Biopsy of the biliary tract

Alternative names:

gallbladder biopsy; pancreatic biopsy

How the test is performed:

The tissue sample can be taken during procedures such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) or percutaneous transhepatic cholangiogram (PTC).

It can also be obtained through an aspiration needle. If the biopsy is taken through a needle, the puncture site will be anesthetized and the needle inserted through the skin into the lining or tissue to be analyzed. A small amount of tissue is taken in through the needle, and the needle is removed. The puncture site is then covered to control any bleeding. Pressure may be applied to the puncture site if bleeding persists.

If the biopsy is taken during the ERCP, forceps are inserted through the endoscope and the tissue is removed through the scope.

How to prepare for the test:

Food and fluids are restricted 8 to 12 hours or more before the test. Your health care provider will give you specific instructions. You must sign an informed consent form. Arrange transportation for yourself, because the procedure can induce weakness. Your medical history will be taken and a physical examination performed.

Infants and children:
The physical and psychological preparation you can provide for this or any test or procedure depends on your child's age, interests, previous experience, and level of trust. For specific information regarding how you can prepare your child, see the following topics as they correspond to your child's age:

• infant test or procedure preparation (birth to 1 year)
• toddler test or procedure preparation (1 to 3 years)
• preschooler test or procedure preparation (3 to 6 years)
• schoolage test or procedure preparation (6 to 12 years)
• adolescent test or procedure preparation (12 to 18 years)

How the test will feel:

If the biopsy is taken through a needle, there will be a slight stinging sensation when a local anesthetic is administered. After the anesthetic takes effect, there may be a cramping or pinching sensation.

If the biopsy is taken during an ERCP, there is some discomfort as the endoscope is inserted. An anesthetic is administered through the scope, so there is minimal discomfort when the biopsy is taken.

Why the test is performed:

A biopsy is necessary to distinguish between metastatic and primary tumors and to determine if a growth is malignant.

A biopsy may also be taken:

• to test for diseases or infection
• after an X-ray, MRI, or ultrasound has revealed abnormal growths