Epiglottitis

Alternative names:

supraglottitis

Definition:

A disorder caused by inflammation of the cartilage that covers the windpipe. See also Croup syndrome.

Causes, incidence, and risk factors:

Epiglottitis affects one out of 10,000 people. The incidence has been decreasing since the inclusion of HiB as a routine childhood immunization (Haemophilus influenzae group B vaccine). It is most common in children between 2 and 6 years old and is usually caused by the bacterium Hemophilus influenzae, although it may be caused by other bacteria or viruses. It results in the rapid swelling of the epiglottis (the flap of cartilage at the back of the tongue that closes off the windpipe when swallowing) and can obstruct breathing. Immunosuppression (from medications or diseases that reduce the action of the immune system) can predispose adults to epiglottitis.

Epiglottitis is a life threatening disease. It begins with a high fever and very sore throat. Respiratory distress increases rapidly as the epiglottis swells. Swallowing problems are associated with drooling and the patient sits up leaning slightly forward and looking very anxious. Spasm may cause the airway to close abruptly and death follows within minutes. Because of this no attempts should be made to look in the mouth if epiglottitis is suspected. Immediate emergency medical help is imperative. Epiglottitis is always a medical emergency.