Alcoholism

Alternative names:

alcohol dependence; habitual alchohol use

Definition:

A chronic illness marked by uncontrolled consumption of alcoholic beverages that interferes with physical or mental health, and social, family, or occupational responsibilities.

Causes, incidence, and risk factors:

Alcoholism is a type of drug dependence. There is both physical and psychological dependence with this addiction. Physical dependence reveals itself in withdrawal symptoms when alcohol intake is interrupted, tolerance to the effects of alcohol, and evidence of alcohol-associated illnesses. Alcohol affects the central nervous system as a depressant resulting in a decrease of activity, anxiety, tension, and inhibitions. Even a low level of alcohol within the body slows reactions. Concentration and judgment become impaired. In excessive amounts, intoxication, or poisoning results.

Alcohol also affects other body systems. Irritation of the gastrointestinal tract can occur with erosion of the lining of the stomach causing nausea & vomiting. Vitamins are not absorbed properly, which can lead to nutritional deficiencies with the long-term use of alcohol. Liver disease, called hepatic cirrhosis, may also develop. The cardiovascular system may be affected by cardiomyopathy. Sexual dysfunction can also occur, causing erectile dysfunction in men and cessation of menses in women. Alcohol consumption during pregnancy can cause problems in the developing fetus known as fetal alcohol syndrome.

The development of dependence upon alcohol may occur over 5 to 25 years, following a relatively consistent pattern of progression. At first, a tolerance of alcohol develops. This results in a person being able to consume a greater quantity of alcohol before its adverse effects are noticed. Memory lapses relating to drinking episodes may follow tolerance. Then a lack of control over drinking occurs, and the affected person can no longer discontinue drinking whenever desired. The most severe drinking behavior includes prolonged binges of drinking with associated mental or physical complications. Some people are able to gain control over their dependence in earlier phases before a total lack of control occurs.

There is no definite cause of alcoholism; however, several factors may play a role in its development. In families with an alcoholic parent, an offspring is more likely to become an alcoholic than a person without an alcoholic parent. The reason for this occurrence is not known, but genetic or biochemical abnormalities may be present. Psychological factors may include a need for relief of anxiety, unresolved conflict within relationships, or low self-esteem. Social factors include availability of alcohol, social acceptance of the use of alcohol, peer pressure, and stressful lifestyles.

Incidence of alcohol dependence is increasing. Statistics vary, but approximately 7% of adults in the U.S. are affected.