Attention deficit disorder (ADD)

Alternative names:

A.D.D.; ADHD; attention deficit hyperactive disorder; childhood hyperkinesis; hyperactive

Definition:

A condition characterized by an attention span that is less than expected for the age of the person; there is often also age-inappropriate hyperactivity and impulsive behavior.

Causes, incidence, and risk factors:

People with attention deficit disorder (A.D.D.) are easily distracted, have difficulty paying attention, and may be unable to focus more than a few moments on mental tasks. They may be physically active and behave impulsively.

There are three sub-categories of attention deficit disorder:

• attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: combined type
• attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: predominantly inattentive
• attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: predominantly hyperactive or impulsive

The cause of attention deficit disorder is unknown. Some contributing factors include prenatal toxic exposure and prematurity. There frequently is a family history of school problems, behavioral disorders, or other psychosocial problems. There is sometimes a history of injuries to the central nervous system. However, there is no scientific evidence that shows conclusively that ANY of these factors directly cause attention deficit disorder. There may be a familial component involved (genetic) in some but not all cases. This may be seen with an increased incidence of ADHA in children with a first degree relative with ADHD, conduct disorders, antisocial personality, substance abuse and others.
The apparent incidence of A.D.D. has been increasing over the last 15 years, possibly related to better diagnosis, changing expectations, or problems with supportive social structures. There is a wide ranging estimate of the prevalence from 1.5 percent to 10 percent of children. The disorder is 3 to 10 times more common in males than females.

Typically affected children, whether intellectually handicapped or not, perform poorly in school because of the inability to attend to tasks at hand or to sit still during the school day. The diagnosis is generally not considered until school age, although there may be earlier indicators of pending problems.