Endometrial cancer

Alternative names:

adenocarcinoma of the endometrium/uterus; endometrial/uterine adenocarcinoma; uterine cancer

Definition:

A cancerous growth of the endometrium (lining of the uterus).

Causes, incidence, and risk factors:

Endometrial cancer is the most common type of uterine cancer. Although the exact cause of endometrial cancer is unknown, increased levels of estrogen appear to have a role. One of estrogen's normal physiological functions is to stimulate the build up of the epithelial wall of the uterus. Excess estrogen administered to laboratory animals produces endometrial hyperplasia and cancer. The incidence of endometrial cancer in women in the U.S. is 1 to 2%. The incidence peaks between the ages of 60 and 70 years, but 2 to 5% of cases may occur before the age of 40 years. Increased risk of developing endometrial cancer has been noted in women with increased levels of natural estrogen. Associated conditions include obesity, hypertension, and polycystic ovarian disease. Increased risk is also associated with nulliparity (never having carried a pregnancy), infertility (inability to become pregnant), early menarche (onset of menstruation) and late menopause (cessation of menstruation). Women who have a history of endometrial polyps or other benign growths of the uterine lining, postmenopausal women who use estrogen-replacement therapy (specifically if not given in conjunction with periodic progestin), and those with diabetes also fit into the higher risk category.