reduce volume-averaging and an edge-enhancing reconstruction algorithm to sharpen the image, sometimes with a restricted field of view to minimize the size of pixels in the region imaged; used particularly for lung imaging.
hypocycloidal t. body section radiography using a complex film and tube motion with a pattern resembling a three-leaf clover.
nuclear magnetic resonance t. SYN: magnetic resonance imaging.
positron emission t. (PET) creation of tomographic images revealing certain biochemical properties of tissue by computer analysis of positrons emitted when radioactively tagged substances are incorporated into the tissue. Radiotracers used in PET are analogs of physiologic or pharmaceutical agents into which positron-emitting isotopes with short half-lives (2–110 min) have been incorporated. Radioisotopes are produced artificially by bombarding a stable compound with a proton beam generated by a cyclotron. The uptake and metabolism of these positron emitters mimic, at least in part, those of the radiostable natural substances to which they are analogous. Concentrated in particular organs or tissues and incorporated into metabolic processes, they can reflect biochemical function or dysfunction. The glucose analog 2-(fluorine-18)fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (FDG) is widely used to locate zones of heightened energy metabolism. When a positron emitted by a radiotracer collides with an electron, the particles annihilate each other and 2 gamma rays are discharged in opposite directions (at 180°). After intravenous administration of the radiotracer, the subject is positioned within a scanner consisting of a ring of scintillation crystals that convert gamma rays into flashes of visible light. These flashes are detected and recorded electronically, and a computer program assembles the data into a three-dimensional image, color-coded to reflect concentration density.Unlike other imaging procedures, PET assesses metabolic activity and physiologic function rather than anatomic structure. Because the half-lives of the radionuclides are short and the equipment expensive, PET has not thus far been used extensively in clinical settings. But since its development in the mid-1970s, it has proved the most important tool yet devised for the experimental investigation of the living brain, whether healthy, traumatized, or diseased. Besides providing important diagnostic information in Alzheimer and other dementias, parkinsonism, and Huntington disease, PET can localize epileptic foci in preparation for surgical intervention, assess intracranial neoplasms, and help to direct therapeutic choices in acute stroke. The sensitivity and specificity of PET in determining malignancy render it valuable in oncology in avoiding biopsies for low grade tumors, in noninvasive differentiation of tumors from radiation necrosis, in early modification of ineffective chemotherapy, and in avoiding unnecessary diagnostic and therapeutic surgery. PET has been employed in cardiology to screen for coronary artery disease, to assess flow rates and flow reserve, and to distinguish viable from nonviable myocardium in bypass and transplant candidates.
single photon emission computed t. (SPECT) tomographic imaging of metabolic and physiologic functions in tissues, the image being formed by computer synthesis of photons of a single energy emitted by radionuclides administered in suitable form to the patient.
spiral computed t. computed t. in which the x-ray tube continuously revolves around the patient, who is simultaneously moved longitudinally; computer interpolation allows reconstruction of standard transverse scans or images in any preferred plane. SYN: helical computed t., helical CT, spiral CT.
trispiral t. hypocycloidal t. that allows a much thinner and more uniform plane of focus; formerly used especially for inner ear t..

tomolevel
tomolevel (to′mo-lev-el)

Obsolete term for the level at which tomography is performed.

tomomania
tomomania (to-mo-ma′ne-a)

An irrational desire to use operative procedures by a doctor or a patient. [G. tomos, cutting, + mania, frenzy]

-tomy -tomy

A cutting operation. SEE ALSO: -ectomy. [G. tome, incision]

tonaphasia
tonaphasia (ton-a-fa′ze-a)

Loss, through cerebral lesion, of the ability to remember tunes. [G. tonos, tone, + a- priv. + phasis, speech]

tone
tone (ton)

1. A musical sound. 2. The character of the voice expressing an emotion. 3. The tension present in resting muscles. 4. Firmness of the tissues; normal functioning of all the organs. 5. To perform toning. [G. tonos, t., or a t.]
affective t., emotional t. SYN: feeling t..
feeling t. the mental state (pleasure, repugnance, etc.) that accompanies every act or thought. SYN: affective t., emotional t., affectivity.
fundamental t. the component of lowest frequency in a complex sound.
heart tones SYN: heart sounds, under sound.
Traube double t. a double sound heard on auscultation over the femoral vessels in cases of aortic and tricuspid insufficiency.

toner
toner (to′ner)

A solution used in toning.

tongue
tongue (tung) [TA]

1. A mobile mass of muscular tissue covered with mucous membrane, occupying the cavity of the mouth and forming part of its floor, constituting also by its posterior portion the anterior wall of the pharnyx. It bears taste buds and assists in mastication, deglutition, and articulation. SYN: glossa, lingua (1) . 2. A tonguelike structure. SYN: lingua (2) . [A.S. tunge]
baked t. the dry blackish t. noted when patients with typhoid fever or other disorders are allowed to become dehydrated.
bald t. SYN: atrophic glossitis.
beet-t. appearance of the t. in pellagra, where intense erythema appears, first at the tip, then along the edges, and finally over the dorsum; there may be pain and increased elevation; the shiny appearance results from edema, not atrophy, except in chronic pellagra.
bifid t. a structural defect of the t. in which the extremity is divided longitudinally for a greater or lesser distance. See diglossia. SYN: cleft t..
black t. 1. in canines, a disorder associated with a deficency of nicotinic acid. 2. black to yellowish-brown discoloration of the dorsum of the t. due to staining by exogenous material such as the components of tobacco; usually superimposed on hairy t.. SYN: black hairy t., lingua nigra, melanoglossia, nigrities linguae.
black hairy t. SYN: black t..
burning t. SYN: glossodynia.
t. of cerebellum SYN: lingula of cerebellum.
cleft t. SYN: bifid t..
coated t. a t. with a whitish layer on its upper surface, composed of epithelial debris, food particles, and bacteria; often an indication of indigestion or of fever. SYN: furred t..
t. crib An appliance used to control visceral (infantile) swallowing and t. thrusting and to encourage the mature or somatic t. posture and function.
dotted t. one in which each separate papilla is capped with a whitish deposit. SYN: stippled t..
fissured t. a painless condition of the t. characterized by numerous grooves or furrows on the dorsal surface. SYN: grooved t., lingua fissurata, lingua plicata, scrotal t..
furred t. SYN: coated t..
geographic t. idiopathic, asymptomatic erythematous circinate macules, often bounded peripherally by a white band, as a result of atrophy of the filiform papillae; with time the lesions resolve, coalesce, and change in distribution; frequently associated with fissured tongues. SYN: benign migratory glossitis, glossitis areata exfoliativa, pityriasis linguae.
grooved t. SYN: fissured t..
hairy t. a t. with abnormal elongation of the filiform papillae, resulting in a thickened furry appearance. SYN: glossotrichia, trichoglossia.
hobnail t. interstitial glossitis with hypertrophy and verrucous changes in papillae; seen in some cases of late acquired syphilis.
magenta t. purplish red coloration of the t., with edema and flattening of the filiform papillae, occurring in riboflavin deficiency. Cf.:cyanosis.
mandibular t. SYN: lingula of mandible.
raspberry t. strawberry t. that is a dark red color.
red strawberry t. clinical manifestation of Kawasaki disease.
scrotal t. SYN: fissured t..
smoker's t. term for leukoplakia.
stippled t. SYN: dotted t..
strawberry t. a t. with a whitish coat through which the enlarged fungiform papillae project as red points, characteristic of scarlet fever and of mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome.
t.-swallowing A slipping back of the t. against the pharynx, causing choking.
t. thrust The infantile pattern of the suckle-swallow movement in which the t. is placed between the incisor teeth or the alveolar ridges during the initial stage of swallowing, resulting sometimes in an anterior open bite.

tongue-tie
tongue-tie

SYN: ankyloglossia.

tonic
tonic (ton′ik)

1. In a state of continuous unremitting action; denoting especially a prolonged muscular contraction. 2. Invigorating; increasing physical or mental tone or strength. 3. A remedy purported to restore enfeebled function and promote vigor and a sense of well-being; tonics are qualified, according to the organ or system on which they are presumed to act, as cardiac, digestive, hematic, vascular, nerve, uterine, general, etc. [G. tonikos, fr. tonos, tone]
bitter t. a t. of bitter taste, such as quinine, gentian, quassia, etc., which acts chiefly by stimulating the appetite and improving digestion.

tonicity
tonicity (to-nis′i-te)

1. A state of normal tension of the tissues by virtue of which the parts are kept in shape, alert, and ready to function in response to a suitable stimulus. In the case of muscle, it refers to a state of continuous activity or tension beyond that related to the physical properties; i.e., it is active resistance to stretch; in skeletal muscle it is dependent upon the efferent innervation. SYN: tonus. 2. The osmotic pressure or tension of a solution, usually relative to that of blood. SEE ALSO: isotonicity. [G. tonos, tone]

tonicoclonic
tonicoclonic (ton-i-ko-klon′ik)

Both tonic and clonic, referring to repeated muscular contractions. SYN: tonoclonic.

tonin
tonin (to′nin)

An enzyme converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II, thus similar to or identical with angiotensin-converting enzyme.

toning
toning (ton′ing)

The replacing of a silver deposit with one of gold in an impregnated histologic section, by treatment with a solution of gold chloride.

tonitrophobia
tonitrophobia (to′ni-tro-fo′be-a)

SYN: brontophobia. [L. tonitrus, thunder, + G. phobos, fear]

tono- tono-

Tone, tension, pressure. [G. tonos]

tonoclonic
tonoclonic (ton-o-klon′ik)

SYN: tonicoclonic.

tonofibril
tonofibril (ton-o-fi′bril)

One of a system of fibers found in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells. See cytoskeleton, tonofilament. SYN: epitheliofibril, tenofibril.

tonofilament
tonofilament (ton-o-fil′a-ment)

A structural cytoplasmic protein, of a class known as intermediate filaments, bundles of which together form a tonofibril; a t. is made up of a variable number of related proteins, keratins, and is found in all epithelial cells, but is particularly well developed in the epidermis.

tonograph
tonograph (ton′o-graf, to′no-)

A recording tonometer. [tono- + G. grapho, to write]

tonography
tonography (to-nog′ra-fe)

Continuous measurement of intraocular pressure by means of a recording tonometer, in order to determine the facility of aqueous outflow.

tonometer
tonometer (to-nom′e-ter)

1. An instrument for determining pressure or tension, especially an instrument for determining ocular tension. 2. A vessel for equilibrating a liquid ( e.g., blood) with a gas, usually at a controlled temperature; originally so named because it was used with a very small gas/blood ratio to allow the gas to approach blood oxygen tension and thus serve as a measure of it; now commonly used with a very large gas/blood ratio to adjust the blood to the oxygen pressure of the gas. SYN: aerotonometer (2) . [tono- + G. metron, measure]
applanation t. an instrument for determining ocular tension by application of a small, flat disk to the cornea.
Gärtner t. an apparatus for estimating the blood pressure by noting the force, expressed by the height of a column of mercury, needed to arrest pulsation in a finger encircled by a compressing ring.
Goldmann applanation t. an applanation t. that flattens only 3 mm² of cornea, used with a slitlamp.
Mackay-Marg t. a recording electronic applanation t..
Mueller electronic t. a Schiötz-type t. that electronically indicates the extent of corneal indentation; may also have an attached recorder for continuous pressure readings (tonography).
pneumatic t. a recording applanation t. operated by compressed gas.
Schiötz t. an instrument that measures ocular tension by indicating the ease with which the cornea is indented.

tonometry
tonometry (to-nom′e-tre)

1. Measurement of the tension of a part, e.g., intravascular tension or blood pressure. 2. Measurement of ocular tension.

tonophant
tonophant (to′no-fant, ton′o-)

An instrument for visualizing sound waves. [tono- + G. phaino, to appear]

tonoplast
tonoplast (to′no-plast, ton′o-)

An intracellular structure or vacuole. [tono- + G. plastos, formed]

tonoscillograph
tonoscillograph (to-nos′i-lo-graf)

An instrument that produces graphic records of arterial and capillary pressures as well as of individual pulse characters. [tono- + L. oscillo, to swing, + G. grapho, to write]

tonotopic
tonotopic (to-no-top′ik)

Denoting a spatial arrangement of structures that subserve various frequencies, as in the auditory pathway. [tono- + G. topos, place]

tonotropic
tonotropic (to-no-trop′ik)

Denoting the shortening of the resting length of a muscle. [G. tonikos, tonos, tone, + tropos, a turning]

tonsil
tonsil (ton′sil)

1. Intraepithelial collection of lymphocytes forming a lymphoepithelial ring in the pharynx. 2. SYN: palatine t.. [L. tonsilla, a stake, in pl. the tonsils]
cerebellar t. SYN: t. of cerebellum.
t. of cerebellum [TA] a rounded lobule on the undersurface of each cerebellar hemisphere, continuous medially with the uvula of the cerebellar vermis. SYN: tonsilla cerebelli [TA] , cerebellar t..
eustachian t. SYN: tubal t..
faucial t. SYN: palatine t..
Gerlach t. SYN: tubal t..
laryngeal tonsils SYN: laryngeal lymphoid nodules, under nodule.
lingual t. [TA] a collection of lymphoid follicles on the posterior or pharyngeal portion of the dorsum of the tongue. SYN: tonsilla lingualis [TA] .
Luschka t. SYN: pharyngeal t..
palatine t. [TA] a large oval mass of lymphoid tissue embedded in the lateral wall of the oral pharynx on either side between the pillars of the fauces. SYN: tonsilla palatina [TA] , faucial t., t. (2) , tonsilla.
pharyngeal t. [TA] a collection of more or less closely aggregated lymphoid nodules on the posterior wall and roof of the nasopharynx, the hypertrophy of which constitutes the morbid condition called adenoids. SYN: tonsilla pharyngealis [TA] , Luschka gland (1) , Luschka t., third t., tonsilla adenoidea.
submerged t. a faucial t. that is flat and lying below the level of the pillars of the fauces.
third t. SYN: pharyngeal t..
tubal t. [TA] a collection of lymphoid nodules near the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube. SYN: tonsilla tubaria [TA] , eustachian t., Gerlach t..

tonsilla
tonsilla, pl .tonsillae (ton-sil′a, -e)

SYN: palatine tonsil. [L. (see tonsil)]
t. adenoidea SYN: pharyngeal tonsil.
t. cerebelli [TA] SYN: tonsil of cerebellum.
t. intestinalis aggregated lymphoid nodules of small intestine, under nodule.
t. lingualis [TA] SYN: lingual tonsil.
t. palatina [TA] SYN: palatine tonsil.
t. pharyngealis [TA] SYN: pharyngeal tonsil.
t. tubaria [TA] SYN: tubal tonsil.

tonsillar
tonsillar, tonsillary (ton′si-lar, ton′si-la-re)

Relating to a tonsil, especially the palatine tonsil. SYN: amygdaline (3) .

tonsillectomy
tonsillectomy (ton′si-lek′to-me)

Removal of the entire tonsil. [tonsil + G. ektome, excision]

tonsillitis
tonsillitis (ton′si-li′tis)

Inflammation of a tonsil, especially of the palatine tonsil. [tonsil + G. -itis, inflammation]
lacunar t. inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the tonsillar crypts.
Vincent t. angina limited chiefly to the tonsils, caused by Vincent organisms (bacillus and spirillum).

tonsillo- tonsillo-

Tonsil. [L. tonsilla]

tonsillolith
tonsillolith (ton-sil′o-lith)

A calcareous concretion in a distended tonsillar crypt. SYN: tonsillar calculus, tonsilolith. [tonsillo- + G. lithos, stone]

tonsillopathy
tonsillopathy (ton′si-lop′a-the)

Disease of the tonsil. [tonsillo- + G. pathos, suffering]

tonsillotome
tonsillotome (ton-sil′o-tom)

An instrument, sometimes modelled after a guillotine, for use in tonsillectomy. [tonsillo- + G. tomos, cutting]

tonsillotomy
tonsillotomy (ton′si-lot′o-me)

The cutting away of a portion or all of a hypertrophied faucial tonsil. [tonsillo- + G. tome, incision]

tonsilolith
tonsilolith (ton′si-lith)

SYN: tonsillolith.

tonus
tonus (to′nus)

SYN: tonicity (1) . [L., fr. G. tonos]
baseline t. intrauterine pressure between contractions during labor.
myogenic t. contraction of a muscle caused by intrinsic properties of the muscle or by its intrinsic innervation.
neurogenic t. contraction of a muscle caused by the influence of its extrinsic nerve supply.

Tooth
Tooth

Howard H., English physician, 1856–1925. See Charcot-Marie-T. disease.

tooth
tooth, pl .teeth (tooth, teth) [TA]

One of the hard conical structures set in the alveoli of the upper and lower jaws, used in mastication and assisting in articulation. A t. is a dermal structure composed of dentin and encased in cementum on the anatomic root and enamel on its anatomic crown. It consists of a root buried in the alveolus, a neck covered by the gum, and a crown, the exposed portion. In the center is the pulp cavity filled with a connective tissue reticulum containing a jellylike substance (dental pulp) and blood vessels and nerves that enter through an aperature or aperatures at the apex of the root. The 20 deciduous teeth or primary teeth appear between the sixth and ninth and the 24th month of life; these exfoliate and are replaced by the 32 permanent teeth appearing between the fifth and seventh year and the 17th to 23rd year. There are four kinds of teeth: incisor, canine, premolar, and molar. SYN: dens (1) [TA] . [A.S. toth]
acrylic resin t. a t. made of acrylic resin.
anatomic t. an artificial t. that duplicates the anatomic form of a natural t..
ankylosed t. dental ankylosis.
anterior t. a central incisor, lateral incisor, or cuspid t.. They comprise the organs for incision and are located in the front portion of the jaws. SYN: oral teeth.
t. arrangement 1. the placement of teeth on a denture base with definite objectives in mind; 2. the setting of teeth on temporary bases.
auditory teeth SYN: acoustic teeth.
baby t. SYN: deciduous t..
back t. a t. posterior to the canines.
bicuspid t. SYN: premolar t..
buck t. an anterior t. in labioversion.
canine t. [TA] a t. having a crown of thick conical shape and a long, slightly flattened conical root; there are two canine teeth in each jaw, one on either side adjacent to the distal surface of the lateral incisors, in both the deciduous and the permanent dentition. SYN: dens caninus [TA] , canine (3) , cuspid t., cuspidate t., cuspid (2) , dens angularis, dens cuspidatus, eye t..
carnassial t. 1. a t. adapted to shear flesh; 2. the last upper premolar or first lower molar t. of certain carnivores.
cheek t. SYN: molar t..
Corti auditory teeth SYN: acoustic teeth.
crossbite t. a posterior t. designed to permit the modified cusp of the upper t. to be positioned in the fossae of the lower t..
cuspid t., cuspidate t. SYN: canine t..
cuspless t. 1. a t. devoid of cusp formation; 2. severe abrasion of an occlusal surface; 3. a type of artificial denture t..
cutting teeth the maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth.
dead t. a misnomer for pulpless t..
deciduous t. [TA] a t. of the first set of teeth, comprising 20 in all, that erupts between the mean ages of 6 and 24 months of life. SYN: dens deciduus [TA] , baby t., deciduous dentition, dens lacteus, first dentition, milk t., primary dentition, primary t., temporary t..
devitalized t. a misnomer for a pulpless t..
extruded teeth extrusion of a t..
eye t. SYN: canine t..
fluoridated t. a t. exposed to fluorine salts during odontogenesis.
fused teeth teeth joined by dentin as a result of embryologic fusion or juxtaposition of two adjacent t. germs.
geminated teeth a developmental anomaly arising from the attempted division of one t. bud, resulting in incomplete formation of two teeth and usually manifest as a bifid crown upon a single root.
ghost t. a t. with reduced radiodensity seen in regional odontodysplasia.
green t. green to brown discoloration of the primary teeth associated with erythroblastosis fetalis and caused by deposition of hemoglobin pigments in the developing teeth.
Horner teeth incisor teeth having a horizontal, hypoplastic groove.
Huschke auditory teeth SYN: acoustic teeth.
Hutchinson teeth the teeth of congenital syphilis in which the incisal edge is notched and narrower than the cervical area. SEE ALSO: Hutchinson crescentic notch. SYN: Hutchinson incisors, notched teeth, screwdriver teeth, syphilitic teeth.
impacted t. 1. a t. whose normal eruption is prevented by adjacent teeth or bone; 2. a t. that has been driven into the alveolar process or surrounding tissue as a result of trauma.
incisor t. [TA] a t. with a chisel-shaped crown and a single conical tapering root; there are four of these teeth in the anterior part of each jaw, in both the deciduous and the permanent dentitions. SYN: dens incisivus [TA] , incisor.
metal insert teeth prosthetic teeth containing metal cutting surfaces in the occlusal surfaces.
migrating teeth teeth which are changing position under natural forces.
milk t. SYN: deciduous t..
molar t. [TA] a t. having a somewhat quadrangular crown with four or five cusps on the grinding surface; the root is bifid in the lower jaw, but there are three conical roots in the upper jaw; there are six molars in each jaw, three on either side behind the premolars in the permanent dentition; in the deciduous dentition there are but four molars in each jaw, two on either side behind the canines. SYN: dens molaris [TA] , cheek t., molar (2) , multicuspid t..
mottled t. mottled enamel.
multicuspid t. SYN: molar t..
natal t. a predeciduous supernumerary t. present at birth.
neonatal t. a t. erupting up to 30 days after birth.
nonanatomic teeth 1. teeth with occlusal surfaces not based on anatomic forms; 2. artificial teeth so designed that the occlusal surfaces are not copied from natural forms, but rather are given forms which in the opinion of the designer seem more nearly to fulfill the requirements of mastication, tissue tolerance, etc.
nonvital t. a t. with a nonvital pulp.
normally posed t. a t. in correct spatial relationship with its antagonist.
notched teeth SYN: Hutchinson teeth.
oral teeth SYN: anterior t..
pegged t. a conical t. whose sides converge from the cervical to the incisal region.
permanent t. [TA] 1 of 32 teeth belonging to the second, or permanent, dentition; eruption of the permanent teeth begins from the fifth to the seventh year, and is not completed until the 17th to the 23rd year, when the last of the third molars appears. SYN: dens permanens [TA] , dens succedaneus, second t., secondary dentition, succedaneous dentition, succedaneous t..
perpetually growing t. a physiologic phenomenon whereby the t. continually or constantly grows, calcifies, and erupts; e.g., the rat incisor t.. SYN: persistently growing t..
persistently growing t. SYN: perpetually growing t..
plastic teeth artificial teeth constructed of synthetic resins.
posterior t. a bicuspid or molar t.; these teeth comprise the organs of mastication and are located in the back part of the jaws.
premolar t. [TA] a t. usually having two tubercles or cusps on the grinding surface and a flattened root, single in the lower jaw and upper second premolar, and furrowed in the upper first premolar. There are four premolars in each jaw, two on either side between the canine and the molars; there are no premolars in the deciduous dentition. SYN: dens premolaris [TA] , bicuspid t., dens bicuspidus.
primary t. SYN: deciduous t..
protruding teeth teeth extending beyond the normal contour of the dental arches; usually in an anterior direction.
pulpless t. a t. with a nonvital or necrotic pulp, or one from which the pulp has been extirpated.
sclerotic teeth teeth that are naturally hard and resistant to caries.
screwdriver teeth SYN: Hutchinson teeth.
second t. SYN: permanent t..
spaced teeth teeth which have separated and lost proximal contact with adjacent teeth.
stomach t. one of the lower canine teeth.
succedaneous t. SYN: permanent t..
syphilitic teeth SYN: Hutchinson teeth.
temporary t. SYN: deciduous t..
third-year molar t. [TA] eighth permanent t. in the maxilla and mandible on each side, making it the most posterior t. in human dentition; usually erupts between the 17th and 23rd years; the roots are often fused, the separation being marked only by grooves; because it tends to erupt in an anterosuperior direction, the lower third molar often becomes impacted against the lower second molar; it is common for one or more third molar to fail to develop. SYN: dens molaris tertius [TA] , dens serotinus&star, dens sapientiae, third molar, wisdom t..
tricuspid t. a t. having a crown with three cusps.
tube t. an artificial t. constructed with a vertical, cylindric aperture extending from the center of the base up into the body of the t. into which a pin may be placed or cast for the attachment of the t. to a denture base.
Turner t. enamel hypoplasia involving a solitary permanent t.; related to infection in the primary t. that preceded it or to trauma during odontogenesis.
unerupted t. 1. a t. prior to emergence; 2. a t. unable to break out or emerge from the dental alveolar tissues into the oral cavity.
vital t. a t. with a living pulp.
wisdom t. SYN: third-year molar t..
zero degree teeth prosthetic teeth having no cusp angles in relation to the horizontal.

toothache
toothache (tooth′ak)

Pain in a tooth due to the condition of the pulp or periodontal ligament resulting from caries, infection, or trauma. SYN: dentalgia, odontalgia, odontodynia.

tooth-borne
tooth-borne

A term used to describe a prosthesis or part of a prosthesis which depends entirely upon the abutment teeth for support.

top- top-

See topo-.

topagnosis
topagnosis (top-ag-no′sis)

Inability to localize tactile sensations. SYN: topoanesthesia. [top- + G. a- priv. + gnosis, recognition]

topesthesia
topesthesia (top′es-the′ze-a)

The ability to localize a light touch applied to any part of the skin. [top- + G. aisthesis, sensation]

tophaceous
tophaceous (to-fa′shus)

Sandy; gritty; pertaining to or manifesting the features of a tophus. [L. tophaceus]

tophi
tophi (to′fi)

Plural of tophus.

tophus
tophus, pl .tophi (to′fus, to′fi)

1. See gouty t.. 2. A salivary calculus, or tartar. SYN: gouty pearl. [L. a calcareous deposit from springs, tufa]
gouty t. a deposit of uric acid and urates in periarticular fibrous tissue, cartilage of the external ear, or kidney, in gout. SYN: arthritic calculus, uratoma.

topica
topica (top′i-ka)

Remedies for local external use. [neut. pl. of Mod. L. topicus, local]

topical
topical (top′i-kal)

Relating to a definite place or locality; local. [G. topikos, fr. topos, place]

Topinard
Topinard

Paul, French anthropologist, 1830–1911. See T. facial angle, T. line.

topistic
topistic (to-pis′tik)

Denoting an anatomically defined region in the nervous system. [G. topos, place]

topo- topo-, top-

Place, topical. [G. topos]

topoanesthesia
topoanesthesia (top′o-an-es-the′ze-a, to′po-)

SYN: topagnosis. [topo- + anesthesia]

topognosis
topognosis, topognosia (top-og-no′sis, -no′ze-a)

Recognition of the location of a sensation; in the case of touch, topesthesia. [topo- + G. gnosis, knowledge]

topogometer
topogometer (top-o-gom′e-ter)

A movable fixation target attached to the front of a keratometer, used in fitting contact lenses to measure the curvatures of the cornea in its peripheral zones. [topo- + G. gonia, angle, + metron, measure]

topography
topography (to-pog′ra-fe)

In anatomy, the description of any part of the body, especially in relation to a definite and limited area of the surface. [topo- + G. graphe, a writing]

topoisomerase
topoisomerase (to′po-i-som′er-as)

A type of enzyme converting (isomerizing) one topological version of DNA into another; acts by catalyzing the breakage and reformation of DNA phosphodiester linkages. [topo- + isomerase]

Topolanski
Topolanski

Alfred, Austrian ophthalmologist, 1861–1960. See T. sign.

topology
topology (to-pol′o-je)

1. SYN: regional anatomy. 2. The study of the dimensions of personality. [topo- + G. logos, study]

toponarcosis
toponarcosis (top′o-nar-ko′sis)

A localized cutaneous anesthesia. [topo- + narcosis]

toponym
toponym (to′po-nim)

A regional term; one designating a region as distinguished from the name of a structure, system, or organ. [topo- + G. onyma, name]

toponymy
toponymy (to-pon′i-me)

Topical or regional nomenclature, as distinguished from organonymy. [topo- + G. onyma, name]

topopathogenesis
topopathogenesis (to′po-path-o-jen′e-sis)

Topography of lesions related to their pathogenesis. [topo- + pathogenesis]

topophobia
topophobia (to-po-fo′be-a)

A neurotic dread of or related to a particular place or locality. [topo- + G. phobos, fear]

topophylaxis
topophylaxis (to′po-fi-lak′sis)

Prevention of arsphenamine shock by a tourniquet applied to the limb above the site of injection and its slow release five or six minutes later. [topo- + G. phylaxis, protection]

topotecan
topotecan (to-po-tek′an)

A topoisomerase I inhibitor with antitumor activity used in the treatment of ovarian cancer.

TORCH
TORCH

Acronym for toxoplasmosis, other infections, rubella, cytomegalovirus infection, and herpes simplex. See T. syndrome.

torcular herophili
torcular herophili (tor′ku-lar he-rof′i-li)

Archaic term for confluence of sinuses. [L. wine-press of Herophilus, fr. torqueo, to twist]

Torek
Torek

Franz J.A., U.S. surgeon, 1861–1938. See T. operation.

toric
toric (to′rik)

Relating to, or having the curvature of, a torus.

Torkildsen
Torkildsen

Arne, Norwegian neurosurgeon, 1899–1968 . See T. shunt.

Tornwaldt
Tornwaldt

Gustavus Ludwig, German physician, 1843–1910. See T. abscess, T. cyst, T. disease, T. syndrome.

torose
torose, torous (to′ros, -rus)

Bulging; knobby. [L. torosus, fleshy, fr. torus, a knot, bulge]

Torovirus
Torovirus (to-ro-vi-rus)

A genus in the family Coronaviridae that causes enteric infections in animals.

torpent
torpent (tor′pent)

1. SYN: torpid. 2. A benumbing agent. [L. torpeo, pres. p. -ens, to be sluggish]

torpid
torpid (tor′pid)

Inactive; sluggish. SYN: torpent (1) . [L. torpidus, fr. torpeo, to be sluggish]

torpidity
torpidity (tor-pid′i-te)

SYN: torpor.

torpor
torpor (tor′per, por)

Inactivity, sluggishness. SYN: torpidity. [L. sluggishness, numbness]

torque
torque (T) (tork)

1. A rotatory force. 2. In dentistry, a torsion force applied to a tooth to produce or maintain crown or root movement. [L. torqueo, to twist]

torr
torr (tor)

A unit of pressure sufficient to support a 1-mm column of mercury at 0°C against the standard acceleration of gravity at 45° north latitude (980.621 cm/s²); equivalent to 1333.224 dynes/cm², 1.333224 millibars, 1.35951 cm of H₂O, 133.3224 newtons/m² (or Pa); 1 atm equals 760 T.. [Evangelista Torricelli]

Torre
Torre

Douglas P., U.S. dermatologist, *1919. See T. syndrome, Muir-T. syndrome.

torrefaction
torrefaction (tor-e-fak′shun)

Parching or drying by heat; a pharmaceutical operation for rendering drugs friable. [L. torre-facio, pp. -factus, to make dry by heat, fr. torreo, to parch]

torrefy
torrefy (tor′e-fi)

To parch.

Torricelli
Torricelli

Evangelista, Italian scientist, 1608–1647. See torr.

torsade de pointes
torsade de pointes (tor-sad de pwant′)

“Twisting of the points,” a form of ventricular tachycardia nearly always due to medications and characterized by a long QT interval and a “short-long-short” sequence in the beat preceding its onset. The QRS complexes during this rhythm tend to show a series of complexes points up followed by complexes points down, often with a narrow waist between and no definite T waves; at one time referred to as “cardiac ballet.” [Fr. torsade, fringe, twist, or coil, + pointe, point or tip (euphonious for “wave burst”)]

torsion
torsion (tor′shun)

1. A twisting or rotation of a part upon its long axis or on its mesentery; often associated with compromise of the blood supply. 2. Twisting of the cut end of an artery to arrest hemorrhage. 3. Rotation of the eye around its anteroposterior axis. SEE ALSO: intorsion, extorsion, dextrotorsion, levotorsion. [L. torsio, fr. torqueo, to twist]
t. of appendage t. of testicular or epididymal appendix.
extravaginal t. high t. above insertion of tunica vaginalis; tends to occur in neonatal period.
intravaginal t. t. below insertion of tunica vaginalis, the most common type of testicular t.. See bell clapper deformity.
perinatal t. tends to be extravaginal type.
t. of testis rotation of spermatic cord producing ischemia of testis.
t. of a tooth rotation of a tooth in its socket.

torsionometer
torsionometer (tor-shun-om′e-ter)

A device for measuring the degree of rotation of the spinal column.

torsiversion
torsiversion (tor-si-ver′shun)

A malposition of a tooth in which it is rotated on its long axis. SYN: torsive occlusion, torsoclusion (2) .

torso
torso (tor′so)

The trunk; the body without relation to head or extremities. [It.]

torsoclusion
torsoclusion (tor′so-kloo-zhun)

1. Obsolete term for acupressure performed by entering a needle in the tissues parallel with the artery, then turning it so that it crosses the artery transversely, and passing it into the tissues on the opposite side of the vessel. 2. SYN: torsiversion. [L. torqueo, to twist, + claudo or cludo, to close]

torticollar
torticollar (tor-ti-kol′ar)

Relating to or marked by torticollis.

torticollis
torticollis (tor-ti-kol′is)

A contraction, or shortening, of the muscles of the neck, chiefly those supplied by the spinal accessory nerve; the head is drawn to one side and usually rotated so that the chin points to the other side. SEE ALSO: dystonia. SYN: wry neck, wryneck. [L. tortus, twisted, + collum, neck]
benign paroxysmal t. of infancy intermittent recurrent episodes of head tilt and t. usually associated with vomiting; the disorder usually appears between 2 and 8 months of age and resolves by age 3.
congenital t. t. due to a unilateral fibrous tumor in the sternocleidomastoid muscle, present at birth as a swelling that may subside or may lead to t. by shortening of the muscle. SYN: muscular t..
dermatogenic t. painful stiff neck with limitation of motion due to extensive skin lesions in the area.
dystonic t. SYN: spasmodic t..
fixed t. persistent contracture of cervical muscles on one side.
hysterical t. t. believed to be psychosomatic in etiology. See hysteria.
labyrinthine t. t. due to vestibular disorder.
muscular t. SYN: congenital t..
ocular t. t. incident to paralysis of an extraocular muscle, especially an oblique muscle.
psychogenic t. spasmodic contractions of the neck muscles, of psychosomatic origin. SEE ALSO: spasmodic t..
spasmodic t. a disorder of unknown cause, manifested as a restricted dystonia, localized to some of the neck muscles, especially the sternomastoid and trapezius; occurs in adults and tends to progress slowly; the head movements increase with standing and walking and decrease with contractual stimuli, e.g., touching the chin or neck. SYN: dystonic t., rotatory tic.

tortipelvis
tortipelvis (tor-ti-pel′vis)

Twisted pelvis.

tortuous
tortuous (tor′choo-us)

Having many curves; full of turns and twists. [L. tortuosus, fr. torqueo, to twist]

Torulopsis
Torulopsis (tor-oo-lop′sis)

A genus of yeasts with smaller blastoconidia (2–4 nm) with a wide attachment to the parent cell; T. glabrata, now called Candida glabrata, is a cause of candidiasis in humans.

torulus
torulus, pl .toruli (tor′u-lus, -li)

A minute elevation or papilla. [L. dim. of torus, a protuberance, swelling]
toruli tactiles [TA] SYN: tactile elevations, under elevation.

torus
torus, pl .tori (to′rus, to′ri) [TA]

1. [TA] A rounded swelling, such as that caused by a contracting muscle. SYN: elevation [TA] . 2. A geometric figure formed by the revolution of a circle around the base of any of its arcs, such as the convex molding at the base of a pillar. [L. swelling, knot, bulge]
t. frontalis a slight prominence on the frontal bone at the root of the nose.
t. levatorius [TA] the bulge in the lateral wall of the nasopharynx, below the opening of the auditory tube, produced by the levator veli palatini muscle. SYN: elevation of levator palati, levator cushion, levator swelling.
mandibular t., t. mandibularis an exostosis protruding from the lingual aspect of the mandible, usually opposite the premolar teeth.
t. manus archaic term for the carpal bones.
t. occipitalis an occasional ridge near the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone.
palatine t., t. palatinus an exostosis protruding from the midline of the hard palate.
t. tubarius [TA] a ridge in the nasopharyngeal wall posterior to the opening of the pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube, caused by the projection of the cartilaginous portion of this tube. SYN: eustachian cushion, tubal prominence.
t. uretericus SYN: interureteric crest.
t. uterinus a transverse ridge on the back part of the cervix of the uterus, formed by the junction of the rectouterine folds.

TOS
TOS

Abbreviation for thoracic outlet syndrome.

tosyl
tosyl (to′sil)

Toluenesulfonyl radical, widely used to block amino groups in the course of organic syntheses of drugs and other biologically active compounds.

tosylate
tosylate (to′si-lat)

USAN-approved contraction for p-toluenesulfonate.

totem
totem (to′tem)

An object (usually an animal or plant) serving as the emblem of a family or clan and often as a reminder of its ancestry; something that serves as a revered symbol. [Amer. Indian]

totemism
totemism (to′tem-izm)

Belief in a kinship with, or a mystical relationship between, a group or individual and a totem.

totemistic
totemistic (to-tem-is′tik)

Relating to totemism.

totipotency
totipotency, totipotence (to-ti-po′ten-se, to-tip′o-tens)

The ability of a cell to differentiate into any type of cell and thus form a new organism or regenerate any part of an organism; e.g., a fertilized ovum, or a small excised portion of a Planaria, which is capable of regenerating a complete new organism. [L. totus, entire, + potentia, power]

totipotent
totipotent, totipotential (to-tip′o-tent, to′ti-po-ten′shal)

Relating to totipotency.

touch
touch (tuch)

1. The sense by which slight contact with the skin or mucous membrane is appreciated. SYN: tactile sense. 2. Digital examination. [Fr. toucher]
royal t. a touching of a patient by the king, which was thought to be curative; usually applied to patients with scrofula, but also done with patients with enlarged lymph glands (buboes) of plague.

Toupet
Toupet

A., French surgeon. See T. fundoplication.

Tourette Tourette

See Gilles de la T..

Tournay
Tournay

Auguste, French ophthalmologist, 1878–1969. See T. sign.

tourniquet
tourniquet (toor′ni-ket)

An instrument for temporarily arresting the flow of blood to or from a distal part by pressure applied with an encircling device. [Fr. fr. tourner, to turn]
Dupuytren t. an instrument for compression on the abdominal aorta.
Esmarch t. a rubber t. that is wrapped around an extremity from distal to proximal before starting a surgical procedure to exsanguinate the limb before the inflation of a proximally placed pneumatic t.. SYN: Esmarch bandage.
Rummel t. a t. fashioned by passing an umbilical tape around a vessel and bringing both ends through a short red rubber catheter. The t. can be tightened and secured with a perpendicularly placed hemostat at the end of the catheter farthest from the vessel.

Tourtual
Tourtual

Kaspar, Prussian anatomist, 1802–1865. See T. membrane, T. sinus.

Touton
Touton

Karl, German dermatologist, *1858. See T. giant cell.

Tovell
Tovell

Ralph M., U.S. anesthesiologist, 1901–1967. See T. tube.

Towne
Towne

E.B., U.S. otolaryngologist, 1883–1957. See T. projection, T. projection radiograph, T. view.

tox- tox-

See toxico-.

toxalbumins
toxalbumins (toks-al-bu′minz)

Phytotoxins that inhibit protein synthesis.

toxanemia
toxanemia (tok-sa-ne′me-a)

Anemia resulting from the effects of a hemolytic poison. [G. toxikon, poison, + anemia]

toxaphene
toxaphene (tok′sa-fen)

A chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide.

Toxascaris leonina
Toxascaris leonina (tok-sas′ka-ris le-o-ni′na)

An ascarid nematode of the dog that differs from Toxocara in that the larvae do not migrate through the lungs; the entire developmental cycle occurs in the gut. This parasite has been found in humans in a few instances and is a cause of visceral larva migrans in children, though less frequently implicated than is Toxocara canis. [G. toxon, bow, + Ascaris]

toxemia
toxemia (tok-se′me-a)

1. Clinical manifestations observed during certain infectious diseases, assumed to be caused by toxins and other noxious substances elaborated by the infectious agent; in certain infections by Gram-negative bacteria, endotoxins probably play a role when the bacterial cell wall breaks down, releasing a complex lipopolysaccharide; however, the role of other bacterial substances is unclear, except in the case of the specific exotoxins such as those of diphtheria and tetanus. 2. The clinical syndrome caused by toxic substances in the blood. 3. A lay term referring to the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. SYN: toxicemia. [G. toxikon, poison, + haima, blood]

toxemic
toxemic (tok-se′mik)

Pertaining to, affected by, or manifesting the features of toxemia.

toxi- toxi-

See toxico-.

toxic
toxic (tok′sik)

1. SYN: poisonous. 2. Pertaining to a toxin. [G. toxikon, an arrow-poison]

toxicant
toxicant (tok′si-kant)

1. SYN: poisonous. 2. Any poisonous agent, specifically an alcoholic or other poison, causing symptoms of what is popularly called intoxication.

toxicemia
toxicemia (tok-si-se′me-a)

SYN: toxemia.

toxicity
toxicity (tok-sis′i-te)

The state of being poisonous.
oxygen t. 1. a body disturbance resulting from breathing high partial pressures of oxygen; characterized by visual and hearing abnormalities, unusual fatigue while breathing, muscular twitching, anxiety, confusion, incoordination, and convulsions; can occur when excessive quantities of oxygen are administered in patients (such as adult respiratory distress syndrome), resulting in worsening of pulmonary infiltrates and clinical deterioration; although the mechanism for development of the condition is obscure, a disruption of enzymatic activity is likely, perhaps as a result of free radical formation. Cf.:retrolental fibroplasia. 2. exposure of the lungs to greater than 60% oxygen for periods exceeding 24–48 hours can lead to severe, irreversible pulmonary fibrosis. SYN: oxygen poisoning.

toxico- toxico-, tox-, toxi-, toxo-

Poison, toxin. [G. toxikon, bow, hence (arrow) poison]

Toxicodendron
Toxicodendron (tok′si-ko-den′dron)

A genus of poisonous plants (family Anacardiaceae), also known as Rhus, with smooth fruits and foliage that contain urushiol, which produces a contact dermatitis (rhus dermatitis); species include poison ivy (T. radicans), poison oak (T. diversilobum), and poison sumac (T. vernix) [toxico- + G. dendron, tree]

toxicogenic
toxicogenic (tok′si-ko-jen′ik)

1. Producing a poison. 2. Caused by a poison. [toxico- + G. -gen, producing]

toxicoid
toxicoid (tok′si-koyd)

Having an action like that of a poison; temporarily poisonous. [toxico- + G. eidos, resemblance]

toxicologic
toxicologic (tok′si-ko-loj′ik)

Relating to toxicology.

toxicologist
toxicologist (tok-si-kol′o-jist)

A specialist or expert in toxicology.

toxicology
toxicology (tok-si-kol′o-je)

The science of poisons, including their source, chemical composition, action, tests, and antidotes. [toxico- + G. logos, study]

toxicopathic
toxicopathic (tok′si-ko-path′ik)

Denoting any morbid state caused by the action of a poison.

toxicophobia
toxicophobia (tok′si-ko-fo′be-a)

Morbid fear of being poisoned. SYN: toxiphobia. [toxico- + G. phobos, fear]

toxicosis
toxicosis (tok-si-ko′sis)

Any disease of toxic origin. SYN: systemic poisoning. [toxico- + G. -osis, condition]
endogenic t. SYN: autointoxication.
exogenic t. any disease caused by a poison introduced from without and not generated within the body.
thyroid t. SYN: triiodothyronine t..
triiodothyronine t., T₃ t. hyperthyroidism resulting from excessive circulating 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine. SYN: thyroid t..

toxiferines
toxiferines (tok-sif′er-enz)

The most potent group of the curare alkaloids; the principal source is Strychnos toxifera.

toxiferous
toxiferous (tok-sif′er-us)

SYN: poisonous. [toxi- + L. fero, to bear]

toxigenic
toxigenic (tok-si-jen′ik)

SYN: toxinogenic.

toxigenicity
toxigenicity (tok′si-je-nis′i-te)

SYN: toxinogenicity.

toxilic acid
toxilic acid (tok-sil′ik)

SYN: maleic acid.

toxin
toxin (tok′sin)

A noxious or poisonous substance that is formed or elaborated either as an integral part of the cell or tissue, as an extracellular product (exotoxin), or as a combination of the two, during the metabolism and growth of certain microorganisms and some higher plant and animal species. [G. toxikon, poison]
animal t. SYN: zootoxin.
anthrax t. a culture filtrate of Bacillus anthracis containing an exotoxin with at least three different antigenically distinct components: edema factor, lethal factor, and protective antigen. SYN: Bacillus anthracis t..
Bacillus anthracis t. SYN: anthrax t..
bacterial t. any intracellular or extracellular t. formed in or elaborated by bacterial cells.
bee t. the t. delivered by a bee sting; contains three active principles: biogenic amines, active peptides, and certain hydrolytic enzymes.
botulinus t. a potent exotoxin that is highly neurotoxic from Clostridium botulinum. SYN: botulin, botulismotoxin.
cholera t. Vibrio cholerae.
Clostridium perfringens alpha t. a phospholipase produced by Clostridium perfringens that increases vascular permeability and produces necrosis.
Clostridium perfringens beta t. a substance produced by Clostridium perfringens that causes necrosis and induces hypertension by causing release of catecholamine.
Clostridium perfringens epsilon t. a t. produced by Clostridium perfringens that increases the permeability of the gastrointestinal wall.
Clostridium perfringens iota t. a binary t. produced by Clostridium perfringens responsible for necrosis and increased vascular permeability.
cobra t. SYN: cobrotoxin.
Crotalus t. the t. of rattlesnake.
diagnostic diphtheria t. SYN: Schick test t..
Dick test t. SYN: streptococcus erythrogenic t..
dinoflagellate t. a potent neurotoxin that is thought to act similarly to botulinus t. by impairing the synthesis or the release of acetylcholine. Responsible for “red tide” loss of shellfish.
diphtheria t. Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
erythrogenic t. SYN: streptococcus erythrogenic t..
extracellular t. SYN: exotoxin.
intracellular t. SYN: endotoxin.
normal t. a t. solution holding exactly 100 lethal doses in 1 mL.
plant t. SYN: phytotoxin.
scarlet fever erythrogenic t. SYN: streptococcus erythrogenic t..
Schick test t. Corynebacterium diphtheriae t. diluted so that the inoculated dose (0.1 or 0.2 mL) will contain 150th of a guinea pig minimal lethal dose. SEE ALSO: Schick test. SYN: diagnostic diphtheria t..
Shiga t. the endotoxin formed by Shigella dysenteriae type 1.
Shigalike t. SYN: vero cytotoxin.
streptococcus erythrogenic t. a culture filtrate of lysogenized group A strains of β-hemolytic streptococci, erythrogenic when inoculated into the skin of susceptible persons, and neutralized by antibodies that appear during scarlet fever convalescence; three immunologic types (A, B, and C) are recognized. SYN: Dick test t., erythrogenic t., scarlet fever erythrogenic t..
tetanus t. the neurotropic, heat-labile exotoxin of Clostridium tetani and the cause of tetanus; it has been isolated as a crystalline protein (molecular weight 67,000), is one of the most poisonous substances known, and seems to function by blocking inhibitory synaptic impulses. SYN: tetanotoxin.

toxinic
toxinic (tok-sin′ik)

Relating to a toxin.

toxinogenic
toxinogenic (tok′si-no-jen′ik)

Producing a toxin, said of an organism. SYN: toxigenic. [toxin + G. -gen, producing]

toxinogenicity
toxinogenicity (tok′si-no-je-nis′i-te)

The capacity to produce toxin. SYN: toxigenicity.

toxinology
toxinology (tok′si-nol′o-je)

The study of toxins, in a restricted sense, with reference to the relatively unstable proteinaceous substances of microbial, plant, or animal origins. [toxin + G. logos, study]

toxinosis
toxinosis (tok-si-no′sis)

Any disease or lesion caused by the action of a toxin. SYN: toxonosis. [toxin + G. -osis, condition]

toxiphobia
toxiphobia (tok-si-fo′be-a)

SYN: toxicophobia.

toxisterol
toxisterol (tok-sis′ter-ol)

A toxic substance formed by excessive irradiation of ergosterol or calciferol.

toxo- toxo-

See toxico-.

Toxocara
Toxocara (tok′so-kar′a)

A genus of ascarid nematodes, chiefly found in carnivores, that cause toxocariasis. [G. toxon, bow, + kara, head]
T. canis the common ascarid species in the small intestine of the dog, where prenatal infection is a common mode of infection of pups; it is also reported in cats, wolves, foxes, coyotes, and badgers; the second-stage larva is the most frequent cause of visceral larva migrans in the liver of children.
T. mystax a common ascarid species of cats, but not reported from dogs; prenatal infection of kittens does not occur, infection being by infective eggs, which hatch in the intestine, releasing second-stage larvae, which then undergo migration through the heart, lung, trachea, mouth, and gut, as with Ascaris lumbricoides in man; mice and other vertebrates, and also some invertebrates ( e.g., earthworms, cockroaches) may serve as transport hosts, in which the migrating larvae encyst in the tissues.

toxocariasis
toxocariasis (tok′so-ka-ri′a-sis)

Infection with nematodes of the genus Toxocara; parenterally migrating larvae, chiefly of Toxocara canis, may cause visceral larva migrans; ocular involvement results in either a solitary granuloma in the retina, peripheral inflammatory masses, or chronic endophthalmitis.

toxoid
toxoid (tok′soyd)

A toxin that has been treated (commonly with formaldehyde) so as to destroy its toxic property but retain its antigenicity, i.e., its capability of stimulating the production of antitoxin antibodies and thus of producing an active immunity.For specific toxoids, see entries under vaccine. SYN: anatoxin. [toxin + G. eidos, resemblance]

toxon
toxon, toxone (tok′son, tok′son)

A hypothetical bacterial product, of feeble toxicity and weak affinity for antitoxin.

toxoneme
toxoneme (tok′so-nem)

SYN: rhoptry. [G. toxon, bow, + nema, thread]

toxonosis
toxonosis (tok-so-no′sis)

SYN: toxinosis. [toxo- + G. nosos, disease]

toxophil
toxophil, toxophile (tok′so-fil, -fil)

Susceptible to the action of a poison; having an affinity for toxins. [toxo- + G. philos, fond]

toxophore
toxophore (tok′so-for)

Denoting the atomic group of the toxin molecule which carries the poisonous principle. [toxo- + G. phoros, bearing]

toxophorous
toxophorous (tok-sof′ar-us)

Relating to the toxophore group of the toxin molecule.

Toxoplasma gondii
Toxoplasma gondii (tok-so-plaz′ma gon′de-i)

An abundant, widespread sporozoan species (family Toxoplasmatidae) that is an intracellular, non–host-specific parasite in a great variety of vertebrates. It develops its sexual cycle, leading to oocyst production, exclusively in cats and other felids; proliferative stages (tachyzoites) and tissue cysts (containing bradyzoites) develop in a wide variety of animal species that acquire the infection from ingestion of oocysts, tissue cysts from infected meat, organ transplantation or by transplacental migration, leading to infection in utero. [G. toxon, bow or arc, + plasma, anything formed]

Toxoplasmatidae
Toxoplasmatidae (tok′so-plaz-mat′i-de)

A family of coccidian sporozoa including the genera Toxoplasma and Frankelia, characterized by endodyogeny and by the presence of cysts (sometimes termed pseudocysts) containing bradyzoites in parenteral cells of the host; schizonts and gamonts are produced in intestinal cells, and gamonts give rise to oocysts. Final hosts of Toxoplasma are cats and other felids; final hosts of Frankelia are unknown.

toxoplasmosis
toxoplasmosis (tok′so-plaz-mo′sis)

Disease caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, which can produce abortion in sheep, encephalitis in mink, and a variety of syndromes in humans. Prenatally acquired human infection can result in the presence of abnormalities such as microcephalus or hydrocephalus at birth, the development of jaundice with hepatosplenomegaly or meningoencephalitis in early childhood, or the delayed appearance of ocular lesions such as chorioretinitis in later childhood. Postnatally acquired human infections typically remain subclinical; if clinical disease does occur, symptoms include fever, lymphadenopathy, headache, myalgia, and fatigue, with eventual recovery, except in the immunocompromised patient where fatal encephalitis often develops.
acquired t. in adults a form of t. that may result in fever, encephalomyelitis, chorioretinopathy, maculopapular rash, arthralgia, myalgia, myocarditis, and pneumonitis; a lymphadenopathic form seems to be more prevalent in adults, and such persons may manifest fever, lymphadenopathy, malaise, and headache, a form frequently found in patients with AIDS.
congenital t. t. apparently resulting from parasites in an infected mother being transmitted in utero to the fetus, observed as three syndromes: 1) acute: most of the organs contain foci of necrosis in association with fever, jaundice, hydrocephaly, encephalomyelitis, pneumonitis, cutaneous rash, ophthalmic lesions, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly; 2) subacute: most of the lesions are partly healed or calcified, but those in the brain and eye seem to remain active, inasmuch as chorioretinitis is observed in more than 80% of diseased infants; 3) chronic: usually not recognized during the newborn period, but chorioretinitis and cerebral lesions may be detected weeks to years later.

toxopyrimidine
toxopyrimidine (toks′o-pi-rim′i-den)

One of the products resulting from the hydrolysis of thiamin by thiaminase and appearing in the urine; a competitive inhibitor of pyridoxal. SYN: pyramin, pyramine.

Toynbee
Toynbee

Joseph, English otologist, 1815–1866. See T. corpuscles, under corpuscle, T. muscle, T. tube.

TPA
TPA, tPA

Abbreviation for tissue plasminogen activator.

TPN
TPN

Abbreviation for total parenteral nutrition.

TPP
TPP

Abbreviation for thiamin pyrophosphate.

TPR
TPR

Abbreviation for total peripheral resistance.

TQ
TQ

Abbreviation for tocopherolquinone.

TR
TR

Abbreviation for repetition time in magnetic resonance imaging.

tr.
tr.

Abbreviation for L. tinctura, or tincture.

trabecula
trabecula, gen. and pl. trabeculae (tra-bek′u-la, -le) [TA]

1. A meshwork; one of the supporting bundles of fibers traversing the substance of a structure, usually derived from the capsule or one of the fibrous septa. 2. A small piece of the spongy substance of bone usually interconnected with other similar pieces. 3. In histopathology, a band of neoplastic tissue two or more cells wide. [L. dim. of trabs, a beam]
anterior chamber t. tissue at the angle of the anterior chamber through which aqueous humor exits from the eye.
arachnoid t. [TA] fine, delicate strands composed of fibroblast and extracellular collagen that traverse the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid mater, which is attached to the dura, and the pia mater, which is adherent to the surface of the brain. SYN: trabeculae arachnoideae [TA] .
trabeculae arachnoideae [TA] SYN: arachnoid t..
trabeculae carneae (of right and left ventricles) [TA] muscular bundles on the lining walls of the ventricles of the heart. SYN: columnae carneae, Rathke bundles, trabeculae carneae ventriculorum dextri et sinistri.
trabeculae carneae ventriculorum dextri et sinistri SYN: trabeculae carneae (of right and left ventricles).
trabeculae of corpora cavernosa [TA] fibromuscular bands and cords given off from the fibrous envelopes and septum of the corpora cavernosa penis and that separate the cavernous veins. SYN: trabeculae corporum cavernosorum [TA] .
trabeculae corporis spongiosi penis [TA] SYN: trabeculae of corpus spongiosum.
trabeculae corporum cavernosorum [TA] SYN: trabeculae of corpora cavernosa.
trabeculae of corpus spongiosum [TA] the fibrous bands interlacing between the vascular spaces of the corpus spongiosum and glans penis. SYN: trabeculae corporis spongiosi penis [TA] .
trabeculae cranii a pair of chondrification centers in the base of the embryonic cartilaginous neurocranium, lying in front of the developing hypophysis; they become the sella turcica.
trabeculae lienis splenic trabeculae.
trabeculae of lymph node [TA] supporting bundles of connective tissue traversing the substance of the spleen, derived from the capsule of the spleen. SYN: trabeculae nodi lymphoidei [TA] .
trabeculae nodi lymphoidei [TA] SYN: trabeculae of lymph node.
septomarginal t. [TA] one of the trabeculae carneae in the right ventricle of the heart; it carries part of the right branch of the AV bundle from the septum to the anterior papillary muscle on the opposite wall of the ventricle. SYN: t. septomarginalis [TA] , moderator band, Reil band (1) .
t. septomarginalis [TA] SYN: septomarginal t..
trabeculae of spleen SYN: splenic trabeculae.
splenic trabeculae [TA] small fibrous bands given off from the capsule of the spleen and constituting the framework of that organ. SYN: trabeculae splenicae [TA] , trabeculae lienis&star, trabeculae of spleen.
trabeculae splenicae [TA] SYN: splenic trabeculae.
t. testis SYN: septula of testis, under septulum.

trabecular
trabecular (tra-bek′u-lar)

Relating to or containing trabeculae. SYN: trabeculate.

trabeculate
trabeculate (tra-bek′u-lat)

SYN: trabecular.

trabeculation
trabeculation (tra-bek′u-la′shun)

1. The occurrence of trabeculae in the walls of an organ or part. 2. The process of forming trabeculae, as in spongy bone.

trabeculectomy
trabeculectomy (tra-bek′u-lek′to-me)

A filtering operation for glaucoma by creation of a fistula between the anterior chamber of the eye and the subconjunctival space, through a subscleral excision of a portion of the trabecular meshwork. [trabecula + G. ektome, excision]

trabeculoplasty
trabeculoplasty (tra-bek′u-lo-plas-te)

Photocoagulation of the trabecular meshwork of the eye using the laser in the treatment of glaucoma.
laser t. (LTP) an operation for glaucoma in which laser energy is applied to the trabecular meshwork.Investigations into laser treatments of open-angle glaucoma began in the early 1970s, but not until the late 1980s was LTP adopted as a standard treatment for the condition. In this procedure, a laser (usually argon) is used to create small openings in the trabecular meshwork at the ocular drainage angle, so as to improve the drainage of aqueous humor and relieve intraocular pressure. Laser iridotomy is sometimes performed at the same time. LTP lessens chances of postoperative infection and hemorrhage, and can be performed on an outpatient basis. This technique has achieved a 2-year success rate of over 70% (dropping to 59% after 5 years), but has been effective only in certain types of glaucoma (especially capsular and pigmentary glaucomas).

trabeculotomy
trabeculotomy (tra-bek-u-lot′o-me)

Surgical opening of the sinus venosus sclerae (canal of Schlemm) to treat glaucoma. [trabekula + G. tome, incision]

trace
trace (tras)

1. Evidence of the former existence, influence, or action of an object, phenomenon, or event. 2. An extremely small amount or barely discernible indication of something.

tracer
tracer (tra′ser)

1. An element or compound containing atoms that can be distinguished from their normal counterparts by physical means ( e.g., radioactivity assay or mass spectrography) and can thus be used to follow (trace) the metabolism of the normal substances. 2. A colored or radioactive substance that can be injected in the region of a tumor (melanoma, breast, etc.) to map the flow of lymph from the tumor to its nearest nodal basin; used in sentinel node detection. 3. A colored substance ( e.g., a dye) used as a t. to follow the flow of water. 4. An instrument used in dissecting out nerves and blood vessels. 5. A mechanical device with a marking point attached to one jaw and a graph plate or tracing plate attached to the other jaw; used to record the direction and extent of movements of the mandible. SEE ALSO: tracing (2) . [M.E. track, fr. O. Fr. tracier, to make one's way, fr. L. traho, pp. tractum, to draw, + -er, agent suffix]

trache- trache-

See tracheo-.

trachea
trachea, pl .tracheae (tra′ke-a, -ke-e) [TA]

The air tube extending from the larynx into the thorax (level of the fifth or sixth thoracic vertebra) where it bifurcates into the right and left main bronchi. The t. is composed of 16–20 rings of hyaline cartilage connected by a membrane (annular ligament); posteriorly, the rings are deficient for one-fifth to one-third of their circumference, the interval forming the membranous wall being closed by a fibrous membrane containing smooth muscular fibers. Internally, the mucosa is composed of a pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with mucous goblet cells; numerous small mixed mucous and serous glands occur, the ducts of which open to the surface of the epithelium. SYN: windpipe. [G. tracheia arteria, rough artery]
saber-sheath t. a type of tracheal collapse seen in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in which there is an increase in the outer posterior tracheal dimension with side-to-side narrowing involving the lower two-thirds of the t..
scabbard t. a deformity of the t. caused by flattening and approximation of the lateral walls, producing more or less pronounced stenosis.

tracheal
tracheal (tra′ke-al)

Relating to the trachea.

trachealgia
trachealgia (tra-ke-al′je-a)

Pain in the trachea. [trachea + G. algos, pain]

trachealis
trachealis

See t. (muscle).

tracheitis
tracheitis (tra-ke-i′tis)

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the trachea. SYN: trachitis. [trachea + G. -itis, inflammation]

trachel- trachel-

See trachelo-.

trachelalis
trachelalis (trak-e-la′lis)

Archaic term for longissimus capitis (muscle).

trachelectomy
trachelectomy (trak-e-lek′to-me)

SYN: cervicectomy. [trachel- + G. ektome, excision]

trachelematoma
trachelematoma (trak′e-le-ma-to′ma)

A hematoma of the neck. [trachel- + hematoma]

trachelian
trachelian (tra-ke′le-an)

Archaic term for cervical. [G. trachelos, neck]

trachelism
trachelism, trachelismus (trak′e-lizm, -liz′mus)

A bending backward of the neck, such as sometimes ushers in an epileptic attack. [G. trachelismos, a seizing by the throat]

trachelitis
trachelitis (trak-e-li′tis)

SYN: cervicitis.

trachelo- trachelo-, trachel-

Neck. [G. trachelos]

trachelocele
trachelocele (trak′e-lo-sel)

SYN: tracheocele. [trachelo- + G. kele, tumor, hernia]

trachelomastoid
trachelomastoid (trak′e-lo-mas′toyd)

Archaic term for longissimus capitis (muscle).

trachelo-occipitalis
trachelo-occipitalis (trak′e-lo-ok-sip′i-ta′lis)

Archaic term for semispinalis capitis (muscle).

trachelopanus
trachelopanus (trak′e-lo-pa′nus)

1. Swelling of the lymphatic vessels of the neck. 2. Lymphatic engorgement of the cervix uteri. [trachelo- + L. panus, tumor, swelling]

trachelopexia
trachelopexia, trachelopexy (trak′e-lo-pek′se-a, -pek-se)

Surgical fixation of the cervix uteri. [trachelo- + G. pexis, fixation]

tracheloplasty
tracheloplasty (trak′e-lo-plas-te)

Rarely used term for plastic surgery of the cervix uteri. [trachelo- + G. plastos, formed]

trachelorrhaphy
trachelorrhaphy (trak-e-lor′a-fe)

Repair by suture of a laceration of the cervix uteri. SYN: Emmet operation. [trachelo- + G. rhaphe, suture]

trachelos
trachelos (trak′e-los)

Archaic term for collum. [G. t.]

tracheloschisis
tracheloschisis (trak-e-los′ki-sis)

Congenital fissure in the neck. [trachelo- + G. schisis, fissure]

trachelotomy
trachelotomy (trak-e-lot′o-me)

SYN: cervicotomy. [trachelo- + G. tome, incision]

tracheo- tracheo-, trache-

The trachea. [see trachea]

tracheoaerocele
tracheoaerocele (tra′ke-o-ar′o-sel)

An air cyst in the neck caused by distention of a tracheocele. [tracheo- + G. aer, air, + kele, hernia]

tracheobiliary
tracheobiliary (tra′ke-o-bil′e-ar-e)

Relating to the trachea or bronchi and the biliary duct system.

tracheobroncheopathia osteoplastica
tracheobroncheopathia osteoplastica

A benign submucoid tumor or series of tumors that ossify near the tracheal walls.

tracheobronchial
tracheobronchial (tra′ke-o-brong′ke-al)

Relating to both trachea and bronchi, denoting especially a set of lymph nodes.

tracheobronchitis
tracheobronchitis (tra′ke-o-brong-ki′tis)

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchi.

tracheobronchomegaly
tracheobronchomegaly (tra′ke-o-brong′ko-meg′a-le)

Gross widening of the trachea and main bronchi, usually congenital. SYN: Mounier-Kuhn syndrome. [tracheo- + bronchus + G. megas, large]

tracheobronchoscopy
tracheobronchoscopy (tra′ke-o-brong-kos′ko-pe)

Inspection of the interior of the trachea and bronchi. [tracheo- + bronchus, + G. skopeo, to view]

tracheocele
tracheocele (tra′ke-o-sel)

A protrusion of the mucous membrane through a defect in the wall of the trachea. SYN: trachelocele. [tracheo- + G. kele, hernia]

tracheoesophageal
tracheoesophageal (tra′ke-o-e-sof′a-je′al)

Relating to the trachea and the esophagus.

tracheolaryngeal
tracheolaryngeal (tra′ke-o-la-rin′je-al)

Relating to the trachea and the larynx.

tracheomalacia
tracheomalacia (tra′ke-o-ma-la′she-a)

Softening of the cartilages of the trachea. [tracheo- + G. malakia, softness]

tracheomegaly
tracheomegaly (tra′ke-o-meg′a-le)

An abnormally dilated trachea which may, like bronchiectasis, result from infection or prolonged positive pressure ventilation. [tracheo- + G. megas (megal-), large]

tracheopathia
tracheopathia, tracheopathy (tra′ke-o-path′e-a, -op′a-the)

Any disease of the trachea. [tracheo- + G. pathos, disease]
t. osteoplastica a rare disease characterized by cartilaginous and bony growths in the trachea and bronchi that produce sessile polyps and plaques projecting into and partly obstructing the lumina.

tracheopharyngeal
tracheopharyngeal (tra′ke-o-fa-rin′je-al)

Relating to both trachea and pharynx; denoting an occasional band of muscular fibers passing from the inferior constrictor of the pharynx to the trachea.

tracheophonesis
tracheophonesis (tra′ke-o-fo-ne′sis)

Auscultation of the heart sounds at the sternal notch. [tracheo- + G. phonesis, a sounding]

tracheophony
tracheophony (tra-ke-of′o-ne)

The hollow voice sound heard in auscultating over the trachea. SEE ALSO: bronchophony. [tracheo- + G. phone, voice]

tracheoplasty
tracheoplasty (tra′ke-o-plas-te)

Plastic surgery of the trachea. [tracheo- + G. plastos, formed]
slide t. an operation for the repair of long tracheal stenosis in which anterior and posterior sliding flaps of tracheal wall are sutured together to reconstruct the tracheal lumen.

tracheorrhagia
tracheorrhagia (tra-ke-o-ra′je-a)

Hemorrhage from the mucous membrane of the trachea. [tracheo- + G. rhegnymi, to burst forth]

tracheoschisis
tracheoschisis (tra-ke-os′ki-sis)

A fissure into the trachea. [tracheo- + G. schisis, fissure]

tracheoscope
tracheoscope (tra′ke-o-skop)

An instrument used in tracheoscopy.

tracheoscopic
tracheoscopic (tra-ke-o-skop′ik)

Relating to tracheoscopy.

tracheoscopy
tracheoscopy (tra-ke-os′ko-pe)

Inspection of the interior of the trachea. [tracheo- + G. skopeo, to examine]

tracheostenosis
tracheostenosis (tra′ke-o-ste-no′sis)

Narrowing of the lumen of the trachea. [tracheo- + G. stenosis, constriction]

tracheostoma
tracheostoma (tra′ke-os′to-ma)

Permanent opening into the trachea through the neck; also the opening after permanent laryngectomy. [tracheo- + G. stoma, mouth]

tracheostomy
tracheostomy (tra′ke-os′to-me)

An operation to make an opening into the trachea. SEE ALSO: tracheotomy. [tracheo- + G. stoma, mouth]

tracheotome
tracheotome (tra′ke-o-tom)

A knife used in the operation of tracheotomy.

tracheotomy
tracheotomy (tra-ke-ot′o-me)

The operation of incising the trachea, usually intended to be temporary. SEE ALSO: tracheostomy. [tracheo- + G. tome, incision]

Trachipleistophora
Trachipleistophora (tra-ke-pli-stof′er-a)

A genus of microsporidia that can infect humans and cause myositis, keratoconjunctivitis, and sinusitis in the immunocompromised person.

trachitis
trachitis (tra-ki′tis)

SYN: tracheitis.

trachoma
trachoma (tra-ko′ma)

Chronic contagious microbial inflammation, with hypertrophy, of the conjunctiva, marked by the formation of minute grayish or yellowish translucent granules caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. SYN: Egyptian ophthalmia, granular lids, granular ophthalmia. [G. t., fr. trachys, rough, harsh]
follicular t. the ordinary form of t. marked by the presence of granulations on the conjunctiva. SYN: granular t..
granular t. SYN: follicular t..

trachomatous
trachomatous (tra-ko′ma-tus)

Relating to or suffering from trachoma.

trachychromatic
trachychromatic (trak-i-kro-mat′ik)

Denoting a nucleus with very deeply staining chromatin. [G. trachys, rough, + chromatikos, chromatic]

trachyonychia
trachyonychia (trak′e-o-nik′e-a)

Rough-surfaced nails. [G. trachys, rough, + onyx, onychos, nail, + suffix -ia, condition]

trachyphonia
trachyphonia (trak′e-fo′ne-a)

Roughness of voice. [G. trachys, rough, + phone, voice]

tracing
tracing (tras′ing)

1. Any graphic display of electrical or mechanical cardiovascular events, e.g., electrocardiogram, phlebogram. SEE ALSO: curve. 2. In dentistry, a line or lines, scribed on a table or plate by a pointed instrument, representing a record of movements of the mandible; may be extraoral (made outside the oral cavity) or intraoral (made within the oral cavity).
arrow point t. SYN: needle point t..
cephalometric t. an overlay drawing or t. of the teeth, facial bones, and anthropometric landmarks made directly from a cephalometric radiograph and used as a basis for cephalometric analysis.
Gothic arch t. SYN: needle point t..
needle point t. a t. of mandibular movements made by means of a device attached to the opposing arches; its shape resembles that of an arrowhead or a Gothic arch, and when the instrument's marking point is at the apex of the arch, the jaws are considered to be in centric relation. SYN: arrow point t., Gothic arch t., Gothic arch, stylus t..
stylus t. SYN: needle point t..

tract
tract (trakt)

An elongated area, e.g., path, track, way. SEE ALSO: fascicle. SYN: tractus. [L. tractus, a drawing out]
alimentary t. SYN: digestive t..
anterior corticospinal t. uncrossed fibers forming a small bundle in the anterior funiculus of the spinal cord. See pyramidal t.. SEE ALSO: corticospinal t.. SYN: tractus corticospinalis anterior [TA] , anterior pyramidal fasciculus, anterior pyramidal t., direct pyramidal t., fasciculus corticospinalis anterior, fasciculus pyramidalis anterior, tractus pyramidalis anterior, Türck bundle, Türck column, Türck t..
anterior pyramidal t. SYN: anterior corticospinal t..
anterior raphespinal t. [TA] a group of axons that originate in the raphe nuclei, primarily of the medulla oblongata and caudal pons, and descend in the anterior funiculus. SYN: tractus raphespinalis anterior [TA] , ventral raphespinal t. [TA] .
anterior spinocerebellar t. [TA] a bundle of fibers originating in the base of the posterior horn and zona intermedia throughout lumbosacral segments of the spinal cord, crossing to the opposite side and ascending in a peripheral position in the ventral half of the lateral funiculus. In its ascent through the rhombencephalon, the t. curves sharply dorsalward along the rostral border of the trigeminal motor nucleus, entering the cerebellum in a caudal direction over the dorsal surface of the superior cerebellar peduncle, and terminating as mossy fibers in the granular layer of the cortex of the cerebellar vermis. The bundle conveys proprioceptive and exteroceptive information largely from the opposite lower extremity, although some of its fibers recross in the cerebellum. SYN: tractus spinocerebellaris anterior [TA] , ventral spinocerebellar t.&star, Gowers column, Gowers t..
anterior spinothalamic t. [TA] the more anterior or ventral part of the composite bundle, the anterolateral system, formed by the anterior and lateral spinothalamic tracts. These specific fibers are involved in tactile sensation. See spinothalamic t.. SEE ALSO: anterolateral system. SYN: tractus spinothalamicus anterior [TA] , ventral spinothalamic t..
anterior trigeminothalamic t. [TA] fibers that originate from the spinal trigeminal nucleus, cross the midline, and ascend on the contralateral side to terminate in the ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM). This t. also contains, in the rostral pons and in the midbrain, fibers that originate in the contralateral principal sensory nucleus and that also terminate in the VPM. SYN: tractus trigeminothalamicus anterior [TA] , ventral trigeminothalamic t. [TA] .
anterolateral t. SYN: anterolateral system.
Arnold t. SYN: temporopontine t..
association t. association system.
auditory t. SYN: lateral lemniscus.
bulboreticulospinal t. [TA] a t. that originates from the gigantocellular reticular nucleus of the medulla, descends primarily as an uncrossed t., and terminates mainly in spinal laminae VII and VIII. SYN: lateral reticulospinal t. [TA] , medullary reticulospinal t. [TA] , tractus bulboreticulospinalis [TA] .
Burdach t. SYN: cuneate fasciculus.
caerulospinal t. [TA] a collection of axons that originate from the nucleus caeruleus and subcaeruleus area and project bilaterally to the gray matter of the spinal cord to all spinal levels; they are a major source of noradrenergic input to the spinal cord. SYN: tractus caeruleospinalis [TA] .
central tegmental t. [TA] a large fiber bundle passing longitudinally through the central mesencephalic and pontine tegmentum, distinguished from adjacent longitudinal groups of fiber-fascicles of the reticular formation by a more compact composition. In transverse sections of the mesencephalon the bundle occupies a large triangular area lateral to the medial longitudinal fasciculus; farther caudally it expands ventralward and finally passes over the lateral side of the (inferior) olivary nucleus, becoming part of the latter's fiber capsule. The bundle contains fibers from the mesencephalic tegmentum and regions surrounding the central gray substance descending to the olivary nucleus; it also includes numerous fibers ascending from the medullary, pontine, and mesencephalic reticular formation to the thalamus and subthalamus region. SYN: tractus tegmentalis centralis [TA] , central tegmental fasciculus.
cerebellorubral t. that component of the superior cerebellar peduncle (brachium conjunctivum) which distributes fibers within the red nucleus of the opposite side. SYN: tractus cerebellorubralis.
cerebellothalamic t. that component of the superior cerebellar peduncle (brachium conjunctivum) which originates in the cerebellar nuclei, crosses completely in the decussation of the brachia conjunctiva, bypasses the red nucleus, and terminates in parts of the ventral anterior, ventral intermediate, ventral posterolateral, and central lateral nuclei of the thalamus. SYN: dentatothalamic t., tractus cerebellothalamicus.
Collier t. SYN: medial longitudinal fasciculus.
comma t. of Schultze SYN: semilunar fasciculus.
corticobulbar t. See corticonuclear fibers, under fiber. SYN: tractus corticobulbaris.
corticopontine t. collective term for the multitude of fibers which, originating in all of the major subdivisions of the cerebral cortex, descend in the internal capsule and crus cerebri to terminate in the nuclei of the basilar part of the pons. Individual components of this massive fiber system are indicated, according to their origin in the cerebral cortex, as the frontopontine fibers [TA], parietopontine fibers [TA], occipitopontine fibers [TA], and temporopontine fibers [TA]. SYN: tractus corticopontinus [TA] .
corticospinal t. a composite bundle of corticospinal fibers [TA] that descend into and through the medulla to form the lateral corticospinal t. [TA] and the anterior corticospinal t. [TA]. This massive bundle of fibers originates from pyramidal cells of various sizes in the fifth layer of the precentral motor (area 4), the premotor area (area 6), and to a lesser extent from the postcentral gyrus. Cells of origin in area 4 include the gigantopyramidal cells of Betz. Fibers from these cortical regions descend through the internal capsule, the middle third of the crus cerebri, and the ventral part of the pons to emerge on the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata as the pyramid. Continuing caudally, most of the fibers cross to the opposite side in the pyramidal decussation and descend in the dorsal half of the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord as the lateral corticospinal t., which distributes its fibers throughout the length of the spinal cord to interneurons of the zona intermedia of the spinal gray matter. In the (extremity-related) spinal cord enlargements, fibers also pass directly to motoneuronal groups that innervate distal extremity muscles subserving particular hand-and-finger or foot-and-toe movements. The uncrossed fibers form a small bundle, the anterior corticospinal t., which descends in the anterior funiculus of the spinal cord and terminates in synaptic contact with interneurons in the medial half of the anterior horn on both sides of the spinal cord. Interruption of corticospinal fibers at or below its cortical origin causes impairment of movement in the opposite body-half, especially severe in the arm and leg; characterized by muscular weakness, spasticity and hyperreflexia, and a loss of discrete finger and hand movements. Babinski sign is associated with this condition of hemiplegia. SYN: pyramidal t. [TA] , tractus pyramidalis [TA] , tractus corticospinalis.
crossed pyramidal t. SYN: lateral corticospinal t..
cuneocerebellar t. the nerve fiber system originating from the accessory cuneate nucleus and entering the cerebellum as a component of the restiform body, the larger part of the inferior cerebellar peduncle. SYN: cuneocerebellar fibers [TA] , fibrae cuneocerebellares [TA] .
dead tracts dentin areas characterized by degenerated odontoblastic processes; may result from injury caused by caries, attrition, erosion, or cavity preparation.
deiterospinal t. SYN: lateral vestibulospinal t..
dentatothalamic t. SYN: cerebellothalamic t..
descending t. of trigeminal nerve SYN: spinal t. of trigeminal nerve.
digestive t. the passage leading from the mouth to the anus through the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and intestine. SYN: alimentary canal, alimentary t., digestive tube, tubus digestorius.
direct pyramidal t. SYN: anterior corticospinal t..
dorsal spinocerebellar t. posterior spinocerebellar t..
dorsal trigeminothalamic t. [TA] SYN: posterior trigeminothalamic t..
dorsolateral t. dorsolateral fasciculus.
fastigiobulbar t. a fiber bundle originating in the fastigial nucleus (nucleus tecti) of both sides, passing out of the cerebellum in the medial portion of the inferior cerebellar peduncle (corpus juxtarestiforme), and distributing its fibers to the vestibular nuclei and other cell groups in the medulla oblongata. Prominent crossed fibers loop over the dorsal surface of the superior cerebellar peduncle before turning ventrally, forming the uncinate bundle of Russell. SYN: tractus fastigiobulbaris.
fastigiospinal t. [TA] See fastigiospinal fibers, under fiber. SYN: tractus fastigiospinalis [TA] .
Flechsig t. SYN: posterior spinocerebellar t..
frontopontine t. [TA] See frontopontine fibers, under fiber. SYN: tractus frontopontinus.
frontotemporal t. SYN: unciform fasciculus.
gastrointestinal t. (G.I. t.) the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine; often used as a synonym of digestive t..
geniculocalcarine t. SYN: optic radiation.
genital t. the genital passages of the urogenital apparatus. SYN: genital duct.
t. of Goll SYN: gracile fasciculus.
Gowers t. SYN: anterior spinocerebellar t..
habenulointerpeduncular t., habenulopeduncular t. [TA] SYN: retroflex fasciculus.
Hoche t. semilunar fasciculus.
hypothalamohypophysial t. [TA] SYN: supraopticohypophysial t..
iliopubic t. [TA] thickened inferior margin of the transversalis fascia seen as a fibrous band running parallel and posterior (deep) to the inguinal ligament, contributing to the posterior wall of the inguinal canal as it bridges the external iliac-femoral vessels from the iliopectineal arch to the superior pubic ramus. It marks the inferior edge of the deep inguinal ring and the medial margin of the femoral canal. Seen only when the inguinal region is viewed from its internal aspect, it is a useful landmark in laparoscopy of this region, as for repair of inguinal herniae. SYN: tractus iliopubicus [TA] , deep crural arch, Thompson ligament.
iliotibial t. [TA] a fibrous reinforcement of the fascia lata on the lateral surface of the thigh, extending from the crest of the ilium (especially the tuberculum of the crest) to the anterolateral aspect of the lateral condyle of the tibia (Gerdy tubercle). SYN: tractus iliotibialis [TA] , iliotibial band, Maissiat band.
interpositospinal t. [TA] a group of axons that originate in the anterior and posterior interposed cerebellar nuclei, primarily the latter, and descend to the spinal cord. SYN: tractus interpositospinalis [TA] .
interstitiospinal t. [TA] a group of axons that originate in the interstitial nucleus of the midbrain, descend ipsilaterally, and terminate primarily in spinal laminae VII, VIII of Rexed. SYN: tractus interstitiospinalis [TA] .
James tracts SYN: James fibers, under fiber.
lateral corticospinal t. [TA] those fibers that cross to the opposite side in the corticospinal (pyramidal) decussation and descend in the dorsal half of the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord; they are distributed throughout the length of the spinal cord to interneurons of the zona intermedia of the spinal gray matter, to some of the nuclei of the posterior horn, and to interneuron pools of the anterior horn. SEE ALSO: corticospinal t.. SYN: tractus corticospinalis lateralis [TA] , crossed pyramidal t., fasciculus corticospinalis lateralis, fasciculus pyramidalis lateralis, lateral pyramidal fasciculus, lateral pyramidal t., tractus pyramidalis lateralis.
lateral pyramidal t. SYN: lateral corticospinal t..
lateral raphespinal t. [TA] a group of axons that arise in the nucleus raphe magnus, descend in the posterior portion of the lateral funiculus, and terminate primarily in the posterior (dorsal) horn. These serotoninergic fibers are involved in the inhibition of transmission of nociceptive information through the dorsal horn. SYN: tractus raphespinalis lateralis [TA] .
lateral reticulospinal t. [TA] SYN: bulboreticulospinal t..
lateral spinothalamic t. [TA] the more dorsal or dorsolateral part of the composite bundle, the anterolateral system, formed by the lateral and anterior spinothalamic tracts; these specific fibers convey impulses associated with pain and temperature sensation. See spinothalamic t.. SYN: tractus spinothalamicus lateralis [TA] .
lateral vestibulospinal t. a somatopically organized fiber bundle originating from the lateral vestibular nucleus (nucleus of Deiters) which descends uncrossed into the anterior funiculus of the spinal cord lateral to the anterior median fissure; the tractus extends throughout the length of the cord, distributing fibers at all levels to the medial part of the anterior horn. Excitatory impulses conveyed by the vestibulospinal t. increase extensor muscle tone. SYN: tractus vestibulospinalis lateralis [TA] , deiterospinal t., tractus vestibulospinalis.
Lissauer t. SYN: dorsolateral fasciculus.
Loewenthal t. SYN: tectospinal t..
mamillothalamic t. SYN: mammillothalamic fasciculus.
Marchi t. SYN: tectospinal t..
medial reticulospinal t. [TA] SYN: pontoreticulospinal t..
medial vestibulospinal t. [TA] fibers that originate from the medial vestibular nucleus and descend in the spinal cord as a component of the medial longitudinal fasciculus. SYN: tractus vestibulospinalis medialis [TA] , tractus vestibulospinalis medialis [TA] .
medullary reticulospinal t. [TA] SYN: bulboreticulospinal t..
mesencephalic t. of trigeminal nerve [TA] located alongside the central substance of the midbrain and composed of primary sensory fibers, the cells of origin of which compose the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminus. SYN: tractus mesencephalicus nervi trigemini [TA] .
Monakow t. SYN: rubrospinal t..
t. of Münzer and Wiener SYN: tectopontine t..
nerve t. a bundle or group of nerve fibers in the brain or spinal cord.
occipitocollicular t. SYN: occipitotectal t..
occipitopontine t. See occipitopontine fibers, under fiber. SYN: tractus occipitopontinus.
occipitotectal t. See occipitotectal fibers, under fiber. SYN: occipitocollicular t..
olfactory t. [TA] a nervelike, white band composed primarily of nerve fibers originating from the mitral cells and tufted cells of the olfactory bulb but also containing the scattered cells of the anterior olfactory nucleus. The t. is closely applied to the ventral surface of the frontal lobe, and attaches itself to the base of the cerebral hemisphere at the olfactory trigone, beyond which it extends in the form of the olfactory striae which distribute their fibers to the olfactory tubercle and, in largest number, to the olfactory cortex on and around the uncus of the parahippocampal gyrus. SEE ALSO: olfactory nerves [CN I], under nerve. SYN: tractus olfactorius [TA] , olfactory peduncle.
olivocerebellar t. [TA] a large group of loosely arranged fiber fascicles emerging from the hilus of the olivary nucleus, crossing to the opposite side of the medulla oblongata through the stratum interolivare lemnisci and the contralateral olive, and joining the restiform body, the larger part of the contralateral inferior cerebellar peduncle; its fibers terminate in all parts of the cerebellar cortex as climbing fibers and in the cerebellar nuclei; all olivocerebellar projections are crossed. SYN: tractus olivocerebellaris [TA] .
olivocochlear t. [TA] fibers that originate from the periolivary nuclei bilaterally, exit the brianstem on the vestibular nerve, join the cochlear nerve in the inner ear, and terminate on outer hair cells. SYN: tractus olivocochlearis [TA] , bundle of Rasmussen.
olivospinal t. See olivospinal fibers, under fiber. SYN: Helweg bundle.
optic t. [TA] the continuation of the optic nerve fibers beyond (behind) the latter's hemidecussation in the optic chiasm; each of the two symmetric optic tracts is composed of fibers originating from the temporal half of the retina of the ipsilateral eye and a nearly equal number of fibers from the nasal half of the contralateral retina; it forms a compact, somewhat flattened fiber band passing caudolaterally alongside the base of the hypothalamus and over the basal surface of the crus cerebri; most of its fibers terminate in the lateral geniculate body; a smaller number of fibers enter the brachium of the superior colliculus, to terminate in the superior colliculus and the pretectal region. SYN: tractus opticus.
parietopontine t. See parietopontine fibers, under fiber. SYN: tractus parietopontinus.
pontoreticulospinal t. [TA] a t. that originates from oral and caudal pontine reticular nuclei, descends bilaterally but with an ipsilateral preponderance, and terminates mainly in spinal laminae VII and VIII. SYN: medial reticulospinal t. [TA] , tractus pontoreticulospinalis [TA] .
posterior spinocerebellar t. [TA] a compact bundle of heavily myelinated, thick fibers at the periphery of the dorsal half of the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord, originating in the ipsilateral thoracic nucleus (column of Clarke) and ascending by way of the inferior cerebellar peduncle. Terminals end as mossy fibers in the granular layer of the cortex of the cerebellar vermis and, via collaterals, in the cerebellar nuclei. The bundle conveys largely proprioceptive information originating from the annulospiral nerve endings surrounding muscle spindles and from Golgi tendon organs. SYN: tractus spinocerebellaris posterior [TA] , dorsal spinocerebellar t.&star, Flechsig t..
posterior trigeminothalamic t. [TA] fibers that originate primarily in dorsomedial portion of the principal sensory nucleus and ascend on the ipsilateral side to terminate in the ventral posteromedial nucleus. SYN: dorsal trigeminothalamic t. [TA] , tractus trigeminothalamicus posterior [TA] .
posterolateral t. [TA] SYN: dorsolateral fasciculus.
prepyramidal t. SYN: rubrospinal t..
pyramidal t. [TA] SYN: corticospinal t..
respiratory t. the air passages from the nose to the pulmonary alveoli, through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi.
reticulospinal t. collective term denoting a variety of fiber tracts descending to the spinal cord from the reticular formation of the pons and medulla oblongata. Part of these fibers conduct impulses from the neural mechanisms regulating autonomic functions to the corresponding somatic and visceral motor neurons of the spinal cord; others form links in nonpyramidal motor mechanisms affecting muscle tonus, reflex activity, and somatic movement. SEE ALSO: bulboreticulospinal t., pontoreticulospinal t.. SYN: tractus reticulospinalis.
rubrobulbar t. [TA] 1. that component of the rubrospinal t. which distributes its fibers to lateral parts of the rhombencephalic tegmentum rather than the spinal cord; 2. uncrossed rubro-olivary fibers. SYN: tractus rubrobulbaris [TA] , tractus rubrobulbaris.
rubropontine t. [TA] axons arising in cells of the red nucleus of the midbrain and terminating in the pontine nuclei of the basilar pons. SYN: tractus rubropontinus [TA] .
rubroreticular t. fibers that pass from the red nucleus to the reticular formation of the pons and medulla.
rubrospinal t. [TA] a somatotopically organized fiber bundle, relatively small in humans, arising from the red nucleus, immediately crossing in the ventral tegmental decussation, descending near the lateral surface of the brainstem into the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord at the ventral border of the lateral pyramidal t.. It terminates in the zona intermedia of the spinal cord where its distribution coincides with that of the lateral pyramidal t.; in contrast to the latter it appears not to have direct connections with spinal motor neurons. Impulses conveyed by this t. indirectly increase flexor muscle tone. SYN: tractus rubrospinalis [TA] , Monakow bundle, Monakow t., prepyramidal t..
t. of Schütz SYN: dorsal longitudinal fasciculus.
sensory t. lemniscus.
septomarginal t. semilunar fasciculus.
solitariospinal t. [TA] a group of axons that arise in the solitary nucleus and descend bilaterally, mainly in dorsal regions of the lateral funiculus. SYN: tractus solitariospinalis [TA] .
solitary t. [TA] a slender, compact fiber bundle extending longitudinally through the dorsolateral region of the medullary tegmentum, surrounded by the nucleus of the solitary t., below the obex decussating over the central canal, and descending over some distance into the upper cervical segments of the spinal cord. It is composed of primary sensory fibers that enter with the vagus, glossopharyngeal, and facial nerves, and in part convey information from stretch receptors and chemoreceptors in the walls of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and intestinal tracts; in rostral parts of the t. impulses are generated by the receptor cells of the taste buds in the mucosa of the tongue. Its fibers are distributed to the nucleus of the solitary t.. SYN: tractus solitarius [TA] , fasciculus rotundus, fasciculus solitarius, funiculus solitarius, Gierke respiratory bundle, Krause respiratory bundle, round fasciculus, solitary bundle, solitary fasciculus.
sphincteroid t. of ileum SYN: basal sphincter.
spinal t. any one of a multitude of fiber bundles ascending or descending in the spinal cord.
spinal t. of trigeminal nerve [TA] a compact fiber bundle, comma-shaped on transverse section, composed of primary sensory fibers of the portio major of the trigeminal nerve, descending from the level of the entrance of the trigeminus in the upper pons down through the dorsolateral region of the rhombencephalic tegmentum along the lateral side of the descending or spinal nucleus of the trigeminus, emerging on the dorsolateral surface of the lower medulla oblongata as the tuberculum cinereum, and continuing as far as the second cervical segment of the spinal cord. Its fibers are distributed to the descending or spinal nucleus of the trigeminus. SYN: tractus spinalis nervi trigemini [TA] , descending t. of trigeminal nerve, tractus descendens nervi trigemini.
spinocerebellar tracts anterior spinocerebellar t., posterior spinocerebellar t..
spinocervical t. [TA] a t. composed of axons that originate from laminae III-V and ascend ipsilaterally to the lateral cervical nucleus (LCN) where they synapse, LCN neurons project to the contralateral thalamus via the medial lemniscus. SYN: tractus spinocervicalis [TA] , spinocervicothalamic t., tractus spinocervicalis.
spinocervicothalamic t. SYN: spinocervical t..
spinoolivary t. [TA] multiple spinal tracts terminating in the dorsal and medial accessory olivary nuclei. SEE ALSO: olivospinal t.. SYN: tractus spinoolivaris [NA] .
spinoolivary t. [TA] a collection of axons, actually comprising several bundles, that originate from the spinal gray, ascend ipsilaterally to terminate in the accessory olivary nuclei. SYN: tractus spinoolivaris [TA] .
spinoreticular t. [TA] SYN: spinoreticular fibers, under fiber.
spinotectal t. [TA] the relatively small component of the anterolateral system that terminates in the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus; part of a larger population of spinomesencephalic fibers that also includes spinal projections to the periaqueductal gray substance (spinoperiaqueductal fibers). SYN: tractus spinotectalis [TA] .
spinothalamic t. a general term describing a large ascending fiber bundle in the ventral half of the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord, arising from cells in the posterior horn at all levels of the cord, which cross within their segments of origin in the white commissure. This t., part of a larger bundle commonly called the spinal lemniscus or anterolateral t. (anterolateral system), contains spinothalamic fibers, spinoreticular fibers, spinohypothalamic fibers, spinomesencephalic fibers (as spinotectal and spinoperiaqueductal fibers), and some projections from the spinal cord to the inferior olivary complex (spinoolivary). In their contralateral ascent, the bundle is intermingled with numerous intersegmental fibers. These fibers continue from the spinal cord into the brainstem, occupying a ventrolateral position and issuing numerous fibers to the rhombencephalic and mesencephalic reticular formation (spinoreticular fibers) to the accessory olivary nuclei (spinoolivary) fibers, to the lateral part of the central gray substance of the mesencephalon (spinoperiaqueductal fibers), and to the deep and intermediate layers of the superior colliculus (spinotectal fibers); the relatively few fibers (10–20%) that remain are the spinothalamic fibers which enter the diencephalon and ends in the nucleus ventralis posterior (caudal part) and intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus. In its ascent in the spinal cord this t. was originally described as being composed of a dorsal part, the lateral spinothalamic t., which conveys impulses associated with pain and temperature sensation, and a more ventral part, the anterior spinsothalamic t., involved in tactile sensation. It is now known that this division is not as obvious as originally thought. SYN: lemniscus spinalis [TA] , spinal lemniscus [TA] , tractus spinothalamicus.
spinovestibular t. [TA] a group of axons that originate from neurons primarily in lumbosacral levels, ascend ipsilaterally and in close apposition to the posterior spinocerebellar t., and terminate in the lateral, medial and spinal vestibular nuclei. Some of these axons may be collaterals of posterior spinocerebellar fibers. SYN: tractus spinovestibularis [TA] .
spiral foraminous t. SYN: tractus spiralis foraminosus.
Spitzka marginal t. SYN: dorsolateral fasciculus.
sulcomarginal t. collective term for those fiber tracts which descend in the anterior funiculus of the spinal cord along the wall of the anterior median fissure: tectospinal t., medial longitudinal fasciculus, and anterior pyramidal t..
supraopticohypophysial t. [TA] a bundle of unmyelinated fibers originating from all cells of the supraoptic nucleus and an estimated 20% of those of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, which extend through the infundibulum and pituitary stalk to their endings in the posterior lobe of the hypophysis; the fibers convey neurosecretory substances, vasopressin and oxytocin, which are stored in (and can be released into the circulating blood from) their terminals. SEE ALSO: pituitary gland, neurosecretion. SYN: hypothalamohypophysial t. [TA] , tractus supraopticohypophysialis [TA] .
tectobulbar t. [TA] fibers originating in the deep layers of the superior colliculus and accompanying the tectospinal t. but, unlike the latter, terminating in medial regions of the pontine and medullary tegmentum. SYN: tractus tectobulbaris [TA] .
tectopontine t. [TA] a fiber bundle arising in the superior colliculus, passing caudoventrally on the same side along the medial side of the lateral lemniscus, issuing fibers terminating in the lateral zone of the mesencephalic tegmentum, and ending in the lateral part of the gray matter of the ventral part of the pons. SYN: tractus tectopontinus [TA] , t. of Münzer and Wiener.
tectospinal t. [TA] a bundle of thick, heavily myelinated fibers originating in the deep layers of the superior colliculus, crossing to the opposite side in the dorsal tegmental decussation, descending along the median plane, between the medial longitudinal fasciculus dorsally, the medial lemniscus ventrally, into the anterior funiculus of the spinal cord. The t. ends in the medial region of the anterior horn of the cervical spinal cord, and appears to be involved in head movements during visual and auditory tracking. Throughout its course in the brainstem it is accompanied by fibers of the tectobulbar t.. SYN: tractus tectospinalis [TA] , Held bundle, Loewenthal bundle, Loewenthal t., Marchi t., predorsal bundle.
temporofrontal t. SYN: unciform fasciculus.
temporopontine t. See temporopontine fibers, under fiber. SYN: Arnold bundle, Arnold t., tractus temporopontinus.
trigeminospinal t. [TA] axons that originate from neurons in the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve and descend to the spinal cord primarily on the ipsilateral side. SYN: tractus trigeminospinalis [TA] .
trigeminothalamic t. general term designating projections from the spinal trigeminal and principal sensory nuclei of the trigeminal nerve to the thalamus. SEE ALSO: trigeminal lemniscus.
tuberoinfundibular t. a system of fine, unmyelinated fibers apparently originating from small-celled nuclei of the tuber cinereum, especially the arcuate nucleus, and terminating in the median eminence of the infundibulum, in contact with modified ependymal cells and the capillary tufts from which the hypothalamohypophysial portal veins originate. SEE ALSO: pituitary gland, neurosecretion. SYN: tractus tuberoinfundibularis.
Türck t. SYN: anterior corticospinal t..
urinary t. the passage from the pelvis of the kidney to the urinary meatus through the ureters, bladder, and urethra.
uveal t. SYN: vascular layer of eyeball.
ventral raphespinal t. [TA] SYN: anterior raphespinal t..
ventral spinocerebellar t. anterior spinocerebellar t..
ventral spinothalamic t. SYN: anterior spinothalamic t..
ventral trigeminothalamic t. [TA] SYN: anterior trigeminothalamic t..
vestibulospinal tracts See medial vestibulospinal t..
vocal t. the air passages above the glottis (including the pharynx, oral and nasal cavities, and the paranasal sinuses) that contribute to the quality of the voice.
Waldeyer t. SYN: dorsolateral fasciculus.

tractellum
tractellum, pl .tractella (trak-tel′um, -a)

An anterior locomotor flagellum of a protozoon. [Mod. L. dim. of L. tractus]

traction
traction (trak′shun)

1. The act of drawing or pulling, as by an elastic or spring force. 2. A pulling or dragging force exerted on a limb in a distal direction. [L. tractio, fr. traho, pp. tractus, to draw]
axis t. rarely used procedure to apply t. upon the fetal head in the line of the birth canal by means of axis t. forceps.
Bryant t. t. upon the lower limb placed vertically, employed especially in fractures of the femur in children.
Buck t. apparatus for applying longitudinal skin t. on the leg through contact between the skin and adhesive tape; friction between the tape and skin permits application of force, which is applied through a cord over a pulley, suspending a weight; elevation of the foot of the bed allows the body to act as a counterweight. SYN: Buck extension.
external t. a pulling force created by using fixed anchorage ( e.g., a headcap or bed frame) outside the oral cavity; principally used in the management of midfacial fractures.
halo t. application of skeletal t. to the head by means of a halo device.
intermaxillary t. SYN: maxillomandibular t..
internal t. a pulling force created by using one of the cranial bones, above the point of fracture, for anchorage.
isometric t. t. in which the length of the limb does not change.
isotonic t. t. in which the amount of force does not change.
maxillomandibular t. a pulling force developed by using elastic or wire ligatures and interdental wiring or splints, or both. SYN: intermaxillary t..
Russell t. an improvement of Buck extension that permits the resultant vector of the applied t. force to be changed; for fractures of the femur.
skeletal t. t. pull on a bone structure mediated through a pin or wire inserted into the bone to reduce a fracture of long bones. SYN: skeletal extension.
skin t. t. on an extremity by means of adhesive tape or other types of strapping applied to the limb.

tractor
tractor (trak′ter, tor)

An instrument for exerting traction upon an organ or structure. [Mod. L. a drawer, see traction]
Lowsley t. a slender curved instrument with flexible blades at its tip, which can be opened or closed by rotation at the proximal end of the t.; it is passed through the urethra into the bladder and used to retract the prostate gland downward into the operative field in the initial stages of perineal prostatectomy.
Syms t. a collapsible rubber bag attached to the extremity of a tube; the tube is introduced into the bladder through the perineal wound and the bag is inflated; traction produced draws the enlarged prostate into the wound where it is more accessible.
Young prostatic t. a short, straight tubular instrument with blades at its tip, which can be rotated open and closed; it is passed into the prostatic urethra, through a prostatotomy incision made during the later stages of open perineal prostatectomy, with its tip into the bladder; direct traction on the instrument brings the prostate gland down into the operative field where enucleation can be more easily performed.

tractotomy
tractotomy (trak-tot′o-me)

Interruption of a nerve tract in the brainstem or spinal cord. [L. tractus, tract, + G. tome, incision]
anterolateral t. SYN: anterolateral cordotomy.
intramedullary t. SYN: trigeminal t..
pyramidal t. may be mesencephalic (pedunculotomy or crusotomy), medullary (medullary pyramidotomy), or spinal (spinal pyramidotomy).
Schwartz t. a medullary spinothalamic t..
Sjöqvist t. SYN: trigeminal t..
spinal t. SYN: anterolateral cordotomy.
spinothalamic t. may be spinal (cordotomy), medullary (Schwartz t.), or mesencephalic (Walker t.).
trigeminal t. division of the descending fibers of the trigeminal tract in the medulla. SYN: intramedullary t., Sjöqvist t..
Walker t. a mesencephalic spinothalamic t..

tractus
tractus (trak′tus)

SYN: tract. [L. a drawing, drawing out, extent, tract, fr. traho, pp. t., to draw]
t. anterolaterales SYN: anterolateral system.
t. bulboreticulospinalis [TA] SYN: bulboreticulospinal tract.
t. caeruleospinalis [TA] SYN: caerulospinal tract.
t. cerebellorubralis SYN: cerebellorubral tract.
t. cerebellothalamicus SYN: cerebellothalamic tract.
t. corticobulbaris SYN: corticobulbar tract.
t. corticopontinus [TA] SYN: corticopontine tract.
t. corticospinalis SYN: corticospinal tract.
t. corticospinalis anterior [TA] SYN: anterior corticospinal tract.
t. corticospinalis lateralis [TA] SYN: lateral corticospinal tract.
t. descendens nervi trigemini SYN: spinal tract of trigeminal nerve.
t. dorsolateralis [TA] SYN: dorsolateral fasciculus.
t. fastigiobulbaris SYN: fastigiobulbar tract.
t. fastigiospinalis [TA] SYN: fastigiospinal tract. See fastigiospinal fibers, under fiber.
t. frontopontinus SYN: frontopontine tract.
t. habenulointerpeduncularis [TA] SYN: retroflex fasciculus.
t. iliopubicus [TA] SYN: iliopubic tract.
t. iliotibialis [TA] SYN: iliotibial tract.
t. interpositospinalis [TA] SYN: interpositospinal tract.
t. interstitiospinalis [TA] SYN: interstitiospinal tract.
t. mesencephalicus nervi trigemini [TA] SYN: mesencephalic tract of trigeminal nerve.
t. occipitopontinus SYN: occipitopontine tract.
t. olfactorius [TA] SYN: olfactory tract.
t. olivocerebellaris [TA] SYN: olivocerebellar tract.
t. olivocochlearis [TA] SYN: olivocochlear tract. See olivocochlear bundle.
t. opticus SYN: optic tract.
t. parietopontinus SYN: parietopontine tract.
t. pontoreticulospinalis [TA] SYN: pontoreticulospinal tract.
t. posterolateralis [TA] SYN: dorsolateral fasciculus.
t. pyramidalis [TA] SYN: corticospinal tract.
t. pyramidalis anterior SYN: anterior corticospinal tract.
t. pyramidalis lateralis SYN: lateral corticospinal tract.
t. raphespinalis anterior [TA] SYN: anterior raphespinal tract.
t. raphespinalis lateralis [TA] SYN: lateral raphespinal tract.
t. reticulospinalis SYN: reticulospinal tract.
t. rubrobulbaris SYN: rubrobulbar tract.
t. rubrobulbaris [TA] SYN: rubrobulbar tract.
t. rubropontinus [TA] SYN: rubropontine tract.
t. rubrospinalis [TA] SYN: rubrospinal tract.
t. solitariospinalis [TA] SYN: solitariospinal tract.
t. solitarius [TA] SYN: solitary tract.
t. spinalis nervi trigemini [TA] SYN: spinal tract of trigeminal nerve.
t. spinocerebellaris anterior [TA] SYN: anterior spinocerebellar tract.
t. spinocerebellaris posterior [TA] SYN: posterior spinocerebellar tract.
t. spinocervicalis [TA] SYN: spinocervical tract.
t. spinocervicalis SYN: spinocervical tract.
t. spinoolivaris [NA] SYN: spinoolivary tract.
t. spinoolivaris [TA] SYN: spinoolivary tract.
t. spinotectalis [TA] SYN: spinotectal tract.
t. spinothalamicus SYN: spinothalamic tract.
t. spinothalamicus anterior [TA] SYN: anterior spinothalamic tract.
t. spinothalamicus lateralis [TA] SYN: lateral spinothalamic tract.
t. spinovestibularis [TA] SYN: spinovestibular tract.
t. spiralis foraminosus [TA] openings in the cochlear area of the bottom of the internal acoustic meatus through which the fibers of the cochlear nerve leave the bony labyrinth to enter the cranial cavity. SYN: spiral foraminous tract.
t. supraopticohypophysialis [TA] SYN: supraopticohypophysial tract.
t. tectobulbaris [TA] SYN: tectobulbar tract.
t. tectopontinus [TA] SYN: tectopontine tract.
t. tectospinalis [TA] SYN: tectospinal tract.
t. tegmentalis centralis [TA] SYN: central tegmental tract.
t. temporopontinus SYN: temporopontine tract.
t. trigeminospinalis [TA] SYN: trigeminospinal tract.
t. trigeminothalamicus anterior [TA] SYN: anterior trigeminothalamic tract.
t. trigeminothalamicus posterior [TA] SYN: posterior trigeminothalamic tract.
t. tuberoinfundibularis SYN: tuberoinfundibular tract.
t. vestibulospinalis SYN: lateral vestibulospinal tract.
t. vestibulospinalis lateralis [TA] SYN: lateral vestibulospinal tract.
t. vestibulospinalis medialis [TA] SYN: medial vestibulospinal tract.
t. vestibulospinalis medialis [TA] SYN: medial vestibulospinal tract.

trafficking
trafficking (traf′ik-ing)

SYN: processing (1) . See targeting.

tragacanth
tragacanth, tragacantha (trag′a-kanth, -kan′tha; -santh)

A gummy exudation from Astragalus species, including A. gummifer, shrubs of the eastern end of the Mediterranean; it occurs as bands or strings of a tough gummy substance, forming a jelly-like mucilage with 50 parts of water; used as a demulcent and excipient in emulsions and suspensions. [G. tragakantha, a gum-producing shrub, fr. tragos, goat, + akanthos, thorn]

tragal
tragal (tra′gal)

Relating to the tragus.

tragi
tragi (tra′ji)

1. Plural of tragus. 2. [NA] The hairs growing at the entrance to the external acoustic meatus.

tragicus
tragicus

See t. (muscle).

tragion
tragion (tra′je-on)

A cephalometric point in the notch just above the tragus of the ear; it lies 1–2 mm below the spine of the helix, which can be palpated.

tragomaschalia
tragomaschalia (trag-o-mas-kal′e-a)

Bromidrosis of the axillae. [G. tragomaschalos, with smelling armpits, fr. tragos, goat, + maschale, the axilla]

tragophonia
tragophonia, tragophony (trag′o-fo′ne-a, tra-gof′o-ne)

SYN: egophony. [G. tragos, goat, + phone, voice]

tragus
tragus, pl .tragi (tra′gus, -ji)

1. [NA] A tonguelike projection of the cartilage of the auricle in front of the opening of the external acoustic meatus and continuous with the cartilage of this canal. SYN: antilobium, hircus (3) . 2. See tragi (2) . [G. tragos, goat, in allusion to the hairs growing on the part, like a goatee]
accessory t. small nodules present at birth, anterior to the t., derived from first branchial arch remnants and often containing central cartilage.

TRAIL
TRAIL

A member of the tumor necrosis factor ligand family that rapidly induces apoptosis in a variety of transformed cell lines. SYN: apo-2L.

training
training (tran′ing)

An organized system of education, instruction, or discipline.
assertive t. a form of behavior modification or therapy in which a client is taught to feel free to make legitimate demands and refusals in situations which previously elicited diffident responses. SYN: assertive conditioning.
aversive t. a form of behavior t. or modification in which a noxious event is used to punish or extinguish undesirable behavior. SEE ALSO: aversion therapy. SYN: aversive conditioning.
avoidance t. SYN: avoidance conditioning.
escape t. SYN: escape conditioning.
toilet t. t. directed at teaching a child proper control of bladder and bowel functions; psychoanalytic personality theory believes that the attitudes of both parent and child concerning this t. may have important psychologic implications for the child's later development.

trait
trait (trat)

A qualitative characteristic; a discrete attribute as contrasted with metric character. A t. is amenable to segregation rather than quantitative analysis; it is an attribute of phenotype, not of genotype. [Fr. from L. tractus, a drawing out, extension]
Bombay t. Bombay phenomenon.
categorical t. in genetics, a feature that can conveniently and effectively be analyzed by sorting into classes either because there is no satisfactory way of measuring it (as with blood groups) or because it falls into natural classes so that the variation among classes far exceeds that within classes ( e.g., the phenotypic effects of many enzyme polymorphisms); existence of categories suggests but does not prove the operation of a major, simple, underlying cause. SYN: qualitative t..
chromosomal t. a t. dependent on a recurrent chromosomal aberration.
codominant t. codominant.
dominant t. an outstanding mental or physical characteristic. See dominance of traits.
dominant lethal t. t., expressed in the phenotype if present in the genotype, that precludes having descendants. All such cases are necessarily sporadic and must represent new mutations as the usual methods of classical genetics provide no means of demonstrating any genetic component whatsoever, except for tenuous arguments such as advanced paternal age. Molecular biology may help although the methods may be tedious; if there is an epistatic gene that may mask the t., the logic is more tractable, though complex.
galtonian t. a quantitative genetic t. due to contributions from many more of less equally important loci that resembles a continuous t..
intermediate t. a measurable t. in which there is some evidence of the operation of a simple major cause, but in which the variation within the putative categories is such as to cause overlap and hence ambiguity in classification of any particular reading.
liminal t. SYN: threshold t..
marker t. a t. that may be of little importance in itself but which by association, linkage, or other means facilitates the detection, anticipation, or understanding of a disease or (for genetic diseases) the localization of the causative gene on the karyotype.
mendelian t. a categorical t. that segregates in accordance with a single-locus genetic system.
nonpenetrant t. a genetic t. that is not phenotypically manifest because of nongenetic factors; it therefore does not include recessivity, epistasis, hypostasis, or parastasis but does include environmental factors and pure random effects such as lyonization.
penetrant t. a t. that in the appropriate genotypes is phenotypically manifest; strictly, it is the t. that is penetrant, not the gene. See penetrance.
qualitative t. SYN: categorical t..
recessive t. dominance of traits.
sickle cell t. the heterozygous state of the gene for hemoglobin S in sickle cell anemia.
threshold t. a t. that falls into natural groups that originate not in categorically distinct causes but in whether or not the outcome attains critical values; e.g., gallstones may result from a categorical cause or from unusual levels of causal factors that themselves show no evidence of grouping. SYN: liminal t..

trajector
trajector (tra-jek′ter, -tor)

An infrequently used instrument for locating the course of a bullet in a wound. [L. fr. tra-jicio, pp. -jectus, to throw over or across]

tramadol
tramadol (tra′ma-dol)

An analgesic drug whose mechanism of action is unusual in that one optical isomer exerts typical opioid-type effects and the other isomer interacts with the reuptake and/or release of norepinephrine and serotonin in nerve terminals.

tramazoline hydrochloride
tramazoline hydrochloride (tra-maz′o-len)

An adrenergic and sympathomimetic agent used for nasal decongestion.

trance
trance (trans)

An altered state of consciousness as in hypnosis, catalepsy, or ecstasy. [L. transeo, to go across]
death t. a condition of suspended animation, marked by unconsciousness and barely perceptible respiration and heart action.
induced t. the artificially induced state of hypnosis or of somnambulistic t..
somnambulistic t. a state of somnambulism, paralysis, anesthesia, or catalepsy induced by suggestion in major hypnosis.

tranexamic acid
tranexamic acid (tran-eks-am′ik)

A competitive inhibitor of plasminogen activation and of plasmin; used in hemophilia to reduce or prevent hemorrhage.

tranquilizer
tranquilizer (trang′kwi-li-zer)

A drug that promotes tranquility by calming, soothing, quieting, or pacifying with minimal sedating or depressant effects.
major t. SYN: antipsychotic agent.
minor t. SYN: antianxiety agent.

trans- trans-

1. Prefix (in italics) denoting across, through, beyond; opposite of cis-. 2. In genetics, a prefix denoting the location of two genes on opposite chromosomes of a homologous pair. 3. In organic chemistry (in italics), a form of geometric isomerism in which the atoms attached to two carbon atoms, joined by double bonds, are located on opposite sides of the molecule. 4. In biochemistry, a prefix to a group name in an enzyme name or a reaction denoting transfer of that group from one compound to another; e.g., transformylase (transfers a formyl group), transpeptidation. [L. trans, through, across]

transacetylase
transacetylase (trans-a-set′i-las)

SYN: acetyltransferase.

transacetylation
transacetylation (trans′a-set-i-la′shun)

Transfer of an acetyl group (CH₃CO–) from one compound to another; such reactions, usually involving formation of acetyl-CoA, occur notably in the initiation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle by the transfer of an acetyl group to oxaloacetate to form citrate.

transaction
transaction (tranz-ak′shun)

1. Interaction arising from the encounter of two or more persons. 2. In transactional analysis, the unit of analysis involving a social stimulus and a response.

transacylases
transacylases (trans-as′i-la-sez)

SYN: acyltransferases.

transacylation
transacylation (trans-as′il-a′shun)

The reversible transfer of acyl groups.

transaldolase
transaldolase (trans-al′do-las)

Transferase interconverting sedoheptulose 7-phosphate and d-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to d-erythrose 4-phosphate and d-fructose 6-phosphate; part of the pentose phosphate pathway. SEE ALSO: transketolase.

transaldolation
transaldolation (trans′al-do-la′shun)

A reaction involving the transfer of an aldol group (CH₂OH–CO–CHOH–) from one compound to another; such reactions generally involve the sugar phosphates and occur in the phosphogluconate oxidation pathway of carbohydrate catabolism.

transamidation
transamidation (trans-am′i-da-shun)

The transfer of NH₂ from an amide moiety ( E.G., from glutamine) to another molecule.

transamidinases
transamidinases (trans-am′i-di-nas-ez)

SYN: amidinotransferases.

transamidination
transamidination (trans-am′i-di-na′shun)

A reaction involving the transfer of an amidine group (NH₂C&dbond;NH) from one compound to another; the amidine donor is generally l-arginine and the reaction is of significance in the biosynthesis of creatine.

transaminases
transaminases (trans-am′i-nas-ez)

SYN: aminotransferases.

transamination
transamination (trans-am′i-na′shun)

The reaction between an amino acid and an α-keto acid through which the amino group is transferred from the former to the latter; in certain cases the reaction may be between an amino acid and an aldehyde ( e.g., glutamate with glutamate semialdehyde via ornithine transaminase).

transaudient
transaudient (trans-aw′de-ent)

Permeable to sound waves. [trans- + L. audio, pres. p. audiens, to hear]

transcalent
transcalent (trans-ka′lent)

SYN: diathermanous. [trans- + L. caleo, to be warm]

transcapsidation
transcapsidation (trans-kap-si-da′shun)

The phenomenon whereby the adenovirus capsid of the SV40 adenovirus “hybrid” is replaced by the capsid of another type of adenovirus; extended to include a similar phenomenon in other viruses.

transcarbamoylases
transcarbamoylases (trans-kar-bam′o-i-la-sez)

SYN: carbamoyltransferases.

transcarbamoylation
transcarbamoylation (trans-kar-bam′o-il-a′shun)

The transfer of a carbamoyl moiety from one molecule to another; e.g., the reaction catalyzed by ornithine transcarbamoylase in the urea cycle.

transcarboxylases
transcarboxylases (trans-kar-boks′i-las-ez)

SYN: carboxyltransferases.

transcendental meditation
transcendental meditation (TM) (tranz′en-den-tal med′i-ta-shun)

A form of meditation practiced over 2500 years ago in Eastern cultures and which was recently made popular in the West by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi as a means to help increase energy, reduce stress, and have a positive effect on mental and physical health; it involves the person sitting upright for 20 min, with eyes closed, and silently speaking a mantra (a key stimulus word used uniquely by each individual to return to the proper meditative state) whenever thought occurs.

transcobalamins
transcobalamins (trans-ko-bal′a-minz)

Substances included in “R binder,” the name given a family of cobalamin-binding proteins; deficiencies have been associated with low serum cobalamin levels, and can lead to megaloblastic anemia.

transcondylar
transcondylar (trans-kon′di-lar)

Across or through the condyles; denoting the line of bone incision in Carden amputation.

transcortical
transcortical (tranz-kor′ti-kal)

1. Across or through the cortex of the brain, ovary, kidney, or other organ. 2. From one part of the cerebral cortex to another; denoting the various association tracts.

transcortin
transcortin (trans-kor′tin)

An α₂-globulin in blood that binds cortisol and corticosterone; the principal corticosteroid-binding protein in the plasma. SYN: corticosteroid-binding globulin, corticosteroid-binding protein.

transcriptase
transcriptase (tran-skrip′tas)

A polymerase associated with the process of transcription; may be RNA-dependent or DNA-dependent. [L. transcribo, pp. transcriptum, to copy, + -ase]
reverse t. rNA-dependent DNA polymerase, present in virions of RNA tumor viruses (retroviruses).

transcription
transcription (tran-skrip′shun)

Transfer of genetic code information from one kind of nucleic acid to another, especially with reference to the process by which a base sequence of messenger RNA is synthesized (by an RNA polymerase) on a template of complementary DNA.
reverse t. reversal of the normal pattern of t. (from DNA to RNA); the effective means is the viral enzyme reverse transcriptase.

transcutaneous
transcutaneous (trans-ku-ta′ne-us)

SYN: percutaneous.

transcytosis
transcytosis (trans-si-to′sis)

A mechanism for transcellular transport in which a cell encloses extracellular material in an invagination of the cell membrane to form a vesicle (endocytosis), then moves the vesicle across the cell to eject the material through the opposite cell membrane by the reverse process (exocytosis). The transport mechanism by which most proteins reach the Golgi apparatus or the plasma membrane; the vesicles targeted toward lysosomes and secretory storage granules appear to be coated with clathrin. SYN: cytopempsis, vesicular transport.

transdermic
transdermic (trans-der′mik)

SYN: percutaneous.

transduce
transduce (trans-doos′)

To effect transduction.

transducer
transducer (trans-doo′ser)

A device designed to convert energy from one form to another. SEE ALSO: transduction.
piezoelectric t. a t. that converts electric into mechanical energy and vice versa, used in ultrasound diagnosis or therapy.
ultrasound t. a piezoelectric t. used in diagnostic ultrasound.

transducin
transducin (trans-doo′sin)

A protein that binds guanine nucleotides ( I.E., a G protein), found in retinal rods and cones, that plays a major role in signal transduction; in vertebrate rod cells it acts as a link of the photolysis of rhodopsin to the activation of cGMP phosphodiesterase.

transductant
transductant (trans-duk′tant)

A cell that has acquired a new character by means of transduction; may be complete, with integration of the transferred genetic fragment into its genome, or abortive, in which case the genetic fragment is not integrated and passes to only one of the two daughter cells on division.

transduction
transduction (trans-duk′shun)

1. Transfer of genetic material (and its phenotypic expression) from one cell to another by viral infection. 2. A form of genetic recombination in bacteria. 3. Conversion of energy from one form to another. [trans- + L. duco, pp. ductus, to lead across]
abortive t. t. in which the genetic fragment from the donor bacterium is not integrated in the genome of the recipient bacterium, and, when the latter divides, is transmitted to only one of the daughter cells.
complete t. t. in which the transferred genetic fragment is fully integrated in the genome of the recipient bacterium.
Davis battery model of t. a concept in which the positive endocochlear potential and the negative intracellular potential of the hair cells provide the electromotive force to pass current through the reticular lamina of the organ of Corti.
general t. t. in which the transducing bacteriophage is able to transfer any gene of the donor bacterium.
high-frequency t. specialized t. in which the donor bacterium contains not only the transducing, defective probacteriophage but also nondefective prophage that serves as “helper” virus, enabling most of the defective prophage particles to develop sufficiently to function as transducing agents.
low-frequency t. specialized t. in which only a small portion of the prophage particles, because of their defectiveness, are able to develop sufficiently to serve as effective transducing agents.
mechanoelectric t. the conversion of mechanical energy to electric energy by sensory cells such as auditory and vestibular hair cells.
specialized t. t. in which the bacteriophage strain is able to transfer only some, or only one, of the donor bacterium genes. SYN: specific t..
specific t. SYN: specialized t..

transection
transection (tran-sek′shun)

1. A cross-section. 2. Cutting across. SYN: transsection. [trans- + L. seco, pp. sectus, to cut]

transethmoidal
transethmoidal (trans′eth-moy′dal)

Across or through the ethmoid bone.

transfection
transfection (trans-fek′shun)

A method of gene transfer utilizing infection of a cell with nucleic acid (as from a retrovirus) resulting in subsequent viral replication in the transfected cell. [trans- + infection]

transfer
transfer

1. Process of removal or transferral. 2. A condition in which learning in one situation influences learning in another situation; a carry-over of learning that may be positive in effect, as when learning one behavior facilitates the learning of something else, or may be negative, as when one habit interferes with the acquisition of a later one. SYN: transmission (1) . [L. trans-fero, to bear across]
embryo t. after in vitro artificial insemination, the fertilized ovum is transferred at the blastocyst stage to the recipient's uterus or oviduct.
Fourier t. SYN: Fourier analysis.
gamete intrafallopian t. (GIFT) placement of the oocyte and sperm into the ampulla of the fallopian tube; a form of assisted reproduction.
group t. the t. of a functional moiety from one molecule to another.
Jones t. surgical procedure to treat claw deformities of the great toe in which the extensor hallucis longus tendon is transferred to the neck of the metatarsal; can also be used to correct claw deformities of the lesser toes.
linear energy t. (LET) the amount of energy deposited by radiation per unit length of travel, expressed in keV per micron; protons, neutrons, and α particles have much higher LET than gamma or x-rays. A property of radiation considered in radiation protection. See relative biologic effectiveness.

transferases
transferases (trans′fer-as-ez)

Enzymes (EC class 2) transferring: one-carbon groups (2.1, including methyltransferases, 2.1.1; formyltransferases, 2.1.2; carboxyl- and carbamoyltransferases, 2.1.3; and amidinotransferases, 2.1.4); acyl residues (acyltransferases, 2.3); glycosyl residues (glycosyltransferases, 2.4, including hexosyltransferases, 2.4.1, and pentosyltransferases, 2.4.2); alkyl or aryl groups (2.5); nitrogenous groups (2.6); phosphorus-containing groups (2.7, phosphotransferases); and sulfur-containing groups (2.8, including sulfurtransferases, 2.8.1; sulfotransferases, 2.8.2; and CoA-t., 2.8.3). SYN: transferring enzymes.
terminal t. enzymes that covalently add nucleotides to the 3′ end of polynucleic acids; E.G., DNA nucleotidylexotransferase.
terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) a specialized DNA polymerase expressed in immature, pre-B, pre-T lymphoid cells, and acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma cells.

transference
transference (trans-fer′ens)

1. Conveyance of an object from one place to another. 2. Shifting of symptoms from one side of the body to the other, as seen in certain cases of conversion hysteria. 3. Displacement of affect from one person or one idea to another; in psychoanalysis, generally applied to the projection of feelings, thoughts, and wishes onto the analyst, who has come to represent some person from the patient's past.
counter t. See countertransference.
extrasensory thought t. SYN: telepathy.
t. love love expressed by the patient for the psychoanalyst as a manifestation of t. (3).
negative t. t. characterized by predominantly hostile feelings on the part of the patient toward the analyst.
passive t. the passage of an immunity or allergic susceptibility by the injection of serum of an animal or individual who has acquired an active immunity to the disease.
positive t. t. characterized by predominantly friendly, respectful, and positive feelings on the part of the patient toward the analyst.

transferrin
transferrin (trans-fer′in)

1. A nonheme β₁-globulin of the plasma, capable of associating reversibly with up to 1.25 μg of iron per gram, and acting therefore as an iron-transporting protein. 2. A glycoprotein, found in mammalian milk (lactoferrin) and egg white (conalbumin, ovotransferrin), that binds and transports iron (Fe³⁺). [trans- + L. ferrum, iron, + -ia]

transfer-RNA
transfer-RNA

See entries under ribonucleic acid.

transfix
transfix (trans′fiks)

To pierce with a sharp instrument. [L. trans-figo, pp. -fixus, to pierce through, fr. figo, to fasten]

transfixion
transfixion (trans-fik′shun)

A maneuver in amputation in which the knife is passed from side to side through the soft parts, close to the bone, and the muscles are then divided from within outward. [L. transfixio (see transfix)]

transform
transform

Fourier t. SYN: Fourier analysis.

transformant
transformant (trans-for′mant)

A bacterium that has received genetic material (and its phenotypic expression) from another bacterium by means of transformation.

transformation
transformation (trans-for-ma′shun)

1. SYN: metamorphosis. 2. A change of one tissue into another, as cartilage into bone. 3. In metals, a change in phase and physical properties in the solid state caused by heat treatment. 4. In microbial genetics, transfer of genetic information between bacteria by means of “naked” intracellular DNA fragments derived from bacterial donor cells and incorporated into a competent recipient cell. [L. trans-formo, pp. -atus, to transform]
cavernous t. of portal vein replacement of the portal vein by a number of collateral channels, a consequence of thrombosis.
cell t. morphologic and physiologic changes including loss of contact inhibition resulting from infection of an animal cell by an oncogenic virus.
Haldane t. the multiplication of inspired oxygen concentration by the ratio of expired to inspired nitrogen concentrations in the calculation of oxygen consumption or respiratory quotient by the open circuit method.
Lobry de Bruyn-van Ekenstein t. the conversion of glucose to fructose and mannose in dilute alkali by enolization adjacent to the carbonyl group to form an enediol, a reaction analogous to certain biochemical transformations.
logit t. a method of linearizing dose-response curves for radioimmunoassay techniques; i.e., logit B (bound)/B_o (initial binding) = log (B/B_o/1 − B/B_o).
lymphocyte t. the t. into large, blastlike forms (immunoblasts) that occurs when lymphocytes are exposed to histoincompatible antigens (mixed lymphocyte culture) or mitogens. SEE ALSO: mixed lymphocyte culture test.
nodular t. of the liver a rare condition in which nodules of hyperplastic hepatocytes develop without fibrosis or general loss of lobular architecture. SYN: nodular regenerative hyperplasia.

transfuse
transfuse (trans-fuz′)

To perform transfusion.

transfusion
transfusion (trans-fu′zhun)

Transfer of blood or blood component from one individual (donor) to another individual (receptor). [L. transfundo, pp. -fusus, to pour from one vessel to another]
drip t. t. slow enough to measure by drops.
exchange t. removal of most of a patient's blood followed by introduction of an equal amount from donors. SYN: exsanguination t., substitution t., total t..
exsanguination t. SYN: exchange t..
fetomaternal t. passage of fetal blood into maternal circulation.
indirect t. t. into a patient of blood previously obtained from a donor and stored under suitable conditions. SYN: mediate t..
intramedullary t. t., most commonly in infants, into the medullary cavity of a long bone, usually the femur or tibia.
intrauterine t. to treat erythroblastosis fetalis, Rh-negative blood is placed into the peritoneal cavity of the fetus.
mediate t. SYN: indirect t..
placental t. return to the newborn via the umbilical vessels of some of the fetal placental blood.
reciprocal t. an attempt to confer immunity by transfusing blood taken from a donor into a receiver suffering from the same affection, the balance being maintained by transfusing an equal amount from the receiver to the donor.
subcutaneous t. an infusion of absorbable solutions beneath the skin.
substitution t. SYN: exchange t..
total t. SYN: exchange t..
twin-twin t. direct vascular anastomosis, arterial or venous, between the placental circulations of twins.

transgene
transgene (trans′gen)

A newly introduced gene.

transgenesis
transgenesis (tranz-jen′e-sis)

Reproduction involving introduction of foreign species DNA into an ovum.

transgenic
transgenic (trans-jen′ik)

Referring to an organism in which new DNA has been introduced into the germ cells by injection into the nucleus of the ovum.

transglottic
transglottic (trans-glot′ik)

Vertical crossing of the glottis, as in the spread of carcinoma from the supraglottic to the infraglottic area.

transglucosylase
transglucosylase (trans-gloo′ko-si-las)

SYN: glucosyltransferase.

transglutaminase
transglutaminase (trans-gloo-ta′min-as)

A group of enzymes that catalyze the calcium-dependent acyl transfer reaction in which the amide moiety of peptide-bound glutaminyl residues serve as acyl donor; a specific t. covalently cross-links fibrin molecules between glutamine and the ε-amino group of a lysyl residue, thus producing a more stable fibrin clot; another t. participates in the formation of the chemically resistant envelope of the stratum corneum during terminal differentiation of keratinocytes.

transglycosidation
transglycosidation (trans-gli-ko-sid′a-shun)

The transfer of a glycosidically bound sugar to another molecule.

transglycosylase
transglycosylase (trans-gli′ko-si-las)

SYN: glycosyltransferase.

transhiatal
transhiatal (trans-hi-a′tal)

By way of a hiatus; e.g., t. esophagectomy, performed partially through the esophageal hiatus.

transient
transient (trans′shent, -se-ent)

1. Short-lived; passing; not permanent; said of a disease or an attack. 2. A short-lived cardiac sound having little duration (less than 0.12 s) as distinct from a murmur; e.g., first, second, third, and fourth heart sounds, clicks, and opening snaps. [L. transeo, pres. p. transiens, to cross over]

transiliac
transiliac (tran-sil′e-ak)

Extending from one ilium or iliac crest or spine to the other.

transilient
transilient (tran-sil′yent, -zil-)

Jumping across; passing over; pertaining to those cortical association fibers in the brain that pass from one convolution to another nonadjacent one. [L. transilio, to leap across, fr. salio, to leap]

transillumination
transillumination (trans-i-loo′mi-na′shun)

Method of examination by the passage of light through tissues or a body cavity. [trans- + L. illumino, pp. -atus, to light up]

transinsular
transinsular (tranz-in′soo-lar)

Across the insula or island of Reil.

transischiac
transischiac (trans-is′ke-ak)

Extending from one ischium to the other.

transisthmian
transisthmian (trans-is′me-an)

Across any isthmus; specifically, across the isthmus of the fornicate gyrus, denoting the gyrus transitivus.

transition
transition (tran-sish′un, -zish′un)

1. Passage from one condition or one part to another. 2. In polynucleic acid, replacement of a purine base by another purine base or a pyrimidine base by a different pyrimidine. [L. transitio, fr. transeo, pp. -itus, to go across]
cervicothoracic t. the junction between the last cervical vertebra and first thoracic vertebra.
isomeric t. the t. of a nuclear isomer to a lower quantum state; e.g., ^131mXe → ¹³¹Xe + γ.

transitional
transitional (tran-sish′un-al, -zish-)

Relating to or marked by a transition; transitory.

transketolase
transketolase (trans-ke′to-las)

A transferase bringing about the reversible interconversion of sedoheptulose 7-phosphate and d-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to produce d-ribose 5-phosphate and d-xylulose 5-phosphate, and also other similar reactions, such as hydroxypyruvate and an aldehyde into CO₂ and an extended hydroxypyruvate; a part of the nonoxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway. SEE ALSO: transaldolase. SYN: glycolaldehydetransferase.

transketolation
transketolation (trans′ke-to-la′shun)

A reaction involving the transfer of a ketole group (HOCH₂CO–) from one compound to another.

translation
translation (trans-la′shun)

1. A change or conversion into another form. 2. The rather complex process by which messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomes effect the production of protein from amino acids, the specificity of synthesis being controlled by the base sequences of the messenger RNA. 3. In dentistry, the movement of a tooth through alveolar bone without change in axial inclination. [L. translatio, a transferring, fr. transfero pp. -latus, to carry across]
nick t. a technique in which a bacterial DNA polymerase is used to degrade a single strand of DNA that has been nicked and then to resynthesize that strand, often with labeled nucleoside triphosphates.

translocation
translocation (trans-lo-ka′shun)

1. Transposition of two segments between nonhomologous chromosomes as a result of abnormal breakage and refusion of reciprocal segments. 2. Transport of a metabolite across a biomembrane. [trans- + L. location, placement, fr. loco, to place]
bacterial t. the movement of bacteria or bacterial products across the intestinal membrane to emerge either in the lymphatics or the visceral circulation.
balanced t. t. of the long arm of an acrocentric chromosome to another chromosome; an individual with a balanced t. has a normal diploid genome and is clinically normal but has a chromosome count of 45 and as a result of asymmetric meiosis may have children lacking the genes on the translocated segment or have them in trisomy.
group t. a form of active transport across a biomembrane in which the transporting molecule is altered in the course of the transport.
reciprocal t. t. without demonstrable loss of genetic material.
robertsonian t. t. in which the centromeres of two acrocentric chromosomes appear to have fused, forming an abnormal chromosome consisting of the long arms of two different chromosomes with loss of the short arms. A carrier of a balanced robertsonian t. has only 45 chromosomes but near normal chromosomal complement and a clinically normal phenotype; however, he or she is at risk of having a child with unbalanced chromosomal complement. A person with an unbalanced robertsonian t. is trisomic for the long arm of the chromosome. SYN: centric fusion. [W.R.B. Robertson, U.S. geneticist, *1881]
unbalanced t. condition resulting from fertilization of a gamete containing a t. chromosome by a normal gamete; if this abnormality is compatible with life, the individual would have 46 chromosomes but a segment of the t. chromosome would be represented three times in each cell and a partial or complete trisomic state would exist.

translucent
translucent (trans-loo′sent)

Partially transparent; permitting light to pass through diffusely. [L. translucens, fr. trans- + luceo, to shine through]

transmembrane
transmembrane (trans-mem′bran)

Through or across a membrane.

transmethylase
transmethylase (trans-meth′i-las)

SYN: methyltransferase.

transmethylation
transmethylation (trans′meth-i-la′shun)

Transfer of a methyl group from one compound to another; e.g., l-homocysteine is converted to l-methionine by the transfer to the latter of a methyl group. See methionine synthase.

transmigration
transmigration (trans-mi-gra′shun)

Movement from one site to another; may entail the crossing of some usually limiting barrier, as in the passage of blood cells through the walls of the vessels (diapedesis). [L. transmigro, pp. -atus, to remove from one place to another]
ovular t. the passage of an ovum from one ovary into the fallopian tube of the other side; external ovular t., direct ovular t. occurs when the ovum passes across the pelvic cavity; internal ovular t., indirect ovular t. occurs when the ovum crosses the uterine cavity and so enters the tube of the opposite side.

transmissible
transmissible (trans-mis′i-bl)

Capable of being transmitted (carried across) from one person to another, as a t. disease, an infectious or contagious disease.

transmission
transmission (trans-mish′un)

1. SYN: transfer. 2. The conveyance of disease from one person to another. 3. The passage of a nerve impulse across an anatomic cleft, as in autonomic or central nervous system synapses and at neuromuscular junctions, by activation of a specific chemical mediator that stimulates or inhibits the structure across the synapse. See neurohumoral t.. 4. In general, passage of energy through a material. [L. transmissio, a sending across]
duplex t. the passage of impulses in both directions through a nerve trunk.
horizontal t. t. of infectious agents from an infected individual to a susceptible contemporary, in contradistinction to vertical t..
iatrogenic t. t. of infectious agents due to medical interference ( e.g., t. by contaminated needles).
neurohumoral t. a process by which a presynaptic cell, upon excitation, releases a specific chemical agent (a neurotransmitter) to cross a synapse to stimulate or inhibit the postsynaptic cell. SYN: neurotransmission.
transovarial t. passage of parasites or infective agents from the maternal body to eggs within the ovaries; commonly used to describe certain arthropods, to explain the ability of larvae of the next generation to transmit disease pathogens, as with the infection of larval mites or ticks with rickettsiae or viruses.
transstadial t. passage of a microbial parasite, such as a virus or rickettsia, from one developmental stage (stadium) of the host to its subsequent stage or stages, particularly as seen in mites. SEE ALSO: transovarial t..
vertical t. 1. t. of a virus ( e.g., RNA tumor virus) by means of the genetic apparatus of a cell in which the viral genome is integrated; 2. for infectious agents in general, t. of an agent from an individual to its offspring, i.e., from one generation to the next. Cf.:horizontal t..

transmural
transmural (trans-mu′ral)

Through any wall, as of the body or of a cyst or any hollow structure. [trans- + L. murus, wall]

transmutation
transmutation (trans-mu-ta′shun)

A change; transformation. SYN: conversion (1) . [L. transmuto, pp. -atus, to change, transmute]

transocular
transocular (trans-ok′u-lar)

Across the eye.

transonance
transonance (trans′o-nans)

Transmission of a sound arising in one organ through another. [trans- + L. sonans, sounding]

transonic
transonic (tran-son′ik)

In ultrasound, describes a region of a relatively unattenuating medium. A distinction should be made between a t. region and an acoustic echo. [trans- + sonic]

transparietal
transparietal (trans-pa-ri′e-tal)

Through or across a parietal region, area, or structure.

transpeptidase
transpeptidase (trans-pep′ti-das)

An enzyme catalyzing a transpeptidation reaction; many proteolytic enzymes ( e.g., trypsin, papain) act as transpeptidases in the course of proteolysis, forming an acylated enzyme as an intermediate in the process; e.g., γ-glutamyl t..

transpeptidation
transpeptidation (trans′pep-ti-da′shun)

A reaction involving the transfer of one or more amino acids from one peptide chain to another, as by transpeptidase action, or of a peptide chain itself, as in bacterial cell wall synthesis.

transperitoneal
transperitoneal (trans′per-i-to-ne′al)

Through the peritoneum; e.g., denoting a nephrectomy performed by abdominal section.

transphosphatases
transphosphatases (trans-fos′fa-tas-ez)

SYN: phosphotransferases.

transphosphorylases
transphosphorylases (trans-fos-for′i-la-sez)

See phosphotransferases, phosphorylases, kinase.

transphosphorylation
transphosphorylation (trans′fos-for-i-la′shun)

A reaction involving the transfer of a phosphoric group from one compound to another, often with the involvement of ATP, as by the action of a phosphotransferase or kinase.

transpirable
transpirable (trans-pi′ra-bl)

Capable of transpiring or being transpired.

transpiration
transpiration (trans-pi-ra′shun)

Passage of watery vapor through the skin or any membrane. SEE ALSO: insensible perspiration. [trans- + L. spiro, pp. -atus, to breathe]
pulmonary t. the passage of water vapor from the blood into the air via the respiratory tract.

transpire
transpire (trans-pir′)

To exhale vapor from the skin or respiratory mucous membrane. [trans- + L. spiro, to breathe]

transplacental
transplacental (tranz-pla-sen′tal)

Crossing the placenta.

transplant
transplant (tranz′plant)

1. To transfer from one part to another, as in grafting and transplantation. 2. The tissue or organ in grafting and transplantation. SEE ALSO: graft. [trans- + L. planto, to plant]
Gallie t. narrow strips of the femoral fascia lata used for suture material.
hair t. autografts of punch biopsies of hair-bearing skin, such as occipital scalp, onto frontal scalp in male pattern alopecia.

transplantar
transplantar (trans-plan′tar)

Across the sole of the foot; denoting certain muscular fibers or ligamentous structures.

transplantation
transplantation (tranz-plan-ta′shun)

Implanting in one part a tissue or organ taken from another part or from another individual. SEE ALSO: graft. [L. transplanto, pp. -atus, to transplant]
bone marrow t. grafting of bone marrow tissue; used in aplastic anemia, primary immunodeficiency, acute leukemia (following total body irradiation), and in patients with cancer ( e.g., breast) who undergo extensive chemotherapy such that their bone marrow is destroyed.
cardiopulmonary t. SYN: heart-lung t..
t. of cornea SYN: keratoplasty.
corneal t. SYN: keratoplasty.
heart t. replacement of a severely damaged heart with a normal heart from a brain-dead donor.
heart-lung t. simultaneous t. of the heart and both lungs. SYN: cardiopulmonary t..
pancreaticoduodenal t. a technically feasible t. including both the duodenum and pancreas.
renal t. t. of a kidney from a compatible donor to restore kidney function in a recipient suffering from renal failure.
tendon t. 1. insertion of a slip from the tendon of a sound muscle into the tendon of a paralyzed muscle; 2. replacement of a length of tendon by a free graft.
tooth t. the transfer of a tooth from one alveolus to another.

transpleural
transpleural (trans-ploo′ral)

Through the pleura or across the pleural cavity; on the other side of the pleura.

transport
transport (trans′port)

The movement or transference of biochemical substances in biologic systems. [L. transporto, to carry over, fr. trans- + porto, to carry]
active t. the passage of ions or molecules across a cell membrane, not by passive diffusion but by an energy-consuming process at the expense of catabolic processes proceeding within the cell; in active t., movement takes place against an electrochemical gradient.
axoplasmic t. t. by way of flow of axoplasm toward cell soma (retrograde) or toward axon terminal (anterograde).
facilitated t. the protein-mediated t. of a compound across a biomembrane that is not ion-driven; a saturable t. system. SYN: passive t..
hydrogen t. the transfer of hydrogen from one metabolite (hydrogen donor) to another (hydrogen acceptor) through the action of an enzyme system; the donor is thus oxidized and the acceptor reduced.
paracellular t. solvent movement across an epithelial cell layer through the tight junctions between cells. Cf.:transcellular t..
passive t. SYN: facilitated t..
transcellular t. solute movement across an epithelial cell layer through the cells. Cf.:paracellular t..
vesicular t. SYN: transcytosis.

transposase
transposase (tranz-poz′as)

An enzyme that is required for transposition of DNA segments. [L. trans-pono, pp. trans-positum, to set across, transfer, + -ase]

transpose
transpose (tranz-poz)

To transfer one tissue or organ to the place of another and vice versa. [L. trans-pono, pp. -positus, to place across, transfer]

transposition
transposition (tranz-po-zish′un)

1. Removal from one place to another; metathesis. 2. The condition of being in the wrong place or on the wrong side of the body, as in t. of the viscera, in which the viscera are located opposite their normal position; e.g., the liver on the left, the apex of the heart on the right. 3. Positioning of teeth out of their normal sequence in an arch.
t. of arterial stems SYN: t. of the great vessels.
corrected t. of the great vessels anatomically or physiologically corrected malposition of the great arteries. In anatomically corrected t., they arise from the correct ventricles but have an abnormal relation to each other (actually a malposition rather than a t..) In physiologically or functionally corrected t., the aorta arises from a systemic ventricle that has the morphologic characteristics of a right ventricle, and the pulmonary artery arises from a “venous” ventricle that has the morphologic characteristics of a left ventricle.
t. of the great vessels congenital malformation in which the aorta arises from the morphologic right ventricle and the pulmonary artery from the morphologic left ventricle resulting in two separate and parallel circulations. The condition is lethal unless some communication exists between the systemic and pulmonic circulation after birth; otherwise, unoxygenated venous blood inappropriately enters the systemic circulation, and oxygenated pulmonary venous blood is inappropriately directed to the pulmonary circulation. The life-sustaining communication may be an intraatrial passage or a patent ductus arteriosus. SYN: t. of arterial stems.
penoscrotal t. a developmental error, seen with hypospadias, whereby hemiscrotal units are separated and lie lateral to the penile shaft or even cranial to it.

transposon
transposon (trans-po′son)

A segment of DNA ( e.g., an R-factor gene) which has a repeat of an insertion sequence element at each end that can migrate from one plasmid to another within the same bacterium, to a bacterial chromosome, or to a bacteriophage; the mechanism of transposition seems to be independent of the host's usual recombination mechanism. See jumping gene, transposable element. [L. transpono, pp. transpositum, to transfer, + -on]

transsection
transsection (trans-sek′shun)

SYN: transection.

transsegmental
transsegmental (trans-seg-men′tal)

Across or through a segment.

transseptal
transseptal (trans-sep′tal)

Across or through a septum; on the other side of a septum.

transsexual
transsexual (trans-sek′shoo-al)

1. A person with the external genitalia and secondary sexual characteristics of one sex, but whose personal identification and psychosocial configuration is that of the opposite sex; a study of morphologic, genetic, and gonadal structure may be genitally congruent or incongruent. 2. Denoting or relating to such a person. 3. Relating to medical and surgical procedures designed to alter a patient's external sexual characteristics so that they resemble those of the opposite sex.

transsexualism
transsexualism (tranz-sek′shoo-a-lizm)

1. The state of being a transsexual. 2. The desire to change anatomic sexual characteristics to conform physically with one's perception of oneself as a member of the opposite sex, coupled with a desire to live full-time in the role of the opposite sex.

transsphenoidal
transsphenoidal (trans-sfe-noy′dal)

Through or across the sphenoid bone.

trans-splicing
trans-splicing (trans-splis′ing)

Formation of spliced products containing portions of two different transcripts.

transsulfurase
transsulfurase (trans-sul′fer-as)

Descriptive term applied to the enzymes catalyzing, among others, the following reactions involving sulfur-containing compounds: 1) cystathionine → cysteine + α-ketobutyrate + NH₃ (cystathionine γ-lyase); 2) cystathionine → homocysteine + pyruvate + NH₃ (cystathionine β-lyase); 3) cystine → thiocysteine + pyruvate + NH₃ (cystathionine γ-lyase); 4) cystathionine → serine + homocysteine (cystathionine synthase). SYN: transulfurase.

transsulfuration
transsulfuration (trans-sul′fer-a′shun)

The exchange of sulfur, or sulfur-containing moiety, between two different compounds.

transsynaptic
transsynaptic (trans-si-nap′tik)

Indicating transmission of a nerve impulse across a synapse.

transtentorial
transtentorial (trans-ten-tor′e-al)

Passing across or through either the tentorial notch or tentorium cerebelli.

transthalamic
transthalamic (trans-tha-lam′ik)

Passing across the thalamus.

transthermia
transthermia (trans-ther′me-a)

SYN: diathermy. [trans- + G. therme, heat]

transthoracic
transthoracic (trans-thor-as′ik)

Passing through the thoracic cavity.

transthoracotomy
transthoracotomy (trans-thor′a-kot′o-me)

A surgical procedure carried out through an incision into the chest wall. [trans- + thorax + G. tome, incision]

transthyretin
transthyretin (trans-thi′re-tin)

SYN: prealbumin (1) .

transudate
transudate (tran′soo-dat)

Any fluid (solvent and solute) that has passed through a presumably normal membrane, such as the capillary wall, as a result of imbalanced hydrostatic and osmotic forces; characteristically low in protein unless there has been secondary concentration. Cf.:exudate. SYN: transudation (2) . [trans- + L. sudo, pp. -atus, to sweat]

transudation
transudation (tran-soo-da′shun)

1. Passage of a fluid or solute through a membrane by a hydrostatic or osmotic pressure gradient. See transudate. 2. SYN: transudate.

transude
transude (tran-sood′)

In general, to ooze or to pass a liquid gradually through a membrane, more specifically, through a normal membrane, as a result of imbalanced hydrostatic and osmotic forces. [see transudate]

transulfurase
transulfurase (tran-sul′fer-as)

SYN: transsulfurase.

transureteroureterostomy
transureteroureterostomy (TUU) (tranz-u-re′ter-o-u-re-ter-os′to-me)

Anastomosis of the transected end of one ureter into the intact contralateral ureter, by direct or elliptical end-to-side technique. See ureteroureterostomy. SYN: transureteroureteral anastomosis.

transurethral
transurethral (trans-u-re′thral)

Through the urethra.

transvaalin
transvaalin

SYN: scillaren A.

transvaginal
transvaginal (trans-vaj′i-nal)

Across or through the vagina.

transvector
transvector (trans-vek′tor, tor)

An animal that transmits a toxic substance that it does not produce, but that may be accumulated from animal (dinoflagellate) or plant (algae) sources; e.g., filter-feeding mollusks.

transversalis
transversalis (trans-ver-sa′lis) [TA]

Transverse, denotes especially a fascia. SYN: transverse, transverse. [L.]

transverse
transverse (trans-vers′) [TA]

Crosswise; lying across the long axis of the body or of a part. SYN: transversalis [TA] , transversus [TA] . [L. transversus]

transversectomy
transversectomy (trans-ver-sek′to-me)

Resection of the transverse process of a vertebra. [transverse + G. ektome, excision]

transversion
transversion (trans-ver′zhun)

1. Substitution in DNA and RNA of a pyrimidine for a purine, or vice versa, by mutation. 2. In dentistry, the eruption of a tooth in a position normally occupied by another; transposition of a tooth.

transversocostal
transversocostal (trans-ver′so-kos′tal)

SYN: costotransverse.

transversospinales
transversospinales (tranz-ver-so-spin-al′es)

SYN: t. (muscles), under muscle.

transversourethralis
transversourethralis (trans-ver-so-u-re-thra′lis)

Denoting the transverse fibers of the sphincter urethrae muscle, arising from the arch of the pubes.

transversus
transversus (trans-ver′sus) [TA]

SYN: transverse. [L. fr. trans, across, + verto, pp. versus, to turn]

transvestism
transvestism (trans-ves′tizm)

The practice of dressing or masquerading in the clothes of the opposite sex; especially the adoption of feminine mannerisms and costume by a male. SYN: transvestitism. [trans- + L. vestio, to dress]

transvestite
transvestite (trans-ves′tit)

A person who practices transvestism.

transvestitism
transvestitism (trans-ves′ti-tizm)

SYN: transvestism.

Trantas
Trantas

Alexios, Greek ophthalmologist, 1867–1960. See T. dots, under dot, Horner-T. dots, under dot.

tranylcypromine sulfate
tranylcypromine sulfate (tran-il-sip′ro-men)

A monoamine oxidase inhibitor; an antidepressant used in the treatment of severe mental depression. Interacts with many foods and drugs to produce hypertensive crisis.

TRAP
TRAP

Abbreviation for twin reversed arterial perfusion.

trapezial
trapezial (tra-pe′ze-al)

Relating to any trapezium.

trapeziform
trapeziform (tra-pe′zi-form)

SYN: trapezoid (1) .

trapeziometacarpal
trapeziometacarpal (tra-pe′ze-o-met′a-kar′pal)

Relating to the trapezium and the metacarpus.

trapezium
trapezium, pl .trapeziatrapeziums (tra-pe′ze-um, -a)

1. A four-sided geometrical figure having no two sides parallel. 2. SYN: t. bone. [G. trapezion, a table or counter, a t., dim. of trapeza, a table, fr. tra- (= tetra-), four, + pous (pod-), foot]

trapezius
trapezius (tra-pe′ze-us)

SYN: t. (muscle).

trapezoid
trapezoid (trap′e-zoyd) [TA]

1. Resembling a trapezium. SYN: trapeziform. 2. A geometrical figure resembling a trapezium except that two of its opposite sides are parallel. 3. SYN: t. (bone). 4. SYN: t. body. [G. trapeza, table, + eidos, resemblance]

trapidil
trapidil (trap′i-dil)

An antagonist and selective synthesis inhibitor of thromboxane A₂; used to prevent cerebral vasospasm.

Trapp
Trapp

Julius, Russian pharmacist, 1815–1908. See T. formula, T.-Häser formula.

Traube
Traube

Ludwig, German physician and pathologist, 1818–1876. See T. bruit, T. corpuscle, T. dyspnea, T. plugs, under plug, T. semilunar space, T. sign, T. double tone, T.-Hering curves, under curve, T.-Hering waves, under wave.

Traugott
Traugott

Carl, German internist, *1885. See Staub-T. effect.

traum- traum-

See traumato-.

trauma
trauma, pl .traumatatraumas (traw′ma, -ma-ta)

An injury, physical or mental. SYN: traumatism. [G. wound]
birth t. 1. physical injury to an infant during its delivery; 2. the supposed emotional injury, inflicted by events incident to birth, upon an infant which allegedly appears in symbolic form in patients with mental illness.
t. from occlusion a reversible lesion in the periodontium caused by excessive movement of teeth.
occlusal t. abnormal occlusal stresses capable of producing or which have produced pathologic changes in the tooth and its surrounding structures.
psychic t. an upsetting experience precipitating or aggravating an emotional or mental disorder.

traumata
traumata (traw′ma-ta)

Plural of trauma.

traumatic
traumatic (traw-mat′ik)

Relating to or caused by trauma. [G. traumatikos]

traumatism
traumatism (traw′ma-tizm)

SYN: trauma.

traumatize
traumatize (traw′ma-tiz)

To cause or inflict trauma. [G. traumatizo, to wound]

traumato- traumato-, traumat-, traum-

Wound, injury. [G. trauma]

traumatology
traumatology (traw-ma-tol′o-je)

The branch of surgery concerned with the injured. [traumato- + G. logos, study]

traumatonesis
traumatonesis (traw′ma-to-ne′sis, -ton′e-sis)

Surgical repair of an accidental wound. [traumato- + G. neis, a spinning]

traumatopathy
traumatopathy (traw-ma-top′a-the)

Any pathologic condition resulting from violence or wounds. [traumato- + G. pathos, suffering]

traumatopnea
traumatopnea (traw′ma-top-ne′a)

Passage of air in and out through a wound of the chest wall. [traumato- + G. pnoe, breath]

traumatopyra
traumatopyra (traw′ma-to-pi′ra)

Obsolete synonym of traumatic fever. [traumato- + G. pyr, fire, fever]

traumatosepsis
traumatosepsis (traw′ma-to-sep′sis)

Infection of a wound; septicemia following a wound. [traumato- + G. sepsis, putrefaction]

traumatotherapy
traumatotherapy (traw′ma-to-thar′a-pe)

Treatment of trauma or the result of injury.

Trautmann
Trautmann

Moritz F., German otologist, 1832–1902. See T. triangular space.

traverse
traverse (trav′ers)

In computed tomography, one complete linear movement of the gantry across the object being scanned, as occurred in the original translate and rotate CT machines. [M.E., fr. O.Fr., fr. L.L. transverso, fr. L. trans-verto, to turn across]

tray
tray (tra)

A flat receptacle with raised edges.
acrylic resin t. a plastic impression t. used in dentistry; usually fashioned for the individual patient from an autopolymerizing acrylic resin.
annealing t. an electrically heated, thermostatically controlled device used to drive off the protective NH₃ gas coating from the surface of cohesive gold foil.
impression t. a receptacle used to carry and confine plastic impression material when making an impression of oral structures.

trazodone hydrochloride
trazodone hydrochloride (traz′o-don)

An antidepressant structurally unrelated to other antidepressants.

Treacher Collins
Treacher Collins

Edward, English ophthalmologist, 1862–1919. See T. syndrome.

treacle
treacle (tre′kl)

1. Molasses, a viscid syrup that drains from sugar-refining molds. 2. A saccharine fluid. 3. Formerly, a remedy for poison, hence any effective remedy. SEE ALSO: theriaca. [M.E. triacle, antidote, fr. L. theriaca, antidote to snake bite, fr. G. theriakos, pertaining to wild beasts]

treat
treat (tret)

To manage a disease by medicinal, surgical, or other measures; to care for a patient medically or surgically. [Fr. traiter, fr. L. tracto, to drag, handle, perform]

treatment
treatment (tret′ment)

Medical or surgical management of a patient. SEE ALSO: therapy, therapeutics. [Fr. traitement (see treat)]
active t. a therapeutic substance or course intended to ameliorate the basic disease problem, as opposed to supportive or palliative t.. Cf.:causal t..
Carrel t. t. of wound surfaces by intermittent flushing with Dakin solution. SYN: Dakin-Carrel t..
causal t. t. aimed at reversing the causal factor in a disease.
conservative t. a course of therapeutic action designed to avoid harm, with less possibility of benefit than more risky actions.
Dakin-Carrel t. SYN: Carrel t..
dietetic t. t. of a clinical condition with a specific diet.
empiric t. a t. based on experience, usually without adequate data to support its use.
endodontic t. SYN: root canal t..
Goeckerman t. a t. for psoriasis; the involved areas are painted with a solution of coal tar, or are covered with crude coal tar ointment and subsequently irradiated with ultraviolet (UVB).
heat t. in dentistry, a method of controlled temperature handling of metals so as to change the microscopic structure and thus the physical properties. SEE ALSO: temper, anneal.
insulin coma t. formerly used t. of major mental illness by means of hypoglycemic coma induced by insulin. SYN: insulin shock t..
insulin shock t. SYN: insulin coma t..
isoserum t. therapeutic use of serum taken from a person having or having had the same disease as the patient under t..
Kenny t. an obsolete method for the t. of anterior poliomyelitis; the affected parts were wrapped in woolen cloth wrung out with hot water; after the acute stage of the disease had passed, the limbs were passively exercised to reeducate the paralyzed muscles.
light t. SYN: phototherapy.
medical t. t. of disease by hygienic and pharmacologic remedies, as distinguished from invasive surgical procedures.
Mitchell t. t. of mental illness by rest, nourishing diet, and a change of environment. SYN: Weir Mitchell t..
moral t. a type of milieu therapy utilized in the 19th century, emphasizing religious doctrine and benevolent guidance in activities of daily living; as such it was a form of psychotherapy as opposed to somatic treatments such as bloodletting and purging.
Nauheim t. t. of certain cardiac affections by baths in water through which carbonic acid gas is bubbling, followed by resisting exercises. SYN: Nauheim bath, Schott t.. [Bad Nauheim, W. Germany]
palliative t. t. to alleviate symptoms without curing the disease.
preventive t. SYN: prophylactic t..
prophylactic t. the institution of measures designed to protect a person from an attack of a disease to which the person has been or is liable to be exposed. SYN: preventive t..
root canal t. 1. the means by which painful or diseased teeth, in which the pulp is involved, are restored to a healthy state; 2. removal of a normal, diseased, or dead pulp by biochemical and mechanical means, enlargement and sterilization of the root canal, followed by filling the canal, to effect healing of diseased periapical tissues; 3. the diagnosis and t. of diseases of the pulp and their sequelae. SYN: endodontic t..
Schott t. SYN: Nauheim t..
shock t. electroshock therapy.
solar t. SYN: solar therapy.
symptomatic t. therapy aimed at relieving symptoms without necessarily affecting the basic underlying cause(s) of the symptoms.
Tallerman t. use of special apparatus to administer dry heat to rheumatic disorders, traumatic sprains, etc.
thymus t. t. of disease by administration of extracts of thymus gland.
Tweed edgewise t. edgewise appliance.
Weir Mitchell t. SYN: Mitchell t..

trehala
trehala (tre-hah′la)

A saccharine substance containing trehalose and resembling manna, excreted by a parasitic beetle, Larinus maculatus. [Fr., fr. Turk. tigala, fr. Pers. tighal]

trehalase
trehalase (tre-ha′las)

A glycosidase secreted in the duodenum that hydrolyzes α-glycosidic 1,1 bonds; an absence or deficiency of this enzyme will lead to deficient digestion of trehalose (autosomal recessive).

trehalose
trehalose (tre′ha-los)

A nonreducing disaccharide, (α-d-glucosido)-α-d-glucoside, contained in trehala; also found in fungi, such as Amanita muscaria; elevated in individuals with a trehalase deficiency. SYN: mycose.

Treitz
Treitz

Wenzel, Bohemian pathologist, 1819–1872. See T. arch, T. fascia, T. fossa, T. hernia, T. ligament, T. muscle.

Trélat
Trélat

Ulysse, French surgeon, 1828–1890. See T. stools, under stool, Leser-T. sign.

trema
trema (tre′ma)

1. SYN: foramen. 2. SYN: vulva. [G. t., a hole]

tremacamra
tremacamra (tre-ma-kam′ra)

The extracellular part of the cell surface adhesion molecule ICAM-1 involved in rhinovirus attachments to mucosal cells.

Trematoda
Trematoda (trem′a-to′da)

A class in the phylum Platyhelminthes (the flatworms), consisting of flukes with a leaf-shaped body and two muscular suckers, and an acelomate parenchyma-filled body cavity. Circulatory system and sense organs are not present, but an incomplete alimentary canal is found (lacking an anus). Flukes of interest to human or veterinary medicine are members of the order Digenea, with complete life cycles involving embryonic multiplication in a mollusk as their first intermediate host. The other order, Monogenea, consists chiefly of parasites of fish that have a simpler pattern of direct development on a single host. [G. trematodes, full of holes, fr. trema, a hole, + eidos, appearance]

trematode
trematode, trematoid (trem′a-tod, trem′a-toyd)

1. Common name for a fluke of the class Trematoda. 2. Relating to a fluke of the class Trematoda.

trembles
trembles (trem′blz)

An intoxication of cattle, caused by eating white snakeroot, Eupatorium urticaefolium, or the rayless goldenrod; the active agent is a higher alcohol, tremetol, which intoxicated cows eliminate in their milk, causing milk sickness when ingested by humans. [L. tremulus, trembling, fr. tremo, to tremble]

trembling
trembling (trem′bling)

The shaking or quaking of a tremor.

tremelloid
tremelloid, tremellose (trem′e-loyd, -los)

Jelly-like. [L. tremulus, trembling]

tremogram
tremogram (trem′o-gram)

The graphic representation of a tremor taken by means of the tremograph or kymograph. SYN: tremorgram.

tremograph
tremograph (trem′o-graf)

An apparatus for making a graphic record of a tremor. [L. tremor, a shaking, + G. grapho, to write]

tremolabile
tremolabile (trem-o-la′bil, -bil)

Inactivated or destroyed by shaking. [L. tremor, a shaking, + labilis, perishable]

tremophobia
tremophobia (trem-o-fo′be-a)

Morbid fear of trembling. [L. tremor, trembling, + G. phobos, fear]

tremor
tremor (trem′er, -or)

1. Repetitive, often regular, oscillatory movements caused by alternate, or synchronous, but irregular contraction of opposing muscle groups; usually involuntary. 2. Minute ocular movement occurring during fixation on an object. [L. a shaking]
action t. SYN: intention t..
alcoholic withdrawal t. intention t. present in the withdrawal period of one of two types: 1) a t. of greater than 8 Hz, with continuous antagonistic muscle activity, and 2) a t. of less than 8 Hz, with intermittent spontaneous antagonistic muscle activity.
alternating t. a form of hyperkinesia characterized by regular, symmetric, to-and-fro movements (at about 4 per second) that are produced by patterned, alternating contraction of muscles and their antagonists.
alternative t. a coarse, low frequency (3–8 Hz) pathologic t. produced by alternating contraction of muscles and their antagonists; seen with Parkinson disease and kinetic predominant action t..
benign essential t. SYN: heredofamilial t..
coarse t. a t. in which the amplitude is large and the oscillations are usually irregular and slow.
continuous t. SYN: persistent t..
essential t. an action t. of 4–8 Hz frequency that usually begins in early adult life and is limited to the upper limbs and head; called familial when it appears in several family members.
familial t. SYN: heredofamilial t..
fine t. a t. in which the amplitude is small and the frequency is usually greater than 12 Hz.
flapping t. SYN: asterixis.
head tremors SYN: head-nodding.
heredofamilial t. [MIM*190300] a benign t. inherited as a dominant character; it may be a rapid oscillation resembling that seen in thyrotoxicosis, a coarse t. during rest and inhibited by a voluntary effort, or one which appears only upon movement; of autosomal dominant inheritance. SYN: benign essential t., familial t..
hysterical t. usually an intermittent, coarse, irregular t., limited to one limb. SYN: psychogenic t..
intention t. a t. that occurs during the performance of precise voluntary movements, caused by disorders of the cerebellum or its connections. SYN: action t., kinetic t., volitional t. (2) .
kinetic t. SYN: intention t..
passive t. SYN: resting t..
persistent t. a t. that is constant, whether the subject is at rest or moving. SYN: continuous t..
physiologic t. fine t., 8–13 Hz frequency, which is a normal phenomenon.
pill-rolling t. resting t. of the thumb and fingers seen in Parkinson disease.
postural t. t. present when the limbs or trunk are kept in certain positions and when they are moved actively, usually due to near-synchronous rhythmic bursts in opposing muscle groups. SYN: static t..
progressive cerebellar t. SYN: Hunt syndrome (1) .
psychogenic t. SYN: hysterical t..
resting t. a coarse, rhythmic t., 3–5 Hz frequency, usually confined to hands and forearms, that appears when the limbs are relaxed, and disappears with active limb movements; characteristic of Parkinson disease. SYN: passive t..
senile t. an essential t. that becomes symptomatic in elderly adults.
static t. SYN: postural t..
volitional t. 1. a t. that can be arrested by a strong effort of the will; 2. SYN: intention t..
wing-beating t. a coarse, irregular t. that is most prominent when the limbs are held outstretched, reminiscent of a bird flapping its wings; due to up and down excursion of arm at abducted shoulder. Seen mainly with Wilson disease.

tremorgram
tremorgram (trem′or-gram)

SYN: tremogram.

tremorine
tremorine (trem′er-en)

A chemical which in the laboratory produces a tremor resembling parkinsonian tremor and is used to produce experimental parkinsonism.

tremostable
tremostable (trem-o-sta′bl)

Not subject to alteration or destruction by being shaken. [L. tremor, a shaking, + stabilis, stable]

tremulor
tremulor (trem′u-ler, -lor)

An instrument for giving vibratory massage.

tremulous
tremulous (trem′u-lus)

Characterized by tremor.

Trenaunay
Trenaunay

Paul, French physician, *1875. See Klippel-T.-Weber syndrome.

Trendelenburg
Trendelenburg

Friedrich, German surgeon, 1844–1924. See T. operation, T. position, reverse T. position, T. sign, T. symptom, T. test, T. gait.

trepanation
trepanation (trep-a-na′shun)

SYN: trephination.
corneal t., t. of cornea SYN: keratoplasty.

trephination
trephination (tref-i-na′shun)

Removal of a circular piece (“button”) of cranium by a trephine. SYN: trepanation.

trephine
trephine (tre-fin′, -fen′)

1. SYN: perforator. 2. To remove a disk of bone or other tissue by means of a t.. [contrived fr. L. tres fines, three ends]

trephocyte
trephocyte (tref′o-sit)

SYN: trophocyte. [G. trepho, to nourish, + kytos, cell]

trepidatio cordis
trepidatio cordis (trep-i-da′she-o kor′dis)

SYN: palpitation.

trepidation
trepidation (trep-i-da′shun)

Anxious fear. [L. trepidatio, fr. trepido, to tremble, to be agitated]

Treponema
Treponema (trep-o-ne′ma)

A genus of anaerobic bacteria (order Spirochaetales) consisting of cells, 3–8 μm in length, with acute, regular, or irregular spirals and no obvious protoplasmic structure. A terminal filament may be present. They stain with difficulty except with Giemsa stain or silver impregnation. Some species are pathogenic and parasitic for humans and other animals, generally producing local lesions in tissues. The type species is T. pallidum. [G. trepo, to turn, + nema, thread]
T. carateum a bacterial species that causes pinta, or carate.
T. cuniculi a bacterial species that causes spirochetosis in rabbits.
T. denticola cultivatable bacterial species that does not ferment carbohydrates and can be isolated from the oral cavity of humans.
T. genitalis a nonpathogenic bacterial species found on the genitalia of humans.
T. hyodysenteriae an enteropathogenic bacterial species that causes swine dysentery.
T. mucosum a bacterial species found in pyorrhea alveolaris; it possesses pyogenic properties.
T. pallidum a bacterial species that causes syphilis in humans; this organism can be experimentally transmitted to anthropoid apes and to rabbits; it is the type species of the genus T..
T. pertenue a bacterial species that causes yaws; patients with this disease give positive results in serologic screening tests for syphilis.

treponematosis
treponematosis (trep′o-ne-ma-to′sis)

SYN: treponemiasis.

treponeme
treponeme (trep′o-nem)

A vernacular term used to refer to any member of the genus Treponema.

treponemiasis
treponemiasis (trep′o-ne-mi′a-sis)

Infection caused by Treponema. SYN: treponematosis.

treponemicidal
treponemicidal (trep′o-ne′mi-si′dal)

Destructive to any species of Treponema, but usually with reference to T. pallidum, the microorganisms responsible for syphillis. SYN: antitreponemal. [Treponema + L. caedo, to kill]

treppe
treppe (trep′eh)

A phenomenon in cardiac muscle first observed by H.P. Bowditch; if a number of stimuli of the same intensity are sent into the muscle after a quiescent period, the first few contractions of the series show a successive increase in amplitude (strength). SYN: staircase phenomenon. [Ger. T., staircase]

Tresilian
Tresilian

Frederick J., English physician, 1862–1926. See T. sign.

tresis
tresis (tre′sis)

SYN: perforation. [G. t., a boring]

tretinoin
tretinoin (tret′i-no-in)

A keratolytic agent. See retinoic acid.

Treves
Treves

Sir Frederick, English surgeon, 1853–1923. See T. fold.

Treves
Treves

Norman, U.S. surgeon, 1894–1964. See Stewart-T. syndrome.

Trevor
Trevor

David, 20th century British orthopedic surgeon. See T. disease.

TRF
TRF

Abbreviation for thyrotropin-releasing factor.

TRH
TRH

Abbreviation for thyrotropin-releasing hormone.

tri- tri-

Three. Cf.:tris-. [L. and G.]

triacetic acid
triacetic acid (tri-a-se′tik)

Formed by condensation of acetyl and malonyl CoA's in the course of fatty acid synthesis.

triacetin
triacetin (tri-as′e-tin)

Used as a solvent of basic dyes, as a fixative in perfumery, and as a topical antifungal agent. SYN: glyceryl triacetate, triacetylglycerol.

triacetylglycerol
triacetylglycerol (tri-as′i-til-glis′er-ol)

SYN: triacetin.

triacetyloleandomycin
triacetyloleandomycin (tri-as′e-til-o′le-an-do-mi′sin)

SYN: troleandomycin.

triacylglycerol
triacylglycerol (tri-as′il-glis′er-ol)

Glycerol esterified at each of its three hydroxyl groups by a fatty (aliphatic) acid; e.g., tristearoylglycerol. SYN: triglyceride.
t. lipase the fat-splitting enzyme in pancreatic juice; it hydrolyzes t. to produce a diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion; a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme results in hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. SYN: lipase (2) , steapsin, tributyrase, tributyrinase.

triad
triad (tri′ad)

1. A collection of three things having something in common. 2. The transverse tubule and the terminal cisternae on each side of it in skeletal muscle fibers. 3. SYN: portal t.. 4. The father, mother, and child relationship projectively experienced in group psychotherapy. [G. trias (t.-), the number 3, fr. treis, three]
acute compression t. the rising venous pressure, falling arterial pressure, and decreased heart sounds of pericardial tamponade. SYN: Beck t..
Beck t. SYN: acute compression t..
Charcot t. 1. in multiple (disseminated) sclerosis, the three symptoms: nystagmus, tremor, and scanning speech; 2. combination of jaundice, fever, and upper abdominal pain that occurs as a result of cholangitis.
Fallot t. SYN: trilogy of Fallot.
hepatic t. SYN: portal t..
Hull t. the association of diastolic gallop, anasarca, and small pulse pressure.
Hutchinson t. parenchymatous keratitis, labyrinthine disease, and Hutchinson teeth, significant of congenital syphilis.
Kartagener t. SYN: Kartagener syndrome.
portal t. branches of the portal vein, hepatic artery, and the biliary ducts bound together in the perivascular fibrous capsule or portal tract as they ramify within the substance of the liver. SYN: hepatic t., t. (3) .
Saint t. the concurrence of hiatal hernia, diverticulosis, and cholelithiasis.

triage
triage (tre′ahzh)

1. Medical screening of patients to determine their relative priority for treatment. 2. The separation of a large number of casualties, in military or civilian disaster medical care, into three groups: 1) those who cannot be expected to survive even with treatment; 2) those who will recover without treatment; and 3) the highest priority group, those who will not survive without treatment. [Fr. sorting]

trial
trial

A test or experiment, usually conducted under specific conditions.
clinical t. a controlled experiment involving a defined set of human subjects, having a clinical event as an outcome measure, and intended to yield scientifically valid information about the efficacy or safety of a drug, vaccine, diagnostic test, surgical procedure, or other form of medical intervention.Four phases of clinical t. are distinguished. Phase I trials usually involve fewer than 100 healthy volunteers who are exposed to a new drug or vaccine. Such studies seek to establish optimal dosage and route of administration and to detect adverse reactions. Phase II trials generally involve 200–500 volunteers randomly assigned to control and study groups. These are pilot efficacy studies, with emphasis on immunogenicity in the case of vaccines, and on relative efficacy and safety in the case of drugs. Phase III trials, often multicenter, involve thousands of volunteers, randomly assigned to control and study groups. The aim is to generate statistically relevant data. Phase IV trials are conducted after a national drug registration authority (in the U.S., the Food and Drug Administration) has approved an agent for distribution or sale. They may explore specific pharmacologic effect, adverse reactions, or long-term effects.
randomized controlled t. (RCT) an epidemiologic experiment in which subjects in a population are allocated randomly into groups, called “experimental” or “study” and “control” groups to receive or not receive an experimental therapeutic or preventive regimen, procedure, maneuver, or intervention.

trial and error
trial and error

The apparently random, haphazard, hit-or-miss exploratory activity which often precedes the acquisition of new information or adjustments; it may be overt, as in a rat running in a maze, or covert (vicarious), as when one thinks of various ways of coping with a situation.

triamcinolone
triamcinolone (tri-am-sin′o-lon)

A glucocorticoid with actions and uses similar to those of prednisolone.
t. acetonide a potent glucocorticoid for topical treatment of dermatoses.
t. diacetate an anti-inflammatory and antiallergic agent for parenteral use.

tri-amelia
tri-amelia (tri′a-me′le-a)

Absence of three limbs. [tri- + G. a- priv. + melos, limb]

triamterene
triamterene (tri-am′ter-en)

A potassium sparing diuretic agent, often used in combination with hydrochlorthiazide.

triangle
triangle (tri′ang-gl) [TA]

In anatomy and surgery, a three-sided area with arbitrary or natural boundaries. SEE ALSO: trigonum, region. [L. triangulum, fr. tri-, three, + angulus, angle]
anal t. [TA] the posterior portion of the perineal region through which the anal canal opens; bounded by a line through both ischial tuberosities, the sacrotuberous ligaments, and the coccyx. SYN: regio analis [TA] , anal region.
anterior t. of neck anterior cervical region.
Assézat t. a t. formed by lines connecting the nasion with the alveolar and nasal point; used to indicate prognathism in comparative craniology.
auricular t. a t. formed by the base of the auricle and by lines drawn from the true tip of the auricle to the extremities of the base.
ausculatory t. [TA] space bounded by the lower border of the trapezius, the latissimus dorsi, and the medial margin of the scapula, where the absence of musculature allows respiratory sounds to be heard clearly with a stethoscope. SYN: trigonum auscultationis [TA] , t. of auscultation&star.
t. of auscultation ausculatory t..
axillary t. a triangular area embracing the medial aspect of the arm, the axilla, and the pectoral region which is one of the seats of predilection for the petechial initial rash of smallpox. SEE ALSO: axillary region.
Béclard t. area bounded by the posterior border of the hyoglossus muscle, the posterior belly of the digastric, and the greater horn of the hyoid bone.
Bonwill t. an equilateral t. formed by lines from the contact points of the lower central incisors, or the medial line of the residual ridge of the mandible, to the condyle on either side and from one condyle to the other.
Burger t. a scalene t. representing the frontal plane electrocardiographic leads comparable to, but more accurate than, the Einthoven t.. See Einthoven t..
Burow t. a t. of skin and subcutaneous fat excised so that a flap can be advanced without buckling the adjacent tissue.
Calot t. [TA] SYN: cystohepatic t..
cardiohepatic t. SYN: cardiohepatic angle.
carotid t. [TA] a space bounded by the superior belly of the omohyoid muscle, anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid, and posterior belly of the digastric; it contains the bifurcation of the common carotid artery. SYN: trigonum caroticum [TA] , fossa carotica, Gerdy hyoid fossa, Malgaigne fossa, Malgaigne t., superior carotid t..
cephalic t. a t. on the cranium formed by lines connecting the metopion, the pogonion, and the occipital point.
cervical t. any of the triangles of the neck.
clavipectoral t. [TA] area of anterior thoracic region bounded superiorly by the clavicle, inferomedially by the pectoral major (muscle) and superolaterally by the deltoid (muscle); the cephalic vein typically passes from superficial to deep here, and the pectoral branch of the thoracoacromial (arterial) trunk emerges here. SYN: trigonum clavipectorale [TA] , trigonum deltopectorale&star, deltoideopectoral t., deltopectoral t., trigonum deltoideopectorale.
Codman t. in radiology, the interface between growing bone tumor and normal bone, presenting as an incomplete t. formed by periosteum.
crural t. an area of predilection for the petechial initial rash of smallpox; it occupies the lower abdominal, inguinal, and genital regions and the inner aspects of the thighs, the base of the t. traversing the umbilicus.
cystohepatic t. [TA] area bounded by the cystic artery, cystic duct, and (common) hepatic duct—important structures to identify in performing a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. SYN: Calot t. [TA] , trigonum cystohepaticum [TA] .
deltoideopectoral t. SYN: clavipectoral t..
deltopectoral t. SYN: clavipectoral t..
digastric t. SYN: submandibular t..
Einthoven t. an imaginary equilateral t. with the heart at its center, its equal sides representing the three standard limb leads of the electrocardiogram.
Elaut t. t. formed by the iliac arteries and the promontory of the sacrum.
t. of elbow SYN: cubital fossa.
facial t. a t. formed by lines connecting the basion, the prosthion, and the nasion.
Farabeuf t. the t. formed by the internal jugular and facial veins and the hypoglossal nerve.
femoral t. [TA] a triangular space at the upper part of the thigh, bounded by the sartorius and adductor longus muscles and the inguinal ligament, with a floor formed laterally by the iliopsoas muscle and medially by the pectineus muscle; the branches of the femoral nerve are distributed within the femoral t.; it is bisected by the femoral vessels, which enter the adductor canal at the triangles apex. SYN: trigonum femorale [TA] , trigonum femoris&star, fossa scarpae major, Scarpa t., subinguinal t..
t. of fillet SYN: trigone of lateral lemniscus.
frontal t. a t. bounded above by the maximum frontal diameter and laterally by lines joining the extremities of this diameter with the glabella.
Garland t. a triangular area of relative resonance in the lower back near the spine, found on the same side as a pleural effusion.
Gombault t. semilunar fasciculus.
Grocco t. a triangular patch of dullness at the base of the chest alongside the spinal column, on the side opposite a pleural effusion. SYN: paravertebral t..
Grynfeltt t. a triangular space bounded above by the end of the last rib and the serratus posterior inferior muscle, anteriorly by the internal oblique, and posteriorly by the quadratus lumborum; lumbar hernia occurs in this space. SYN: Lesshaft t..
Hesselbach t. SYN: inguinal t..
inferior carotid t. SYN: muscular t. (of neck).
inferior lumbar t. [TA] an area of the back (posterior abdominal wall) bounded by the edges of the latissimus dorsi and external oblique muscles and the iliac crest; herniations occasionally occur here. SYN: trigonum lumbale inferius [TA] , lumbar t., Petit lumbar t..
inferior occipital t. a t. with its apex at the external occipital protuberance; its base is formed by a line joining the two mastoid processes.
infraclavicular t. SYN: infraclavicular fossa.
inguinal t. [TA] the triangular area in the lower abdominal wall bounded inferiorly by the inguinal ligament (externally) or iliopubic tract (internally), the border of the rectus abdominis medially and the inferior epigastric vessels (lateral umbilical fold) laterally. It is the site of direct inguinal hernia. SYN: trigonum inguinale [TA] , Hesselbach t., inguinal trigone.
interscalene t. SYN: scalene hiatus.
Killian t. the triangular-shaped area of the cervical esophagus bordered by the oblique fibers of the inferior constrictor muscle of the pharynx and the transverse fibers of the cricopharyngeus muscle through which Zenker diverticulum occurs.
Koch t. a triangular area of the wall of the right atrium of the heart, that marks the approximate situation of the atrioventricular node.
Labbé t. an area bounded below by a horizontal line touching the lower edge of the cartilage of the left ninth rib, laterally by the line of the false ribs, and to the right side by the liver; here the stomach is normally in contact with the abdominal wall.
Langenbeck t. a t. formed by lines drawn from the anterior superior iliac spine to the surface of the great trochanter and to the surgical neck of the femur; a penetrating wound in this area probably involves the joint.
lateral pelvic wall t. [TA] area of lateral wall of pelvis covered by the portion of the obturator internus muscle and fascia superior to the tendinous arch of levator ani (muscle), anterior to the sciatic notch, and inferior to the arcuate line of the ilium. SYN: trigonum parietale laterale pelvis [TA] .
Lesser t. the space between the bellies of the digastric muscle and the hypoglossal nerve.
Lesshaft t. SYN: Grynfeltt t..
Lieutaud t. SYN: trigone of bladder.
lumbar t. SYN: inferior lumbar t..
lumbocostal t. of diaphragm [TA] a triangular area in the diaphragm between its lumbar and costal parts and superior to the lateral arcuate ligament that is devoid of muscle fibers; it is covered by pleura superiorly and by peritoneum inferiorly; when it fails to form congenitally (a closure defect of the fetal pleuroperitoneal hiatus), the consequent foramen of Bochdalek is the most common site of diaphragmatic hernia of abdominal viscera. SYN: trigonum lumbocostale diaphragmatis [TA] , Bochdalek gap, vertebrocostal trigone.
lumbocostoabdominal t. an irregular area bounded by the serratus posterior inferior, obliquus externus, obliquus internus, and erector spinae muscles.
Macewen t. SYN: suprameatal t..
Malgaigne t. SYN: carotid t..
Marcille t. an area bounded by the medial border of the psoas major, the lateral margin of the vertebral column, and the iliolumbar ligament below; it is crossed by the obturator nerve.
muscular t. (of neck) [TA] the t. bounded by the sternocleidomastoid muscle, the superior belly of the omohyoid muscle, and the anterior midline of the neck; the infrahyoid muscles occupy most of it. SYN: trigonum musculare (regionis cervicalis anterioris) [TA] , omotracheal t.&star, trigonum omotracheale&star, inferior carotid t., tracheal t..
occipital t. a t. of the neck bounded by the trapezius, the sternocleidomastoid, and the omohyoid muscles. SEE ALSO: inferior occipital t..
omoclavicular t. [TA] SYN: supraclavicular t..
omotracheal t. muscular t. (of neck).
palatal t. a triangular area bounded by the greatest transverse diameter of the palate and by lines converging from its extremities to the alveolar point. SYN: trigonum palati.
paravertebral t. SYN: Grocco t..
Petit lumbar t. SYN: inferior lumbar t..
Philippe t. semilunar fasciculus.
Pirogoff t. a t. formed by the intermediate tendon of the digastric muscle, the posterior border of the mylohyoid muscle, and the hypoglossal nerve.
posterior t. of neck lateral cervical region.
pubourethral t. a t. in the perineum bounded by the transversus perinei, the ischiocavernosus, and the bulbocavernosus muscles.
Reil t. SYN: trigone of lateral lemniscus.
retromolar t. [TA] triangular area posterior to the third mandibular molar tooth. SYN: trigonum retromolare [TA] .
sacral t. the surface area over the sacrum.
t. of safety the area at the lower left sternal border where the pericardium is not covered by lung (pericardial notch); preferred site for aspiration of pericardial fluid.
Scarpa t. SYN: femoral t..
sternocostal t. SYN: trigonum sternocostale.
sternocostal t. (of diaphragm) [TA] fibrous (nonmuscular) area of diaphragm between the muscular slips of the sternal part of the diaphragm and the costal part; when it fails to form congenitally, the consequent foramen of Morgagni may allow herniation of abdominal viscera into thorax. SYN: trigonum sternocostale diaphragmatis [TA] .
subclavian t. supraclavicular t..
subinguinal t. SYN: femoral t..
submandibular t. [TA] the t. of the neck bounded by the mandible and the two bellies of the digastric muscle; it contains the submandibular gland. SYN: trigonum submandibulare [TA] , digastric t., submaxillary t..
submaxillary t. SYN: submandibular t..
submental t. [TA] a t. bounded by the anterior belly of the digastric muscles, the hyoid bone, and the midline; the mylohyoid muscle forms its floor. SYN: trigonum submentale [TA] .
suboccipital t. a deep t. bounded by the obliquus capitis inferior, the obliquus capitis superior, and the rectus capitis posterior major muscles.
superior carotid t. SYN: carotid t..
supraclavicular t. [TA] the t. bounded by the clavicle, the omohyoid muscle, and the sternocleidomastoid muscle; it contains the subclavian artery and vein. SYN: omoclavicular t. [TA] , trigonum omoclaviculare [TA] , subclavian t.&star.
suprameatal t. [TA] a t. formed by the root of the zygomatic arch, the posterior wall of the bony external acoustic meatus, and an imaginary line connecting the extremities of the first two lines; the suprameatal spine lies in its anterior margins; used as a guide in mastoid operations since it is the lateral wall of the mastoid antrum. SYN: foveola suprameatica [TA] , foveola suprameatalis, Macewen t., mastoid fossa, fossa mastoidea, supramastoid fossa, suprameatal pit.
tracheal t. SYN: muscular t. (of neck).
Tweed t. a t. defined by facial and dental landmarks on a lateral cephalometric film, using the Frankfort horizontal plane as a base and intended for use as a guide in the evaluation and planning of orthodontic treatment.
umbilicomammillary t. a t. with its apex at the umbilicus and its base at the line joining the nipples.
urogenital t. [TA] the anterior portion of the perineal region containing the openings of the urethra and vagina in the female and the urethra and root structures of the penis in the male. SYN: regio urogenitalis [TA] , urogenital region.
t. of vertebral artery triangular area in the root of the neck bounded laterally by the scalenus anterior and medially by the longus colli (muscles); the two muscles meet at the triangles apex, formed by the anterior (carotid) tubercle of the transverse process of vertebra C6; the vertebral artery arises from the subclavian artery at the base of the t., bisecting the t. as it ascends to the apex to enter the transverse foramen of vertebra C6.
vesical t. SYN: trigone of bladder.
Ward t. an area of diminished density in the trabecular pattern of the neck of the femur evident by x-ray as well as by direct inspection of a specimen.
Weber t. on the sole of the foot, an area indicated by the heads of the first and fifth metatarsal bone and the center of the plantar surface of the heel.
Wilde t. SYN: light reflex (3) .

triangularis
triangularis

See triangular muscle. [L. triangular]

triangulum
triangulum (tri-ang′goo-lum)

See triangle. [L.]

Triatoma
Triatoma (tri-a-to′ma)

A genus of insects (subfamily Triatominae, family Reduviidae) that includes important vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, such as T. dimidiata, T. infestans, and T. maculata.

Triatominae
Triatominae (tri-a-to′mi-ne)

A subfamily of insects (family Reduviidae, suborder Heteroptera) that are vertebrate bloodsuckers and include such important disease vector species as Panstrongylus, Rhodnius, and Triatoma; they are commonly called conenose or kissing bugs.

triazolam
triazolam (tri-a′zo-lam)

A short-acting benzodiazepine derivative used as a sedative and hypnotic.

triazologuanine
triazologuanine (tri′a-zol-o-gwah′nen)

SYN: 8-azaguanine.

tribasic
tribasic (tri-ba′sik)

Having three titratable hydrogen atoms; denoting an acid with a basicity of 3.

tribasilar
tribasilar (tri-bas′i-lar)

Having three bases.

tribe
tribe (trib)

In biologic classification, an occasionally used division between the family and the genus; often the same as the subfamily. [L. tribus]

tribology
tribology (tri-bol′o-je)

The study of friction and its effects in biologic systems, especially in regard to articulated surfaces of the skeleton. [G. tribo, to rub, + logos, study]

triboluminescence
triboluminescence (trib′o-loo-mi-nes′ens)

Luminosity produced by friction. [G. tribo, to rub, + luminescence]

tribrachia
tribrachia (tri-bra′ke-a)

Condition seen in conjoined twins in which there are only three arms for the two bodies. See conjoined twins, under twin. [tri- + G. brachion, arm]

tribrachius
tribrachius (tri-bra′ke-us)

Conjoined twins exhibiting tribrachia.

tribromsalan
tribromsalan (tri-brom′sa-lan)

A disinfectant used in soaps.

tributyrase
tributyrase (tri-bu′ti-ras)

SYN: triacylglycerol lipase.

tributyrin
tributyrin (tri-bu′ti-rin)

A synthetic substrate for lipase assays. SYN: glyceryl tributyrate, tributyrylglycerol.

tributyrinase
tributyrinase (tri-bu′ti-ri-nas)

SYN: triacylglycerol lipase.

tributyrylglycerol
tributyrylglycerol (tri-bu′ti-ril-glis′er-ol)

SYN: tributyrin.

TRIC
TRIC

Acronym for trachoma and inclusion conjunctivitis. See T. agents, under agent.

tricalcium phosphate
tricalcium phosphate (tri-kal′se-um)

SYN: tribasic calcium phosphate.

tricephalus
tricephalus (tri-sef′a-lus)

Fetus with three heads. [tri- + G. kephale, head]

triceps
triceps (tri′seps)

Three-headed; denoting especially two muscles: t. brachii and t. surae. See muscle. [L. fr. tri-, three, + caput, head]

trich- trich-

See tricho-.

trichalgia
trichalgia (trik-al′je-a)

Pain produced by touching the hair; painful hair, as can occur with atypical angina. SYN: trichodynia. [trich- + G. algos, pain]

trichangion
trichangion (trik-an′je-on)

SYN: telangion. [trich- + G. angeion, vessel]

trichatrophia
trichatrophia (trik-a-tro′fe-a)

Atrophy of the hair bulbs, with brittleness, splitting, and falling out of hair. [trich- + G. atrophia, atrophy]

trichauxis
trichauxis (trik-awk′sis)

Excessive growth of hair in length and quantity. [trich- + G. auxis, increase]

trichi- trichi-

See tricho-.

-trichia -trichia

Condition or type of hair. [G. thrix (trich-), hair, + -ia, condition]

trichiasis
trichiasis (tri-ki′a-sis)

A condition in which the hair adjacent to a natural orifice turns inward and causes irritation; e.g., in inversion of an eyelid (entropion), eyelashes irritate the eye. SYN: trichoma, trichomatosis. [trich- + G. -iasis, condition]

trichilemmoma
trichilemmoma (trik′i-le-mo′ma)

A benign tumor derived from outer root sheath epithelium of a hair follicle, consisting of cells with pale-staining cytoplasm containing glycogen; multiple trichilemmomas are present on the face in Cowden disease. SYN: tricholemmoma. [trichi- + G. lemma, husk, + -oma, tumor]

Trichina
Trichina (tri-ki′na)

Old name for a genus of nematode worms, correctly called Trichinella.

trichina
trichina, pl .trichinae (tri-ki′na, -ne)

A larval worm of the genus Trichinella; the infective form in pork. [Mod. L., fr. G. thrix (trich-), a hair]

Trichinella
Trichinella (trik′i-nel′a)

A nematode genus in the aphasmid group that causes trichinosis in humans and carnivores. [Mod. L. fr. trichina + dim. suffix ella]
T. pseudospiralis. nematode species with normal life cycle in small predators; humans are an accidental host.
T. spiralis the pork or trichina worm, a species of parasites that cause trichinosis, found in most regions of the world but more frequently in the Northern Hemisphere; transmission occurs as a result of ingesting raw or inadequately cooked meat (especially pork) that contains encysted larvae which develop into adults that survive in the jejunum and ileum for approximately 6 weeks; the female worm is viviparous, and bears approximately 1500 embryonic larvae that are laid deep in the mucosa so that they are picked up in the submucosal capillaries and are transported via the liver to the heart, lungs, and systemic circulation; eventually the larvae break out of the body capillaries, penetrate a muscle fiber, coil, and encyst, thereby inducing the strong sensitization, pain, fever, edema, and eosinophilic reaction characteristic of trichinosis.

trichinelliasis
trichinelliasis (trik′i-nel-i′a-sis)

SYN: trichinosis.

Trichinellicae
Trichinellicae (tri-ki-nel′i-ke)

SYN: Trichinelloidea.

Trichinelloidea
Trichinelloidea (trik′i-nel-oy′de-a)

A superfamily of nematodes, including the following roundworms that are parasitic in man: Trichinella spiralis, the trichina worm (family Trichinellidae); Trichuris trichiura, the human whipworm; Capillaria hepatica, the capillary liver worm; and C. philippinensis (family Trichuridae). SYN: Trichinellicae.

trichinellosis
trichinellosis (trik′i-nel-o′sis)

SYN: trichinosis.

trichiniasis
trichiniasis (trik-i-ni′a-sis)

SYN: trichinosis.

trichiniferous
trichiniferous (trik-i-nif′e-rus)

Containing trichina worms.

trichinization
trichinization (trik′i-ni-za′shun)

Infection with trichina worms.

trichinoscope
trichinoscope (trik′i-no-skop)

A magnifying glass used in the examination of meat suspected of being trichinous. [trichina + G. skopeo, to view]

trichinosis
trichinosis (trik-i-no′sis)

The disease resulting from ingestion of raw or inadequately cooked pork (or bear or walrus meat) that contains encysted larvae of the nematode parasite Trichinella spiralis. The initial symptoms of human disease are abdominal pain, cramping, and diarrhea, associated with the development of the parasites in the small intestine. Once the resultant larval parasites migrate and invade muscular tissue, a second set of symptoms is manifest, including facial and periorbital edema, myalgia, fever, pruritus, urticaria, conjunctivitis, and signs of myocarditis. SYN: trichinelliasis, trichinellosis, trichiniasis. [Trichinella (trichina) + G. -osis, condition]

trichinous
trichinous (trik′i-nus)

Infected with trichina worms.

trichion
trichion (trik′e-on)

A cephalometric point at the midpoint of the hairline at the top of the forehead. [G. thrix, hair]

trichite
trichite (trik′it)

SYN: trichocyst.

trichloral
trichloral (tri-klor′al)

SYN: m-chloral.

trichlorfon
trichlorfon (tri-klor′fon)

An organophosphorus compound effective against immature and mature stages of Schistosoma haematobium, but ineffective against other species of Schistosoma in humans. SYN: metrifonate.

trichloride
trichloride (tri-klor′id)

A chloride having three chlorine atoms in the molecule; e.g., PCl₃.

trichlormethiazide
trichlormethiazide (tri-klor-me-thi′a-zid)

An orally effective benzothiazide diuretic and antihypertensive agent.

trichlormethine
trichlormethine (tri-klor-meth′en)

A nitrogen mustard used in the treatment of leukemia.

trichloroacetic acid
trichloroacetic acid (tri-klor′o-a-se′tik)

Used as an astringent antiseptic in 1–5% solution or as an escharotic for venereal and other warts; a widely used protein precipitant.

trichloroethane
trichloroethane (tri-klor-o-eth′an)

An industrial solvent with pronounced inhalation anesthetic activity. SYN: methylchloroform.

trichloroethanol
trichloroethanol (tri-klor-o-eth′a-nol)

A hypnotic and sedative; as a metabolite of chloral hydrate, it contributes to the depressant activity of chloral hydrate. SYN: trichloroethyl alcohol.

trichloroethene
trichloroethene (tri-klor-o-eth′en)

SYN: trichloroethylene.

trichloroethyl alcohol
trichloroethyl alcohol (tri-klor-o-eth′il)

SYN: trichloroethanol.

trichloroethylene
trichloroethylene (tri-klor-o-eth′i-len)

An analgesic and inhalation anesthetic used in minor surgical operations and in obstetric practice; administration requires that only nonrebreathing circuits be used because of the toxicity of dichloracetylene resulting from interaction of t. with soda lime. SYN: ethinyl trichloride, trichloroethene.

trichlorofluoromethane
trichlorofluoromethane (tri-klor′o-flor-o-meth′an)

A propellant used for aerosol sprays; has anesthetic and arrhythmogenic activity if inhaled in high concentration. SYN: trichloromonofluoromethane.

trichloromethane
trichloromethane (tri-klor-o-meth′an)

SYN: chloroform.

trichloromonofluoromethane
trichloromonofluoromethane (tri-klor-o-mon′o-flor-o-meth′an)

SYN: trichlorofluoromethane.

trichlorophenol
trichlorophenol (tri-klor-o-fe′nol)

Used as an antiseptic, disinfectant, and fungicide.

(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid
(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4,5-T) (tri-klor-o-fe-nok′se-a-se-tik)

A herbicide and defoliant synthesized by condensation of chloracetic acid and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, used as the principal constituent of Agent Orange.

tricho- tricho-, trich-, trichi-

The hair; a hairlike structure. [G. thrix (trich-)]

Trichocephalus
Trichocephalus (trik-o-sef′a-lus)

Incorrect name for Trichuris. [tricho- + G. kephale, head]

trichochrome
trichochrome (tri′ko-krom)

Yellow-orange and violet natural pigments related to melanins; partly responsible for the red and auburn colors of human hair. [tricho- + G. chroma, color]

trichocyst
trichocyst (trik′o-sist)

One of a number of structures, in the form of minute elongated cysts, arranged radially around the periphery of a protozoan cell and containing fluid which when discharged serves for offense or defense; found in ciliates, such as Paramecium species. SYN: trichite. [tricho- + G. kystis, bladder]

Trichodectes
Trichodectes (trik-o-dek′tez)

A genus of biting lice that includes the species T. canis (T. latus), the biting louse of dogs that commonly serves as an intermediate host for the dog tapeworm, Dipylidium caninum, as well as the species T. climax (Bovicola caprae), T. parumpilosus (B. equi), T. scalaris (B. bovis), and T. sphaerocephalus (B. ovis). SEE ALSO: Bovicola, Damalinia. [tricho- + G. dektes, a beggar]

Trichoderma
Trichoderma (trik-o-der′ma)

A genus of fungi in soil that furnishes the antibiotic gliotoxin. Has produced rare opportunistic infections. [tricho- + G. derma, skin]

trichodiscoma
trichodiscoma (trik′o-dis-ko′ma)

Dominantly inherited or nonfamilial elliptical parafollicular mesenchymal hamartomas.

trichodynia
trichodynia (trik-o-din′e-a)

SYN: trichalgia. [tricho- + G. odyne, pain]

trichodystrophy
trichodystrophy (trik′o-dis-tro-fe)

Defective nutrition or growth of hair, often culminating in alopecia. May be acquired or congenital; the latter often with metabolic or other birth defects. [tricho- + G. prefix dys-, abnormal, + trophe, growth]

trichoepithelioma
trichoepithelioma (trik′o-ep-i-the-le-o′ma) [MIM*132700]

Multiple small benign nodules, occurring mostly on the skin of the face, derived from basal cells of hair follicles enclosing small keratin cysts; autosomal dominant inheritance. SYN: Brooke tumor, epithelioma adenoides cysticum, hereditary multiple t.. [tricho- + epithelioma]
desmoplastic t. a solitary, hard, annular, centrally depressed papule, occurring usually in women on the face, consisting of dermal strands of basaloid cells and small keratinous cysts within sclerotic desmoplastic stroma.
hereditary multiple t. SYN: t..

trichoesthesia
trichoesthesia (trik′o-es-the′ze-a)

1. The sensation felt when a hair is touched. 2. A form of paresthesia in which there is a sensation as of a hair on the skin, on the mucous membrane of the mouth, or on the conjunctiva. [tricho- + G. aisthesis, sensation]

trichofolliculoma
trichofolliculoma (trik′o-fol-ik-u-lo′ma)

A usually solitary tumor or hamartoma in which multiple abortive hair follicles open into a central cyst or space opening on the skin surface. [tricho- + L. folliculus, fountain, spring, + G. -oma, tumor]

trichogen
trichogen (trik′o-jen)

An agent that promotes the growth of hair. [tricho- + G. -gen, producing]

trichoglossia
trichoglossia (trik-o-glos′e-a)

SYN: hairy tongue. [tricho- + G. glossa, tongue]

trichohyalin
trichohyalin (trik-o-hi′a-lin)

A substance of the nature of keratohyalin found in the developing inner root sheath of the hair follicle.

trichoid
trichoid (trik′oyd)

Hairlike. [tricho- + G. eidos, resemblance]

tricholemmoma
tricholemmoma (trik′o-le-mo′ma)

SYN: trichilemmoma.

trichologia
trichologia (trik-o-lo′je-a)

A nervous habit of plucking at the hair. SYN: trichology (2) . [G. trichologeo, to pluck hairs, fr. tricho- + lego, to pick out, gather]

trichology
trichology (tri-kol′o-je)

1. The study of the anatomy, growth, and diseases of the hair. [tricho- + G. logos, study] 2. SYN: trichologia. [G. trichologeo, fr. tricho- + lego, to pick out]

trichoma
trichoma (tri-ko′ma)

SYN: trichiasis. [tricho- + G. -oma, tumor]

trichomatosis
trichomatosis (tri-ko′ma-to′sis)

SYN: trichiasis.

trichomegaly
trichomegaly (trik′o-meg′a-le)

Congenital condition characterized by abnormally long eyelashes; associated with dwarfism. [tricho- + G. megas, large]

trichomonacide
trichomonacide (trik-o-mo′na-sid)

An agent that is destructive to Trichomonas organisms.

trichomonad
trichomonad (trik-o-mo′nad)

Common name for members of the family Trichomonadidae.

Trichomonadidae
Trichomonadidae (trik′o-mo-nad′i-de)

A family of protozoan flagellates that includes the genus Trichomonas.

Trichomonas
Trichomonas (trik-o-mo′nas)

A genus of parasitic protozoan flagellates (subfamily Trichomonidinae, family Trichomonadidae) causing trichomoniasis in humans, other primates, and birds. Specificity is more marked for its precise microhabitat than for host species. The genus has been divided into several genera: T., Pentatrichomonas, Tetratrichomonas, and Tritrichomonas. [tricho- + G. monas, single (unit)]
T. buccalis SYN: T. tenax.
T. foetus former name for Tritrichomonas foetus.
T. gallinarum former name for Tetratrichomonas gallinarium.
T. hominis former name for Pentatrichomonas hominis.
T. ovis former name for Tetratrichomonas ovis.
T. suis former name for Tritrichomonas suis.
T. tenax a species that lives as a commensal in the mouth of humans and other primates, especially in the tartar around the teeth or in the defects of carious teeth; there is no evidence of direct pathogenesis, but it is frequently associated with pyogenic organisms in pus pockets or at the base of teeth. SYN: T. buccalis.
T. vaginalis a species frequently found in the vagina and urethra of women (in whom it causes trichomoniasis vaginitis) and in the urethra and prostate gland of men (the only known natural hosts); considerable differences in pathogenicity exist among various strains of this species.

trichomoniasis
trichomoniasis (trik′o-mo-ni′a-sis)

Disease caused by infection with a species of protozoon of the genus Trichomonas or related genera.
t. vaginitis acute vaginitis or urethritis caused by infection with Trichomonas vaginalis, which does not invade the mucosa or the tissue but provokes an inflammatory reaction; infection is venereal or by other forms of contact; widespread infection in human populations is usually asymptomatic but may produce vaginitis, with vaginal and vulvar pruritis, leukorrhea with frothy watery discharge, and (rarely) purulent urethritis in males.

trichomycetosis
trichomycetosis (trik′o-mi-se-to′sis)

SYN: trichomycosis.

trichomycosis
trichomycosis (trik′o-mi-ko′sis)

Term formerly used to mean any disease of the hair caused by a fungus; now synonymous with trichonocardiosis or t. axillaris. In present usage, t. is a misnomer because the causative agent of the disease is a nocardia (an entity intermediate between fungus and bacterium) or Corynebacterium and not a true fungus. SYN: trichomycetosis. [tricho- + G. mykes, fungus, + G. -osis, condition]
t. axillaris Corynebacterium infection of axillary and pubic hairs with development of yellow (flava), black (nigra), or red (rubra) concretions around the hair shafts; frequently asymptomatic. SYN: lepothrix, trichonodosis.

trichonodosis
trichonodosis (trik′o-no-do′sis)

SYN: trichomycosis axillaris. [tricho- + L. nodus, node (swelling), + G. -osis, condition]

trichonosis
trichonosis (trik′o-no′sis)

SYN: trichopathy.

trichopathic
trichopathic (trik-o-path′ik)

Relating to any disease of the hair.

trichopathophobia
trichopathophobia (trik′o-path-o-fo′be-a)

Excessive worry regarding disease of the hair, its color, or abnormalities of its growth. [tricho- + G. pathos, suffering, + phobos, fear]

trichopathy
trichopathy (tri-kop′a-the)

Any disease of the hair. SYN: trichonosis, trichosis. [tricho- + G. pathos, suffering]

trichophagia
trichophagia (tri-ko-faj′e-a)

The eating of hair or wool.

trichophagy
trichophagy (tri-kof′a-je)

Habitual biting of the hair. [tricho- + G. phagein, to eat]

trichophobia
trichophobia (trik-o-fo′be-a)

Morbid disgust caused by the sight of loose hairs on clothing or elsewhere. [tricho- + G. phobos, fear]

trichophytic
trichophytic (trik-o-fit′ik)

Relating to trichophytosis.

trichophytobezoar
trichophytobezoar (trik′o-fi′to-be′zor)

A mixed hair and food ball, consisting of vegetable fibers, seeds and skins of fruits, and animal hair matted together to form a ball in the stomach of humans or other animals, especially ruminants. SYN: phytotrichobezoar. [tricho- + G. phyton, plant, + bezoar]

Trichophyton
Trichophyton (tri-kof′i-ton)

A genus of pathogenic fungi causing dermatophytosis in humans and animals; species may be anthropophilic, zoophilic, or geophilic, and attack the hair, skin, and nails, and are characterized by their growth in hair. Endothrix species grow from the skin into the hair follicle, penetrate the shaft, and grow into it, producing rows of arthroconidia as the hyphae septate; there is no growth on the external surface of the shaft. Ectothrix species are of two kinds, large spored and small spored. In both, the fungus grows into the hair follicle, surrounds the hair shaft, and penetrates it, but continues to grow both within and outside the hair shaft, producing arthroconidia externally. [tricho- + G. phyton, plant]
T. concentricum an anthropophilic fungal species that is the causative agent of tinea imbricata; it closely resembles the branching mycelium of T. schoenleinii.
T. equinum a zoophilic fungal species causing ectothrix infections of hair in horses, from which humans may also be infected; it requires nicotinic acid for growth.
T. megninii an anthropophilic ectothrix species of dermatophyte fungi with spores in chains, causing infection in humans; it requires histidine, which differentiates it from Microsporum gallinae.
T. mentagrophytes a zoophilic small-spored ectothrix species of fungi that causes infection of the hair, skin, and nails; it is a cause of ringworm in dogs, horses, rabbits, mice, rats, chinchillas, foxes, and humans (especially tinea pedis with severe inflammation, and tinea cruris).
T. rubrum a widely distributed anthropophilic fungal species that causes persistent infections of the skin, especially tinea pedis and tinea cruris, and in the nails that are unusually resistant to therapy; it rarely invades the hair, where it is ectothrix in nature; occasional subcutaneous and systemic infections have been reported.
T. schoenleinii an anthropophilic endothrix species of dermatophyte fungi causing favus in humans; it is endemic throughout Eurasia and Africa and, because of travel, is seen more frequently in the Western Hemisphere; it produces tunnels within the hair shaft that are filled with air bubbles after the hyphae disintegrate.
T. simii a zoophilic species of fungi that causes infection in rhesus monkeys, dogs, and humans; most infections have had their origin in India.
T. tonsurans an anthropophilic endothrix species of fungi that causes epidemic dermatophytosis in Europe, South America, and the U.S.; it infects some animals and requires thiamin for growth. It is the most common cause of tinea capitis in the U.S., forming black dots where hair breaks off at the skin surface.
T. verrucosum a zoophilic species of fungi that causes ringworm in cattle, from which humans can become infected.
T. violaceum an anthropophilic species of fungi that causes black-dot ringworm or favus infection of the scalp; hair infection is of the endothrix type; usually found in South America, Europe, Asia, and Africa.

trichophytosis
trichophytosis (trik′o-fi-to′sis)

Superficial fungus infection caused by species of Trichophyton. [tricho- + G. phyton, plant, + -osis, condition]

Trichopleuris
Trichopleuris (trik′o-ploo′ris)

A genus of biting lice that infest ruminants, e.g., T. lipeuroides and T. parallelus in American deer; considered by some to be a subgenus of Damalinia. [tricho- + G. pleura, rib, side]

trichopoliodystrophy
trichopoliodystrophy

SYN: kinky-hair disease.

trichopoliosis
trichopoliosis (trik′o-po-le-o′sis)

SYN: poliosis. [tricho- + G. polios, gray, + -osis, condition]

Trichoptera
Trichoptera (tri-kop′ter-a)

An order of insects in which the aquatic larvae (caddis flies) construct a protective case (caddis) of bits of submerged material in a highly specific form; commonly found attached under stones in freshwater streams. The adult caddis flies, having hairy wings, shed their hairs and epithelia, causing hay fever-like (allergic) symptoms in sensitive people. [tricho- + G. pteron, wing]

trichoptilosis
trichoptilosis (trik′o-ti-lo′sis, tri-kop-ti-lo′sis)

A condition of splitting of the shaft of the hair, giving it a feathery appearance. [tricho- + G. ptilosis, plumage, + -osis, condition]

trichorrhexis
trichorrhexis (trik-o-rek′sis)

A condition in which the hairs tend to readily break or split. [tricho- + G. rhexis, a breaking]
t. invaginata SYN: bamboo hair.
t. nodosa a congenital or acquired condition in which minute nodes are formed in the hair shafts; splitting and breaking, complete or incomplete, may occur at these points or nodes.

trichoschisis
trichoschisis (tri-kos′ki-sis)

The presence of broken or split hairs. SEE ALSO: trichorrhexis. [tricho- + G. schisis, a cleaving]

trichosis
trichosis (tri-ko′sis)

SYN: trichopathy. [tricho- + G. -osis, condition]
t. carunculae a growth of hair on the lacrimal caruncle.
t. sensitiva hyperesthesia of the hairy parts.
t. setosa coarseness of the hair.

trichosomatous
trichosomatous (trik-o-so′ma-tus)

Having flagella with a small body; denoting certain protozoan organisms. See Trichomonas. [tricho- + G. soma, body]

Trichosporon
Trichosporon (tri-kos′po-ron, trik-o-spor′on)

A genus of imperfect fungi that possess branching septate hyphae with arthroconidia and blastoconidia; these organisms are part of the normal flora of the intestinal tract of humans. T. beigelii is the causative agent of white piedra or trichosporonosis and fatal fungemia in immunocompromised patients. [tricho- + G. sporos, seed (spore)]

trichosporonosis
trichosporonosis (trik′o-spor-o-no-sis)

Systemic infection by Trichosporan beigelii; marked by fever or pneumonia with a high mortality; seen in neutropenic patients. Local infection with T. beigelii is white piedra, also known as trichosporosis.

trichosporosis
trichosporosis (trik′o-spo-ro′sis)

Infection with Trichosporon beigelii. [Trichosporon + G. -osis, condition]

trichostasis spinulosa
trichostasis spinulosa (tri-kos′ta-sis spi′noo-lo′sa)

A condition in which hair follicles are blocked with a keratin plug containing multiple vellus hairs forming pruritic papules. [tricho- + G. stasis, a standing; L. spinulosus, thorny]

trichostrongyle
trichostrongyle (trik-o-stron′jil)

Common name for members of the family Trichostrongylidae.

Trichostrongylidae
Trichostrongylidae (trik′o-stron-jil′i-de)

A family of nematodes (order Strongylida or, in older terminology, Strongylata); includes the important genera Cooperia, Ostertagia, Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, and Hippostrongylus. See Trichostrongylus.

trichostrongylosis
trichostrongylosis (trik′o-stron-ji-lo′sis)

Infection with nematodes of the genus Trichostrongylus.

Trichostrongylus
Trichostrongylus (trik-o-stron′ji-lus)

The hairworm, or bankrupt or black scour worm; an economically important genus (about 30 species) of small slender nematodes (family Trichostrongylidae) that inhabit the small intestine, in some cases the stomach, of a variety of herbivorous animals and gallinaceous birds. They burrow into the mucosa and suck blood; in large numbers they do serious damage, especially to young hosts. [tricho- + G. strongylos, round]
T. axei the most common species in cattle, occurring also in the abomasum of sheep, horses, antelope, bison, llama, and deer, and in the stomach of pigs and horses.
T. capricola a species that occurs in the small intestine and abomasum of sheep, goats, deer, and pronghorn.
T. colubriformis a species that occurs in anterior portions of the small intestine and sometimes in the abomasum of sheep, goats, cattle, camels, and some wild ruminants, and in the stomach of primates (including humans), rabbits, and squirrels; it is distributed worldwide and is common in the U.S., especially in sheep.
T. longispicularis a species found in the small intestine of cattle, sheep, and goats; it is distributed worldwide but uncommon in the U.S.
T. tenuis a species that is a widespread pathogenic parasite of the ceca and small intestines of fowl, including ducks, geese, turkeys, pheasants, and partridges.
T. vitrinus a species that is an important pathogen of lambs, found chiefly in the duodenum of sheep, camels, rabbits, and goats but also reported from humans and pigs.

Trichothecium
Trichothecium (tri-ko-the′se-um)

A genus of imperfect fungi generally considered a common saprophyte.

trichothiodystrophy
trichothiodystrophy (trik′o-thi′o-dis′tro-fe) [MIM*234050]

Congenital brittle hair resulting from low sulfur-containing amino acid (cysteine) content sometimes associated with mental impairment and short stature; autosomal recessive inheritance. [tricho- + thio- + G. dys, bad, + trophe, nourishment]

trichotillomania
trichotillomania (trik′o-til-o-ma′ne-a)

A compulsion to pull out one's own hair. [tricho- + G. tillo, pull out, + mania, insanity]

trichotomy
trichotomy (tri-kot′o-me)

A division into three parts. [G. trichia, threefold, + tome, a cutting]

trichotoxin
trichotoxin (trik′o-tok′sin)

A cytotoxin having an injurious effect specifically for ciliated epithelium.

trichotrophy
trichotrophy (tri-kot′ro-fe)

Nutrition of the hair. [tricho- + G. trophe, nourishment]

trichroic
trichroic (tri-kro′ik)

Relating to or marked by trichroism.

trichroism
trichroism (tri′kro-izm)

The property of some crystals of emitting different colors in three different directions. [G. trichroos, three-colored, fr. tri- + chroa, color]

trichromat
trichromat (tri-kro′mat)

A person who sees three primary colors; hence, one with normal color vision. [tri- + G. chroma, color]

trichromatic
trichromatic (tri-kro-mat′ik)

1. Having, or relating to, the three primary colors: red, green, and blue. 2. Capable of perceiving the three primary colors; having normal color vision. SYN: trichromic.

trichromatism
trichromatism (tri-kro′ma-tizm)

The state of being trichromatic. [tri- + G. chroma, color]
anomalous t. a defect in color perception in which there appears to be an abnormality or deficiency in one of the three primary pigments of the retinal cones. See protanomaly, deuteranomaly, tritanomaly.

trichromatopsia
trichromatopsia (tri-kro′ma-top′se-a)

Normal color vision; the ability to perceive the three primary colors. [tri- + G. chroma, color, + opsis, vision]

trichromic
trichromic (tri-kro′mik)

SYN: trichromatic.

trichterbrust
trichterbrust (tricht′er-broost)

SYN: pectus excavatum. [Ger. T., funnel chest]

trichuriasis
trichuriasis (tri-koo-ri′a-sis)

Infection with nematodes of the genus Trichuris. In humans, intestinal parasitization by T. trichiura is usually asymptomatic and not associated with peripheral eosinophilia; in massive infections it frequently induces diarrhea or rectal prolapse.

Trichuris
Trichuris (tri-koo′ris)

A genus of aphasmid nematodes (sometimes improperly termed Trichocephalus) related to the trichina worm, Trichinella spiralis, and having a body with a slender, elongated, anterior portion threaded into the mucosa of the colon or large intestine of the host and a thick posterior portion bearing reproductive organs and their products. T. contains about 70 species, all in mammals. [tricho- + G. oura, tail]
T. suis a nematode species found in the pig; adult worms have been found in humans.
T. trichiura the whipworm of humans, a species that causes trichuriasis; the body is filiform and slender in the anterior three-fifths, and more robust posteriorly; females are 4 or 5 cm long, males are shorter (with coiled caudal extremity and a single eversible spicule); eggs are barrel-shaped, 50–56 μm by 20–22 μm, with double shell and translucent knobs at each of the two poles; humans are the only susceptible hosts and usually acquire infection by direct finger-to-mouth contact or by ingestion of soil, water, or food that contains larvated eggs (development in the soil takes 3–6 weeks under proper conditions of warmth and moisture, hence distribution is chiefly tropical); larvae escape from eggs in the ileum, mature in approximately a month, and then pass directly into the cecum without undergoing a parenteral migration as occurs with Ascaris lumbricoides; adults may persist for 2–7 years.
T. vulpis a nematode species found in the dog; the sexually mature adult has been found in the human appendix.

tricipital
tricipital (tri-sip′i-tal)

Having three heads; denoting a triceps muscle.

triclobisonium chloride
triclobisonium chloride (tri′klo-bi-so′ne-um)

A bisquaternary ammonium compound used topically in the treatment of superficial infections of the skin and vagina; a cationic antiseptic effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms. It is inactivated by soap and pH changes.

triclofenol piperazine
triclofenol piperazine (tri-klo′fen-ol)

An anthelmintic.

triclofos
triclofos (tri′klo-fos)

A phosphorylated derivative of chloral hydrate, which is hydrolyzed to chloral hydrate in the body and produces characteristic sedative-hypnotic properties.

tricorn
tricorn (tri′korn)

1. One of the lateral ventricles of the brain. 2. SYN: tricornute. [tri- + L. cornu, horn]

tricornute
tricornute (tri-kor′noot)

Having three cornua or horns. SYN: tricorn (2) . [tri- + L. cornutus, horned, fr. cornu, a horn]

tricresol
tricresol (tri-kre′sol)

SYN: cresol.

tricrotic
tricrotic (tri-krot′ik)

Thrice-beating; marked by three waves in the arterial pulse tracing. SYN: tricrotous. [tri- + G. krotos, a beat]

tricrotism
tricrotism (tri′kro-tizm)

The condition of being tricrotic.

tricrotous
tricrotous (tri′kro-tus)

SYN: tricrotic.

Tricula
Tricula (trik′u-la)

A genus of operculate freshwater snails related to Oncomelania (the Schistosoma japonicum intermediate hosts) of the subfamily triculinae, family Hydrobiidae, subclass Prosobranchiata; it includes T. aperta, intermediate host of Schistosoma mekongi.

tricuspid
tricuspid, tricuspidal, tricuspidate (tri-kus′pid, -kus′pi-dal, -kus′pi-dat)

1. Having three points, prongs, or cusps, as the t. valve of the heart. 2. Having three tubercles or cusps, as the second upper molar tooth (occasionally) and the upper third molar (usually). SYN: tritubercular.

tricyclamol chloride
tricyclamol chloride (tri-si′kla-mol)

SYN: procyclidine methochloride.

tridactylous
tridactylous (tri-dak′ti-lus)

SYN: tridigitate.

trident
trident (tri′dent)

SYN: tridentate.

tridentate
tridentate (tri-den′tat)

Three-toothed; three-pronged. SYN: trident. [tri- + L. dentatus, toothed]

tridermic
tridermic (tri-der′mik)

Relating to or derived from the three primary germ layers of the embryo: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. [tri- + G. derma, skin]

tridermoma
tridermoma (tri-der-mo′ma)

SYN: triphyllomatous teratoma. [tri- + G. derma, skin, + -oma, tumor]

tridigitate
tridigitate (tri-dij′i-tat)

Having three fingers or three toes on one hand or foot. SYN: tridactylous. [tri- + L. digitus, digit]

tridihexethyl chloride
tridihexethyl chloride (tri′di-heks-eth′il)

An anticholinergic drug.

tridymite
tridymite (trid′i-mit)

A form of silica used in dental casting investment. [fr. G. tridymos, threefold]

tridymus
tridymus (trid′i-mus)

SYN: triplet (1) . [L. fr. G. tridymos, threefold]

trielcon
trielcon (tri-el′kon)

A long, three-jawed forceps for the extraction of foreign bodies from wounds or canals. [tri- + G. helko, to draw]

trientine hydrochloride
trientine hydrochloride (tri′en-ten)

A chelating agent used to remove excess copper from the body in Wilson disease. SYN: triethylenetetramine dihydrochloride.

triethanolamine
triethanolamine (tri′eth-a-nol′a-men)

A mixture of mono-, di-, and t., used as an emulsifying agent in the preparation of medicated ointments and lotions and as an aid in the absorption of such medicaments through the skin.

triethylene glycol
triethylene glycol (tri-eth′i-len)

Used in the vapor state as an air-sterilizing agent; toxic to bacteria, fungi, and viruses in very low concentrations in air; variations in the humidity of the air limit the germicidal effectiveness.

triethylenemelamine
triethylenemelamine (TEM) (tri-eth′i-len-mel′a-men)

An antineoplastic agent chemically related to the nitrogen mustards; used in the treatment of leukemia.

triethylenephosphoramide
triethylenephosphoramide (TEPA) (tri-eth′i-len-fos-for′a-mid)

A drug with the same actions and uses as triethylenemelamine in the treatment of leukemias.

triethylenetetramine dihydrochloride
triethylenetetramine dihydrochloride (tri-eth′i-len-tet′ra-am′en)

SYN: trientine hydrochloride.

triethylenethiophosphoramide
triethylenethiophosphoramide (tri-eth′i-len-thi′o-fos-for′a-mid)

An alkylating agent used for the palliative treatment of malignant diseases such as leukemia, lymphoma, and carcinoma. SYN: thiotepa.

trifacial
trifacial (tri-fa′shal)

Denoting the fifth pair of cranial nerves, the trigeminal nerves. [tri- + L. facies, face]

trifid
trifid (tri′fid)

Split into three. [L. trifidus, three-cleft]

trifluoperazine hydrochloride
trifluoperazine hydrochloride (tri′floo-o-per′a-zen)

An antipsychotic of the phenothiazine type.

trifluoroacetyl
trifluoroacetyl (tri-flur′o-as′e-til)

A group used to protect amino moieties of amino acid and peptides during peptide synthesis.

2,2,2-trifluoroethyl vinyl
2,2,2-trifluoroethyl vinyl (tri-flor-o-eth′il)

SYN: fluroxene.

5-trifluoromethyldeoxyuridine
5-trifluoromethyldeoxyuridine (tri-flor′o-meth′il-de-ok-si-u′ri-den)

A pyrimidine analog used topically in the treatment of herpes simplex keratitis.

trifluperidol hydrochloride
trifluperidol hydrochloride (tri-floo-per′i-dol)

A tranquilizer.

triflupromazine hydrochloride
triflupromazine hydrochloride (tri-floo-pro′ma-zen)

An antipsychotic closely related chemically and pharmacologically to chlorpromazine.

trifluridine
trifluridine (tri-floor′i-den)

An antiviral agent used in eye drops to treat herpes simplex infections of the eye.

trifocal
trifocal (tri′fo-kal)

Having three foci. See t. lens.

trifurcation
trifurcation (tri-fur-ka′shun)

1. A division into three branches. 2. The area where the tooth roots divide into three distinct portions. [tri- + L. furca, fork]

trigastric
trigastric (tri-gas′trik)

Having three bellies; denoting a muscle with two tendinous interruptions. [tri- + G. gaster, belly]

trigeminal
trigeminal (tri-jem′i-nal)

Relating to the fifth cranial or trigeminus nerve. SYN: trigeminus. [L. trigeminus, threefold]

trigeminus
trigeminus (tri-jem′i-nus)

SYN: trigeminal. [L. threefold, fr. tri- + geminus, twin]

trigeminy
trigeminy (tri-jem′i-ne)

SYN: trigeminal rhythm. [L. trigeminus, threefold]

trigenolline
trigenolline (trig-e-nol′en)

SYN: trigonelline.

trigger
trigger (trig′er)

Term describing a system in which a relatively small input turns on a relatively large output, the magnitude of which is unrelated to the magnitude of the input.
ECG t. use of the electrocardiogram, usually the R wave, to control electronically some recording or imaging apparatus. See cardiac gating. SYN: EKG t..
EKG t. SYN: ECG t..

triglyceride
triglyceride (tri-glis′er-id)

SYN: triacylglycerol.

trigona
trigona (tri-go′na)

Plural of trigonum. [L.]

trigonal
trigonal (trig′o-nal)

Triangular; relating to a trigonum.

trigone
trigone (tri′gon) [TA]

1. SYN: trigonum. 2. The first three dominant cusps (protocone, paracone, and metacone), taken collectively, of an upper molar tooth. [L. trigonum, fr. G. trigonon, triangle]
t. of auditory nerve the slight prominence of the floor of the lateral recess of the fourth ventricle, corresponding to the underlying cochlear and vestibular nuclei. SYN: acoustic tubercle, trigonum nervi acustici.
t. of bladder [TA] a triangular smooth area at the base of the bladder between the openings of the two ureters and that of the urethra. SYN: trigonum vesicae [TA] , Lieutaud body, Lieutaud triangle, Lieutaud t., vesical triangle.
cerebral t. SYN: fornix.
collateral t. [TA] a triangular prominence of the floor of the lateral ventricle at the transition between occipital and temporal horn, continuous rostrally with the collateral eminence and, like the latter, caused by the deep penetration of the collateral sulcus from the ventral surface of the temporal lobe. SYN: trigonum collaterale [TA] , t. of lateral ventricle, trigonum ventriculi, ventricular t..
deltoideopectoral t. SYN: infraclavicular fossa.
fibrous trigones of heart right fibrous t. (of heart), left fibrous t. (of heart).
t. of fillet SYN: t. of lateral lemniscus.
t. of habenula SYN: habenular t..
habenular t. [TA] a small triangular area on the dorsomedial surface of the thalamus at the caudal end of the medullary stria, corresponding to the underlying habenula. SYN: trigonum habenulae [TA] , t. of habenula.
hypoglossal t. [TA] a slight elevation in the floor of the inferior recess of the fourth ventricle, beneath which is the nucleus of origin of the twelfth cranial nerve. SYN: trigonum nervi hypoglossi [TA] , t. of hypoglossal nerve&star, eminentia hypoglossi, hypoglossal eminence, trigonum hypoglossi, tuberculum hypoglossi.
t. of hypoglossal nerve hypoglossal t..
inguinal t. SYN: inguinal triangle.
t. of lateral lemniscus [TA] a triangular area on the lateral surface of the caudal half of the mesencephalon, bordered caudally by the slight prominence of the lateral lemniscus, dorsally by the base of the inferior colliculus and the brachium of the superior colliculus, and ventrally by the crus cerebri. SYN: lemniscal t., Reil triangle, triangle of fillet, t. of fillet.
t. of lateral ventricle SYN: collateral t..
left fibrous t. (of heart) the part of the fibrous skeleton of the heart located in the interval between the left side of the left atrioventricular ring and the aortic ring. SYN: trigonum fibrosum sinistrum.
lemniscal t. SYN: t. of lateral lemniscus.
Lieutaud t. SYN: t. of bladder.
Müller t. the floor of the supraoptic recess of the third ventricle.
olfactory t. [TA] a grayish triangular area corresponding to the attachment of the olfactory peduncle (“olfactory nerve” or olfactory tract) to the base of the brain, at the anterior border of the anterior perforated substance. SYN: trigonum olfactorium [TA] .
right fibrous t. (of heart) [TA] part of the fibrous skeleton of the heart located between the aortic fibrous ring and rings surrounding the right and left atrioventricular ostia. SYN: trigonum fibrosum dextrum.
vagal (nerve) t. [TA] a prominence in the floor of the inferior fovea of the fourth ventricle that overlies the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. SYN: trigonum nervi vagi [TA] , t. of vagus nerve&star, trigonum vagale&star, ala cinerea, ashen wing, gray wing, vagi eminentia.
t. of vagus nerve vagal (nerve) t..
ventricular t. SYN: collateral t..
vertebrocostal t. SYN: lumbocostal triangle of diaphragm.

trigonelline
trigonelline (trig-o-nel′en)

The methyl betaine of nicotinic acid; a product of the metabolism of nicotinic acid; excreted in the urine. SYN: caffearine, trigenolline.

trigonid
trigonid (tri-gon′id, -go′nid)

The first three dominant cusps, taken collectively, of a lower molar tooth. SEE ALSO: trigone.

trigonitis
trigonitis (tri′go-ni′tis)

Inflammation of the urinary bladder, localized in the trigone. [trigone + G. -itis, inflammation]

trigonocephalic
trigonocephalic (trig′o-no-se-fal′ik)

Pertaining to trigonocephaly.

trigonocephaly
trigonocephaly (trig′o-no-sef′a-le, tri′go-no-)

Malformation characterized by a triangular configuration of the skull, due in part to premature synostosis of the cranial bones with compression of the cerebral hemispheres. [trigone + G. kephale, head]

trigonum
trigonum, pl .trigona (tri-go′num, -na) [TA]

Any triangular area. See triangle. SYN: trigone (1) [TA] . [L., fr. G. trigonon, a triangle]
t. auscultationis [TA] SYN: ausculatory triangle.
t. caroticum [TA] SYN: carotid triangle.
t. cerebrale SYN: fornix (2) .
t. cervicale any one of the triangles of the neck. SYN: t. colli.
t. cervicale anterius anterior cervical region.
t. cervicale posterius lateral cervical region.
t. clavipectorale [TA] SYN: clavipectoral triangle.
t. collaterale [TA] SYN: collateral trigone.
t. colli SYN: t. cervicale.
t. colli anterius anterior cervical region.
t. colli laterale lateral cervical region.
t. cystohepaticum [TA] SYN: cystohepatic triangle.
t. deltoideopectorale SYN: clavipectoral triangle.
t. deltopectorale clavipectoral triangle.
t. femorale [TA] SYN: femoral triangle.
t. femoris femoral triangle.
trigona fibrosa cordis right fibrous trigone (of heart), left fibrous trigone (of heart).
t. fibrosum dextrum SYN: right fibrous trigone (of heart).
t. fibrosum sinistrum SYN: left fibrous trigone (of heart).
t. habenulae [TA] SYN: habenular trigone.
t. hypoglossi SYN: hypoglossal trigone.
t. inguinale [TA] SYN: inguinal triangle.
t. lemnisci lateralis [TA] SYN trigone of lateral lemniscus.
t. lumbale inferius [TA] SYN: inferior lumbar triangle.
t. lumbocostale diaphragmatis [TA] SYN: lumbocostal triangle of diaphragm.
t. musculare (regionis cervicalis anterioris) [TA] SYN: muscular triangle (of neck).
t. nervi acustici SYN: trigone of auditory nerve.
t. nervi hypoglossi [TA] SYN: hypoglossal trigone.
t. nervi vagi [TA] SYN: vagal (nerve) trigone.
t. olfactorium [TA] SYN: olfactory trigone.
t. omoclaviculare [TA] SYN: supraclavicular triangle.
t. omotracheale muscular triangle (of neck).
t. palati SYN: palatal triangle.
t. parietale laterale pelvis [TA] SYN: lateral pelvic wall triangle.
t. retromolare [TA] SYN: retromolar triangle.
t. sternocostale a muscular defect in the diaphragm between the costal and the sternal portions. SYN: Larrey cleft, sternocostal triangle.
t. sternocostale diaphragmatis [TA] SYN: sternocostal triangle (of diaphragm).
t. submandibulare [TA] SYN: submandibular triangle.
t. submentale [TA] SYN: submental triangle.
t. vagale vagal (nerve) trigone.
t. ventriculi SYN: collateral trigone.
t. vesicae [TA] SYN: trigone of bladder.

trihexosylceramide
trihexosylceramide

SYN: globotriaosylceramide.

trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride
trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride (tri-heks′e-fen′i-dil)

A synthetic anticholinergic agent reputed to exert a higher degree of anticholinergic activity in the brain as compared with peripheral parasympathetic neuroeffector junctions. Widely used in the treatment of parkinsonism secondary to idiopathic or neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism.

trihybrid
trihybrid (tri-hi′brid)

The offspring of parents that differ in three mendelian characters. [tri- + L. hybrida, hybrid]

trihydric
trihydric (tri-hi′drik)

Denoting a chemical compound containing three replaceable hydrogen atoms.

trihydroxyestrin
trihydroxyestrin (tri′hi-drok′se-es′trin)

SYN: estriol.

triiniodymus
triiniodymus (tri-in′i-od′i-mus)

A grossly malformed fetus with three heads, joined at the occiput, and a single body. [tri- + G. inion, nape of the neck, + didymos, twin]

triiodide
triiodide (tri-i′o-did, -did)

An iodide with three atoms of iodine in the molecule; e.g., KI₃.

triiodomethane
triiodomethane (tri-i′o-do-meth′an)

SYN: iodoform.

3,5,3′-triiodothyronine
3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (TITh, T₃) (tri-i′o-do-thi′ro-nen)

A thyroid hormone normally synthesized in smaller quantities than thyroxine; present in blood and thyroid gland and exerts the same biologic effects as thyroxine but, on a molecular basis, is more potent and the onset of its effect is more rapid.

triketohydrindene hydrate
triketohydrindene hydrate (tri-ke-to-hi′drin-den)

Former name for ninhydrin.

triketopurine
triketopurine (tri-ke-to-pur′en)

SYN: uric acid.

trilabe
trilabe (tri′lab)

A three-pronged forceps for removal of foreign bodies from the bladder. [tri- + G. labe, a handle, hold]

trilaminar
trilaminar (tri-lam′i-nar)

Having three laminae.

trilateral
trilateral (tri-lat′e-ral)

Having three sides.

trilobate
trilobate, trilobed (tri-lo′bat, tri′lobd)

Having three lobes.

trilocular
trilocular (tri-lok′u-lar)

Having three cavities or cells.

trilogy
trilogy (tril′o-je)

A triad of related entities. [G. trilogia, fr. tri- + logos, study, discourse]
t. of Fallot a set of congenital defects including pulmonic stenosis, atrial septal defect, and right ventricular hypertrophy. SYN: Fallot triad.

trilostane
trilostane (tri′lo-stan)

An adrenal steroid inhibitor used for amelioration of adrenal hyperfunction in Cushing syndrome.

trimastigote
trimastigote (tri-mas′ti-got)

Having three flagella, as observed in certain protozoan organisms. [tri- + G. mastix, whip]

trimeprazine tartrate
trimeprazine tartrate (tri-mep′ra-zen)

A phenothiazine compound related chemically and pharmacologically to promazine but with a more pronounced histamine-antagonizing action; used for the symptomatic relief of pruritus.

trimer
trimer (tri′mer)

A compound, complex, or structure made up of three components.

trimester
trimester (tri′mes-ter, tri-mes′ter)

A period of 3 months; one-third of the length of a pregnancy. [L. trimestris, of three-month duration]

trimetaphan camsylate
trimetaphan camsylate (tri-met′a-fan)

SYN: trimethaphan camsylate.

trimetazidine
trimetazidine (tri-me-taz′i-den)

A coronary vasodilator.

trimethadione
trimethadione (tri′meth-a-di′on)

An obsolescent anticonvulsant used for the treatment of absence seizures (petit mal) and psychomotor epilepsy. SYN: troxidone.

trimethaphan camsylate
trimethaphan camsylate (tri-meth′a-fan)

A ganglionic blocking agent that produces vasodilation of brief duration; used in surgery, particularly neurosurgery, to produce a relatively bloodless operative field (controlled hypotension). SYN: trimetaphan camsylate.

trimethidium methosulfate
trimethidium methosulfate (tri-me-thid′e-um meth-o-sul′fat)

Quaternary ammonium compound that blocks ganglionic transmission at sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia; used in the treatment of severe hypertension.

trimethobenzamide hydrochloride
trimethobenzamide hydrochloride (tri′meth-o-ben′za-mid)

An antiemetic.

trimethoprim
trimethoprim (tri-meth′o-prim)

An antimicrobial agent that potentiates the effect of sulfonamides and sulfones; usually used in combination with sulfamethoxazole.

trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

A drug combination consisting of a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor (trimethoprim) and a sulfonamide antibacterial drug (sulfamethoxazole). The drug combination is synergistic as the drugs interfere with two successive steps in the formation/utilization of folic acid by microorganisms. Used to treat many infectious diseases.

trimethylamine
trimethylamine (tri-meth′il-am′en)

A degradation product, often by putrefaction, of nitrogenous plant and animal substances such as beet sugar residue or herring brine; in the body, it probably results from decomposition of choline.

trimethylaminuria
trimethylaminuria (tri-meth′il-am-i-noor′e-a)

Increased excretion of trimethylamine in urine and sweat, with characteristic offensive fishy body odor.

trimethylcarbinol
trimethylcarbinol (tri-meth′il-kar′bin-ol)

Tertiary butyl alcohol. See butyl alcohol.

trimethylene
trimethylene (tri-meth′il-en)

SYN: cyclopropane.

trimethylethylene
trimethylethylene (tri-meth-il-eth′il-en)

SYN: amylene.

trimethylomelamine
trimethylomelamine (tri′meth-i-lo-mel′a-men)

An antineoplastic agent.

trimetozine
trimetozine (tri-met′o-zen)

An antianxiety agent.

trimetrexate
trimetrexate (tri-me-treks′at)

An antineoplastic agent and antiprotozoal orphan drug used in the treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients.

trimipramine
trimipramine (tri-mip′ra-men)

An antidepressant.

trimorphic
trimorphic (tri-mor′fik)

SYN: trimorphous.

trimorphism
trimorphism (tri-mor′fizm)

Existence under three forms, as in holometabolous insects that pass through larval, pupal, and imago stages. [tri- + G. morphe, form]

trimorphous
trimorphous (tri-mor′fus)

Existing under three forms; marked by trimorphism. SYN: trimorphic.

trinitrocellulose
trinitrocellulose (tri′ni-tro-sel′u-los)

A constituent of soluble guncotton; used in the preparation of collodion and of pyroxylin.

trinitroglycerin
trinitroglycerin (tri′ni-tro-glis′e-rin)

SYN: nitroglycerin.

trinitrotoluene
trinitrotoluene (TNT) (tri′ni-tro-tol′u-en)

An explosive made by the nitrification of toluene; it causes gastric and intestinal disturbances and dermatitis in workers in munition factories. SYN: trinitrotoluol.

trinitrotoluol
trinitrotoluol (tri′ni-tro-tol′u-ol)

SYN: trinitrotoluene.

trinucleotide
trinucleotide (tri-noo′kle-o-tid)

A combination of three adjacent nucleotides, free or in a polynucleotide or nucleic acid molecule; often used with specific reference to the unit (codon or anticodon) specifying a particular amino acid in expression of the genetic code.

triokinase
triokinase (tri-o-ki′nas)

A phosphotransferase catalyzing the phosphorylation of d-glyceraldehyde by ATP to produce d-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and ADP; participates in a step in d-fructose metabolism. SYN: triosekinase.

triol
triol (tri-ol)

A compound containing three hydroxyl groups; E.G., glycerol.

triolein
triolein (tri-o′le-in)

SYN: olein.

triophthalmos
triophthalmos (tri-of-thal′mos)

Conjoined twins with union in the facial region such that there is a common eye on the joined sides; a variety of opodidymus. See conjoined twins, under twin. [tri- + G. ophthalmos, eye]

triorchism
triorchism (tri-or′kizm)

Condition of having three testes.

triorthocresyl phosphate
triorthocresyl phosphate (TOCP) (tri′-or-tho-kres′il)

A triaryl phosphate; produces a delayed neurotoxicity. An infamous incident occurred when it appeared as an adulterant in Jamaica ginger and was responsible for thousands of cases of paralysis during the Prohibition era.

triose
triose (tri′os)

A three-carbon monosaccharide; e.g., glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone.

triosekinase
triosekinase (tri′os-ki′nas)

SYN: triokinase.

triosephosphate isomerase
triosephosphate isomerase (tri′os-fos′fat)

An isomerizing enzyme that catalyzes the reversible interconversion of d-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate, a reaction of importance in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis; a deficiency of this enzyme will result in hemolytic anemia and severe neurologic deficits. SYN: phosphotriose isomerase.

triotus
triotus (tri-o′tus)

Diprosopus in which three ears are present. [tri- + G. ous, ear]

trioxide
trioxide (tri-oks′id)

A molecule containing three atoms of oxygen. SYN: teroxide.

trioxsalen
trioxsalen (tri-ok′sa-len)

An orally effective pigmenting, photosensitizing agent; used as a tanning agent and in the treatment of vitiligo.

trioxymethylene
trioxymethylene (tri′ok-se-meth′i-len)

SYN: paraformaldehyde.

tripalmitin
tripalmitin (tri-pal′mi-tin)

SYN: palmitin.

triparanol
triparanol (tri-par′a-nol)

Formerly used as inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis but withdrawn from the market because it promoted the formation of cataracts.

tripelennamine hydrochloride
tripelennamine hydrochloride (tri-pe-len′a-men)

An antihistamine. Also available, with the same actions, is t. citrate; it is less bitter than the hydrochloride salt, and is therefore used in elixir.

tripeptidases
tripeptidases (tri-pep′ti-das-es)

A class of enzymes of different specificities that catalyzes the hydrolysis of tripeptides, producing a dipeptide and an amino acid.

tripeptide
tripeptide (tri-pep′tid)

A compound containing three amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

triphalangia
triphalangia (tri-fa-lan′je-a)

Malformation in which three phalanges are present in the thumb or great toe. [tri- + phalanx]

Tripier
Tripier

Léon, French surgeon, 1842–1891. See T. amputation.

triplant
triplant (tri′plant)

See t. implant.

triplegia
triplegia (tri-ple′je-a)

1. Paralysis of three limbs, both extremities on one side and one on the other. 2. Paralysis of an upper and a lower extremity and of the face. [tri- + G. plege, stroke]

triplet
triplet

1. One of three children delivered at the same birth. SYN: tridymus. 2. A set of three similar objects, as a compound lens in a microscope, formed of three planoconvex lenses. 3. SYN: codon.
nonsense t. 1. a trinucleotide (codon) in which a base change to a termination codon results in premature termination of the growing polypeptide chain and, consequently, incomplete protein molecules; 2. a termination codon.

triploblastic
triploblastic (trip-lo-blas′tik)

Formed of three primary germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm), or containing tissue derived from all three layers. [G. triploos, threefold, + blastos, germ]

triploid
triploid (trip′loyd)

Pertaining to or characteristic of triploidy. [tri- + -ploid]

triploidy
triploidy (trip′loy-de)

The presence of three haploid sets of chromosomes, instead of two, in all cells; results in fetal or neonatal death.

triplopia
triplopia (trip-lo′pe-a)

Visual defect in which three images of the same object are seen. SYN: triple vision. [G. triploos, triple, + opsis, sight]

tripod
tripod (tri′pod)

1. Three-legged. 2. A stand having three legs or supports. [G. tripous, fr. tri- + pous, foot]
Haller t. SYN: celiac (arterial) trunk.
vital t. the brain, the heart, and the lungs, regarded as the three organs essential to life.

tripodia
tripodia (tri-po′de-a)

Condition in conjoined twins in which the lower extremities on the joined sides form a single foot, so that there are only three feet for the two bodies. See conjoined twins, under twin. [tri- + G. pous, foot]

triprolidine hydrochloride
triprolidine hydrochloride (tri-prol′i-den)

An H₁ antihistaminic used in the management of allergic and pruritic conditions.

triprosopus
triprosopus (tri′pro-so′pus)

Fetus with three united heads, with only parts of three faces. [tri- + G. prosopon, face]

tripsis
tripsis (trip′sis)

1. SYN: trituration (1) . 2. SYN: massage. [G. a rubbing]

triquetrous
triquetrous (tri-kwe′trus, -kwet-)

Triangular. [L. triquetrus, three-cornered]

triquetrum
triquetrum (tri-kwe′trum, -kwet-) [TA]

A bone on the medial (ulnar) side of the proximal row of the carpus, articulating with the lunate, pisiform, and hamate. SYN: os t. [TA] , cubital bone, os pyramidale, os triangulare, pyramidal bone, pyramidale, three-cornered bone, t. bone. [L. triquetrus, three-cornered]

triradial
triradial, triradiate (tri-ra′de-al, tri-ra′de-at)

Radiating in three directions.

triradius
triradius (tri-ra′de-us)

In dermatoglyphics, the figure at the base of each finger in the palm, produced by rows of papillae running in three directions so as to form a triangle. SYN: Galton delta (2) .

Tris
Tris

Abbreviation for t.(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane and t.(hydroxymethyl)methylamine; used as a trivial name.

tris- tris-

Chemical prefix indicating three of the substituents that follow, independently linked. Cf.:tri-.

trisaccharide
trisaccharide (tri-sak′a-rid)

A carbohydrate containing three monosaccharide residues, e.g., raffinose.

tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane
tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris)

SYN: tromethamine.

tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine
tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine (Tris)

SYN: tromethamine.

triskaidekaphobia
triskaidekaphobia (tris′ki-dek-a-fo′be-a)

Superstitious dread of the number 13. [G. triskaideka, thirteen, + phobos, fear]

trismic
trismic (triz′mik)

Relating to or marked by trismus.

trismoid
trismoid (triz′moyd)

1. Resembling trismus. 2. Trismus nascentium, formerly regarded as a distinct variety due to pressure on the occiput during birth. [trismus + G. eidos, resemblance]

trismus
trismus (triz′mus)

Persistent contraction of the masseter muscles due to failure of central inhibition; often the initial manifestation of generalized tetanus. SYN: Ankylostoma (2) , lock-jaw, lockjaw. [L. fr. G. trismos, a creaking, rasping]
t. capistratus congenital adhesion of the cheeks to the gums.
t. nascentium stiffness of the jaw muscles in neonates, usually as the beginning of tetanus neonatorum. SYN: t. neonatorum.
t. neonatorum SYN: t. nascentium.
t. sardonicus SYN: risus caninus.

trisomic
trisomic (tri-so′mik)

Relating to trisomy.

trisomy
trisomy (tri′so-me)

The state of an individual or cell with an extra chromosome instead of the normal pair of homologous chromosomes; in humans, the state of a cell containing 47 normal chromosomes.For various types of t. syndrome, see under syndrome. [tri- + (chromo)some]

trisplanchnic
trisplanchnic (tri-splangk′nik)

Relating to the three visceral cavities: skull, thorax, and abdomen. [tri- + G. splanchnon, viscus]

tristearin
tristearin (tri-ste′a-rin)

SYN: stearin.

tristichia
tristichia (tri-stik′i-a)

Presence of three rows of eyelashes. [G. tristichos, in three rows, fr. tri-, three, + stichos, row]

trisulcate
trisulcate (tri-sul′kat)

Marked by three grooves.

tritanomaly
tritanomaly (tri′ta-nom′a-le)

A type of partial color deficiency due to a deficiency or abnormality of blue-sensitive retinal cones. [G. tritos, third, + anomalia, irregularity]

tritanopia
tritanopia (tri′ta-no′pe-a)

Deficient color perception in which there is an absence of blue-sensitive pigment in the retinal cones. [G. tritos, third, + an- priv. + ops, eye]

triterpenes
triterpenes (tri-ter′penz)

Hydrocarbons or their derivatives formed by the condensation of six isoprene units (equivalent to three terpene units) and containing, therefore, 30 carbon atoms; e.g., squalene, certain steroids, cardiac glycosides.

tritiated
tritiated (trit′e-a-ted)

Containing atoms of tritium (hydrogen-3) in the molecule.

triticeoglossus
triticeoglossus (tri-tish′e-o-glos′us)

See musculus t.. [L. triticeum, + G. glossa, tongue]

triticeous
triticeous (tri-tish′us)

Resembling or shaped like a grain of wheat. [L. triticeus, fr. triticum, a grain of wheat]

triticeum
triticeum (tri-tish′e-um)

SYN: triticeal cartilage. [L. triticeus, triticeous, like a grain of wheat]

tritium
tritium (T, t) (trit′e-um, trish′-)

SYN: hydrogen-3.

Tritrichomonas
Tritrichomonas (tri′trik-o-mo′nas)

A genus of parasitic protozoan flagellates, formerly part of the genus Trichomonas but now separated as a distinct genus by the absence of a pelta and the presence of three anterior flagella. Species include T. foetus, which causes bovine trichomoniasis, and T. suis, which occurs in the nasal passages, stomach, cecum, and colon of pigs. SEE ALSO: Trichomonas. [G. tri-, three, + Trichomonas]

tritubercular
tritubercular (tri-too-ber′ku-lar)

SYN: tricuspid (2) .

triturable
triturable (trit′u-ra-bl)

Capable of being triturated.

triturate
triturate (trit′u-rat)

1. To accomplish trituration. 2. A triturated substance.

trituration
trituration (trit-u-ra′shun)

1. The act of reducing a drug to a fine powder and incorporating it thoroughly with sugar of milk by rubbing the two together in a mortar. SYN: tripsis (1) . 2. Mixing of dental amalgam in a mortar and pestle or with a mechanical device. [L. trituratio, fr. trituro, to thresh, fr. tero, pp. tritus, to rub]

trityl
trityl (tri′til)

The triphenylmethyl radical, Ph₃C–.

trivalence
trivalence, trivalency (tri-va′lens, -len-se)

The property of being trivalent.

trivalent
trivalent (tri-va′lent)

Having the combining power (valence) of 3.

trivalve
trivalve (tri′valv)

Provided with three valves, as a speculum with three diverging blades.

trivial name
trivial name

A name of a chemical, no part of which is necessarily used in a systematic sense; i.e., it gives little or no indication as to chemical structure. Such names are common for drugs, hormones, proteins, and other biologicals, and are used by the general public. They may not be officially sanctioned, in contrast to nonproprietary names, but may be adopted as official nonproprietary names as a result of widespread usage. Examples are water, aspirin, chlorophyll, heme, methotrexate, folic acid, caffeine, thyroxine, epinephrine, barbital, etc.; also common abbreviations for chemically defined substances, such as ACTH, MSH, BAL, DDT, which are spoken as such and not in terms of the words they represent. The distinction between trivial and semitrivial names is seldom made; thus tetrahydrofolate, methylglycine, glucosamine, etc., are often termed trivial even though each contains a systematic part that is used in the correct systematic sense (tetrahydro for four hydrogen atoms, methyl for a –CH₃ group, amine for –NH₂ in the above examples). Trivial names are often assigned arbitrarily to chemical compounds, especially from natural sources, before the chemical structures, hence systematic names can be assigned. Also, they afford useful shortenings of long systematic names even when these can be stated (although most such shortenings turn out to be semisystematic, as they incorporate some portion of the systematic name).

trizonal
trizonal (tri-zo′nal)

Having, or arranged in, three zones or layers.

tRNA
tRNA

Abbreviation for transfer RNA.

trocar
trocar (tro′kar)

An instrument for withdrawing fluid from a cavity, or for use in paracentesis; it consists of a metal tube (cannula) into which fits an obturator with a sharp three-cornered tip, which is withdrawn after the instrument has been pushed into the cavity; the name t. is usually applied to the obturator alone, the entire instrument being designated t. and cannula. [Fr. trocart, fr. trois, three, + carre, side (of a sword blade)]
Hasson t. a blunt t. inserted into the peritoneal cavity after making a small celiotomy; used for insufflation and introduction of a laparoscope.

troch
troch

Abbreviation for trochiscus.

trochanter
trochanter (tro-kan′ter)

One of the bony prominences developed from independent osseous centers near the upper extremity of the femur; there are two in humans, three in the horse. [G. t., a runner, fr. trecho, to run]
greater t. [TA] a strong process at the proximal and lateral part of the shaft of the femur, overhanging the root of the neck; it gives attachment to the gluteus medius and minimus, piriformis, obturator internus and externus, and gemelli muscles. SYN: t. major [TA] .
lesser t. [TA] a pyramidal process projecting from the medial and proximal part of the shaft of the femur at the line of junction of the shaft and the neck; it receives the insertion of the psoas major and iliacus (iliopsoas) muscles. SYN: t. minor [TA] , small t., trochantin.
t. major [TA] SYN: greater t..
t. minor [TA] SYN: lesser t..
small t. SYN: lesser t..
t. tertius [TA] SYN: third t..
third t. [TA] an occasional process at the proximal end of the lateral lip of the linea aspera of the femur, about on a level with the lesser t., giving insertion to the greater part of the gluteus maximus muscle. SEE ALSO: gluteal tuberosity. SYN: t. tertius [TA] .

trochanterian
trochanterian, trochanteric (tro-kan-ter′e-an, -ter′ik)

Relating to a trochanter; especially the greater trochanter.

trochanterplasty
trochanterplasty (tro-kan′ter-plas-te)

Plastic surgery of the trochanters and neck of the femur. [trochanter + G. plastos, formed]

trochantin
trochantin (tro-kan′tin)

SYN: lesser trochanter.

trochantinian
trochantinian (tro-kan-tin′e-an)

Relating to the trochanter minor.

troche
troche (trok, tro′ke)

A small, disk-shaped or rhombic body composed of solidifying paste containing an astringent, antiseptic, or demulcent drug, used for local treatment of the mouth or throat, the t. being held in the mouth until dissolved. The vehicle or base of the t. is usually sugar, made adhesive by admixture with acacia or tragacanth, fruit paste, made from black or red currants, confection of rose, or balsam of tolu. SYN: lozenge, morsulus, pastil (2) , pastille, trochiscus. [L. trochiscus fr. G. trochiskos, a little wheel, fr. trochos, a wheel]

trochiscus
trochiscus (troch) , pl .trochisci (tro-kis′kus)

SYN: troche. [L., fr. G. trochiskos, a small wheel, a lozenge, fr. trochos, a wheel]

trochlea
trochlea, pl .trochleae (trok′le-a, -le-e) [TA]

1. A structure serving as a pulley. 2. A smooth articular surface of bone upon which another glides. [L. pulley, fr. G. trochileia, a pulley, fr. trecho, to run]
t. femoris SYN: patellar surface of femur.
fibular t. of calcaneus [TA] a projection from the lateral side of the calcaneus between the tendons of the peroneus longus and brevis. SYN: t. fibularis calcanei [TA] , peroneal t. of calcaneus&star, t. peronealis&star, peroneal pulley, processus trochlearis, spina peronealis, trochlear process.
t. fibularis calcanei [TA] SYN: fibular t. of calcaneus.
t. humeri [TA] SYN: t. of humerus.
t. of humerus [TA] the grooved surface at the lower end of the humerus articulating with the trochlear notch of the ulna. SYN: t. humeri [TA] , pulley of humerus.
muscular t. [TA] a fibrous loop through which the tendon of a muscle passes; the intermediate tendon of the digastric and omohyoid muscles pass through such a t.. SYN: t. muscularis [TA] , muscular pulley.
t. muscularis [TA] SYN: muscular t..
t. musculi obliqui superioris bulbi SYN: t. of superior oblique (muscle).
peroneal t. of calcaneus fibular t. of calcaneus.
t. peronealis fibular t. of calcaneus.
trochleae of phalanges of hand and foot palmar or plantar aspect of the intercondylar groove of the heads of the phalanges that accommodate the long flexor tendons. SYN: t. phalangis (manus et pedis).
t. phalangis (manus et pedis) SYN: trochleae of phalanges of hand and foot.
t. of superior oblique (muscle) a fibrous loop in the orbit, near the nasal process of the frontal bone, through which passes the tendon of the superior oblique muscle of the eye. SYN: t. musculi obliqui superioris bulbi.
t. tali [TA] SYN: t. of the talus.
t. of the talus [TA] the rounded superior articular surface of the talus that articulates with the distal ends of the tibia and fibula. SYN: t. tali [TA] , pulley of talus.

trochlear
trochlear (trok′le-ar)

1. Relating to a trochlea, especially the trochlea of the superior oblique muscle of the eye. SYN: trochlearis (1) . 2. SYN: trochleiform.

trochleariform
trochleariform (trok-le-ar′i-form)

SYN: trochleiform.

trochlearis
trochlearis (trok-le-a′ris)

1. SYN: trochlear (1) . 2. SYN: trochleiform. [L.]

trochleiform
trochleiform (trok′le-i-form)

Pulley-shaped. SYN: trochlear (2) , trochleariform, trochlearis (2) .

trochocardia
trochocardia (trok-o-kar′de-a)

Rotary displacement of the heart around its axis. [G. trochos, wheel, + kardia, heart]

trochoid
trochoid (tro′koyd)

Revolving; rotating; denoting a revolving or wheel-like articulation. [G. trochodes, fr. trochos, wheel, + eidos, resemblance]

trochorizocardia
trochorizocardia (tro-kor-i′zo-kar′de-a)

Combined trochocardia and horizocardia.

troglitazone
troglitazone (tro-gli′ta-zon)

An insulin sensitizer used with a sulfonylurea or insulin to improve glycemic control.

Troglotrema salmincola
Troglotrema salmincola (trog-lo-tre′ma sal-mingk′o-la)

SYN: Nanophyetus salmincola.

Troisier
Troisier

Charles Émile, French physician, 1844–1919. See T. ganglion, T. node.

trolamine
trolamine (tro′la-men)

USAN-approved contraction for triethanolamine, N(CH₂CH₂OH)₃.

Troland
Troland

L.T., U.S. physicist, 1889–1932. See t..

troland
troland (tro′land)

A unit of visual stimulation at the retina equal to the illumination per square millimeter of pupil received from a surface of 1 lux brightness.

Trolard
Trolard

Paulin, French anatomist, 1842–1910. See T. vein.

troleandomycin
troleandomycin (tro′le-an-do-mi′sin)

The triacetyl ester of oleandomycin, a macrolide antibiotic, with a potency of not less than 760 μg per mg; an orally effective antibiotic for infections produced by Gram-positive, penicillin-resistant bacteria. SYN: triacetyloleandomycin.

trolnitrate phosphate
trolnitrate phosphate (trol-ni′trat)

An organic nitrate with mild but persistent vasodilator action on smooth muscle of the smaller vessels of postarteriolar vascular beds; used to prevent attacks of angina pectoris.

Tröltsch
Tröltsch

Anton F. von, German otologist, 1829–1890. See T. corpuscles, under corpuscle, T. pockets, under pocket, T. recesses, under recess.

Trombicula
Trombicula (trom-bik′u-la)

The chigger mite, a genus of mites (family Trombiculidae) whose larvae (chiggers, red bugs) include pests of humans and other animals, and vectors of rickettsial diseases.
T. akamushi SYN: Leptotrombidium akamushi.
T. alfreddugesi a mite species common in second growth and grassy brush areas of the Americas; the larvae attack humans (as well as reptiles, birds, and wild and domestic mammals), causing an intensely itching dermatitis.
T. deliensis See Leptotrombidium akamushi.

trombiculiasis
trombiculiasis (trom-bik-u-li′a-sis)

Infestation by mites of the genus Trombicula.

trombiculid
trombiculid (trom-bik′u-lid)

Common name for members of the family Trombiculidae.

Trombiculidae
Trombiculidae (trom-bik-oo-li′de)

A family of mites whose larvae (redbugs, rougets, harvest mites, scrub mites, or chiggers) are parasitic on vertebrates and whose nymphs and adults are bright red and free-living, living on insect eggs or minute organisms in the soil. The six-legged larvae are barely visible red or orange parasites that attach to the skin for a few days to a month, producing an exceedingly irritating reaction. In the Orient, trombiculid chiggers of the genus Leptotrombidium transmit tsutsugamushi disease, caused by Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, which is transovarially transmitted in these mites.

Trombidiidae
Trombidiidae (trom-bi-di′i-de)

A family of mites that formerly included the subfamily Trombiculinae, now raised to the family Trombiculidae (including the vectors of tsutsugamushi disease). T. larvae are characteristically parasitic on insects, not on vertebrates as with the larvae of Trombiculidae.

tromethamine
tromethamine (tro-meth′a-men)

A weakly basic compound used as an alkalizing agent and as a buffer in enzymic reactions. SYN: tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine.

Trömner
Trömner

Ernest L.O., German neurologist, *1868. See T. reflex.

trona
trona (tro′na)

A native sodium carbonate.

tropaic acid
tropaic acid (tro-pa′ik)

SYN: tropic acid.

tropane
tropane (tro′pan)

1. A bicyclic hydrocarbon, the fundamental structure of tropine, atropine, and other physiologically active substances. 2. In plural form, a class of alkaloids containing the t. (1) structure.

tropate
tropate (tro′pat)

A salt or ester of tropic acid.

tropeic acid
tropeic acid (tro-pe′ik)

SYN: tropic acid.

tropeine
tropeine (tro′pe-in)

An ester of tropine; either a naturally occurring alkaloid or prepared synthetically.

tropentane
tropentane (tro-pen′tan)

An antispasmodic with anticholinergic properties.

tropeolins
tropeolins (tro-pe′o-linz)

A group of azo dyes used as indicators; e.g., methyl orange. [G. tropaios, pertaining to a turning or change, fr. trope, a turn]

troph- troph-

See tropho-.

trophectoderm
trophectoderm (trof-ek′to-derm)

Outermost layer of cells in the mammalian blastodermic vesicle, which will make contact with the endometrium and take part in establishing the embryo's means of receiving nutrition; the cell layer from which the trophoblast differentiates. [troph- + ectoderm]

Tropheryma whippelii
Tropheryma whippelii

An unclassified, nonculturable organism, named in 1992, which has been identified by electron microscopy and defined by DNA amplification technologies; it has been proven to be the infectious agent responsible for Whipple disease.

trophic
trophic (trof′ik, tro′fik)

1. Relating to or dependent upon nutrition. 2. Resulting from interruption of nerve supply. [G. trophe, nourishment]

-trophic -trophic

Nutrition. Cf.:-tropic. [G. trophe, nourishment]

trophicity
trophicity (tro-fis′i-te)

A trophic influence or condition. SYN: trophism (1) .

trophism
trophism (trof′izm)

1. SYN: trophicity. 2. SYN: nutrition (1) . [G. trophe, nourishment]

tropho- tropho-, troph-

Food, nutrition. [G. trophe, nourishment]

trophoblast
trophoblast (trof′o-blast, tro′fo-blast)

The mesectodermal cell layer covering the blastocyst that erodes the uterine mucosa and through which the embryo receives nourishment from the mother; the cells do not enter into the formation of the embryo itself, but contribute to the formation of the placenta. The t. develops processes that later receive a core of vascular mesoderm and are then known as the chorionic villi; the t. soon becomes two-layered, differentiating into the syncytiotrophoblast, an outer layer consisting of a multinucleated protoplasmic mass (syncytium), and the cytotrophoblast, the inner layer next to the mesoderm in which the cells retain their membranes. SYN: chorionic ectoderm. [tropho- + G. blastos, germ]
plasmodial t. SYN: syncytiotrophoblast.
syncytial t. SYN: syncytiotrophoblast.

trophoblastic
trophoblastic (tro-fo-blas′tik)

Relating to the trophoblast.

trophoblastin
trophoblastin (tro-fo-blas′tin)

SYN: interferon-tau.

trophochromatin
trophochromatin (trof-o-kro′ma-tin)

SYN: trophochromidia. [tropho- + G. chroma, color]

trophochromidia
trophochromidia (trof′o-kro-mid′e-a)

Nongerminal or vegetative extranuclear masses of chromatin, found in certain protozoan forms; e.g., the macronucleus of certain ciliates, such as Paramecium. SYN: trophochromatin.

trophocyte
trophocyte (trof′o-sit)

A cell that supplies nourishment; e.g., Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules. SYN: trephocyte. [tropho- + G. kytos, cell]

trophoderm
trophoderm (trof′o-derm)

The trophectoderm, or trophoblast, together with the vascular mesodermal layer underlying it. SEE ALSO: serosa (2) . [tropho- + G. derma, skin]

trophodermatoneurosis
trophodermatoneurosis (trof′o-der′ma-to-noo-ro′sis)

Cutaneous trophic changes due to neural involvement.

trophodynamics
trophodynamics (trof′o-di-nam′iks)

The dynamics of nutrition or metabolism. SYN: nutritional energy. [tropho- + G. dynamis, power]

trophoneurosis
trophoneurosis (trof′o-noo-ro′sis)

A trophic disorder, such as atrophy, hypertrophy, or a skin eruption, occurring as a consequence of disease or injury of the nerves of the part. [tropho- + G. neuron, nerve, + -osis, condition]

trophoneurotic
trophoneurotic (trof-o-noo-rot′ik)

Relating to a trophoneurosis.

trophonucleus
trophonucleus (trof-o-noo′kle-us)

SYN: macronucleus (2) .

trophoplast
trophoplast (trof′o-plast)

SYN: plastid (1) . [tropho- + G. plastos, formed]

trophospongia
trophospongia (trof′o-spon′je-a)

1. Canalicular structures described by A.F. Holmgren in the protoplasm of certain cells. 2. Vascular endometrium of the uterus between the myometrium and the trophoblast. [tropho- + G. spongia, a sponge]

trophotaxis
trophotaxis (trof-o-tak′sis)

SYN: trophotropism. [tropho- + G. taxis, arrangement]

trophotropic
trophotropic (trof-o-trop′ik)

Relating to trophotropism.

trophotropism
trophotropism (tro-fot′ro-pizm)

Chemotaxis of living cells in relation to nutritive material; it may be positive (toward nutritive material) or negative (away from nutritive material). SYN: trophotaxis. [tropho- + G. trope, a turning]

trophozoite
trophozoite (trof-o-zo′it)

The ameboid, vegetative, asexual form of certain Sporozoea, such as the schizont of the plasmodia of malaria and related parasites. [tropho- + G. zoon, animal]

-trophy -trophy

Food, nutrition. [G. trophe, nourishment]

tropia
tropia (tro′pe-a)

Abnormal deviation of the eye. See strabismus. [G. trope, a turning]

-tropic -tropic

A turning toward, having an affinity for. Cf.:-trophic. [G. trope, a turning]

tropic acid
tropic acid (trop′ik)

A constituent of atropine and of scopolamine, in which it is esterified through its COOH to the 3-CHOH of tropine. SYN: tropaic acid, tropeic acid.

tropicamide
tropicamide (tro-pik′a-mid)

An anticholinergic agent used to effect a rapid and brief mydriasis for eye examinations.

tropine
tropine (tro′pen)

The major constituent of atropine and scopolamine, from which it is obtained on hydrolysis.
t. mandelate SYN: homatropine.
t. tropate SYN: atropine.

tropism
tropism (tro′pizm)

The phenomenon, observed in living organisms, of moving toward (positive t.) or away from (negative t.) a focus of light, heat, or other stimulus; usually applied to the movement of a portion of the organism as opposed to taxis, the movement of an entire organism. [G. trope, a turning]
viral t. the specificity of a virus for a particular host tissue, determined in part by the interaction of viral surface structures with host cell-surface receptors.

tropocollagen
tropocollagen (tro-po-kol′a-jen, trop′o-)

The fundamental units of collagen fibrils, consisting of three helically arranged polypeptide chains.

tropoelastin
tropoelastin (tro-po-e-las′tin)

The precursor to elastin; t. does not contain desmosine or isodesmosine cross-links.

tropometer
tropometer (tro-pom′e-ter)

Any instrument for measuring the degree of rotation or torsion, as of the eyeball or the shaft of a long bone. [G. trope, a turning, + metron, measure]

tropomyosin
tropomyosin (tro-po-mi′o-sin)

A fibrous protein extractable from muscle; sometimes specified as t. B to distinguish it from t. A (paramyosin) prominent in mollusks.

troponin
troponin (tro′po-nin)

A globular protein of muscle that binds to tropomyosin and has considerable affinity for calcium ions; a central regulatory protein of muscle contraction. T. T binds to tropomyosin; t. I inhibits F-actin-myosin interactions; t. C is a calcium-binding protein and has a key role in muscle contraction.

trough
trough (trawf)

A long, narrow, shallow channel or depression.
gingival t. the formation of a crater as a result of destruction of interdental tissues so that, in effect, there exists a labial and lingual curtain of gingiva with no interproximal connection at all.
Langmuir t. a t. with a movable surface barrier for studying the compression of surface films.
synaptic t. the depression of the surface of the striated muscle fiber that accommodates the motor endplate.

Trousseau
Trousseau

Armand, French physician, 1801–1867. See T. point, T. sign, T. spot, T. syndrome, T.-Lallemand bodies, under body.

troxerutin
troxerutin (troks′e-roo-tin)

Used for treatment of venous disorders.

troxidone
troxidone (trok′si-don)

SYN: trimethadione.

Trp
Trp

Symbol for tryptophan and its radicals.

truncal
truncal (trung′kal)

Relating to the trunk of the body or to any arterial or nerve trunk, etc.

truncate
truncate (trung′kat)

Truncated; cut across at right angles to the long axis, or appearing to be so cut. [L. trunco, pp. -atus, to maim, cut off]

truncus
truncus, gen. and pl. trunci (trun′kus, -ki) [TA]

SYN: trunk. [L. stem, trunk]
t. arteriosus the common arterial trunk opening out of both ventricles in early fetal life, later destined to be divided into aorta and pulmonary artery by development of the spiral septum.
t. arteriosus communis t. arteriosus.
t. brachiocephalicus [TA] SYN: brachiocephalic (arterial) trunk.
t. celiacus [TA] SYN: celiac (arterial) trunk.
t. corporis callosi [TA] SYN: trunk of corpus callosum.
t. costocervicalis [TA] SYN: costocervical (arterial) trunk.
t. encephali [TA] SYN: brainstem.
t. fascicularis atrioventricularis SYN: atrioventricular bundle. SEE ALSO: conducting system of heart.
t. inferior plexus brachialis [TA] SYN: inferior trunk of brachial plexus.
t. linguofacialis [TA] SYN: linguofacial (arterial) trunk.
t. lumbosacralis [TA] SYN: lumbosacral (nerve) trunk.
trunci (lymphatici) intestinales [TA] SYN: intestinal (lymphatic) trunks, under trunk.
trunci (lymphatici) lumbales [TA] SYN: lumbar (lymphatic) trunks, under trunk.
t. (lymphaticus) bronchiomediastinalis [TA] SYN: bronchomediastinal (lymphatic) trunk.
t. (lymphaticus) jugularis [TA] SYN: jugular lymphatic trunk.
t. medius plexus brachialis [TA] SYN: middle trunk of brachial plexus.
t. nervi accessorii [TA] SYN: accessory nerve trunk.
persistent t. arteriosus a congenital cardiovascular anomaly resulting from failure of development of the spiral septum and consisting of a common arterial trunk opening out of both ventricles, the pulmonary arteries being given off from the ascending common trunk.
trunci plexus brachialis [TA] SYN: trunks of brachial plexus, under trunk.
t. pulmonalis [TA] SYN: pulmonary trunk.
t. subclavius [TA] SYN: subclavian lymphatic trunk.
t. superior plexus brachialis [TA] SYN: superior trunk of brachial plexus.
t. sympathicus [TA] SYN: sympathetic trunk.
t. thyrocervicalis [TA] SYN: thyrocervical (arterial) trunk.
t. vagalis SYN: vagal (nerve) trunk.

Trunecek
Trunecek

Karel, Czechoslovakian physician, *1865. See T. sign.

trunk
trunk (trunk) [TA]

1. The body (t. or torso), excluding the head and extremities. 2. A primary nerve, vessel, or collection of tissue before its division. 3. A large collecting lymphatic vessel. SYN: truncus [TA] . [L. truncus]
accessory nerve t. [TA] part of the accessory nerve formed within the cranial cavity by the union of the cranial and spinal roots, which then divides within the jugular foramen into internal and external branches, the former uniting with the vagus, the latter exiting the foramen as an independent branch which is commonly considered to be the accessory nerve. SYN: truncus nervi accessorii [TA] .
t. of atrioventricular bundle SYN: atrioventricular bundle.
trunks of brachial plexus [TA] the superior, middle, and inferior trunks; they divide distally to form the cords (fasciculi) of the plexus. SYN: trunci plexus brachialis [TA] .
brachiocephalic (arterial) t. [TA] origin, arch of aorta; branches, right subclavian and right common carotid; occasionally it gives off the thyroidea ima. SYN: truncus brachiocephalicus [TA] .
bronchomediastinal (lymphatic) t. [TA] a lymphatic vessel arising from the union of the efferent lymphatics from the tracheo-bronchial and mediastinal nodes on either side. On the left side, it may be largely replaced by direct drainage into the thoracic duct. SYN: truncus (lymphaticus) bronchiomediastinalis [TA] .
celiac (arterial) t. [TA] origin, abdominal aorta just below diaphragm; branches, left gastric, common hepatic, splenic. SYN: truncus celiacus [TA] , arteria celiaca, celiac artery, celiac axis, Haller tripod.
t. of corpus callosum [TA] the main arched portion of the corpus callosum. SYN: truncus corporis callosi [TA] , body of corpus callosum&star.
costocervical (arterial) t. [TA] a short artery that arises from the subclavian artery on each side and divides into deep cervical and superior intercostal branches, the latter dividing usually to form the first and second posterior intercostal arteries. SYN: truncus costocervicalis [TA] , costocervical artery.
inferior t. of brachial plexus [TA] the nerve bundle formed by the union of the ventral rami of the eighth cervical and first thoracic nerves; it provides fibers to the posterior and medial cords (fasciculi) of the brachial plexus. SYN: truncus inferior plexus brachialis [TA] .
intestinal (lymphatic) trunks [TA] the vessels conveying lymph from the lower part of the liver, the stomach, spleen, pancreas, and small intestine; they discharge into the cisterna chyli and are sometimes duplicated. SYN: trunci (lymphatici) intestinales [TA] .
jugular lymphatic t. [TA] lymphatic vessel on each side, conveying the lymph from the head and neck; that on the right side empties into the right lymphatic duct, that on the left into the thoracic duct. SYN: truncus (lymphaticus) jugularis [TA] , jugular duct.
linguofacial (arterial) t. [TA] the common t. by which the lingual and facial arteries frequently arise from the external carotid artery. SYN: truncus linguofacialis [TA] .
lumbar (lymphatic) trunks [TA] two lymphatic ducts conveying lymph from the lower limbs, pelvic viscera and walls, large intestine, kidneys, and suprarenal glands; they discharge into the cisterna chyli. SYN: trunci (lymphatici) lumbales [TA] .
lumbosacral (nerve) t. [TA] a large nerve, formed by the union of the fifth lumbar and first sacral nerves, with a branch from the fourth lumbar nerve, which enters into the formation of the sacral plexus. SYN: truncus lumbosacralis [TA] .
middle t. of brachial plexus [TA] the continuation of the ventral ramus of the seventh cervical nerve; it contributes fibers to the posterior and lateral cords (fasciculi) of the brachial plexus. SYN: truncus medius plexus brachialis [TA] .
nerve t. a collection of funiculi or bundles of nerve fibers enclosed in a connective tissue sheath, the epineurium.
pulmonary t. [TA] origin, right ventricle of heart; distribution, it divides into the right pulmonary artery and the left pulmonary artery, which enter the corresponding lungs and branch along with the segmental bronchi. SYN: truncus pulmonalis [TA] , arteria pulmonalis, pulmonary artery, venous artery.
subclavian lymphatic t. [TA] it is formed by the union of the vessels draining the lymph nodes of either upper limb, emptying into the thoracic duct at the root of the neck on the left or into the right lymphatic duct. SYN: truncus subclavius [TA] , subclavian duct.
superior t. of brachial plexus [TA] the nerve bundle formed by the union of the ventral rami of the fifth and sixth cervical nerves and some fibers from the fourth; it contributes fibers to the posterior and lateral cords (fasciculi) of the brachial plexus. SYN: truncus superior plexus brachialis [TA] .
sympathetic t. [TA] one of the two long ganglionated nerve strands alongside the vertebral column that extend from the base of the skull to the coccyx; they are connected to each spinal nerve by gray rami and receive fibers from the spinal cord through white rami connecting with the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal nerves. SYN: truncus sympathicus [TA] , gangliated cord, ganglionic chain.
thoracoacromial t. SYN: thoracoacromial artery.
thyrocervical (arterial) t. [TA] a short arterial t. arising from the subclavian artery, giving rise to the suprascapular (which may instead arise directly from the subclavian artery) and terminating by dividing into the ascending cervical and inferior thyroid arteries. SYN: truncus thyrocervicalis [TA] , thyroid axis.
vagal (nerve) t. one of the two nerve bundles, anterior and posterior, into which the esophageal plexus continues as it passes through the diaphragm. SYN: truncus vagalis.

trusion
trusion (troo′zhun)

Displacement of a body, e.g., a tooth, from an initial position. [L. trudo, pp. trusus, to thrust]

truss
truss (trus)

An appliance designed to prevent the return of a reduced hernia or the increase in size of a hernia; it consists of a pad attached to a belt and kept in place by a spring or straps. [Fr. trousser, to tie up, to pack]

Try
Try

Former abbreviation for tryptophan.

try-in
try-in (tri′in)

Preliminary insertion of a complete denture wax-up (trial denture), of a partial denture casting, or of a finished restoration to determine the fit, esthetics, maxillomandibular relation, etc.

trypan blue
trypan blue (tri′pan, trip′) [C.I. 23850]

An acid azo dye, used for vital staining of the reticuloendothelial system, uriniferous tubules, and cells in tissue culture, and as an experimental teratogen; formerly used as a trypanocide.

trypanicidal
trypanicidal (tri-pan-i-si′dal)

SYN: trypanocidal.

trypanicide
trypanicide (tri-pan′i-sid)

SYN: trypanocide.

trypanid
trypanid (trip′a-nid)

SYN: trypanosomatid.

trypanocidal
trypanocidal (tri-pan′o-si′dal, trip′a-no-)

Destructive to trypanosomes. SYN: trypanicidal.

trypanocide
trypanocide (tri-pan′o-sid, trip′a-no-)

An agent that kills trypanosomes. SYN: trypanicide, trypanosomicide. [trypanosome + L. caedo, to kill]

Trypanoplasma
Trypanoplasma (tri-pan-o-plaz′ma, trip′a-no-)

A genus of flagellate Protozoa (family Cryptobiidae), the members of which have a body of varying shape, an undulating membrane, and a flagellum projecting from either extremity; parasitic in the blood of fishes. [G. trypanon, auger, + plasma, anything formed]

Trypanosoma
Trypanosoma (tri-pan′o-so′ma, trip′a-no-)

A genus of asexual digenetic protozoan flagellates (family Trypanosomatidae) that have a spindle-shaped body with an undulating membrane on one side, a single anterior flagellum, and a kinetoplast; they are parasitic in the blood plasma of many vertebrates (only a few being pathogenic) and as a rule have an intermediate host, a bloodsucking invertebrate, such as a leech, tick, or insect; pathogenic species cause trypanosomiasis in humans and a number of other diseases in domestic animals. [G. trypanon, an auger, + soma, body]
T. avium a species that occurs in owls, crows, and other birds; various bloodsucking arthropods are the vectors, including mosquitoes, black flies, and hippoboscids; this species was reported under a large number of names now considered to be physiologic strains of the species.
T. brucei a protozoan species now divided into three subspecies: T. brucei brucei, T. brucei rhodesiense, and T. brucei gambiense.
T. brucei brucei a protozoan subspecies causing nagana in Africa; it produces fatal disease in camels, acute disease in equines, dogs, and cats, and chronic disease in swine, cattle, sheep, and goats; it is transmitted primarily by tsetse flies of the genus Glossina. In wild African ungulates the infection is widespread but rarely fatal.
T. brucei gambiense a protozoan subspecies causing Gambian trypanosomiasis in humans; transmitted by tsetse flies, especially Glossina palpalis. SYN: T. gambiense, T. hominis, T. ugandense.
T. brucei rhodesiense a protozoan subspecies causing Rhodesian trypanosomiasis; it is transmitted by tsetse flies, especially Glossina morsitans in humans; various game animals can act as reservoir hosts. SYN: T. rhodesiense.
T. cruzi a species that causes South American trypanosomiasis and is endemic in Mexico and various countries of Central and South America; transmission and infection are common only where the triatomine bug vector defecates while taking blood, as the bug feces contains the infective agents that are scratched into the skin or brought in contact with mucosal surfaces. Trypomastigotes are found in the blood, and amastigotes occur intracellularly in clusters or colonies in the tissues; heart muscle fibers and cells of many other organs are attacked, the organisms not being restricted to macrophages as in visceral leishmaniasis; humans, dogs, cats, house rats, armadillos, bats, certain monkeys, and opossums are the usual vertebrate hosts; vectors are members of the family Triatominae. Also known as Schizotrypanum cruzi, a distinct generic designation widely used in the endemic regions. SYN: T. escomelis, T. triatomae.
T. dimorphon an African species found in horses, cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and dogs, formerly thought to be the same as T. congolense but now recognized as a distinct and more pathogenic species in cattle, sheep, and dogs; it is spread by tsetse flies across central Africa.
T. escomelis SYN: T. cruzi.
T. gambiense SYN: T. brucei gambiense.
T. hominis SYN: T. brucei gambiense.
T. ignotum old name for T. simiae.
T. lewisi species that is a worldwide nonpathogenic parasite in the blood of rats widely used for laboratory study; it is transmitted by the rat flea, Nosopsyllus fasciatus.
T. melophagium a nonpathogenic species (related to T. theileri) found in sheep throughout the world, and probably in goats as well; the vector is Melophagus ovinus.
T. rangeli a species that parasitizes a wide variety of mammals, including humans, in South America and is transmitted by the triatomid bugs Rhodnius prolixus and Tiratoma dimidiata, and probably others; it is apparently nonpathogenic but may be pathogenic in the bug host.
T. rhodesiense SYN: T. brucei rhodesiense.
T. theileri a large, relatively nonpathogenic species found in African antelopes and in cattle in many parts of the world; the parasites are spread by bloodsucking tabanid horseflies.
T. triatomae SYN: T. cruzi.
T. ugandense SYN: T. brucei gambiense.

trypanosomatid
trypanosomatid (tri-pan′o-so-mat′id)

Common name for a member of the family Trypanosomatidae. SYN: trypanid.

Trypanosomatidae
Trypanosomatidae (tri-pan′o-so-mat′i-de)

A protozoan family of hemoflagellates (order Kinetoplastida, class Zoomastigophorea, subphylum Mastigophora); asexual blood and/or tissue parasites of leeches, insects, and vertebrates and sap inhabitants of plants, characterized by a rounded or elongate form, a single nucleus, elongate mitochondrion (its position in relation to the nucleus is a characteristic of each genus), and an anteriorly directed single flagellum (in some genera, it borders an undulating membrane). T. includes the genera Crithidia, Herpetomonas, Leptomonas, and Blastocrithidia, all of which are monogenetic and found in insects, and Phytomonas (found in plants), Endotrypanum, Leishmania, and Trypanosoma, all of which are digenetic; Leishmania and Trypanosoma include important pathogens of humans and animals. Many trypanosomes pass through developmental or life cycle stages similar to the body forms characteristic of the genera; these forms include amastigote, choanomastigote, opisthomastigote, promastigote, epimastigote, and trypomastigote.

trypanosome
trypanosome (tri-pan′o-som, trip′a-no-)

Common name for any member of the genus Trypanosoma or of the family Trypanosomatidae. [G. trypanon, an auger, + soma, body]

trypanosomiasis
trypanosomiasis (tri-pan′o-so-mi′a-sis, trip′a-no-)

Any disease caused by a trypanosome. SYN: trypanosomosis.
acute t. SYN: Rhodesian t..
African t. a serious endemic disease in tropical Africa, of two types: Gambian or West African t. and Rhodesian or East African t..
American t. See South American t..
chronic t. SYN: Gambian t..
Cruz t. SYN: South American t..
East African t. SYN: Rhodesian t..
Gambian t. a chronic disease of humans caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in northern and sub-Saharan Africa from Senegal east to Sudan and Uganda; characterized by splenomegaly, drowsiness, an uncontrollable urge to sleep, and the development of psychotic changes; basal ganglia and cerebellar involvement commonly lead to chorea and athetosis; the terminal phase of the disease is characterized by wasting, anorexia, and emaciation that gradually leads to coma and death, usually from intercurrent infection. SYN: chronic African sleeping sickness, chronic t., West African sleeping sickness, West African t..
Rhodesian t. a disease of humans caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in eastern Africa from Ethiopia and Uganda south to Zimbabwe; it is clinically similar to Gambian t. but of shorter duration and more acute in form; patients suffer repeated episodes of pyrexia, become anemic, and die commonly from cardiac failure. SYN: acute African sleeping sickness, acute t., East African sleeping sickness, East African t..
South American t. t. caused by Trypanosoma (or Schizotrypanum) cruzi and transmitted by certain species of reduviid (triatomine) bugs. In its acute form, it is seen most frequently in young children, with swelling of the skin at the site of entry, most often the face, and regional lymph node enlargement; in its chronic form it can assume several aspects, commonly cardiomyopathy, but megacolon and megaesophagus also occur; natural reservoirs include dogs, armadillos, rodents, and other domestic, domiciliated, and wild mammals. SYN: Chagas disease, Chagas-Cruz disease, Cruz t..
West African t. SYN: Gambian t..

trypanosomic
trypanosomic (tri-pan-o-so′mik, trip′a-no-)

Relating to trypanosomes, especially denoting infection by such organisms.

trypanosomicide
trypanosomicide (tri-pan′o-so′mi-sid)

SYN: trypanocide.

trypanosomid
trypanosomid (tri-pan′o-so-mid)

A skin lesion resulting from immunologic changes from trypanosome disease. [trypanosome + G. -id (1)]

trypanosomosis
trypanosomosis (trip′an-o-so-mo′sis, tri-pan′)

SYN: trypanosomiasis.

trypan red
trypan red (tri′pan, trip′) [C.I. 22850]

An azo dye formerly used in the treatment of trypanosomiasis.

tryparsamide
tryparsamide (tri-par′sa-mid)

Used in the treatment of trypanosomic and spirochetal infections, especially neurosyphilis, and the late stages of African sleeping sickness.

trypomastigote
trypomastigote (trip-o-mas′ti-got)

Term to replace the older term, “trypanosome stage,” which was often confused with the flagellate genus Trypanosoma. It denotes the stage (infective stage for South American trypanosomiasis and African trypanosomiasis, and the only stage found in humans in the latter illness) in which the flagellum arises from a posteriorly located kinetoplast and emerges from the side of the body, with an undulating membrane running along the length of the body. [G. trypanon, auger, + mastix, whip]

trypsin
trypsin (trip′sin)

A proteolytic enzyme formed in the small intestine from trypsinogen by the action of enteropeptidase; a serine proteinase that hydrolyzes peptides, amides, esters, etc., at bonds of the carboxyl groups of l-arginyl or l-lysyl residues; it also produces the meromyosins.
crystallized t. a purified preparation of the pancreatic enzyme; used as an adjunct to surgery for débridement of necrotic wounds and ulcers.

trypsinogen
trypsinogen, trypsogen (trip-sin′o-jen, trip′so-jen)

An inactive protein secreted by the pancreas that is converted into trypsin by the action of enteropepsidase. SYN: protrypsin.

tryptamine
tryptamine (trip′ta-men, -min)

A decarboxylation product of l-tryptophan that occurs in plants and certain foods ( e.g., cheese). It raises the blood pressure through vasoconstrictor action, by the release of norepinephrine at postganglionic sympathetic nerve endings, and is believed to be one of the agents responsible for hypertensive episodes following therapy with monoamine oxidase inhibitors ( e.g., pargyline hydrochloride).

tryptamine-strophanthidin
tryptamine-strophanthidin (trip′ta-men-stro-fan′thi-din)

A semisynthetic cardiac glycoside that is a condensation product of strophanthidin and tryptamine; given orally, it has a rapid onset and short duration of cardiac action.

tryptic
tryptic (trip′tik)

Relating to trypsin, as t. digestion.

tryptone
tryptone (trip′ton)

A peptone produced by proteolytic digestion with trypsin.

tryptonemia
tryptonemia (trip-to-ne′me-a)

The presence of tryptone in the circulating blood.

tryptophan
tryptophan (Trp, W) (trip′to-fan)

2-Amino-3-(3-indolyl)propionic acid;the l-isomer is a component of proteins; a nutritionally essential amino acid.
t. decarboxylase SYN: aromatic d-amino acid decarboxylase.
t. desmolase SYN: t. synthase.
t. 2,3-dioxygenase an oxidoreductase catalyzing the reaction of l-t. and O₂ to produce l-N-formylkynurenine; an adaptive enzyme, the level (in the liver) being controlled by adrenal hormones; a step in t. catabolism; also, a step in the synthesis of NAD⁺ from t.. SYN: pyrrolase, t. oxygenase, t. pyrrolase, tryptophanase (1) .
t. oxygenase SYN: t. 2,3-dioxygenase.
t. pyrrolase SYN: t. 2,3-dioxygenase.
t. synthase a nonmammalian hydro-lyase condensing l-serine indole-3-glycerol phosphate to produce l-t. and glyceraldehyde phosphate; pyridoxal phosphate is required; it will also react l-serine with indole. SYN: t. desmolase, t. synthetase.
t. synthetase SYN: t. synthase.

tryptophanase
tryptophanase (trip′to-fa-nas)

1. SYN: tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase. 2. An enzyme found in bacteria that catalyzes the cleavage of l-tryptophan to indole, pyruvic acid, and ammonia; pyridoxal phosphate is a coenzyme.

tryptophanuria
tryptophanuria (trip′to-fa-noo′re-a)

Enhanced urinary excretion of tryptophan.
t. with dwarfism [MIM*276100] a syndrome of dwarfism, mental defect, cutaneous photosensitivity, and gait disturbance associated with t.; autosomal recessive inheritance.

tsetse
tsetse (tset′se, tse′tse)

See Glossina. [S. African native name]

TSH
TSH

Abbreviation for thyroid-stimulating hormone.

TSH-RF
TSH-RF

Abbreviation for thyroid-stimulating hormone-releasing factor.

TSI
TSI

Abbreviation for thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins, under immunoglobulin.

TSS
TSS

Abbreviation for toxic shock syndrome.

TSTA
TSTA

Abbreviation for tumor-specific transplantation antigens, under antigen.

TTP
TTP

Abbreviation for ribothymidine 5′-triphosphate.

TTP-HUS
TTP-HUS

Abbreviation for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic uremic syndrome. See thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, hemolytic uremic syndrome.

TTX
TTX

Abbreviation for tetrodotoxin.

T.U.
T.U.

Abbreviation for toxic unit or toxin unit.

tuaminoheptane
tuaminoheptane (too′am-i-no-hep′tan)

A sympathomimetic volatile amine, used by inhalation as a nasal decongestant; available also as t. sulfate, with the same actions, and more potent as a vasoconstrictor than ephedrine.

tuba
tuba, gen. and pl. tubae (too′ba, too′be) [TA]

SYN: tube. [L. a straight trumpet]
t. acustica SYN: pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube.
t. auditiva [TA] SYN: pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube.
t. auditoria pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube, pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube.
t. eustachiana, t. eustachii SYN: pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube.
t. fallopiana, t. fallopii SYN: uterine tube.
t. uterina [TA] SYN: uterine tube.

tubage
tubage (too′baj)

Introduction of a tube into a canal. SEE ALSO: intubation.

tubal
tubal (too′bal)

Relating to a tube, especially the uterine tube.

tubatorsion
tubatorsion (too-ba-tor′shun)

SYN: tubotorsion.

tube
tube (toob) [TA]

1. A hollow cylindrical structure or canal. 2. A hollow cylinder or pipe. SYN: tuba [TA] . [L. tubus]
Abbott t. SYN: Miller-Abbott t..
air t. the trachea, or a bronchus or any of its branches conveying air to the lungs.
auditory t. pharyngotympanic (auditory) t..
Babcock t. a t. in which milk, after treatment with sulfuric acid, is centrifuged and its fat content then determined in a graduated neck.
Bouchut t. a short cylindrical t. used in intubation of the larynx.
bronchial tubes SYN: bronchia.
Cantor t. a long, single-lumen intestinal t. with a sealed, mercury-filled rubber bag tip; used to decompress and/or stent the small intestine.
cardiac t. the primitive tubular heart in the embryo, before its division into chambers.
Carlen t. a double-lumen, flexible endobronchial t. used for bronchospirometry, for isolation of one lung to prevent contamination or secretions from the contralateral lung, or for ventilation of one lung.
cathode ray t. (CRT) an evacuated t. containing a beam of electrons which can be deflected to various parts of a fluorescent screen; used in the cathode ray oscilloscope.
Celestin t. a plastic t. introduced through a tumor in the esophagus; it permits swallowing of certain substances.
Coolidge t. an x-ray t., in which the cathode consists of a tungsten wire spiral surrounded by a focusing cup; the tungsten spiral is heated by an electric current; the quantity and quality of the x-rays so generated are regulated by varying the temperature of the cathode and the voltage between cathode and anode.
Crookes-Hittorf t. a simple evacuated t. containing a cathode, that emitted x-rays from the glass envelope when a current was passed through it; the type used by Roentgen to discover x-rays.
digestive t. SYN: digestive tract.
drainage t. a t. introduced into a wound or cavity to facilitate removal of a fluid.
Durham t. a jointed tracheotomy t..
empyema t. a catheter used for drainage of an empyema.
endobronchial t. a single- or double-lumen t. with an inflatable cuff at the distal end that, after being passed through the larynx and trachea, is positioned so that ventilation is restricted to one lung; a single-lumen t. is placed in the mainstem bronchus of the lung; a double-lumen t. is positioned at the tracheal carina to permit ventilation of either or both lungs.
endotracheal t. a flexible t. inserted nasally, orally, or through a tracheotomy into the trachea to provide an airway, as in tracheal intubation SYN: intratracheal t., tracheal t..
eustachian t. SYN: pharyngotympanic (auditory) t..
fallopian t. SYN: uterine t..
feeding t. a flexible t. passed through the nose and into the alimentary tract, through which liquid food is passed.
Ferrein t. SYN: convoluted tubule of kidney.
field emission t. an x-ray t. that uses a cold cathode, relying on the t. voltage to pull electrons from it to the anode.
Geiger-Müller t. Geiger-Müller counter.
germ t. a young hypha growing out of a yeast cell or spore, the beginning of a mycelium; also used as a rapid test for differentiating Candida albicans from other Candida species.
Haldane t. a t. for securing human alveolar air samples; consisting of a narrow hosepipe with a mouthpiece from which a t. is attached for the withdrawal of expired air at the end of a sudden, maximal expiration.
intratracheal t. SYN: endotracheal t..
Levin t. a flexible t. introduced through the nose into the upper alimentary tract, to facilitate gastric decompression.
Martin t. a drainage t. with a cross piece near the extremity to keep it from slipping out of a cavity.
medullary t. SYN: neural t..
Miescher tubes elongate fusiform or cylindrical bodies forming the encapsulated cystic intramuscular stage of the protozoan Sarcocystis.
Miller-Abbott t. a t. with two lumens, one ending in a small collapsible balloon and the other in a metallic tip with numerous perforations; used for decompression and stenting of the small intestine. SYN: Abbott t..
molybdenum target t. an x-ray t. with an anode surface made of molybdenum instead of tungsten, used in mammography.
Moss t. 1. a triple-lumen, nasogastric, feeding-decompression t. that utilizes a gastric balloon to occlude the cardioesophageal junction, with simultaneous esophageal aspiration and intragastric feeding; 2. a double-lumen, gastric lavage t. that provides continuous delivery of saline via a small bore, with simultaneous aspiration of fluid and some particles via a large bore.
nasogastric t. a flexible t. passed through the nose and into the gastric pouch to decompress the stomach.
nasotracheal t. a tracheal t. inserted through the nasal passages.
nephrostomy t. a t. placed in the renal collecting system for drainage, diagnostic tests, or removal of calculi. May be placed through a percutaneous route or during an open surgical procedure.
neural t. the epithelial t. formed from the neuroectoderm of the early embryo by the closure of the neural groove; by complex processes of cell proliferation and organization the neural t. develops into the spinal cord and brain. SYN: medullary t..
O'Dwyer t. a metal t. formerly used for intubation of the larynx in diphtheria.
orotracheal t. a tracheal t. inserted through the mouth.
otopharyngeal t. SYN: pharyngotympanic (auditory) t..
pharyngotympanic (auditory) t. [TA] a t. leading from the tympanic cavity to the nasopharynx; it consists of an osseous (posterolateral) portion at the tympanic end, and a fibrocartilaginous (anteromedial) portion at the pharyngeal end; where the two portions join, in the region of the sphenopetrosal fissure, is the narrowest portion of the t. (isthmus); the auditory t. enables equalization of pressure within the tympanic cavity with ambient air pressure, referred to commonly as “popping of the ears.” SYN: tuba auditiva [TA] , auditory t.&star, tuba auditoria&star, eustachian t., guttural duct, otopharyngeal t., otosalpinx, tuba acustica, tuba eustachiana, tuba eustachii.
photomultiplier t. a detector which amplifies a signal (by as much as 10⁶) of electromagnetic radiation by an acceleration of electrons released from a photocathode through a series of dynodes; as each electron strikes a dynode stage, 3–4 electrons are liberated and accelerated to the subsequent dynode.
Pitot t. a stationary L-shaped t. inserted in a fluid stream, with its opening upstream, and used for measuring the velocity of fluid movement at that point in terms of the pressure developed in the t. by the fluid impinging on it, compared to a second t. opening laterally or downstream.
pus t. SYN: pyosalpinx.
rectifier t. an electronic t., used in x-ray transformers, to convert alternating to direct current.
Rehfuss stomach t. a t. with a calibrated syringe, formerly used for aspiration of stomach contents in gastric analysis; replaced by plastic disposable stomach tubes.
Robertshaw t. a variation of Carlen t. that eliminates some mechanical disadvantages of the latter.
roll t. a modification of the plate culture; a seeded medium containing agar is placed in a test t. which is rolled or spun horizontally until the medium solidifies evenly on the interior of the t..
rotating anode t. a modern x-ray t., in which heat buildup is distributed through a larger volume by rotating the target.
Ruysch t. a minute tubular cavity opening in the lower and anterior portion of each surface of the nasal septum; best seen in the early fetal period when it is associated with the vomeronasal organ (Jacobson organ).
Ryle t. a thin rubber t., with about the lumen of a no. 8 catheter, and an olive-tipped extremity, used in the giving of a test meal.
Sengstaken-Blakemore t. a t. with three lumens, one for drainage of the stomach and two for inflation of attached gastric and esophageal balloons; used for emergency treatment of bleeding esophageal varices.
Southey tubes obsolete cannulas of small, almost capillary, caliber, thrust by a trocar into the subcutaneous tissues to drain the fluid of anasarca.
speaking t. a t. with an earpiece at one end and a cone at the other to amplify speech into the cone.
stomach t. a flexible t. passed into the stomach for lavage or feeding.
T t. a t. shaped like a T, the top of which is placed within a tubular structure such as the common bile duct and the stem placed through the skin; used for decompression.
test t. a t. of thin glass closed at one end, used in the examination of urine and other chemical operations, for bacterial cultures, etc.
thoracostomy t. a t. placed through the chest wall that drains the pleural space.
Tovell t. an endotracheal t. with a wire spiral embedded in the wall to prevent obstruction of the lumen when the t. is compressed and kinking or when the t. is bent at a sharp angle.
Toynbee t. a t. by which one can listen to the sounds in a patient's ear during politzerization.
tracheal t. SYN: endotracheal t..
tracheostomy t. a curved t. used to keep the opening free after tracheotomy; may be metal or plastic. SYN: tracheotomy t..
tracheotomy t. SYN: tracheostomy t..
tympanostomy t. a small t. inserted through the tympanic membrane after myringotomy to ventilate the middle ear; often used for middle ear effusion.
uterine t. [TA] one of the tubes leading on either side from the upper or outer extremity of the ovary, which is largely enveloped by its expanded infundibulum, to the fundus of the uterus; it provides the path by which the ovum travels from ovary to uterus where, if it is fertilized in the t., it will implant as a zygote; it consists of infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, and uterine parts. SYN: tuba uterina [TA] , salpinx&star, fallopian t., gonaduct (2) , oviduct, salpinx uterina, tuba fallopiana, tuba fallopii.
vacuum t. a glass t. from which the air has been removed, containing two or more electrodes, between which passes an electrical current or spark; used in the production of x-rays, or to control circuits. Previously in wide use, the vacuum t. has been supplanted by transistors in electronic circuits.
Venturi t. a t. with a specially streamlined constriction to minimize energy losses in the fluid flowing through it while maximizing the fall in pressure in the constriction in accordance with Bernoulli law; the basis of the Venturi meter.
Wangensteen t. SYN: Wangensteen suction.
x-ray t. x-ray.

tubectomy
tubectomy (too-bek′to-me)

SYN: salpingectomy. [L. tuba, tube, + G. ektome, excision]

tuber
tuber, pl .tubera (too′ber, too′ber-a)

1. [TA] A localized swelling; a knob. 2. A short, fleshy, thick, underground stem of plants, such as the potato. [L. protuberance, swelling]
t. anterius SYN: t. cinereum.
ashen t. SYN: t. cinereum.
calcaneal t. SYN: calcaneal tuberosity.
t. calcanei [TA] SYN: calcaneal tuberosity.
t. calcis SYN: calcaneal tuberosity.
t. cinereum [TA] a prominence of the base of the hypothalamus, bordered caudally by the mamillary bodies, rostrally by the optic chiasm, and laterally by the optic tract, extending ventrally into the infundibulum and hypophysial stalk. SYN: ashen t., gray t., t. anterius.
t. cochleae SYN: promontory of tympanic cavity.
t. corporis callosi SYN: splenium of corpus callosum.
t. dorsale SYN: t. vermis.
eustachian t. a slight projection from the labyrinthine wall of the middle ear below the fenestra vestibuli (ovalis).
frontal t. [TA] the most prominent portion of the frontal bone on either side. SYN: t. frontale [TA] , eminentia frontalis&star, frontal eminence&star.
t. frontale [TA] SYN: frontal t..
gray t. SYN: t. cinereum.
t. ischiadicum [TA] SYN: ischial tuberosity.
t. of ischium SYN: ischial tuberosity.
t. maxillae [TA] SYN: maxillary tuberosity.
omental t. SYN: omental eminence of pancreas.
t. omentale hepatis [TA] SYN: omental tuberosity of liver.
t. omentale pancreatis [TA] SYN: omental eminence of pancreas.
parietal t. [TA] a prominent portion of the parietal bone, a little above the center of its external surface, usually corresponding to the point of maximum width of the head. SYN: t. parietale [TA] , eminentia parietalis&star, parietal eminence&star.
t. parietale [TA] SYN: parietal t..
t. radii SYN: radial tuberosity.
t. valvulae SYN: t. vermis.
t. of vermis SYN: t. vermis.
t. vermis the posterior division of the inferior vermis of the cerebellum located between the folium and the pyramis. SYN: t. dorsale, t. of vermis, t. valvulae.
t. zygomaticum SYN: articular tubercle of temporal bone.

tubercle
tubercle (too′ber-kl)

1. A nodule, especially in an anatomic, not pathologic, sense. 2. A circumscribed, rounded, solid elevation on the skin, mucous membrane, or surface of an organ. 3. A slight elevation from the surface of a bone giving attachment to a muscle or ligament. 4. In dentistry, a small elevation arising on the surface of a tooth. 5. A granulomatous lesion due to infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although somewhat variable in size (0.5–2 or 3 mm in diameter) and in the proportions of various histologic components, t.'s tend to be fairly well-circumscribed, spheroidal, firm lesions that usually consist of three irregularly outlined but moderately distinct zones: 1) an inner focus of necrosis, coagulative at first, and then becoming caseous; 2) a middle zone that consists of a fairly dense accumulation of large mononuclear phagocytes (macrophages), frequently arranged somewhat radially (with reference to the necrotic material) resembling an epithelium, and hence termed epithelioid cells; multinucleated giant cells of Langhans type may also be present; 3) an outer zone of numerous lymphocytes, and a few monocytes and plasma cells. In instances where healing has begun, a fourth zone of fibrous tissue may form at the periphery. Morphologically indistinguishable lesions may occur in diseases caused by other agents; many observers use the term nonspecifically, i.e., with reference to any such granuloma; others use “t.” only for tuberculous lesions, and then designate those of undetermined causes as epithelioid-cell granulomas. SYN: tuberculum [TA] . [L. tuberculum, dim. of tuber, a knob, a swelling, a tumor]
accessory t. SYN: accessory process of lumbar vertebra.
acoustic t. SYN: trigone of auditory nerve.
adductor t. of femur [TA] the prominence above the medial epicondyle of the femur to which the tendon of the adductor magnus attaches. SYN: tuberculum adductorium femoris [TA] .
amygdaloid t. a projection from the roof of the anterior end-portion of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle, marking the location of the amygdaloid nucleus.
anatomic t. SYN: postmortem wart.
anterior t. of atlas [TA] a conical protuberance on the anterior surface of the arch of the atlas. SYN: tuberculum anterius atlantis [TA] .
anterior t. of cervical vertebrae [TA] the anterior projection from the transverse process. SYN: tuberculum anterius vertebrarum cervicalium [TA] .
t. of anterior scalene muscle SYN: scalene t..
anterior thalamic t. [TA] a prominence at the anterior extremity of the thalamus which corresponds to the nuclei anteriores. SYN: tuberculum anterius thalami [TA] , anterior t. of thalamus.
anterior t. of thalamus SYN: anterior thalamic t..
areolar tubercles [TA] small elevations on the areola of the female breast, especially prominent during pregnancy and lactation, that are a superficial manifestation of the underlying areolar glands. SYN: tubercula areolae [TA] .
articular t. of temporal bone [TA] articular eminence of the temporal bone which bounds the mandibular fossa anteriorly; it forms the anterior root of the zygomatic process; it is enclosed by the articular capsule of the temporomandibular joint with the articular fossa; the head of the mandible (and intervening articular disc) move onto the articular t. to allow full depression of the mandible (opening of the mouth). SYN: tuberculum articulare ossis temporalis [TA] , articular eminence of temporal bone, eminentia articularis ossis temporalis, tuber zygomaticum.
ashen t. SYN: trigeminal t..
auricular t. [TA] a small inconstant projection from the upper end of the posterior portion of the incurved free margin of the helix of the auricle. SYN: tuberculum auriculae [TA] , darwinian t., tuberculum superius.
calcaneal t. [TA] the projection, often double, on the inferior aspect of the calcaneus at the anterior end of the area for attachment of the long plantar ligament. SYN: tuberculum calcanei [TA] .
Carabelli t. a small t., resembling a supernumerary cusp, found occasionally on the lingual surface of the mesiolingual cusp of a permanent maxillary first molar.
carotid t. [TA] the anterior t. of the transverse process of the sixth cervical vertebra, against which the carotid artery may be compressed by the finger. SYN: tuberculum caroticum [TA] , Chassaignac t..
caseous t. SYN: soft t..
Chassaignac t. SYN: carotid t..
conoid t. (of clavicle) [TA] the prominence near the lateral end of the inferior surface of the clavicle that gives attachment to the conoid ligament. SYN: tuberculum conoideum (claviculare) [TA] , conoid process.
corniculate t. [TA] the smaller and more medial of the two rounded eminences on the posterior part of the aryepiglottic fold, formed by the underlying corniculate cartilages. SYN: tuberculum corniculatum [TA] , Santorini t..
crown t. SYN: dental t..
cuneate t. the bulbous rostral extremity of the fasciculus cuneatus corresponding to the position of the cunate nucleus, lying lateral to the clava and separated from the tuberculum cinereum on its lateral side by the posterior lateral sulcus. SYN: tuberculum cuneatum, wedge-shaped t..
cuneiform t. [TA] the larger, more laterally placed of the two rounded eminences on the posterior part of the aryepiglottic fold, formed by the underlying cuneiform cartilage. SYN: tuberculum cuneiforme [TA] , Wrisberg t..
darwinian t. SYN: auricular t..
deltoid t. (of spine of scapula) [TA] prominence on the dorsum of the scapular spine, lateral to the root of the spine, to which a flat, triangular tendon from the most inferior part of the middle part of the trapezius (muscle) is attached. SYN: tuberculum deltoideum (spinae scapulae) [TA] .
dental t. [TA] a small elevation on some portions of a crown produced by an extra formation of enamel. SYN: tuberculum dentis [TA] , crown t., t. of tooth, tuberculum coronae.
dorsal t. of radius [TA] a small prominence on the dorsal aspect of the distal end of the radius lateral to the groove for the extensor pollicis longus tendon; it serves as a trochlea or pulley for the tendon. SYN: tuberculum dorsale radii [TA] , Lister t..
epiglottic t. [TA] a convexity at the lower part of the epiglottis over the upper part of the thyroepiglottic ligament. SYN: tuberculum epiglotticum [TA] , cushion of epiglottis.
fibrous t. a t. in which fibroblasts proliferate about the periphery (and into the cellular zones), eventually resulting in a rim or wall of cellular fibrous tissue or collagenous material around the t..
genial t. SYN: mental spine.
genital t. the median elevation just cephalic to the urogenital orifice of an embryo; it is the primordium of the penis of the male or the clitoris of the female. SYN: phallic t..
Gerdy t. a t. on the anterolateral side of the upper end of the tibia giving attachment to the iliotibial tract and some fibers of the tibialis anterior muscle.
Ghon t. calcification seen in pulmonary parenchyma (usually midlung) resulting from earlier, usually childhood, infection with tuberculosis; sometimes confused with a combination of parenchymal lesion and calcified lymph node, which is properly termed a Ranke complex. SYN: Ghon complex, Ghon focus, Ghon primary lesion.
gracile t. the somewhat expanded upper end of the gracile fasciculus, corresponding to the position of the gracile nucleus. SYN: clava, tuberculum gracile.
gray t. SYN: trigeminal t..
greater t. (of humerus) [TA] the larger of the two tubercles next to the head of the humerus; it gives attachment to the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor muscles. SYN: tuberculum majus (humeri) [TA] , greater tuberosity of humerus.
hard t. a t. lacking necrosis.
hyaline t. a form of fibrous t. in which the cellular fibrous tissue and collagenous fibers become altered and merged into a fairly homogeneous, acellular, deeply acidophilic, firm mass.
iliac t. SYN: t. of iliac crest.
t. of iliac crest [TA] a prominence on the outer lip of the iliac crest about 5 cm behind the anterior superior iliac spine. SYN: tuberculum iliacum [TA] , iliac t..
inferior thyroid t. [TA] a slight lateral projection from the lower margin of the lamina of the thyroid cartilage on either side, at the inferior end of the oblique line. SYN: tuberculum thyroideum inferius [TA] .
infraglenoid t. (of scapula) [TA] a rough surface below the glenoid cavity of the scapula, giving attachment to the long tendon of the triceps. SYN: tuberculum infraglenoidale (scapulae) [TA] , infraglenoid tuberosity.
intercolumnar t. See subfornical organ.
intercondylar t. [TA] one of two projections, medial and lateral, springing from the central lip of each articular surface of the tibia on either side of the intercondylar eminence. SYN: tuberculum intercondylare (mediale et laterale) [TA] .
intervenous t. (of right atrium) [TA] the slight projection on the wall of the right atrium between the orifices of the venae cavae. SYN: tuberculum intervenosum (atrii dextri) [TA] , Lower t..
jugular t. of occipital bone [TA] an oval elevation on the cerebral surface of the junction of the lateral and basal parts of the occipital bone, on either side of the foramen magnum medial to the lower border and anterosuperior to the opening of the hypoglossal canal. SYN: tuberculum jugulare ossis occipitalis [TA] .
labial t. SYN: t. of upper lip.
lateral t. (of posterior process) of talus [TA] the prominence lateral to the groove for the flexor hallucis longus tendon. SYN: tuberculum laterale (processus posterioris) tali [TA] .
lesser t. (of humerus) [TA] the anterior of the two tubercles of the neck of the humerus on which the subscapularis is inserted. SYN: tuberculum minus (humeri) [TA] , lesser tuberosity of humerus.
Lisfranc t. SYN: scalene t..
Lister t. SYN: dorsal t. of radius.
Lower t. SYN: intervenous t. (of right atrium).
mammillary t. SYN: mammillary process of lumbar vertebra.
mammillary t. of hypothalamus SYN: mammillary body.
marginal t. SYN: marginal t. (of zygomatic bone).
marginal t. (of zygomatic bone) [TA] an inconstant prominence on the temporal border of the zygomatic bone to which the temporal fascia is attached. SYN: tuberculum marginale (ossis zygomatici) [TA] , marginal t..
medial t. (of posterior process) of talus [TA] the eminence medial to the sulcus for the flexor hallucis longus tendon. SYN: tuberculum mediale (processus posterioris) tali [TA] .
mental t. (of mandible) [TA] a paired eminence on the mental protuberance of the mandible. SYN: tuberculum mentale (mandibulae) [TA] , eminentia symphysis.
molar t. [TA] occasional nonocclusive prominence of variable size on the crown of a molar tooth. SYN: tuberculum molare [TA] .
Montgomery tubercles elevated reddened areolar glands, usually associated with pregnancy.
Morgagni t. SYN: cuneiform cartilage.
Müller t. a median protuberance projecting into the embryonic urogenital sinus from its dorsal wall; it is formed from the fused caudal ends of the paramesonephric ducts and is the first evidence of the embryonic uterus and vagina. SYN: sinus t..
nuchal t. SYN: vertebra prominens.
obturator t. [TA] one of two processes, anterior and posterior, on the margin of the pubic portion of the obturator foramen, bounding the termination of the obturator groove; the posterior obturator t. is inconstant. SYN: tuberculum obturatorium [TA] .
olfactory t. a small, oval area at the base of the cerebral hemisphere, between the diverging medial and lateral olfactory striae, in the anteromedial part of the anterior perforated substance; it is formed by a small area of allocortex characterized by the presence of the islands of Calleja. Corresponding to a much more prominent structure in nonprimate mammals (especially rodents and insectivores), the olfactory t. receives fibers from the olfactory bulb by way of the intermediate olfactory stria; it has efferent connections with the hypothalamus and the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus. SYN: tuberculum olfactorium [TA] .
orbital t. (of zygomatic bone) [TA] a small elevation on the orbital surface of the zygomatic bone, just within the orbital margin, about 1 cm below the zygomaticofrontal suture; it gives attachment to the lateral check ligament, the lateral palpebral ligament, and the suspensory ligament of the eyeball. SYN: tuberculum orbitale ossis zygomatici [TA] , eminentia orbitalis (ossis zygomatici), orbital eminence of zygomatic bone, Whitnall t..
phallic t. SYN: genital t..
pharyngeal t. (of basilar part of occipital bone) [TA] a projection from the undersurface of the basilar portion of the occipital bone, giving attachment to the fibrous raphe of the pharynx. SYN: tuberculum pharyngeum (partis basilaris ossis occipitalis) [TA] .
posterior t. of atlas [TA] a protuberance of the posterior extremity of the arch of the atlas, a rudiment of the spinous process giving attachment to the musculus rectus capitis posterior minor muscle. SYN: tuberculum posterius atlantis [TA] .
posterior t. of cervical vertebrae [TA] a posterior projection from the transverse processes. SYN: tuberculum posterius vertebrarum cervicalium [TA] .
Princeteau t. a slight prominence on the temporal bone near the apex of the petrous part where the superior petrosal sinus commences.
pterygoid t. a slight prominence on the posterior surface of the medial pterygoid plate, inferior and to the medial side of the pterygoid canal.
pubic t. [TA] a small palpable projection at the anterior extremity of the crest of the pubis about 2 cm from the symphysis; site of insertion of inguinal ligament. SYN: tuberculum pubicum [TA] , pubic spine, spina pubis.
t. of rib [TA] the knob on the posterior surface of a rib, at the junction of its neck and shaft, which articulates with the transverse process of the vertebra, whch corresponds in number to the rib, forming a costotransverse joint. SYN: tuberculum costae [TA] .
Rolando t. SYN: trigeminal t..
t. of saddle SYN: tuberculum sellae.
Santorini t. SYN: corniculate t..
scalene t. [TA] a small spine on the inner edge of the first rib, giving attachment to the scalenus anterior muscle, lying between and thus demarcating the grooves for the subclavian artery (anteriorly) and vein (posteriorly). SYN: tuberculum musculi scaleni anterioris [TA] , Lisfranc t., scalene t. of Lisfranc, t. of anterior scalene muscle.
scalene t. of Lisfranc SYN: scalene t..
t. of scaphoid (bone) [TA] a projection at the inferior lateral angle of the scaphoid bone; it can be felt at the root of the thumb; provides attachment for the transverse carpal ligament (flexor retinaculum). SYN: tuberculum ossis scaphoidei [TA] .
sinus t. SYN: Müller t..
soft t. a t. showing caseous necrosis. SYN: caseous t..
superior thyroid t. [TA] a blunt lateral projection on the external aspect lamina of the thyroid cartilage on either side at the superior end of the oblique line. SYN: tuberculum thyroideum superius [TA] .
supraglenoid t. (of scapula) [TA] a rough surface above the glenoid cavity of the scapula, giving attachment to the tendon of the long head of the biceps within the articular cavity of the shoulder joint. SYN: tuberculum supraglenoidale (scapulae) [TA] .
supratragic t. [TA] a small inconstant elevation often present on the edge of the upper tragus. SYN: tuberculum supratragicum [TA] .
t. of tooth SYN: dental t..
t. of trapezium (bone) SYN: tuberculum of trapezium bone.
trigeminal t. [TA] a longitudinal prominence on the dorsolateral surface of the medulla oblongata along the lateral border of the cuneate t.; it is the surface profile of the spinal tract of trigeminal nerve, continuous caudally with the dorsolateral fasciculus (Lissauer's tract). SYN: tuberculum trigeminale [TA] , ashen t., gray t., Rolando t..
t. of upper lip [TA] the slight projection on the free edge of the center of the upper lip at the lower extent of the philtrum. SYN: tuberculum labii superioris [TA] , labial t., procheilon, prochilon.
wedge-shaped t. SYN: cuneate t..
Whitnall t. SYN: orbital t. (of zygomatic bone).
Wrisberg t. SYN: cuneiform t..

tubercul- tubercul-

See tuberculo-.

tubercula
tubercula (too-ber′ku-la)

Plural of tuberculum.

tubercular
tubercular, tuberculated (too-ber′ku-lar, -lat-ed)

Pertaining to or characterized by tubercles or small nodules. Cf.:tuberculous.

tuberculation
tuberculation (too-ber-ku-la′shun)

The arrangement of tubercles or nodules in a part.

tuberculid
tuberculid (too-ber′ku-lid)

A lesion of the skin or mucous membrane resulting from hypersensitivity to mycobacterial antigens disseminated from a distant site of active tuberculosis. [tubercul- + G. -id (1)]
nodular t. SYN: erythema induratum.
papular t. SYN: lichen scrofulosorum.
papulonecrotic t. dusky-red papules followed by crusting and ulceration with nongranulomatous vascular changes primarily on the extremities and predominantly in young adults with a deep focus of tuberculosis or with a history of preceding infection. SYN: tuberculosis papulonecrotica.
rosacea-like t. SYN: granulomatous rosacea.

tuberculin
tuberculin (too-ber′ku-lin)

1. A glycerin-broth culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis evaporated to 110 volume at 100°C and filtered; introduced by Robert Koch for the treatment of tuberculosis but now used chiefly for diagnostic tests; originally known as Koch old t. (OT) or Koch original t. 2. One or another of a relatively large number of extracts of Mycobacterium tuberculosis cultures, different from OT and now obsolete.
Koch old t. (OT) t. (1) .
purified protein derivative of t. (PPD) purified t. containing the active protein fraction; the t. from which it is prepared differs from t. (1) chiefly in that the bacteria are grown in a synthetic rather than in a broth medium.

tuberculitis
tuberculitis (too-ber-ku-li′tis)

Inflammation of any tubercle. [tubercul- + G. -itis, inflammation]

tuberculo- tuberculo-, tubercul-

A tubercle, tuberculosis. [L. tuberculum, tubercle]

tuberculocele
tuberculocele (too-ber′ku-lo-sel)

Tuberculosis of the testes. [tuberculo- + G. kele, tumor, hernia]

tuberculochemotherapeutic
tuberculochemotherapeutic (too-ber′ku-lo-ke′mo-ther-a-pu′tik)

Relating to the treatment of tuberculosis by tuberculostatic or tuberculocidal drugs.

tuberculocidal
tuberculocidal (too-ber′ku-lo-si′dal)

Destructive to the tubercle bacillus.

tuberculoderma
tuberculoderma (too-ber′ku-lo-der′ma)

1. Any tubercular process of the skin. 2. The cutaneous manifestation of tuberculosis.

tuberculofibroid
tuberculofibroid (too-ber′ku-lo-fi′broyd)

A discrete, well-circumscribed, usually spheroidal, moderately to extremely firm, encapsulated nodule that is formed during the process of healing in a focus of tuberculous granulomatous inflammation.

tuberculoid
tuberculoid (too-ber′ku-loyd)

Resembling tuberculosis or a tubercle. [tuberculo- + G. eidos, resemblance]

tuberculoma
tuberculoma (too-ber-ku-lo′ma)

A rounded tumorlike but nonneoplastic mass, usually in the lungs or brain, due to localized tuberculous infection. [tuberculo- + G. -oma, tumor]

tuberculoprotein
tuberculoprotein (too-ber′ku-lo-pro′ten)

Any one, or a mixture of any or all of the proteins present in the body of the tubercle bacillus, all of which have been found to possess certain properties of tuberculin.

tuberculosis
tuberculosis (TB) (tu-ber′kyu-lo′sis)

A specific disease caused by infection with Mycobacterium t., the tubercle bacillus, which can affect almost any tissue or organ of the body, the most common seat of the disease being the lungs. Primary t. is typically a mild or asymptomatic local pulmonary infection. Regional lymph nodes may become involved, but in otherwise healthy people generalized disease does not immediately develop. A cell-mediated immune response arrests the spread of organisms and walls off the zone of infection. Infected tissues and lymph nodes may eventually calcify. The tuberculin skin test becomes positive within a few weeks, and remains positive throughout life. Organisms in a primary lesion remain viable and can become reactivated months or years later to initiate secondary t.. Progression to the secondary stage eventually occurs in 10–15% of people who have had primary t.. The risk of reactivation is increased by diabetes mellitus, HIV infection, silicosis, and various systemic or malignant conditions, as well as in alcoholics, IV drug abusers, nursing home residents, and those receiving adrenocortical steroid or immunosuppressive therapy. Secondary or reactivation t. usually results in a chronic, spreading lung infection, most often involving the upper lobes. Minute granulomas (tubercles), just visible to the naked eye, develop in involved lung tissue, each consisting of a zone of caseation necrosis surrounded by chronic inflammatory cells (epithelioid histiocytes and giant cells). These lesions, which give the disease its name, are also found in other tissues (lymph nodes, bowel, kidney, skin) to which the disease may spread. Rarely, reactivation results in widespread dissemination of tubercles throughout the body (miliary t.). The symptoms of active pulmonary t. are fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, low-grade fever, night sweats, chronic cough, and hemoptysis. Local symptoms depend on the parts affected. Active pulmonary t. is relentlessly chronic and, if untreated, leads to progressive destruction of lung tissue. Cavities form in the lungs, and erosion into pulmonary blood vessels can result in life-threatening hemorrhage. Gradual deterioration of nutritional status and general health culminates in death due to wasting, infection, or multiple organ failure. Variant syndromes (tuberculous lymphadenitis in children, severe systemic disease in persons with AIDS) are caused by organisms of the Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex. [tuberculo- + G. -osis, condition] In 1993 the World Health Organization (WHO) declared t. a global emergency. Fully one-third of the world's population is infected with TB. On a global scale, TB ranks first among infectious diseases as a cause of death. Two-thirds of all the world's cases are in Asia, but the disease is also endemic in parts of Africa and other regions. War and social upheaval have played a role in the spread of t. beyond endemic zones; prevalence of infection is higher among refugees and immigrants. One-third of all persons with t. in the U.S. were born outside the country. From the 1950s, when antibiotics began to be used for the treatment of t., until the 1980s, the incidence and mortality of the disease declined steadily in the U.S. During the 1980s the incidence began to rise because of many new cases in persons with AIDS and because of increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains of M. t.. Since 1993 the figures have again declined, chiefly because of improvements in t. prevention and control programs in state and local health departments as a result of increased federal funding provided to states. At least one-third of persons with AIDS contract t., and t. is the cause of death in one-third of persons who die of AIDS. Since antibiotic resistance in M. t. has been a growing problem for years, multidrug regimens, usually including isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide, are standard. Other drugs, such as ethambutol, streptomycin, kanamycin, and capreomycin, may be added or substituted. The success of treatment is limited not only by the resistance of organisms to several agents but also by the risk of severe toxic effects with all the standard agents. Unlike most infections treated with antibiotics, t. requires not days or weeks of treatment, but months and years. Long-term compliance tends to be poor among mobile, indigent, and uneducated persons. According to WHO, the principal reason for the spread of multidrug-resistant strains of M. t. is ineffectual management of t. control programs, particularly in third-world countries. An inappropriate or unfinished course of chemotherapy not only leaves the patient still sick and still contagious, but favors the selection of resistant bacteria. It is estimated that 50 million of the world's cases of t. involve multiply resistant tubercle bacilli. Currently WHO urges that t. programs worldwide adopt the practice of directly observed therapy (DOT), in which a health care worker observes each patient swallowing each dose of medicine. In a study performed at several U.S. centers, DOT for t. was found to be cost-effective when the cost of relapses and treatment failures was added to the cost of self-administered therapy, even though the raw cost of DOT was higher. U.S. public health authorities have established as a national goal the elimination of TB (defined as an incidence of <1 case per 1 million population) by 2010.
adult t. SYN: secondary t..
aerogenic t. infection with the Mycobacterium t. spread by inhalation of infected droplets.
anthracotic t. SYN: pneumoconiosis.
arrested t. SYN: inactive t..
attenuated t. a mild chronic form marked by caseous tubercles of the skin and the occurrence of cold abscesses.
basal t. t. of the basilar portions of the lungs.
cerebral t. 1. SYN: tuberculous meningitis. 2. cerebral tuberculoma.
childhood t. initial (primary) infection with Mycobacterium t., characterized by pneumonic lesions in the middle parts of the lungs, rarely cavitary, with rapid spread to lymph nodes in hilar and paratracheal areas; more often seen in childhood, but the pattern is not limited to children.
childhood type t. SYN: primary t..
cutaneous t. pathologic lesions of the skin caused by Mycobacterium t.. SYN: t. cutis.
t. cutis SYN: cutaneous t..
t. cutis orificialis any tuberculous lesion in or about the mouth or anus.
t. cutis verrucosa a tuberculous skin lesion having a warty surface with a chronic inflammatory base seen on the hands in adults and lower extremities in children, with marked hypersensitivity to tuberculous antigens. SEE ALSO: postmortem wart. SYN: tuberculous wart.
disseminated t. SYN: miliary t..
enteric t. a complication of cavitary pulmonary t. usually resulting from expectoration and swallowing of bacilli that then infect areas of the digestive tract where there is relative stasis or abundant lymphoid tissue; can be caused by ingestion of bovine tubercular organisms in infected milk, now rare. SEE ALSO: tuberculous enteritis.
exudative t. a stage of infection with Mycobacterium t. causing severe edema and cellular inflammatory reaction without much necrosis or fibrosis.
generalized t. SYN: miliary t..
healed t. a scar or a calcified, fibrous, or caseous nodule in the lung pleura, lymph node, or other organ, resulting from previous t. that has regressed. If truly healed, no organisms are present and reactivation is not possible.
inactive t. a fibrous or nodular area of previously active t. that has regressed, with the lesion having remained stable for a long period; can be calcified; reactivation is possible. SYN: arrested t..
miliary t. general dissemination of tubercle bacilli in the blood, resulting in the formation of miliary tubercles in various organs and tissues, and occasionally producing symptoms of profound toxemia. SYN: disseminated t., generalized t..
open t. pulmonary t., tuberculous ulceration, or other form in which the tubercle bacilli are present in the excretions or secretions; in the lung, usually the result of cavity formation.
t. papulonecrotica SYN: papulonecrotic tuberculid.
postprimary t. SYN: secondary t..
primary t. first infection by Mycobacterium t., typically seen in children but also occurs in adults, characterized in the lungs by the formation of a primary complex consisting of small peripheral pulmonary focus with spread to hilar or paratracheal lymph nodes; may proceed to cavitate or heal with scarring or may progress. SYN: childhood type t..
pulmonary t. t. of the lungs.
reactivation t. SYN: secondary t..
reinfection t. SYN: secondary t..
secondary t. t. found in adults and characterized by lesions near the apex of an upper lobe, which may cavitate or heal with scarring without spreading to lymph nodes; theoretically, secondary t. may be due to exogenous reinfection or to reactivation of a dormant endogenous infection. SYN: adult t., postprimary t., reactivation t., reinfection t..

tuberculostat
tuberculostat (too-ber′ku-lo-stat)

A tuberculostatic agent.

tuberculostatic
tuberculostatic (too-ber′ku-lo-stat′ik)

Relating to an agent that inhibits the growth of tubercle bacilli. [tuberculo- + G. statikos, causing to stand]

tuberculous
tuberculous (too-ber′ku-lus)

Relating to or affected by tuberculosis. Cf.:tubercular.

tuberculum
tuberculum, pl .tubercula (too-ber′ku-lum, -la) [TA]

SYN: tubercle. [L. dim. of tuber, a knob, swelling, tumor]
t. adductorium femoris [TA] SYN: adductor tubercle of femur.
t. anterius atlantis [TA] SYN: anterior tubercle of atlas.
t. anterius thalami [TA] SYN: anterior thalamic tubercle.
t. anterius vertebrarum cervicalium [TA] SYN: anterior tubercle of cervical vertebrae.
tubercula areolae [TA] SYN: areolar tubercles, under tubercle.
t. arthriticum 1. SYN: Heberden nodes, under node. 2. any gouty concretion in or around a joint.
t. articulare ossis temporalis [TA] SYN: articular tubercle of temporal bone.
t. auriculae [TA] SYN: auricular tubercle.
t. calcanei [TA] SYN: calcaneal tubercle.
t. caroticum [TA] SYN: carotid tubercle.
t. cinereum a longitudinal prominence on the dorsolateral surface of the medulla oblongata along the lateral border of the t. cuneatum; it is the surface profile of the spinal tract of trigeminal nerve, continuous caudally with the dorsolateral fasciculus (Lissauer tract).
t. conoideum (claviculare) [TA] SYN: conoid tubercle (of clavicle).
t. corniculatum [TA] SYN: corniculate tubercle.
t. coronae SYN: dental tubercle.
t. costae [TA] SYN: tubercle of rib.
t. cuneatum SYN: cuneate tubercle.
t. cuneiforme [TA] SYN: cuneiform tubercle.
t. deltoideum (spinae scapulae) [TA] SYN: deltoid tubercle (of spine of scapula).
t. dentis [TA] SYN: dental tubercle.
t. dorsale radii [TA] SYN: dorsal tubercle of radius.
t. epiglotticum [TA] SYN: epiglottic tubercle.
t. gracile SYN: gracile tubercle.
t. hypoglossi SYN: hypoglossal trigone.
t. iliacum [TA] SYN: tubercle of iliac crest.
t. impar a small median protuberance on the floor of the oral cavity of the embryo between the mandibular and hyoid arches, which plays a minor role in the development of the tongue. SYN: median tongue bud.
t. infraglenoidale (scapulae) [TA] SYN: infraglenoid tubercle (of scapula).
t. intercondylare (mediale et laterale) [TA] SYN: intercondylar tubercle.
t. intervenosum (atrii dextri) [TA] SYN: intervenous tubercle (of right atrium).
t. jugulare ossis occipitalis [TA] SYN: jugular tubercle of occipital bone.
t. labii superioris [TA] SYN: tubercle of upper lip.
t. laterale (processus posterioris) tali [TA] SYN: lateral tubercle (of posterior process) of talus.
t. majus (humeri) [TA] SYN: greater tubercle (of humerus).
t. mallei SYN: lateral process of malleus.
t. marginale (ossis zygomatici) [TA] SYN: marginal tubercle (of zygomatic bone).
t. mediale (processus posterioris) tali [TA] SYN: medial tubercle (of posterior process) of talus.
t. mentale (mandibulae) [TA] SYN: mental tubercle (of mandible).
t. minus (humeri) [TA] SYN: lesser tubercle (of humerus).
t. molare [TA] SYN: molar tubercle.
t. musculi scaleni anterioris [TA] SYN: scalene tubercle.
t. obturatorium [TA] SYN: obturator tubercle.
t. olfactorium [TA] SYN: olfactory tubercle.
t. orbitale ossis zygomatici [TA] SYN: orbital tubercle (of zygomatic bone).
t. ossis scaphoidei [TA] SYN: tubercle of scaphoid (bone).
t. ossis trapezii [TA] SYN: t. of trapezium bone.
t. pharyngeum (partis basilaris ossis occipitalis) [TA] SYN: pharyngeal tubercle (of basilar part of occipital bone).
t. posterius atlantis [TA] SYN: posterior tubercle of atlas.
t. posterius vertebrarum cervicalium [TA] SYN: posterior tubercle of cervical vertebrae.
t. pubicum [TA] SYN: pubic tubercle.
t. sellae [TA] the slight elevation in front of the pituitary fossa (sella turcica) on the body of the sphenoid bone. SYN: tubercle of saddle.
t. septi narium a flat elevation on the septum in each naris opposite the anterior end of the middle concha; it is due to an aggregation of glands.
t. superius SYN: auricular tubercle.
t. supraglenoidale (scapulae) [TA] SYN: supraglenoid tubercle (of scapula).
t. supratragicum [TA] SYN: supratragic tubercle.
t. thyroideum inferius [TA] SYN: inferior thyroid tubercle.
t. thyroideum superius [TA] SYN: superior thyroid tubercle.
t. of trapezium bone [TA] a prominent ridge on the trapezium forming the lateral border of the groove in which runs the tendon of the flexor carpi radialis and to which part of the transverse carpal ligament (flexor retinaculum) is attached. SYN: t. ossis trapezii [TA] , oblique ridge of trapezium, tubercle of trapezium (bone).
t. trigeminale [TA] SYN: trigeminal tubercle.

tuberiferous
tuberiferous (too-ber-if′er-us)

SYN: tuberous. [tuber + L. ferro, to bear]

tuberose
tuberose (too′ber-os)

SYN: tuberous.

tuberositas
tuberositas (too′ber-os′i-tas) [TA]

SYN: tuberosity. [LL., fr. L., tuberosus, full of lumps, fr. tuber, a knob]
t. coracoidea SYN: tuberosity for coracoclavicular ligament.
t. costalis SYN: impression for costoclavicular ligament.
t. deltoidea (humeri) [TA] SYN: deltoid tuberosity (of humerus).
t. glutea [TA] SYN: gluteal tuberosity.
t. iliaca [TA] SYN: iliac tuberosity.
t. ligamenti coracoclavicularis [TA] SYN: tuberosity for coracoclavicular ligament.
t. masseterica [TA] SYN: masseteric tuberosity.
t. musculi serrati anterioris [TA] SYN: tuberosity for serratus anterior (muscle).
t. ossis cuboidei [TA] SYN: tuberosity of cuboid (bone).
t. ossis metatarsalis primi [I] SYN: tuberosity of first metatarsal (bone) [I].
t. ossis metatarsalis quinti [V] [TA] SYN: tuberosity of fifth metatarsal (bone) [V].
t. ossis navicularis [TA] SYN: tuberosity of navicular bone.
t. phalangis distalis (manus et pedis) [TA] SYN: tuberosity of distal phalanx (of hand and foot).
t. pronatoria [TA] SYN: pronator tuberosity.
t. pterygoidea (mandibulae) [TA] SYN: pterygoid tuberosity (of mandible).
t. radii [TA] SYN: radial tuberosity.
t. sacralis [TA] SYN: sacral tuberosity.
t. tibiae [TA] SYN: tibial tuberosity.
t. ulnae [TA] SYN: tuberosity of ulna.
t. unguicularis SYN: tuberosity of distal phalanx (of hand and foot).

tuberosity
tuberosity (too′ber-os′i-te) [TA]

A large tubercle or rounded elevation, especially from the surface of a bone. SYN: tuberositas [TA] .
bicipital t. SYN: radial t..
calcaneal t. [TA] the posterior extremity of the calcaneus, or os calcis, forming the projection of the heel. SYN: tuber calcanei [TA] , calcaneal tuber, tuber calcis.
t. for coracoclavicular ligament [TA] the conoid tubercle and trapezoid line of the coracoid process of the scapula, giving attachment to the two parts of the coracoclavicular ligament: the conoid and trapezoid ligaments. SYN: tuberositas ligamenti coracoclavicularis [TA] , coracoid t., tuberositas coracoidea.
coracoid t. SYN: t. for coracoclavicular ligament.
costal t. SYN: impression for costoclavicular ligament.
t. of cuboid (bone) [TA] a slight eminence on the lateral surface of the cuboid bone, capped with an articular facet for a sesamoid bone in the tendon of the peroneus longus muscle. SYN: tuberositas ossis cuboidei [TA] .
deltoid t. (of humerus) [TA] a rough elevation about the middle of the lateral side of the shaft of the humerus, providing attachment (insertion) for the deltoid muscle. SYN: tuberositas deltoidea (humeri) [TA] , deltoid crest, deltoid eminence, deltoid impression.
t. of distal phalanx (of hand and foot) [TA] a roughened raised surface of horseshoe shape on the palmar surface of the distal end of the terminal or ungual phalanx of each finger and toe, which serves to support the pulp of the digit. SYN: tuberositas phalangis distalis (manus et pedis) [TA] , tuberositas unguicularis, ungual t..
t. of fifth metatarsal (bone) [V] [TA] a tubercle at the base of this bone to the posterior part of which is attached the tendon of the peroneus brevis muscle. SYN: tuberositas ossis metatarsalis quinti [V] [TA] .
t. of first metatarsal (bone) [I] [TA] a tubercle at the base of the bone to which is attached the tendon of the peroneus longus muscle. SYN: tuberositas ossis metatarsalis primi [I].
gluteal t. [TA] the roughened area of insertion on the upper portion of the shaft of the femur of the deep, lesser part of the gluteus maximus muscle; when markedly developed this t. is called the third trochanter. SEE ALSO: third trochanter. SYN: tuberositas glutea [TA] , crista glutea, gluteal crest, gluteal ridge.
greater t. of humerus SYN: greater tubercle (of humerus).
iliac t. [TA] a rough area above the auricular surface on the medial aspect of the ala of the ilium, giving attachment to the posterior sacroiliac ligament. SYN: tuberositas iliaca [TA] .
infraglenoid t. SYN: infraglenoid tubercle (of scapula).
ischial t. [TA] the rough bony projection at the junction of the lower end of the body of the ischium and its ramus; this is a weight-bearing point in the sitting position; provides attachment for the sacrotuberous ligament and is the site of origin of the hamstring muscles. SYN: tuber ischiadicum [TA] , tuber of ischium.
lateral femoral t. SYN: lateral epicondyle of femur.
lesser t. of humerus SYN: lesser tubercle (of humerus).
masseteric t. [TA] a roughened surface on the external aspect of the angle of the mandible, giving attachment to fibers of the masseter muscle. SYN: tuberositas masseterica [TA] .
maxillary t. [TA] the bulging lower extremity of the posterior surface of the body of the maxilla, behind the root of the last molar tooth. SYN: tuber maxillae [TA] , eminentia maxillae, maxillary eminence.
medial femoral t. SYN: medial epicondyle of femur.
t. of navicular bone [TA] a rounded eminence on the medial surface of the navicular bone, giving attachment to a part of the tendon of the tibialis posterior muscle. SYN: tuberositas ossis navicularis [TA] , scaphoid t..
omental t. of liver [TA] an eminence on the visceral surface of the left hepatic lobe to the left of the fossa for the ductus venosus. SYN: tuber omentale hepatis [TA] .
pronator t. [TA] slight, roughened area on the middle of the convex lateal aspect of the shaft of the radius, to which the pronator teres (muscle) is attached (inserted). SYN: tuberositas pronatoria [TA] .
pterygoid t. (of mandible) [TA] a roughened area on the internal aspect of the mandible, giving attachment to fibers of the medial pterygoid muscle. SYN: tuberositas pterygoidea (mandibulae) [TA] .
radial t. [TA] an oval projection from the medial surface of the radius just distal to the neck, giving attachment (insertion) on its posterior half to the tendon of the biceps. SYN: tuberositas radii [TA] , bicipital t., tuber radii, t. of radius.
t. of radius SYN: radial t..
sacral t. [TA] a rough prominence on the lateral surface of the sacrum posterior to the auricular surface for attachment of posterior sacroiliac ligaments. SYN: tuberositas sacralis [TA] .
scaphoid t. SYN: t. of navicular bone.
t. for serratus anterior (muscle) [TA] a rough oval area, about the middle of the outer surface and lower border of the second rib [II], for the attachment of the serratus anterior muscle. SYN: tuberositas musculi serrati anterioris [TA] .
tibial t. [TA] an oval elevation on the anterior surface of the tibia about 3 cm distal to the articular surface, giving attachment at its distal part to the patellar ligament. SYN: tuberositas tibiae [TA] .
t. of ulna [TA] a prominence at the lower border of the anterior surface of the coronoid process, giving attachment (insertion) to the brachialis muscle. SYN: tuberositas ulnae [TA] .
ungual t. SYN: t. of distal phalanx (of hand and foot).

tuberous
tuberous (too′ber-us)

Knobby, lumpy, or nodular; presenting many tubers or tuberosities. SYN: tuberiferous, tuberose. [L. tuberosus]

tubo- tubo-

Tubular, a tube. SEE ALSO: salpingo-. [L. tubus, tuba, tube]

tuboabdominal
tuboabdominal (too′bo-ab-dom′i-nal)

Relating to a uterine tube and the abdomen.

tubocurarine chloride
tubocurarine chloride (too′bo-koor-ar′en)

An alkaloid (obtained from the stems of Chondodendron, particularly C. tomentosum) that blocks the action of acetylcholine at the myoneural junction by occupying the receptors competitively; also blocks ganglionic transmission and releases histamine; used to produce muscular relaxation during surgical operations.

tuboligamentous
tuboligamentous (too′bo-lig-a-men′tus)

Relating to the uterine tube and the broad ligament of the uterus.

tubo-ovarian
tubo-ovarian (too′bo-o-va′re-an)

Relating to the uterine tube and the ovary.

tubo-ovariectomy
tubo-ovariectomy (too′bo-o-var-e-ek′to-mi)

SYN: salpingo-oophorectomy.

tubo-ovaritis
tubo-ovaritis (too′bo-o-va-ri′tis)

SYN: salpingo-oophoritis.

tuboperitoneal
tuboperitoneal (too′bo-per-i-to-ne′al)

Relating to the uterine tubes and the peritoneum.

tuboplasty
tuboplasty (too′bo-plas-te)

SYN: salpingoplasty.

tubotorsion
tubotorsion (too′bo-tor-shun)

Twisting of a tubular structure, such as an oviduct. SYN: tubatorsion. [tubo- + L. torsio, torsion]

tubotympanic
tubotympanic, tubotympanal (too′bo-tim-pan′ik, -tim′pa-nal)

Relating to the pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube and the tympanic cavity of the ear.

tubouterine
tubouterine (too′bo-oo′ter-in)

Relating to a uterine tube and the uterus.

tubovaginal
tubovaginal (too-bo-vaj′i-nal)

Relating to a uterine tube and the vagina.

tubular
tubular (too′bu-lar)

Relating to or of the form of a tube or tubule. SYN: tubuliform.

tubulature
tubulature (tu′bu-la-choor)

The short neck of a retort.

tubule
tubule (too′bul) [TA]

A small tube. SYN: tubulus [TA] . [L. tubulus, dim. of tubus, tube]
Albarran y Dominguez tubules SYN: Albarran glands, under gland.
connecting t. a narrow arching t. of the kidney joining the distal convoluted t. and the collecting t..
convoluted t. of kidney the highly convoluted segments of the nephron in the renal labyrinth comprising the proximal convoluted t., which leads from Bowman capsule to the descending limb of Henle loop, and the distal convoluted t., which leads from the ascending limb of Henle loop to the collecting tube. SYN: Ferrein tube, tubuli contorti (1) , tubulus renalis contortus.
convoluted seminiferous t. SYN: seminiferous tubules.
dental tubules SYN: canaliculi dentales, under canaliculus.
dentinal tubules SYN: canaliculi dentales, under canaliculus.
discharging t. a urinary t. formed by the union of several collecting tubules and terminating as a papillary duct.
Henle tubules the straight portions of the uriniferous tubules that form the Henle loop, distinguished as the descending and ascending tubules of Henle.
Kobelt tubules remnants of the mesonephric tubules in the female, contained within the epoöphoron. SYN: wolffian tubules.
malpighian tubules in insects, slender tubular or hairlike excretory structures that emerge from the alimentary canal between the mesenteron (midgut) and proctodeum (hindgut) in a region frequently termed the pylorus; they vary in number from 1 to over 100, and may be assorted in equally sized bundles in some insects.
mesonephric t. an excretory t. of the mesonephros. SYN: segmental t..
metanephric t. an excretory unit of the metanephros or permanent kidney.
paragenital tubules remnants of embryonic mesonephric tubules, some of which form the paradidymis.
pronephric t. an excretory unit of the pronephros, present only in vestigial form in human embryos.
segmental t. SYN: mesonephric t..
seminiferous tubules one of two or three twisted curved tubules in each lobule of the testis, in which spermatogenesis occurs. SYN: tubuli seminiferi recti [TA] , convoluted seminiferous t., tubuli contorti (2) .
Skene tubules the embryonic urethral glands which are the female homolog of the prostate.
spiral t. the segment of urinary t. coming next after the proximal convoluted t..
straight t. one of the straight tubules of the kidney, present in the medulla and pars radiata of the cortex.
straight seminiferous t. straight t. of testis.
straight t. of testis [TA] the continuation of the tubulus seminifer contortus which becomes straight just before entering the mediastinum to form the rete testis. SYN: tubuli seminiferi recti testi [TA] , straight seminiferous t.&star, tubulus rectus.
T t. SYN: tubulus transversus.
uriniferous t. the functional unit of the kidney, composed of a long convoluted portion (nephron) and an intrarenal collecting duct.
wolffian tubules SYN: Kobelt tubules.

tubuli
tubuli (too′bu-li)

Plural of tubulus.

tubuliform
tubuliform (too′bu-li-form)

SYN: tubular.

tubulin
tubulin (too′bu-lin)

A protein subunit of microtubules; it is a dimer composed of two globular polypeptides, α-t. and β-t.. SEE ALSO: dynein.
t.-tyrosine ligase an enzyme that covalently links a tyrosine to the C-terminal glutamyl residue of t., coupled with the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and orthophosphate; this is a unique posttranslational modification that may have a significant role in cytoskeletal traffic, design, and stability.

tubulization
tubulization (too′bu-li-za′shun)

Enclosing the joined ends of a divided nerve, after neurorrhaphy, in a cylinder of paraffin or of some slowly absorbable material to keep the surrounding tissues from pushing in and preventing union.

tubulocyst
tubulocyst (too′bu-lo-sist)

A cyst formed by the dilation of any occluded canal or tube. SYN: tubular cyst.

tubulodermoid
tubulodermoid (too′bu-lo-der′moyd)

A dermoid cyst arising from a persistent embryonal tubular structure.

tubuloneogenesis
tubuloneogenesis (too-bu-lo-ne′o-jen′e-sis)

The formation of new tubules; usually refers to proliferation of tubules in renal tumors such as Wilms tumor or mesoblastic nephroma. [tubule + neogenesis]

tubuloracemose
tubuloracemose (too′bu-lo-ras′e-mos)

Denoting a gland of combined tubular and racemose structure.

tubulorrhexis
tubulorrhexis (too′bu-lo-rek′sis)

A pathologic process characterized by necrosis of the epithelial lining in localized segments of renal tubules, with focal rupture or loss of the basement membrane. [tubule + G. rhexis, a breaking]

tubulose
tubulose, tubulous (too′bu-los, -lus)

Having many tubules.

tubulus
tubulus, pl .tubuli (too′bu-lus, -li) [TA]

SYN: tubule. [L. dim. of tubus, a pipe]
tubuli biliferi SYN: biliary ductules, under ductule.
tubuli contorti 1. SYN: convoluted tubule of kidney. 2. SYN: seminiferous tubules, under tubule.
tubuli dentales SYN: canaliculi dentales, under canaliculus.
tubuli epoöphori SYN: transverse ductules of epoöphoron, under ductule.
tubuli galactophori SYN: lactiferous ducts, under duct.
tubuli lactiferi SYN: lactiferous ducts, under duct.
tubuli paroöphori SYN: ductuli paroöphori, under ductulus.
t. rectus SYN: straight tubule of testis.
t. renalis contortus SYN: convoluted tubule of kidney.
tubuli seminiferi recti [TA] SYN: seminiferous tubules, under tubule.
tubuli seminiferi recti testi [TA] SYN: straight tubule of testis.
t. transversus a tubular invagination of the sarcolemma of skeletal or cardiac muscle fibers that surrounds myofibrils as the intermediate element of the triad; involved in transmitting the action potential from the sarcolemma to the interior of the myofibril. SYN: T tubule.

tubus
tubus, pl .tubi (too′bus, -bi)

A tube or canal. [L.]
t. digestorius SYN: digestive tract.
t. medullaris SYN: central canal.
t. vertebralis SYN: vertebral canal.

Tucker
Tucker

Ervin Alden, U.S. obstetrician, 1862–1902. See T.-McLean forceps.

tuft
tuft (tuft)

A cluster, clump, or bunch, as of hairs.
enamel t. a group of structures representing defects in tooth mineralization that extend from the dentino-enamel junction into the enamel to about one-half its thickness.
malpighian t. SYN: glomerulus (2) .
synovial tufts SYN: synovial villi, under villus.

tuftsin
tuftsin (tuf′sin)

A tetrapeptide derived from the Fc region of an immunoglobulin. T. enhances macrophage functions. [Tufts University + -in]

tug
tug, tugging (tug, tug′ing)

A pulling or dragging movement or sensation.
tracheal t. 1. a downward pull of the trachea, manifested by a downward movement of the thyroid cartilage, synchronous with the action of the heart and symptomatic of an aneurysm of the aortic arch; the sign is elicited most easily by drawing the cricoid cartilage upward with the thumb and forefinger while the patient sits with head thrown back and mouth closed; 2. a jerky type of inspiration seen when the intercostal muscles and the sternocostal parts of the diaphragm are paralyzed by deep general anesthesia or muscle relaxants; due to the unopposed action of the crura pulling on the dome of the diaphragm and thence on the pericardium, lung roots, and tracheobronchial tree during each inspiration.

tularemia
tularemia (too-la-re′me-a)

A disease caused by Francisella tularensis and transmitted to humans from rodents through the bite of a deer fly, Chrysops discalis, and other bloodsucking insects; can also be acquired directly through the bite of an infected animal or through handling of an infected animal carcass; symptoms, similar to those of undulant fever and plague, are a prolonged intermittent or remittent fever and often swelling and suppuration of the lymph nodes draining the site of infection; rabbits are an important reservoir host. SYN: deer-fly disease, deer-fly fever, Pahvant Valley fever, Pahvant Valley plague, rabbit fever. [Tulare, Lake and County, CA, + G. haima, blood]
glandular t. t. with predominant lymph node infection as the main manifestation.
pulmonary t. t. affecting the lungs; tularemic pneumonia. SYN: pulmonic t..
pulmonic t. SYN: pulmonary t..

tulle gras
tulle gras (tool gra′)

A dressing for wounds, used chiefly in France, comprised of wide-mesh curtain net cut into squares and impregnated with soft paraffin (98 parts), balsam of Peru (1 part), and olive oil (1 part). [Fr. oily net]

Tulp
Tulp, Tulpius

Nicholas (Nicolaus), Dutch anatomist, 1593–1674. See T. valve.

tumefacient
tumefacient (too-me-fa′shent)

Causing or tending to cause swelling. [L. tume-facio, to cause to swell, fr. tumeo, to swell]

tumefaction
tumefaction (too-me-fak′shun)

1. A swelling. SYN: tumentia. 2. SYN: tumescence. [see tumefacient]

tumefy
tumefy (too′me-fi)

To swell or to cause to swell.

tumentia
tumentia (too-men′she-a)

SYN: tumefaction (1) . [L. fr. tumeo, to swell]

tumescence
tumescence (too-mes′ens)

The condition of being or becoming tumid. SYN: tumefaction (2) , turgescence. [L. tumesco, to begin to swell]

tumescent
tumescent (too-mes′ent)

Denoting tumescence. SYN: turgescent.

tumid
tumid (too′mid)

Swollen, as by congestion, edema, hyperemia. SYN: turgid. [L. tumidus]

tumor
tumor (too′mor)

1. Any swelling or tumefaction. 2. SYN: neoplasm. 3. One of the four signs of inflammation (t., calor, dolor, rubor) enunciated by Celsus. [L. t., a swelling]
acinar cell t. a solid and cystic t. of the pancreas, occurring in young women; t. cells contain zymogen granules.
acoustic t. SYN: vestibular schwannoma.
acute splenic t. acute splenitis, enlargement, and softening of the spleen, usually due to bacteremia or severe bacterial toxemia.
adenoid t. adenoma, or neoplasm with glandlike spaces.
adenomatoid t. a small benign t. of the male epididymis and female genital tract, consisting of fibrous tissue or smooth muscle enclosing anastomosing glandlike spaces containing acid mucopolysaccharide lined by flattened cells that have ultra-structural characteristics of mesothelial cells. SYN: benign mesothelioma of genital tract.
adenomatoid odontogenic t. a benign epithelial odontogenic t. appearing radiographically as a well-circumscribed, radiolucent-radiopaque lesion usually surrounding the crown of an impacted tooth in an adolescent or young adult; characterized histologically by columnar cells organized in a ductlike configuration interspersed with spindle-shaped cells and amyloidlike deposition that gradually undergoes dystrophic calcification. SYN: adenoameloblastoma, ameloblastic adenomatoid t..
adipose t. SYN: lipoma.
ameloblastic adenomatoid t. SYN: adenomatoid odontogenic t..
amyloid t. SYN: nodular amyloidosis.
aortic body t. SYN: chemodectoma.
Bednar t. SYN: pigmented dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans.
benign t. a t. that does not form metastases and does not invade and destroy adjacent normal tissue. SYN: innocent t..
blood t. term sometimes used to denote an aneurysm, hemorrhagic cyst, or hematoma.
borderline ovarian t. an ovarian surface epithelial t. in which the growth pattern is intermediate between benign and malignant; includes mucinous, serous, endometrioid, and Brenner tumors of the ovary; highly curable but may recur after surgical removal. SYN: low malignant potential t..
Brenner t. a relatively infrequent benign neoplasm of the ovary, consisting chiefly of fibrous tissue that contains nests of cells resembling transitional type epithelium, as well as glandlike structures that contain mucin; origin is controversial, but it may arise from the Walthard cell rest; ordinarily found incidentally in ovaries removed for other reasons, especially in postmenopausal women.
Brooke t. SYN: trichoepithelioma.
brown t. a mass of fibrous tissue containing hemosiderin-pigmented macrophages and multinucleated giant cells, replacing and expanding part of a bone in primary hyperparathyroidism.
t. burden the total mass of t. tissue carried by a patient with a malignancy.
calcifying epithelial odontogenic t. a benign epithelial odontogenic neoplasm derived from the stratum intermedium of the enamel organ; a painless, slowly growing, mixed radiolucent-radiopaque lesion characterized histologically by cords of polyhedral epithelial cells, deposits of amyloid, and spherical calcifications. SYN: Pindborg t..
carcinoid t. a usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface; neoplastic cells are frequently palisaded at the periphery of the small groups, and the latter have a tendency to infiltrate surrounding tissue. Such neoplasms occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites), with approximately 90% in the appendix and the remainder chiefly in the ileum, but also in the stomach, other parts of the small intestine, the colon, and the rectum; those of the appendix and small tumors seldom metastasize, but reported incidences of metatases from other primary sites and from tumors exceeding 2.0 cm in diameter vary from 25–75%; lymph nodes in the abdomen and the liver may be conspicuously involved, but metastases above the diaphragm are rare. SEE ALSO: carcinoid syndrome.
carotid body t. SYN: chemodectoma.
cellular t. a t. composed mainly of closely packed cells.
cerebellopontine angle t. SYN: vestibular schwannoma.
chromaffin t. SYN: chromaffinoma.
Codman t. chondroblastoma of the proximal humerus.
collision t. two originally separate tumors, especially a carcinoma and a sarcoma, that appear to have developed by chance in close proximity, so that an area of mingling exists. SEE ALSO: carcinosarcoma.
connective t. any t. of the connective tissue group, such as osteoma, fibroma, sarcoma.
dermal duct t. a benign small t. derived from the intradermal part of eccrine sweat gland ducts occurring often on the head and neck.
dermoid t. SYN: dermoid cyst.
desmoid t. SYN: desmoid (2) .
desmoplastic small cell t. a high-grade malignant t. found most often in the abdomen of adolescent males; typically t. cells contain both desmin and keratin, i.e., show hybrid features like fetal mesothelial cells; the exact nature of these cells remains unknown.
dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial t. a rare low-grade neoplasm most frequently seen in children and associated with seizures and cortical dysplasia; the often multinodular, multicystic t. is composed of oligodendroglial-like cells with accompanying neurons.
eighth nerve t. SYN: vestibular schwannoma.
embryonal t., embryonic t. a neoplasm, usually malignant, which arises during intrauterine or early postnatal development from an organ rudiment or immature tissue; it forms immature structures characteristic of the part from which it arises, and may form other tissues as well. The term includes neuroblastoma and Wilms t., and is also used to include certain neoplasms presenting in later life, this usage being based on the belief that such tumors arise from embryonic rests. SEE ALSO: teratoma. SYN: embryoma.
embryonal t. of ciliary body SYN: embryonal medulloepithelioma.
endocervical sinus t. malignant germ cell t. commonly found in the ovary. The t. arises from primitive germ cells and develops into extra-embryonic tissue resembling the yolk sac. SYN: yolk sac carcinoma.
endodermal sinus t. a malignant neoplasm occurring in the gonads, in sacrococcygeal teratomas, and in the mediastinum; produces α-fetoprotein and is thought to be derived from primitive endodermal cells. SYN: yolk sac t..
endometrioid t. a t. of the ovary containing epithelial or stromal elements resembling tumors of the endometrium.
Erdheim t. SYN: craniopharyngioma.
Ewing t. a malignant neoplasm which occurs usually before the age of 20 years, about twice as frequently in males, and in about 75% of patients involves bones of the extremities, including the shoulder girdle, with a predilection for the metaphysis; histologically, there are conspicuous foci of necrosis in association with irregular masses of small, regular, rounded, or ovoid cells (2–3 times the diameter of erythrocytes), with very scanty cytoplasm. SYN: endothelial myeloma, Ewing sarcoma.
fecal t. SYN: fecaloma.
fibroid t. old term for certain fibromas and leiomyomas.
gastrointestinal autonomic nerve t. benign or malignant t. of stomach and small intestine histogenetically related to myenteric plexus; may be familial and related to gastrointestinal neuronal dysplasia.
gastrointestinal stromal t. benign or malignant t. composed of unclassifiable spindle cells; immunohistochemically distinct from smooth muscle and Schwann cell tumors.
giant cell t. of bone a soft, reddish-brown, sometimes malignant, osteolytic t. composed of multinucleated giant cells and ovoid or spindle-shaped cells, occurring most frequently in an end of a long tubular bone of young adults. SYN: giant cell myeloma, osteoclastoma.
giant cell t. of tendon sheath a nodule, possibly inflammatory in nature, arising commonly from the flexor sheath of the fingers and thumb; composed of fibrous tissue, lipid- and hemosiderin-containing macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. SYN: localized nodular tenosynovitis.
glomus t. [MIM*138000] a vascular neoplasm composed of specialized pericytes (sometimes termed glomus cells), usually in single encapsulated nodular masses that may be several millimeters in diameter and occur almost exclusively in the skin, often subungually in the upper extremity; it is exquisitely tender and may be so painful that patients voluntarily immobilize an extremity, sometimes leading to atrophy of muscles; multiple glomus tumors occur, sometimes with autosomal dominant inheritance. Tumors with cavernous spaces lined by glomus cells are called glomangiomas.
glomus jugulare t. a glomus t. arising from the jugular glomus and usually presenting initially in the hypotympanum.
glomus tympanicum t. a glomus t. arising on the medial wall of the middle ear.
Godwin t. SYN: benign lymphoepithelial lesion.
granular cell t. a microscopically specific, generally benign t., often involving peripheral nerves in skin, mucosa, or connective tissue, derived from Schwann cells; the abundant cytoplasm contains lysosomal granules, the cells infiltrate between adjacent tissues although growth is slow, and adjacent surface epithelium may show hyperplasia.
granulosa cell t. a benign or malignant t. of the ovary arising from the membrana granulosa of the vesicular ovarian (graafian) follicle and frequently secreting estrogen; it is soft, solid, white or yellow, and consists of small round cells sometimes enclosing Call-Exner bodies; larger lipid-containing cells may be present. SYN: folliculoma (1) .
Grawitz t. old eponym for renal adenocarcinoma.
heterologous t. a t. composed of a tissue unlike that from which it springs.
hilar cell t. of ovary SYN: steroid cell t..
histoid t. old term for a t. composed of a single type of differentiated tissue.
homologous t. a t. composed of tissue of the same sort as that from which it springs.
innocent t. SYN: benign t..
interstitial cell t. of testis SYN: Leydig cell t..
islet cell t. an endocrine t. composed of cells equivalent or related to those in the normal islet of Langerhans; may be benign or malignant; usually hormonally active; comprises insulinomas, glucagonomas, vipomas, somatostatinomas, gastrinomas, pancreatic polypeptide-secreting t., and multihormonal or hormonally inactive pancreatic islet cell tumors.
juxtaglomerular cell t. a t. of juxtaglomerular cell origin usually presenting with symptoms of secondary aldosteronism, including severe diastolic hypertension, which appears to be due to t.-produced renin. The histologic appearance resembles that of a hemangiopericytoma.
Klatskin t. adenocarcinoma located at the bifurcation of the common hepatic duct.
Krukenberg t. a metastatic carcinoma of the ovary, usually bilateral and secondary to a mucous carcinoma of the stomach, which contains signet-ring cells filled with mucus.
Landschutz t. a transplantable, possibly isoantigenic, highly virulent neoplasm which can be grown in any strain of mice; the host is killed in a few days by what is apparently an anaplastic carcinoma.
Leydig cell t. a testicular and, less commonly, ovarian neoplasm composed of Leydig cells, usually benign but may be malignant; may secrete androgens or estrogens. SYN: interstitial cell t. of testis.
Lindau t. SYN: hemangioblastoma.
low malignant potential t. SYN: borderline ovarian t..
malignant t. a t. that invades surrounding tissues, is usually capable of producing metastases, may recur after attempted removal, and is likely to cause death of the host unless adequately treated. SEE ALSO: cancer.
malignant mixed müllerian t. (MMMT) SYN: mixed mesodermal t..
melanotic neuroectodermal t. of infancy a benign neoplasm of neuroectodermal origin that most often involves the anterior maxilla of infants in the first year of life. It presents clinically as a rapidly growing blue-black lesion producing a destructive radiolucency; histologically, it is characterized by small, round, undifferentiated t. cells interspersed with larger polyhedral melanin-producing cells arranged in an alveolar configuration. SYN: melanoameloblastoma, pigmented ameloblastoma, pigmented epulis, progonoma of jaw, retinal anlage t..
Merkel cell t. a rare malignant cutaneous t. seen in sun-exposed skin of elderly patients composed of dermal nodules of small round cells with scanty cytoplasm in a trabecular pattern; the t. cells contain cytoplasmic dense core granules resembling neurosecretory granules seen in Merkel cells. SYN: primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin, trabecular carcinoma.
mesonephroid t. SYN: mesonephroma.
mixed t. a t. composed of two or more varieties of tissue.
mixed mesodermal t. a sarcoma of the body of the uterus arising in older women, composed of more than one mesenchymal tissue, especially including striated muscle cells. SYN: malignant mixed müllerian t..
mixed t. of salivary gland a t. composed of salivary gland epithelium and fibrous tissue with mucoid or cartilaginous areas. SYN: pleomorphic adenoma.
mixed t. of skin SYN: chondroid syringoma.
mucoepidermoid t. SYN: mucoepidermoid carcinoma.
Nelson t. a pituitary t. causing the symptoms of Nelson syndrome.
oil t. SYN: lipogranuloma.
oncocytic hepatocellular t. SYN: fibrolamellar liver cell carcinoma.
organoid t. a t. of complex structure, glandular in origin, containing epithelium, connective tissue, etc.
Pancoast t. any carcinoma of the lung apex causing the Pancoast syndrome by invasion or compression of the brachial plexus and stellate ganglion. SYN: superior pulmonary sulcus t..
papillary t. SYN: papilloma.
paraffin t. SYN: paraffinoma.
phantom t. accumulation of fluid in the interlobar spaces of the lung, secondary to congestive heart failure, radiologically simulating a neoplasm.
phyllodes t. a spectrum of neoplasms consisting of a mixture of benign epithelium and stroma with variable cellularity and cytologic abnormalities, ranging from benign phyllodes t. to cytosarcoma phyllodes; most often involves the breast.
pilar t. of scalp a solitary t. of the scalp in elderly women that may ulcerate; microscopically resembles squamous cell carcinoma composed of glycogen-rich clear cells, but is benign. SYN: proliferating tricholemmal cyst.
Pindborg t. SYN: calcifying epithelial odontogenic t..
Pinkus t. SYN: fibroepithelioma.
placental site trophoblastic t. a t. usually arising in the uterus of parous women during reproductive years. Histologically, the t. consists of a predominance of intermediate trophoblastic cells with fibrinoid material and vascular invasion.
pontine angle t. a t. in the angle formed by the cerebellum and the lateral pons, often refers to an acoustic schwannoma.
potato t. of neck a firm nodular mass in the neck, usually a carotid body t. (chemodectoma).
pregnancy t. SYN: granuloma gravidarum.
primitive neuroectodermal t. a designation used to refer to a group of morphologically similar embryonal neoplasms that arise in intracranial and peripheral sites of the nervous system and which may show various degrees of cellular differentiation; includes medulloblastoma, pineoblastoma, etc.
ranine t. SYN: ranula (2) .
Rathke pouch t. SYN: craniopharyngioma.
retinal anlage t. SYN: melanotic neuroectodermal t. of infancy.
Rous t. SYN: Rous sarcoma.
sand t. SYN: psammomatous meningioma.
Sertoli cell t. a t. of testis or ovary composed of Sertoli cells; most often benign but may be malignant.
Sertoli-Leydig cell t. an ovarian t. composed of Sertoli and Leydig cells; may secrete androgens. SYN: arrhenoblastoma, gynandroblastoma (1) .
Sertoli-stromal cell t. a generic term for ovarian sex-cord stromal t. composed of Sertoli cells, Leydig cells, and cells resembling rete epithelial cells, either in a pure form or as a mixture of these cell types.
solitary fibrous t. a benign t. of fibrous tissue which usually arises in the pleural space on other sites. SYN: benign mesothelioma.
squamous odontogenic t. a benign epithelial odontogenic t. thought to arise from the epithelial cell rests of Malassez; appears clinically as a radiolucent lesion closely associated with the tooth root and histologically as islands of squamous epithelium enclosed by a peripheral layer of flattened cells.
steroid cell t. a collective term used for ovarian tumors composed of cells resembling steroid-secreting lutein cells; comprises several tumors such as stromal luteoma, Leydig cell t., steroid cell t. not otherwise specified; hormonally active; may be benign or malignant. SYN: hilar cell t. of ovary.
sugar t. a benign clear cell t. of the lung containing abundant glycogen.
superior pulmonary sulcus t. SYN: Pancoast t..
teratoid t. SYN: teratoma.
theca cell t. SYN: thecoma.
triton t. a peripheral nerve t. with striated muscle differentiation, seen most often in neurofibromatosis; named after the Masson theory of transformation of motor nerve fibers into muscle in triton salamanders.
turban t. multiple cylindromas of the scalp which, when overgrown, may resemble a turban.
villous t. SYN: villous papilloma.
Warthin t. SYN: adenolymphoma.
Wilms t. a malignant renal t. of young children, composed of small spindle cells and various other types of tissue, including tubules and, in some cases, structures resembling fetal glomeruli, and striated muscle and cartilage. Often inherited as an autosomal dominant trait [MIM*194070, *194080, *194090]. SYN: nephroblastoma.
yolk sac t. SYN: endodermal sinus t..
Zollinger-Ellison t. a non–beta cell t. of pancreatic islets causing the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

tumoricidal
tumoricidal (too′mor-i-si′dal)

Denoting an agent destructive to tumors. [tumor + L. caedo, to kill]

tumorigenesis
tumorigenesis (too′mor-i-jen′e-sis)

Production of a new growth or growths. [tumor + G. genesis, origin]
foreign body t. induction of malignant tumors in tissues by nonviable, nonabsorable solid material not known to contain a chemical carcinogen.

tumorigenic
tumorigenic (too′mor-i-jen′ik)

Causing or producing tumors.

tumorlets
tumorlets (too′mor-lets)

Minute foci of atypical bronchiolar epithelial hyperplasia that are found multifocally; although now considered benign, they were once believed to be precursors of carcinoma.

tumorous
tumorous (too′mor-us)

Swollen; tumorlike; protuberant.

tumultus cordis
tumultus cordis (too-mul′tus kor′dis)

Palpitation and irregular action of the heart.

TUNEL
TUNEL

Abbreviation for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin end labeling of fragmented DNA; this method uses immunohistochemistry to identify DNA fragmentation in nuclei of cells undergoing apoptosis.

Tunga penetrans
Tunga penetrans (tung′a pen′e-tranz)

A member of the flea family, Tungidae, commonly known as chigger flea, sand flea, chigoe, or jigger; the minute female penetrates the skin, frequently under the toenails; as she becomes distended with eggs to about pea size, a painful ulcer with inflammation develops at the site. SYN: Sarcopsylla penetrans.

tungiasis
tungiasis (tung-i′a-sis)

Infestation with sand fleas (Tunga penetrans).

Tungidae
Tungidae (tung′i-de)

A family of fleas containing the jigger or chigoe flea species, Tunga penetrans.

tungstate
tungstate (tung′stat)

An anionic form of tungsten.
calcium t. a phosphor with a high stopping power for x-rays that was formerly used widely in fluoroscopic screens and intensifying screens for radiography.

tungsten
tungsten (W) (tung′sten)

A metallic element, atomic no. 74, atomic wt. 183.85. SYN: wolfram, wolframium. [Swed. tung, heavy, + sten, stone]
t. carbide one of the hardest known materials, used as an abrasive and in the manufacture of dental cutting instruments.

tunic
tunic (too′nik)

Coat or covering; one of the enveloping layers of a part, especially one of the coats of a blood vessel or other tubular structure. SEE ALSO: layer. SYN: tunica. [L. tunica]
Bichat t. the tunica intima of the blood vessels.
Brücke t. SYN: tunica nervea.
fibrous t. of corpus spongiosum SYN: tunica albuginea of corpus spongiosum.
fibrous t. of eye SYN: fibrous layer of eyeball.
mucosal tunics, mucous tunics SYN: mucosa.
muscular tunics muscular layer.
muscular t. of gallbladder SYN: muscular layer of gallbladder.
nervous t. of eyeball SYN: inner layer of eyeball.
serous t. SYN: serosa.
vascular t. of eye SYN: vascular layer of eyeball.

tunica
tunica, pl .tunicae (too′ni-ka, -ke)

SYN: tunic. [L. a coat]
t. adventitia SYN: adventitia.
t. albuginea a dense white collagenous tunic surrounding a structure.
t. albuginea of corpora cavernosa [TA] a strong, fibrous membrane enveloping the corpora cavernosa penis. SYN: t. albuginea corporum cavernosorum [TA] .
t. albuginea corporis spongiosi [TA] SYN: t. albuginea of corpus spongiosum.
t. albuginea corporum cavernosorum [TA] SYN: t. albuginea of corpora cavernosa.
t. albuginea of corpus spongiosum [TA] the thick layer of fibrous tissue surrounding the corpus spongiosum penis; it is thinner than the corresponding layer around each corpus cavernosum. SYN: t. albuginea corporis spongiosi [TA] , fibrous tunic of corpus spongiosum.
t. albuginea oculi SYN: sclera.
t. albuginea ovarii [TA] SYN: t. albuginea of ovary.
t. albuginea of ovary [TA] thin organ capsule of the ovary deep to the germinal epithelium. SYN: t. albuginea ovarii [TA] .
t. albuginea testis [TA] SYN: t. albuginea of testis.
t. albuginea of testis [TA] a thick white fibrous membrane forming the outer coat or capsule of the testis. SYN: t. albuginea testis [TA] , perididymis.
t. carnea SYN: dartos fascia.
t. conjunctiva [TA] SYN: conjunctiva.
t. conjunctiva bulbi [TA] SYN: bulbar conjunctiva.
t. conjunctiva palpebrarum [TA] SYN: palpebral conjunctiva.
t. dartos [TA] SYN: dartos fascia. SEE ALSO: dartos muliebris.
t. elastica t. media of large arteries.
t. externa [TA] 1. the outer of two or more enveloping layers of any structure; 2. specifically, the outer fibroelastic coat of a blood or lymph vessel. SYN: t. extima [TA] .
t. externa oculi SYN: fibrous layer of eyeball.
t. externa thecae folliculi the external fibrous layer of the theca of a well-developed vesicular ovarian follicle; the cells and fibers are arranged in a concentric fashion. SYN: theca externa.
t. extima [TA] SYN: t. externa.
t. fibromusculocartilaginea bronchi [TA] SYN: fibromusculocartilagenous layer of bronchi.
t. fibrosa [TA] SYN: fibrous capsule.
t. fibrosa bulbi [TA] SYN: fibrous layer of eyeball.
t. fibrosa hepatis [TA] SYN: fibrous capsule of liver (2) .
t. fibrosa lienis SYN: fibrous capsule of spleen, fibrous capsule of spleen.
t. fibrosa renis SYN: fibrous capsule of kidney.
t. fibrosa splenis fibrous capsule of spleen.
tunicae funiculi spermatici SYN: coverings of spermatic cord, under covering.
Haller t. vasculosa SYN: vascular layer of eyeball.
t. interna bulbi [TA] SYN: inner layer of eyeball.
t. interna thecae folliculi the inner cellular and vascular layer of the vesicular ovarian follicle; there is evidence that the epithelioid cells produce estrogen and contribute to the formation of the corpus luteum after ovulation. SYN: theca interna.
t. intima [TA] the innermost coat of a blood or lymphatic vessel; it consists of endothelium, usually a thin fibroelastic subendothelial layer, and an inner elastic membrane or longitudinal fibers.
t. media [TA] the middle, usually muscular, coat of an artery or other tubular structure. SYN: media (1) .
t. mucosa [TA] SYN: mucosa.
t. mucosa bronchi [TA] SYN: mucosa of bronchi.
t. mucosa cavitatis tympani [TA] SYN: mucosa of tympanic cavity.
t. mucosa coli SYN: mucosa of colon.
t. mucosa ductus deferentis [TA] SYN: mucosa of ductus deferens.
t. mucosa esophagi [TA] SYN: mucosa of esophagus.
t. mucosa gastrica [TA] SYN: mucosa of stomach.
t. mucosa intestini crassi [TA] SYN: mucosa of large intestine.
t. mucosa intestini tenuis [TA] SYN: mucosa of small intestine.
t. mucosa laryngis [TA] SYN: mucosa of larynx.
t. mucosa linguae [TA] SYN: mucosa of tongue.
t. mucosa nasi [TA] SYN: mucosa of nose.
t. mucosa oris [TA] SYN: mucosa of mouth.
t. mucosa pelvis renalis [TA] SYN: mucosa of renal pelvis.
t. mucosa pharyngis [TA] SYN: mucosa of pharynx.
t. mucosa tracheae [TA] SYN: mucosa of trachea.
t. mucosa tubae auditivae [TA] SYN: mucosa of pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube.
t. mucosa tubae auditoriae SYN: mucosa of pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube.
t. mucosa tubae uterinae [TA] SYN: mucosa of uterine tube.
t. mucosa ureteris [TA] SYN: mucosa of ureter.
t. mucosa urethrae femininae [TA] SYN: mucosa of female urethra.
t. mucosa uteri [TA] SYN: endometrium.
t. mucosa vaginae [TA] SYN: mucosa of vagina.
t. mucosa vesicae biliaris [TA] SYN: mucosa of gallbladder.
t. mucosa vesicae felleae mucosa of gallbladder, mucosa of gallbladder.
t. mucosa vesicae urinariae [TA] SYN: mucosa of (urinary) bladder.
t. mucosa vesiculae seminalis mucosa of seminal gland.
t. muscularis [TA] SYN: muscular layer.
t. muscularis bronchiorum [TA] SYN: muscular layer of bronchi.
t. muscularis coli [TA] SYN: muscular layer of colon.
t. muscularis ductus deferentis [TA] SYN: muscular layer of ductus deferens.
t. muscularis esophagi [TA] SYN: muscular layer of esophagus.
t. muscularis gastrica [TA] SYN: muscular layer of stomach.
t. muscularis glandulae vesiculosae [TA] SYN: muscular layer of seminal gland.
t. muscularis intestini crassi [TA] SYN: muscular layer of large intestine.
t. muscularis intestini tenuis [TA] SYN: muscular layer of small intestine.
t. muscularis partis intermediae urethrae masculinae [TA] SYN: muscular layer of intermediate part of (male) urethra.
t. muscularis partis prostaticae urethrae masculinae [TA] SYN: muscular layer of prostatic urethra.
t. muscularis partis spongiosae urethrae masculinae [TA] SYN: muscular layer of spongy (male) urethra.
t. muscularis pelvis renalis [TA] SYN: muscular layer of renal pelvis.
t. muscularis pharyngis [TA] SYN: muscular layer of pharynx.
t. muscularis recti [TA] SYN: muscular layer of rectum.
t. muscularis tracheae [TA] SYN: muscular layer of trachea.
t. muscularis tubae uterinae [TA] SYN: muscular layer of uterine tube.
t. muscularis ureteris [TA] SYN: muscular layer of ureter.
t. muscularis urethrae femininae [TA] SYN: muscular layer of female urethra.
t. muscularis urethrae masculinae [TA] SYN: muscular layer of male urethra.
t. muscularis uteri [TA] SYN: myometrium.
t. muscularis vaginae [TA] SYN: muscular layer of vagina.
t. muscularis ventriculi SYN: muscular layer of stomach.
t. muscularis vesicae biliaris [TA] SYN: muscular layer of gallbladder.
t. muscularis vesicae felleae muscular layer of gallbladder.
t. muscularis vesicae urinariae [TA] SYN: muscular layer of urinary bladder.
t. nervea an older term, formerly used to designate the retina exclusive of the layer of rods and cones. SYN: Brücke tunic.
t. propria the special envelope of a part as distinguished from the peritoneal or other investment common to several parts.
t. propria corii SYN: stratum reticulare corii.
t. propria lienis SYN: fibrous capsule of spleen.
t. reflexa the reflected layer of the t. vasculosa testis that lines the scrotum.
t. sclerotica SYN: sclera.
t. serosa [TA] SYN: serosa.
t. serosa coli SYN: serosa of large intestine.
t. serosa esophagi [TA] SYN: serosa of esophagus.
t. serosa gastricae [TA] SYN: serosa of stomach.
t. serosa hepatis [TA] SYN: serosa of liver.
t. serosa intestini crassi [TA] SYN: serosa of large intestine.
t. serosa intestini tenuis [TA] SYN: serosa of small intestine.
t. serosa pericardii serosi [TA] SYN: serosa of serous pericardium.
t. serosa peritonei [TA] SYN: serosa of peritoneum.
t. serosa pleurae perietalis [TA] SYN: serosa of parietal pleura.
t. serosa pleurae visceralis [TA] SYN: serosa of visceral pleura.
t. serosa splenis [TA] SYN: serosa of the spleen.
t. serosa tubae uterinae [TA] SYN: serosa of uterine tube.
t. serosa uteri [TA] SYN: perimetrium, serosa of uterus.
t. serosa ventriculi SYN: serosa of stomach.
t. serosa vesicae biliaris [TA] SYN: serosa of gallbladder.
t. serosa vesicae felleae serosa of gallbladder.
t. serosa vesicae (urinariae) [TA] SYN: serosa of (urinary) bladder.
t. spongiosa urethrae femininae [TA] SYN: spongy layer of female urethra.
t. spongiosa vaginae [TA] SYN: spongy layer of vagina.
t. submucosa SYN: submucosa.
t. urethrae masculinae [TA] SYN: mucosa of male urethra.
t. vaginalis communis SYN: internal spermatic fascia.
t. vaginalis testis the serous sheath of the testis and epididymis, derived from the peritoneum; it consists of outer parietal and inner visceral serous layers.
t. vasculosa any vascular layer.
t. vasculosa bulbi [TA] SYN: vascular layer of eyeball.
t. vasculosa lentis a nutrient vascular layer enveloping the lens of the eye in the fetus.
t. vasculosa oculi SYN: vascular layer of eyeball.
t. vasculosa testis the vascular layer enveloping the testis beneath the t. albuginea.
t. vasculosa testis [TA] SYN: vascular layer of testis.
t. vitrea SYN: posterior limiting lamina of cornea.

tunnel
tunnel (tun′el)

An elongated passageway, usually open at both ends.
aortico-left ventricular t. congenital connection between the aorta above exit of coronary arteries and the left ventricle.
carpal t. [TA] the passageway deep to the transverse carpal ligament between tubercles of the scaphoid and trapezoid bones on the radial side and the pisiform and hook of the hamate on the ulnar side, through which the median nerve and the flexor tendons of the fingers and thumb pass; compression of the median nerve may occur here (carpal t. syndrome). SYN: canalis carpi [TA] , carpal canal (1) .
Corti t. the spiral canal in the organ of Corti, formed by the outer and inner pillar cells or rods of Corti; it is filled with fluid and occasionally crossed by nonmedullated nerve fibers. SYN: Corti canal.

Tuohy
Tuohy

Edward B., 20th century U.S. anesthesiologist. See T. needle.

turanose
turanose (toor′a-nos)

A reducing disaccharide.

Turbatrix
Turbatrix (ter-ba′triks)

A genus of free-living nematodes in the family Cephalobidae. [L. turbare, to disturb]
T. aceti a species found in old vinegar or in rotting fruits and vegetables and occasionally as a contaminant in laboratory solutions. SYN: vinegar eel.

turbid
turbid (ter′bid)

Cloudy, as by sediment or insoluble matter in a solution. [L. turbidus, confused, disordered]

turbidimeter
turbidimeter (ter-bi-dim′e-ter)

An instrument for measuring turbidity.

turbidimetric
turbidimetric (ter′bid-i-met′rik)

Pertaining to the measurement of turbidity.

turbidimetry
turbidimetry (ter-bi-dim′e-tre)

A method for determining the concentration of a substance in a solution by the degree of cloudiness or turbidity it causes or by the degree of clarification it induces in a turbid solution. [turbidity + G. metron, measure]

turbidity
turbidity (ter-bid′i-te)

The quality of being turbid, of losing transparency because of sediment or insoluble matter. [L. turbiditas, fr. turbidus, turbid]

turbinal
turbinal (ter′bi-nal)

SYN: turbinated body (1) .

turbinate
turbinate (ter′bi-nat)

A bone shaped like a top, especially referring to turbinated bones. See inferior nasal concha, middle nasal concha, superior nasal concha, supreme nasal concha.

turbinated
turbinated (ter′bi-nat-ed)

Scroll-shaped. [L. turbinatus, shaped like a top]

turbinectomy
turbinectomy (ter′bi-nek′to-me)

Surgical removal of a turbinated bone. [turbinate + G. ektome, excision]

turbinotome
turbinotome (ter′bi-no-tom)

An instrument for use in turbinotomy or turbinectomy.

turbinotomy
turbinotomy (ter′bi-not′o-me)

Incision into or excision of a turbinated body. [turbinate + G. tome, incision]

turbulence
turbulence

heart rate t. fluctuations of electrocardiographic cycle length after a ventricular premature contraction.

Türck
Türck

Ludwig, Austrian neurologist, 1810–1868. See T. bundle, T. column, T. degeneration, T. tract.

Turcot syndrome
Turcot syndrome

See under syndrome.

turgescence
turgescence (ter-jes′ens)

SYN: tumescence. [L. turgesco, to begin to swell, fr. turgeo, to swell]

turgescent
turgescent (ter-jes′ent)

SYN: tumescent.

turgid
turgid (ter′jid)

SYN: tumid. [L. turgidus, swollen, fr. turgeo, to swell]

turgor
turgor (ter′gor)

Fullness. [L., fr. turgeo, to swell]
t. vitalis the normal fullness of the capillaries.

turista
turista (too-res′ta)

Term for traveler's diarrhea, of Mexican derivation. [Sp. tourist]

Türk
Türk

Wilhelm, Austrian hematologist, 1871–1916. See T. cell, T. leukocyte.

Türk
Türk

Siegmund, 20th century Swiss ophthalmologist. See Ehrlich-T. line.

turkey red
turkey red (ter′ke)

SYN: madder.

turmeric
turmeric (ter′mer-ik)

Curcuma.

turn
turn (tern)

To revolve or cause to revolve; specifically, to change the position of the fetus within the uterus to convert a malpresentation into a presentation permitting normal delivery. [A.S. tyrnan]

Turner
Turner

George Grey, English surgeon, 1877–1951. See Grey T. sign.

Turner
Turner

Henry H., U.S. endocrinologist, 1892–1970. See T. syndrome.

Turner
Turner

Joseph G., English dentist, &dag;1955. See T. tooth.

Turner
Turner

Sir William, English anatomist, 1832–1916. See intraparietal sulcus of T., T. sulcus.

turnover
turnover (tern′o-ver)

The quantity of a material metabolized or processed, usually within a given length of time.

turpentine
turpentine (ter′pen-tin)

An oleoresin from Pinus palustris and other species of Pinus; source of t. oil and a constituent of stimulating ointments. [G. terebinthinos, pertaining to terebinthos, the terebinth tree]
Canada t. SYN: Canada balsam.
Chian t. an exudation from Pistacia terebinthus, a small tree of Chios and regions eastward; on exposure to air it thickens and forms translucent yellow masses similar to mastic.
larch t. a transparent, yellowish, thick liquid, the oleoresin obtained from Larix europaea (family Pinaceae). SYN: Venice t..
Venice t. SYN: larch t..
white t. t. from Pinus palustris.

turpentine oil
turpentine oil

A volatile oil, distilled from turpentine, that has been used as a diuretic, carminative, vermifuge, expectorant, rubefacient, and counterirritant. SYN: oleum terebinthinae, turpentine spirit.
rectified t. obtained by treating t. with sodium hydroxide, and redistilling; used externally as a counterirritant.

turpentine spirit
turpentine spirit

SYN: turpentine oil.

turps
turps (terps)

Popular name for turpentine oil.

turricephaly
turricephaly (toor-i-sef′a-le)

SYN: oxycephaly. [L. turris, tower, + G. kephale, head]

turunda
turunda, pl .turundae (too-run′da, -de)

A surgical tent, gauze drain, or tampon. [L.]

tussal
tussal (tus′al)

SYN: tussive.

tussicular
tussicular (tu-sik′u-lar)

SYN: tussive. [L. tussicularis, fr. tussicula, a slight cough, dim. of tussis, cough]

tussiculation
tussiculation (tu-sik′u-la′shun)

A hacking cough.

tussigenic
tussigenic (tus′i-jen′ik)

Causing cough. [L. tussis, cough, + -gen, producing]

tussis
tussis (tus′is)

A cough. [L.]

tussive
tussive (tus′siv)

Relating to a cough. SYN: tussal, tussicular. [L. tussis, a cough]

tutamen
tutamen, pl .tutamina (too-ta′men, -ta′mi-na)

Any defensive or protective structure. [L. protection]
tutamina cerebri the scalp, cranium, and cerebral meninges.
tutamina oculi the eyebrows, eyelids, and eyelashes.

Tuttle
Tuttle

James P., U.S. surgeon, 1857–1913. See T. proctoscope.

TUU
TUU

Abbreviation for transureteroureterostomy.

TVG
TVG

Abbreviation for time-varied gain.

TWAR
TWAR

SYN: Chlamydia pneumoniae. [after the laboratory designations of the first two isolates, TW-83 and AR-39]

Tweed
Tweed

Charles H., U.S. orthodontist, 1895–1970. See T. edgewise treatment, T. triangle.

tweezers
tweezers (twe′zerz)

An instrument with pincers that are squeezed together to grasp or extract fine structures. [A.S. twisel, fork]

twig
twig

One of the finer terminal branches of an artery; a small branch or small ramus. [A.S.]

twilight
twilight (twi′lit)

1. Figuratively, a faint light. 2. Pertaining to faint or indistinct mental perception, as in t. state. [A.S. twi-, two]

twin
twin

1. One of two children born at one birth. 2. Double; growing in pairs. [A.S. getwin, double]
allantoidoangiopagous twins unequal monochorial twins with fusion of their allantoic vessels within the placenta; the lesser t. is essentially a parasite on the placental circulation of the larger t..
conjoined twins monozygotic twins with varying extent of union and different degrees of residual duplication. The various types of union are named by the use of a prefix designating the region that is united and adding the suffix -pagus, meaning joined ( e.g., craniopagus, thoracopagus); the various types of residual duplication are named by designating the parts duplicated and adding the suffix -didymus, or -dymus, meaning t. ( e.g., cephalodidymus, cephalodymus).
conjoined asymmetric twins SYN: conjoined unequal twins.
conjoined equal twins conjoined twins in which both members are approximately of the same size, and nearly normal except for the areas of union. SYN: conjoined symmetric twins.
conjoined symmetric twins SYN: conjoined equal twins.
conjoined unequal twins conjoined twins in which one member is nearly normal (host or autosite) and the other (parasite) is small, incomplete, and dependent for its nutrition upon the more nearly normal member. SYN: conjoined asymmetric twins.
dichorial twins SYN: dizygotic twins.
diovular twins SYN: dizygotic twins.
dizygotic twins twins derived from two separate zygotes. SYN: dichorial twins, diovular twins, fraternal twins, heterologous twins.
enzygotic twins SYN: monozygotic twins.
fraternal twins SYN: dizygotic twins.
heterologous twins SYN: dizygotic twins.
identical twins SYN: monozygotic twins.
incomplete conjoined twins conjoined twins, the two components of which equal one another but are less than entire individuals.
locked twins a form of malpresentation in which a breech t. and a vertex t. become locked at the chin during labor and attempted delivery.
monoamniotic twins twins within a common amnion; such t.'s are monovular in origin and may be conjoined.
monochorial twins SYN: monozygotic twins.
monovular twins SYN: monozygotic twins.
monozygotic twins twins resulting from a single fertilized ovum that at an early stage of development becomes separated into independently growing cell aggregations giving rise to two individuals of the same sex and identical genetic constitution. SYN: enzygotic twins, identical twins, monochorial twins, monovular twins, uniovular twins.
parasitic t. the smaller of unequal conjoined twins.
placental parasitic t. SYN: omphalosite.
polyzygotic twins twins resulting from fertilization of more than two ova discharged in a single ovulating cycle.
Siamese twins originally, a much publicized conjoined pair of twins (xiphopagus) from Siam in the 19th century; this term has since come into general lay usage for any type of conjoined twins, but is incorrect.
uniovular twins SYN: monozygotic twins.

twinge
twinge (twinj)

A sudden momentary sharp pain.

twinning
twinning

Production of equivalent structures by division; the tendency of divided parts to assume symmetric relations.

twitch
twitch

1. To jerk spasmodically. 2. A momentary spasmodic contraction of a muscle fiber. [A.S. twiccian]

Twort
Twort

Frederick W., British bacteriologist, 1877–1950. See T. phenomenon, T.-d'Herelle phenomenon.

TX
TX

Abbreviation for individual thromboxanes, designated by capital letters with subscripts indicating structural features.

tybamate
tybamate (ti′ba-mat)

A tranquilizer related to meprobamate.

tylectomy
tylectomy (ti-lek′to-me)

Surgical removal of a localized swelling or tumor. SEE ALSO: lumpectomy. [G. tyle, lump, + ektome, excision]

tylion
tylion, pl .tylia (til′e-on, -le-a; ti′le-on)

A craniometric point at the middle of the anterior edge of the chiasmatic groove. [G. a small pin, dim. of tyle, a lump]

tyloma
tyloma (ti-lo′ma)

SYN: callosity. [G. a callus]
t. conjunctivae localized keratinization of the conjunctiva, occurring in xerosis of the conjunctiva.

tylosis
tylosis, pl .tyloses (ti-lo′sis, -sez)

Formation of a callus (tyloma). [G. a becoming callous]
t. ciliaris SYN: pachyblepharon.
t. linguae leukoplakia of the tongue.
t. palmaris et plantaris SYN: palmoplantar keratoderma.

tyloxapol
tyloxapol (ti-lok′sa-pol)

A detergent and mucolytic agent used as an aerosol to liquify sputum.

tymazoline
tymazoline (ti-maz′o-len)

A nasal decongestant.

tympan- tympan-

See tympano-.

tympanal
tympanal (tim′pa-nal)

1. SYN: tympanic (1) . 2. Resonant. 3. SYN: tympanitic (2) .

tympanectomy
tympanectomy (tim′pa-nek′to-me)

Excision of the tympanic membrane. [tympan- + G. ektome, excision]

tympania
tympania (tim-pan′e-a)

SYN: tympanites.

tympanic
tympanic (tim-pan′ik)

1. Relating to the t. cavity or membrane. SYN: tympanal (1) . 2. Resonant. 3. SYN: tympanitic (2) .

tympanichord
tympanichord (tim-pan′i-kord)

SYN: chorda tympani.

tympanichordal
tympanichordal (tim-pan-i-kor′dal)

Relating to the chorda tympani nerve.

tympanicity
tympanicity (tim′pa-nis′i-te)

The quality of being tympanic or drumlike in tone.

tympanism
tympanism (tim′pa-nizm)

SYN: tympanites.

tympanites
tympanites (tim-pa-ni′tez)

Swelling of the abdomen from gas in the intestinal or peritoneal cavity. SYN: meteorism, tympania, tympanism. [L. fr. G. t., an edema in which the belly is stretched like a drum, tympanon]
uterine t. SYN: physometra.

tympanitic
tympanitic (tim-pa-nit′ik)

1. Referring to tympanites. SYN: tympanous. 2. Denoting the quality of sound elicited by percussing over the inflated intestine or a large pulmonary cavity. SYN: tympanal (3) , tympanic (3) .

tympanitis
tympanitis (tim-pa-ni′tis)

SYN: myringitis.

tympano- tympano-, tympan-, tympani-

Tympanum, tympanites. [G. tympanon, drum]

tympanocentesis
tympanocentesis (tim′pa-no-sen-te′sis)

Puncture of the tympanic membrane with a needle to aspirate middle ear fluid. [tympano- + G. kentesis, puncture]

tympanoeustachian
tympanoeustachian (tim′pa-no-oo-sta′shun, -sta′ke-an)

Relating to the tympanic cavity and the auditory tube.

tympanogram
tympanogram (tim′pah-no-gram)

The printout of an impedance bridge showing the stiffness or the compliance of the middle ear structures as it varies with changes in pressure within the external ear canal.

tympanohyal
tympanohyal (tim′pa-no-hi′al)

Pertaining to the relationship between the tympanic cavity and the hyoid arch.

tympanomalleal
tympanomalleal (tim′pa-no-mal′e-al)

Relating to the tympanic membrane and the malleus.

tympanomandibular
tympanomandibular (tim′pa-no-man-dib′u-lar)

Relating to the tympanic cavity and the mandible.

tympanomastoid
tympanomastoid (tim′pa-no-mas′toyd)

Relating to the tympanic cavity and the mastoid process.

tympanomastoidectomy
tympanomastoidectomy

SYN: radical mastoidectomy.

tympanomastoiditis
tympanomastoiditis (tim′pa-no-mas-toy-di′tis)

Inflammation of the middle ear and the mastoid cells.

tympanometry
tympanometry (tim-pan-om′et-re)

A technique that measures compliance of the tympanic membrane at various levels of air pressure; helpful in diagnosing middle ear effusion, eustachian tube function, and otitis media.

tympanophonia
tympanophonia, tympanophony (tim′pa-no-fo′ne-a, tim′pa-nof′o-ne)

SYN: autophony. [tympano- + G. phone, sound]

tympanoplasty
tympanoplasty (tim′pa-no-plas-te)

Operative correction of a damaged middle ear. [tympano- + G. plasso, to form]

tympanosclerosis
tympanosclerosis (tim′pan-o-skler-o′sis)

The formation of dense connective tissue in the middle ear, often resulting in hearing loss when the ossicles are involved.

tympanosquamosal
tympanosquamosal (tim′pa-no-skwa-mo′sal)

Relating to the tympanic and squamous parts of the temporal bone. SYN: squamotympanic.

tympanostapedial
tympanostapedial (tim′pa-no-sta-pe′de-al)

Relating to the tympanic cavity and the stapes.

tympanostomy
tympanostomy (tim-pan-os′to-me)

An operation to make an opening in the tympanic membrane. SEE ALSO: myringotomy. [tympano- + G. ostium, mouth]

tympanotemporal
tympanotemporal (tim′pa-no-tem′po-ral)

Relating to the tympanic cavity and the temporal region or bone.

tympanotomy
tympanotomy (tim′pa-not′o-me)

SYN: myringotomy. [tympano- + G. tome, incision]

tympanous
tympanous (tim′pa-nus)

SYN: tympanitic (1) .

tympanum
tympanum, pl .tympanatympanums (tim′pa-num, tim′pa-na)

SYN: eardrum. [L., fr. G. tympanon, a drum]

tympany
tympany (tim′pa-ne)

A low-pitched, resonant, drumlike note obtained by percussing the surface of a large air-containing space, such as the distended abdomen or the thorax with or without pneumothorax. SYN: tympanitic resonance.
Skoda t. SYN: skodaic resonance.

Tyndall
Tyndall

John, English physicist, 1820–1893. See T. effect, tyndallization, T. phenomenon.

tyndallization
tyndallization (tin′dal-i-za′shun)

SYN: fractional sterilization. [John Tyndall]

type
type (tip)

1. The usual form, or a composite form, that all others of the class resemble more or less closely; a model, denoting especially a disease or a symptom complex giving the stamp or characteristic to a class. SEE ALSO: constitution, habitus, personality. 2. In chemistry, a substance in which the arrangement of the atoms in a molecule may be taken as representative of other substances in that class. 3. A specific variation of a structure. SYN: typus, variation (2) . [G. typos, a mark, a model]
ampullary t. of renal pelvis [TA] saclike form of renal pelvis in which the calyces open onto a common dilated pelvis. SYN: typus ampullaris pelvis renalis [TA] .
basic personality t. 1. an individual's unique, covert, or underlying personality propensities, whether or not they are behaviorally manifest or overt; 2. personality characteristics of an individual which are also shared by a majority of the members of a social group.
blood t. blood t..
branching t. of renal pelvis [TA] form of renal pelvis in which no common, expanded, saclike pelvis occurs; rather the major calyces merely merge to form the ureter. SYN: typus dendriticus pelvis renalis [TA] .
buffalo t. term used to describe the distribution of a fat deposit seen posteriorly over the upper thoracic spine; seen in hyperadrenocorticalism (Cushing syndrome). SYN: buffalo hump.
nomenclatural t. the constituent element of a taxon to which the name of the taxon is permanently attached; the t. of a species is preferably a strain (in special cases it may be a description, a preserved specimen or preparation, or an illustration); the t. of a genus is a species; and the t. of an order, family, or tribe is the genus on whose name the name of the higher taxon is based.
test t. test types.
wild t. a gene, phenotype, or genotype that is overwhelmingly common among those possible at a locus of interest that it represents the standard characteristic, and therefore presumably not harmful.

typhinia
typhinia (ti-fin′e-a)

SYN: relapsing fever. [G. typhos, smoke, stupor arising from fever]

typhl- typhl-

See typhlo-.

typhlectasis
typhlectasis (tif-lek′ta-sis)

Dilation of the cecum. [G. typhlon, cecum, + ektasis, a stretching out]

typhlectomy
typhlectomy (tif-lek′to-me)

SYN: cecectomy.

typhlenteritis
typhlenteritis (tif′len-ter-i′tis)

SYN: cecitis.

typhlitis
typhlitis (tif′li′tis)

SYN: cecitis.

typhlo- typhlo-, typhl-

1. The cecum. SEE ALSO: ceco-. [G. cecum] 2. Blindness. [G. typhlos, blind]

typhlodicliditis
typhlodicliditis (tif-lo-dik-li-di′tis)

Inflammation of the ileocecal valve. [G. typhlon, cecum, + diklis (diklid-), double-folding (of doors), + -itis, inflammation]

typhloempyema
typhloempyema (tif′lo-em-pi-e′ma)

Presence of an abscess following typhlitis. [G. typhlon, cecum, + empyema, abscess]

typhloenteritis
typhloenteritis (tif′lo-en-ter-i′tis)

SYN: cecitis.

typhlolithiasis
typhlolithiasis (tif′lo-li-thi′a-sis)

Presence of fecal concretions in the cecum. [G. typhlon, cecum, + lithos, stone]

typhlomegaly
typhlomegaly (tif′lo-meg′a-le)

Old term for enlargement of the cecum. [G. typhlon, cecum, + megas (megal-), large]

typhlon
typhlon (tif′lon)

SYN: cecum (1) . [G.]

typhlopexy
typhlopexy, typhlopexia (tif′lo-pek-se, tif-lo-pek′se-a)

SYN: cecopexy.

typhlorrhaphy
typhlorrhaphy (tif-lor′a-fe)

SYN: cecorrhaphy.

typhlosis
typhlosis (tif-lo′sis)

SYN: blindness. [G. typhlos, blind]

typhlostomy
typhlostomy (tif-los′to-me)

SYN: cecostomy.

typhlotomy
typhlotomy (tif-lot′o-me)

SYN: cecotomy.

typho- typho-

Typhus, typhoid. [G. typhos, smoke, dullness]

typhoid
typhoid (ti′foyd)

1. Typhus-like; stuporous from fever. 2. SYN: t. fever. [typhus + G. eidos, resemblance]
abdominal t. SYN: t. fever.
ambulatory t. SYN: walking t..
apyretic t. t. fever in which the temperature does not rise more than a degree or two.
bilious t. of Griesinger SYN: relapsing fever.
fowl t. a septicemic disease of chickens and turkeys, caused by Salmonella gallinarum; some human infections with this organism have been reported.
latent t. SYN: walking t..
provocation t. an accelerated onset of t. fever, sometimes of unusual severity, resulting from t.-paratyphoid A and B (T.A.B.) vaccination late in the incubation period.
walking t. t. fever without much prostration, the patient being up and around and sometimes working. SYN: ambulatory t., latent t..

typhoidal
typhoidal (ti-foyd′al)

Relating to or resembling typhoid fever.

typholysin
typholysin (ti-fol′i-sin)

A hemolysin formed by Salmonella typhi.

typhomania
typhomania (ti-fo-ma′ne-a)

A muttering delerium characteristic of that in typhoid fever and typhus. [typho- + G. mania, frenzy]

typhosepsis
typhosepsis (ti-fo-sep′sis)

SYN: typhoid septicemia.

typhous
typhous (ti′fus)

Relating to typhus.

typhus
typhus (ti′foos)

A group of acute infectious and contagious diseases, caused by rickettsiae that are transmitted by arthropods, and occurring in two principal forms: epidemic t. and endemic (murine) t.; typical symptoms include: severe headache, shivering and chills, high fever, malaise, and rash. Also called jail, camp, or ship fever. SYN: jail fever, ship fever. [G. typhos, smoke, stupor]
Australian tick t. rarely fatal form of t. caused by the Rickettsia australis, seen in eastern Australia, transmitted by tick bite, and characterized by severe headache and conjunctivitis. Reservoir is in rodents and marsupials. SYN: Queensland tick t..
endemic t. SYN: murine t..
epidemic t. t. caused by Rickettsia prowazekii and spread by body lice; marked by high fever, mental and physical depression, and a macular and papular eruption; lasts for about 2 weeks and occurs when large crowds are brought together and personal hygiene is at a low ebb; recrudescences can occur. SYN: European t., hospital fever, louse-borne t., prison fever t..
European t. SYN: epidemic t..
exanthematous t. t. fever with the usual petechial skin lesions seen in that disease.
flea-borne t. SYN: murine t..
Indian tick t. SYN: Mediterranean spotted fever.
louse-borne t. SYN: epidemic t..
Manchurian t. tick transmitted infection with Rickettsia sibirica. SEE ALSO: Korean hemorrhagic fever.
Mexican t. infection with Rickettsia typhi (mooseri) causing a syndrome similar to epidemic t., but spread from rats to humans by the rat flea (Xenopsylla (polyplax) cheopis). Spread from rat to rat by the rat louse (Polyplax spinulosa). Most common form of t. in the U.S. It has various geographic names based on the region in which it was observed.
mite t. SYN: tsutsugamushi disease.
mite-born t. SYN: rickettsialpox.
t. mitior a mild or abortive t..
murine t. a milder form of epidemic t. caused by Rickettsia typhi and transmitted to humans by rat or mouse fleas. SYN: Congolian red fever, endemic t., flea-borne t., red fever, red fever of the Congo.
North Queensland tick t. t. caused by Rickettsia australis.
prison fever t. SYN: epidemic t..
Queensland tick t. SYN: Australian tick t..
recrudescent t. SYN: Brill-Zinsser disease.
Sao Paulo t. infection with Rickettsia rickettsii; spread by tick bite. SEE ALSO: Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
scrub t. SYN: tsutsugamushi disease.
shop t. a mild form of t. occurring in urban areas, reported in Mediterranean areas. SYN: urban t..
Siberian tick t. tick-borne rickettsiosis caused by infection with Rickettsia sibirica.
tick t. SYN: Mediterranean spotted fever.
tropical t. SYN: tsutsugamushi disease.
urban t. SYN: shop t..

typing
typing (tip′ing)

Classification according to type. [see type]
bacteriophage t. a microbiological procedure, of epidemiologic importance, for distinguishing types within a seemingly homogeneous bacterial species or strain by the use of type-specific bacteriophage.
HLA t. tests done in order to determine if a patient has antibodies against a potential donor's HLA antigens. The presence of antibodies means that a particular graft will be rapidly rejected. Also used to establish paternity and in forensic medicine.

typus
typus

SYN: type (3) .
t. ampullaris pelvis renalis [TA] SYN: ampullary type of renal pelvis.
t. dendriticus pelvis renalis [TA] SYN: branching type of renal pelvis.

Tyr
Tyr

Symbol for tyrosine and tyrosyl.

tyraminase
tyraminase (ti′ra-mi-nas, tir′a-)

SYN: amine oxidase (flavin-containing).

tyramine
tyramine (ti′ra-men, tir′a-)

Decarboxylated tyrosine, a sympathomimetic amine having an action in some respects resembling that of epinephrine; present in ergot, mistletoe, ripe cheese, beers, red wines, and putrefied animal matter; elevated in individuals with tyrosinemia type II.
t. oxidase SYN: amine oxidase (flavin-containing).

tyrannism
tyrannism (tir′a-nizm)

A form of sadism characterized by a lust for domination and cruelty, with subsequent humiliation of the partner. [G. tyrannos, a tyrant]

tyremesis
tyremesis (ti-rem′e-sis)

Vomiting of curdy material by infants. SYN: tyrosis (1) . [G. tyros, cheese, + emesis, vomiting]

tyrocidin
tyrocidin, tyrocidine (ti-ro-si′din)

An antibacterial cyclopeptide obtained from Bacillus brevis. SEE ALSO: tyrothricin.

Tyrode
Tyrode

Maurice V., U.S. pharmacologist, 1878–1930. See T. solution.

tyrogenous
tyrogenous (ti-roj′e-nus)

Produced by, or originating in, cheese. [G. tyros, cheese, + G. -gen, producing]

Tyroglyphus longior
Tyroglyphus longior (ti-rog′li-fus lon′ge-or, ti′ro-glif′us)

SYN: Tyrophagus putrescentiae. [G. tyros, cheese, + glyphe carving]

tyroid
tyroid (ti′royd)

Cheesy; caseous. [G. tyrodes, fr. tyros, cheese, + eidos, resemblance]

tyroketonuria
tyroketonuria (ti′ro-ke-to-noo′re-a)

The urinary excretion of ketonic metabolites of tyrosine, such as p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid.

tyroma
tyroma (ti-ro′ma)

A caseous tumor. [G. tyros, cheese, + -oma, tumor]

tyropanoate sodium
tyropanoate sodium (ti′ro-pa-no′at)

An oral contrast medium for cholecystography.

Tyrophagus putrescentiae
Tyrophagus putrescentiae (ti-rof′a-gus pu′tre-sen′te-e)

One of the grain mite species that cause various forms of dermatitis resulting from infestation by grain mites in food and produce, which sensitizes and causes dermatitis in storage and handling personnel. SYN: Tyroglyphus longior. [G. tyros, cheese, + phago, to eat]

tyrosinase
tyrosinase (ti′ro-si-nas, tir′o-)

SYN: monophenol monooxygenase (1) .

tyrosine
tyrosine (Tyr, Y) (ti′ro-sen, -sin)

2-Amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid; 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)alanine;the l-isomer is an α-amino acid present in most proteins.
t. aminotransferase an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible reaction of l-t. and α-ketoglutarate producing p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate and l-glutamate; this enzyme catalyzes a step in l-phenylalanine and l-t. catabolism; a deficiency of this enzyme is associated with tyrosinemia II. SYN: t. transaminase.
t. iodinase a postulated enzyme in the thyroid catalyzing iodination of t., a reaction important in the eventual biosynthesis of thyroxine. SEE ALSO: peroxidases.
t. kinase an enzyme that phosphorylates tyrosyl residues on certain proteins; many are products of viral oncogenes; a number of receptors ( e.g., receptors for epidermal growth factor, insulin, etc.) have this enzymatic activity; a misnomer, since the physiologic substrate is not t. but tyrosyl residues in a protein.
t. phenol-lyase an enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of l-t. to phenol, pyruvate, and NH₃. SYN: β-tyrosinase.
t. transaminase SYN: t. aminotransferase.

tyrosinemia
tyrosinemia (ti′ro-si-ne′me-a) [MIM*276600, *276700, and *276710]

A group of autosomal recessively inherited disorders of tyrosine metabolism associated with elevated blood concentration of tyrosine, and enhanced urinary excretion of tyrosine and tyrosyl compounds. Type I t., due to deficiency of fumarylacetoacetase (FAH), is characterized by hepatosplenomegaly, nodular liver cirrhosis, multiple renal tubular reabsorptive defects, and vitamin D–resistant rickets; caused by mutation in the FAH gene on chromosome 15q. Type II t., due to deficiency of tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT), is characterized by corneal ulcers and keratosis of digits, palms, and soles; caused by mutation in the TAT gene on 16q. Type III t. is associated with intermittent ataxia and drowsiness without liver dysfunction and is due to 4-hydroxy-phenylpyruvate dioxygenase (4HPPD) deficiency. SYN: hypertyrosinemia. [tyrosine + G. haima, blood]

tyrosinosis
tyrosinosis (ti′ro-si-no′sis) [MIM*276800]

A very rare, possibly heritable disorder of tyrosine metabolism that may be caused by defective formation of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid oxidase or of tyrosine transaminase; characterized by enhanced urinary excretion of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid and of other tyrosyl metabolites upon ingestion of tyrosine or proteins containing that amino acid; of autosomal recessive inheritance. [tyrosine + G. -osis, condition]

tyrosinuria
tyrosinuria (ti′ro-si-noo′re-a)

The excretion of tyrosine in the urine. [tyrosine + G. ouron, urine]

tyrosis
tyrosis (ti-ro′sis)

1. SYN: tyremesis. 2. SYN: caseation. [G. tyros, cheese]

tyrosyluria
tyrosyluria (ti′ro-si-loo′re-a)

Enhanced urinary excretion of certain metabolites of tyrosine, such as p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid; present in tyrosinosis, scurvy, pernicious anemia, and other diseases.

tyrothricin
tyrothricin (ti-ro-thri′sin)

An antibacterial mixture obtained from peptone cultures of Bacillus brevis; bactericidal and bacteriostatic, and active against Gram-positive bacteria. It yields the crystalline antibacterial agents gramicidin and tyrocidin; the gramicidin component is a polypeptide containing l-tryptophan, d-leucine, d-valine, l-valine, l-alanine, glycine, and an aminoethanol; the tyrocidin component is a cyclopolypeptide containing tyrosine, ornithine, and several other amino acids.

tyrotoxism
tyrotoxism (ti-ro-tok′sizm)

Poisoning by cheese or any milk product. [G. tyros, cheese, + toxikon, poison]

Tyrrell
Tyrrell

Frederick, English anatomist and surgeon, 1797–1843. See T. fascia.

Tyson
Tyson

Edward, English anatomist, 1649–1708. See T. glands, under gland.

Tyzzeria
Tyzzeria (ti-ze′re-a)

A genus of coccidia (family Eimeriidae) in which the oocyst contains eight naked sporozoites. Important species are T. anseris, a relatively nonpathogenic species found in the small intestine of domestic and wild geese, whistling swans, and certain wild ducks, and T. perniciosa, which occurs in the small intestine of the domestic duck in North America and Europe, and is pathogenic in ducklings.

Tzanck
Tzanck

Arnault, Russian dermatologist, 1886–1954. See T. cells, under cell, T. test.