Agitation

Alternative names:

excitement; restlessness

Definition:

A state of extreme arousal, increased tension, and irritability. See also anxiety, stress, and tension.

Considerations:

Extreme agitation can lead to confusion, hyperactivity, and outright hostility. Agitation can come on suddenly or gradually. It can last for just a few minutes or for weeks and even months. External stimuli, pain, stress, and fever all increase agitation.

Agitation by itself may not have much clinical significance; but, if viewed with other symptoms, it can be a good indicator of a disease state.

Common causes:

• anxiety
• alcohol withdrawal
• appetite suppressants (such as amphetamines)
• caffeine
• cocaine intoxication
• nicotine withdrawal
• drug withdrawal (see cocaine withdrawal and opiate withdrawal)
• vitamin B6 deficiency
• hyperthyroidism
• drugs such as amphetamines, cocaine, ephedrine, or theophylline
• certain medical tests that involve injecting a "contrast medium" into the patient
• hallucinogenic drugs

Note: There may be other causes of agitation. This list is not all inclusive, and the causes are not presented in order of likelihood. The causes of this symptom can include unlikely diseases and medications. Furthermore, the causes may vary based on age and gender of the affected person, as well as on the specific characteristics of the symptom such as location, quality, time course, aggravating factors, relieving factors, and associated complaints. Use the Symptom Analysis option to explore the possible explanations for agitation, occurring alone or in combination with other problems.