Physical activity
Alternative names:
exercise; fitness recommendations
Information:
DEFINITION
Physical activity is defined as the state of being active, or energetic action or movement.
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND THE USE OF CALORIES- Physical activity can increase the basal metabolic rate, which is the number of calories used by the body when it is at rest. The increase in basal metabolic rate is approximately 10%, and possibly lasts for as long as 48 hours after the completion of the activity.
- Physical activity helps in the utilization of calories. The number of calories used is dependent on the type and intensity of the activity, and on the body weight of the person performing the physical activity.
- Physical activity assists in reducing the appetite.
- For the purpose of weight loss, physical activity can reduce body fat and is more beneficial in combination with reduced intake of calories.
- Physical activity also helps in the maintenance and control of weight.
The following are some variables when physical activity and calorie expenditure is considered:- Time: The amount of time spent on physical activity affects the amount of calories that will be expended. For example, walking for 45 minutes will burn more calories than walking for 20 minutes.
- Weight: The body weight of a person doing the physical activity also impacts the amount of calories used. For example, a 250-pound person will expend more energy walking for 30 minutes than a 185-pound person.
- Pace: The rate at which a person performs the physical activity will also affect the amount of calories used. For example, walking 3 miles per hour will burn more calories than walking 1.5 miles per hour.
BASAL METABOLIC RATE
Basal metabolic rate accounts for most of a person's calorie use. A person's basal metabolic rate is based on body functions such as respiration, digestion, heartbeat, and brain function. The age, sex, body weight, and the type of physical activity impact the basal metabolic rate. Basal metabolic rate increases with the amount of muscle tissue a person has, and it reduces with age.
Along with use of calories, the basal metabolic rate is increased during physical activity and also after the physical activity. The basal metabolic rate can remain increased 6 to 24 hours after 30 minutes of moderate type of physical activity. For many people the basal metabolic rate can be increased 10% for approximately 48 hours after the activity. For example, after the physical activity, even when a person is sedentary and watching television, their body is using more calories than usual.
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND APPETITE
Physical activity at a moderate rate does not increase the appetite. In some situations, the appetite will actually decrease. Research indicates that the decrease in appetite after physical activity is greater in individuals who are obese than in individuals who are at their desirable body weight.
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND LOSS OF BODY FAT
A person loses 25% of his or her lean body mass and 75% of his or her fat when losing weight through calorie reduction alone. In combination with physical activity, the loss in body fat is 98%. Weight loss that is achieved with a combination of calorie restriction and physical activity is more effective. For maintenance of desirable body weight, a maintenance level of calories along with physical activity is recommended to preserve lean body mass and muscle tone.
PRESCRIPTION FOR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
The recommendations provided by the American College of Sports Medicine for weight loss and maintenance are as follows:- Pursue physical activity at least three times a week. Increasing it to four to five times a week is even more beneficial. Spread out the physical activity through the week rather than doing it on three or four consecutive days to decrease the risk of related injuries.
- Physical activity should be done at 60 to 90% of the maximum heart rate.
To calculate the maximum heart rate, use the following formula is used:
+ Subtract age from 220 (beats per minute) to get the maximum heart rate. Then multiply this figure by the intensity level.
For example, a 50-year old woman exercising at 60% maximum would use the following calculation:
+ 220 - 50 = 170 (maximum heart rate)
+ 170 X 60% = 102 which is the target heart rate regardless of the type of physical activity he/she selects to do.
Physical activity at 60 to 70% of the maximum heart rate can be continued at a safe rate for a long period of time. If an exercise is too strenuous, conversation cannot be carried on during the physical activity (the person is out of breath).
According to the American College of Sports Medicine, physical activity of less than 2 times a week at less than 60% of the maximum heart rate, and for less than 10 minutes per day, does not assist in developing and maintaining fitness. If physical activity is discontinued, the fitness benefits are completely lost. Within 2 to 3 weeks the level of fitness is reduced, and within 3 to 8 months it is completely lost, and the person has to restart again.
Twenty minutes of continuous aerobic activity 3 days per week is recommended for weight loss. Examples of physical activity that are considered aerobic are: walking, running, jogging, hiking, swimming, bike riding, rowing, cross country skiing, and jumping rope.
BENEFITS
Physical activity contributes to health by reducing the heart rate, decreasing the risk for cardiovascular disease, and reducing the amount of bone loss that is associated with age and osteoporosis. Physical activity also helps the body use calories more efficiently, thereby helping in weight loss and maintenance. It can increase basal metabolic rate, reduces appetite, and helps in the reduction of body fat.
SIDE EFFECTS
Physical activity should be done at a rate that is appropriate for the person. An evaluation by an exercise physiologist is helpful to avoid injuries that can occur if physical activity is initiated without much consideration given to the type, duration of physical activity, and the physical condition of the person.
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The information provided herein should not be used for diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed physician should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Copyright 2000 adam.com, Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.
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