Cervical biopsy

Alternative names:

biopsy - cervical punch; cervical punch biopsy

Definition:

A test in which tissue samples are taken from the cervix (see also colposcopy-directed biopsy) and examined for disease or other problems.

How the test is performed:

The woman will be asked to lie on her back with her feet in the stirrups. As in a regular pelvic examination, a speculum (an instrument used to dilate the body passage in order to examine the interior) will be inserted into the vagina and opened slightly.

The area is then viewed with a colposcope, an instrument used to look at the vagina and cervix (the most accurate method). The cervix is swabbed with a chemical solution (acetic acid) to help highlight abnormal areas by removing mucus. The colposcope is then positioned at the opening of the vagina and the area is examined. There may be photographs taken.

An alternative method is the Schiller's test. The Schiller's test uses an applicator stick that is saturated with an iodine solution. This is inserted through the speculum. The iodine solution stains the normal portions of the cervix but does not stain abnormal tissues.

When an abnormality is located, a sample (biopsy) may be taken using a small biopsy forceps or a large needle. More than one sample may be taken. When the procedure is completed, all the instruments are removed.

How to prepare for the test:

There is no special preparation. Empty your bladder before the procedure for your comfort. Do not douche or have sexual intercourse within 24-hours before the exam.

How the test will feel:

A colposcopy is painless. The biopsy may feel like a pinch each time a tissue sample is taken and may cause some cramping with it. Any pain or cramping occurring during the biopsy may be helped by relaxing and taking a few slow deep breaths. Some cramping may occur after the biopsy. (Many women have a tendency to hold their breath during pelvic procedures in anticipation of pain. Making an effort to concentrate on slow regular breathing will help you relax and will reduce or eliminate some pain.)

Why the test is performed:

A cervical biopsy is usually performed when a positive Pap smear indicates significant abnormalities. The biopsy identifies the abnormality. (When a positive Pap smear shows minor cell changes or abnormalities, a biopsy probably will not be done immediately, unless there is reason to believe you may be in a high-risk category. It is usually recommended that a repeat Pap smear be done in 6 months.)

Update Date: 02/09/00
Updated by: J. Gordon Lambert, MD, Associate Medical Director, Utah Health Informatics and adam.com editorial